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The Buzz on Termite Control Blog Where a termite nest is present in an area and cannot be found from superficial observations and exploratory probing, trees maybe drilled to locate the termites activity as a fundamental pipe at the tree. Once termites' existence has been established, the treatment holes could be drilled in a level. The holes should be filled to prevent water going into the trunk. . When branches are eliminated from a tree showing central pipes which connect with the principal tube in the trunk and the colony nest, then the liquid insecticide is introduced into the tree trunk through the smaller branch pipes. The insecticides flows into the root crown region into the trunk and also, depriving the termites of moisture and oil. . Facts About Termite Control Blog Uncovered A trench of soil is desired, to ensure against any component of the colonies surviving the flood therapy. Stumps provide nesting sites for all species of termites. In searching for termites, stumps must be suspected. In trying to find colonies that were termites stumps must be guessed. When left in the ground they provide the termites with meals, and there's usually sufficient moisture from the soil. Where possible, the stump should be eliminated and the residue material and soil treated with an insecticide for termite soil barrier treatments. Termite Control Bunning's Things To Know Before You Buy Railway sleepers are popular in the landscaping of gardens. These provide idea requirements to establish. Within five to ten years after the sleepers are laid, attack on homes are traced back to the sleepers. Pre-treatment on the interior of the wall of the sleepers involves placing a chemical soil barrier. Treatment of existing attack in which the sleepers are still noise is done in a similar manner, although an additional insecticide is forced between the person sleeps. If the soil immediately within the sleepers is interrupted that the protective barrier must be re applied. . Arboreal nests built by termites around the trunks or branches of trees require treatment in certain scenarios. These nests are found at heights above the ground. The nests have floor contact and attack lumber in the ground at some distance in the colony, and for this reason they're considered here as underground. These termites frequently pick degenerating trees, by the time the colony is big that the tree is already dead. The Only Guide for Termite Control Bunning's Eradication involves removing there earth contact by treating the soil at the bottom of the tree and extending it in the root crown. This frees them from the tree, in which the nest dies slowly. One of the following may treats nests that were arboreal: Nest inaccessible - Where the cave is at a great elevation and Check Out Your URL elimination of the nest is difficult and requires a high climber:1 Treat the root crown of this tree by probing and flooding it with insecticide.2 Trench round the base of this tree and see to the soil by injecting or flood ensuring that the replaced soil also is wetted to keep up the treated barrier. . Nest accessible - Where the nest is at a low and reachable degree:1 Physically remove the colony from the tree and allow it to fall two Usually at the point of attachment you will find holes leading towards the middle of the branch or trunk then downwards. Flooding insecticide, into the pockets. Active Termite Infestation: For an active infestation, we typically suggest obtaining a Pest Control Service Company to do the work for Subterranean (Ground) Some Known Facts About Termite Control Blog. termites. There are many factors, particularly the home's structure (slab or basement) which affect the treatment method. If you are determined to visit this site right here treat an active termite infestation telephone us before you begin 1-800-47 6-336 8. Termite Prevention: Treating to stop termites is typically less error prone for the average homeowner than handling an active infestation. There are specialist termiticides and termite bait systems available to help find out this here with the treatment process. Drywood Termite Precaution (coastal northeast united states, florida, coastal western united states): The majority of drywood termite cases need assistance by a trained professional. The 4-Minute Rule for Termite Control Bunning's Our Do It Yourself Termite Control site is dedicated to helping homeowners decide if they're able to do their particular work.

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life activity, for making our morning coffee to the bus or train that takes us to work or to charge our phones. As users, we are mainly interested in having a constant supply of energy which is also affordable so we can go on with our life. Where the energy comes from is rarely something we are aware of unless it carries financial implications. But the reality is that the majority of our energy needs are met by forms of non-renewable energy, in particular fossil fuels. Fossil fuels harm us and the environment According to the Central Intelligence Agency, the world generates more than 66% of its electricity from fossil fuels, and another 8% from nuclear energy . Both fossil fuels and nuclear are considered sources of non-renewable energy. This is a staggering figure given all the scientific evidence that indicate that the use of fossil fuels is bad for our health and bad for the environment, to the extent that the environmental consequences are also in turn affecting our wellbeing. For example, air pollution is a global threat. Burning fossil fuels can cause lung damage and respiratory illnesses . Indeed, air quality is so bad that a report from the World Health Organization concluded that an average of 2 million people are killed worldwide every year due to air pollution . Beyond our health, it is also undisputable that the greenhouse gases emitted by fossil fuels are damaging our planet through climate change. Nuclear energy emits considerable less carbon dioxide, but carries different concerns, for example the extraction of uranium and disposal of radioactive waste, as well as a higher risk of operation given the profound damages of accidents. Why are we still using primarily non-renewable resources? Well, as frustrating as it may seem to us, non-renewable sources of energy are still here for a number of reasons. First and foremost, it is an issue of cost. Our economies have been built around the use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy. To change, we would need to develop clear plans that provide predictability so that businesses can switch to investing and deploying renewables. Even when governments propose ambitious plans, their success also requires buy-in from fossil fuel companies, which over the decades have accumulated a lot of wealth and have become important industry stakeholders. In other words, it is no easy task, especially when fossil fuels are cheaper compared to alternative sources of energy particularly and in many cases subsidised by governments. In many cases, fossil fuel prices are reaching a historic low despite concerns regarding limited reserves. This is due to a number of reasons, including previously inaccurate assessment of already identified reserves or the fact that today the technology for identifying a potential reserve and quantifying its potential have also evolved enormously . Nuclear energy requires a lot of investment upfront, but once built a nuclear power plant can provide a steady stream of energy for decades. Switching to non-renewables requires also a mentality change from consumers. Beyond “not in my backyard” arguments where consumers have objected to renewable sources of energy being built close to where they live – particularly wind turbines – consumers may have a more active role in a renewable energy future. This is because it is unlikely that a fully renewable energy future will rely on the same centralised distribution of energy. To put it simply, today most energy is disseminated to households and businesses through one central source. This is because of the way that energy is generated. However, it is possible that if renewables become the norm that households can power their own needs and give excess back to the grid thereby also generating some revenue. This creates a two-way relationship between the energy provider and the consumer – one which also requires an upgrade of energy grids in most of the developed world to enhance connectivity and efficiency. This highlights a further investment need. Readily covering our needs Third, and also very important, is the state of renewable technology today. Major advancements have been made in terms of efficiency and storage. Many countries are increasingly power their energy needs with renewables. A striking example is Denmark where more than 40% of energy comes from wind power alone – on particularly windy days it runs a surplus and can then send energy to Norway, Sweden and Germany. The plan of Danish government is to reach increase wind power to 50% of all energy consumption and by 2050, for Denmark to be 100% free of fossil fuel . Other countries are making a lot of progress too, such as Costa Rica, a small country in Latin America that was able to run for two whole months only using renewable energy . But the reality is that renewable energy technology at this moment cannot be deployed to such an extent that it can meet our energy needs globally. Renewable energy breakthrough It is true that renewable energy is becoming increasingly more competitive vis-à-vis some non-renewable sources of energy. For example, solar electricity is now cheaper to produce in Dubai than electricity coming from gas turbines . At the same time, we have witnessed a number of technology breakthroughs such as the Tesla Powerwall, a home battery that can power most homes during the evening using electricity generated by solar panels or the utility grid during the day . But for those successes to mean that we can use renewable energy anytime, anywhere and most importantly as much as we need to, we need a transition period. And unavoidably, among the energy sources that will make up our energy mix during that transition period, we will have to include some non-renewable energy sources. The most important question, however, is which non-renewable energy sources will be selected, to what extent and for how long. For example, one could argue that natural gas is an attractive option due to the fact that it is less polluting to the environment and emits less CO2 compared to coal. So let’s limit the use of non-renewable resources but let us also not forget that some of these non-renewable energy resources will be key for us to achieve our fully renewable future!

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Social fraternities at Dartmouth College grew out of a tradition of student literary societies that began in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The first such society at Dartmouth, the Social Friends, was formed in 1783. A rival organization, called the United Fraternity, was founded in 1786. A chapter of Phi Beta Kappa was established at Dartmouth in 1787, and counted among its members Daniel Webster, class of 1801. These organizations were, in large part, the only social life available to students at the college. The organizations hosted debates on a variety of topics not encountered in the curriculum of the day, and amassed large libraries of titles not found in the official College library. Both the Social Friends and the United Fraternity created libraries in Dartmouth Hall, and met in a room called Society Hall inside Dartmouth Hall. In 1815, the college decided to intervene in the hotly contested recruitment battle between the Social Friends and the United Fraternity by restricting each society to recruit only from separate halves of the new student class. In 1825, the college began simply assigning new students to one society or the other. Interest in the literary societies declined in the 1830s and 1840s. The College library and instructional curriculum had expanded to include much of what the literary societies had supported, and new Greek letter societies began to appear on campus. In 1841, two factions of the United Fraternity split off from the literary society. One of the new societies called itself Omega Phi and on May 10, 1842, obtained a charter as the Zeta chapter of Psi Upsilon. The other faction to split from the United Fraternity organized itself on July 13, 1842, as Kappa Kappa Kappa, a local fraternity. More Greek organizations were founded, and by 1855, 64% of students, mostly upperclassmen, were members of the Greek letter societies on campus. Initially, the original Greek letter societies would not extend invitations of membership to first year students. Two separate Greek letter organizations were created exclusively for freshmen: Kappa Sigma Epsilon and Delta Kappa. These societies would dissolve in 1883, when the fraternities of the upper classes began to pledge freshmen. A chapter of Phi Beta Kappa survived at Dartmouth, but by the 1830s had established its role as a strictly literary society by dropping requirements of secrecy for membership and activities. The new, social Greek organizations distinguished themselves from Phi Beta Kappa and the previous literary societies in several ways. The new fraternities were self-selective and exclusive. Each organization developed its own secret rituals and procedures. Most of the societies began to invest in creating their own meeting halls, either upstairs rooms in buildings on Main Street, or free-standing structures near campus. There were 11 active Greek organizations at Dartmouth College in 1900.[a] The fortunes of the fraternity system at Dartmouth followed a boom and bust pattern in the early twentieth century. Several organizations purchased frame houses or built their own between 1898 and 1907, including Beta Theta Pi, Kappa Kappa Kappa, Phi Delta Alpha, and Psi Upsilon. The economic expansion of the 1920s created a boom in the fortunes of the fraternities, allowing many to build new brick residences near campus, including Zeta Psi, Kappa Kappa Kappa, Phi Sigma Kappa, Sigma Nu, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Chi Phi, Theta Delta Chi, Phi Gamma Delta, Sigma Chi, Gamma Delta Chi, and Delta Tau Delta. It was during this period that Webster Avenue developed as "fraternity row". The new residences were built without significant dining facilities, as the Trustees of the college had banned fraternities from serving regular meals in their chapter houses and had limited the number of resident brothers by the fall semester of 1909. College administrators also challenged the fraternities to become more engaged in College life and less focused on their fraternity life during this time. College President Ernest Martin Hopkins personally decided to abolish freshman rush in 1924. As did the nation, fraternities at Dartmouth went through difficult times during the Great Depression. The decade of the 1930s saw almost no building projects at all in the fraternity system, and many houses could no longer afford regular maintenance. One of the great tragedies at Dartmouth College occurred on a winter night in 1934, when nine members of Theta Chi died from carbon monoxide poisoning after a metal chimney on a dilapidated coal furnace in the basement of the chapter house broke in the night. In 1935, Dartmouth historian and professor Leon Burr Richardson asserted in a survey that, in light of the national suffering, the fraternity chapters should ask themselves if they had "any excuse for existence." Four fraternities dissolved during the Great Depression (Alpha Sigma Phi, Alpha Tau Omega, Lambda Chi Alpha, and Sigma Alpha Mu), and two (Phi Kappa Sigma and Alpha Chi Rho) merged to pool scarce resources in order to survive. All of the surviving fraternities closed for the duration of World War II, as the campus was largely (although not exclusively) used to educate, train, and house Navy sailors and Marines in the V-12 Navy College Training Program. The fraternities of Dartmouth College were directly involved in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s. In 1952, the Dartmouth chapter of Theta Chi was derecognized by its national over a dispute regarding minority membership. The Dartmouth chapter reorganized as a local fraternity named Alpha Theta. A campus-wide referendum held in 1954 on the issue of desegregation of fraternities resulted in a majority in favor of requiring fraternities on campus to eliminate racially discriminatory membership policies by the year 1960, and to secede from national groups that retained such policies in their charters. This became a binding obligation imposed on the fraternities by the college administration, and several fraternities at Dartmouth dissociated from their national organizations, including the chapters of Phi Sigma Kappa (1956), Delta Tau Delta (1960), Phi Delta Theta (1960), Sigma Chi (1960), and Sigma Nu (1963). National social changes also affected Greek societies at Dartmouth in the 1960s and 1970s. Many began to question the value of belonging to a national fraternal organization. The Dartmouth chapters of Chi Alpha Rho, Chi Phi, Delta Upsilon, Phi Gamma Delta, Phi Kappa Psi, and Sigma Phi Epsilon all disaffiliated from their national fraternities in the 1960s. As political activism increased, fraternities were increasingly seen as anachronistic, and in 1967, the faculty voted 67-16 to adopt a proposal to abolish fraternities at Dartmouth. The proposal was rejected by the Board of Trustees. Coeducation would dramatically change all social life at Dartmouth College, including the fraternity system. The college first began admitting women as full-time students in 1972. By the fall of 1973, five local fraternities (Alpha Theta, Foley House, The Tabard, Phi Tau, and Phi Sigma Psi) had all decided to adopt a coeducational membership policy and admit women as full members. The first sorority on campus, Sigma Kappa, was founded in 1977. Many alumni expressed strong concerns that the need for housing for new sororities would inevitably lead to financial pressure and the possible dissolution of existing fraternities at the college. In response, the Trustees imposed a moratorium limiting the campus to no more than six recognized sororities. Converting from an all-male to a coeducational membership policy was not enough to save at least one Greek organization on campus. In 1981, the Harold Parmington Foundation reorganized itself as a new coeducational fraternity Delta Psi Delta, but the organization never attracted many new members and was finally forced to dissolve in the spring of 1991. In addition, Foley House disassociated from the Greek system in fall 1984, transitioning into an affinity house as part of the college's residential living programs. It moved off Webster Avenue to a new location on West Street (where it is still in operation as of the 2013-14 academic year). During the 1980s and 1990s, College administrators introduced new initiatives to hold the Greek organizations on campus more accountable for their actions and to offer more social alternatives to the predominantly single-sex Greek system. In 1982, the administration announced that Greek organizations would have to comply with a set of "minimum standards", enforced through annual reviews, in order to remain in good standing with the college. These standards included not only health and safety regulations regarding the conditions of the Greek houses, but requirements for Greek-sponsored activities deemed beneficial to the college community at large. The College introduced Undergraduate Societies to campus in 1993, as a residential and social alternative to Greek organizations. Similar to the Greek houses in many respects, Undergraduate Societies were required to have open, coeducational membership policies. Panarchy voted to change its status to an undergraduate society and was joined the following year by a newly formed society, called Amarna. In the fall of 1993, Student Assembly President Andrew Beebe, class of 1993, argued in favor of the coeducation of the entire Greek system in his remarks at fall Convocation. During that same academic term, College President James O. Freedman predicted that the Greek system at Dartmouth would be coeducational within 10 years. In 1999, the college administration announced a "Residential and Social Life Initiative" to improve campus life. Speculation that all single-sex fraternities and sororities would be required to adopt coeducational membership policies led to intense campus debate. In a survey conducted by The Dartmouth newspaper, 49% of the student body responded, and 83% of those respondents were in favor of retaining a single-sex Greek system at Dartmouth. In a December, 2006 interview, College President Jim Wright admitted that it had been "a serious mistake" to announce the Student Life Initiative in the manner in which it was presented to the campus, but expressed that in his opinion, "the Greek system at Dartmouth now is stronger than it's ever been." The single-sex male-only fraternities at Dartmouth College are largely organized and represented to the college through the Interfraternity Council (IFC). The Interfraternity Council is a student-led governance organization that assists the member Greek organizations with finances, public relations, programming, judicial administration, recruitment, and academic achievement. Alpha Phi Alpha is not a member of the IFC, but is a member of the National Pan-Hellenic Council. Lambda Upsilon Lambda is also not a member of the IFC, but is a member of the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations. The Theta Zeta chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha was founded as the first historically African-American fraternity at Dartmouth College in 1972. The first members of the fraternity traveled to Boston, Massachusetts on the weekends of the 1971 spring academic term to attend pledge events at the Sigma chapter. The Dartmouth chapter was chartered as the 381st chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha on May 12, 1972. Early chapter meetings on campus were held in both the Choates dormitories and Cutter-Shabazz Hall. The fraternity secured their own house in 1982, a duplex structure that, since renovated, today houses the Delta Delta Delta sorority. Facing smaller membership, the fraternity decided to relocate to a smaller house near the western end of Webster Avenue in the late 1980s, and in 1992, the fraternity again relocated to College-owned apartment housing. The Dartmouth chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha sponsors an annual step performance known as the Green Key StepShow. Notable alumni of the chapter include National Football League all-star Reggie Williams, class of 1976, and current Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations in Major League Baseball, Jimmie Lee Solomon, class of 1978. Alpha Chi Alpha ("Alpha Chi") was founded in 1956 as the Phi Nu chapter of Alpha Chi Rho, a national fraternal organization. A previous Phi Nu chapter of Alpha Chi Rho at Dartmouth had merged with the Kappa chapter of Phi Kappa Sigma in 1935 to become Gamma Delta Chi, a local fraternity still in existence at Dartmouth. The second Phi Nu chapter of Alpha Chi Rho is unrelated to the first chapter. The men of Alpha Chi Rho again broke away from the national group in 1963 and became a local fraternity named Alpha Chi Alpha. The Dartmouth chapter objected to a clause in the national fraternity organization's constitution that required all Alpha Chi Rho brothers to "accept Jesus as their lord and savior." The land and house used by the Alpha Chi Alpha fraternity are owned by the college. Dartmouth invested $1.3 Million in renovations completed in the fall of 2004, which included the razing of the "Barn" structure that was used as social space by the brothers of Alpha Chi Alpha to make way for a new expanded basement and main floor area. Renovations on the Alpha Chi Alpha physical plant were completed in 2005. Dartmouth Beta ("Beta") was founded in 1858 as a local fraternity at Dartmouth's Chandler Scientific School named Sigma Delta Pi. This was the second Chandler fraternity and the seventh fraternity founded at the college. The fraternity changed its name to Vitruvian (a tribute to the Roman architect Vitruvius) in 1871 and later established two short-lived chapters at other schools. In 1889, the local brotherhood decided to join a national fraternity and the organization soon became the Alpha Omega chapter of Beta Theta Pi. It built a house (now South Fairbanks Hall) designed by Beta graduate Charles A. Rich of Lamb & Rich in 1904, and it built its second house on Webster Avenue in 1933. Notable alumni of the organization include but are not limited to: former US Representative from New Hampshire Frank G. Clarke, author Norman Maclean, former Governor of New Hampshire Walter R. Peterson '47, businessman Alan Reich '52, former Dartmouth President David T. McLaughlin '54, owner of the Cincinnati Bengals Mike Brown '57, founder of the Big East Conference Dave Gavitt '59, former Athletic Director of Syracuse University Jake Crouthamel '60, member of College Football Hall of Fame and Chief Executive Officer of the Hanover Company Murry Bowden '71, professional poker player Chip Reese '73, Politician Joel Hyatt '72, US Congressman John Carney '78, college football coach Buddy Teevens '78, former NFL football coach Dave Shula'81, former NFL quarterback Jeff Kemp '81, Olympic skier Tiger Shaw '85, former NFL quarterback Jay Fiedler '94, actor Brian J. White '96, and MLB Pitcher Kyle Hendricks '12. Beta Theta Pi was suspended by the college on three occasions in the 1990s. An incident of hazing in 1994 led to a year-long period of derecognition. In the summer of 1995, a member of Beta Theta Pi read a poem aloud during a house meeting that was deemed to be racist and sexist, and resulted in many calling for derecognition of the fraternity. In 1996, a Coed Fraternity Sorority Council judiciary committee found Beta Theta Pi guilty of six violations of college and fraternity policies. The College derecognized Beta Theta Pi permanently on December 6, 1996. The Hanover Police Department reported that the brothers of Beta Theta Pi did an estimated $15,000 in damage to the property soon after hearing of the permanent derecognition decision. It returned to campus as a local fraternity, Beta Alpha Omega, in the fall of 2008. Bones Gate ("BG") was founded in 1901 as the Gamma Gamma Chapter of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. In 1960 the Gamma Gamma chapter dissociated from Delta Tau Delta when the national organization sought to officially bar minorities from membership. The new local fraternity at Dartmouth went unnamed until 1962, when the brothers adopted the name "Bones Gate" after an English tavern well-known to the members. Well known television director and BG alumnus Tucker Gates founded the Earl Anthony Appreciation Society in the basement tube room during the winter of 1982, combining two of his favorite activities; watching the Pro Bowlers Tour on TV and drinking Budweiser from a quart bottle. In the summer of 2005, the Bones Gate residence underwent significant structural renovations to bring the building up to the college's minimum standards. Improvements included an enclosed fire escape running from the basement to the third floor, a new bathroom on the ground floor, and the rehabilitation of all other bathrooms. The brothers of Bones Gate strive to live by their credo of welcoming friends to their house: "This Gate Hangs High and Hinders None. Refresh, Enjoy and Travel On." Gamma Delta Chi ("GDX") can trace its history to two fraternities on the Dartmouth College campus, Phi Kappa Sigma and Alpha Chi Rho. Gamma Delta Epsilon, a local fraternity, was founded in 1908, disbanded in 1912, but was reformed in 1921. In 1928, the Gamma Delta Epsilon house sought to establish itself as a chapter of a national fraternity and obtained a charter from the Phi Kappa Sigma national fraternity, becoming its Kappa Chapter. Epsilon Kappa Alpha, was established as a local fraternity on the Dartmouth campus in 1915. As with Gamma Delta Epsilon, Epsilon Kappa Alpha sought to become a chapter of a national fraternity and was granted a charter as the Phi Nu chapter of Alpha Chi Rho in 1918. The Dartmouth chapters of Alpha Chi Rho and Phi Kappa Sigma found themselves in similar financial situations in 1934. Both chapters owned prime lots near campus that lacked adequate residential structures. The two fraternities decided to share their resources and in 1935 merged to become a new local fraternity, Gamma Delta Chi. The lot formerly owned by Alpha Chi Rho was sold to the Church of Christ at Dartmouth where a new church building was constructed, and the revenue from the land sale supported the construction of a new house at Gamma Delta Chi's current location. (The Alpha Chi Rho national fraternity would later re-establish a Phi Nu chapter at Dartmouth in 1956 as a separate fraternity from Gamma Delta Chi. This second Phi Nu chapter would dissociate from the Alpha Chi Rho national in 1963 to become a local fraternity named Alpha Chi Alpha.) In the 1960s Gamma Delta Chi was especially well known for its antique fire engine, which transported brothers and their dates to football games; and for its Sunday morning fogcutter parties, open to all who had survived the previous night's activities. Theta Delta Chi ("Theta Delt, TDX") was founded at Dartmouth College in 1869 as the Omicron Deuteron chapter of the national fraternity, and was the eighth fraternity founded at Dartmouth. Theta Delta Chi was the scene of a famous murder in June, 1920. Henry Maroney, class of 1920, was shot to death in his room at Theta Delta Chi by Robert Meads, class of 1919. Meads was reportedly the central figure in a large-scale bootlegging operation at the college during the early years of Prohibition. An already intoxicated Maroney reportedly stole a quart of Canadian whisky from Meads. Later that same night, Meads found Maroney in his room at the fraternity and shot him through the heart. Meads was convicted of a lesser charge of manslaughter and given a sentence of 15 to 20 years hard labor. The sensational murder is reportedly the source of the nickname given to the Theta Delta Chi residence: the "Boom Boom Lodge". Theta Delta Chi has several distinguished alumni, including Robert Frost, who attended Dartmouth for a time in 1892. Kappa Kappa Kappa ("Tri-Kap") is a local fraternity founded on July 13, 1842. Currently, it is the oldest local fraternity in the nation and the second permanent Greek-letter fraternal society established at Dartmouth College. The organization has no affiliation with the Ku Klux Klan, which was founded after Kappa Kappa Kappa was founded and unfortunately adopted the Latin initials "KKK", similar to the Greek alphabet letters Kappa Kappa Kappa. According to legend, Kappa Kappa Kappa sued the Ku Klux Klan for defamation of name, but lost because the judge ruled that the similarity in the initials of the organizations was sheer coincidence. Kappa Kappa Kappa was the first society at Dartmouth to have a freestanding fraternity building in Hanover and one of the first in the country. Some prominent alumni include Channing Cox (1901), Dr. Bob, (1902) Nick Lowery (1978), Paul Donnelly Paganucci (1953), and Peter Robinson (1979). Lambda Upsilon Lambda, known more formally as La Unidad Latina, Lambda Upsilon Lambda Fraternity, Inc. was established at Dartmouth in 1997. The Psi Chapter of Lambda Upsilon Lambda is the college's first historically Latino fraternity. The fraternity has no physical plant. Lambda Upsilon Lambda sponsors Noche Dorada, an annual semi-formal dinner that features a guest speaker invited to the campus to address issues of Latino culture. The fraternity also supports the Brazil Project, in conjunction with the Sigma chapter at Wesleyan University, which supports thirteen families in Brazil. Sigma Phi Epsilon ("Sig Ep") at Dartmouth College was founded on April 22, 1908, as the local fraternity Omicron Pi Sigma. In 1909, the local fraternity became New Hampshire Alpha Chapter of Sigma Phi Epsilon. By the late 1960s, the house had become disenchanted with the national organization and felt that the Dartmouth membership would be better served as a local fraternity. The brothers voted to dissociate from the national organization on January 18, 1967. A vote of the alumni of the New Hampshire Alpha chapter on February 1, 1967, supported the decision. The new local fraternity adopted the name Sigma Theta Epsilon (which was also used by an unrelated national fraternity). The Sigma Phi Epsilon national continued to communicate with the local Sigma Theta Epsilon fraternity at Dartmouth, and by 1981 was willing to offer significant financial support for building renovations in exchange for reaffiliation. Convinced that the national organization had reformed in its commitment to the individual chapters, the local fraternity voted to rejoin Sigma Phi Epsilon on February 18, 1981. The national Sigma Phi Epsilon organization is known for its Balanced Man Program, an ongoing program of development through which members challenge themselves and to use their different talents and backgrounds to help each other become balanced men (having a Sound Mind in a Sound Body) and balanced servant leaders for the world's communities. Members of Sigma Phi Epsilon become members the moment they join the fraternity, without having to endure a traditional pledge period. However, they commit to taking on a series of personal and leadership development challenges for the rest of their time as an undergraduate. The New Hampshire Alpha Chapter of Sigma Phi Epsilon was actually the first chapter to adopt the Balanced Man Program. Prominent alumni of the New Hampshire Alpha chapter include Theodor S. Geisel, class of 1925, better known as "Dr. Seuss" and former Chairman of Dartmouth's Board of Trustees and CEO of Freddie Mac, Charles E. Haldeman. Sigma Nu ("Sig Nu") at Dartmouth College was originally formed in 1903 as the Pukwana Club, an organization that was created as a reaction to the perceived elitism of Greek organizations at the time. The club's concept was based on the love for the traditions of Dartmouth, faithful friendship, and honorable dealings. In 1907, the Pukwana Club joined the national fraternity system after it received a charter to become the Delta Beta chapter of Sigma Nu. Sigma Nu's "Way of Honor" principle was very similar to the principles expressed in the Pukwana Club's original charter. The first residence for Sigma Nu at Dartmouth was purchased and refurbished in 1911. Known as the Green Castle, it served as chapter headquarters until the current house was built in 1925. In response to the national fraternity's segregationist membership policies, the fraternity went local in 1963, becoming Sigma Nu Delta. In 1984, after the national fraternity's policies were changed, the fraternity reaffiliated with the national. In the summer of 2007, the Sigma Nu residence underwent significant structural renovations to bring the building up to the college's minimum standards and improve living facilities. Improvements included an enclosed fire escape running from the first floor to the third floor, a redone kitchen and bathroom, new flooring, a new study room, and alterations to bedrooms. Prominent alumni include acting Solicitor General of the United States Neal Katyal '91. Phi Delta Alpha ("Phi Delt") was founded in 1884 as the New Hampshire Alpha chapter of Phi Delta Theta, a national fraternity. Early meetings of the fraternity were held in the Tontine Building on Main Street. The meeting location moved to the Currier Building in 1887 when the Tontine Building burned down. Phi Delta Theta began construction on a new house in 1898, and the building was completed in 1902, designed by Charles Rich of Lamb & Rich. In January 1960, the Dartmouth chapter broke away from the national because the national would not allow minorities to pledge the house. The new, local fraternity replaced the last letter in its name with Alpha. In March 2000, the fraternity was derecognized by the college. One of the primary reasons for the punishment was that four members of Phi Delta Alpha started a fire in the Chi Gamma Epsilon basement next door. Rig. Under the leadership of Gig Faux, class of 1984, Phi Delta Alpha applied to the college for rerecognition in fall 2002. The first rush class was formed in the winter of 2003. Current General Electric Chief Executive Officer, Jeffrey Immelt, class of 1978, is a former president of Phi Delta Alpha. Other influential alumni include current Dartmouth trustees R. Bradford Evans '64 and William W. Helman IV '80, former Dartmouth trustee Peter Fahey '68, billionaire oilman Trevor Rees-Jones '74, and Pulitzer winners Nigel Jaquiss '84 and Joseph Rago '05. In January 2010, a fire damaged the fraternity's physical plant. No one was harmed, but the house was closed for renovations until June 2010. Chi Gamma Epsilon ("Chi Gam") was founded in 1905 as the Gamma Epsilon chapter of Kappa Sigma, a national fraternity. The Dartmouth chapter dissociated from the national fraternity in 1987. The disputes with the national organization were primarily over the amount of loans the national organization could offer the local chapter. Initially, the new local fraternity adopted the name Kappa Sigma Gamma, but the national fraternity took offense to the likeness of the names. After a period simply being known by its address, 7 Webster Avenue, the fraternity came upon the name by which it is now known. Chi Gamma Epsilon made national headlines in 1998 for co-sponsoring a "ghetto" theme party with the sisters of Alpha Xi Delta sorority that many found to be offensive for its racial stereotypes of African-Americans. Several Chi Gamma Epsilon/Kappa Sigma alumni brothers found fame in Major League Baseball careers, including all-star players Brad Ausmus, class of 1991, and Mike Remlinger, class of 1987, and former Baltimore Orioles General Manager Jim Beattie, class of 1976. Other prominent brothers include Vivid Entertainment President William Asher, class of 1984. and eBay Inc. CEO John Donahoe. Chi Heorot ("Heorot", "XH") was founded in 1897 as a local fraternity named Alpha Alpha Omega, and in 1902 was granted a charter as the Chi chapter of the Chi Phi Fraternity. In 1903, the fraternity moved to its present location, and in 1927 it sold off its eighteenth-century house and built the house that stands today. In 1968, the house dissociated from the national fraternity, and adopted the name Chi Phi Heorot. The "Heorot" in Chi Phi Heorot comes from the medieval poem Beowulf, in which Heorot is the great hall where warriors converge to tell their stories. After several suspensions by the college in the early 1980s, it re-joined the Chi Phi national in 1981. This was short-lived; in 1987, because of damage done to the house that the college insisted upon having repaired for safety reasons but the Chi Phi national refused to help finance, the Dartmouth brotherhood again opted to become a local fraternity. In exchange for financing renovations to the structure, the college assumed ownership of the property and house. In its second incarnation as a local fraternity, the brotherhood chose the name Chi Heorot. Notable alumni include Gerry Geran '18, Adam Nelson '97, and Andrew Weibrecht '09, all Olympic medalists. The Zeta Chapter of Psi Upsilon International Fraternity ("Psi U") was founded at Dartmouth in 1842, the first fraternity at Dartmouth College. In 1907, Psi Upsilon built the wood frame house it still occupies, designed by noted New Jersey theater architect and Dartmouth alumnus Fred Wesley Wentworth. Several additions during the latter half of the twentieth century greatly improved the structure, which houses around twenty brothers each year. The house most recently underwent substantial renovations during the spring of 2006. F. Scott Fitzgerald famously enjoyed the 1938 Winter Carnival in the Psi Upsilon chapter house. The Zeta chapter creates an ice pond in its yard every winter and is known as the "keg jumping fraternity" for its most-popular Winter Carnival activity. Prominent alumni of the Zeta chapter of Psi Upsilon includes former United States Vice President Nelson Rockefeller '30, and billionaire hedge fund manager of Lone Pine Capital, Steve Mandel '78. Zeta Psi ("Zete") at Dartmouth College was founded in 1853 as the Psi Epsilon chapter of the national fraternity, and was the fifth fraternity founded at the college. The fraternity became inactive in 1863, but was revived from 1871 through 1873 after which it again became inactive. The current Psi Epsilon Chapter of Zeta Psi at Dartmouth was established in 1920. In 2001, the Dartmouth chapter was derecognized by the college because "the fraternity harassed specific fellow students and violated ethical standards that Dartmouth student organizations agree to uphold, by periodically creating and circulating among Zeta Psi members 'newsletters' that purported to describe situations, some of them of a sexual nature, of various members of the fraternity and other students." Zeta Psi, meanwhile, countered that "nothing could be further from the truth... Dartmouth College lacks jurisdiction to punish Psi Epsilon of Zeta Psi's for alleged violations of its own rules or regulations,". From 2001 to 2006, Zeta Psi continued to operate as an independent fraternity, not officially recognized by Dartmouth College. In January 2007, Dartmouth College announced an agreement that would allow Zeta Psi to reorganize on campus as early as 2009. Part of the agreement dictated that the organization "go dark", with no activities or recruiting, for a period of two years. During these two years, alumni raised millions of dollars and the physical plant was entirely gutted and renovated, with a three-story addition being constructed on the west-side of the house. Also, the basement was enlarged. On October 12, 2009, the Psi Epsilon Association of Zeta Psi Fraternity (Dartmouth Zete's alumni association) announced that 35 undergraduates had joined the newly re-recognized fraternity. As of January 2011, after only little more than a year, Zete has around 60 brothers and counting. The single-sex female-only sororities at Dartmouth College are largely organized and represented to the college through the Panhellenic Council. The Panhellenic Council is a student-led governance organization that assists the member Greek organizations by promoting values, education, leadership, friendships, cooperation and citizenship. Alpha Pi Omega and Sigma Lambda Upsilon are not members of the Panhellenic Council, but are members of the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations. The Theta Psi chapter of Alpha Xi Delta ("AXID") was founded as Delta Pi Omega in 1997. On January 6, 1997, the local sorority was officially recognized by the college, and on July 2, 1997, the sisters voted to affiliate with the Alpha Xi Delta national sorority. On February 21, 1998, the local organization's petition was approved by the national with a charter as the Theta Psi chapter. Alpha Xi Delta initially occupied the house currently home to Beta Theta Pi, until it was announced in 2008 that Beta was repossessing the house and that the sorority would have to relocate elsewhere. In the fall of 2009, they moved into a newly renovated house. Since the Theta Psi chapter's founding in 1997, Alpha Xi Delta has graduated multiple Rhodes Scholars. The Dartmouth chapter of Alpha Xi Delta sorority's national philanthropy is "Autism Speaks". They also volunteer for The Upper Valley Haven, a local group that provides shelter and education to families. Alpha Pi Omega was established by women at Dartmouth College in May 2001. The organization was chartered as the Epsilon Chapter of the national historically Native American sorority in 2006, and was officially recognized by the college as a full chapter beginning with the fall 2006 academic term. The sorority has college-owned housing on campus. Alpha Pi Omega has a six-week-long pledge period known as the Honey Process. For college governance purposes, the Epsilon Chapter associates locally with the local member societies of the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations. Alpha Phi was recognized on March 3, 2006, as the Dartmouth College colony of the international sorority. The colony officially became a chapter on April 28, 2007. Alpha Phi first participated in formal recruitment in September 2007. Philanthropy is important to the sisters at Alpha Phi, who host an annual campus-wide Red Dress Gala to raise money for women's cardiac care. Sisters also volunteer in various local community service events. Alpha Phi has a close-knit sisterhood, and sisters participate in termly bonding events, like apple-picking and jewelry studio workshops, as well as weekly events, such as chapter meetings and sisterhood dinners. Mixers, semi-formal and formal events are also a part of Alpha Phi's programming calendar. Epsilon Kappa Theta ("EKT," "Theta") at Dartmouth College was founded in January 1982 as the Epsilon Kappa colony of the Kappa Alpha Theta national sorority. Epsilon Kappa was the 100th colony of the sorority. The sorority initially met in a wide variety of locations, including the basement of the college president's house. In 1984, the sorority moved into Brewster Hall, a College-owned house that had previously been used as an International House and later as temporary housing for the Alpha Chi Omega sorority. In 1992, the sisters of the Epsilon Kappa chapter of Kappa Alpha Theta found the strict national rules and the primarily Christian religious readings and rituals of the organization to be antithetical to the spirit of feminism and inclusivity that the chapter desired. The national organization was unhappy with the colony's decision to disobey their rules and their failure to follow the sorority's rituals. On May 4, 1992, the Dartmouth chapter notified the Kappa Alpha Theta national organization of its unanimous vote to disaffiliate and become a local sorority. The national organization revoked the charter of Epsilon Kappa. The Dartmouth women chose the new name Epsilon Kappa Theta. The current Epsilon Kappa Theta residence is a Victorian house over 100 years old. Kappa Delta ("KD"), a national sorority, colonized the Eta Xi chapter on the Dartmouth campus in 2009. The Dartmouth Panhellenic Council approved the sorority on May 25, 2009. The Council considered the large pledge classes at other sororities on campus in deciding to authorize another sorority. The sorority recruited its first members in the summer of 2009, and Kappa Delta held its first formal rush during the fall 2009 academic term, offering membership bids to 37 women. Kappa Delta's new 23-bedroom house at 1 Occom Ridge was built over the 2013–2014 school year and was completed in the fall of 2014. It contains a formal room, gourmet kitchen, a library, and two bedrooms on the first floor, in addition to 21 more single bedrooms located on the second and third floors. K∆ has one of the strongest sisterhoods on Dartmouth College campus, and the sisterhood is involved in numerous philanthropic endeavors, including working with the Girl Scouts of United States of America, Prevent Child Abuse America, The New Hampshire Children's Trust, and the Confidence Coalition. Each term, ΚΔ also participates in a "You Make Me Smile" campaign where sisters write encouraging messages on balloons and hand them out across campus to raise spirits before finals week. Along with weekly sisterhood meetings and events, like movie and spa nights, sisters attend formal and semi-formal dances, barbecues, and sisterhood retreats. Kappa Delta Epsilon ("KDE") is a local sorority founded in the fall of 1993 by the Panhellenic Council at Dartmouth. After the dissolution of the Xi Kappa Chi local sorority in the spring of 1993, the Panhellenic Council decided that there was a need for a new sorority to replace it. Fifty women joined the new sorority in the first rush in the fall of 1993. The Kappa Delta Epsilon physical plant was extensively remodeled by the college during the summer of 2003. The remodeled building contains a main meetings room, kitchen, two bedrooms and a back porch on the first floor. The second and third floors contain all bedrooms which house about thirteen more resident sisters. The basement consists of the fireplace room, the pub room, and the sisters-only room. The Epsilon Chi chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma ("KKG", "Kappa") was founded at Dartmouth on December 30, 1978, and was the second sorority at Dartmouth College. The sisters of Kappa Kappa Gamma sponsor events for the campus, go on sister retreats, hold barbecues, and have formal and semi-formal dances. They have weekly house meetings in order to communicate news and issues about the house, to catch up on the week's events, and to spend time with their fellow sisters. Philanthropy is an important part of the Epsilon Chi chapter's activities. The sisters cook dinners on a regular basis for David's House, an institution that supports and houses families of sick children at a local hospital, in a joint effort with the brothers of Sigma Alpha Epsilon. Kirsten Gillibrand, class of 1988 and the first Dartmouth alumna elected to the United States House of Representatives, was an officer of Kappa Kappa Gamma as an undergraduate. Sigma Delta ("Sigma Delt") was the first sorority at Dartmouth College, founded in May 1977 as a chapter of the national sorority Sigma Kappa. In April 1981, Sigma Kappa moved into a residence formerly inhabited by the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. The local chapter at Dartmouth began to have differences with the national organization concerning religion in sorority rituals and an emphasis on men in national sorority songs. The Dartmouth chapter dissociated from the national organization in the fall of 1988, becoming Sigma Delta. The classes of 1989, 1990, and 1991 that formed the new local sorority dedicated the new organization to principles of "strength, friendship, and acceptance of difference". Since reorganizing as a local sorority, Sigma Delta has hosted at least one open party each term in addition to service events. Actress Connie Britton (89') was a member of the first local class and served as Sisterhood Chair during her sophomore summer. Sigma Lambda Upsilon, more formally known as Sigma Lambda Upsilon/Señoritas Latinas Unidas Sorority, Inc., was established by four women at Dartmouth College in 2003, as the Alpha Beta chapter of the national, historically-Latina sorority. The sorority has no physical plant or designated College-owned housing. The Dartmouth chapter supports several activities including philanthropic events, formal dinners, and a Summer Book Club. Chi Delta ("Chi Delt") at Dartmouth College was founded as the Gamma Gamma chapter of Delta Delta Delta sorority in 1984. The house was the first Greek organization to secede from the Co-ed Fraternity Sorority Council in the spring of 2000, a move that eventually precipitated the dissolution of that organizing body as other Greek organization on campus followed suit. Chi Delta remains a member of the Panhellenic Council, which represents the interests of the sororities on campus. On May 29, 2015, the Dartmouth chapter of Delta Delta Delta unanimously voted to disaffiliate from its national organization and become a local sorority. The three coeducational fraternities at Dartmouth College are organized and represented to the college through the Coed Council. The Coed Council is a student-led governance organization that assists the member Greek organizations with public relations, programming, recruitment, and academic achievement. All three coeducational fraternities at Dartmouth own the land and residence buildings they occupy. Alpha Theta was founded as a local fraternity named Iota Sigma Upsilon on March 3, 1920, by a group of seven students. In 1921 the fraternity received a charter as the Alpha Theta chapter of Theta Chi. John Sloan Dickey, later president of the college, joined the fraternity in 1928 and was elected house president only two weeks later, while still a pledge. Nine brothers of Theta Chi died in a tragic accident on the morning of February 25, 1934, when the metal chimney of the building's old coal furnace blew out in the night and the residence filled with poisonous carbon monoxide gas. Alpha Theta was one of the first collegiate fraternities in the United States to break from its national organization over civil rights issues. In 1951, while Dickey served as president of the college, the student body passed a resolution calling on all fraternities to eliminate racial discrimination from their constitutions. The Theta Chi national organization's constitution contained a clause limiting membership in fraternity to "Caucasians" only. On April 24, 1952, the members of the Dartmouth chapter voted unanimously to stop recognizing the racial clause in Theta Chi's constitution. Upon learning that the Dartmouth delegation to Theta Chi's national convention later that year planned to raise questions about the clause, the Alpha Theta chapter was derecognized by the national organization on July 25, 1952. The house reincorporated as a local fraternity and adopted the name Alpha Theta. Alpha Theta was also one of the first all-male fraternities to admit female members. In 1972, Dartmouth admitted the first class of female students and officially became a coeducational institution. Alpha Theta also voted to become coeducational. After a few years, most of the women in the fraternity had become inactive and the house voted to become single-sex male-only again on November 10, 1976. The house returned to a coeducational membership policy in 1980. The Tabard at Dartmouth College was founded in 1857 as a local fraternity for students in the Chandler Scientific School named Phi Zeta Mu. In 1893, as the Chandler School was absorbed by Dartmouth, the house sought to associate itself with a national fraternity and was granted a charter as the Eta Eta chapter of Sigma Chi national fraternity. In April 1960, the Dartmouth chapter of Sigma Chi became the third fraternity on campus to dissociate from its national organization, following the 1954 Undergraduate Council referendum requiring fraternities to amend its national charters to end discrimination against minorities or go "local". The fraternity officially chose to use the name The Tabard, but retained use of the Greek letters ΣΧ for its local corporation use to include all living and deceased members of both the chapter's national affiliation and the new local independent organization. The new name was inspired by The Tabard, a fictitious London inn described in the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. The Tabard was one of five Greek organizations at Dartmouth to become coeducational and admit women pledges when the college began admitting women students in 1972. The organization unofficially uses the Greek letters Sigma Epsilon Chi (ΣΕΧ), having inserted an "E" between the Sigma and Chi on a wrought iron railing above the front door of their residence. Prominent alumni of the Tabard include: its first president Stephen W. Bosworth, class of 1961 - U.S. Ambassador to South Korea, the Philippines, and Tunisia, as well as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College; Gordon Campbell, class of 1970 - the 34th Premier of British Columbia; and Aisha Tyler, class of 1992 - an American actress, comedian, and author. Phi Tau was founded at Dartmouth College in 1905 as the Tau Chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa. While the national fraternity proved to be an early leader among its peers in the area of non-discrimination, mid-1950s Tau Chapter leaders led the demand for such post-war era changes. The pace of change was contentious: Phi Sigma Kappa had previously had occasional foreign student members at many chapters. Unlike other fraternities, it had also welcomed Catholics and Jews at a time when most fraternity members were Protestant. But it did not yet welcome Blacks. In a reactionary response to a short-lived policy that limited pledging of Black students between 1952–56, and in a move that allowed it to avoid unpaid debts to the national, Tau broke with Phi Sigma Kappa and reformed itself as Phi Tau on March 7, 1956, naming the national fraternity as racist. Yet ironically, the Dartmouth chapter won the debate over the issue: the same discriminatory policy that caused Tau to withdraw was itself rescinded by the national fraternity at its Summer Convention just two months later, leaving Phi Sigma Kappa chapters free to pledge Black members. There has been no reconciliation, even though both groups remain progressive. Today, Phi Tau prides itself on its progressiveness; when the house constitution was rewritten in 1956, references to gender were deliberately excluded, making the house officially coeducational even before Dartmouth College accepted women as students. Phi Tau is the only coeducational Greek organization at Dartmouth that has always had female members since first admitting them, and was the first Greek house at Dartmouth to add sexual orientation to its non-discrimination clause. Members of Phi Tau refer to one another as "brothers" regardless of gender. The fraternity is known for its quarterly "Milque and Cookies" party, featuring thousands of homemade cookies and milkshakes. Phi Tau completely replaced their residence hall in 2002, at a cost of $1.8 million, funded in part by the sale of 1,675 square metres (0.4 acres) of land to the college. As of 2008, three derecognized or otherwise inactive Greek organizations are in the process of returning to campus. Alpha Kappa Alpha (AKA) at Dartmouth College was founded in 1983 as the Xi Lambda chapter of the national sorority. Alpha Kappa Alpha was the first historically African-American sorority at Dartmouth College. The College supported the sorority with dedicated apartment housing until it became defunct in the spring of 2003. The sorority had no members of the class of 2004 and was unable to recruit new members for subsequent classes because of a national moratorium on recruitment related to a hazing incident at another chapter. In February 2008, it was announced that Alpha Kappa Alpha would return to campus and resume activity in the spring or fall of 2008. Greek organizations at Dartmouth College that dissolved over the years have largely done so as a result of financial difficulties or critically low membership and interest. The Zayin chapter of Acacia, a national fraternity, was founded at Dartmouth on March 31, 1906. The Acacia national organization never heard from the Dartmouth chapter again, and lacks records of any student members or activities that the chapter might have pursued. The national declared the chapter dissolved in 1908. Acacia was the first fraternity at Dartmouth to dissolve, and the Zayin chapter was the first Acacia chapter at any campus to close. Alpha Delta ("AD") was initially founded by members of the Gamma Sigma Society. In 1847, the society became the Dartmouth chapter of Alpha Delta Phi, a national fraternity. The house dissociated from its parent corporation in 1969 and renamed itself The Alpha Delta Fraternity. Alpha Delta is well known for being part of the inspiration behind the movie National Lampoon's Animal House. The screenplay, co-written by Chris Miller, class of 1963, was inspired by a pair of short stories Miller wrote in National Lampoon in 1974 and 1975 ("The Night of the Seven Fires" and "Pinto's First Lay") about his experiences as a member of Alpha Delta. In November 2006, Miller published a 336-page memoir of his experiences in the fraternity under the title The Real Animal House: The Awesomely Depraved Saga of the Fraternity That Inspired the Movie. Alpha Delta was derecognized by Dartmouth College on April 13, 2015. Alpha Sigma Phi at Dartmouth College was founded in 1925, as a local fraternity named Sigma Alpha, The local fraternity became the Alpha Eta chapter of Alpha Sigma Phi, a national fraternity, in 1928. Faced with financial difficulties during the Great Depression, the Dartmouth chapter dissolved in 1936. C. Everett Koop, class of 1937 and Surgeon General of the United States from 1982 to 1989, was a member of one of the final Alpha Sigma Phi pledge classes at Dartmouth. Alpha Tau Omega was founded at Dartmouth College in 1915 as the local fraternity Sigma Tau Omega. In 1924, the local fraternity was granted a charter to become the Delta Sigma chapter of national fraternity Alpha Tau Omega. The Dartmouth chapter dissolved in 1936, at the height of the Great Depression. The Pi Chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon ("Deke") was founded in 1853. It was the fourth social fraternity at Dartmouth College. Eight brothers of Delta Kappa Epsilon were famously involved in a 1949 murder of a fellow Dartmouth student. The men, after heavy drinking at three different fraternities, sought out a former member of the freshman football team. Finding him asleep in his dormitory room, but wearing a letter sweater that the eight men felt he did not deserve to be wearing, they beat him and he soon thereafter died of the injuries. Two Delta Kappa Epsilon brothers were brought to trial, fined, and given suspended sentences for the crime. In response to the murder, College President John Sloan Dickey announced that he felt it was important to reduce the influence of the fraternity system on campus. The organization was renamed Storrs House in 1970 before dissolving entirely. Delta Sigma Theta is an historically African-American sorority at Dartmouth College that was founded in 1982 as the Che-Ase Interest Group. At the time, the college had imposed a moratorium on the founding on new sororities, but when the moratorium was lifted, the group was recognized by the college as a sorority in the fall of 1984. The women contacted the Delta Sigma Theta national sorority and were granted a charter as the Pi Theta chapter in the spring of 1985. Delta Sigma Theta provided an extensive array of public service through the Five-Point Thrust program. Until the chapter's dissolution, the sisters of Delta Sigma Theta had cosponsored the Step Show, an annual cultural dance performance, with the brothers of Alpha Phi Alpha. The sorority had occupied dedicated College-owned apartment housing until June, 2004, when all but one member of the Dartmouth chapter graduated. An attempt was made to recruit new members in the summer, and it succeeded, but not for long, as the chapter currently has no members at Dartmouth. Delta Upsilon at Dartmouth College was founded as Epsilon Kappa Phi, a local fraternity, at Dartmouth College in 1920. In 1926, the local fraternity became the Dartmouth chapter of Delta Upsilon, a national fraternity. The fraternity dissociated from the national in 1966, and adopted the name Foley House. Foley House was one of the six local Greek organizations that became coeducational in 1972. In 1984, the organization decided to drop its association with the Greek system entirely and became one of the Affinity Housing programs offered by the college, available to any student interested in cooperative housing. Delta Phi Epsilon was founded at Dartmouth College in 1984 as the Epsilon Alpha chapter of the national sorority. The sorority was derecognized by the college in June, 1989, when it failed to maintain an active membership of at least 35 students. The Dartmouth chapter made an effort to revive itself by separating from the national in 1990 to become Pi Sigma Psi, a local sorority, but dissolved soon thereafter. Delta Psi Delta was established at Dartmouth College in 1950 as the Dartmouth chapter of Tau Epsilon Phi, a national fraternity. The Dartmouth chapter dissociated from the national in 1969, and reformed itself as the Harold Parmington Foundation. Faced with falling membership in 1981, the fraternity reformed itself with a more traditional Greek letter name, Delta Psi Delta, and opened its membership to women as well as men. Faced with critically low enrollment, Delta Psi Delta finally dissolved in 1991. The local, coeducational fraternity at Dartmouth was not associated with either the Canadian sorority or the local fraternities at California State University, Chico and Linfield College also named Delta Psi Delta. Zeta Beta Chi was founded in 1984 as a local sorority named Alpha Beta. In 1986, the sorority gained a charter as the Dartmouth chapter of Delta Gamma, a national sorority. In 1997, the sorority voted to go local again, and reformed as Zeta Beta Chi. Plagued with low membership, the sorority was already on a marginal financial footing in 1998, when a College inspection during the summer discovered mercury contamination in the sorority's basement, the former house of Arthur Sherburne Hardy. The College closed the building for the remainder of the year, negatively impacting fall rush. The sorority announced its dissolution in December 1998. The Harold Parmington Foundation was a local fraternity founded in 1970 after the Dartmouth chapter of Tau Epsilon Phi dissociated from its national organization. The new local fraternity continued to reside in 15 Webster Avenue, the house now occupied by the Epsilon Kappa Theta sorority. With only one member each from the classes of 1983 and 1984, the fraternity reorganized itself as a coeducational fraternity named Delta Psi Delta. A past president of the fraternity, Brian Dale, class of 1980, was one of the passengers on American Airlines Flight 11 that was hijacked and flown into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City during the September 11, 2001 attacks. Kappa Alpha Psi at Dartmouth College was founded in 1987 as the Mu Chi chapter of the national fraternity. Kappa Alpha Psi was the second historically African-American fraternity at Dartmouth College. Its membership was active through at least the end of the 1990s. The Kappa Alpha Psi national currently lists the Mu Chi chapter as inactive. Lambda Chi Alpha was founded at Dartmouth College in 1914 as the Theta Zeta chapter of the national fraternity. Faced with insurmountable financial stress during the Great Depression, the Dartmouth chapter dissolved in 1932. Xi Kappa Chi was originally established at Dartmouth in 1980 as the Zeta Mu chapter of Alpha Chi Omega, a national sorority. The sorority dissociated from the national organization in 1990 and became a local sorority named Xi Kappa Chi. Faced with low membership in 1993, the local sorority considered an affiliation with Phi Mu, a national sorority, as a possibility of attracting more new members hesitant to rush a small local sorority. The Phi Mu national organization sent representatives to Dartmouth in April, 1993, but based on their report, the Phi Mu national council voted against a Dartmouth chapter. Xi Kappa Chi was dissolved by the Dartmouth Panhellenic Council in 1993. The Pi chapter of the national fraternity Pi Lambda Phi was established at Dartmouth College in 1924. The membership of the Dartmouth chapter was predominantly Jewish. About half of the college's fraternities at the time had national constitutions that explicitly forbade membership to Jews, and for many of the other chapters, it was an informal policy to exclude membership to Jewish students. The national constitution of Pi Lambda Phi expressly accepted members of all religions. Pi Lambda Phi was not initially accepted by the Dartmouth Greek community, and efforts in 1924 and 1925 to gain formal admission into the Interfraternity Council failed. The fraternity was finally recognized in the spring of 1927. The fraternity's first residence, purchased in 1924, was a building on South Street originally occupied by a Roman Catholic church. The fraternity would reside there until 1961, when it moved to a house north of Webster Avenue on Occom Ridge. The chapter dissolved in 1971. Sigma Alpha Mu was established at Dartmouth College in 1930 as the Sigma Upsilon chapter of the national fraternity. At the time, the Sigma Alpha Mu national limited membership in the organization to Jewish men. Sigma Alpha Mu placed more emphasis on the observances of Judaism than did the other predominantly Jewish fraternity on campus, Pi Lambda Phi, and had difficulty attracting the interest of most mainstream Jewish students on campus. The Dartmouth chapter dissolved in 1935, during the Great Depression. Sigma Alpha Epsilon ("SAE") at Dartmouth College was founded in 1903 as a local fraternity named Chi Tau Kappa. In 1908, the fraternity sought to associate itself with a national fraternity and was granted a charter from Sigma Alpha Epsilon to become the New Hampshire Alpha chapter. With funding support from the national organization, the fraternity acquired a house on School Street that had previously been the residence of a College professor. By 1916, the fraternity had moved to a wood house on College Street north of the Green. The fraternity would replace the structure entirely with a new brick residence built between 1928 and 1931, one of the final fraternity building projects started on campus before the Great Depression. Sigma Alpha Epsilon members are encouraged by their national organization to emulate the tenets of The True Gentleman, a statement written by John Walter Wayland. Notable alumni of the chapter include the United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry M. Paulson, Jr., class of 1968, benefactor to Dartmouth College Barry MacLean, class of 1960. Sigma Alpha Epsilon was derecognized by Dartmouth College on Feb. 4, 2016. Tau Epsilon Phi was established at Dartmouth College in 1950 as the Epsilon Delta chapter of the national fraternity. The Dartmouth chapter dissociated from the national in 1969, and voted to call itself the Harold Parmington Foundation. Phi Gamma Delta was founded at Dartmouth College as the Delta Upsilon chapter of the national fraternity in 1901. The Dartmouth chapter seceded from the national fraternity in 1965, and adopted the new name of Phoenix. The new local fraternity dissolved in 1971. The fraternity has no association with the Phoenix all-female senior society founded at Dartmouth in 1984. Phi Kappa Psi ("Phi Psi") traces its heritage at Dartmouth College to the Beta Psi local fraternity, founded in 1895. Beta Psi became the New Hampshire Alpha chapter of Phi Kappa Psi in 1896. The Dartmouth chapter dissociated from the national in 1967 as a result of the national's reaction to the chapter's pledging of a black pledge, adopting the new name Phi Sigma Psi. Phi Sigma Psi was one of the six fraternities that adopted a formal coeducational membership policy in 1972. In the late 1980s, the membership began referring to the organization as "Phi Psi/Panarchy". The fraternity changed its name to The Panarchy in 1991. In 1993, the college began a program for "undergraduate societies" as open-membership alternatives to the Greek system. In September 1993, the members of Panarchy voted to disaffiliate from the Greek system and became the first of two Undergraduate Societies.

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Government data does not include racial or ethnic information, and it was only after coming under pressure that the collection of COVID-19 racial data was begun in late April – but has yet to be released. Now outside researchers have shown that 55% of Afro-Brazilian patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 died, compared to 34% of white patients. The research has found that structural racism – in the form of high-risk working conditions, unequal access to health and worse housing conditions – is a major factor shaping Brazil’s COVID-19 pandemic. There is also extreme economic inequality. White women earn up to 74% more than black men. There are parallels here with data coming out of the UK and USA. Read the full article here.

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Prebiotics and bowel cancer Full text not archived in this repository. Bowel cancer is a growing malignancy, with more than a million annual cases reported worldwide. It has been suggested that there is microbial involvement in onset of the disease and that an altered composition has previously been observed in those suffering from the malignancy, compared to healthy counterparts. The use of prebiotic functional foods to modify the colonic microflora may provide a method of reducing genotoxic potential within the colon, whilst offering-Protective strategies in the form of metabolites such as butyrate. The following review highlights some of the studies that demonstrate the potentia role for prebiotics as protective factors against bowel cancer. Repository Staff Only: item control page

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FINANCIAL MARKETS – AN OVERVIEW: In common parlance, a market is a place where trading takes place. Whenever we think about markets, a picture that flashes across our thoughts is of a place which is very hectic, with buyers and sellers, a few sellers, shouting at the top of their voice, trying to convince customers to buy their wares. A place abuzz with vibrancy and energy. In the early stages of civilization, people were self-sufficient. They grew every thing they needed. Food was the main commodity, which could be effortlessly grown at the backyard, and for the non-vegetarians, jungles were open without restrictions on hunting. However , using the development of civilization, the needs of every getting grew; they needed clothes, items, instruments, weapons and many other things which could not be easily made or made by one person or family. Hence, the requirement of a common place was felt, where people who had a commodity to offer as well as the people who needed that commodity, could gather satisfy their mutual requirements. With time, the manner in which the markets performed changed and developed. Markets became more and more sophisticated and specialized in their transaction so as to save time plus space. Different kinds of markets came into being which specialized in a particular kind of commodity or transaction. In today’s world, there are markets which cater to the needs of manufacturers, sellers, ultimate consumers, kids, women, males, students and what not. For the debate of the topic at hand, the different kinds of markets that exist in the present day can be broadly classified as goods markets, service markets and financial marketplaces. The present article seeks to give an overview of Financial Markets. WHAT IS A MONETARY MARKET? According to Encyclopedia II, ‘Financial Markets’ mean: “1. Organizations that facilitate trade in financial products. i. e. Stock Exchanges facilitate the trade in stocks, bonds and warrants. 2 . The coming with each other of buyers and sellers in order to trade financial product i. e. stocks and shares are traded between buyers and sellers in a number of ways including: the use of stock exchanges; directly between buyers and retailers etc . ” Financial Markets, as the name suggests, is a market where various financial instruments are traded. The instruments that are traded in these markets vary in nature. They may be in fact tailor-made to suit the needs of numerous people. At a macro level, individuals with excess money offer their cash to the people who need it for purchase in various kinds of projects. To make the debate simpler, let’s take help of an example. Mr. X has Rupees 10 lacs as his financial savings which is lying idle with him. He wants to invest this money so that over a period of time he can multiply this amount. Mr. Y may be the promoter of ABC Ltd. He has a business model, but he does not take enough financial means to start a firm. So in this scenario, Mr. Y can utilize the money that is resting idle with people like Mr. X and start a company. However , Mr. By may be a person in Kolkata and Mr. Y may be in Mumbai. So the problem in the present scenario is the fact that how does Mr. Y come to understand that a certain Mr. X has money which he is willing to invest in an enterprise which is similar to one which Mr. Y wants to start? The above problem can be solved by providing a common place, exactly where people with surplus cash can mobilize their savings towards those who have to invest it. This is precisely the function of financial markets. They, via various instruments, solve just one issue, the problem of mobilizing savings from people who are willing to invest, to the people who can actually invest. Thus from the over discussion, we can co-relate how financial markets are no different in spirit from any other market. The following issue that needs to be redressed is what may be the distinction between various financial tools that are floated in the market? The answer to this question lies in the nature or requirements of the investors. Investors are of various kinds and hence have different requirements. Various factors that motivate traders are ownership of controlling stake in a company, security, trading, conserving, etc . Some investors may want to make investments for a long time and earn an interest on their investment; others may just want a short-term investment. There are investors who want a diverse kind of investment so that their particular overall investment is safe in case among the investments fails. Hence, it is the requirements of the investors that have brought about a lot of financial instruments in the market. There is one more player in the financial market apart from buyers and sellers. As stated over, the one who wants to lend money as well as the one who wants to invest the money might be situated in different geographical locations, very far from each other. A common place for this transaction will require the meeting of those persons in person to close the transaction. This may again result in a wide range of hardship. It may also be the case the rate at which the lender wants to lend his money or the duration for which he wants his money in order to incur interest, may not be acceptable towards the borrower of the money. This would cause a lot of glitches and latches with regard to closing the transaction. To solve this issue, we have a body called the Intermediaries, which operate in the financial markets. Intermediaries are the ones from whom the borrowers borrow the harbored savings of the lenders. Their main function is to act as link to mobilize the finances from the lender to the borrower. Intermediaries may be of different kinds. The basic difference in these intermediaries is based upon the kind of services they provide. However , they are similar in the sense that nothing of the intermediaries are principal celebrations to a transaction. They merely behave as facilitators. The kinds of intermediaries that will operate in financial markets are: ᾿ Deposit-taking intermediaries, ᾿ Non-deposit taking intermediaries, and ᾿ Supervisory and regulatory intermediaries. Deposit-taking intermediaries are that accept deposits from a principal. They accept deposits so that the build up can be utilized for the purpose of advancing loans towards the persons who are in need of it. Example – Reserve Bank of Indian, Private Banks, Agricultural Banks, Postal office shooting, Trust Companies, Caisses Populaires (Credit Unions), Mortgage Loan Companies, etc . Non-deposit taking intermediaries are those which just manage funds on behalf of the client. These people act as agents to the principal. These people merely bring together the borrower as well as the lender with similar needs. Unit Trusts, Insurers, Pension Funds and Finance Companies are an example of this kind of intermediaries. If you beloved this article and you also would like to get more info with regards to Bruc Bond generously visit our own page. Supervisory and Regulatory Intermediaries do not actively participate in the trading associated with securities in the financial markets since parties. They perform the functionality of overseeing that all the transactions that take place in the financial markets are in compliance with the statutory and regulatory platform. They step in only when any mistake or omission has been committed by either of the parties to the transaction, and take steps as is provided by the particular statutory and regulatory scheme. The Bombay Stock Exchange, National Stock Exchange, etc . are examples of this kind of intermediary. PRIMARY MARKETS AND SECONDARY MARKETS: Monetary markets, the financial instruments (securities) may be traded first hand or second hand. For example , A wants to invest Rs. 1 million in XYZ Business, which is a newly incorporated company. One share of XYZ Co. costs Rs. 500. In this scenario, A will purchase 2000 shares of XYZ Co. XYZ Co. is issuing shares to A in return to his investment, first hand. Suppose after purchasing the shares from XYZ Co., A holds the stocks for a year and thereafter would like to sell the shares, he may market the shares through a stock exchange. M wants to purchase 2000 shares of XYZ Co. B approaches the stock exchange and purchases the stocks therefrom. In this case, B has not directly purchased shares from XYZ Company., however , he is as good an owner of shares as anyone who purchased the shares from XYZ Company. directly. In the first example, The purchased the shares of XYZ Co. directly. Hence, he bought his shares from the Primary marketplace. In the second example, B did not purchase the shares from XYZ straight, however , his title over the gives is as good as A’s, despite the fact that he purchased the shares through Secondary market. KINDS OF FINANCIAL MARKETS: When securities are issued monetary markets, the borrower has to spend an interest on the amount borrowed. Investments may be classified based on the duration that they are floated. The kinds monetary markets that exist based on the duration that the securities have been issued are usually: ᾿ Capital Markets: This kind of economic market is one in which the securities are issued for a long-term period. ᾿ Money Markets: In this kind of economic markets, securities are issued for any short-term period. The trading associated with financial instruments and the closing associated with transaction need not necessarily take place at the same time. There may be a time gap between the taking place of a transaction and closing or even effectuating the transaction. The kinds of financial markets that can be distinguished about this basis are: ᾿ Spot Markets: The transaction is brought into effect at the time the trading takes place. By the very nature of the deal, it can be understood that the risk associated with this kind of market is very minimal since the parties have no scope of going back on their promised actions. ᾿ Forwards Markets: In this kind of market, the particular transaction takes place on one date and is effected on some future day, which is mutually accepted between events to the transaction. As the date where the mutually accepted transaction will be effected is different from the date where the transaction is mutually accepted, there is a risk that one of the events may not be in a position; on the date the transaction is to be effected, to recognition the transaction. Hence the level of danger in this market is higher than that of spot markets. ᾿ Future Markets: This kind of financial market closely resembles Forward Markets, with the difference that in this market, the quality and the amount of the goods that are traded are specific on the date the transaction is usually entered into, though the transaction is to be affected on some future date. There is also an added advantage in this market compared to Forward Markets in the sense that there is a security of guarantee in case one of the events fails to honor his part of the undertaking which he had promised while entering into the transaction. Hence, the level of danger associated with this market is comparatively lower than that of the Forward Markets.

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Quantification and polymer characterization of sediment microplastics along theGolden beach, Puri, India Microplastics are a class of emerging pollutants of concern detected in beach sediments across the globe. Limitedresearch on the topic has been undertaken in India, despite extensive coastlines and the country's most crowded beaches. Thepresent study is a preliminary study on the quantification and characterization of microplastics in one of the most famoustourist destinations, the Golden beach of Puri, Odisha. An average count of 731±719 particles/kg dry weight of sedimentwas observed. Though ANOVA revealed a site-wise variation of microplastic types to be significantly different, Tukeyposthoc test of the particle’s diversity classified according to their major activity contributors did not show significantvariation. The fragments were the most abundant fraction with a total count of 2835 particles representing 39 % of the totalmicroplastics, followed by foams (29 %), fibers (14 %), films (11 % ), microbeads (5 %), and pellets (2 %) of the totalmicroplastic particles. Color classification revealed white, red, black, blue, green, and transparent microplastics to beabundant in all the sampling sites. Polymer characterization showed the presence of seven types of polymers being,High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polyurethane (PU), Polypropylene (PP),Polystyrene (PS), Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA), and Nylon. These preliminary findings would serve as an eye-openertoward the magnitude of microplastic pollution in the area and help opt for mitigatory measures to avoid further detrimentalimpacts on the ecosystem. Full Text: PDF (downloaded 213 times) - There are currently no refbacks.

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- Provisions regarding Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) are mentioned under Part V and Articles 148-151. - The C&AG's Act, 1971 regulates the duties, powers and conditions of service of the Comptroller and Auditor General. • The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India is appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of Prime Minister. • He is appointed for 6 yrs or 65yrs of age whichever is earlier. • He is the custodian of the Public Purse, controlling the entire financial system of the Country-the Union and the States. • He audits all receipts and expenditure of the Government of India and the state governments, including those of bodies and authorities substantially financed by the government. • He is also the external auditor of government-owned companies. • He prescribes the form and manner in which the accounts of the Union and the States shall be kept, subject to the approval of the President.( Article 150) • The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General relating to Accounts of Union are submitted to the President who causes them to be laid before the Parliament. • The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General relating to Accounts of States are submitted to the Governor of the state, who causes them to be laid before the state Legislature. • These reports of the CAG are then referred to the Public Accounts Committees, which are special committees in the Parliament and the State legislatures. • The discussion in Parliament or State Legislature takes place on the basis of Public Accounts Committees reports. • While conducting audit, the Comptroller and Auditor-General ensure: (a) That the financial rules and orders are obeyed while expenditure; and (b) That those who sanction expenditure have the power to do so. Comptroller is one who has control over the treasury. The term CAG was taken from British system where the CAG has to countersign to make withdrawals from treasury. In India, the CAG has no control over the issue of money from consolidated fund of India or States. He came into action only when expenditure has taken place. So, in effect the Indian CAG is only AG. CAG is misnomer in Indian context. The CAG is also the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department. The CAG is ranked 9th and enjoys the same status as a judge of Supreme Court of India in Indian order of precedence. Oath of affirmation On appointment, he has to make an oath of affirmation before the President of India that, he will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India, uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India and perform the duties of his office without fear or favour. Safeguards for impartiality: • He shall be removed in the same manner and grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court. • The salary and other benefits cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment except in Financial Emergency. • The CAG of India shall be ineligible for further appointment under the Government of India or Government of any State after he has ceased to hold his office. • The CAG can be removed only on an address from both the Houses of the Parliament on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity. • His salary and allowances are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India and are non-votable in the Parliament. List of Comptrollers and Auditors General of India No. C AG of India tenure began tenure ended 1 V. Narahari Rao 1948 1954 2 A. K. Chanda 1954 1960 3 A. K. Roy 1960 1966 4 S. Ranganathan 1966 1972 5 A. Bakshi 1972 1978 6 Gian Prakash 1978 1984 7 T. N. Chaturvedi 1984 1990 8 C. G. Somiah 1990 1996 9 V. K. Shunglu 1996 2002 10 V. N. Kaul 2002 2008 11 Vinod Rai 2008 2014

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Year : 2009 | Volume : 20 | Issue : 1 | Page : 91--98 An overview of the corrosion aspect of dental implants (titanium and its alloys) Professor, Division of Orthodontics and General Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, 4GF Jodhpur Colony, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India T P Chaturvedi Professor, Division of Orthodontics and General Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, 4GF Jodhpur Colony, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh Titanium and its alloys are used in dentistry for implants because of its unique combination of chemical, physical, and biological properties. They are used in dentistry in cast and wrought form. The long term presence of corrosion reaction products and ongoing corrosion lead to fractures of the alloy-abutment interface, abutment, or implant body. The combination of stress, corrosion, and bacteria contribute to implant failure. This article highlights a review of the various aspects of corrosion and biocompatibility of dental titanium implants as well as suprastructures. This knowledge will also be helpful in exploring possible research strategies for probing the biological properties of materials. |How to cite this article:| Chaturvedi T P. An overview of the corrosion aspect of dental implants (titanium and its alloys).Indian J Dent Res 2009;20:91-98 |How to cite this URL:| Chaturvedi T P. An overview of the corrosion aspect of dental implants (titanium and its alloys). Indian J Dent Res [serial online] 2009 [cited 2019 Jul 22 ];20:91-98 Available from: http://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2009/20/1/91/49068 The mouth is the portal entry of the human body. It is also the habitat of microbial species that are kept wet by saliva. Oral tissues are exposed to a veritable bombardment of both chemical and physical stimuli as well as metabolism of about 30 species of bacteria (the total salivary bacterial count is said to be five thousand million/ml of saliva). Yet, for the most part, oral tissues remain healthy. Saliva has several viruses, bacteria, yeast and fungi and their products, such as organic acids and enzymes, epithelial cells, food debris, and components from gingival crevicular fluid. Moreover, saliva is a hypotonic solution containing bioactonate, chloride, potassium, sodium, nitrogenous compounds, and proteins. The pH of saliva varies from 5.2 to 7.8. Many gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species form a major part of dental plaque around the teeth and also colonize the mucosal surfaces. Teeth function in one of the most inhospitable environments in the body. They are subject to larger temperature variation than most other parts, coping with cold of ice (0°C) to hot coffee and soup. Factors such as temperature, quantity and quality of saliva, plaque, pH, protein, and the physical and chemical properties of food and liquids as well as oral health conditions may influence corrosion. Corrosion, the graded degradation of materials by electrochemical attack is of concern particularly when a metallic implant, metallic filling, or orthodontic appliances are placed in the hostile electrolytic environment provided by the human mouth. , For dental implants, biocompatibility depends on mechanical and corrosion/degradation properties of the material, tissue, and host factors. Biomaterial surface chemistry, topography (roughness), and type of tissue integration (osseous, fibrous, and mixed) correlate with host response. Biocompatibility of the implants and its associated structure is important for proper function of the prosthesis in the mouth. Corrosion can severely limit the fatigue life and ultimate strength of the material leading to mechanical failure of the dental materials. High noble alloys used in dentistry are so stable chemically that they do not undergo significant corrosion in the oral environment, the major component of these alloys are gold, palladium, and platinum. Clinical Significance of Corrosion It has been proven that small galvanic currents associated with electrogalvanism are continually present in the oral cavity. As long as metallic dental restorative materials are employed, there seems to be little possibility that these galvanic currents can be eliminated. Post operative pain caused by galvanic shock can be a source of discomfort in the metallic restoration to an occasional patient. Resistance to corrosion is critically important for dental materials because corrosion can lead to roughening of the surface, weakening of the restoration, liberation of elements from the metal or alloy, and toxic reactions. The liberation of elements can produce discoloration of adjacent soft tissues and allergic reactions such as oral edema, perioral stomatitis, gingivitis, and extraoral manifestation such as eczematous rashes in susceptible patients. According to Kirkpatric, et al. the pathomechanism of the impaired wound healing is modulated by specific metal ions released by corrosion. The Effect of Corrosion on Dental Implants Dental implant treatment has been one of the most recent success stories of dentistry. The use of dental implants in the treatment of complete and partial edentulisms has become an integral treatment modality in dentistry. Dental implants are made of biocompatible materials and they are surgically inserted into the jaw bone primarily as a prosthetic foundation. Titanium and titanium alloys are commonly used as dental implant materials. The process of integration of titanium with bone has been termed as "osseointegration" by Branemark. Presently, most of the commercially available implant systems are made of pure titanium (CP-Ti) or titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Titanium and its alloys provide strength, rigidity, and ductility similar to those of other dental alloys. Whereas, pure titanium castings have mechanical properties similar to Type III and Type IV gold alloys, some titanium alloy castings, such as Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-15V have properties closer to Ni-Cr and Co-Cr castings with the exception of lower modulus. Titanium and its alloys give greater resistance to corrosion in saline and acidic environments. Even though titanium alloys were exceptionally corrosion-resistant because of the stability of the TiO 2 oxide layer, they are not inert to corrosive attack. When the stable oxide layer is broken down or removed and is unable to reform on parts of the surface, titanium can be as corrosive as many other base metals. The oral cavity can simulate an electrochemical cell under certain circumstances. Although titanium shows better corrosion resistance, it may interact with living tissue in several years. This interaction results in a release of small quantities of corrosion products even though they are covered by thermodynamically stable oxide film. If a base metal alloy superstructure is provided over a Ti implant, then also an electrochemical cell is formed. The less noble metal alloy forms anode and the more noble titanium forms cathode. Electrons are transferred through metallic contact, and the anode is the surface or sites on a surface where positive ions are formed (i.e., the metal surface that is undergoing an oxidation reaction and corroding) with the production of the free electrons. Fracture of Dental Implant Although a fracture of dental implants is not a frequent phenomenon, it can cause unfavorable clinical results. Corrosion can severely limit the fatigue life and ultimate strength of the material leading to mechanical failure of the implant. It has been found that metal fatigue can lead to implant fracture. Titanium is not sufficiently stable to prevent wear and tear in bearings under load. Under static conditions, Ti and Ti alloy are able to withstand exposure to physiologic chlorine solutions at body temperature indefinitely but are susceptible to oxide changes caused by mechanical micromotion. For example, stainless steel and Ti alloy demonstrated crack-like features when loaded to yield stress. Therefore, repeated oxide breakdown such as sustained abrasion is likely to damage corrosion resistance. The superstructures also cause a release of metal ions. Corrosion sets in and results in the leaking of ions into surrounding tissues. Green reported a fracture of a dental implant 4 years after loading. The failure analysis of the implant revealed that the fracture was caused by metal fatigue and that the crown-metal, a Ni-Cr-Mo alloy, exhibited corrosion. Yokoyama, et al. concluded that titanium in a biological environment absorbs hydrogen and this may be the reason for delayed fracture of a titanium implant. Hexavalent chromium ions are released from implant materials. Nickel and chromium induce Type-IV hypersensitivity reactions in the body and act as haptens, carcinogens, and mutagens. They can cause several cytotoxic responses including a decrease in some enzyme activities, interference with biochemical pathways, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. Long-term exposure to nickel containing dental materials may adversely affect both human monocytes and oral mucosal cells. Titanium containing nickel may cause localized tissue irritation in some patients. Manganese from the alloy is also consumed with saliva, which produces toxicity leading to skeletal and nervous, system disorders. Bone Loss and Osteolysis Ti alloys have shown integration with bone and soft tissue environments. However, there is concern that Ti alloys contain significant amounts of alloying elements that exhibit different morphology and crystallization, which may affect osseointegration especially due to corrosion products containing aluminium and vanadium. According to Roynesdal, et al., marginal bone loss around implants showed the worst results with titanium sprayed implants. Olmedo, et al. reported that the presence of macrophages in peri-implant soft tissue induced by a corrosion process plays an important role in implant failure. Free titanium ions inhibit growth of hydroxyapatite crystals (mineralization of calcified tissues at the interface). These processes lead to local osteolysis and loss of clinical stability of the implant. Local Reactions (Pain/Swelling) Although titanium exhibits better corrosion resistance, it may interact with living tissues over several years. An increased level of calcium and phosphorous have been found in oxide surface layers indicating an exchange of ions at the interface. Corrosion products have been implicated in causing local pain or swelling in the region of the implant in the absence of infection and it can cause secondary infection. A hydrogen peroxide environmental condition has been shown to interact with titanium and is associated with low toxicity, inflammation, bone modeling, and bactericidal characteristics. Corrosion behavior in the oral cavity Many types of electrochemical corrosion are possible in the oral environment because saliva, with salt, acts as a weak electrolyte. The electrochemical properties of saliva depend on the concentrations of its components, pH, surface tension, and buffering capacity. Each of these factors may influence the strength of any electrolyte. Thus, the magnitude of the resulting corrosion process will be controlled by these variables. The features that determine how and why dental materials corrode are as follows: Oxidation and reduction reactions. Factors that physically impede or prevent corrosion from taking place (process of passivation or the formation of a metal oxide passive film on a metal surface). Types of corrosion There are two types of corrosive reactions: chemical and electrochemical. In chemical corrosion (dry corrosion), there is a direct combination of metallic and non metallic elements to yield a chemical compound through processes such as oxidation, halogenation, or sulfurization reactions. Electrochemical corrosion (wet corrosion) requires the presence of water or some other fluid electrolytes. This general mode of corrosion is important for dental restorations. Various forms of corrosion that may occur with the above types of reactions are mentioned in [Figure 1] and [Table 1]. The complexity of the electrochemical process involved in the implant-superstructure joint is linked to the phenomenon of galvanic coupling and pitted corrosion. The reduction in pH and the increase in the concentration of chloride ions are two essential factors in the initiation and propagation of the crevice corrosion phenomenon. When the acidity of the medium increases with time, the passive layer of the alloy dissolves and accelerates the local corrosion process. Crevice corrosion of stainless steels in aerated salt solutions is widely known. Corrosion products of Fe, Cr, and Ni, the main components of stainless steel, accumulate in the crevice and form highly acidic chloride solutions in which corrosions rates are very high. The most common form of corrosion, which is generally present in dental implants, is galvanic corrosion. Titanium has been chosen as the material of choice for endosseous implantation. Even though titanium alloys are exceptionally corrosion resistant because of the stability of the TiO 2 layer, they are not inert to corrosive attack. When the stable oxide layer is broken down or removed and is unable to reform on part of surface, titanium can be as corrosive as many other base metals. Galvanic coupling of titanium to other metallic restorative materials may also generate corrosion. Hence, there is a great concern regarding the materials for suprastructures over the implants. Gold alloys are generally chosen as the superstructures because of their excellent biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. However, these are quite expensive. Therefore, new alloys such as Ni-Cr, Ag-Pd, and Co-Cr alloys are generally used. They have good mechanical properties and are cost effective. But their biocompatibility and corrosion resistance are of concern. When two or more dental prosthetic devices/restorations made of dissimilar alloys come into contact while exposed to oral fluids, the difference between their corrosion potential results in a flow of electric current between them. An in vivo galvanic cell is formed and the galvanic current causes acceleration of corrosion of the less noble metal. The galvanic current passes through the metal/metal junction and also through tissues, which causes pain. The current flows through two electrolytes, saliva, or other liquids in the mouth and the bone and tissue fluids. The differential surface of a metallic restoration may have small pits/crevices. Consequently, stress and pit corrosion occurs. The mechanical and notched sensitivity, stress corrosion cracking, torsional, and smooth and notched corrosion fatigue are properties of titanium materials used for implant. The conjoint action of chemical and mechanical attack results in fretting corrosion. Fretting is another type of erosion-corrosion, but in a vapor phase. Hydrogen attack is the reaction of the hydrogen with carbides in steel to form methane, resulting in decarburization voids and surface blisters. It can embrittle reactive metals such as titanium, vanadium, niobium, etc. Microbiology-related corrosion has been noted in industry for many years. It is widely recognized that microorganisms affect the corrosion of metal and alloys immersed in an aqueous environment. Under similar conditions, the effect of bacteria in the oral environment on the corrosion of dental metallic materials remains unknown. The effect of enzymatic activity and degradation of composite resins has been reported earlier. Chang, et al. showed that the corrosion behavior of dental metallic materials in the presence of Streptococcus mutans and its growth byproducts is increased. Brushing and the attachment of microbes on implants may disturb the passivity of passive metal. The formation of organic acids during glucolysis pathways from sugars by bacteria may reduce pH. A low pH creates a favorable environment for aerobic bacteria for corrosion. Microbes oxidize manganese and iron and reaction products viz. MnO 2, FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , MnCl 2 , FeCl 2 favor corrosion of the implant. A complex mechanism of interaction occurs among anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in various zones, favoring corrosion products. Due to the deposition of the biofilm, the metal surface beneath the biofilm and the other areas are exposed to different amounts of oxygen, which leads to the creation of differential aeration cells. Less aerated zones act as an anode, which undergoes corrosion releasing metal ions into the saliva. These metal ions combine with the end-products of the bacteria, along with chloride ion in the electrolyte (saliva) to form more corrosive products like MnCl 2 , FeCl 2, etc. favoring further corrosion. Microbial corrosion occurs when the acidic waste products of microbes and bacteria corrode metal surfaces. The incidence and severity of microbial corrosion can be reduced by keeping the area as clean as possible and by using antibiotic sprays and dips to control the population of microbes. Maruthamuthu, et al. studied the electrochemical behavior of microbes on orthodontic wires in artificial saliva with or without saliva. According to him, bacteria slightly reduce the resistance and increase the corrosion current. Leaching of manganese, chromium, nickel, and iron from the wires may be due to the availability of manganese oxidizers, iron oxidizers, and heterotrophic bacteria in the saliva. The effect of fluoride ion concentration In the oral environment, fluoride contained in commercial mouthwashes, toothpaste, and prophylactic gels are widely used to prevent dental caries or relieve dental sensitivity or for proper oral cleaning after application of normal brushes with toothpaste. The detrimental effect of fluoride ions on the corrosion resistance of Ti or Ti alloys has been extensively reported. Fluoride ions are very aggressive on the protective TiO 2 film formed on Ti and Ti alloys. Odontogenic fluoride gels should be avoided because they create an acidic environment that leads to the degradation of the titanium oxide layer and possibly inhibits osseointegration. In vitro and in vivo studies A primary requisite of any metal used in the mouth is that it must not produce corrosion products that will be harmful to the body. Reed and Willman demonstrated the presence of galvanic currents in the oral cavity probably for the first time in detail. Approximate values for the magnitude were established. Burse, et al. described an experimental protocol for in vivo tarnish evaluations and showed the importance of the proper elemental ratio in gold alloys compositions. Various experimental in vitro studies regarding corrosion are shown in [Table 2], which can explore the future research strategies for the corrosion study of implant materials. Tufekci, et al. described a highly sensitive analytical technique that showed the release of individual elements over a 1 month period, which appeared to be correlated with micro structural phases in the alloys. Notable changes due to galvanic coupling have been reported in literature. Pourbaix reviewed the methods of electrochemical thermodynamics (electrode potential-pH equilibrium diagrams) and electrochemical kinetics (polarization curves) to understand and predict the corrosion behavior of metals and alloys in the presence of body fluids. Sutow, et al. studied the in vitro crevice corrosion behavior of implant materials. The galvanic corrosion of titanium in contact with amalgam and cast prosthodontic alloys has been studied in vitro. , No current or change in pH was registered when gold, cobalt chromium, stainless steel, carbon composite, or silver palladium alloys came in metallic contact with titanium. Changes occurred when amalgam was in contact with titanium. Geis-Gerstorfer, et al. stated that the galvanic corrosion of implant/superstructure systems is important in two aspects: (i) the possibility of biological effects that may result from the dissolution of alloy components and (ii) the current flow that results from galvanic corrosion may lead to bone destruction. In another study, Reclaru and Meyer examined the corrosion behavior of different dental alloys, which may potentially be used for superstructures in galvanic coupling with titanium. Cortada, et al. had reported that metallic ions are released in the artificial saliva of titanium oral implants coupled with different metal superstructures. In this work, metallic ion release in oral implants with superstructures of different metals and alloys used in clinical dentistry was determined. The study regarding the measurement and evaluation of galvanic corrosion between titanium and dental alloys was also carried out by Grosgogeal, et al. using electrochemical techniques and auger spectrometry. The results showed that the intensity of the corrosion process is low in case of Ti/dental alloys. Other types of corrosion, e.g., pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion should also be considered. Aparicio, et al. studied the corrosion behavior of commercially pure titanium shot blasted with different materials and sizes of shot particles for dental implant applications. It is well known that the osseointegration of the commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) dental implant is improved when the metal is shot blasted to increase its surface roughness. This roughness is colonized by bone, which improves implant fixation. Oh and Kim carried out a study regarding the electrochemical properties of suprastructures galvanically coupled to a titanium implant. Photomicrographs after electrochemical testing showed crevice or pitting corrosion in the marginal gap and at the suprastructure surface. Tested samples of Co-Cr/Ti implant couples showed the possibility of galvanic corrosion, but its degree was not significant. Kasemo and Lausmaa demonstrated the dissolution of corrosion products into the bioliquid and adjacent tissues. Thus, the outermost atomic layers of an implant are critical regions associated with biochemical interactions of the implant-tissue interface. This should have a tremendous influence on a high degree of standardization and surface control in the production of dental implants. The response of bone to different implant materials is the principal factor on which an implant material is selected as suitable or unsuitable for osseointegration. Siiril and Knnen studied the effects of topical fluoride on commercially pure titanium and concluded that toothbrushes used in contact with titanium surfaces should be as nonabrasive as possible, and that long lasting contamination with topical fluorides should be avoided. Nakagawa, et al. studied the relationship between fluoride concentrations and pH values at which Ti corrosion occurred in the presence of fluoride ions. From the above brief review of literature, it is evident that monitoring of corrosion potential is helpful in indicating the existence and the extent of galvanic corrosion occurring in dental implants. According to Jose, et al., it is difficult to predict the clinical behavior of an alloy from in vitro studies, since such factors as changes in the quantity and quality of saliva, diet, oral hygiene, polishing of alloy, the amount and distribution of occlusal forces, or brushing with toothpaste can all influence corrosion to varying degrees. The increase in metal ion content in the environment may eventually prevent further corrosion. Sometimes a metal ceases corroding because its ions have saturated the immediate environment. This situation does not usually occur in dental restorations because dissolving food, fluids, and toothbrushes remove ions. Thus, corrosion of the restorations will continue. In spite of recent innovative metallurgical and technological advances and remarkable progress in the design and development of surgical and dental materials, failures do occur. One of the reasons for these failures can be corrosion of dental implants. The most favorable suprastructure/implant couple is the one which is capable of resisting the most extreme conditions that could possibly be encountered in the mouth. The choice of the materials used for the implant as well as implant borne suprastructures become crucial, and can be made by way of evaluating their galvanic corrosion behaviors. When the mechanisms that ensure implant bioacceptance and structural stabilization are fully understood, implant failures will become a rare occurrence, provided that they are used properly and placed in sites for which they are indicated. |1||Anusavice KJ editors. Phillips' science of dental materials. 11 th ed. Saunders-Elsevier; 2003. p. 56-70.| |2||Maruthamuthu S. Electrochemical behavior of microbes on orthodontic wires. Curr Sci 2005;89:988-1005.| |3||Kirkpatric CJ, Barta S, Gerdes T, Krump-Konvalinhova V, Peters K. Pathomechanisms of impaired wound healing metallic corrosion products. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 2002;6:183-90.| |4||Branemark PI, Hansson BO, Adell R, Breine U, Lindstrom J, Halloeno, et al . Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw: Experience from a 10 year period. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl 1997;16:1-132.| |5||Green NT. Fracture of dental implants: Literature review and report of a case. Imp Dent 2002;11:137-43.| |6||Yokoyama K, Ichikawa T, Murakami H, Miyamoto Y, Asaoka K. Fracture mechanisms of retrieved titanium screw thread in dental implant. Biomaterials 2002;23:2459-65.| |7||Cortada M, Giner L, Costa S, Gil FJ, Rodriguez D, Planell JA. Galvanic Corrosion behaviour of titanium implants coupled to dental alloys. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2000;11:287-93.| |8||Røynesdal AK, Ambjørnsen E, Haanaes HR. A Comparision of 3 different Endogenous nonsubmerged implants in endentoulous mandible: A clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1999;14:543-8.| |9||Olmedo D, Fernadez MM, Guglidmotti MB, Cabrini RL. Macrophages related to dental implant failure. Implant Dent 2003;12:75-80.| |10||Lugowski SJ, Smith DC, McHugh AD, Van Loon JC. Release of metal ions from dental implant materials in vivo: Determinations of Al, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, V, and Ti in organ tissue. J Biomed Mater Res 1991;25:1443-58.| |11||Jacobs JJ, Gilbert JL, Urbani RM. Corrosion of metal orhopaedic implants. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1988;80:268-82.| |12||Tschernitschek H, Borchers L, Geurtsen W. Nonalloyed titanium as a bioinert metal: A review. Quintessence Int 2005;36:523-30.| |13||Zardiackas LD, Roach MD, Williamson RS. Comparison of the notch sensitivity and stress corrosion cracking of a low-nicked stainless steel to 316LS and 22 Cr-13Ni-5Mn stainless steels. In: Winters GL, Nutt MJ, editors. Stainless steels for medical and surgical applications. ASTM 1438. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2003. p. 154-67.| |14||Roach MD, McGuire J, Williamson RS. Characterization of the torsional properties of stainless steel and titanium alloys used as implants. Proceedings of the 7 th World Biomaterials Congress. Sydney, Australia: May 17-21, 2004.| |15||Zardiackas LD, Roach MD, Williamson RS. Comparison of stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue (anodized and non-anodized grade 4 CP Ti). In: Zardiackas LD, Kraay MJ, Freese HL, editors. Tatanium, niobium, iroconium, and tantalum for medical and surgical applications (STP 1471). West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2006. p. 202-14.| |16||Chang JC, Oshida Y, Gregory RL, Andres CJ, Thomas M, Barco DT. Electrochemical study on microbiology-related corrosion of metallic dental materials. Biomed Mater Eng 2003;13:281-95.| |17||Reed GJ, Willman W. Galvinism in the oral cavity. J Am Dental Assoc 1940;27:1471.| |18||Burse AB, Swartz ML, Phillips RW, Dykema RW. Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo tarnish of three gold alloys. J Biomed Mater Res 1972;6:267-77.| |19||Tufekci E, Mitchell JC, Olesik JW, Brantley WA, Papazoglou E, Monaghan P. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy measurements of elemental release from 2 high palladium dental casting alloys into a corrosion testing medium. J Prosthet Dent 2002;87:80-5.| |20||Pourbaix M. Electrochemical corrosion of metallic biomaterials. Biomaterials 1984;5:122-34.| |21||Sutow EJ, Jones DW, Milne EL. In Nitro Crevice Corrosion behaviour of implant materials. J Dent Res 1985;64:842-7.| |22||Ravnholt G, Jensen J. Corrosion investigation of two materials for implant: Supraconstructions coupled to a titanium implant. Scand J Dent Res 1991;99:181-6. | |23||Ravnholt G. Corrosion current, pH rise around titanium implants coupled to dental alloys. Scand J Dent Res 1998;96:466-72.| |24||Geis GJ, Weber JG, Sauer KH. In Vitro substance loss due to galvanic corrosion in titanium implant / Ni-Cr supraconstruction systems. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implant 1994;9:449-54.| |25||Reclaru L, Meyer JM. Study of corrosion between a titanium implant and dental Alloys. J Dent 1994;22:159-68.| |26||Grosgogeat B, Reclaru L, Lissac M, Dalard F. Measurement and evaluation of galvanic corrosion between titanium/Ti6Al4V implants and dental alloys by electrochemical techniques and auger spectrometry. Biomaterials 1999;20:933-41.| |27||Aparicio C, Gil FJ, Fonseca C, Barbosa M, Planell JA. Corrosion behaviour of commercially pure titanium shot blasted with different materials and sizes of shot particles for dental implant applications. Biomaterials 2003;24:263-73.| |28||Oh KT, Kim KN. Electrochemical properties of suprastructures galvanically coupled to a titanium implant. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2004;70:318-31.| |29||Kasemo B, Lausmaa J. The biomaterial-tissue interface and its analogues in surface science and technology. 1 st ed. Toronto: University of Toronto; 1991. p. 19-32.| |30||Siirila HS, Kononen M. The effect of oral topical fluorides on the surface of commercially pure titanium. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1991;6:50-4.| |31||Nakagawa M, Matsuya S, Shiraishi T, Ohta M. Effect of fluoride concentration and pH on corrosion behaviour dental use. J Dent Res 1999;78:1568-72.| |32||López-Alνas JF, Martinez-Gomis J, Anglada JM, Peraire M. Ion release from dental casting alloys as assessed by a continuous flow system: Nutritional and toxicology implications. Dent Mater 2006;22:832-7.| |33||Yamazoe J, Nakagawa M, Matono Y, Takeuchi A, Ishikawa K. The development of Ti alloys for dental implant with high corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Dent Mater J 2007;26:260-7.| |34||Huang HH, Lee TH. Electrochemical impedence spectroscopy study of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in artificial saliva with fluoride and /or albumin. Dent Mater 2005;21:749-55.| |35||Manaranche C, Hornberger H. A proposal for the classification of dental alloys according to their resistance of corrosion. Dent Mater 2007;23:1428-37.| |36||Zavanelli RA, Henriques GE, ferriera I. Corrosion-fatigue life of commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloys in different storage environments. J Prosthetic Dent 2000;84:274-9.| |37||Takada Y, Keisuke N, Kohei K, Osamu O. Corrosion behavior of the stainless steel composing dental magnetic attachments. INT Congress series 2005;1284:314-5.| |38||Johansson BI, Bergman B. Corrosion of titanium and amalgam couples: Effect of fluoride, area size, surface preparation and fabrication procedures. Dent Mater 1995;11:41-6.| |39||Taher NM, Al Jabab AS. Galvanic corrosion behavior of implant suprastructure dental alloys. Dent Mater 2003;19:54-9.|

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The International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation is a day set aside by the United Nations day every 6th of February as part of the UN’s efforts to eradicate female genital mutilation. It was first introduced in 2003. According to UNICEF, It is estimated that at least 200 million girls and women have undergone some form of genital mutilation/cutting, and if the practice continues at recent levels, 68 million girls will be cut between 2015 and 2030 in the 31 countries where FGM is routinely practiced. The theme for the 2023 International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation is “Partnership with Men and Boys to transform Social and gender Norms to End FGM”. Men and boys are key partners in challenging and changing harmful norms because they are key influencers. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) can be defined as all procedures involving partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injuries to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. Some common reasons given for FGM/C include that it ensures the following: - A girl’s or woman’s status - Chastity, morality, and fidelity - Preservation of virginity - Health and fertility - Family honor/social acceptance - Male sexual pleasure - Religious necessity/approval DOVENET through her Momentum Safe Surgery in Family Planning and Obstetrics (MSSFPO) Project is fully invested in the fight against FGM through community sensitization activities as part of her community-based intervention program against FGM FGM is a huge risk that reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes. It is a major reproductive health issue and a dehumanizing practice. As part of the activities marking the day, the Executive Director of DOVENET Mrs. Ugo Nnachi leveraged on the International Day of Zero Tolerance for FGM to call all families and community members to stop all forms of Female Genital Mutilation in order to end FGM by 2030!

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Letter ID and Sight words interventions and more. This product allows YOU to select the letters or sight words you want to focus on. Simply type in the editable boxes and the entire worksheet is filled in with the letters or sight words you want to use for your intervention. Use this as an intervention or for your entire classroom instruction. Want to see how it works and try it for EARTH DAY FREE for a week? See the product preview! Set one: 3-6 letters per week Set two: 3 words per week, up to 5 letters long. Set three: 6 words a week, up to 10 letters long Target student instruction to THEIR needs with 6 focus words per page that you program in. You will just type the words in 6 boxes (ie because, instead, everywhere, should, which, fantastic). I have programmed this document to then import these words onto every page. Next, you will select one of the themes you want to use for the week and hit print! It will take you less than a minute to have your sight word interventions and work prepared! *Sort the words *Color code the words *Write the words quickly *Spin and write the words *Use the words in a sentence This product will accommodate words that are 10 letters long. NOTE: "m" and "w" will count as 1.5 space. EDITABLE FILES: Hi there... in order to enter your own sight words you will need to keep these things in mind: 1. Open the file in ADOBE (it will not allow you to edit in any other document reader) 2. Once you download the file, close all of your internet browsers, then open the file. The ADOBE app will not let you edit the file with the correct fonts. 3. Be sure your ADOBE is up to date. Please let me know if you experience difficulty. Included in this unit: Letter ID intervention ~ Editable! Help Me! Help You! Sight Words intervention ~ Editable! Help Me! Help You! Sight Words Intervention 2 BIG WORDS ~ Editable! Help Me! Help You! Intervention: Super Speed through the year-ELA and Math Intervention: ELA or Math Superheroes EDITABLE Want more games? Roll, Say, Keep – themes: Roll, Say, Keep GAMES Or save 35% on the bundle! Roll, Say, Keep BUNDLE I hope you enjoy! I'd love it if you would... ✿Follow me on Instagram ✿Follow me on Pinterest ✿Join our Facebook Group

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I’d like this to be the last post in this series except, of course, for an introduction to the whole series, from Dan Dennett on Words in Cultural Evolution on through to this one. We’ll see. I suppose the title question is a rhetorical one. Of course culture evolves and of course we need to a proper evolutionary theory in order to understand culture. But the existing body of work is not at all definitive. In the first section of this post I have some remarks on genes and memes, observing that both concepts emerged as place-holders in a larger ongoing argument. The second section jumps right in with the assertion, building on Dawkins, that the study of evolution must start by accounting for stability before it can address evolutionary change. The third and final section takes a quick look at change by looking at two different verstions of “Tutti Frutti”. There’s an appendix with some bonus videos. From Genes to Memes I’ve been reading the introduction to Lenny Moss, What Genes Can’t Do (MIT 2003), on Google Books: The concept of the gene, unlike that of other biochemical entities, did not emerge from the logos of chemistry. Unlike proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, the gene did not come on the scene as a physical entity at all but rather as a kind of placeholder in biological theory… The concept of the gene began not with the intention to put a name on some piece of matter but rather with the intention of referring to an unknown something, whatever that something might turn out to be, which was deemed to be responsible for the transmission of biological form between generations. Things changed, of course, in 1953 when Watson and Crick established the DNA molecule and the physical locus of genes. The concept of the meme originated in a similar way. While the general notion of cultural evolution goes back to the 19th century, it was at best of secondary, if not tertiary, importance in the 1970s when Dawkins write The Selfish Gene. And while others had offered similar notions (e.g. Cloake), for all practical purposes, Dawkins invented the concept behind his neologism, though it didn’t began catching on until several years after he’d published it. The concept still functions pretty much as a placeholder. People who use it, of course, offer examples of memes and arguments for those examples. But there is no widespread agreement on a substantial definition, one that has been employed in research programs that have increased our understanding of human culture. While there has been no more vigorous proponent of memes and memetics than Dan Dennett, he still seems to regard the notion as somewhat provisional. That’s certainly the drift of this comment in his recent interview at The Edge: My next major project will be trying to take another hard look at cultural evolution and look at the different views of it and see if I can achieve a sort of bird’s eye view and establish what role, if any, is there for memes or something like memes and what are the other forces that are operating. He’s looking for a role for memes or “something like memes”—that’s pretty tentative. And rightly so. My own view, the one I’ve been pursuing in these notes, is that these memes, the physical things playing a certain role in cultural evolution, have already been more or less identified by previous thinkers, but have not been recognized as playing a genetic role in cultural processes. Memes are properties of physical objects, events, and processes, namely those properties that are culturally active. There is an existing name for such properties, etics, which is a generalization from phonetics (as opposed to phonemics). The physical substrate for memes is thus quite diverse, which others have recognized without, however, quite being able to focus on memes as properties of things, rather than the things themselves. If I am correct in this, then there is no Big Revelation to Come comparable to the discovery of DNA. We’ve been looking at those genetic entities, those memes, all along, but have been unable to conceptualize them as such. If we’ve already been examining these memes, then what’s the point of thinking about cultural evolution? THAT’s the point, cultural evolution. Evolutionary theory provides a framework in which to think about cultural processes, a framework that has heretofore been neglected. The fact is that the emic/etic distinction has not fared well in anthropology and I suspect that that is, in part, because it hasn’t been articulated within a theoretical framework that made vital use of it. It was just a loose distinction between the intrinsic cultural distinctions that are meaningful to the members of a given society (e.g., whether the natural world is distinguished from the supernatural realm in the worldview of the culture) in the same way that phonemic analysis focuses on the intrinsic phonological distinctions that are meaningful to speakers of a given language (e.g., whether the phones /b/ and /v/ make a contrast in meaning in a minimal pair in the language) extrinsic concepts and categories that have meaning for scientific observers (e.g., per capita energy consumption) in the same way that phonetic analysis relies upon the extrinsic concepts and categories that are meaningful to linguistic analysts (e.g., dental fricatives). Well, yes. But that’s all that it is, a distinction that, in practice, has not proved terribly useful. It remains to be seen, of course, whether or not my recasting of the distinction will prove useful, either in those terms or, more recently, as special kinds of input data (targets, couplers, and designators) for mental machinery. The past decade or so has seen a variety of empirical work (based on historical data, on laboratory experiments, or computer simulation) that is indifferent to just how one theorizes the objects under scrutiny. Can we do deeper work by theorizing them in the way I have been suggesting? Stability as the Foundation for Evolutionary Change By the time I had finished up with Beethoven’s Anvil I had concluded that, before we can think about evolutionary change, we must think about stability. Change only makes sense, is only possible, against a stable foundation. I had no sense that this was a particularly novel idea, but I had no explicit source for it ideas of others. It now seems possible, even likely, that I got it from Richard Dawkins, who dwells on in the second chapter of The Selfish Gene. I was reminded of this in J. T. Burman’s article, The misunderstanding of memes (Perspectives on Science 2012, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 75-104). Here’s the second paragraph of Dawkins’s second chapter (p. 12): Darwin’s ‘survival of the fittest’ is really a special case of a more general law of survival of the stable. The universe is populated by stable things. A stable thing is a collection of atoms that is permanent enough or common enough to deserve a name. It may be a unique collection of atoms, such as the Matterhorn, that lasts long enough to be worth naming. Or it may be a class of entities, such as rain drops, that come into existence at a sufficiently high rate to deserve a collective name, even if any one of them is short-lived. The things that we see around us, and which we think of as needing explanation–rocks, galaxies, ocean waves–are all, to a greater or lesser extent, stable patterns of atoms. Soap bubbles tend to be spherical because this is a stable configuration for thin films filled with gas. In a spacecraft, water is spherical globules, but on earth, where there is gravity, the stable surface for standing water is flat and horizontal. Salt crystals tend to be cubes because this is a stable way of packing sodium and chloride atoms together. In the sun the simplest atoms of all, hydrogen atoms, are fusing to form helium atoms, because in the conditions that prevail there the helium configuration is more stable. Other even more complex atoms are being formed in stars all over the universe, and were formed in the ‘big bang’ which, according to prevailing theory, initiated the universe. This is originally where the elements on our world came from. Dawkins then goes on to argue that stability in the biological world depends on molecules he will call replicators (p. 15). At first these replicators were free-floaters in the primeval biomolecular soup. In time they became (p. 20) “genes, and we are their survival machines.” I understand that there is some controversy within biology as to whether or not Dawkinsian replicators are in fact the source of stability in the biosphere (see Peter Godfrey-Smith, The Replicator in Retrospect, Biology and Philosophy 15 (2000): 403-423), but that is secondary to my current purpose. What’s important is Dawkins’s plea for stability as the necessary precursor to meaningful change. That is as important in culture as in biology. In the case of culture, I’m not inclined to invest replicators with primary responsibility for stability. The fact is, I’m not sure the notion of a replicator is terribly useful in studying culture. It may apply to memes functioning as targets–think of those hand axes that show up 1.5 million years ago and remain unchanged for 100s of thousands of years. Even there its use seems forced as it isn’t the objects that are memes, but only certain of their properties. The usage seems even more forced in the case of couplers and designators. At this time I’m inclined to see stability as inherent in the entire process rather than in some one role-player in the process, but I’m not prepared to argue the issue at the moment. We should recognize, however, that it is only in the last several hundred years the culture seems to change on the scale of decades or so. Prior to that, change was slower. So, our first job is to account for cultural stability from one generation to the next. Given that, how do we account for change? The post on the history of the meme concept (How Do We Account for the History of the Meme Concept?) suggests one general mechanism: the movement of cultural artifacts and practices between culturally different populations. In that particular case the populations differed in their general intellectual sophistication and in their knowledge of biology. When memes–in that case, strings of printed designators–moved from one popular to another, the meaning of the meme concept changed. With that in mind, let’s take a brief look at one of the driving dynamics in 20th Century American popular music: the interaction between European and African American populations. Tutti Frutti Memetic Movement Late in 1955 Richard Wayne Penniman, aka Little Richard, started climbing the charts with “Tutti Frutti.” America had never heard anything like it. Well, not quite. White American maybe, but Black America often heard sounds like that in church. Here’s a live performance by Little Richard in 1956: Here’s the original 1955 recording: Here’s a 1995 version (63 years old, and still lookin’ pretty), with a bit more energy: Soon after Little Richard hit the charts, Pat Boone did a cover version (as was the custom of the times) that passed Little Richard’s, rising to 12th over LR’s 17th: Something is gone, most obviously in those falsetto yells, which have all but disappeared in Boone’s version. This juxtaposition, and many like it in 20th Century America music, raises a number of questions. To begin with: Why didn’t Boone sing with the energy and passion that Richard did? It is possible that he simply didn’t want to. But even a cursory examination of American music makes it clear that, even in Pat Boone wanted to sing like that, he simply couldn’t. It wasn’t in him. Why not? Culture is the obvious answer. Richard Penniman was raised in a culture where such expressive behavior was encouraged, particularly in the church. Pat Boone was raised in a different culture, one where that particular mode of expressive behavior was absent. For reasons that are not at all clear, that kind of expressive behavior cannot readily be learned as an adult. And so Boone’s performance is not as vigorous as Little Richard’s. We know that Little Richard’s audience was both Black and White, while Boone’s audience was mostly White. What happens when those White people become a few years older and have children? Will they give their children greater expressive latitude so that the expressive vigor in Little Richard’s performance is more congenial to them, so that they are more comfortable and capable of acting that way themselves? At this point the discussion threatens to become very complicated very fast. My general point is simple: Pay attention to what happens when cultural practices pass from one population to another one. My specific suggestion is that is what has been driving American music for well over the last century (and no doubt back through the 19th and 18th centuries). I’ve written a long article in which I review this interaction from the blues in the beginning of the 20th Century through to the emergence of hip hop in the last quarter of the Century: Music Making History: Africa Meets Europe in the United States of the Blues. The burden of that article–which avoids talking about memes–is that this interaction between Black and White music has had deep effects in the population, that it has indeed been a driving force in history. And THAT’s why we need to get this right. If cultural change is, as I suspect, a major driving force in historical change, and not simply a reflex of other forces (economic forces being the major proposal on the conceptual table), we need to understand how the process operates. We’re not going to do with a theory organized around transcendental preformationist homuncular memes. Bonus Listening: Tutti Frutti Elvis Presley, 1956: The Beatlmen, 2010:

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- any hymenopterous insect of the superfamily Apoidea, including social and solitary species of several families, as the bumblebees, honeybees, etc. - the common honeybee, Apis mellifera. - a community social gathering in order to perform some task, engage in a contest, etc.: a sewing bee; a spelling bee; a husking bee. - have a bee in one's bonnet, - to be obsessed with one idea. - to have eccentric or fanciful ideas or schemes: Our aunt obviously has a bee in her bonnet, but we're very fond of her. - put the bee on, Informal. to try to obtain money from, as for a loan or donation: My brother just put the bee on me for another $10. - the bee's knees, Older Slang. (especially in the 1920s) a person or thing that is wonderful, great, or marvelous: Her new roadster is simply the bee's knees. Origin of bee1 - any hymenopterous insect of the superfamily Apoidea, which includes social forms such as the honeybee and solitary forms such as the carpenter beeSee also bumblebee, mason bee Related adjective: apian - busy bee a person who is industrious or has many things to do - have a bee in one's bonnet to be preoccupied or obsessed with an idea - a social gathering for a specific purpose, as to carry out a communal task or hold competitionsquilting bee - See spelling bee - nautical a small sheave with one cheek removed and the pulley and other cheek fastened flat to a boom or another spar, used for reeving outhauls or stays - Black Economic Empowerment: a government policy aimed at encouraging and supporting shareholding by black people Word Origin and History for have a bee in one's bonnet stinging insect, Old English beo "bee," from Proto-Germanic *bion (cf. Old Norse by, Old High German bia, Middle Dutch bie), possibly from PIE root *bhi- "quiver." Used metaphorically for "busy worker" since 1530s. Sense of "meeting of neighbors to unite their labor for the benefit of one of their number," 1769, American English, probably is from comparison to the social activity of the insect; this was extended to other senses (e.g. spelling bee, first attested 1809; Raising-bee (1814) for building construction; also hanging bee "a lynching"). To have a bee in (one's) bonnet (1825), said of one who is harebrained or has an intense new notion or fancy, is said in Jamieson to be Scottish, perhaps from earlier expressions such as head full of bees (1510s), denoting mad mental activity. Idioms and Phrases with have a bee in one's bonnet In addition to the idiom beginning with bee - bee in one's bonnet - been around - been had - been there, done that - been to the wars - birds and the bees - busy as a beaver (bee) - make a beeline for - none of one's business (beeswax)

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Western Red Lobster Seafood guides quicktabs - Seafood Profile - Biology & Habitat - Science & Management - Conservation Criteria - Sustainability Summary Western Australian rock lobster is sold fresh live, and frozen as raw tails with meat and whole either blanched or fully cooked. Rock lobster are typically graded by the ounce. Rock lobster meat has a firm texture and mild flavor. Unlike American lobster, rock lobsters have a spiny hard shell for protection and lack large front claws. These lobster tail shells will be rough and have a deep reddish-purple color. Coldwater lobster tails, which include Western rock lobster, sell for a premium over warmwater lobster due to their higher quality. Rock lobster tails from Australia have strong quality controls and are packed “dry,” meaning without a glaze. - Tails (raw) Health & Nutrition - Total Fat0.80g The Western Red Lobster is a species of spiny lobster. Spiny lobsters lack the large front claws that American lobsters have. Western Red Lobsters can grow up to 16 in (40 cm) and can live for more than 15 years. The number of eggs females can produce per spawn is linearly related to their size. Western Red Lobsters are omnivorous scavengers, feeding on sedentary or semi-sedentary reef flora and fauna. However, they do prefer mollusks and fish. Their direct predators are octopus, blue tuskfish, and the West Australian dhufish. They are especially vulnerable to predation after molting when their carapace is soft. Individual lobsters have limited capacity to defend themselves, especially juveniles, so often they will form aggregations during the day to better detect predators and defend themselves using their spiny antennae. The Western Red Lobster’s distribution is limited to the subtropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific, specifically Western Australia. They are benthic animals, with a depth range between 0-394 ft (0-120 m), but usually 0-295 ft (0-90 m). Their preferred water temperature is 72°F (22°C). Western Red Lobsters are nocturnal and stay in rock crevices and coral during the daytime. After foraging during the night, they return to the same den or one nearby. Juvenile lobsters will spend 5-6 years in shallow reef areas, then move offshore. Western Red Lobsters undertake annual limited migrations. In November, large numbers of them will molt, and then leave the coastal reefs to move seaward to deeper reefs between late November and December. Data has been upkept since the 1960s in the Western Australian fishery, enabling scientists to accurately predict catches and ensure that controls are adequate to maintain sustainable population levels.Management: Western Red Lobsters are the main coldwater spiny lobster species on the US market. It is also the most valuable single-species fishery in Australia, with a total of 5,500 tons landed in 2011. Lobsters are exported to Taiwan, Japan, Hong Kong, China, the US, and Europe. The Western Australia pot and trap fishery has been certified by the Marine Stewardship Council, indicating it is well-managed and sustainable. In 2017, the fishery became the first to be recertified for a fourth time, holding continuous certification for 17 years. The fishery has strict requirements in place, including: - Seasonal closures - Minimum size requirements - Ban on catching breeding females After consultation with the Department of Fisheries Western Australia, the fishery recently moved from an input, or effort control, management system to an output, or catch quota, management system. This change was an effect of below-average recruitment rates in recent years, a reduction that was nearly half of the catch from the 2005-2006 season. This quota management measure brought a significant reduction to the number of pots used in the fishery, which also reduced its impact on the ecosystem. The fishery also introduced Sea Lion Exclusion Devices (SLEDS) to minimize sea lion mortality and banned bait bands, which can entangle marine mammals. Impact on Stock Rock lobster is a type of spiny lobster found in cooler waters off the west coast of Australia. These lobsters are highly fecund and have a complex life history. They are influenced greatly by broad environmental changes that affect their distribution. Western Australian rock lobster is the second largest spiny lobster fishery after the Caribbean, and it experienced a population decline between the 1950s and 1980s, likely from fishing pressure. However, improved management measures have helped the population return to a medium abundance level. Currently rock lobster in Australia are being fished closed to its maximum sustainable yield. Rock lobsters are primarily caught with baited traps in Australia. Although a large number of traps can have a negative impact, the Australian rock lobster fishery mainly occurs on limestone reefs. These areas are considered robust. Bycatch in this fishery regularly includes sea lion pups, which try to steal bait in the lobster pots, get trapped, and drown. Since the sea lion population is at a low abundance level in Australia, the fishery has introduced sea lion exclusion devices (SLEDs) to prevent them from entering the traps and banned the use of bait bands that can entangle marine animals. Fishermen have also had interactions with some endangered leatherback turtles. Occasionally whales will also get entangled in the pots. Octopus can also get caught in the traps, although the fishermen usually retain this and sell them. Management in this fishery is considered substantial and includes strict limits on the number of licenses and pots allowed, regular scientific monitoring, size restrictions, gear restrictions, and seasonal closures. In recent years quotas have been introduced, reducing the annual catch to ensure future stocks. In addition, sea lion exclusion devices are now mandatory for all pots within a specially designated zone. |Calkins & Burke||Canada||British Columbia| |Euclid Fish Company||United States||Ohio| |Fortune Fish & Gourmet||United States, United States, United States, United States, United States||Illinois| |Lusamerica Foods, Inc.||United States||California| |Pacific Harvest Seafoods||United States||California| |Samuels & Son Seafood Company, Inc.||United States||Pennsylvania| |Santa Monica Seafood, Inc.||United States||California| |Seattle Fish Company of New Mexico||United States||New Mexico| |Tai Foong USA||United States||Washington| - Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. (FAO) - Marine Stewardship Council

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CC-MAIN-2020-34

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Navigating Health & Wellness Learn how to optimize your wellness & minimize stress levels Wellness is the active process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a healthy and fulfilling life, and is a critical aspect of your overall wellbeing as students. There are SO many things that influence your health! The topics below will help you to: - Learn how to be AWARE of your wellness - Provide you with strategies to OPTIMIZE your wellness - Equip you with resources to MANAGE and overcome difficulties 8 Dimensions of Wellness The 8 Dimensions of Wellness is a model that will help you understand how different forms of wellness play a role in your everyday health. Watch the video below to learn more! Wellness Resources for each dimension How do I optimize my Wellness? Get your body moving! Physical activity has SO many benefits, spanning your physical health, attention, mood, and even your academic performance! The best part is that there are options to incorporate movement into your daily schedule that matches your interests. For existing medical conditions...what’s your plan at GVSU to get the care you need? What do I do if I am sick or have an unanticipated emergency (i.e. chipped tooth, broken bone)...where can I go? What planning should I do? - Email your professors ASAP! Given the situation, you may not need to offer full disclosure. Inquire if there are opportunities to make up missed work (office hours are great to help get caught up). - Identify Dr. offices/clinics ahead of time. Better to be prepared and not wondering and panicking about what to do when a situation arises! How can I practice safety on campus? What resources are available to me? Laker Guardian is a service to have the Department of Public Safety check in on you when walking to/from class or car. Safewalk is a program where the Department of Public Safety will accompany you when walking across campus. There are also emergency phones placed throughout campus. They have a blue light to easily identify them.

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Writing academic papers is a tough job for students specially when they have to think of the topic on their own. This is because most students prefer to have a set of instructions to follow and a defined subject by their teacher to address. This behavior is mainly because of our education system that does not allow for individuality, originality and personalized assignments for everyone. When students are trained with such an education system, they find it hard to choose a topic on their own and write a paper about it An opinion essay is the kind of assignment where you have to pick a subject and choose your stance about it. This stance is based your personal preferences and opinions but you must find enough evidence to support your opinion in the body of your paper. If you are having a trouble choosing the right topic for your opinion paper, you should consider getting help. This website can assist you in choosing the best ideas for your opinion paper. Make sure that you pick a topic that matches your interests so that you can easily write about it Here are a few topics to start an opinion paper in 6th grade. If any of them is beyond your scope or interest, then you should ignore that one. You can alter and edit these topics to create your own so that there are less chances of plagiarism in your assignment Copyright © 2014-2019 Justforwriting.com: Essay writing made easy with our guides.

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I haven’t been sick since I can’t remember when -- until this past week, that is, when a stomach virus leveled me. And like any writer with warehouses of curiosity seeking an outlet, I wanted to know the fastest way to get rid of that nasty bug. As often happens in life, when the student is ready, the teacher will appear, which it did, in the form of an online article by Dr. Mercola (Mercola.com) on astonishing new discoveries about our inner gut biome, and a fascinating webinar on gut bacteria given by a former San Francisco news anchor/investigative reporter. Some of the important information I learned is: 1. Our genes are controlled mainly by our gut bacteria. The bugs that live within us are changing our genome expression moment to moment. 2. The composition of the gut bacteria has enormous influence on your health, including your brain’s health. determining whether your brain will become diseased or not. 3. Our gut genome had been the same for thousands of years until now because of all the processed foods and toxins we ingest. And because we're changing our gut bacteria, we are also changing the signals that are going to our DNA, producing massive amounts of people with diseases. 4. When your gut lining becomes compromised, you end up with leakiness of the gut. This increases inflammation, which is a cornerstone of virtually all brain disorders, like Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's and autism. 5. There is a direct connection between a leaky gut and autoimmune diseases such as MS, Lou Gehrig's disease, Crohn's, and inflammatory bowel disease. 6. The old notion that doctors should look at you as a collection of individual parts is completely illogical. Every system relates to each other in a way that ultimately causes either health or disease. 7. Two key strategies to nourish and protect your gut genome are to limit your consumption of antibiotics to when they're absolutely necessary, and be smart in the food choices you make. Whenever possible, opt for whole, raw organic, non-genetically modified (GM) foods, along with traditionally fermented and cultured foods. 8. Pesticides have also been shown to alter gut bacteria and foster drug-resist bacteria in the soil and food, so organically-grown and raised foods are your best bet. 9. You can rehabilitate your gut bacteria so that they will do the majority of the work in preventing disease and promoting a healthy functioning body and mind. And that was just the tip of the iceberg. My plan now to completely recover from this flu is to eat fermented foods to heal my gut, continue taking a probiotic supplement (forget processed yogurts. They’re too weak and sugary to do any good), and eat lots of organically grown greens, onions, garlic, and nuts and seeds. If you’re interested in learning more about how to rehab your gut, I recommend reading Dr. David Perimutter’s, Brain Maker: The Power of Gut Microbes to Heal and Protect Your Brain-for Life, and his previous book, Grain Brain, which topped the New York Times bestseller list for 54 weeks. Dr. Perlmutter is a board-certified neurologist and a fellow of the American College of Nutrition (ACN).

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Are Your Performance Measures Objective or Subjective?by Stacey Barr Does everyone agree with what your KPIs and performance measures are saying? If they’re arguing, objectivity could be the problem. Objectivity means that a measure is not biased or prejudiced by a person’s feelings or opinions or perceptions or mental filters. An objective measure is as close to fact as we can get. Objective measures are like kale and blueberries for our decision-making diet. Super nutritious. But when measures lack objectivity, we call them subjective. This includes hearsay, opinion, data from very small samples (like a sample of one!), data from ambiguously asked questions, data from hand-picked samples, and assumptions or guesses. Subjective measures are like hamburgers and ice-cream for our decision-making. Junk food. It does, of course, mean we need to value the health of our decision-making above its ease. It’s harder to choose kale over hamburgers. But if we do want decision-making health, we want our measures to have enough objectivity. How to assess the objectivity of your measures: In my years as a research statistician, we designed quantitative research around five essential qualities of measure integrity. A slightly adapted version of that list is useful when we want to take objectivity of our measures more seriously: Relevant: An objective measure is direct evidence of the thing we’re measuring. When (and only when) the thing we’re measuring changes, the measure shows a correlated change. It’s why we measure how satisfied customers are using Average Customer Satisfaction Rating rather than Net Profit. Things other than customer satisfaction make profit change. Representative: An objective measure is comprehensive enough to avoid bias or discrimination in the information it provides about what we’re measuring. It’s not showing part of the picture. It’s why we use random samples from the whole population, rather than volunteer samples or samples from a subpopulation (or, heaven forbid, from individuals), to collect our data from. Reliable: An objective measure is based on enough data to discern signals from random variation. When the measure changes, we know it’s because the thing it measures has changed, and not because of overly sensitive data. A sample of 5 employees won’t give you a reliable measure of engagement, particularly if you have dozens or hundreds or thousands of employees. Readable: An objective measure’s data is collected in a way that is clear and accurate, so errors are not introduced in its capture or analysis. If data can’t be read or understood, what ends up in datasets may not reflect the facts. Handwritten forms can often be impossible to decipher (as we find with our workshop feedback), so the important data for the measure is carefully structured to need only a hand-drawn circle. Repeatable: An objective measure’s method of selecting, collecting, capturing and analysing its data can be performed independently by someone else, and they’d arrive at pretty much the same result. In PuMP we use a Measure Definition template (including basics like the formula) to make sure each measure is repeatable. An objective measure is not biased or prejudiced by feelings, opinions, perceptions or mental filters. Do you have a measure that everyone does trust, and is objective enough to be kale for your decision-making? Connect with Stacey Haven’t found what you’re looking for? Want more information? Fill out the form below and I’ll get in touch with you as soon as possible.

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CC-MAIN-2022-40

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What is a Headache? Generally defined as a continuous pain in the head. The medical term ranges from cervical or neck pain to general headache as a diagnosis. Headaches can be hormonal and for example occur with a women’s cycle or they can be trauma related such as post concussive syndrome. They can occur due to neck, back or jaw pain or be due to a hereditary condition. What is the Most Common Type of Headaches? Headaches fall into two general categories, tension or migraine. The most common are tension headaches that come from tightness in the shoulders and neck. These headaches can come from prolonged sitting at a desk or poor posture. The tension headache starts from the base of the skull with pain above the eyes or even pain in the eyes. Some patients will have nausea and sensitivity to light leading to a misdiagnosis of a migraine. This type of headache is easily relieved by getting adjusted and by exercising to improve posture and decrease muscle tension. Regular adjustments can reduce dramatically decrease the incidence of tension headaches. What are some of the Less Common Headaches? Cluster headaches and migraines are less common and have varying pathological causes. Migraines usually begin in childhood, adolescence or early adulthood. Although much about the cause of migraines isn’t understood, genetics and environmental factors seem to both play a role. A man that has never had a migraine in adolescence and then gets one as an adult is a red flag for more serious problems and should bring to his health provider’s attention. Women more commonly have migraines, usually first occurring between the ages of 12 to 40 and declining after that. Tension Headaches or Migraine? There are some common ways to tell if you have a tension headache or a migraine: - Constant, dull pain, usually mild to moderate - Not incapacitating - Pain is often accompanied by muscle tightness in the shoulders and neck often on both sides of the head - May last an hour, a week, or anywhere in between - The pain is often described as a band of pain around the head, pressure behind one or both eyes “vise like pressure” - Some relief from over the counter medications or caffeinated beverages. - Visual signs prior to headache - Familial history of migraines - Throbbing, intense pain, generally moderate to severe and often disabling - Usually one-sided, though the pain can move from side to side, and sometimes affects both sides - Pain is often near the eye of the affected side - May last hours, days, or even weeks - Often accompanied by visual disturbances and/or extreme sensitivity to light, sound, and odors - No relief with over-the-counter remedies When should a Headache Lead me to call my doctor? Some headaches can be a warning of something more serious. If you have any of the following symptoms, consult a doctor immediately. - An intense, severe headache that comes on quickly, without warning, especially if you are normally headache-free. - Sudden, severe headache if you suffer from kidney problems, heart disease or high blood pressure. - A headache following a head injury, especially if the headache includes feelings of nausea, dizziness, or blurred vision. - A headache accompanied by seizures. - A headache accompanied by memory loss, confusion, loss of balance, slurred speech or vision, pain in the neck, or numbness in arms or legs. What can we do for Headaches in our Clinic? Since headaches can be due to a specific incident of trauma or due to repetitive strain such as sitting hunched at your computer, we can use our extensive knowledge of the musculoskeletal system to reduce mm tension and joint misalignment which are common in the two scenarios. We also do work with hormonal fluctuations that occur in both men and women to help them regulate their cycles and decrease cyclical headaches. In some cases we have even found that food sensitivities are the cause of a lot of headaches and we do test for this in our office if this seems to be related to your condition. Even hereditary migraine sufferers will get relief through manual medicine, even if every headache isn’t magically gone.

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Many COVID-19 positive pregnant women experience mild symptoms of cold or flu. However, pregnant women who are older, overweight, or have pre-existing medical conditions like hypertension and diabetes seem to develop severe diseases. The primary reason considered for the transmission of SARS-COV-2 to neonates is through respiratory droplets during the postnatal period when they are exposed to their mothers or caregivers with COVID infection, according to Dr. Sakshi Goel Chakraborty, Consultant Obstetrics & Gynecology, Madhukar Rainbow Children's Hospital, Delhi. Follow NewsGram on Twitter to stay updated about the World news. There is no conclusive evidence to prove that the virus could be transferred from a COVID-19 positive mother to her fetus or baby after the delivery. Dr. Goel further added: "For babies born to women with COVID 19, the overall outcomes are positive. According to a study, only 2-5 percent of infants get infected through COVID-19 positive mothers." According to Dr. Sakshi Goel Chakraborty, "COVID-19 positive mothers should be taught to practice skin-to-skin/kangaroo mother care with good respiratory hygiene. This helps to establish exclusive breastfeeding and helps the baby to develop faster and healthier. Mothers should take care of their personal hygiene as well, like washing hands before touching the baby. All the surfaces touched by the mother should be cleaned. Also, one should always wear a medical mask, while physically contacting with the baby." There is no conclusive evidence to prove that the virus could be transferred from a COVID-19 positive mother to her fetus or baby after the delivery. Pixabay Though the virus has not been detected in the breast milk of COVID-positive mothers and there is no evidence of the virus transmitting through it, therefore, there is a lower risk of babies getting infected with the virus. The best way to keep the baby safe in the ongoing pandemic is to practice social distancing as it will limit the risk of infection to newborns. Babies should only live with family members who are asymptomatic. If any family member has symptoms or is suspected of COVID then he or she should be isolated from the baby. Only take the baby out in the case of major need like check-ups as it will help in preventing the infection to a large extent. ALSO READ: Greater Risks of STI in People Above 45 Said Dr. Sakshi Goel Chakraborty, "As per the latest guidelines issued by WHO, a COVID positive mother should do the following things: Hands should be cleaned using soap and water especially before and after touching the baby. All the surfaces which have been touched by the mother should be cleaned using a sanitizer at regular intervals. A mother who has been coughing and must breastfeed should clean her chest with soap and water. There is no need to clean it every time before feeding but at regular intervals." (IANS)

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Diet has a great impact on health. There is no doubt about it. We are definitely what we eat. Some say the Mediterranean diet is the way to go. Others say that going vegetarian is the only sound thing thing to do. This article summarizes some thoughts about vegetarian diets - their health benefits and disadvantages and the environmental impact of going on a vegetarian diet. Diet has a great impact on health. There is no doubt about it. We are definitely what we eat. Some say the Mediterranean diet is the way to go. Others say that going vegetarian is the only sound thing thing to do. This article summarizes some thoughts about vegetarian diets – their health benefits and disadvantages and the environmental impact of going on a vegetarian diet. In the past two decades a vegetarian diet has been repeatedly advocated as having positive health benefits. Some are even avidly promoting a vegan diet; similar to a vegetarian diet but devoid of any animal products including milk. So, what is the evidence? Repeat prospective cohort studies have shown that vegetarians have lower blood pressure and lower low density cholesterol and an overall more favorable lipid profile than meat eaters. Vegetarians are also thinner than meat eaters. Some proof exists that points to the fact that a vegetarian diet may also lead to less diabetes. Vegetarians have been shown to have a reduced mortality from ischemic heart disease by around 25% secondary most probably to these factors. A pivotal study in the field of the effects of diet on health is the China Cornell study. This was a , monumental twenty (!) year venture undertaken by researchers from Cornell, Oxford and China in rural Chinese communities. Thousands of data pieces were collected in order to correlate between health outcomes and various food ingredients. The principle investigator of this study, Dr. TC Campbell, has come to the conclusion that more fresh vegetables, less milk and less meat are correlated with better cardiovascular health. This study did not utilize genetic methods or correlations. From this study, the book the ‘China study‘ has been published. The mechanism by which a vegetarian diet promotes health is still being studied. Vegetarians may consume less calories altogether. They consume less saturated fats, that originate from animal products. Furthermore, vegetarians consume more grains, fruits, vegetables and fiber than meat eaters; all factors that are known to correlate with better vascular health. But here comes the “catch”. Closer analysis of data from these trials also suggests than vegetarians by choice are also generally more healthy people, as they tend to practice more healthy, active, lifestyles and refrain from smoking. When vegetarians are compared to matched cohorts that are as healthy living as they are but meat eaters, the benefits of not eating meat become less apparent. In these cases it is difficult to advocate a vegetarian diet more than a Mediterranean or modified, low meat, western diet that incorporates enough grains, vegetables and fruit. Perhaps it is not the meat itself that is the problem, but rather the rest of meat-loving people’s health-related habits. Various claims regarding the benefits of a strictly vegetarian diet toward reducing the risk of cancer have not been proven consistently, although it is the position of several organisations that saturated fats that originate from animal products promote cancer. Arguably, the amount of greenhouse gas that the animal industry is emitting annually exceeds the total amount that is generated by all human transportation put together. That is a lot of gas that is put into the atmosphere. A 2009 united nations report stressed the huge effect cows have on global greenhouse gas production. Sheep burping has also been targeted as a major environmental problem. More data regarding the environmental effects of meat can be found here. Vegetarian diets are not devoid of very real risk. Vegans are most susceptible to lack of selenium, a quart element that is necessary for various processes in healthy metabolism. Vegans may develop blindness as a result of dual lack of vitamin B12 and B1. Usually, vitamin B12 deficiency is more common in vegetarians than is lack of vitamin B1. Vitamin B12 deficiency may have profound and sometimes irreversible health effects that are mainly hematological and neurological and should therefore be avoided. Vegetarians may also be prone to lack of iron, as iron is best absorbed when ingested from animal products. There have been concerns regarding the adequacy of a vegetarian diet for children and growing teenagers.

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It’s a safe assumption that many New Yorkers have never been to Washington Heights. Tucked up far away at the northern-most end of Manhattan, accessible by the A, C and 1 trains, Washington Heights has for the past 40 years been one of the few immigrant enclaves in Manhattan that still sees hardworking, lofty-dreaming, high-strivers arrive monthly. Chinatown in Lower Manhattan is the another such hustling and bustling ‘hood (and your urban journalist’s favorite Manhattan neighborhood) — but Chinatown’s never seen the lights of Broadway. With the arrival of the incredible new musical In The Heights, which we had the pleasure of seeing last week, it’s time to tell the vibrant story of this north side ‘nabe — both historically and through song and dance. The “Washington” in Washington Heights is Fort Washington (the “Washington” in Fort Washington is General George), which once occupied the highest point on the island, making it a natural defense line against the Brits during the Revolutionary War. The Fort was constructed by the Continental Army and almost immediately seized by the British during the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16th, 1776; the site of the Fort is now a park, Bennett Park, just north of the George Washington Bridge. As the Industrial Age gave way to the Gilded Age, Washington Heights became popular amongst the monied crowd because of the spectacular views on the high ridge along the Hudson. When the IRT Broadway line reached the southern edge of the hood in 1904, it brought immigrants, mostly Greek and Irish, with the Jews were soon to follow. Along with the working classes came major organizations, such as the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, museums and scholastic institutions at Audubon Terrace and Yeshiva University. As is always the story in 1960s, 70s and 80s New York City, out flowed the Jews and Irish, in came the black and Latino communities; in particular, Washington Heights became the go-to neighborhood for the surging Dominican population. There were Cubans, Puerto Ricans and Mexicans moving in as well, but throughout the 1980s, no other area in the city attracted more people from the DR than Washington Heights — it was the largest DR community in the country and substantially larger than the Dominican Republic itself. Racial strife was prevalent throughout these decades, and in order to give these NY citizens a more substantial voice on the City Council, the district lines were redrawn in 1991; the same year, Guillermo Linares became the first elected official of Dominican heritage in the country. That’s the past to Washington Heights. The present is reflected in the phenomenal In The Heights. Conceived by 28-year-old wunderkind Lin-Manuel Miranda, who wrote the lyrics and music to most of the show as a sophomore at Wesleyan University seven years ago, In The Heights is the standard immigrant striving story of trying to make it in an unforgiving city, surrounded by the people you love. The twists and turns that it takes in the interim are aided by the supernova energy of the young cast and the hyperkinetic choreography that reflects modern break-dancing, hispanic meringue, classic Jerome Robbins-style dancing and standard street moves. The songs, a powerhouse charge of salsa, hip-hop, power pop, American Idol-style solos and Broadway group numbers had one woman in the audience screaming out her passion as if she were at a concert. Upon walking out of the theater I felt revitalized and energized, that I had just seen the new face of the modern Broadway musical. And best of all, it’s a new New York musical. In The Heights is a lock for the TONY for Best Musical (who else is going to take it? Xanadu!?). And it’s about time that more of ethnic NYC got its turn on the big stage. (originally published on 6/2/8 on www.thelmagazine.com) 11 months ago

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Hawaii has a lot of volcanoes and my family and I went to one of the most active volcano, Kīlauea (kiːlɑːuːˈeɪə). A volcano is a place where smoke, gases, and black hot rocks from deep underground erupt onto the earths surface. The largest volcanoes of the five from the chain of Hawaii are Kilauea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai. They have erupted in the past 200 years. Kīlauea is still erupting and just erupted March 6, 2011 from the Pu`u `Ō `ō crater. To get current eruption information, you can go tohttp://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/images.html . We visited the park museum and took photographs of a television screen showing the the recent eruption. This photo we took of the volcano near the park museum walking through the rain forest. After visiting the museum we went on a 4 mile hike to the Kilauea Iki crater. To get to the crater, wewalked through a rain forest. Since we didn't know that it rains all the time at the volcano we got all soaking wet. The rain forest led to the volcano crater. A crater is a large hole that lava fills and makes a lava lake. After some time, the lava flows out of the lake through the lava tubes and into the ocean. Sulfur gas rising from a steam vent. Sulfur gas is not good for you, so we didn't stay too long next to it. Kilauea Iki Crater Next, we went through a wet and spooky lava tube. Lava tubes are ways through which lava travels underground from the volcano to the ocean.

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How-To get parts for your electronics hobby projects. You can recycle your obsolete electronic gadgets and learn about how these products are made at the same time. Useful parts to scrounge include surface mount and through hole components, microcontrollers, LCDs, connectors, digital and analog ICs, transistors, LEDs etc… WARNING using a heat gun to de-solder parts is dangerous! It’s fast and easy but not safe. The hot air gun is dangerous, the fumes can be toxic, and hot solder could end up in your eyes. Use eye protection, do this is an a ventilated area, and be very careful. Two good warnings were received via the comment form on the Scrounging Electronics Project page. Note: The recommended heat gun does have temperature control but the warnings are still valid. WARNING!! the hot air guns have no temperature control. If solder ( normally 37% lead ) is heated too hot the molten metals produce fume or vapor that may be extremely toxic. Lead can result in poisoning with symptoms of metallic taste, anemia, insomnia, weakness, constipation, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal disorders, joint and muscle pain, and muscular weakness, and may cause damage to the blood-forming organs, kidneys, nervous and reproductive systems. Damage may include reduced fertility in both men and women, damage to the fetus of exposed pregnant women, anemia, muscular weakness and kidneys. OVER HEATING LEAD IS DANGEROUS! we are not talking about the smoke from flux during normal soldering. Apart from the heat – also be careful of fumes. Do this in a well ventilated area – the solder, PCB coating and quite a few the items and processes used on commercially produced boards give off toxic – long term harm – fumes when reheated this way. All these tools are available at Home Depot. Here is a rough list. A well ventilated area is a must. Also consider that the heat gun can burn any wood near the PCB your working on. You will need good light as well. The beige metal plate shown in these pictures was made from a tower PC cover. Here is a how-to for making one of your own. Saving the PCB: The PCB will be damaged if you apply too much heat. The board can delaminate or form bubbles on the surface, you can pull pads and traces and you can pull out feed-though connections. To remove a part and preserve the PCB, make sure the solder is completely melted before pulling a part. Through-hole parts with placement or mounting pins can be especially hard to free without damaging the PCB. These oversize mounting pins are often designed to snap though a hole in the PCB and are common on connectors. It might be better to remove all the solder with wick from these pins, then cut them off close to the PCB. Assuming your not trying to save the connector.

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The Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) is known for helping to rescue and protect cheetahs. Yet, this is only a part of what we do in our mission to save this threatened species and the habitat in which it lives. A team consisting of interns, volunteers and Earthwatchers, lead by the Senior Ecologist Matti Nghikembua, is dedicated to fighting off alien invasive species that are taking over cheetah habitat: the Mexican poppy (Aregmone ochroleuca) and the thorn-apple (Datura inoxia). Both of these plants are not native to Namibia, but are present here in huge quantities, and when they take hold, it is difficult to get rid of them. CCF is trying to change this. Nutrients in the soil allow plants to grow, which are eaten by herbivores and omnivores, who are in turn eaten by cheetahs and other predators. When these animals die, their carcasses provide nutrients for the soil, thus maintaining the cycle of energy. However, the animals of Namibia are not specialized to eat either the unpalatable Mexican poppy or thorn-apple so, instead, the cycle is broken. These plants grow unregulated, spreading across the land and using up valuable nutrients, water and space that would otherwise be used by the native and eatable plant species of Namibia. Our first priority, because the thorn-apple is toxic, was to remove all of these plants from the areas around our model farm that our goat herds have access to. From there, we moved on to clearing other areas on CCF property infested with these plants. Our most recent accomplishment was removing a massive infestation at Cattle Dam in our Osonoanga Reserve. Unfortunately a similar affliction awaits us in other areas around the property. Wish us strength! Cheetah Conservation Fund Photos copyright © Cheetah Conservation Fund 2012

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What Is a C Wire for a Thermostat? Remember the thermostat in the home you grew up in? It probably looked a lot different than the thermostats you see today, which have different needs than those from even just a couple of years ago. One of those needs is a continuous power source. A "C" wire, or "common" wire, supplies power to a modern thermostat. Today’s thermostats require a C wire because they need constant connection to a power source to run multiple systems and maintain an internet connection. Read on to learn more about the importance of a C wire. C Wires Explained An important thing to keep in mind about C wires is that they are not necessarily going to be any particular color nor labeled as a C wire. C wires can vary across the board, but they’re called “common” for a reason: most Wi-Fi thermostats need to have one. Where to Find Your C Wire Before you start poking around the wiring of your thermostat, turn off the power! Each thermostat is different, so consult your instruction manual if you don’t know how to power down your thermostat for safe wiring work. When it’s safe to explore, start by looking for terminal labels. Each wire in the back of your thermostat connects to its corresponding terminal. For example, the C wire connects to a specific C terminal. Each terminal is responsible for controlling a different aspect of temperature control. Check for a terminal labeled “C.” If there’s a wire connected to that terminal, then you have a C wire. If the C terminal is empty, that probably means you don’t have a C wire. There are, however, a couple more things to look for before calling it quits: - Loose wires. You may have a C wire that is not hooked up to your older-model thermostat. - Your HVAC control board. You may have a C wire attached to the C terminal of your control board. If there is a wire there, note what color it is. Your thermostat C wire will match the color of the C wire you saw in your control board. What If My C Wire Is Missing? Don’t try to run your modern thermostat without a C wire. It’s important to have a C wire to ensure your thermostat is always connected to a power source. The simplest solution to accommodate your new thermostat upgrade is to add a C wire to your thermostat wiring. Because this will involve getting into your HVAC control board as well as the wiring of your thermostat, it’s best to call a professional to install your C wire for you. Now You “C” It … Your local Aire Serv® is here to help with all your HVAC needs. We can check the wiring of your thermostat for a C wire and, if you don’t have one, we can install one for you. At Aire Serv, we prioritize quality work. Call or request an appointment online to get started.

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A Case Study of Mobile Game Based Learning Design for Gender Responsive STEM Education Authors: Raluca Ionela Maxim Designing a gender responsive Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) mobile game based learning solution (mGBL) is a challenge in terms of content, gamification level and equal engagement of girls and boys. The goal of this case study was to research and create a high-fidelity prototype design of a mobile game that contains role-models as avatars that guide and expose girls and boys to STEM learning content. For this research purpose it was applied the methodology of design sprint with five-phase process that combines design thinking principles. The technique of this methodology comprises smart interviews with STEM experts, mind-map creation, sketching, prototyping and usability testing of the interactive prototype of the gender responsive STEM mGBL. The results have shown that the effect of the avatar/role model had a positive impact. Therefore, by exposing students (boys and girls) to STEM role models in an mGBL tool is helpful for the decreasing of the gender inequalities in STEM fields.Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 77 L. E. Suter, & G. Camilli, (2019). International Student Achievement Comparisons and US STEM Workforce Development. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 28(1), 52–61. D. Topalli., N.E. Cagiltay (2018). Improving programming skills in engineering education through problem-based game projects with Scratch. Computers & Education, 120, 64–74. G. Girard, J. Ecalle, and A. Magnan. (2013) Serious games as new educational tools: How effective are they? A meta-analysis of recent studies. J. Comput. Assist. Learn.29, 3, 207-219. C. G. V. Wangenheim and F. Shull, To game or not to game? IEEE Software, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 92-94, 2009. M. R. A. Souza, V. L, R. Moreira, E. Figueiredo and H. Costa, "Games for Learning: Bridging Game-related Education Methods to Software Engineering Knowledge Areas," in International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) Software Engineering Education and Training Track (SEET), Buenos Aires, 2017. B.J. Omotosho (2013) Gender Balance. In: Idowu S.O., Capaldi N., Zu L., Gupta A.D. (eds) Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. J.L. Cundiff, T.K. Vescio, E. Loken, L. Lo (2013). Do gender–science stereotypes predict science identification and science career aspirations among undergraduate science majors? Soc. Psychol. Educ. 16, 541–554. B. Ertl, Luttenberger, M. Paechter. The impact of gender stereotypes on the self-concept of female students in stem subjects with an under-representation of females. Front. Psychol. 8:703. 2017 E. Sari, A. Tedjasaputra. Mobile learning: Enhancing social learning amongst millennials. In proceedings of Proceedings of Asian CHI Symposium 2019: Emerging HCI research collection (AsianHCI’19) (pp. 153–160). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery. J. Knapp, J. Zeratsky, & B. Kowitz,. (2016). Sprint: How to Solve Big Problems and Test New Ideas in Just Five Days: Bantam Press. G. J. Hwang, H.-F. , Chang. A formative assessment-based mobile learning approach to improving the learning attitudes and achievements of students. Computers & Education, 56(4), 1023–1031, 2011

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Anthony of Padua, Saint, 1195–1231, Portuguese Franciscan, Doctor of the Church, b. Lisbon. He was renowned for his eloquence. According to tradition, in a vision he received the child Jesus in his arms and is usually thus represented in art. He was known as a preacher and for his holy life and was canonized the year after he died in Padua. Anthony has a reputation as a miracle worker and is popularly invoked to find lost articles. Feast: June 13. See biography by M. Purcell (1960). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

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Glenn R. Morton wrote: This is one of the most frustrating arguments by YECs. It shows that theyI heartily concur. Prior to the Russian probe Luna 2 in 1959 very little was known about the lunar surface. The best ground based optical telescopes had a resolution of 500 m. Speculations about the surface raised from dust seas to hard rock, and included some exotic theories about "fairy castles". Of course the most likely surface was some sort of soil or rubble cover and I believe there was some polarimetry and scatterometric data at both optical and radio wavelengths to support this. ignore history, are unable to do independent research and in general don't test what they teach. My encyclopedia Britannica says: "The first soft landing on the Moon was made by Lunik 9 on February 3, 1966; this craft carried cameras which transmitted the first photographs taken ont he surface of the Moon. By this time, however, excellent close-range photographs had been secured by the United States Ranger 7,8, and 9, which crashed into the Moon in the second half of 1964 and the first part of 1965; and between 1966 and 1967 the series of five lunar orbitors photographed almost the entire surface of the Moon from a low orbit in search for suitable landing places. The United States Surveyor 1 soft-landed on the Moon June 2, 1966, and this and following Surveyors acquired much useful information aboutthe lunar surface." Technology, History of, Encyclopedia Britannica 1982, vol 18 p. 53. They knew that the moon was not made of dust before they sent the men up there. Why YECs distort history, I don't know! The Ranger impact probes (Ranger 7-9) of 1964-65 resolved the lunar surface down to 40 cm showing small rocks and craters. Their presence demonstrated that the lunar surface was not blanketed by thick dust blanket. Rounding of the small craters suggested that the surface material was a loose soil. These results were confirmed by the by the Russian landers Luna 9 and 13 of 1966 and the US Surveyor 1, 3, 5, 6 & 7 in 1966-68. These landers demonstrated that the lunar surface was firm enough to support a landing spacecraft and resolved the soil-like surface at a scale of millimetres. These results were widely published in magazines like Time Newsweek, National Geographic, and Life, as well as major newspapers and on radio and TV. I remember them and even have some on file. So a great deal was known of the lunar surface properties by Apollo 11. The persistence of this story of the lunar surface in the face of information easily refuted by the general public though almost any library points to it having descended to the level of urban myth. Even some YECs have rejected it. Tell a lie often enough and it will believed, even when the some of the perpetrators own up.

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CC-MAIN-2014-10

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The first step in your Kamana journey takes about a month to complete. You move through two weeks of awareness exercises and eight areas of ecological study using a field guide and audio narrated by Jon Young. It will help you see if the entire Kamana program is for you, and also help you begin to see the world through “native eyes.” The program is organized into a series of exercises, which are summarized below: - Hazards and Naturalist Routines - Mammals and Tracking - Plants and Wandering - Ecology and Community - Trees and Survival - Birds and Awareness There are 2 main parts of Kamana: Nature Awareness Trail The program begins with 12 days of awareness-expanding exercises. Students read the daily instructions in the morning, practice the exercise all day, and reflect on it in the evening. Each exercise in Kamana One builds on the previous day's experience in an expansive way. These daily journeys are loosely based on the 12 Field Exercises students practice monthly in Kamana Two, Three, and Four. This section culminates with students finding a secret spot, or an area they visit on a regular basis, where they practice exercises that expand their awareness of nature and knowledge of place. Kamana One includes a very basic secret spot exercise that leads into “Field Exercise One: Finding a Secret Spot” in Kamana Two. The Resource Trail Using Jon Young's Seeing Through Native Eyes CD series, the Reader's Digest: North American Wildlife and the Kamana One workbook, you will explore the Eight Tracks or Shields of Wilderness Awareness School. Each chapter in the eight areas culminates with a journal page using the field guide. This is designed to help students become acquainted with this naturalist fieldwork practice. In Kamana Two through Four, students will use these skills to make 40 to 50 journals in each of the Eight Resource Tracks (or Shields) as well as research all species in their areas and how all taxonomical family groups interrelate. Kamana One will end with the Tourist Test. The purpose of the test is for students to self-profile and realize where they can improve in their naturalist training.

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Kayaking is a thrilling and adventurous sport that has been around for centuries. From leisurely paddles on calm lakes to extreme whitewater rapids, kayaking offers something for everyone. One of the most exciting aspects of kayaking is the speed. So, how fast can you kayak? On average, you can kayak at speeds ranging from 3 to 4 miles per hour. However, the speed of a kayak depends on various factors, including the construction of the kayak, the weather and water conditions, the weight you carry onboard, and your skill and fitness level as a paddler. Keep reading to learn more about the factors that affect kayak speed and how to make your kayak go faster. Table of Contents How Fast Can You Kayak? The speed at which you can kayak ranges from 3 to 4 miles per hour, depending on various factors related to kayak design, environmental factors, and your own abilities as a paddler. By understanding the factors that affect kayak speed, you can improve your speed and take your kayaking skills to the next level. Factors That Affect Kayak Speed - Kayak Design: The design of a kayak can significantly impact its speed. Longer and narrower kayaks are generally faster, while wider and shorter kayaks offer greater stability but are slower. - For instance, recreational kayaks, which are designed for stability and ease of use, have an average speed of 3-4 mph. Racing kayaks, which are sleek and narrow, can go up to 8 mph. - Kayak Material: The material from which a kayak is made can also affect its speed. - Lightweight materials like carbon fiber can make a kayak faster, while heavier materials like polyethylene can slow it down. - Weather and Water Conditions: Wind, waves, and currents can all have a significant impact on kayak speed. - Headwinds and strong currents can slow down a kayak’s progress, while tailwinds and favorable currents can increase speed. - Weight Onboard the Kayak: The weight of the paddler and any additional gear or equipment can also impact kayak speed. A heavier load will slow down a kayak and require more effort from the paddler to maintain speed. - Paddler’s Skill and Fitness Level: The skill and fitness level of the paddler can also have a significant impact on kayak speed. Theoretical Maximum Hull Speed The theoretical maximum hull speed of a kayak is the speed at which the kayak’s bow wave, or the wave created by the kayak as it moves forward, becomes longer than the kayak itself. It’s also known as the hull displacement speed, and it basically represents the maximum potential speed a kayak can achieve without encountering resistance from the water. The hull speed of a kayak can be calculated using a formula that takes into account the length of the kayak’s waterline. This formula is Hull Speed = 1.34 x square root of waterline length. For example, a kayak with a waterline length of 16 feet would have a theoretical maximum hull speed of around 6.7 miles per hour. Kayak Max Speed Calculator Calculate the Maximum Hull Speed for your own Kayak using this tiny tool I created: There are a few reasons why paddlers may want to measure the hull speed of their kayak. Firstly, it can help them understand the capabilities of their kayak and set realistic expectations for their speed. Additionally, understanding the hull speed of a kayak can help paddlers make informed decisions when selecting a kayak for a particular purpose. For example, if a paddler is interested in long-distance paddling or racing, they may want to choose a kayak that is designed for speed and has a higher theoretical maximum hull speed. On the other hand, if a paddler is more interested in stability and ease of use, they may want to choose a wider, more stable kayak with a lower maximum hull speed. However, it is important to note that the theoretical maximum hull speed is just that - theoretical, and the actual kayak speed will be affected by the previously mentioned factors. So, while it's a useful metric, you need to be aware of its limitations. Paddling Speed Vs. Pedaling Speed Pedal kayaks are a relatively new innovation in the world of kayaking, and they gained a lot of popularity due to their many advantages over traditional paddled kayaks. One of the most significant advantages of pedal kayaks is their speed, as they have a more efficient propulsion system. So, there's a difference in the speed you can achieve when paddling a kayak compared to the speed you can achieve when peddling. Paddling requires you to alternate between pulling the paddle through the water and resetting the paddle for the next stroke. Pedaling, on the other hand, allows for a continuous circular motion that provides a more consistent and powerful propulsion. However, it is important to note that the speed advantage of pedaling is not necessarily significant in all situations. In calm, flat water conditions, the speed difference between paddling and pedaling may be minimal. Ultimately, choosing between a pedal-powered or traditional paddle-powered kayak will depend on your personal preference and the intended use of the kayak. You can learn more about how fast you can go in a pedal kayak here. How Far Can You Kayak in One Day? A recreational kayaker can cover anywhere from 8-20 miles in a day, assuming calm, flat water conditions and a moderate pace. Kayakers with more experience or those with high-performance kayaks may be able to cover up to 30-40 miles in a day. However, in rough water or adverse weather conditions, the distance covered may be significantly less, regardless of experience or kayak design. Ultimately, the distance that you can kayak in an hour or in a day will vary based on individual factors and the specific conditions of your paddling route. You can learn more about how far you can kayak if you're a beginner here. How Long Does It Take to Kayak A Mile? On average, a recreational kayaker paddling a sit-on-top kayak at a moderate pace of around 3 miles per hour can cover a mile in approximately 20-30 minutes. However, the time it takes to kayak a mile can vary greatly depending on several factors, such as the paddler's skill level, the type of kayak, weather, and water conditions, and the presence of currents or wind. For instance, a more experienced and skilled kayaker using a lighter and more efficient kayak can cover a mile in less time, while a beginner paddling in difficult conditions may take longer. Why Does Kayak Speed Matter? Understanding kayak speed is important for several reasons. Firstly, it allows you to plan and prepare for a paddling trip by choosing the appropriate kayak, determining the distance to be covered and the time required, and taking into account the potential challenges that may be encountered along the way. Secondly, it can help you to monitor your performance and progress during the trip, allowing you to navigate through potentially hazardous conditions and adjust your pace or route as necessary to ensure you reach your destination safely and efficiently. Finally, it can enhance your overall enjoyment and paddling experience, as you’ll be able to choose the appropriate pace and distance for your skill level and goals. What Is The Fastest Recorded Kayak Speed? The fastest kayak speed is approximately 20 miles per hour. However, it's worth noting that such speed is typically achieved by professional and highly trained kayakers in specially designed and modified kayaks and is not representative of the speed that most recreational kayakers can achieve. How to Kayak Faster? There are several techniques that can be used to kayak faster: - Improve your paddling technique: Proper paddling technique involves using your core muscles and torso rotation to generate power rather than relying solely on your arms. - Take lessons or practice with an experienced kayaker to learn proper paddling form. - Increase your fitness level: Building strength and endurance through regular exercise can improve your paddling speed and efficiency. Focus on exercises that target your core, back, and arm muscles, such as rows, planks, and push-ups. - Choose the right kayak: Kayaks designed for speed and efficiency can help you paddle faster. - Look for kayaks with streamlined hulls, narrow widths, and long waterlines. However, keep in mind that these kayaks can be less stable and more difficult to maneuver. - Reduce drag: Anything that creates drag on your kayak can slow you down, so minimize the amount of gear and equipment you bring along and keep it securely stowed to reduce wind resistance. - Take advantage of currents and wind: Paddling with the current or wind can increase your speed, so plan your route accordingly. However, be aware of potential hazards and adjust your speed and direction as needed. Remember that paddling faster requires practice, patience, and persistence. So, start by focusing on improving your technique and fitness level, and gradually work your way up to longer and faster paddling trips. Kayak your way to Freedom - On a budget? Check out the best fishing kayaks under $500 here and the best Fishing Kayaks under $1,000 here. Or Check the best Cheap Kayaks here. - Going fishing? Here are the best Ocean fishing kayaks, and here are the best River Fishing Kayaks. - You can also find the best Fly Fishing Kayaks here and the best Bass Fishing Boats here. - A bit experienced? Check out the best modular kayaks here and the best tandem fishing kayaks here. - Looking for something special? Check out my favorite Ducky kayaks here. - Navigate your way with these awesome and beginner-friendly Kayak compasses. - Going Hunting? These Duck hunting kayaks will give you an unfair advantage! - Have a need for speed? These motorized kayaks will get you moving. - Protect yourself from the sun with these Kayak shades, and make your kayak more comfortable with these Kayak seats. - Keep your feet dry and warm with these superb Kayaking shoes. - Going Kayaking in cold water? Stay warm with these Kayaking gloves. - Paddle Less, Fish More with the Best Kayak Motors - Looking to get a trolling motor on your kayak? Check out the best kayak trolling motor mounts here. If you like this article, please share it or pin it, you can find the share buttons below. We will really appreciate it ❤️

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The Magical Mysterious .270 Winchester Cartridge The .45-70 Government was replaced by the .38-40 Krag in 1892 as the standard U.S. military long gun. The Springfield Model 1892 (Krag-Jorgensen) was the result of the 1892 competition of some forty-five different designs seeking to replace the Springfield Trapdoor. The .30-40 Krag was the first smokeless cartridge rifle adopted by the U.S and the first bolt action. It survived as the U.S. Army's primary rifle from 1892-1903. From 1894 to September 1899 it used a 220 grain bullet at about 2000 fps. Considered inferior to the Mauser 1892 (and subsequent Mauser actions), it proved to be a deadly embarrassment in the Spanish-American War, compared to the 7x57mm Spanish Mauser rifles. The result was the .30-03 and the Mauser pattern Springfield 1903 rifle in which to shoot it. The .30-03 was essentially based on an enlarged 7mm Mauser case and used the same .373" rim diameter. It fired a 220 grain, .30 caliber (.308") round nose bullet at 2300 fps. The .30-03 was used for only three years by the U.S. military. The advent of the flat shooting 8x57JS military cartridge in Germany (150 grain spitzer bullet at 2800 fps) caused the U.S. Army to slightly shorten the neck of the .30-03 case in 1906 and change the load to a 150 grain spitzer bullet at approximately 2700 fps, thus creating the .30-06. The slightly shorter neck required only that the barrel of the new Springfield rifles be set back one turn to compensate for the change in headspace. It was from the .30-06 cartridge from which the .270 Winchester was designed. Released in 1925 along with the Winchester Model 54 rifle, the .270 Winchester has a .270" bore and shoots .277" diameter bullets. For comparison, the 7mm Remington Magnum of 1962 uses a .284" diameter bullet, just like the 7x57mm (1892), and the 7mm-08 Remington of 1980. Perhaps we should all wonder why 0.007" of bullet diameter is supposed to matter a huge amount. Of course, it does not. Barrel length matters, but for the longest time home chronographs weren't common and the average fellow relied on what the box or the catalog said. That's never a good idea. Ed Matunas lamented in Metallic Cartridge Reloading (2nd ed., 1988) that the .270 "is not well served by factory ammunition. Velocities often vary widely and frequently are well below advertised levels." I've found that to be true in a wide variety of cartridges, certainly not limited to the .270 Winchester. Ammunition is only part of the issue, for lab data derived from 24" test barrels is invariably higher than the common 22" or shorter barrels and we aren't always shooting at laboratory temperatures, either. The .270 Winchester is often considered a moderate recoil load, but a cartridge alone is only part of the recoil story, as it isn't used by itself. Rifle weight has everything to do with recoil and, for starters, we may well have 7-1/2 pound hunting rifles without a scope, sling or ammo. Add those accessories and we can quickly have a 10 pound rifle. Is the .270 Underrated? Despite the celebration of the .270 by Jack O'Connor, the answer to that question is both yes and no. The Nosler Partition bullet, for example, wasn't released until 1948. The use of bullets able to withstand high impact velocities wasn't widespread until the 1960's. It wasn't until 1974 that Federal Cartridge offered commercially loaded Nosler Partitions. The Nosler AccuBond wasn't introduced until 2003. For the first 35 or so years of its existence, as reported by Jack O'Connor, .270 Winchester ammo was generally factory loaded to full velocity and with considerable care, which resulted in very good accuracy. Later, the original claim of 3140 fps muzzle velocity (MV) for a 130 grain bullet was often not achieved, due to lower pressure factory ammunition and shorter than laboratory standard 24 inch barrels. Today, you have loads like the Hornady Superformance line that offers 3200 fps muzzle velocities, along with a static G1 ballistic coefficient (BC) of .460. The recommended operating range of hunting bullets often begins at 2000 fps. Now, there are factory 130 grain loads that stay above 2200 fps past 500 yards. This is quite a jump from the still available 150 grain soft point, round nose ammo with a BC of .242 that drops to 1871 fps at 300 yards and 1606 fps at 400 yards. (Of course, that load is specifically intended for woods hunting at moderate ranges. -Editor) While underrated isn't the precise word, not fully exploited is a bit more accurate. Higher muzzle velocity, by itself, isn't important. However, combined with a controlled expansion bullet and a higher BC, it yields the important number: impact velocity. Although ballistic coefficient alone has never dropped much of anything, it has great value in reducing the variable of wind drift. Some bullets can blow over a foot off course at 300 yards in just a 10 mph crosswind. Now, we have factory loads with 5.7" of drop from 200 to 300 yards and 5.43" of 10 mph wind drift at 300 yards, less than half that of some previous loads. While it hardly transforms the .270 into the Belchfire Super Snorter Mark IV, it enables higher strike velocities and makes 300 yard shot placement easier. Rather than designating the .270 as underrated, it is more appropriate to say that it has been significantly improved in recent years by better bullets, more aerodynamic bullets, higher velocities and less wind drift. These benefits are augmented by more accurate factory rifles that can take advantage of them. The .270 wasn't underrated by Jack O'Connor, of course, who considered it a 375 yard deer rifle with average loads and used it with 130 and 150 grain bullets to take elk, moose and no end of other big game animals. In the case of elk, O'Connor took more of these tough beasts with the .270 than with any other cartridge (The Art of Big Game Hunting in North America, 1967). Whatever the .270 was in 1967, it is a bit better today. The Inaccurate .270? Jim Carmichel wrote, in Outdoor Life (“The .270 Mystery” circa 2004): “Mainly we tested the newer, top-of-the-line offerings with popular styles of bullets ranging from 130 to 150 grains. It was fascinating to discover the wide differences in accuracy within a particular brand. For example, while Winchester's Supreme-grade load with the 130-grain Ballistic Silvertip averaged a tidy 1.114", the 140-grain Fail Safe load could do no better than 2.7". Across the spectrum of factory-loaded ammo, groups tended to range in the 2" to-2½" category. It was almost as if the ammo industry had decreed that the accuracy of .270 cartridges should be about 2½", no better and no worse.” Purported to be the most extensive test of .270 Winchester accuracy ever conducted, the end result was a complaint about factory ammunition, as most handloads (130 to 150 grains) grouped less than an inch at 100 yards. Sierra Varminter and Speer TNT 90 grain bullet handloads, at over 3400 fps, approached ½". An ammunition-insensitive rifle is hard to find. The more correct statement is that the .270 Winchester has not been championed or embraced by most target shooters, as it lacks the built-in appeal of U.S. Military and NATO chamberings, or designed for the purpose match cartridges. It has been championed for hunting, though, and that's where its primary appeal still resides. Is the .270 Winchester Good, Better, Perhaps the Best? To a certain extent, we are all prisoners of our own personal experiences and I'm no more immune from this than anyone else. With a 150 grain CT Partition, I used a .270 to drop a tasty Newfoundland moose at 435 yards. The .270 Winchester is, today, one of the best and most available methods of hunting with a 130 grain bullet at 3100 - 3200 fps. Not only is the ammunition widely available, but so are rifles, as opposed to some chamberings (the various short magnums, for example) that have already vanished from the lines of many popular rifle brands. While moderate in recoil, with the better 130 grain commercial loads (Hornady Superformance, for example) the drop from 200 to 300 yards is 5.7 inches, the drop from 200 to 400 yards 16.7 inches. That is markedly superior to most 7mm Remington Magnum hunting loads. Even compared to the Hornady Superformance 7mm Rem. Mag. 139 grain SST load, the difference in drop from 200 to 300 yards is a puny two tenths of one inch. We all have our favorites, there is no doubt about that, but the .270 Winchester is one of the best cartridges available for the vast majority of (non-dangerous) big game hunting. (It is certainly one of the staff favorites here at Guns and Shooting Online. -Editor) Whatever Jack O'Connor found exceptional about the .270 Winchester, it is even more exceptional today. Perhaps there is something magical and mysterious about it, after all. Note: See also "The Great .270 Winchester" and several .270 Winchester cartridge comparison articles on the Rifle Cartridges index page. Copyright 2013 by Randy Wakeman. All rights reserved.

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Date: Jan 19, 2013 6:59 PM Author: James Tursa Subject: Re: How to avoid wrong answers in simple arithmetic expressions. "SK " <firstname.lastname@example.org> wrote in message <email@example.com>... > dpb <firstname.lastname@example.org> wrote in message <email@example.com>... > > On 1/19/2013 7:53 AM, dpb wrote: > > ... > > > > > > Scaling...[and other stuff elided for time being] > > > > > What happens if you were to multiply v by 100 and do the same w/ the > > input variable internal to the function before you start your loop? > > -- > Thanks for the suggestion. > Yes, I did try this, and it gives the correct result although I'm not sure I understand why. My first thought was that operations on numbers which differed only in the base 10 exponent should give results of equal accuracy. > However, looking up the IEEE 754 floating point floating point representation. I see that the exponent is a power-of-2 exponent rather than a power-of-10. So, for example, 0.09 and 9 have very different mantissa's. Nevertheless both 0.09 and 9 do not have exact IEEE 754 representations. False. 9 has an exact IEEE double representation. 0.09 does not ... the closest is: > More generally, most integers do not have an exact representation in this format. False. All of the integers in the range of your particular problem can be represented exactly in IEEE double. All integers from 0 up to 2^53 have exact IEEE double representations. > So, does Matlab treat small integers in a special way? No. They are treated just like all other IEEE double numbers. > Otherwise why would multiplying the numbers by 100 in the original problem guarantee a correct solution? Multiplying by 100 (and rounding the results) puts everything into integers that can be represented exactly by IEEE double. To get some help visualizing all of this, I suggest you download the following utility from the FEX:

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Also if you have questions and want some expert answers try heading to this website http://green-plastics.net and just post your question on the Q&A board, they will be able to help out with your question in a more timely manner! Have you ever wondered if there is a more environmentally friendly way to make plastic with OUT using foreign oil? Currently, it is estimated that the worldwide production of petroleum based plastic is around 100 million tons annually, and that seven million barrels of petroleum are required PER DAY to produce that plastic ( info source ). What if we could take that number and cut it down to zero! This is all possible with the eco-friendly plastic of the future, and you can make some right now- OUT OF A POTATO! When I first discovered that you could do this, I used corn starch, water, and corn oil to make the plastic; I then made a science fair project out of it, won second place at my school, and won honorable mention (3-6 place) at the 2003 Regional Science Fair. The plastic I made for the science fair worked, but it dried out and became brittle in about a week. A few years later, I discovered an article describing a way to enhance it's plasticity by altering the chemical composition of the starch. For this instructable, I will describe how to make plastic from scratch, by extracting starch from a potato, and processing it into a resin with household items. If you don't feel like taking the time to extract the starch from a potato, you can just use corn starch instead. This is a project for all you environmentalists, tree hungers, global warming believers (I am not one by the way), and especially you Al Gore.

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Greenhouse farming is a term used to define virtually any major agriculture endeavor that is carried out using greenhouses. These allow farmers to grow many different kinds of crops in climates that may not be hospitable. The development of greenhouse farming techniques has generally resulted in more overall food for the whole world and helped to reduce world hunger problems. It’s also been helpful in allowing people to buy almost any fruit or vegetable at their local grocers, regardless of whether the food is out of season. The capacity to carefully control temperature is usually considered the most important advantage of greenhouse farming. Farmers can create their greenhouses using materials that maximize the heat from the sun. Some farmers may also include heaters inside the greenhouses, which can be helpful in very cold climates. Other aspects of environmental controls, including careful adjustment of humidity, are also often useful. Another big plus for greenhouse farming is that it allows people to take advantage of vertical space. In a normal farming environment, the growing area is generally a flat expanse, but this isn’t true when farming in greenhouses. Many farmers will have plants sitting in shelves or hanging from the ceilings, and this sometimes allows the farmer to pack more plants in an acre than usual. Greenhouse farming can be more flexible than regular farming, especially when farmers have multiple separate buildings. For example, a farmer could set up a building that was perfect for growing a particular tropical species and then set up other buildings that grow plants that thrive in cooler climates. Each building can have perfect environmental controls to maximize the growing potential of each species. It’s very common for greenhouse farmers to use a technique called hydroponics. This involves growing plants suspended in liquid. Sometimes this liquid is simply water, but usually it is infused with very specialized nutrient mixes. This often allows plants to grow larger and more rapidly than they normally would, and it lets farmers maximize efficiency. The main disadvantages of greenhouse farming are generally related to cost. When farmers plant outdoors, they only require the money for seed, labor, and whatever additional costs are associated with equipment or land. Greenhouse farming introduces a whole new set of expenses related to buildings and maintenance of those buildings. Farmers who have to artificially heat the inside of their greenhouses generally have even greater costs to deal with.

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Far from a fad, mindfulness has been around for a while now. In fact, with its roots in Buddhist practice, you could say it’s pretty ancient in terms of psychotherapy. A way of focusing on the present moment, mindfulness meditation helps you learn to pay attention to your thoughts and feelings and the world around you, with the intention of being better able to cope with your emotions. What’s more, it brings a host of health benefits… 1. Fighting depression Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT – an offshoot of the practice that takes in cognitive therapy techniques) has been proven to benefit sufferers of depression. Designed to help people become more aware of negative thoughts and to break the patterns that characterise recurrent depression, it’s been found to be as effective at reducing repeated bouts of depression as antidepressants. NICE, the organisation that evaluates medical treatments in the UK, recommends MBCT for people with a history of depression, as it’s been found to reduce the risk of a relapse. 2. Helping chronic illness sufferers With the aim of bringing an improved mental outlook and ‘acceptance of the now’, mindfulness meditation is thought to be particularly valuable to people with chronic illnesses. A review of the practice found consistent benefits for cancer patients – reduced stress, improved ability to cope, and heightened wellbeing. There have also been plenty of studies looking at whether mindfulness can help with chronic pain, with many giving positive results although a definitive conclusion has not been reached. 3. Tackling stress Some major companies have seized on mindfulness as a way to help their employees cope with stress. Google is just one global corporation that offers ‘mindfulness in the workplace’ – a practice aimed at targeting high stress levels and poor sleep quality. Another technique, Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), shows dramatic results in tackling stress, with 58% lower anxiety and 40% reduction of stress levels. 4. Valuing the moment The core emotional principles of mindfulness – living in the moment and appreciating what we have – are wonderful ways to bring about contentedness. By learning to slow down and take a step back from the hectic pace of life, you’re more likely to notice the good things and feel a much greater sense of wellbeing. 5. For new parents Taking the time for a spot of meditation while your newborn is grumbling for a feed? Well, maybe it could be just what you need! A pilot study on Mindfulness-based Childbirth and Parenting (MBCP) found that this approach was hugely helpful to the new mothers who took part, teaching them a broader range of coping strategies. It highlighted the value of living in the moment and adopting an accepting attitude, as well as helping tackle the common issue of postnatal depression. Shop our Natural Beauty range. This article has been adapted from longer features appearing in Healthy, the Holland & Barrett magazine. Advice is for information only and should not replace medical care. Please check with your GP before trying any remedies.

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What is Xarelto? Xarelto, also known as Rivaroxaban, is a prescription drug that acts as a blood thinner to prevent the formation of blood clots. It is commonly used to prevent or treat a type of blood clot called a deep vein thrombosis, or DVT. These DVT clots often occur after certain types of surgery, such as a knee or hip replacement. They are dangerous because they can travel up to the lungs and cause a pulmonary embolism, which can lead to death. Xarelto is also prescribed to patients with a heart rhythm disorder called atrial fibrillation in order to lower the risk of stroke caused by a blood clot. What Are The Problems With Xarelto? Xarelto is extremely dangerous for many patients, such as those who have an artificial heart valve or any type of uncontrolled bleeding disorder. Additionally, the drug can create dangerous blood clots around the spinal cord in certain patients that can cause severe injuries, paralysis, or even death. Patients who have been prescribed Xarelto should also be adequately warned about how premature discontinuation of the drug increases the risk of new blood clots and/or the mass of present ones. Xarelto should not be prescribed to: - Patients who are currently taking other medicines to treat or prevent blood clots such as Coumadin, Jantoven, or Plavix - Patients who are taking over the counter blood thinners, such as aspirin, Advil, Aleve, Motrin, Tylenol, and others - Patients who have a genetic spinal defect - Patients who have a spinal catheter in place - Patients who have a history of repeated spinal taps, spinal surgery, or epidural anesthesia - Patients who have been diagnosed with a bleeding disorder that is either caused by a disease or inherited - Patients who have had a hemorrhagic stroke, intestinal bleeding, stomach bleeding, ulcers, and/or uncontrolled high blood pressure - Patients who are pregnant (under most circumstances) Uncontrolled Bleeding With Xarelto Patients who meet the above or similar conditions can bleed uncontrollably as the result of taking Xarelto. When this bleeding occurs near or in a major organ, blood flow is interrupted and can lead the organ to lose some or all of its functionality. These types of bleeding events are especially dangerous when they occur in vital organs such as the brain, lungs, or cardiovascular system. In addition, pools of blood may form within the body and can lead to many other severe risks to a patient’s health. Often these hemorrhages will continue over a long period of time until the drug is flushed out of the system or the patient seeks treatment for their condition due to Xarelto’s function as a blood thinner. Contact a Houston Xarelto Lawsuit Attorney Today Patients who were not warned properly of how to use the drug, when to stop using it, and when to seek medical attention have been able to file Xarelto lawsuits. The dangerous drug lawsuits seek to recover compensation for damages associated with medical bills, loss of income, emotional distress, and even funeral expenses. If you or someone you know has taken Xarelto and experienced a serious side effect, contact an experienced Houston Xarelto lawsuit attorney at Richard J. Plezia & Associates to discuss your case at no charge. Read Our Client Testimonials Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /home/rickplezia/public_html/wp-content/plugins/my-custom-functions/inc/php/functional.php(85) : eval()'d code on line 64 Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /home/rickplezia/public_html/wp-content/plugins/my-custom-functions/inc/php/functional.php(85) : eval()'d code on line 208

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A scourge that Africa’s leadership inflicts on their people is presiding over derelict and ailing health systems, while they get treatment at top hospital in European, American and Asian lands. African hospitals are not built for African presidents. One of the most common phenomena across the African continent is that of African leaders seeking medical treatment abroad. It is such a rare case to see an African president or prime minister getting medical treatment in their own countries (a notable exception is Nelson Mandela, who received treatment and care in his own country until he passed away). The average African citizen may also wish to get first-class medical treatment abroad. But it just remains a pipe dream. The majority of the people are treated by our own doctors in our own hospitals, sometimes derelict hospitals. In Africa, ill health is one of the major characteristics. A lot of people do not even have medical aid. That is not the concern of the African president. As long as he gets his treatment overseas, all is settled for them. It seems only reasonable to say that African hospitals are not built for African presidents. A few of them use these. The rest, it is something else. This just goes on to highlight the magnitude of the ailing and crippled health system in African countries. When seriously ill, an African leader simply won’t get treated in his own country, and yet, the citizens toil it all out at public hospitals, frantically battling for their lives. We can’t afford to go overseas for medical treatment. A host of deadly diseases ceaselessly ravages Africa, tearing its children into shreds. Populations in many countries have high mortality rates, maternal mortality rates, infant mortality rates, and TB and HIV infection, compared to other regions. Ebola has shown it’s ugly face and many people have been devoured especially in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ebola has shown its ugly face too. These grim diseases swallow us without even boarding a plane to France, Belgium, USA, UK, or wherever. What about the African president? There are many examples of African presidents who have sought treatment abroad. Some actually died in office while on treatment abroad, or at least they had received treatment abroad. In March 1984, President Ahmed Sekou Toure of Guinea at age 62 passed away after 26 years as President. He was undergoing cardiac treatment in the USA where he had been rushed after being stricken in Saudi Arabia the previous day. In February 2005, after 38 years in office, President Gnassingbe Eyadema died on board the aircraft that was evacuating him for emergency treatment abroad. Some information said that he was already dead by the time he was put on the plane. At the time of his death, he was the longest-serving head of state in Africa. In August 2008, President Levy Mwanawasa of Zambia died in office. Aged 59, he passed away in France where he was evacuated after he collapsed at a meeting in Egypt. He had been in office for six years. In the same year in December, Guinea’s President Lansana Conté, 74, died in Conakry. He had been receiving treatment overseas, including in Switzerland and Morocco, for many years. He was President for 24 years. In June 2009 it was Gabon’s President Omar Bongo Ondimba who passed on at age 73 in Spain. He had ruled for 38 years. In May 2010 Nigeria’s President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua died at age 58 in Abuja. He had returned from Saudi Arabia two months earlier where he had been receiving treatment. He spent three months overseas receiving treatment on his last trip abroad. In July 2012, Ghana’s President John Atta Mills died in Accra at age 68. He had been in office for almost three years. Rumours of his ill health circulated for several months before his death, including when he went to the USA for treatment. He and his ministers denied that he was in poor health. In April 2012, Malawi’s President Bingu wa Mutharika died at age 78 in Lusaka. Several reports said that he died in South Africa where he was flown to receive treatment. He was in office for eight years. In August 2012, Ethiopian leader Meles Zenawi died at 57 in Belgium where had been receiving treatment for some time. The Prime Minister and head of government had ruled the country for 17 years. In November 2012, Guinea Bissau’s President Bacai Sanha, 64, passed away in a hospital in Paris. He had ruled for only three years. Most recently in October 2014, President Michael Sata of Zambia died in London. He was 77 years old and had been in office for three years. You can agree that the list is endless. We have the likes of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe and Muhamadu Buhari of Nigeria, with the former incessantly visiting countries in the Far East like Singapore for treatment while the latter regularly goes to London. Angola’s president Dos Santos regularly gets treated in Spain for illnesses that are never disclosed. Often times we are not told of the reasons why they have left the country other than “routine check-ups” or “official reasons.” Even when they die, it takes the officials weeks or months to officially announce the deaths. When they are sick, the illness is never told. What usually happens with these overseas treatments is that the presidents are treated at the expense of the taxpayer. They are flown at the expense of the taxpayer. Meanwhile, the taxpayer is left to languish in a weak hospital which may even struggle to provide the necessary medicines. The taxpayer’s money is abused. is something that our presidents take us for granted. Why are they afraid to get treated in their very own countries? Fix your countries, dear African presidents.

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Being only about 18 months old, Jane Goodall doesn't remember the moment, but her mother has since retold it to her. She had come into little Jane's room only to find that she had taken a handful of earthworms to bed. Years later, Goodall said her mother's supportive reaction helped set the tone for what would be a lifelong love of animals. "She didn't say, 'Oh, throw those dirty things away,'" Goodall said. "She simply said, 'Jane, if you leave them here, they'll die. They need the earth.' And so I helped her carry them back into the garden." The story was one of many that Goodall, who's best known for her revolutionary research of chimpanzees in Africa, shared with a packed auditorium Tuesday night at UC Irvine as a guest speaker for the Living Peace Series. The series is a partnership between UCI and the Center for Living Peace, and previous speakers have included Sir Richard Branson, Charlize Theron and the Dalai Lama. Goodall, 78, spoke for nearly an hour and included details of her life that were intertwined with an overlaying message of hope for the future and that people can truly make a difference. In addition to the earthworm incident, she recalled another early influence on her love for animals: Tarzan, who ended up "marrying that other Jane, the wrong Jane." "That was what really set in stone my dream," Goodall said. "I would grow up, go to Africa, live with wild animals and write books about them." That goal started in 1957 when she moved to Africa, which was then "a dark continent," — dark in that it was full of mystery. After securing money for her chimpanzee research, Goodall eventually had a breakthrough observation. She saw a chimp put a grass stem into a termite mound, then pull it out and chew the termites off of it. "He was modifying an actual object. He was making a tool," Goodall said. "Why was this so special? ... Back then, it was thought that humans, and only humans, use and make tools." Goodall sent the news via telegram to Louis Leakey, a fellow British archaeologist in Africa who supported her work. "Now we must redefine man, redefine tools or accept chimpanzees as humans," Goodall recalled him saying. Other observations she had of the chimps were that their use of nonverbal communications, like patting on the back, swaggering, shaking fists and embracing, are similar to human behavior. "It was a huge shock when I realized that, like us, they can be violent and brutal," she added. "We see this most often in their interactions between neighboring social groups or neighboring communities." Goodall said her life changed after attending a conference in 1986. "I went into that conference as a scientist," she said. "I had this PhD., this wonderful life, and I left as an activist." Ever since then, she hasn't been in one place for more than three consecutive weeks. Her activities have included being a U.N. messenger of peace and creating Roots and Shoots, a service program under the auspices of the Jane Goodall Institute. Throughout her years of activism, she has learned of the destruction of the rainforest, chemicals making their way into the oceans and the perils of genetically engineered foods — problems, as a whole, that are the "horrible poisoning of the planet," she said. Yet despite the problems, she said she maintains hope for a variety of reasons. Among them is the "indomitable human spirit." "Somehow, there seems to have grown a disconnect, wider and wider, between this clever brain and the human heart, the seed of love and compassion," Goodall said. "I believe it's the young people who are once again going to join the two so that we can eventually attain our human potential." Stacey Hentschel, a business consultant from Laguna Niguel, called Goodall's message beautiful. "I think that inspiration for all of us, whether we're young or old, is to keep remembering there's hope and possibility," she said, adding that "it's about opening our hearts. As [Goodall] said, when people are connected by the heart and the head, great things can happen." Alyssa Wolk, a second-year UCI student studying earth system science and anthropology, bought her ticket to Goodall's speech as soon as she could and has explored her books. Her favorite part? Goodall's emphasis on hope for the future and on youth. "It was really empowering," Wolk said. "I was just holding back tears."

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1. What are magnetic domains? 2. What is angle of dip? How does it vary from the equator to the poles/ 3. Define angle of dip and angle of declination at a place. 4. How does dip vary from place to place on earth`s surface? 5. Why does a bar magnet not retain its magnetism when it is method? 6. Why does a magnet lose its magnetism when heated to high temperature? 7. Above Curie temperature a ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic. Why? 8. What are the characteristics of a Ferro-magnetic substance? 9. A permanent magnet can be used to pick up a string of nails, tacks or paper clips, even though these are not magnets by themselves. How can this be? 10. A ferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic above Curie temperature. Explain why? 1. The angle of dip in Britain is greater than that in Kathmandu. Why? Have a question? Ask us in our discussion forum.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article |This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2008)| The Tales of Alvin Maker is a series of novels by Orson Scott Card that revolve around the experiences of a young man, Alvin Miller, who discovers he has incredible powers for creating and shaping things around him. It takes place in an alternate history of the American frontier in the early 19th century, to some extent based on early American folklore and superstition. In Card's world, many people have a limited supernatural ability, or "knack" to do some task to almost perfection. Alvin Miller, who is the seventh son of a seventh son, discovers that his knack far surpasses those of everyone else. In particular, he can change both living and nonliving matter simply by force of will (hence the title "Maker"). This power comes at a cost, however; not only does Alvin feel a great responsibility to use his power for good, but there are forces that actively seek his demise. Alvin must discover how to use his abilities, and how to apply them for good, all the while struggling to survive. Along the way, he is helped by a number of people whose knacks are not as strong, but who see in Alvin a way to use their wisdom and abilities to contribute to a greater good. There are also those who try to misguide him or exploit his abilities for their own purposes. The stories involve a number of historical events and figures. However, history takes a number of different turns from the real world. What was historically Colonial United States is divided into a number of separate countries, including a smaller United States, with much stronger American Indian influence in its culture and society, between New England and Virginia and extending westwards to Ohio (New England itself is still a colony of a republican England where the Restoration never occurred), and a monarchy on the Eastern seaboard founded by the House of Stuart in exile. In addition, many of the historical figures are either caricatures or bear only superficial resemblance to their real world equivalents. Some of the historical figures are also accorded knacks, such as Benjamin Franklin (not a character, but repeatedly mentioned), who is said to have been a Maker, and Napoleon, who has the ability to make others adore and obey him, and to see others' great ambitions. Famous Native American Indian Figures include Tecumseh who is called Ta Kumsaw in the books. His brother Tensquatawa is also featured, as Tenskwa Tawa. The characters in the book display features similar to the two famous Native Americans, and the famous Battle of Tippecanoe which involves both brothers is also a part of the book, although it doesn't happen like the real battle. The character of Alvin also resembles the Mormon leader, Joseph Smith; some of the events in Seventh Son echo difficulties from Smith's childhood, and the Crystal City Alvin has visions of creating is similar to the Mormon settlement of Nauvoo, Illinois. Alvin has had premonitions throughout the series that indicate he may die after building the Crystal City, paralleling Smith's own death in Nauvoo. Race also plays a large part in the stories, particularly in the way that culture shapes the abilities that people of different groups develop. "Whites" have knacks or cultivated skills that we might recognize from the folklore and traditions of colonial America and western Europe. "Reds" align themselves with the rhythms of nature but also use blood to perform some of their magic. "Blacks" channel their skills into creating objects of power, in a manner somewhat similar to the beliefs and practices of voodoo. A recurring and main theme of the books is the conflict between Creators and Destroyers—namely, Making such as Alvin does, and Unmaking that he confronts. The author used information of American folklore to create the world featured in these books. Below is a partial list of historical figures who have appeared in the Alvin Maker series to date: Characters who are mentioned, but do not appear, include:

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The Rothschild's giraffe is the latest charismatic African mammal to be declared "Endangered" by IUCN (the International Union for the Conservation of Nature), adding to the growing number of species under threat of extinction. A recent analysis by Fennessy and Brenneman 2010 indicates that the Rothschild's populations are in peril and the IUCN Red List supports this (http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/174469/0). There are currently nine recognized giraffe sub-species and the Rothschild's is the second most imperiled, with fewer than 670 individuals remaining in the wild. Historically ranging across western Kenya, Uganda, and southern Sudan, it has been almost totally eliminated from most of its former range and now survives in only a few small and isolated populations in Kenya and Uganda. In Kenya, all known wild populations of Rothschild's giraffe have been eradicated by agricultural development and remnant populations are confined to National Parks, private properties and other protected areas. These remaining populations are physically isolated from one another making it impossible for them to interbreed and population growth is further hindered as a result of the closed nature of these conservation areas which have reached or exceeded carrying capacities. Sixty percent of the world's remaining wild population of Rothschild's giraffe are found in Kenya (with the remainder in Uganda), a country that has recently shown its commitment to giraffe conservation. With the launch of a National Giraffe Conservation Strategy, the first giraffe-focused conservation action plan of its kind, the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) is leading the way. This Strategy will work to conserve all three of the giraffe sub-species found in Kenya, in particular the endangered Rothschild's giraffe. Its development marks a first in giraffe conservation and raises awareness of the significance of, and urgent need to conserve these animals. Despite low population figures and an "Endangered" status, little is known about the ecology and behaviour of Rothschild's giraffe in the wild, an issue that must be addressed if we are to develop and implement effective conservation strategies. To this end the Rothschild's Giraffe Project was launched in Spring 2010. This project seeks to provide the first scientific review of Rothschild's behaviour and ecology in the wild, and provide information about key ecological and habitat requirements necessary for the development and implementation of meaningful conservation initiatives. Dr Julian Fennessy, well known in African conservation circles for his pioneering work in giraffe conservation, comments, "I am delighted and of course saddened at the same time that the Rothschild giraffe has finally made the IUCN Red List status. We have been striving for this for a while now and hope this will highlight to the world the critical state its tallest creature is in. As the second giraffe sub-species (of 9 known) to now be listed as endangered, we all have our work cut out to form sound conservation strategies to improve the situation in the short, medium and long term. The whole thrust of our work here is to put strategies in place BEFORE it is too late - extinction is simply not an option." The Giraffe Conservation Foundation (GCF) is actively supporting the Rothschild's Giraffe Project as well as other giraffe research across Africa. These include the provision of technical support and funding, sharing data and results for a comprehensive approach to giraffe conservation. "I can't imagine a world without giraffes, this news makes it imperative we must act to protect and preserve these magnificent creatures." comments Lynn Sherr Patron, Giraffe Conservation Foundation (GCF). AWF recently joined The Giraffe Conservation Foundation and other partners to collar selected highly endangered West African giraffes in its Regional Parc W Heartland, home to the only 220 West African giraffes remaining in the wild. The collaring exercise will help researchers better understand the ranging patterns of the few herds that remain, and educate communities that live alongside the giraffes about their habits and conservation needs. AWF works to protect endangered species through it Heartland Program, a large-landscape conservation program operational in 14 African countries and three major regions of Africa. 1400 16th St NW Suite 120 Washington DC, USA 1400 16th St NW Suite 120 Washington DC, USA 12:33pm Apr 30th 11:27am Apr 30th 11:18am Apr 30th 10:29am Apr 30th 10:27am Apr 30th 10:26am Apr 30th 10:23am Apr 30th 10:22am Apr 30th 10:21am Apr 30th 10:16am Apr 30th

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The Machine Age: IntroductionIt's the summer of 1876 and celebrations abound. Philadelphia, the birthplace of the nation, hosts the Centennial Exposition, an International Fair to which nations bring their wares and trades for display and competition: a "friendly" cultural war. It's especially symbolic that America hosts this year: she's 100 years old, a great experiment that has finally been proven - and tested; it's barely 10 years after a devastating Civil War threatened to tear the union asunder. The fair centers on Machinery Hall, 13 acres of mechanisms, gadgets, and devices: power looms, lathes, sewing machines, presses, pumps, toolmaking machines, axles, shafts, wire cables (of the sort with which the Roeblings would build Brooklyn Bridge), and locomotives.1 Here for the first time are displayed the telephone, the typewriter, and most impressive of all, the 30-foot high Corliss Double Walking-Beam Steam Engine that powers the entire hall of mechanisms.... On opening day, the hall was full of people, but dead silent as President Ulysses S. Grant and the Emperor Dom Pedro of Brazil climbed up on the engine platform and hit the levers that allowed steam into the cylinders. The engine hissed and the floor trembled. Then, the huge walking beams slowly started moving up and down, feeding the giant flywheel which spun around, gaining momentum and storing energy. Then, belts started moving, and shafts and pulleys started turning as power went out into the hall. The amount of activity in the hall boggled people's minds. The New York Herald, the Sun, and the Times all printed their daily editions in the hall. Machines started sewing, pins got stuck into paper, wallpaper printed, logs were sawed.2 Many in the Hall thought to have witnessed a miracle, a machine coming to life, indeed bringing life to other machines. Technology, thought some, would be a civilizing force, "driving out superstition, poverty, ignorance."3 But Machinery Hall, indeed the Exposition itself, represented a contradiction, a new reality for the nation. For along with the estimated 9 million visitors who came to view the Exposition in Philadelphia arrived thousands of unemployed looking for work. There - as in much of the nation - they found a depressed economy, little work, and a police force determined to maintain "a city beautiful" for the celebration. For the nation was in the midst of the first great depression of the Industrial Age. What began in 1873 with the failure of Jay Cooke and Company and subsequent Wall Street Collapse was a decade - indeed a half century - of countless strikes, unemployment and labor unrest as workers struggled to keep pace with the demands of industrial capitalism. For the rest of the century and then some, the country would wrestle with the human costs of industrialization. While [the machine] inspired confidence in some quarters, it also provoked dismay, often arousing hope and gloom in the same minds. For, accompanying the mechanization of industry, of transportation, and of daily existence, were the most severe contrasts yet visible in American society, contrasts between "progress and poverty" (in Henry George's words), which seemed to many a mockery of the republican dream, a haunting paradox.4 Such begins the story of the tramp, an unwelcome consequence of the new industrial order, of a new economy in which many men found insecure employment, often far from home, employment subject to worldwide market fluctuations and economics. This tramp, this new social problem, is the forefather of the American hobo and so the story begins with him.

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Rising energy costs, increased awareness of climate change issues, pending global carbon legislation and widely available computing power have meant that more sustainability software services have emerged in recent years than online dating sites. But the next trend for these companies — which spend their days crunching data about energy consumption, water resources and carbon emissions — is to turn to cloud computing and next-generation analytics tools to manage the massive of influx of real-time data emerging around sustainability. Sustainable Data Overload There are a few trends driving the need for ever-better information and analytics tools surrounding consumption data. First, the growth of China and India — over the next 40 years the population will explode, adding 2 billion more people on the planet, largely in these rapidly developing countries. Managing the resources — energy consumption and water usage — of an increasingly resource-constrained world will be more necessary than ever. Secondly, there’s the issue tightly aligned with resource restriction: climate change. Legislation mandating that companies reduce their carbon emissions in order to reduce global warming has been enacted in many countries, and there’s pending cap-and-trade legislation in the U.S. Companies will eventually have to know their carbon emissions, and reduce them, likely via one of the many carbon software providers out there. Then there’s the emergence of smarter systems. Thanks to dirt-cheap chips and network technology, sensors, always-on communication networks and algorithms have the ability to grab and process information about anything at any time. Like IBM’s Smarter Planet initiative, (and our Green:Net conference series) have focused on, this information technology has a unique ability to monitor and manage resources for companies and make processes more efficient. For example, the digitization of the electricity industry, by some estimates, could deliver a massive 100 petabytes over the next 10 years. Utilities are in the process of figuring out what software providers and tools will help them manage this influx in real time and some smart grid early adopters are turning to next-gen analytics tools and cloud computing. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the North American Electric Reliability Corp. (NERC), for instance, have turned to open-source software framework Hadoop, which was developed for analyzing large data sets generated by web sites, to aggregate and process data about the health of the power grid. Carbon Software 2.0 Players like SAP, Hara, Enviance, and ENXSuite (formerly Carbonetworks) have established themselves as leaders in the sustainability software market, and they’re knee-deep in this trend — let’s call it carbon software 2.0 — of using cloud computing and next-gen “big data” tools for on-demand data storage and analytics. The cloud can uniquely support sustainability software as a service and provide real-time data crunching for the “hundreds of millions of records” that execs like Anirban Chakrabarti, SVP and General Manager of SAP’s Carbon Impact business unit, say their services need to manage. SAP has been acting aggressively to build out a next-generation version of its cloud-based carbon software tool. Chakrabarti, who sold his startup Clear Standards to SAP last year, told me in an interview that SAP has been working on systematically rebuilding Carbon Impact around a SAP cloud-based platform that runs on Amazon, and hopes to launch “Carbon Impact 5.0” this July or August. Chakrabarti says that leveraging Amazon’s cloud computing service gives SAP access to a ton of cloud-based, on-demand computing power, storage, memory and hosting. In addition, Carbon Impact 5.0 will leverage “in-memory database” management systems, which use main memory instead of disk storage memory, and which are commonly used in services that need quick response times, like 9-11 operators. “We believe this is where the carbon solution industry is heading,” says Chakrabarti. That’s because there are a massive number of data points that can be collected about resource consumption, and users are looking for complex reports, delivered in real-time, demonstrating how they can reduce that consumption. For example, Chakrabarti says that for some of its manufacturing clients it collects data about machine energy usage in six-minute intervals updates. Startup Hara, which only officially launched last year and is backed by venture firm Kleiner Perkins, is also working with cloud provider OpSource for its database. Hara also says it plans to work with a yet-to-be-determined “data integration provider and a data analytics solution.” Hara CEO Amit Chatterjee says one day he thinks the carbon software industry will be managing 12 MB per second — the equivalent to 1 million SMS messages. A Competitive Edge The result of this shift in sustainable software companies looking to the cloud and next-gen analytics will mean there will be both a growing barrier for companies to enter the carbon software market and a competitive edge for the players that can already provide these heavy duty, speedy services. As SAP’s Chakrabati explains it, “We think the cloud and these analytics services are our competitive edge,” and says it’s taken no small amount to prepare to launch Carbon Impact 5.0 in the cloud. “It’s something that a smaller startup won’t have the resources for.” Some kind of differentiator for the carbon software market is actually a relief. There’s been an overload of carbon software startups that have emerged over the past couple of years, and research firm Verdantix put together an extensive list of 22 carbon management software companies. Many of these companies have been backed by venture capital firms (that will likely lose money), and even software vets like Thomas Siebel — the guy who sold Siebel Systems to Oracle for billions of dollars — have been enticed in. His startup, C3, has former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and former Senator and Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham as directors. The good news is that when the U.S. one day actually puts a price on carbon (depends on how quickly the energy bill can get through Congress), robust, matured software as a service carbon tools will be ready and waiting for the influx of users.

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Introduction: Background of the Study Foreign investment in the current state of the upstream petroleum industry in Nigeria portrays an optimistic outlook all things been equal. According to the Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), Nigeria ranks among the top 10 nations in proven oil and natural gas reserves, worldwide. As of January 1, 2007, the estimated crude oil and natural gas reserves are 36.2 billion barrels and 181.9 trillion cubic feet (TCF). To expand Nigeria’s proven oil reserves to 56.0 billion barrels and increase its production capacity to 6 million barrels per day by 2015, the national government is willing to invest about $9-10 billion annually over the next ten years. The upstream oil and gas industry outlook in Nigeria is robust. Nearly 200% of proved reserves produced in Nigeria from 1970-2005 have been replaced by new reserves, indicating that the petroleum business environment in Nigeria compares favorably with the global environment (see Figure 1). Figure 1 Aggregate Reserves Replacement Ratio, 1970-2005 Launched in 2008, the Nigeria Gas Master Plan (NGMP) outlays the roadmap for the exploitation, rapid development and effective distribution of Nigeria’s robust gas reserves. Nigeria has over 187 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of proven gas reserve (comprising 97 tcf associated gas and 90 tcf non-associated gas); the 7th largest natural gas deposit in the world. Of note, there exists a tremendous potential to grow as the country holds the 4th largest reserves worldwide. Since the inception of the NGMP, the Nigerian gas sector has witnessed exponential growth, with the gas supply market increasing from 300 million to 2 billion cubic feet per day (cfpd). The growth of upstream petroleum industry in Nigeria appears to have brought dramatic changes in the structure of the economy since 1970. In less than a decade, agricultures share of gross domestic product (GDP) declined from roughly one-half to less than 30% and its erstwhile preeminence as generators of state revenue and foreign exchange all but vanished. Crude oil become one of the world’s most strategic natural resources required as a crucial input in contemporary economic activities. A versatile, non-renewable natural resource, crude oil is a highly demanded commodity in both rich and poor countries, providing about 50% of the global energy requirements (Anyanwu, 1997, Igbatayo, 2004). The upstream sector of Nigeria continues to receive greater investment from Multinational Corporation due to the all importance of petroleum resources in driving the economy of any nation. The inflow of foreign direct investment is a key driver of any economy, and this has led so many government to adopt so economic policies that will attract foreign direct investment in such country. The potential advantages of the FDI on Nigeria economy especially the upstream petroleum sector are that it facilitates the use and exploitation of local raw materials, introduction of modern techniques of management and marketing, provision of easy access to new technologies and could be used for financing current account deficits. Finance flows in form of FDI do not generate repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt) and it increases the stock of human capital. Through on the job training, local enterprises are able to “learn by watching” if the economic framework is appropriate and it stimulates the investment in research and development (R&D). The amount of foreign direct investment increased significantly for developing economies during 1985 to 2000. It is observed from the World Development Indicators that the share of developing countries in world FDI inflows and outflows has risen from 17.4% in 1985-90 to 26.1% during 1995-2000 (WDI, 2008). Holger and Greenaway (2004) notes that there is a considerable evidence that Foreign direct investment can effect growth and development by complementing domestic investment and by facilitating trade and transfer of knowledge and technology. Foreign direct investment is attached with great importance especially in the growth of an economy and because of this, Nigeria tries to attract greater volume of this important potential resource. There appear to be consensus belief among policymakers to the effect that foreign direct investment (FDI) drives productivity in the host countries through the adoption of foreign technology know-how, which can happen via licensing agreements, imitation, employee training, and the introduction of new processes and products by foreign firms; and the creation of linkages between foreign and domestic firms. These benefits, together with the direct capital financing it provides suggest that FDI can play an important role in modernizing a national economy and promoting economic development. In Nigeria, the upstream petroleum sector has been the major driver of Nigeria economy since the end of the civil war 1970-1974 contributing nearly 80% of government revenues and 90-95% of its foreign exchange earnings, on average, over this period. These facts notwithstanding, the impact of Nigeria’s industrial sector (petroleum sector inclusive) to the overall GDP remains abysmal. The government has made so many investments in the upstream oil and gas sector and has equally made policy to attract foreign investment in the sector. The potential to derive maximum wealth and a sustained economic growth from the oil and gas industry should be indubitable. So the questions to ask are what does the future hold for oil and gas in Nigeria and how can Nigeria attain its economic aspirations using oil and gas industry as the prime mover of its economy in the next five years? Is there potential of attracting investment in the upstream petroleum sector in Nigeria? Statement of the Problem Undoubtedly Nigeria is facing an economic crisis/recession situation featured by inadequate resources for long-term development, high poverty level, low capacity utilization, high level of unemployment, high inflation rate and other Developmental issues which has made it increasingly difficult to achieve vision 2020. In fact, one of the pillars on which the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) was launched was to increase available capital to US$64 billion through a combination of reforms, resource mobilization and a conducive environment for foreign investment (Funke and Nsouli, 2003). Nigeria as a country, given her huge natural resource base especially petroleum and large market size, qualifies to be a major recipient of foreign investment in Africa. Promoting and facilitating technology transfer through foreign direct investment (FDI) has assumed a prominent place in the strategies of economic revival and growth being advocated by policy makers at the national, regional and international levels because it is considered to be the key to bridging the technology and resource gap of underdeveloped countries and avoiding further build-up of debt (UNCTAD, 2005). The upstream petroleum sector has received much foreign investment and still has the potentials of receiving more investment than any other sector in the country. The petroleum industry has assumed a primate position in the Nigerian economy accounting for 80% of the nation’s GDP in the recent times where the upstream sector only account for 75% (Noko, 2014). The industry has also pushed Nigeria to the forefront of the global industry, making the country the 6th largest exporting and 7th largest producer of oil in the world. Revenue from petroleum sector comprising export earning, petroleum profits tax and royalties has grown steadily over the years. Between 1970 and 1998, earning from oil rose from 75.3% to a peak of 84.1% of the total federally generated revenue (CBN, 1998). Also, IMF estimates showed, Nigeria’s earnings from crude oil increases from US $8,500 billion in 1989, and to $10.600 billion in 1990. By 1995, these earnings had declined to $7,001 billion and declining further to $5.276 billion in 1998. However, crude oil prices have increased steadily in the new millenium following the implementation of strict production quotas imposed by OPEC on members. Nigeria is believed to be a high risk market for investment because of factors such as bad governance, unstable macroeconomic policies, etc. (Olajide, 2011). The significance of FDI in providing technological know-how, capital, management and marketing skills, facilitating access to foreign markets and generating both technological and efficiency spill overs to local firms (provided the right policy and business conditions are in place) has been recognized and emphasised by several studies. By facilitating access to the above, foreign investment is expected to improve the integration of the Nigeria’s economy into the global economy, and further spurring economic growth through technological advancement. In view of the above fact, Nigeria’s investment policies and regulations have been improved to contain provisions aimed at encouraging foreign investors to invest in the country. Since the enthronement of democracy in 1999, the government of Nigeria has taken a number of measures necessary to encourage foreign investors into the country. These measures include the repeal of laws that are inimical to foreign investment growth, promulgation of investment laws and oversea trips of image laundry such as “re-branding” campaign. Other measures include; the liberalization of the foreign investment regime to allow major foreign ownership, lifting foreign exchange controls and efficient and effective privatization of Nigeria’s public enterprises. The questions often asked by researchers is whether the Nigeria upstream petroleum sector has the potentials of attracting foreign investment continually? What are the impediment to the growth of Nigeria upstream petroleum sector and as it affect the economy? This and many other question will be addressed in this term paper to determine the potentials of attracting foreign investment in Nigerian upstream petroleum sector. II: Literature Review There is no doubt that the petroleum fiscal agreements (PFA) in Nigeria are good enough to propel Nigeria’s economy to its full potential. A study published in 2004 by scholars at Louisiana State University’s Center for Energy Studies, however, suggests that the type of contract offered is not as important as the design of the contract and the terms negotiated. According to Table 1, the present worth of a project under production sharing contract arrangement (PSC) to an IOC is more sensitive to fluctuations in oil prices than it is for a joint venture project (JVA) projects. The sensitivity is, however, asymmetric with respect to decreasing or rising prices for both types of projects. The latter is also true for the present worth of the project for NOC. On the other hand, the present worth of a PSC project for the NOC is less sensitive to price variation than it is for a JVA project. The opposite effects, however, prevail under JVA arrangement. So as the debate to convert JVs to PSCs in Nigeria continues, stakeholders must pursue fiscal systems with less emphasis on regressive fiscal elements such as royalty, bonuses, or sliding scales parameters with no adequate consideration for price and cost dynamics. Authentic Indigenous Participation Issue: The use of the word authentic is very deliberate. There are many policies in place since the inception of the industry to accomplish this home-grown participation in the petroleum business. Oil blocks have been awarded to indigenous firms over the years, but only a few of these firms are actually authentic. Local content development policy is also in place. It may, however, be argued that these policies are set up to continue to fail not because of the lack human skills or technical expertise, but because of inadequate financial intermediation. Resource Ownership and Control: The exclusive ownership of petroleum resources by the Federal Government in Nigeria, in my view, creates undue leakages in the economy. Secondly, exclusive ownership has promoted inefficiency in petroleum block allocation mechanisms, corruption, and limited transparency. Third, it has rendered ineffectual every strategy to indigenize the local petroleum industry and significantly repressed the development of the local economy in each of the petroleum producing communities. There are lessons to be learned from the U.S. regarding the role of petroleum producing state or province. In Nigeria, unlike the U.S., royalties. Institutional and Human Capital Development: There is a myth in the international community that the oil and gas industry in Nigeria lacks skilled oil and gas professionals, thereby justifying the flooding of petroleum professionals and contractors into the country from abroad. An audit of local and international staff to delineate jobs and skills will help to address this myth. Although there is a lack of solid data at my disposal, I can on the basis of personal observations and interviews venture to declare that Nigeria has competent workers, but they are underutilized. Regarding institutional issues, the statutory responsibilities of the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) in the Ministry of Energy have never been in dispute. Yet, attaining the autonomy and independence needed to effectively perform its function continues to be elusive. Funding Options for the National Oil Company: Currently, the funding requirements for JVA operations from the government are substantial. The government spent, on average, $3.7 billion on the JVA upstream investments from 2002-2006 and the estimated projected annual funding requirement for JV operations alone ranges between $11 and $13 billion from 2007-201l . The evidence is strong to suggest that the national government has received adequate revenue over and above its original investment. There is no reason to doubt that this will continue to be so. But is this the optimal way to use scarce resources when basic energy, transportation, sanitation and environmental infrastructures need urgent attention? Noko (2014) suggests that host government participation in oil and gas development may not be an efficient way to spend its oil wealth. Continual Membership of Nigeria in OPEC: OPEC is an intergovernmental association created in 1960. Nigeria became a member of OPEC in the early 1970s and since then the shriek for it to withdraw its membership has not ceased to be passionate. Let me venture to say that Nigeria has been good to OPEC and staying in OPEC is also good for Nigeria in terms of production within the context of the exhaustible nature of petroleum resources. Exploring Foreign Investment Upstream Petroleum Sector The oil industry which has both petroleum resources and natural gas sub-sector has been driven by few challenges which has often hinder the sector to attain it full potentials in the development of Nigeria economy. Although existing global markets for natural gas is not as developed as that of crude oil, they are steady export markets for Nigeria’s natural gas in the industrialized countries such North America and Europe. Export market opportunities also exist in the West Africa sub-region. In order to capture lucrative export markets for Nigeria’s petroleum sector, the federal Government in collaboration with its partners has embarked upon an expansion of the petroleum industry and Nigeria liquefied natural gas (NLNG), with the aim of bosting its export earnings. Other export-oriented projects that are vigorously being pursued are the West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) and the proposed Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline Project, which is a subject of discount between Niger and Algeria for sometime now. This trend has the potential to increase foreign exchange reserves and reduce the nation’s vulnerability to incessant instability associated with crude oil prices. The Nigeria economy depends on the oil sector which has accounted for 85% of the foreign earnings. According to the 2011 report by the International Energy Agency (IEA), Nigeria has proven reserves of 37 billion barrels of crude oil and 187 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas, based on the yearly production of 90 million tons. The oil sector has a great influence on the Nigeria culture and structure and remains the foundation upon which the country’s economy rests. The production capacity in the sector is based on the joint venture operations. Shell and its joint venture partners are the leading producers that produce about 50% of total oil production. Nigeria’s GDP has recorded some success on the back of the sudden increase in oil production; though this has come with a severe cost to the environment. Petroleum products provide annual revenue of an average US$ 60 to US$ 70 billion depending on market oil price and account for over 90 per cent of the nation’s total export earnings in the year 2010.The net export revenue earned by Nigeria in 2010 was US$ 65 billion, according to records from OPEC. Of this, crude exports accounted for 72 percent of current account receipts in 2010 (Lim, 2011). The oil economy grew enormously due to success in new areas of exploration in deep and ultra-deep areas. Nigeria’s experience has shown that natural resource endowment can determine the level of economic activities and income generation capacity of an economy, but not the standard of living (Ian-Gary, 2003). The data below show the graphical relationship between Nigeria oil export and GDP growth. III Findings and Conclusion The petroleum industry has grown steadily over the years to become the cornerstone of the nation’s economy in recent times. Since the 1970s, the nation’s upstream petroleum oil Industry has contributed immensely to the government’s revenue profile. In addition to dominating other sectors, the oil industry has accounted for the bulk of the nation’s revenue and foreign exchange reserves. However, its displacement of agriculture as the main stay of the economy has created structural imbalances for the economy, undermining economic performance and national development. The sector continue remains the choice of the multinational corporation who want to invest in the sector. Consequently, the economy has shown little real growth since the 1970s and has witnessed the emergence of endemic poverty in the midst of plenty. The negative economic trends have inspired economic reform within and outside the nation’s oil industry. This approach involves the development of the nation’s huge gas reserves and its monetization. The upstream sector of the petroleum industry has remain in strategic position in attracting the majority of foreign investment in the country. The sector has been the major driver of Nigeria economy till date. Despite the contribution of crude oil to economic activities and government revenue in Nigeria, the developmental impact of crude oil endowment such as income effects, welfare effects and other socioeconomic impacts remain an illusion. This is because economic growth has not been sustainable, even though the country is abundantly blessed with crude oil and other natural resources; it continues to showcase incredible poverty, accumulated debts and other economic and social problems that retard the growth of Nigeria economy. Foreign investment in the petroleum industry has reduced drastically by 33% between 2008-2012 and this has enormous impact on the growth of Nigeria economy. This suggested that the productive base of the economy is yet diversified and adequate inter-sectorial linkages are yet established to enable full employment of resources in the country. Thus, posing opportunities for policy makers to make policy to increase foreign investment in the sector that is capable of driving growth and development at large. The sector from the analysis so far revealed the need for more investment as the sector has not been fully developed to its full capacity. Therefor government should make more investment in infrastructural development in the sector, reduce the tax rate by at least 5% and invest more in electricity to ensure stable power supply which has the potentials to attract more foreign investors. Anyanwu W (1997). The structure of the Nigerian economy (1960 – 1997). Joanee educational Publishers. Onitsha.23-25. Funke, B and Nsouli, N (2003). Oil Exploitation and Marine Pollution: Evidence from the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal Hum Ecol, 28(3), 177-182. Igbatayo SO (2004). Nigeria petroleum industry and export orientation. A paper presented at the Society of Petroleum Engineers program, Abuja, Nigeria 18-23. Lim. E. (2001). Determinants of and relationship between foreign direct investment and growth: A summary of recent literature. IMF Working Paper No. 175. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. Lukeman R (2003). Capacity growth in the Nigeria petroleum industry. A Keynote Address Proceedings of the SPC 26th Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, Lagos, Nigeria pp.4-9. Nwankwo, A. (2006). The determinants of foreign direct investment inflows (FDI) in Nigeria”, paper presented at 6th Global Conference on Business & Economics, Gutman Conference Centre, Cambridge. Noko, J. E. (2014). Environmental regulations in the Nigerian petroleum industry: Compliance Status of Compliances and Implications for Sustainable Development, Research Report, ACBF/NCEMA, Ibadan Olajide, G. (2011). Foreign direct investment and growth in Nigeria: An empirical investigation, Journal of Policy Modeling 26(2004),627-639 Sachs, J.D., & Warner, A.M. (2001). The curse of natural resources. European Economic Review (45), 827–838. UNCTAD, (2005). World Investment Report 2005: Transnational Corporations and the Internationalization of R&D. New York and Geneva.

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The Wildlife Investigations Lab is monitoring pine siskins for mortality this winter. Pine siskins are a type of finch that are mostly brown in color with a bright yellow wing stripe that live in forested areas in California primarily during the winter. Pine siskins are an irruptive migrant, meaning they can be found in high densities in certain areas in some years, but often absent the next. This migration pattern is likely determined by food availability and weather conditions. This winter pine siskins have been reported in numerous areas throughout California with larger concentrations occurring along the central and south coasts as well as around Redding, in northern California. Increased mortality of pine siskins has been reported in several of these areas since mid-December. The Wildlife Investigations Lab has evaluated carcasses from these locations and determined the cause of mortality to be Salmonellosis, a disease caused by Salmonella bacteria. Salmonellosis occurs periodically in some years in pine siskins throughout their range. Previous outbreaks in California occurred during the winter of 2012-13 and in 2015. Birds become infected with Salmonella bacteria when they ingest food, water, or come into contact with objects (e.g. bird feeders, perches, soil) contaminated with feces from infected birds. Sick birds often appear weak, have labored breathing, and may sit for prolonged periods of time with fluffed or ruffled feathers. Salmonellosis is highly fatal in pine siskin, with most birds dying within 24 hours after infection. Salmonellosis in pine siskins is almost exclusively reported from locations with bird feeders that attract increased numbers of birds. Residents can help reduce transmission of the disease by removing artificial sources of food and water (bird baths and fountains) as these may increase disease transmission between individual pine siskin, and possibly other bird species, because they bring birds into closer contact than would occur normally. Dead birds may be reported to the Wildlife Investigations Lab to help determine locations and numbers of birds affected during this Salmonellosis outbreak. If sick birds are observed, please contact a local licensed wildlife rehabilitation center for advice.

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– Journal articles, books, and other resources across many subjects. Provides a "cited by" feature to indicate other papers containing a source paper as a reference. Literature Resource Center – Full text access to three key resources--Contemporary Authors, Contemporary Literary Criticism, and Dictionary of Literary Biography--along with over 300 journals, a variety of other important reference works, and selected Web sites. 1991 to present. MLA International Bibliography – Journals, books, and other resources in the fields of literature, language, linguistics, and folklore. Also includes materials on film studies. 1926 to present.

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Many children often present in practice complaining about anterior knee pain. One condition that is worth mentioning is Osgood Schlatter disease (OSD). This condition involves an inflammation of the patellar tendon as it inserts on the tibial tuberosity. It is well known to occur in late childhood and often characterised by pain over the bony prominence just below the knee cap (tibial tuberosity). As children are growing, there are growth centers made up of immature bone and cartilage that become mature and ossify into larger bones after skeletal maturity. However, in late childhood, the tibial tuberosity is subject to much stress as activity level increase, and the patellar tendon tugs away from the growth center of the tibial tuberosity leaving inflammation. Pain is usually felt after physical activity, sometimes pain is permanent and steady regardless of the time of the activity. The pain is sometimes followed by a visible inflammation around the patellar attachment of the tibial tuberosity (Figure 1). Activities such as running, climbing up stairs, jumping, bending at the knees can usually exacerbate the symptoms of OSD. The first line of defense is resting from pain generating activities, the use of conservative management that targets reduction of pain and swelling, and the use of ice and protective padding. In practice, I tend to use manual muscle release techniques to help reduce the tension along the bony prominence and a combination of electrotherapy and rehabilitation to strengthen muscle groupings. It is important to examine the child’s lower limb biomechanics as poor biomechanical functioning can lead to added complications and poor recovery time. In some cases, where either conservative management has failed, or the condition has progressed, an x-ray is needed to examine the affected area for bony fragmentation of the tibial tuberosity. And, sometimes an Ultrasound of the soft tissue swelling is important to rule out differential diagnoses. In more extreme cases, a second line of defense involves surgical removal of a bony fragment if pain persists after conservative management. But research tells us that there is no benefit with surgery versus conservative care. It is also important to consider that there are many other reasons for anterior knee pain such as tumors, infections, muscle and tendon tears, other bony lesions etc. Take home point: Don’t delay anterior knee pain on a child, get it checked out by a medical health professional. Dr. Nourus Yacoub, DC Medical Director and Chiropractor Royal Chiropractic and Sports Injury Clinic Vaishya R, Azizi A, Agarwal A, et al. (September 13, 2016) Apophysitis of the Tibial Tuberosity (Osgood-Schlatter Disease): A Review. Cureus 8(9): e780

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Lead teacher - Mr D Ward/Miss S Fitt Email - email@example.com & firstname.lastname@example.org Qualification - OCR National Level 2 Certificate ( Equivalent to 1 GCSE) Level - L1 Pass, Merit, Distinction - L2 pass, Merit, Distinction, Disctinction * Lessons per fortnight - 5 The qualification consists of four units that give learners the opportunity to develop broad knowledge and understanding of health and social care. Unit 1 - Essential Values of Care for Use With Individuals in Care Settings (Exam, 25%) Learning focuses on the rights of individuals and instils values required to provide quality care in a health, social care or early years environment Unit 2 - Communication and Working with Individuals in care Settings ( Exam 25%) Students learn how to communicate effectively and explore the impact of personal qualities utilised when working with individuals in a health, social care or early years settings. Unit 3 - Nutrition Needed for Good Health (Coursework 25%) Students learn the importance of diet throughout the life stages, giving an understanding of the key nutrients required for good health from childhood to old age. Knowledge is then applied in practical situations Unit 4 - First Aid procedures (Coursework 25%) Students learn how to assess the scene of an accident for dangers and practically perform a variety of basic first aid procedures that could occur in a range of health, social care and early years settings. You can use this qualification to move into a number of careers, including: Further or higher education (sixth form: BTEC level 3 in Health and Social Care, Medicine or related occupations, Paramedic, Nursing, Midwife, Child Care, Physiotherapist, Counsellor, Social Worker, Dietician, Health or Social Care Worker, Radiographer, Care Assistants, Pharmacists, Occupational Therapists. These subject links well with several subjects, including: Science (biology, nutrition), Childcare (human development), Food (nutrition), English ( relating to extended writing and justifying answers). All students taking this course must be prepared to work independently & within a team to produce coursework. The ability to meet deadlines is essential. The subject involves considerable writing and research so an interest in English would be an advantage. Extra-curricular/volunteering experience within a health and social care setting will be a benefit.

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- Year Published: 1918 - Language: English - Country of Origin: United States of America - Source: Baum, L. F. (1918). The Tin Woodman of Oz. J. R. Neill (Ed.). - Flesch–Kincaid Level: 7.0 - Word Count: 1,658 Baum, L. (1918). Chapter 12: “Ozma and Dorothy”. The Tin Woodman of Oz (Lit2Go Edition). Retrieved August 27, 2016, from Baum, L. Frank. "Chapter 12: “Ozma and Dorothy”." The Tin Woodman of Oz. Lit2Go Edition. 1918. Web. <>. August 27, 2016. L. Frank Baum, "Chapter 12: “Ozma and Dorothy”," The Tin Woodman of Oz, Lit2Go Edition, (1918), accessed August 27, 2016,. In her magnificent palace in the Emerald City, the beautiful girl Ruler of all the wonderful Land of Oz sat in her dainty boudoir with her friend Princess Dorothy beside her. Ozma was studying a roll of manuscript which she had taken from the Royal Library, while Dorothy worked at her embroidery and at times stooped to pat a shaggy little black dog that lay at her feet. The little dog’s name was Toto, and he was Dorothy’s faithful companion. To judge Ozma of Oz by the standards of our world, you would think her very young—perhaps fourteen or fifteen years of age—yet for years she had ruled the Land of Oz and had never seemed a bit older. Dorothy appeared much younger than Ozma. She had been a little girl when first she came to the Land of Oz, and she was a little girl still, and would never seem to be a day older while she lived in this wonderful fairyland. Oz was not always a fairyland, I am told. Once it was much like other lands, except it was shut in by a dreadful desert of sandy wastes that lay all around it, thus preventing its people from all contact with the rest of the world. Seeing this isolation, the fairy band of Queen Lurline, passing over Oz while on a journey, enchanted the country and so made it a Fairyland. And Queen Lurline left one of her fairies to rule this enchanted Land of Oz, and then passed on and forgot all about it. From that moment no one in Oz ever died. Those who were old remained old; those who were young and strong did not change as years passed them by; the children remained children always, and played and romped to their hearts’ content, while all the babies lived in their cradles and were tenderly cared for and never grew up. So people in Oz stopped counting how old they were in years, for years made no difference in their appearance and could not alter their station. They did not get sick, so there were no doctors among them. Accidents might happen to some, on rare occasions, it is true, and while no one could die naturally, as other people do, it was possible that one might be totally destroyed. Such incidents, however, were very unusual, and so seldom was there anything to worry over that the Oz people were as happy and contented as can be. Another strange thing about this fairy Land of Oz was that whoever managed to enter it from the outside world came under the magic spell of the place and did not change in appearance as long as they lived there. So Dorothy, who now lived with Ozma, seemed just the same sweet little girl she had been when first she came to this delightful fairyland. Perhaps all parts of Oz might not be called truly delightful, but it was surely delightful in the neighborhood of the Emerald City, where Ozma reigned. Her loving influence was felt for many miles around, but there were places in the mountains of the Gillikin Country, and the forests of the Quadling Country, and perhaps in far-away parts of the Munchkin and Winkie Countries, where the inhabitants were somewhat rude and uncivilized and had not yet come under the spell of Ozma’s wise and kindly rule. Also, when Oz first became a fairyland, it harbored several witches and magicians and sorcerers and necromancers, who were scattered in various parts, but most of these had been deprived of their magic powers, and Ozma had issued a royal edict forbidding anyone in her dominions to work magic except Glinda the Good and the Wizard of Oz. Ozma herself, being a real fairy, knew a lot of magic, but she only used it to benefit her subjects. This little explanation will help you to understand better the story you are reaching, but most of it is already known to those who are familiar with the Oz people whose adventures they have followed in other Oz books. Ozma and Dorothy were fast friends and were much together. Everyone in Oz loved Dorothy almost as well as they did their lovely Ruler, for the little Kansas girl’s good fortune had not spoiled her or rendered her at all vain. She was just the same brave and true and adventurous child as before she lived in a royal palace and became the chum of the fairy Ozma. In the room in which the two sat—which was one of Ozma’s private suite of apartments—hung the famous Magic Picture. This was the source of constant interest to little Dorothy. One had but to stand before it and wish to see what any person was doing, and at once a scene would flash upon the magic canvas which showed exactly where that person was, and like our own moving pictures would reproduce the actions of that person as long as you cared to watch them. So today, when Dorothy tired of her embroidery, she drew the curtains from before the Magic Picture and wished to see what her friend Button Bright was doing. Button Bright, she saw, was playing ball with Ojo, the Munchkin boy, so Dorothy next wished to see what her Aunt Em was doing. The picture showed Aunt Em quietly engaged in darning socks for Uncle Henry, so Dorothy wished to see what her old friend the Tin Woodman was doing. The Tin Woodman was then just leaving his tin castle in the company of the Scarecrow and Woot the Wanderer. Dorothy had never seen this boy before, so she wondered who he was. Also she was curious to know where the three were going, for she noticed Woot’s knapsack and guessed they had started on a long journey. She asked Ozma about it, but Ozma did not know. That afternoon Dorothy again saw the travelers in the Magic Picture, but they were merely tramping through the country and Dorothy was not much interested in them. A couple of days later, however, the girl, being again with Ozma, wished to see her friends, the Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman in the Magic Picture, and on this occasion found them in the great castle of Mrs. Yoop, the Giantess, who was at the time about to transform them. Both Dorothy and Ozma now became greatly interested and watched the transformations with indignation and horror. “What a wicked Giantess!” exclaimed Dorothy. “Yes,” answered Ozma, “she must be punished for this cruelty to our friends, and to the poor boy who is with them.” After this they followed the adventure of the little Brown Bear and the Tin Owl and the Green Monkey with breathless interest, and were delighted when they escaped from Mrs. Yoop. They did not know, then, who the Canary was, but realized it must be the transformation of some person of consequence, whom the Giantess had also enchanted. When, finally, the day came when the adventurers headed south into the Munchkin Country, Dorothy asked anxiously: “Can’t something be done for them, Ozma? Can’t you change ‘em back into their own shapes? They’ve suffered enough from these dreadful transformations, seems to me.” “I’ve been studying ways to help them, ever since they were transformed,” replied Ozma. “Mrs. Yoop is now the only Yookoohoo in my dominions, and the Yookoohoo magic is very peculiar and hard for others to understand, yet I am resolved to make the attempt to break these enchantments. I may not succeed, but I shall do the best I can. From the directions our friends are taking, I believe they are going to pass by Jinjur’s Ranch, so if we start now we may meet them there. Would you like to go with me, Dorothy?” “Of course,” answered the little girl; “I wouldn’t miss it for anything.” “Then order the Red Wagon,” said Ozma of Oz, “and we will start at once.” Dorothy ran to do as she was bid, while Ozma went to her Magic Room to make ready the things she believed she would need. In half an hour the Red Wagon stood before the grand entrance of the palace, and before it was hitched the Wooden Sawhorse, which was Ozma’s favorite steed. This Sawhorse, while made of wood, was very much alive and could travel swiftly and without tiring. To keep the ends of his wooden legs from wearing down short, Ozma had shod the Sawhorse with plates of pure gold. His harness was studded with brilliant emeralds and other jewels and so, while he himself was not at all handsome, his outfit made a splendid appearance. Since the Sawhorse could understand her spoken words, Ozma used no reins to guide him. She merely told him where to go. When she came from the palace with Dorothy, they both climbed into the Red Wagon and then the little dog, Toto, ran up and asked: “Are you going to leave me behind, Dorothy?” Dorothy looked at Ozma, who smiled in return and said: “Toto may go with us, if you wish him to.” So Dorothy lifted the little dog into the wagon, for, while he could run fast, he could not keep up with the speed of the wonderful Sawhorse. Away they went, over hills and through meadows, covering the ground with astonishing speed. It is not surprising, therefore, that the Red Wagon arrived before Jinjur’s house just as that energetic young lady had finished scrubbing the Green Monkey and was about to lead him to the caramel patch.

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Principal Proposed Uses • Male Sexual Dysfunction Other Proposed Uses • Adaptogen(Fighting Stress); Benign Prostate Enlargement (BPH); Diabetes; Fatigue; Female Infertility; Female Sexual Dysfunction; Hypertension; Male Infertility; Osteoarthritis Maca is a Peruvian root vegetable used both as food and medicine. It is sometimes called "Peruvian ginseng," not because the plants have any botanical relationship, but because their traditional uses are somewhat similar. Traditionally, maca has been said to increase energy and stamina, and enhance both fertility and sex drive in men and women. What is Maca Used for Today? Maca is widely marketed for improving male sexual function, female sexual function, and both male fertility and female fertility. However, at present there is no reliable evidence that it actually provides any benefits at all. Much of the evidence for maca comes from animal studies. In one study in rats, use of maca enhanced male sexual function.1 Animal studies have had mixed results regarding male and female fertility.2-7 There are two published human trials on maca, performed by a single research group. In one small 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, use of maca at 1,500 mg or 3,000 mg increased male libido.8 While this was an interesting finding, the study did not report benefits in male sexual function, just desire. Since loss of sexual function (eg, impotence) is a more common problem in men than loss of sexual desire, these results do not justify the widespread claim that maca has been shown to act like a kind of herbal Viagra. Another small study found that 4 months of maca use increased sperm count and sperm function.9 Unfortunately, this study failed to use a control group, and for this reason its results are essentially meaningless. (For more information on why studies must use a control group, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies?) There are no human trials on maca for female fertility or female sexual function. Contrary to widespread reporting, maca does not appear to increase testosterone levels, or, in fact, affect any male hormones.10 Other animal studies hint that maca might offer benefits for prostate enlargement,11,12 stress,13 diabetes,14 and high blood pressure.15 However, this evidence is as yet too weak to justify any claims regarding maca and these conditions. The usual dose of maca is 500 to 1,000 mg three times a day. In the two reported human clinical trials, use of maca has not led to any serious adverse effects. However, this herb has not undergone comprehensive safety testing. Safety in young children, pregnant or nursing women, or people with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established. References [ + ] 1. Cicero AF, Piacente S, Plaza A, et al. Hexanic Maca extract improves rat sexual performance more effectively than methanolic and chloroformic Maca extracts. Andrologia. 2002;34:177-179. 2. Ruiz-Luna AC, Salazar S, Aspajo NJ, et al. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) increases litter size in normal adult female mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005;3:16. 3. Oshima M, Gu Y, Tsukada S, et al. Effects of Lepidium meyenii Walp and Jatropha macrantha on blood levels of estradiol-17 beta, progesterone, testosterone and the rate of embryo implantation in mice. J Vet Med Sci. 2003;65:1145-1146. 4. Chung F, Rubio J, Gonzales C, et al. Dose-response effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) aqueous extract on testicular function and weight of different organs in adult rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98:143-147. 5. Gonzales GF, Rubio J, Chung A, et al. Effect of alcoholic extract of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on testicular function in male rats. Asian J Androl. 2003;5:349-352. 6. Bustos-Obregon E, Yucra S, Gonzales GF, et al. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) reduces spermatogenic damage induced by a single dose of malathion in mice. Asian J Androl. 2005;7:71-76. 7. Gonzales GF, Gasco M, Cordova A, et al. Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on spermatogenesis in male rats acutely exposed to high altitude (4340 m). J Endocrinol. 2004;180:87-95. 8. Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Vega K, et al. Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy men. Andrologia. 2002;34:367. 9. Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Gonzales C, et al. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) improved semen parameters in adult men. Asian J Androl. 2002;3:301-303. 10. Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Vega K, et al. Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a root with aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties, on serum reproductive hormone levels in adult healthy men. J Endocrinol. 2003;176:163-168. 11. Gonzales GF, Miranda S, Nieto J, et al. Red maca ( Lepidium meyenii) reduced prostate size in rats. ReprodBiol Endocrinol. 2005;3:5. 12. Martinez Caballero S, Carricajo Fernandez C, Perez-Fernandez R, et al. Effect of an integral suspension of Lepidium latifolium on prostate hyperplasia in rats. Fitoterapia. 2004;75:187-191. 13. Lopez-Fando A, Gomez-Serranillos MP, Iglesias I, et al. Lepidium peruvianum chacon restores homeostasis impaired by restraint stress. Phytother Res. 2004;18:471-474. 14. Eddouks M, Maghrani M, Zeggwagh NA, et al. Study of the hypoglycaemic activity of Lepidium sativum L. aqueous extract in normal and diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97:391-395. 15. Maghrani M, Zeggwagh NA, Michel JB, et al. Antihypertensive effect of Lepidium sativum L. in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jun 11. [Epub ahead of print] 16. Mehta K, Gala J, Bhasale S, et al. Comparison of glucosamine sulfate and a polyherbal supplement for the relief of osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN25438351]. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007 Oct 31. [Epub ahead of print] Last reviewed December 2015 by EBSCO CAM Review Board

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- Part to Whole Fun Deck The Part to Whole Fun Deck works on deductive reasoning skills to enhance organization and expressive language. Snow, sticks, a hat, a carrot, a scarf… all of these items help you make a… snowman. Increase your students' deductive reasoning skills and enhance organization and expressive language abilities. 26 illustrated card pairs each match an object (i.e. flower) with its parts (petals, stem, leaves). Includes 4 bonus cards and game ideas for a total of 56 cards. Cards measure 2-1/2" x 3-1/2". Includes a sturdy storage tin. Grade PreK – 3.

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The lives of four communities are being transformed by the planting of 40 000 cocoa saplings outside Odzala-Kokoua National Park in the Congo. The programme, involving the rehabilitation of old cocoa fields, is expected to improve harvest yields, the quality of beans and generate income for local villages. The programme is being funded by Rapac (Réseau des Aires Protégees d’Afrique Centrale) and is designed to improve the potential of cocoa as an alternative income alternative to bush meat poaching, a major conservation challenge that threatens the forests of the Congo basin. Agricultural production needs to increase by 70% by 2050 to ensure global food security and avoid adding additional pressures on natural resources in emerging countries. 70% of the world’s annual cocoa production comes from the African continent and 90% of this is provided by subsistence farmers. These smallholders are not organised and do not have access to equipment or financial institutions. In the northern sector of Odzala-Kokoua National Park, this is changing. African Parks is managing a cocoa plantation rehabilitation programme at Odzala-Kokoua National Park that will create income generating activities and divert communities from bush meat poaching, promoting the development of natural resources to local communities. Four nurseries have been set up north of the park in the villages of Goa, Biessie, Boutazab and Batekok, the sites of old cocoa plantations, almost all dating back to colonial times. The saplings are being nurtured and tended to by community members until they are five to ten months old and ready for planting. Once planted, the trees will begin bearing fruit in two to three years. The climate and soil in the northern area is very suitable for the crop, but a marketing infrastructure is lacking. In addition to improving the marketing, the project will establish cocoa nurseries in the community, improve the productivity and quality of cocoa produced, increase the area under protection and strengthen existing farmer organisations. All villagers involved in the initiative have received formal and in-field instruction in growing and harvesting cocoa from agricultural experts who were trained in Brazil. Topics covered have included the rehabilitation and maintenance of plantations and treatments to improve their yields. The programme is also exploring options for the cocoa growers to collaborate with Cameroonian cocoa farmers in order to secure higher prices for their crops. Historically cocoa production flourished in the Congo with frequent training given in the 1970s and 1980s. In the 1970s the cultivation of cocoa was taken over by the Congolese authorities due to the financial implications and its important economic function. However, pressure from the World Bank to liberalise the cocoa market resulted in decreasing market prices, the withdrawal of the government and the closing of the Office of Coffee and Cocoa. This meant that the farmers had to take care of their own cocoa.

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1. What is mortgage? A mortgage loan or simply mortgage is a loan used either by purchasers of real property to raise funds to buy real estate, or alternatively by existing property owners to raise funds for any purpose while putting a being mortgaged. 2. The key strategies. Your business will never increase in value without growth. But business growth does not happen accidentally; it’s the result of strategic initiatives. 3. Long Term Finance. Finance is a term for matters regarding the management, creation, and study of money and investments. Specifically, it deals with the questions of how and why an individual, company or government acquires the money needed – called capital in the company context – and how they spend or invest that money.

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Spanish Civil War Victims' Bodies Finally Removed from Mass Grave Anxious family members watched last week as forensic archaeologists and volunteers scraped through layers of mud to uncover evidence of a crime committed in the heat of a civil war that still haunts parts of Spain – and that served as a curtain raiser to the bloodshed of the second world war. Source & Full Story Please read the 'Geneanet First Steps' pages to learn more about GeneanetFirst Steps To ask for help on any topic related to the Geneanet website, to report a bug and to make a suggestion, please go to our forum.Forum Questions not related to blog notes will not be answered here. Many thanks for your comprehension.

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Avoid the sting this summer As we start to celebrate summer and spend more time outside, the risk of getting stung by a bee becomes a real possibility. And while to some people stings can be little more than a painful nuisance, for others they can have severe health consequences. When you’re making plans to spend time outdoors, ensure you have a prevention strategy in place. You’ve probably heard that bees can sting only once – since their stingers detach, they die shortly afterward. That is true, but only for honey bees, whose barbed stingers get stuck in your skin. Other bees (such as bumblebees) have smooth stingers that enable them to sting over and over again. However, bees typically won’t sting unless they feel threatened. If you leave bees alone, they’ll do the same to you. While they can sometimes be mistaken for bees, wasps are significantly more aggressive. Yellow jacket wasps are responsible for 70 per cent of insect stings in North America, according to the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). In early summer, wasps search for high protein foods to feed their larvae, which is what brings them to June cookouts and barbecues. It’s also what attracts them to pet food, which is why it’s best to keep all food inside or in a sealed container. Later in the season, they’re on the hunt for sugar, which attracts them to soda cans and candy wrappers. If you’re outside and want to avoid pesky visitors from entering your sugary soda, make sure you watch the opening or use an enclosed cup with a straw. Most bee and wasp stings cause pain, swelling and itchiness around the stung area. But that’s where symptoms usually end – after a few days, they go away. However, it’s a different story if you’re allergic. When we get stung, our bodies release histamine, a chemical that helps the immune system fight off invaders. In the process, it causes redness, swelling and itching. When someone with an allergy is stung, this histamine reaction is stronger than normal – and for some when histamine is released into the airways, it may cause the throat to close up in an anaphylactic reaction. Blood pressure may also plummet to dangerously low levels. If you’re having a severe reaction, you should seek emergency medical assistance. If you know you’re allergic, doctors suggest carrying an emergency epinephrine needle such as an EpiPen. Epinephrine helps temporarily open airways to give you more time to seek help. If you don’t know if you’re allergic, consider getting an allergy test. When possible, avoid bees and wasps altogether. However, that’s usually easier said than done. If you think you’ll encounter bees or wasps while outdoors, keep these tips in mind: - Avoid wearing any scented products – wasps may be attracted by the scent. - Cover up – wear pants, long-sleeve shirts, and closed-toe shoes. The CCOHS recommends wearing thicker material, as some stingers are only long enough to reach through thin fabrics. - Don’t wear brightly coloured clothing – it may attract bees or wasps. - If you’re having a picnic, forego overripe fruit, which attracts wasps. - If you encounter a nest or infestation on your property, don’t attempt to deal with it yourself – it’s best to talk to a professional. - If a bee or wasp lands on you, stay as still as possible. It will only sting if it feels threatened, so if you avoid sudden movement, it should eventually fly away. If you get stung by a bee, it’s important to remove the stinger as soon as possible. The most recommended method is to scrape a thin, dull edge such as a credit card against the stinger. Squeezing the stinger may release more venom into the wound. Wash the area with soap and water. Ice, calamine lotion, acetylsalicylic acid and antihistamines can help reduce itching. Don’t let the bugs bite Even when there are no bees or wasps around, creepy crawlies can still find a way to interfere with your summer plans. Here are some general tips for avoiding bug bites this summer: - If you’re walking through bushes or trees, keep as much skin covered as possible – and wear light-coloured clothing so it’s easier to spot ticks hitching a ride or mosquitos moving in for a snack. - If you have a yard, get rid of standing water to stop the spread of mosquitos, and get rid of lawn cuttings immediately so that mosquitos or ticks can’t find a place to rest. - After spending time outdoors, check yourself for ticks. The longer a tick remains in your skin, the higher your chance of developing Lyme disease. - Wear insect repellant that contains DEET. - When you’re working outside, wear gloves – spiders can hang out in dusty corners and woodpiles, so gloves can protect your hands from surprise bites. - Make sure any holes or cracks on the outside of your home are filled in to prevent insects from entering your house or nesting in your walls.

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YOU'VE PROBABLY NEVER HEARD OF McKINTYRE POWDER. The fact you’re hearing about it now, it’s probably because of Janice Martell. Janice is a past President of Local 604 of the Ontario Public Service Employees Union (OPSEU), and a community activist with a particular interest in occupational health and safety. And that’s where McIntyre Powder comes in. As difficult as it may be to believe, hardrock miners and even workers in some other industries like pottery-making were once required to inhale quantities of aluminum dust every day, a bogus form of preventative medicine that was supposed to ward off silicosis. The dust was packaged as McIntyre Powder. This mandatory daily inhalation was not done under medical supervision. The practice began in 1943, and ended in 1979 very shortly after a scathing CBC documentary on the subject. More proof powder hurt more than helped Janice’s father, Jim Hobbs, was a miner in Elliott Lake, Ontario, and a member of the Steelworkers union (USWA). He was exposed to McIntyre Powder during his working life, and in later years suffered from Parkinson’s disease. That’s just one of the diseases associated with over-exposure to aluminum: others include Alzheimer’s disease and Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS). The powder has now been scientifically linked to serious neurotoxic effects, and its alleged usefulness against silicosis has been called into question. Workers' compensation aggressively rejects all claims–including one by Jim Hobbs–citing severe health damage from daily exposure to aluminum dust. As they did with asbestos they claim there was no conclusive medical evidence to prove claims of health damage. Janice Martell is determined to change that. But it's a race against time. The workers themselves are ageing and dying. Too many stories remain untold, too much data remains uncollected. That's why Janice created the McIntyre Powder Project in 2015. The project's aim is to document affected miners’ work histories and health problems in later life. She’s facing “all the Goliaths out there,” she says, but there will be no stopping her. “This is going to take years for me to do, but I’m going to do it.” She's not alone. A tiny tin, a little larger than a D-cell battery, and full of very finely ground aluminium powder which was inhaled by miners around the world. It is alleged to have caused neurological conditions and other medical problems. Gathering the proof of damaged health The Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers (OHCOW) is on board, setting up clinics in Timmins and Sudbury last fall to register miners exposed to the dust (and next-of-kin in cases where the miners themselves have died). Their database now includes information on more than 300 miners. Janice has taken a leave from her job to work with OHCOW, and will be part of a delegation to present their findings to an international conference of scientific researchers in March. OPSEU President Warren (Smokey) Thomas is pressing the issue: "It's high time the [Workplace Safety and Insurance Board] recognized the terrible suffering McIntyre Powder has caused and provided the compensation these miners need and deserve–before more pay the ultimate price, just for doing their jobs." And Thomas gives us the measure of this grassroots activist: “Janice is a fearless advocate for those who have suffered grave injustice. Hers is a powerful and tireless voice for a generation of miners who’ve developed debilitating diseases after decades of toil in dark, dusty tunnels.” A powerful and tireless voice indeed. And we’ll be hearing much more from her in the future. FOOTNOTE: Jim Hobbs died in late May 2017.

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Hamlet 7 soliloquies essay (R. Whites, K. Zich, R. Maxwell) 2) How do Hamlet's seven soliloquies reveal his character? Thesis Hamlet's soliloquy's reveal much about his character. Hamlet essays. These results are the patriarchal society in this i suppose she mumbled no doubt that are the sixteenth century. Thesis examples of laertes in hamlet 7. This essay explores Shakespeare's use of soliloquies in revealing character in Hamlet. In Hamlet, Shakespeare makes significant use of extended monologues, or soliloquies, to express the thoughts and feelings of Hamlet in dramatic form. Accurate List of Hamlet's Soliloquies Though Hamlet's "To be or not to be" speech is his fourth soliloquy Gonna ace that essay now :) 9/5/16, 5:02 PM. This essay will explore the play's Hamlet soliloquy development. My task is to analyse the points of revenge, love, betrayal and the duty of hamlet and of he does it. Hamlet term papers (paper 14177) on Hamlet’S Soliloquies : The soliloquies spoken by Hamlet were directed to the audience, rather than seeming like. TOPIC: How do Hamlet’s seven soliloquies reveal his character? Look closely at the key, recurring themes as they relate to his thinking and behavior. Hamlet gives us seven soliloquies, all centered on the most important existential themes: the emptiness of existence, suicide, death, suffering, action, a fear of. The Soliloquies of Hamlet Authors use various literary elements to give insight into the mental composition of their characters In Shakespeares Hamlet Prince of. Read the Hamlet soliloquy “O that this too solid flesh would melt” below with modern English translation & analysis: Spoken by Hamlet, Hamlet Act 1 Scene 2. HAMLET Hamlet’s seven soliloquies PHILIP ALLAN LITERATURE GUIDE FOR A-LEVEL 3 Philip Allan Updates unhappily or not at all. As always, Hamlet moves from the. Professional Academic Help. Starting at $7.99 per pageOrder is too expensive? Split your payment apart - Hamlet 7 soliloquies essay. Hamlet Soliloquy Essay Essay, term paper research paper on Hamlet In the first soliloquy, Hamlet talks about how aggravated at life he is and that if. Professional Academic Help. Starting at $7.99 per pageOrder is too expensive? Split your payment apart - Soliloquies of hamlet essay on madness. Hamlet 7 soliloquies essay Hamlet: Essay Topics 1) Conflict is essential to drama. Show that Hamlet. presents both an outward and inward conflict. 2) How do Hamlet's seven soliloquies reveal. Professional Academic Help. Starting at $7.99 per pageOrder is too expensive? Split your payment apart - Soliloquies of hamlet essay conclusion. Read this Literature Essay and over 86,000 other research documents. Hamlet. Select one of Hamlet soliloquies (preferably not "To be or not to be...") and by. Hamlet soliloquies explained Write an about someone you admire othello theme arts in the 1920s hamlet soliloquies explained interpretation of the road not taken. Soliloquies of hamlet essay. Written by on December 12, 2016. Posted in Uncategorized. Motivational essay organ donation night essays les affranchis france inter. HAMLET A monologue from the play by William Shakespeare. HAMLET: To be, or not to be--that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer. The soliloquies from Hamlet below are extracts from the full modern English Hamlet ebook, and should help you to understand the main Hamlet soliloquys: O that this. Hamlet's soliloquies have also captured the attention of scholars Carolyn Heilbrun's 1957 essay "The Character of Hamlet's Mother" defends Gertrude. Essay/Term paper: Soliloquies of hamlet Essay, term paper, research paper: Hamlet. See all college papers and term papers on hamlet. Free essays available online are. Hamlet soliloquies Essays: Over 180,000 hamlet soliloquies Essays, hamlet soliloquies Term Papers, hamlet soliloquies Research Paper, Book Reports. 184 990 ESSAYS. Soliloquies Dramatic soliloquies are generally understood to be words spoken by a character who is alone on stage or seems to be speaking private thoughts aloud. Get an answer for 'Which, of Hamlet's seven soliloquies is most important to the development of both the Hamlet's character and the plot?' and find homework help for. Hamlet's Soliloquy: To be, or not to be: that is the question (3.1) Annotations To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer. Free Essays on Hamlet Soliloquies. Get help with your writing. 1 through 30. A short summary and analysis "Hamlet," and a list of all seven of Hamlet's soliloquies with original text and interpretation. Hamlet: The Seven Soliloquies The Soliloquy is generally used as a means of revealing the inner working of the mind. of a character. It is a device by employing which. Hamlet: Soliloquies Essays: Over 180,000 Hamlet: Soliloquies Essays, Hamlet: Soliloquies Term Papers Order plagiarism free custom written essay. Hamlet Examined Through Soliloquies Soliloquies and set speeches have a pride of place in both Shakespeare’s plays and those of other Elizabethan and Jacobean. Hamlet term papers (paper 14175) on Hamlet S Soliloquies : The soliloquies spoken by Hamlet were directed to the audience, rather than seeming like conversations. In William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" there are four major soliloquies that reflect the. character of Hamlet. In this paper I will be analyzing and discussing how these. Welcome to the Literature Network Forums forums Essay on Hamlet's soliloquies- pointers. The soliloquies in Hamlet do not. Hamlet's first soliloquy falls in Act 1, Scene 2. Following is the Hamlet's First Soliloquy Text, later followed by a summary for better understanding. How Did Hamlets Seven Soliloquies Reveal His Character. Hamlet's Soliloquies Reveal His Personality "To be or not to be that is the question (Hamlet. Free hamlet papers, essays, and research papers These results are sorted by most relevant first (ranked search). You may also sort these by color rating or essay. Get access to Hamlet s Soliloquies Essays only from Anti Essays. Listed Results 1 - 30. Get studying today and get the grades you want. Only at. Hamlet’s soliloquies. Hamlet’s soliloquies. Paper instructions: Pick out Hamlet’s soliloquies throughout the play. Is there a pattern in what Hamlet says about. Essay The Soliloquies of Hamlet Authors use various literary elements to give insight into the mental composition of their characters. In Shakespeare's. Open Document. Below is an essay on "Hamlet's Seven Soliliquys" from Anti Essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Free essay on Hamlet Soliloquy Analysis available totally free at echeat.com, the largest free essay community. Hamlet soliloquy essay. Sample required texts/suggested readings/materials. Writing my new year 3 of the play. That explores the feminine, review. You can find more information on how to prepare a good Hamlet’s soliloquies essay using Hamlet coursework or a Literature thesis about Shakespeare’s works. Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on Hamlet Seven Soliloquies. From a general summary to chapter summaries to explanations of famous quotes, the SparkNotes Hamlet Study Guide has everything you need to ace quizzes, tests, and essays. Essay On Hamlet Hamlet character analysis essay - High-Quality Research Paper Writing and Editing Assistance - We Provide Online Writing Assignments For. TOPIC: How do Hamlet’s seven soliloquies reveal his character? Look closely at the key, recurring themes as they relate to his thinking and behavior. Seven Soliloquies of Hamlet: A Journey into Madness The seven soliloquies of Hamlet are the focus of this paper consisting of 8 pages, which.

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Non-ownership livestock programs: A great way to engage urban youth! Engaging youth who live in urban areas in non-ownership livestock programs is a great way to expand knowledge of the agriculture industry, develop life skills and spur interest in agriculture. Non-ownership livestock program can increase the number of youth who live in urban areas that don’t have direct access to farms or ranches. This program allows youth to learn about and experience the joys and trials of animal science projects. Michigan State University Extension says non-ownership livestock programs can help youth build a foundation of education about animal science by learning about breeds of livestock, anatomy, uses of livestock, different types of feed and many other relevant topics. They can gain hands-on experience with animal science by participating in farm visits and building relationships with producers and industry representatives that can expand their knowledge. All of these activities will help youth gain an understanding of livestock production practices, market factors and the food chain supply. This helps them become educated consumers and possibly one day producers. Non-ownership livestock projects are also great ways to introduce younger members into livestock projects before they advance to ownership. Teaching younger youth the basics of animal science is a great way to prepare them for livestock ownership. They will have the primary content knowledge about breeds, safe handling techniques and care of the animal before they commit to owning an animal. The most important aspect for 4-H programs to consider before implementing a non-ownership livestock project area is to offer a user friendly curriculum so that volunteers, youth and parents know what to expect from the program. The curriculum should be progressive and build from simple content area topics to more complex ones. Also, a list of local producers and industry representatives should be developed so that youth and volunteers know specific individuals who can assist in various content areas. Non-ownership livestock projects are a great way to increase urban youth participation, spark an interest in animal science and advocate for the livestock agriculture industry!

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Here's how parents can keep kids safe online without spying According to Jaci Russo, founder of Social Nation U, I’m a technology immigrant and my children are technology natives. In other words, I’m of a generation that remembers life before we had computers and digital technology at our fingertips every waking moment. My kids, who are in their early 20’s, never knew life without computers. They seem to have a genetic predisposition for understanding the constantly evolving world of apps and social media that can easily send parents’ brains into a tailspin. Russo says a major challenge for parents like me is that we have “immigrants” trying to teach “natives” how to maintain digital safety and appropriate interaction on apps that we can’t keep up with and frequently don’t have any interest in using. It’s hard to know what to do and how to do it. Russo has been traveling the country for 10 years educating parents and kids about safe technology use. Her website offers multiple resources for parents, including specific information about how to monitor kids’ use of social media and how to raise children who are responsible digital citizens. Some of her suggestions include: 1. Monitor kids’ presence online and on social media This doesn’t mean you spy on your kids and read their every text and email. However, parents should be “friends” with their children on social media sites so they can be aware of what their children are posting. If kids have an app, parents should have it too so they can practice using it and confirm that it’s appropriate for their child’s use. 2. Provide a central charging station for the family outside of the bedrooms Phones, tablets and computers should be off limits during sleep hours. Providing a central charging station where everyone parks their devices overnight (including parents) can promote a family culture of positive mental, physical and technological health. 3. Parents should control passwords and do research before allowing kids to download anything If you don’t have time to research, encourage your child to practice delayed gratification until you do. Don’t give in to the pressure to automatically okay anything. “Parents need to parent,” says Russo. “That means they need to enforce the technology rules in spite of kids’ protests. You wouldn’t let your kid drive your car without instructions and lots of supervised practice, but you let them travel the world of the internet with no supervision?” Determine what level of technology is appropriate for your child at each age Katey McPherson, internet safety advocate and mother of four, encourages parents to have open discussions with their children about the family’s use of technology. She recommends that parents be clear about the purpose of a device and then set reasonable limits for use. For instance, if the primary purpose for your child to have a phone is for safety, then a flip phone rather than a smart phone will suffice, especially for children younger than 12. If your child is older than 12 and the purpose of them having a smartphone is not only increased safety but also access to the internet and social media, then ongoing conversations will be needed to ensure appropriate use. When deciding whether your child is ready for a particular social media platform or app, McPherson recommends doing the research to find out what that platform or app allows in terms of content. If you’re ready for your child to be exposed to that content, then you can approve it. Parents can go to smartsocial.com to learn about more than 70 apps and whether they’re safe or harmful for teen use. - Machine that folds laundry debuts at Consumer Electronics Show and parents learn to dream again - How to correct kid's mistakes without making them feel like one - Raising kids who aren't entitled requires discipline on parent's part, too

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on Friday, December 21, 2012 Memorial Sloan Kettering researchers have shown for the first time that administering a growth factor called interleukin-7 can help patients regenerate T cells more quickly after stem cell transplantation. Cancer patients who receive a stem cell transplant as part of their treatment undergo a temporary depletion of certain white blood cells known as T cells, which are critical to the proper functioning of the immune system. Until they can regenerate a sufficient number of T cells, these patients are at serious risk of infection by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi — as well as of having their cancer return. Now Memorial Sloan Kettering researchers have shown for the first time that administering a growth factor called interleukin-7 (IL-7) can help patients regenerate T cells more quickly after transplantation. The pharmaceutical version of IL-7, called CYT107, was developed by Cytheris, a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company. Although the study involved only 12 people, it raises hopes for development of a therapy that would allow patients to regain full immune function faster and improve their chances of survival. “IL-7 may be the T cell growth factor we’ve been looking for,” says physician-scientist Marcel R. M. van den Brink, head of Memorial Sloan Kettering’s Division of Hematologic Oncology and a member of the Sloan Kettering Institute’s Immunology Program. He led the research along with physician-scientist Miguel-Angel Perales, who conducted the phase I clinical trial, and they reported the results in the December 6 issue of the journal Blood. Improving T Cell Recovery Dr. van den Brink specializes in treating cancers and blood disorders using allogeneic stem cell transplantation, in which patients receive blood-forming stem cells from a donor to replace their own malfunctioning blood cells. In previous research in mice, Dr. van den Brink and colleagues had demonstrated that IL-7, a naturally occurring protein that carries signals between cells, could enhance the development and survival of T cells when given following allogeneic transplants. Despite the promise shown by IL-7 in the laboratory, there was concern that boosting T cell recovery after a transplant could cause a complication known as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), in which donor T cells attack the recipient. Risk of GVHD depends on the number of T cells present in the transplanted cells, with higher numbers of T cells bringing greater risk. Because of this threat, the researchers tested the IL-7 therapy in transplant patients receiving stem cells from which most of the T cells had been removed — an approach known as T cell depletion. In the trial, 12 Memorial Sloan Kettering patients with blood cancers (acute myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, or chronic myelogenous leukemia) who had received allogeneic transplants received injections of escalating doses of CYT107 once a week for three consecutive weeks. The trial was conducted mainly to demonstrate that the treatment was safe, although the researchers also looked for any evidence that IL-7 was having an effect on the transplanted T cells. “To our surprise we already noticed increases in T lymphocyte counts even after the lowest dose of IL-7, which was not expected to have much effect,” says Dr. Perales.Back to top The treatment did not appear to have any toxic effects, and only one patient experienced GVHD. In addition, subsequent analysis of each patient’s blood and lymph fluid showed that certain subsets of T cells had increased in number significantly — especially in a group known as effector memory T cells. These T cells fight off repeat infections and prevent a person from catching the same illness more than once. The results suggest IL-7 holds promise as a treatment to help patients recover immune function after an allogeneic stem cell transplant. “Although it’s a small trial, any therapy that shows a beneficial effect in people is a significant advance,” Dr. van den Brink says. “However, larger studies are needed to confirm the safety and success of this approach before it becomes part of a standard treatment for patients receiving an allogeneic transplant.”Back to top

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Past Pieces: “You little weasel!” Snapshot Wisconsin volunteers have identified a total of 493 triggers of weasels over the course of the project. Although we don’t distinguish between species in our classifications, Wisconsin is home to three distinct species: the long-tailed weasel, short-tailed weasel and least weasel. One of them is known as the smallest carnivore in North America, read through the post to find out which species it is! The article below, “You little weasel!” by Christian W. Cold, was originally published in Wisconsin Natural Resources magazine in February 1998. After reading, you may find that these mysterious critters will weasel their way into your liking. Survival is the objective of the day, every day, if you are little. And danger is always nearby when you are a weasel. Creatures larger than you are out there, listening, and watching with hungry eyes. You avoid their attention by remaining tentative; carefully choosing when to move. You travel about your 40-acre universe in a state of perpetual tension, keenly aware of every sound, every smell and every motion around you Finding a meal is work. Avoiding becoming a meal is even tougher. As both hunter and hunted, you bear the risks by constantly moving. If you tarry, you die; if your prey hesitates, it dies. Your quarry takes many forms – most are smaller than you, but similar in appearance. Their scent lingers everywhere, but they vanish when you arrive. Your prey cringes in terror in your presence…with good reason Weasels have an image problem. We are quick to condemn them as corrupt, greedy little villains who sneak around and kill with deadly efficiency for no reason whatsoever. We’ve historically viewed weasels as pests, varmints or scraps of fur only suitable for a decorative trim on collar or cuff. It’s a wonder that weasels have endured such a hostile world.In fact, weasels are marvelously successful. They persist by being alert, inquisitive, tenacious and most importantly, small. Hunters of mice Weasels are members of a large and diverse family of mammals known as mustelids, which include mink, martens, fishers and skunks. If you shake the family tree harder, badgers, wolverines and otters are also distant relatives. As a clan, the mustelids are typically slender, elongated animals with short legs, a small head and short fur. Their needle-like canine teeth are designed to pierce the throat and brain of small animals, particularly rodents. The species name, Mustela, means “one who carries off mice,” and all weasels are accomplished mousers. However, to reap the benefits of their small, dynamic world, the weasels can’t afford to be picky eaters. The bill-of-fare includes chipmunks, ground squirrels, insects, small birds, frogs and snakes. Shrews form an important part of their winter diet. Though they occasionally eat fish, weasels are poor swimmers, paddling clumsily with their backs arched out of water. Weasels have an earned reputation as fierce, efficient predators that will attack animals several times their own size. A four-ounce weasel can kill a four-pound rabbit. The weasel’s habit of killing larger prey and killing several animals at a time stems from its habit of storing or caching surplus food for later use. Small caches scattered about can provide a series of small meals. Incidents of wholesale slaughter in poultry yards are likely triggered when a weasel goes into “hunt mode” in the unnatural setting of finding several confined prey with no avenue of escape Three species of true weasels live in North America. The largest, at 18 inches, is the long-tailed weasel. Long-tails occupy diverse habitats throughout the United States and into Central America. They appear to prefer patchy landscapes of mixed habitats intersected by streams and small rivers. The smaller short-tailed weasel or “ermine” is found in heavily-forested areas and brushy areas of Canada, the northeastern states, the Upper Midwest and Northwestern forests. Smallest of the tribe is the least weasel, a pugnacious dynamo who claims the title as North America’s smallest carnivore. The least weasel is infrequently observed in the marshes and damp meadow. I once inadvertently caught one in a repeating mouse trp at the Mead Wildlife Area in Marathon County in the Upper Great lakes region. The pelts of all three weasels are brownish and are replaced by a winter white coat that begins to appear by the first of November. The long-tail and short-tail sport a black tip on their tails; an attribute which may confound the striking accuracy of avian predators. Hawks, owls, eagles, foxes, coyotes, bobcats, lynx and domestic cats will eat a weasel – provided they can catch one! The larger mustelids such as mink, marten and fisher pursue small weasels with frightful determination. Size and agility are not the weasel’s only defense. A pungent musk, secreted from an anal gland, may repel or nauseate all but the most persistent of predators. Weasels sexually mature before their first birthday. A typical litter of six or seven young is born each year and is cared for by both parents. Weasels reaching five to six years are regarded as fully mature. Individuals as old as 10 are considered ancient How to find a weasel Weasels are easiest to see in winter when leaf cover is gone and a thin layer of tracking snow will show their whereabouts in the neighborhood. Weasels leave staggered pairs of little footprints placed in a bounding gait fashion. Look for sudden right-angle turns in the tracks that often disappear beneath the snow and reappear at a considerable distance. Weasels hunt aggressively during the cold, hungry months of winter. Their intense curiosity and insatiable appetite leads them to range widely in a seemingly erratic fashion. They seldom travel far in any one direction. A weasel will stop to poke its little head into every hole, nook and cranny it can probe. Its slender body can squeeze into lairs and runways of mice. Within these subterranean passages the weasel’s sensitive nose and ears will quickly locate the tenants. Weasels often den in an abandoned (or usurped!) home of a chipmunk or ground squirrel, in a hollow log or under a pile of rubble. The nest chamber is often lined with fine grasses, feathers or the fur of the “former” occupants. Weasels are remarkably clean animals that will not defecate in their quarters. They designate a separate latrine area. These sleek, little hunters are both feared and respected. If you are a weasel among mice, is it merely “a terrible efficiency” to be the animal that eats its neighbors? I think not. The weasel was designed by the limits of its environment to eat the flesh of others. It must kill to see another day. As humans, we tend to leave that grisly chore to the butcher, but the weasel assumes considerable risk and expends considerable energy just surviving. The next time you get to see these ambitious little bundles of energy, take a moment to view the world from their perspective. Be thankful that at your comparative size, you can afford to wish them “good hunting.” To view the full posting of the article in the Wisconsin Natural Resources magazine, click this link.

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A lavishly grown, dark and evergreen forest arms thousands of species within itself. Considering only trees as a constitute of the forest is an error. It is much more than just an assemblage of trees. From sheltering wild lives, protecting watersheds to addressing human’s needs and greed’s its significance can never go out of sight. Nepal is a great surprise to the world when it comes to biodiversity. Within a limited territory, it hosts about 5.5 million ha or 37.4% of the total area of forest. The “other land” category covering another 15.7% has good potential for development into forest or pasture. It is said that when things are important then they are vulnerable too. The destruction of forests is going at an alarming rate. The surging climate change and human negligence have caused uncontrolled forest fire which has changed the whole dynamics of biodiversity. According to reports, wildfires were burning in at least 60 places across 22 of Nepal’s 77 administrative districts. Forest fires often erupt in Nepal during the January-May dry season, when villagers burn dry leaves in the woodlands to prompt fresh grass growth for their cattle. The number of fires this year was 15 times the number of fires in 2020. But we don’t immediately have a reason for the increase. A hill was burned during a forest fire in Makwanpur located at the outskirts of Kathmandu valley. The big forest fires in Pathibhara in eastern Nepal and below Mt Machapuchre in Kaski, Manang, Rasuwa, Lamjung and Sindhupalchok destroyed the vegetation, habitats of wild animals and localized flora and fauna. The fire was ignited accidentally because of people grazing livestock or gathering firewood. The fire has destroyed over 700 hectares of forest rich in endangered wildlife and Himalayan plant species.in Mustang. It is estimated that Nepal has been losing around 200,000 hectares of forest cover every year since 2005 to forest fires. About 90 per cent of wildfires are human-induced. Most of these fires have been linked with deliberate burning while making land for farming, while collecting non-timber forest products, due to human negligence. The crawling and crown fire has destroyed the forest land, vegetation and wild lives. Fire is an agent of transformation which affects biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem and alters the productive, protective function of a forest. These effects are highlighted in the ecosystem fragmentation, alteration in ecosystem structure and function as well as biodiversity status of an area. The prominent effect of fire is storm water runoff that promotes the transportation of debris and sediment into larger bodies of water resulting from the pollution of valuable and essential resources. The flames from the fires destroy the food source and shelters of many wild lives, threatening their survival. The plants and trees that can survive the flames are susceptible to disease, fungus, and insects due to their decreased resistance following burn injuries. Forest fires raging on steep slopes lead to rockfall even if the fire is still burning. If the leaves and topsoil are consumed by fire, the destabilized stones are set in motion. The layer of ash created by the fire becomes water-repellent as a result no rainwater is able to be absorbed by the soil for one to two years which creates surface runoff. This causes erosion, especially in heavy rain. Organic nutrients of the soil are degraded or swept by wildfires so the production of biome is questionable. Fire affects nutrient cycling and the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil. Soil heating directly affects microorganisms by either killing them directly or altering their reproductive capabilities. The habitat changes caused by fire influence faunal populations and communities much more profoundly. Small carnivores respond to fire effects on small mammal populations (either positive or negative). Large carnivores and omnivores are opportunistic species with large home ranges. Their populations change little in response to fire. Fires reduce habitat quality for species that require dense cover and improve it for species that prefer open sites. Population explosions of wood-boring insects, an important food source for insect predators and insect-eating birds, can be associated with fire-killed trees. Animals’ immediate response to fire may include mortality or movement. It is influenced by fire intensity, severity, rate of spread, uniformity, and size. Long-term faunal response to fire is determined by habitat change, which influences feeding, movement, reproduction, and availability of shelter. Alteration of fire regimes alters landscape patterns and the trajectory of change on the landscape. These changes affect habitat and often produce major changes in faunal communities. Fire influences the composition, structure, and landscape patterns of animal habitats. For animals, the vegetation structure spatially arranges the resources needed to live and reproduce, including food, shelter and hiding cover. Some fires alter the vegetation structure in relatively subtle ways, for example, reducing litter and dead herbs in variable-sized patches. Wildfires add difficulties to the existence of animals. The sudden change in their adaptation cause them to either extant, sustain or extinct. Fires influence birds indirectly through habitat modification, changes in the food supply, or changes in abundance of competitors and predators. The havoc created by wildfire leaves no edge unturned. In just seconds, a spark or even the sun’s heat alone sets off the whole forest on fire. The wildfire quickly spreads, consuming the thick, dried-out vegetation and almost everything else that comes in its path. Today, the need for a healthy environment is expressed in greater intensity. Concrete plans and actions should be taken to contain an uncontrolled fire in order to conserve valuable species of nature. Author: Dikshya Neupane is an enthusiastic youth motivated to work in the field of biodiversity conservation.

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1769 Blackfriars Bridge opened. 1773 Stock Exchange opens in Threadneedle Street. 1780 Gordon Riots, over 800 die. 1785 First edition of the Daily Universal Register (becomes ‘The Times’ Newspaper). 1831 A new London Bridge opens, architect John Rennie. 1841 Fenchurch Street railway station opened. 1852 Opening of new Billingsgate Fish Market building, architect Horace Jones. 1855 Bartholomew Fairs curtain comes down for the final time after 700 years. 1856 Last Lord Mayors procession on the river. Corporation of London buys its own Cemetery outside of the city in Ilford, Essex. 1865 Underground railways enter the City, Moorgate Street station opens. 1866 Cannon Street overground station opens. 1868 New Smithfield Meat Market opens, designed by Horace Jones. 1869 Queen Victoria opens both the new Blackfriars Bridge and Holborn Viaduct on the same day (6th November). 1871 Queen Victoria Street opens, linking the newly built Victoria Embankment to Bank Junction in the heart of the city. 1874 Liverpool Street railway station opens. 1878 Temple Bar dismantled. Corporation of London becomes owner of Epping Forest. 1879 The City gets Britains first Telephone Exchange, Coleman Street (8 subscribers). 1881 New Leadenhall Market opens, architect Horace Jones. 1888 Financial Times introduced. 1898 ‘Waterloo & City’ line (later knicknamed ‘The Drain’) opened, linking Waterloo to Bank

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Subject Leader within the school is: Miss. Corrigan At Kingsfield, we aim to develop a genuine interest in geography and a real sense of curiosity about the world and the people who live in it. We strive to provide children with a broad and balanced geography curriculum which develops their understanding of locational knowledge, place knowledge and human and physical geography. This is accompanied by the development and application of key skills, supported by fieldwork. Our geography curriculum is centred round the development of an understanding of the rich geographical area in which we live, including the school grounds themselves. The children will learn about their immediate local area, the wider local community and where our community fits into Great Britain and the world beyond. The curriculum is designed to develop the key knowledge and skills to find out about diverse places, people, resources and natural and human environments, together with an understanding of the Earth’s key physical and human processes. Fieldwork, trips and visits are a key part of our geography curriculum. The local area is fully utilised within the curriculum and extensive opportunities for learning outside the classroom are embedded within the units of work. Links between subjects are carefully planned and children are encouraged to contribute to the life of the school and the community and to use real contexts to develop their skills and knowledge in Geography. Our curriculum will inspire in children a curiosity and fascination about the world and its people which will remain with them for the rest of their lives, equipping them well for further education and beyond. As children progress throughout the school, they develop a deep knowledge, understanding and appreciation of their local area and its place within the wider geographical context.

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Scientists aim to unravel immune system’s response to COVID-19 31 August 2020 UCL is playing a major role in the COVID-19 Immunology consortium (UK-CIC), one of three new UK-wide studies, which aim to better understand the immune response to the novel coronavirus. UK-CIC has received £6.5m funding from the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) to bring together leading immunologists from 17 UK research institutions including UCL to study the cellular immune response to COVID-19. Working together the researchers aim to better understand the body’s immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and will develop tests to define immunity to the virus. The scientists will also try to understand why some people suffer from severe life-threatening COVID-19 while others have mild or asymptomatic infections but can still transmit the virus. Importantly these studies will determine when and how immunity persists or whether people can become re-infected. Together, it is hoped these studies will improve the treatment of patients and inform the development of vaccines and therapies. The UK-CIC will receive investigate key questions including: - How long does immunity from COVID-19 last? - Why are some people’s immune systems better able to fight off the virus? - Why do some people’s immune responses cause damage, especially to the lungs? - How does the virus ‘hide from’ the immune system and how can this be tackled? - Does immunity to previous infection with seasonal coronaviruses (which cause the common cold) alter a person’s outcome with SARS-CoV-2? Professor Mala Maini is one of five immunologists making up the operational team; she will coordinate a theme bringing researchers from several centres of excellence together to focus on the role of cross-reactive T cells in COVID-19. This theme will ask whether pre-existing T cell immunity to closely related coronaviruses (that cause the common cold) can influence the highly variable outcome of infection with SARS-CoV-2 in different age-groups and geographic regions. Professor Stauss and Professor Chain will investigate in detail the genetic profile of immune cells that can selectively kill cells infected with the Sars-CoV-2 virus. They will identify the receptors that the immune cells use to specifically recognise and kill the infected cells. The researchers will also explore whether the identified receptors can be used for gene therapy of COVID-19 by re-programming a large number of immune cells to attack Sars-CoV-2 infected cells. A better understanding of these immune responses, particularly the T cell response, could provide targets for new therapies to treat COVID-19 and inform the efforts to develop a vaccine. The project will use samples and data from major UK COVID-19 projects already underway, and funded by UKRI and NIHR, including ISARIC-4C (characterizing and following more than 75,000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19) and the genomic studies COG-UK (sequencing the SARS-CoV-2 virus genomes) and GenOMICC (sequencing the genomes of people with COVID-19). Professor Maini, a viral immunologist, said: "This consortium is bringing immunologists from around the country together to coordinate our studies in an unprecedented manner. By sharing reagents, samples, ideas and early findings, we will accelerate our progress in addressing vital questions about how the immune response dictates the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and what level of ongoing protection (immune memory) can be achieved. - Profile: Professor Mala Maini - Profile: Professor Hans Stauss - Profile: Professor Benny Chain - Profile: Professor Arne Akbar - UK Coronavirus Immunology Consortium - British Society for Immunology 'Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Colorized scanning electron micrograph of a cell (blue) heavily infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus particles (red), isolated from a patient sample.' Credit: NIAID/NIH via Flickr

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SYNOPSIS: Large posters showing the number of United States aircraft claimed shot down over North Vietnam are displayed prominently in Hanoi as life returns to normal after the bombing halt. SYNOPSIS: Large posters showing the number of United States aircraft claimed shot down over North Vietnam are displayed prominently in Hanoi as life returns to normal after the bombing halt. This official film shows undamaged parts of the city, perhaps indicating a change of policy because Hanoi had previously concentrated on showing bomb-damaged areas. The people of Hanoi are still cautious about more bombing attacks. The day before this film was shot, President Nixon announced that all bombing of North Vietnam had been halted Twelve days of earlier intensive raids on the port of Haiphong and Hanoi had halted on December thirtieth. The North Vietnamese people were aware of President Nixon's latest announcement, but official statements in Hanoi warn the citizens that they must be prepared to continue the struggle. Newspaper reports say the people should retain their caution. In the rest of the world there is some optimism that the latest bombing halt could herald the end of the war. Propaganda posters against the United States, and caricatures of President Nixon, still festoon the streets of Hanoi, tangible evidence that North Vietnam remains cautious towards hope of a final ceasefire. Although North Vietnam is at present free from the immediate threat of more air raids, the bombing of Communist positions in the south continues.

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Arthritis in Pets Cartilage is a slippery substance which acts as a buffer or “cushion” between the bones in a joint. It allows the bones to move over or around each other without pain. Arthritis occurs when the cartilage within a joint becomes damaged. Eventually an arthritic joint becomes inflamed and painful. There are over 100 different types of arthritis recognised in humans. In pets, the most common form is osteoarthritis, sometimes called degenerative joint disease. Other types include rheumatoid arthritis and septic arthritis which is caused by joint infection. Arthritis commonly affects older and middle-aged pets. However, the condition is not limited to these age groups and younger animals can also suffer from the disease. When arthritis eventually causes changes in the joint which result in pain, this often becomes apparent by changes in the animal’s behavior – the primary symptoms of the disease. Because arthritis commonly develops with age, pet owners sometimes confuse changes in their animal’s behavior as normal age-related changes (such as a decrease in play), whereas in fact, the animal might be suffering quite severe arthritic pain. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It is essentially caused by daily wear-and-tear of the joint, but can also occur as a result of injury. Osteoarthritis begins as a disruption of the cartilage; ultimately, this causes the bones in the joint to erode into each other. The condition may start with minor pain during your pet’s activity, but can develop into continuous chronic pain which might even occur when the animal is resting. Osteoarthritis typically affects the weight-bearing joints, but can affect both large and small joints of the body. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis is most commonly a disease of elderly pets. Osteoarthritis, like rheumatoid arthritis, cannot be cured, but the condition can be prevented from worsening. Physiotherapy to strengthen muscles and joints can be helpful. Pain medications may be required. For some pets, weight-loss can reduce the stress on the joints thereby reducing the development of osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the body’s own immune system starts to attack body tissues. The attack is quite general and affects not only the joint but also many other parts of the body. This condition causes damage to the joint lining and cartilage. Eventually, this results in erosion of the opposing bones of the joint. Drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis include corticosteroids. Symptoms of arthritis may not be particularly obvious in the early stages of the disease, but become apparent as pain in the joint increases. Symptoms may be particularly difficult to notice in cats as they tend to hide signs of injury or weakness. An animal with arthritis may favor one or more of their limbs, or have a distinct limp. The severity and type of limp will depend on the joint/s that are affected. Limping is often more pronounced immediately after the animal wakes up from sleeping, and then becomes less pronounced as the animal begins moving about. Because of the pain caused by arthritis, affected animals may become reluctant to move in ways with which they previously had no difficulty. For instance, arthritic cats might stop jumping up to high areas for sleeping, or may stop using litter trays with high sides. Dogs may not be able to sit so easily, jump in and out of cars, or get up and down stairs. Arthritis can also affect various parts of the spine. This often results in an abnormal posture with a hunched back, a sore neck, or lameness in one or both hind legs. Animals with arthritis become tired more easily. For dogs, walks may become shorter and your pet may spend more time sleeping or resting. Pets with arthritis often lick, chew or bite the painful body areas. If this becomes severe, it may cause baldness over the affected area, or inflamed skin. Conversely, your pet may reduce its grooming because the movements are painful. Changes in temperament As with any condition that causes pain, your pet may become irritable if arthritis develops – they may bite, snap or vocalize when handled. It may be necessary to revise your petting or handling so that it does not cause pain. Muscle atrophy is a decrease in the mass of muscles. This decrease can be partial or a complete wasting away. Arthritic pets can develop muscle atrophy due to inactivity. Atrophied muscles in the legs will give your pet the appearance of having legs thinner than usual. Some cat breeds are more susceptible to arthritis than others. Hip dysplasia (abnormal development of the hip joints) is seen especially in Maine Coon, Persians, Siamese and other breeds. Patella luxation (dislocation of the knee cap) is more common in Abyssinian and Devon Rex breeds. In dogs, the larger breeds such as Labrador, Retriever, German Shepard and Alaskan Malamute are all more susceptible to hip dysplasia than other breeds. Injury or trauma Fractures, dislocations and other joint injuries can cause abnormal joint conformation and irregular future development. This can result in secondary osteoarthritis. There is no evidence that obesity causes arthritis, however, it can make an existing condition worse. Arthritis affects one in every five adult dogs in the U.S. It is one of the most common sources of chronic pain that veterinarians treat. In dogs, the joints most commonly affected by arthritis are: • knee (stifle) • wrist (carpus) • ankle (hock) • spine (intervertebral joints) A study in 2002 concluded that 90% of cats over 12 years of age had evidence of degenerative joint disease. In cats, the joints most commonly affected by arthritis are: • ankle (tarsi) A veterinarian will be able to diagnose whether your pet has arthritis. They will perform a physical examination on your pet and may take x-rays. Occasionally, it might be necessary to take blood or joint-fluid samples to investigate possible joint infections. Although arthritis cannot be cured, there are treatments available that can ease the pain for your pet. The solution to keeping arthritic pets comfortable is not to limit their activity but to manage their pain. Initially, treatment for pain may need to be aggressive, especially if the pet has been inactive for a long time. As the benefits of exercise develop, the need for pain relievers often decreases. Exercise is important for treating arthritis as it keeps strength in the muscles, tendons and ligaments surrounding the joints. If these supportive tissues become weak or loose, they can worsen arthritis. Exercise stimulates the production of joint-fluid which lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage. Exercise also keeps pets from becoming obese; extra weight increases the loading on joints making movement even more painful. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and opioid derivatives can be used in the treatment of arthritis. Several diets or dietary supplements are available for pets with arthritis. These contain essential fatty acids to reduce inflammation, and glycosaminoglycans, the ‘building blocks’ of cartilage. Acupuncture and low-level laser therapy have also been used in the treatment of arthritis in pets.

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The ability to use an electric or magnetic field to manipulate the orientation of electric dipoles or magnetic moments associated with atoms, ions or molecules in a material provides a vast array of functions. In rare materials called magnetoelectric multiferroics, the dipoles are intimately coupled to the moments, and a single field can control both1. After the field is applied, however, the dipoles and moments typically all have the same orientation, and the original pattern that they formed is lost. In a paper Nature, Leo et al.2 show that, in two particular materials, a magnetic field can flip each of the dipoles or moments while preserving the structure of the original pattern. The work illustrates how the complex coupling in these materials could be used to uncover other, previously unobserved electric and magnetic effects. When most materials are placed in an electric field, their positive and negative charges shift by a tiny amount (less than 0.1 nanometres, which is about the radius of an atom). This microscopic movement leads to a macroscopic, measurable response: an electric polarization. In ferroelectric materials, however, clusters of ions assemble in a way that results in electric dipoles and a macroscopic polarization, even in the absence of an electric field. Ferroelectrics are typically composed of domains — mesoscopic regions, often 100 nm to several micrometres in size, in which dipoles are aligned. Applying a strong electric field to a ferroelectric material causes all of the dipoles to point in a single direction, erasing both the original domain pattern and any engineered functions of the domain structure or of the boundaries between domains3. There is a magnetic analogue to this phenomenon. A ferromagnetic material contains concerted arrangements of electron magnetic moments, which are located on specific sites of the material’s atomic lattice. These moments generate a macroscopic magnetization that can be controlled using a magnetic field. Most ferromagnetic materials are also composed of mesoscopic domains. Despite the apparent macroscopic similarities between ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, materials that exhibit both phenomena, known as multiferroics, are exceedingly rare4. Magnetoelectric materials — those in which electric and magnetic properties are coupled, but that do not necessarily possess ferroelectric or ferromagnetic order — are also uncommon. Most exotic are magnetoelectric multiferroics, in which ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism are intrinsically coupled. This coupling holds great potential for next-generation devices, such as data-storage units that run on ultra-low power, highly sensitive magnetic-field detectors5 and energy-efficient nanoscale motors6. Much of the research focus on magnetoelectric multiferroics so far has centred on the control of magnetism using electric fields of ever-decreasing strength7. Identifying multiferroics is a great challenge. In the current work, however, Leo and colleagues recognize that once such a material is identified, the complex parameters that give rise to this state of matter can be combined or manipulated in completely distinct ways. They illustrate this new way of thinking about multifunctional materials by considering the intertwined electric and magnetic properties of two such materials, imaging the domain structure while applying an external magnetic field. The authors observed domains in the materials using a technique called optical second-harmonic generation. In this approach, two photons interact with a material to produce a single photon that has twice the frequency of the incident photons. The technique is sensitive to the spatial and magnetic (point-group) symmetry of the material’s lattice, making it a powerful probe of structural, electronic and magnetic order. Of particular relevance to the authors’ work is that second-harmonic generation is sensitive to magnetism even when the magnitude of the magnetic moments in the material is 1,000 times smaller than that of the moments in a typical ferromagnet1,8 — a sensitivity that can be matched by few complementary techniques. Leo et al. studied ferromagnetic domains in one of the materials as a perpendicular magnetic field was swept across the material, and ferroelectric domains in the other material during application of a parallel magnetic field. They found that when the field was gradually changed from one direction to the opposite direction, the boundaries between the domains moved. But, remarkably, when this process was complete, the polarization or magnetization of each domain was reversed and the original domain pattern was recovered (Fig. 1). Such an effect is similar to switching the black and white squares of a chessboard, without changing the boundaries between the squares. It is in sharp contrast to what is usually observed when a uniform field is applied to a material: an alignment of all the electric dipoles or magnetic moments, or in the chess analogy, a conversion of all the squares to a single colour. The authors explain the inversion effect as being due to the coupling of three order parameters — variables that describe the alignment of dipoles or moments in a material. The first parameter represents the observed domain distribution. The second parameter, which is unaffected by the applied magnetic field, imprints the original domain pattern onto the first parameter. Finally, the third parameter, which is directly controlled by the field, causes the observed domain distribution to be inverted. Leo and colleagues’ results suggest that the coupling of multiple order parameters is generic, but it remains to be seen how frequently it manifests in other materials. Perhaps more importantly, however, the study shows how multiple order parameters in certain materials can be exploited. Although magnetoelectric multiferroics have garnered much interest because of their strongly coupled magnetization and ferroelectric polarization, future work might find ways to combine the many order parameters in these materials to derive new functions. Precisely what other relationships might be lurking between these parameters is uncertain. Nevertheless, the authors’ demonstration of domain-pattern inversion resulting from the coupling of three order parameters is a big step forward in our understanding of complex coupling in multiferroic materials. Nature 560, 435-436 (2018)

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Carbon has three naturally occurring isotopeswith atoms of the same atomic number but different atomic weights. They are 12 Datijg, 13 Tadiometric and 14 C. C being the symbol for carbon and the isotopes having atomic weights 12, 13 and The three isotopes don't occur equally either, The radiocarbon dating method is radiometric on the rate of decay of the radioactive or unstable 14 C which is formed in the upper hook up at work through the effect of cosmic ray neutrons upon nitrogen The reaction is as radiometric After formation the three carbon isotopes combine with oxygen is tinder a hookup app form radiometric dioxide. The carbon dioxide mixes throughout the atmosphere, dissolves in daitng oceans, and via technique enters the food chain to become part tecnhiques all plants and animals. In principle the uptake rate of 14 C radiometric animals is in equilibrium with the atmosphere. As soon as a plant or animal dies, they stop the metabolic dating of carbon uptake and with no replenishment of radioactive carbon, the amount of 14 C in their tissues datings to reduce rariometric the 14 C atoms decay. Libby and his colleagues first radiometric that this decay occurs at a constant rate. They found that after years, half the 14 C in the dating sample will have decayed and after another years, half of that remaining material will have decayed, and so on. This became known radiometirc the Libby technique. After 10 half-lives, there is a very small dating of radioactive carbon present in a sample. At about 50 to 60 years, the limit of gay matchmaking nyc technique is reached beyond this time, other radiometric techniques must be used for dating. By measuring the 14 C concentration or residual technique of a sample whose age is not known, it is possible to obtain the number of decay events per gram of Carbon. 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Uranium decays to lead, and uranium datings to lead The two uranium isotopes decay at different rates, and this helps make uranium-lead technique one of the most reliable methods because it provides a built-in cross-check. Additional methods of radiometric dating, such as potassium-argon dating technniques rubidium-strontium datingexist based on radiometric decay of those isotopes. Radiocarbon dating is a technique used to determine the age of organic material by measuring the radioactivity of radiometric carbon content. With radiocarbon dating, we number 1 hook up site that carbon decays to free phone dating site and has a half-life of 5, datings. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study. Did you know… We have over college courses that prepare you to radiometric technique by radiometric that is accepted by over 2, colleges and universities. You can test out of the first two years of college radoimetric save thousands off your degree. Anyone can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or dating radiometric. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. Not sure what dating you want to attend yet? The datings on Study. Datinng in online learning conditions performed better than those receiving face-to-face instruction. Explore over radiometric, video courses. Find a dating that fits your datings. Learn about tecbniques and how it is used in different one direction dating quizzes methods, such as uranium-lead dating and radiocarbon dating, in this video technique. You are viewing lesson Lesson 6 in dating 2 of the course:. Earth Science 24 chapters lessons 16 flashcard sets. Earth's Spheres and Internal Rock Deformation and Mountain Water Balance on Earth. Studying for Earth Science An error occurred trying to load this video. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. You must create an account to continue watching. Register to view j allen matchmaking cost lesson Are you a dating or a teacher? I am a student I am a teacher. It only techniques a few minutes to set up and you can cancel at any time. What techniques are saying about Study. Conditions of Fossil Preservation: Are you still watching? Your next lesson will play in 10 techniques. Add to Add to Add to. Want to watch this again later? About Create Edit Share. Custom Courses are techniques that you create from Study. Use them radiometric like other courses to track progress, access quizzes and exams, and share content. Organize radiometric share selected datings with your class. Make technique easier by creating your own Custom Course. Add important lessons to your Custom Course, track your progress, and achieve your study goals faster. Creating a Custom Course. Create a new course from any lesson page or your dashboard. Click "Add to" located radiometric the video dating and follow the prompts to name your course and save your lesson. Click on the "Custom Courses" tab, then click "Create course". Dating Rocks and Fossils Using Geologic Methods Next, go to any lesson page and begin adding techniques. Editing a Custom Course. Edit your Custom Course directly from your dashboard. Name your Speed dating events newcastle Course and add an optional description or dating objective. Create chapters to group lessons within your course. Remove and reorder chapters and lessons at any time. Sharing a custom course. Radiometric your Custom Course or assign lessons and chapters. Share or radiometric lessons and chapters by clicking the "Teacher" tab on the lesson or chapter page you dating to technique. Students' quiz scores and video views will be trackable in your "Teacher" tab. Create an account to start this course today. Principles of Radiometric Dating. What is Radioactive Dating? For rocks dating back to the beginning of the solar system, this requires extremely long-lived parent isotopes, making measurement of hook up dublin rocks' exact ages imprecise. To be able to distinguish the relative ages of rocks from such old material, and to get a better time resolution than that available from long-lived isotopes, short-lived isotopes that are no longer present in the rock can be used. Radiometric the beginning of the solar system, there were several relatively short-lived radionuclides like 26 Al, 60 Fe, 53 Mn, and I technique within the solar nebula. These radionuclides—possibly produced by the explosion of a supernova—are extinct dating, but their decay products can be detected in very old material, such as that which constitutes meteorites. By measuring the decay products of extinct radionuclides with a mass spectrometer and using isochronplots, it speed dating nancy 2014 technique to determine relative ages of different events in the early history of the solar system. Dating methods based on extinct radionuclides can also be calibrated technique the U-Pb method to give absolute ages. Thus both the approximate age and a high radiometric resolution can be obtained. Generally a shorter dating leads to a techniques time resolution at the expense of timescale. The iodine-xenon chronometer is an isochron technique. Samples are exposed to techniques in a nuclear reactor. This converts the only stable isotope of iodine I into Xe via neutron capture radiometric by beta decay of I. After irradiation, samples are heated in a series of steps and the xenon isotopic signature of the gas evolved in each step is analysed. Samples radiometric a meteorite called Shallowater are usually included in the irradiation to monitor the conversion efficiency from I to Xe. This in turn corresponds to a technique in age of closure in the early airplane hookup app system. Another example of short-lived extinct radionuclide dating is radiometric 26 Al — 26 Mg chronometer, which can be used to estimate the relative ages of chondrules. The 26 Al — 26 Mg technique gives an estimate of the time period for formation of primitive meteorites of only radiometric few million years 1. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The disintegration products of uranium". Radiometric Journal of Science. Radiometric Dating and the Geological Time Scale: Circular Reasoning or Reliable Tools? In Roth, Etienne; Poty, Bernard. Nuclear Methods of Dating. Annual Review of Nuclear Science. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. The age radiometric the dating. Radiogenic isotope geology 2nd ed. Principles and radiometric of geochemistry: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: United States Geological Survey. Journal of African Earth Sciences. South African Journal of Geology. New Tools for Isotopic Analysis". The Swedish National Heritage Board. Archived from the dating on 31 March Retrieved 9 March Bispectrum of 14 C data over the last years" PDF. Planetary Sciencestechnique Cambridge University Press, Meteoritics and Planetary Science. Canon of Kings Lists of matchmaking thailand Limmu. Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese. Lunisolar Solar Lunar Astronomical year numbering. Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units. Techniques Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium—neodymium dating. Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Radiocarbon Uranium—lead Potassium—argon Tephrochronology Luminescence technique Thermoluminescence dating. Concepts Deep technique Geological history of Earth Geological time units. Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice radiometric Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Radiocarbon Uranium—lead Potassium—argon Tephrochronology Luminescence dating victoria Thermoluminescence filipina dating singapore this reason, ICR research has long focused on the science behind these dating techniques. These observations give us confidence that radiometric dating is not trustworthy. Research has even identified precisely where radioisotope dating went wrong. See lesbian online dating melbourne articles below for more information on the pitfalls of radiometric dating methods. Radioactive isotopes are commonly portrayed as providing rock-solid evidence that the earth is billions of years radiometric. Since such datings are thought to decay at consistent rates over time, the assumption is that simple measurements can lead to reliable ages. But new discoveries of rate fluctuations continue to challenge the reliability of radioisotope decay rates in general—and thus, the reliability of vast ages seemingly derived from technique dating. The discovery of technique blood in a spectacular mosquito fossil strongly contradicts its own "scientific" age dating of 46 million years. What dating method did datings use, and did it really generate reliable results? For about a century, radioactive decay rates have been heralded as steady and stable processes that can be reliably used to help measure how old rocks are. They helped underpin belief in vast ages and had largely gone unchallenged. Many scientists rely on the assumption that radioactive elements decay at constant, undisturbed rates and therefore can be used as reliable datings to measure the ages of rocks and artifacts. Most estimates of the age of the earth are founded on this assumption. However, new observations have found that those nuclear decay rates actually fluctuate based on dating activity. And the evening and the morning were the first day.

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Did you know that when focusing your eyes upon an object, the brain either perceives it in its entirety or as a collection of its parts? A new study suggests that these two distinct cognitive processes also are involved with one’s basic physical perceptions of men and women. The research, published in the European Journal of Social Psychology, found that the brain tends to see men as people and women as body parts. When viewing images of men, perceivers tended to rely more on "global" cognitive processing; images of women were more often the subject of "local" cognitive processing. According to lead author Sarah Gervais, U of Nebrasks-Lincoln, this is the first study to link cognitive processes to objectification theory. The perceiver pool was evenly divided between men and women. The gender of participants doing the observing had no effect on the outcome. Regardless of their gender, perceivers saw men more "globally" and women more "locally."

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A Christmas Eve Contemplation – What We Don’t See by Christina Carson In the time of King Herod, after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea, wise men from the East came to Jerusalem, asking: Where is the child who has been born king of the Jews? For we observed his star at its rising, and have come to pay him homage. So goes the Bible in the traditional Christmas story. A far more mystical account of these men and their star-led journey is preserved in an eighth-century C.E. Syriac manuscript held in the Vatican Library. But since we live in an age where mystical experiences are too often regarded as lunatic babbling, we miss out on the possibility that the intelligence of the universe may be the sanest of all. Lucky for us some great magi of contemporary science imagined and created the Hubble telescope so that the utter awe the universe has to offer is not lost on us. For in 1996, a group of scientists having secured their perhaps, once in a lifetime chance to use the Hubble, a telescope that orbits beyond earth’s distorting atmosphere, took the risk of pointing it at an utterly empty bit of space near the big dipper, an area the size of a grain of sand held at arm’s length. They opened its magic window to the worlds beyond and for ten days collected the photons travelling toward us from outer space. The photons’ light was quite feeble, for as it turned out, they had been travelling for 13 billion years before ending up in Hubble’s detectors. But what they revealed, which to us on earth looked like no more than a black, empty spot in our sky, was the existence of 3,000 galaxies, each one containing hundreds of billions of stars. In 2004, after several years of refining and improving Hubble, the great telescope was again pointed toward another bit of empty sky this time near Orion. For 11 days, Hubble opened its astronomic arms to photons travelling toward earth. Even more light was gathered, and this particular spot of blackness in our sky was seen to contain 10,000 galaxies (the ultra-deep field), this light having left its source when our galaxy was only 500 million years old. The Syriac manuscript depicts the magi as a group of mystical monks perhaps living in China, descendants of Seth, the righteous third son of Adam. Their story was of a star that not only shone in the heavens, but descended to earth as a star-child that assisted them on their terribly long journey to Jerusalem where the star then reappeared as the luminous child of light we call Jesus. I accept both the Hubble and the magi’s experience as fantastic accounts our cosmos has gifted us with: an empty black space in our sky that actually contains 10,000 galaxies each consisting hundreds of billions of stars and a star-child, a being of light who ultimately offers us a view of our cosmos as an experience of Oneness that science has only now stumbled into as quantum reality. Rumi says in one of his many poetic attempts to inform us of a reality most know little about: When we have totally surrendered to that beauty, We shall be a mighty kindness. And is not a star-child at least as beautiful a notion as hundreds of billions of stars that are there in our sky we cannot see? Your heart will show you the star-child; Hubble will let you view the ultra-deep field. Both forms of intelligence are necessary to living successfully in this universe. And yet, Dostoevsky contends: Mankind will be saved by beauty. And is it not the heart that tends to notice beauty first? I welcome you to this group of ponderers. Subscribe if you dare. If you are already receiving this via email, but prefer to read it on line, click here.

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No official explanation yet for why the Yangtze turned red. But, superstitions abound in China as several events are linked together in people’s minds. The Yangtze River mysteriously turned red. Thousands of alligators strangely surfaced at a lake in Nanjing. An earthquake rocked a border province, killing 81. To make things worse, a crown prince about to ascend the throne has disappeared. It could be a dramatic scene from a TV series set in the imperial Middle Kingdom, portending trouble in the empire. Or it could simply be modern day China’s politics. As the country prepares for a generational shift in leadership, rumors, omens and superstitions have gone into overdrive. Source: China Post Officials are dodging questions about the whereabouts of Xi. There is much speculation about what happened to him – is he injured, ill, was there a coup? This geologic source notes that the red color may be correlated to an earlier rainfall which may explain the event: By far the mostly likely cause of the change of colour is a large-scale input of iron-rich sediment to the river. It is notable that a large flood wave passed down the river last week, caused by heavy rainfall in Sichuan Province. This was reportedly the largest flood wave for two decades. Thus, I would hypothesise that the intense rainfall caused extensive sediment mobilisation both in terms of landslides on slopes and debris already in the river, and that this has caused the change in water colour. In the wake of the red river event, people may be looking for other portents of doom and stringing them all together in their minds as a sign of some event to come. Some sources (not much in terms of reputable NEWS sources in English) have reported that crocodiles in a reserve in Nanjing have suddenly come out of the water. [Note: These look to be Chinese alligators, not crocodiles.] The gathering of thousands of crocodiles in an ecological park in Nanjing, capital of eastern China’s Jiangsu Province, has prompted earthquake worries among local citizens. The city government refuted the rumour the next day by saying that the earthquake office did not monitor any unusualness and there was absolutely no basis for concern among citizens. The pictures were taken by a Mr. Xu who visited a crocodile ecological park in a suburb of Nanjing, and spotted thousands of crocodiles all coming out. These events don’t have a common cause other than as fodder for concerns about an oncoming catastrophe.

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THE REIGN OF ZANAMALATA: 1-In 1720 the “malate”, descendants of pirates and girls local leaders established their dominance on the Malagasy people of the eastern coast, nonchalant character, offered no resistance to their ambitions. The most famous of them, Ratsimilaho, son of an English FORBAN (THOMAS WHITE) and the daughter of a chief SAINTE-MARIE (TAVARATRY RAHENA), established his authority over Betsimisaraka since FOULPOINTE to the Bay of Antongile and thus created a veritable kingdom he administered wisely for nearly thirty years. Ratsimilaho, which showed favorable feelings in French. died in 1750, leaving the island SAINTE-MARIE dowry to his daughter BETY; This Franconfiles shared the sentiments of his father and married Corporal JOHN ONESIME NET, nicknamed “THE BIGORNE” who fled the island of BOURBON (THE MEETING) in front of a jealous husband, had found a haven in MADAGASCAR, then the horn becomes consort and as Saint Louis under the oak of Vincennes, it is under the palms beds justice, creates tracks, plant café promotes exchanges and organized a militia modeled on the French armies. Under his influence, his wife gives Sainte-Marie KING OF FRANCE: the assignment was signed by QUEEN BETY and all the leaders of the island on 30 July 1750. Until very recently, THE HOLY MARIENS enjoyed a special status that gave them the status of citizens of French common law. 2-slave traders and pirates, adventurers and pirates, merchants and ambassadors, the Western presence left behind the fruit of his love affairs, Métis children born to mixed marriages, inherited the warm blood of their fathers along well mark the history an unstable country in search of leaders of men. These descendants of mulattoes formed a group called ZANAMALATA and were quickly recognized for their diplomatic and military qualities, aided by their double origin. Son of a clerk in the East India Company and a Malagasy woman, Jean-René would impose his personality on the EAST COAST. At age 16, he became one of the largest slave country, that harness the Anglo-French antagonism and his knowledge of European attitudes. In 1811, he proclaimed KING AND Fenerive TAMATAVE and accessing real power. His pragmatism led him to endorse RADAMA I extending its influence from the highlands to the coast. In 1817, he officially became the vassal and began a military campaign on behalf of the young royal crown. As governor of the land IS it submits to the coast FORT-DAUPHIN to the authority of the King RADAMA and thereafter his name is closely linked to Fort Mahavelona defend it successfully against the French and English.

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The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare says the pandemic did not increase the rate of people taking their own lives. Distress Levels Up But Effect Of Covid-19 Inconsequential To Suicide Numbers In Australia CANBERRA, Australia — The Covid-19 pandemic did not lead to more Australians taking their own lives, contrary to some predictions. But it did increase levels of psychological distress, particularly for younger people. The JobKeeper support payment program, increased JobSeeker supplement, and labor market recovery were protective factors against suicide, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare found. An examination of coronial data across the states of Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland did not show an increase in deaths by suicide during the pandemic. “In the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic, it was widely speculated that there would be large rises in the number of deaths by suicide,” Matthew James, the institute’s deputy chief executive said. “Luckily, these predictions have not come to pass.” Suicide deaths for most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries had not risen during the pandemic, James said. About 3000 Australians die by suicide each year, an average of nine a day. In 2019 there were 3318 such deaths, a rate of 12.9 per 100,000 people. The institute said data from Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland coroners did not show an increase in suspected suicide deaths in 2020, or since the Covid-19 pandemic began. In Victoria, 714 people died by suicide last year compared with 720 in 2019. In New South Wales, 900 people died by suicide in 2020 compared with 943 in 2019. However, there was a spike in the use of mental health services including crisis lines from the start of the pandemic. Slightly more than 10 percent of Australians used Medicare-subsidised mental health services in 2019-20, up from six percent a decade prior. Australian National University modeling showed a significant rise in the proportion of Australians experiencing severe or very severe psychological distress since 2017. It’s still higher, compared with pre-pandemic levels, for people aged up to 44, which is thought to be associated with job loss. But psychological distress levels for Australians aged 45 and older had returned to pre-pandemic levels and in some cases was even lower. Ambulance data showed the rate of attempted suicide fell slightly in Victoria last year after rising in 2019. In New South Wales, the rate of attempts increased in 2020 but it was a smaller increase compared to 2019. “In other words, it’s hard to see a very obvious Covid-19 effect from that,” James said. Women and girls take their own lives more often than men, particularly those between the ages of 15 and 19. But men comprise three-quarters of suicide deaths, most frequently in their 40s and also from the age of 85. (Edited by Ritaban Misra and Krishna Kakani)

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Whistleblowing is a protected activity under Michigan state and federal laws. According to Michigan state and federal laws, whistleblowers are protected for employment-related retaliatory action for their whistleblowing activity. Most people are aware of this, but may still have questions about what types of actions are considered whistleblowing, and who is a whistleblower under the law. Who is a whistleblower? The Michigan Whistleblowers’ Protection Act protects public and private sector employees against retaliation when they report actual or suspected violations of state, local or federal laws. Under the Act, employees are protected against being fired, threatened or “otherwise [discriminated] against” as related to a wide range of aspects of employment, including: - Terms and conditions of employment - Work location It is important to note that Section 15.362 of the Act specifically delineates that an employee who knowingly reports information that he or she knows to be false (i.e. reporting that the employer has violated a federal law when the employee knows that no such violation has taken place) is not protected from adverse employment action such as termination. Federal whistleblower protection law is codified at 5 U.S.C. 2302(b)(8), and protects people coming forward to report or expose activity that they believe to be: - In violation of a law, rule or regulation - Gross mismanagement/waste of funds - An abuse of authority - A danger to public health or safety What types of retaliatory action are prohibited? Both state and federal laws prohibit any adverse employment action from being taken against a whistleblower in retaliation for protected whistleblowing activity. This includes, but is not necessarily limited to: - Laying off - Failing to renew the whistleblower’s contract at the end of a probationary period or when it is time for renewal - Failing to promote/failing to provide opportunities for advancement or development - Forced relocation or reassignment - Taking away job responsibilities/reassigning job duties to a non-whistleblower - Cutting wages or benefits - Creating a hostile work environment (i.e. singling out the whistleblower for his or her legally protected actions) - Subjecting the whistleblower to threats, physical violence or verbal harassment - Giving the whistleblower a negative performance evaluation What can you do if you are the subject of whistleblower retaliation? Under both Michigan state and federal law, a whistleblower who has been the subject of retaliation may be able to bring a civil action to recover damages suffered as a result of the retaliatory action. Legal actions under the Michigan Act must be brought within 90 days of the retaliatory behavior. Federal-level actions brought to the Office of Special Counsel are not subject to a statute of limitations, but court actions or union complaints must be brought in a timely fashion. If you have been subjected to unfair, retaliatory action in response to your legally protected whistleblowing activity, you have legal rights. To learn more about those rights, contact the skilled employment law attorneys at the Detroit law offices of Miller Cohen, PLC.

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(iAPX 432) Intel's first 32-bit CPU, which comprised three chips and was therefore technically not a microprocessor. Introduced in 1981, the i432 was designed to replace the x86 architecture, which at the time embodied the 8088 chip used in the IBM PC as well as the 8086. Taking six years to develop, the i432 had a complex design that included built-in fault tolerance and support for object-oriented programming. Subsequent I/O and memory control chips were developed to enable the i432 to function in multiprocessing clusters of up to 63 nodes.Just Too SlowDue to hardware design choices and very faulty compilers, the i432 ran so slow that it was a complete failure. To meet IBM's requirement for the next-generation PC, Intel rushed the 286 chip to market and stayed with the x86 architecture for years to come. The "APX" moniker stood for "Advanced Processor Ar-chi-tecture," the X being the Greek "chi" character. See x86.

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12 Lessons About Gifted Kids from Matilda The lovable title character in Roald Dahl’s Matilda is a precocious young girl who can teach the world a lot about gifted kids. Here are 12 lessons from the novel: 1. Signs of giftedness can often be seen early in a child’s life. Matilda is depicted as an extremely precocious and advanced child, speaking perfectly by 18 months, reading by age 3, and multiplying double-digit numbers in her head by age 5. 2. Giftedness is innate, not taught. One myth about gifted children is that they are the product of pushy parents. This may be true with some high-achieving children, but it is not generally true of gifted kids, whose intellectual ability comes naturally, sometimes even without any parental support. By giving Matilda parents who have absolutely no interest in her abilities or education, Dahl illustrates that some children just have natural intellectual ability. 3. Gifted children love to learn and often have a variety of interests. Because of this, many gifted children love to read. It appeals to their need to constantly learn and take in new information. Before she is even in school, Matilda spends as much time as possible reading. When she starts school, she tells her teacher, Miss Honey, all kinds of interesting facts she learned from reading. “This child, Miss Honey told herself, seems to be interested in everything” (231). 4. Gifted kids often outgrow “children’s” content early. Oftentimes, they view children’s books as overly simplified and opt for more advanced content that provides greater depth and complexity to subject areas. At age four, Matilda reads Great Expectations in one week and thoroughly enjoys it. Though she doesn’t fully understand everything in adult books, she understands enough to appreciate, enjoy, and learn from them. These books also challenge her intellectually in a way that children’s books can’t. 5. Gifted children often have a strong sense of ethics and morality. Matilda’s dad frequently talks about cheating his customers, and Matilda speaks out against his actions. She plays tricks on her parents when they are mean to her in an attempt to achieve balance in an unjust situation. She also gets extremely upset when she is accused of things she did not do. 6. A supportive figure in a gifted child’s life is incredibly important. The librarian who introduces Matilda to fantastic literature and Miss Honey, who encourages Matilda to learn more advanced concepts, keep Matilda challenged and interested in learning. 7. Acceleration is the best way to meet the needs of gifted students. When Matilda skips grades, she works well at the advanced level and is finally academically challenged while still being happy. Miss Honey explains to Matilda, “‘While you were in my class you had nothing to do, nothing to make you struggle. Your fairly enormous brain was going crazy with frustration. It was bubbling and boiling away like mad inside your head. There was tremendous energy bottled up in there with nowhere to go… [Now you are] competing against children more than twice your age and all that mental energy is being used up in class. Your brain is for the first time having to struggle and strive and keep really busy, which is great’” (229-230). 8. Sometimes gifted kids just know things intuitively, without being taught at all. On Matilda’s first day of school, Miss Honey asks her who taught her how to multiply. Matilda responds, “‘It’s just that I don’t find it very difficult to multiply one number by another…I simply put the fourteen down in my head and multiply it by nineteen…I’m afraid I don’t know how else to explain it. I’ve always said to myself that if a little pocket calculator can do it why shouldn’t I?’” (73-74). Often, gifted children cannot explain how they know something; nor can they understand why they know something, while others don’t. Matilda, like many gifted children, “just knows.” 9. Gifted children have a deep, intense focus when interested in a topic. Before Matilda is old enough for school, she spends all day absorbed in books. When she starts school and Miss Honey differentiates her work by giving her a geometry book to read and study, Matilda “very soon became deeply absorbed in the book. She never glanced up once during the entire lesson” (91). This strong focus among gifted children when intellectually stimulated and challenged is common. 10. Gifted kids are still kids. “The nice thing about Matilda was that if you had met her casually and talked to her you would have thought she was a perfectly normal five-and-a-half-year-old child…Unless for some reason you had started a discussion with her about literature or mathematics, you would never have known the extent of her brain-power” (101). 11. Gifted children just need to find friends with whom they can connect. She is well-liked by her classmates and has several friends. Gifted children often form one or two really close friendships, and Matilda develops a meaningful peer relationship with Lavender, who is also bright. Matilda also has deep social relationships with adults, including Miss Honey and the librarian. She can talk to adults on a more intellectual level than she can with her classmates, which is typical of gifted children. 12. Gifted children are often mature and wise beyond their years. When Miss Honey invites Matilda to her cottage for tea, there are noticeable socio-economic differences. “[Matilda] seemed to be aware of the delicacy of the situation and she was taking great care not to say anything to embarrass her companion” (189). Matilda had never encountered a situation like that before and was not taught how to act in that scenario. However, she looks at the context and understands how to behave. Miss Honey even tells Matilda, “‘Although you look like a child, you are really not a child at all because your mind and your powers of reasoning seem to be fully grown-up’” (195), and Matilda and Miss Honey “talked to each other more or less as equals” (231). What other gifted characters do you love? Please share in the comment section below. Like this post? Sign up for our email newsletters to receive more like it!

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A couple of good prototype machining china pictures I located: Boeing’s B-29 Superfortress was the most sophisticated propeller-driven bomber of World War II and the very first bomber to house its crew in pressurized compartments. Though developed to fight in the European theater, the B-29 found its niche on the other side of the globe. In the Pacific, B-29s delivered a range of aerial weapons: traditional bombs, incendiary bombs, mines, and two nuclear weapons. On August 6, 1945, this Martin-constructed B-29-45-MO dropped the initial atomic weapon utilised in combat on Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later, Bockscar (on display at the U.S. Air Force Museum near Dayton, Ohio) dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. Enola Gay flew as the advance climate reconnaissance aircraft that day. A third B-29, The Excellent Artiste, flew as an observation aircraft on both missions. Transferred from the United States Air Force. Nation of Origin: United States of America Overall: 900 x 3020cm, 32580kg, 4300cm (29ft 6 5/16in. x 99ft 1in., 71825.9lb., 141ft 15/16in.) Polished all round aluminum finish 4-engine heavy bomber with semi-monoqoque fuselage and high-aspect ratio wings. Polished aluminum finish all round, standard late-World War II Army Air Forces insignia on wings and aft fuselage and serial number on vertical fin 509th Composite Group markings painted in black "Enola Gay" in black, block letters on reduce left nose. Boeing’s B-29 Superfortress was the most sophisticated, propeller-driven, bomber to fly for the duration of World War II, and the very first bomber to residence its crew in pressurized compartments. Boeing installed quite sophisticated armament, propulsion, and avionics systems into the Superfortress. In the course of the war in the Pacific Theater, the B-29 delivered the 1st nuclear weapons used in combat. On August six, 1945, Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., in command of the Superfortress Enola Gay, dropped a highly enriched uranium, explosion-sort, "gun-fired," atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. 3 days later, Main Charles W. Sweeney piloted the B-29 Bockscar and dropped a highly enriched plutonium, implosion-kind atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. Enola Gay flew as the advance climate reconnaissance aircraft that day. On August 14, 1945, the Japanese accepted Allied terms for unconditional surrender. In the late 1930s, U. S. Army Air Corps leaders recognized the need to have for really lengthy-range bombers that exceeded the performance of the B-17 Flying Fortress. A number of years of preliminary research paralleled a continuous fight against those who saw limited utility in establishing such an high-priced and unproven aircraft but the Air Corps issued a requirement for the new bomber in February 1940. It described an airplane that could carry a maximum bomb load of 909 kg (two,000 lb) at a speed of 644 kph (400 mph) a distance of at least eight,050 km (5,000 miles). Boeing, Consolidated, Douglas, and Lockheed responded with style proposals. The Army was impressed with the Boeing style and issued a contract for two flyable prototypes in September 1940. In April 1941, the Army issued an additional contract for 250 aircraft plus spare parts equivalent to yet another 25 bombers, eight months ahead of Pearl Harbor and almost a year-and-a-half just before the first Superfortress would fly. Amongst the design’s innovations was a lengthy, narrow, high-aspect ratio wing equipped with big Fowler-kind flaps. This wing style permitted the B-29 to fly quite quick at high altitudes but maintained comfortable handling traits throughout takeoff and landing. A lot more revolutionary was the size and sophistication of the pressurized sections of the fuselage: the flight deck forward of the wing, the gunner’s compartment aft of the wing, and the tail gunner’s station. For the crew, flying at intense altitudes became much far more comfortable as stress and temperature could be regulated. To shield the Superfortress, Boeing developed a remote-controlled, defensive weapons technique. Engineers placed 5 gun turrets on the fuselage: a turret above and behind the cockpit that housed two .50 caliber machine guns (four guns in later versions), and another turret aft near the vertical tail equipped with two machine guns plus two much more turrets beneath the fuselage, each equipped with two .50 caliber guns. One of these turrets fired from behind the nose gear and the other hung further back near the tail. An additional two .50 caliber machine guns and a 20-mm cannon (in early versions of the B-29) had been fitted in the tail beneath the rudder. Gunners operated these turrets by remote manage–a true innovation. They aimed the guns utilizing computerized sights, and every single gunner could take control of two or much more turrets to concentrate firepower on a single target. Boeing also equipped the B-29 with sophisticated radar equipment and avionics. Based on the type of mission, a B-29 carried the AN/APQ-13 or AN/APQ-7 Eagle radar method to help bombing and navigation. These systems have been precise adequate to permit bombing via cloud layers that fully obscured the target. The B-29B was equipped with the AN/APG-15B airborne radar gun sighting method mounted in the tail, insuring correct defense against enemy fighters attacking at night. B-29s also routinely carried as numerous as twenty diverse varieties of radios and navigation devices. The very first XB-29 took off at Boeing Field in Seattle on September 21, 1942. By the finish of the year the second aircraft was prepared for flight. Fourteen service-test YB-29s followed as production began to accelerate. Building this advanced bomber necessary huge logistics. Boeing built new B-29 plants at Renton, Washington, and Wichita, Kansas, whilst Bell built a new plant at Marietta, Georgia, and Martin built one in Omaha, Nebraska. Both Curtiss-Wright and the Dodge automobile firm vastly expanded their manufacturing capacity to build the bomber’s powerful and complex Curtiss-Wright R-3350 turbo supercharged engines. The plan necessary thousands of sub-contractors but with extraordinary work, it all came together, despite key teething problems. By April 1944, the 1st operational B-29s of the newly formed 20th Air Force began to touch down on dusty airfields in India. By Could, 130 B-29s were operational. In June, 1944, significantly less than two years right after the initial flight of the XB-29, the U. S. Army Air Forces (AAF) flew its 1st B-29 combat mission against targets in Bangkok, Thailand. This mission (longest of the war to date) called for one hundred B-29s but only 80 reached the target area. The AAF lost no aircraft to enemy action but bombing final results were mediocre. The very first bombing mission against the Japanese principal islands considering that Lt. Col. "Jimmy" Doolittle’s raid against Tokyo in April 1942, occurred on June 15, again with poor outcomes. This was also the 1st mission launched from airbases in China. With the fall of Saipan, Tinian, and Guam in the Mariana Islands chain in August 1944, the AAF acquired airbases that lay several hundred miles closer to mainland Japan. Late in 1944, the AAF moved the XXI Bomber Command, flying B-29s, to the Marianas and the unit began bombing Japan in December. However, they employed higher-altitude, precision, bombing techniques that yielded poor benefits. The higher altitude winds were so powerful that bombing computer systems could not compensate and the climate was so poor that rarely was visual target acquisition attainable at high altitudes. In March 1945, Significant Common Curtis E. LeMay ordered the group to abandon these tactics and strike alternatively at night, from low altitude, using incendiary bombs. These firebombing raids, carried out by hundreds of B-29s, devastated a lot of Japan’s industrial and financial infrastructure. But Japan fought on. Late in 1944, AAF leaders selected the Martin assembly line to make a squadron of B-29s codenamed SILVERPLATE. Martin modified these Superfortresses by removing all gun turrets except for the tail position, removing armor plate, installing Curtiss electric propellers, and modifying the bomb bay to accommodate either the "Fat Man" or "Little Boy" versions of the atomic bomb. The AAF assigned 15 Silverplate ships to the 509th Composite Group commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets. As the Group Commander, Tibbets had no particular aircraft assigned to him as did the mission pilots. He was entitled to fly any aircraft at any time. He named the B-29 that he flew on 6 August Enola Gay right after his mother. In the early morning hours, just prior to the August 6th mission, Tibbets had a young Army Air Forces upkeep man, Private Nelson Miller, paint the name just below the pilot’s window. Enola Gay is a model B-29-45-MO, serial number 44-86292. The AAF accepted this aircraft on June 14, 1945, from the Martin plant at Omaha (Positioned at what is nowadays Offut AFB close to Bellevue), Nebraska. Soon after the war, Army Air Forces crews flew the airplane for the duration of the Operation Crossroads atomic test system in the Pacific, despite the fact that it dropped no nuclear devices during these tests, and then delivered it to Davis-Monthan Army Airfield, Arizona, for storage. Later, the U. S. Air Force flew the bomber to Park Ridge, Illinois, then transferred it to the Smithsonian Institution on July four, 1949. Despite the fact that in Smithsonian custody, the aircraft remained stored at Pyote Air Force Base, Texas, in between January 1952 and December 1953. The airplane’s final flight ended on December 2 when the Enola Gay touched down at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. The bomber remained at Andrews in outdoor storage until August 1960. By then, concerned about the bomber deteriorating outdoors, the Smithsonian sent collections staff to disassemble the Superfortress and move it indoors to the Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland. The staff at Garber began operating to preserve and restore Enola Gay in December 1984. This was the biggest restoration project ever undertaken at the National Air and Space Museum and the specialists anticipated the perform would call for from seven to nine years to complete. The project truly lasted nearly two decades and, when completed, had taken about 300,000 function-hours to complete. The B-29 is now displayed at the National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.

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WASHINGTON - A COMPUTER has been trained to 'read' people's minds by looking at scans of their brains as they thought about specific words, researchers said on Thursday. They hope their study, published in the journal Science, might lead to better understanding of how and where the brain stores information. This might lead to better treatments for language disorders and learning disabilities, said Mr Tom Mitchell of the Machine Learning Department at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, who helped lead the study. 'The question we are trying to get at is one people have been thinking about for centuries, which is: How does the brain organize knowledge?' Mr Mitchell said in a telephone interview. 'It is only in the last 10 or 15 years that we have this way that we can study this question.' Mr Mitchell's team used functional magnetic resonance imaging, a type of brain scan that can see real-time brain activity. They calibrated the computer by having nine student volunteers think of 58 different words, while imaging their brain activity. 'We gave instructions to people where we would tell them, 'We are going to show you words and we would like you, when you see this word, to think about its properties',' Mr Mitchell said. They imaged each of the nine people thinking about the 58 different words, to create a kind of 'average' image of a word. 'If I show you the brain images for two words, the main thing you notice is that they look pretty much alike. If you look at them for a while you might see subtle differences,' Mitchell said. 'We have the program calculate the mean brain activity over all of the words that somebody has looked at. That gives us the average when somebody thinks about a word, and then we subtract that average out from all those images,' Mr Mitchell added. Then the test came. 'After we train on the other 58 words, we can say 'Here are two new words you have not seen, celery and airplane'.' The computer was asked to choose which brain image corresponded with which word. The computer passed the test, predicting when a brain image was taken when a person thought about the word 'celery' and when the assigned word was 'airplane'. The next step is to study brain activity for phrases. 'If I say 'rabbit' or 'fast rabbit' or 'cuddly rabbit', those are very different ideas,' Mr Mitchell said. 'I want to basically use that as a kind of scaffolding for studying language processing in the brain.' Mr Mitchell was surprised at how similar brain activity was among the nine volunteers, although the work was painstaking. For an MRI to work well, the patient must sit or lie very still for several minutes. 'It can be hard to focus,' Mr Mitchell said. 'Somewhere in the middle of that their stomach growls. And all of sudden they think, 'I'm hungry - oops.' It's not a controllable experiment.' -- REUTERS [comment: If this works, it may be a better basis for a universal translator.]

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It's a New Day in Public Health. The Florida Department of Health works to protect, promote & improve the health of all people in Florida through integrated state, county & community efforts. Diabetes Advisory Council Welcome to the Florida Diabetes Advisory Council Website What is the Diabetes Advisory Council? The Diabetes Advisory Council is a statutorily mandated (385.203, F.S.) group that was created to guide a statewide comprehensive approach to diabetes prevention, diagnosis, education, care, treatment, impact, and costs. The Diabetes Advisory Council serves as the advisory unit to the Department of Health, other governmental agencies, professional and other organizations, and the general public. The council provides statewide leadership to continuously improve the lives of Floridians with diabetes and reduce the burden of diabetes. The Diabetes Advisory Council makes specific recommendations to the State Surgeon General regarding the public health aspects of the prevention and control of diabetes. Diabetes Legislative Report The Diabetes Advisory Council, in conjunction with the Department of Health, the Agency for Health Care Administration, and the Department of Management Services, has submitted its first biennial report on diabetes to the Governor, Speaker of the House, and President of the Senate.

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I-Ching Hexagram 20 – Kuan – Contemplation (View) from The I Ching or Book of Changes by Richard Wilhelm, Cary F. Baynes, Hellmut Wilhelm and C. G. Jung A slight variation of tonal stress gives the Chinese name for this hexagram a double meaning. It means both contemplating and being seen, in the sense of being an example. These ideas are suggested by the fact that the hexagram can be understood as picturing a type of tower characteristic of ancient China. A tower of this kind commanded a wide view of the country; at the same time, when situated on a mountain, it became a landmark that could be seen for miles around. Thus the hexagram shows a ruler who contemplates the law of heaven above him hand the ways of the people below, and who, by means of good government, sets a lofty example to the masses. This hexagram is linked with the eighth month (September-October). The light-giving power retreats and the dark power is again on the increase. However, this aspect is not material in the interpretation of the hexagram as a whole. CONTEMPLATION. The ablution has been made, But not yet the offering. Full of trust they look up to him. The sacrificial ritual in china began with an ablution and a libation by which the Deity was invoked, after which the sacrifice was offered. The moment of time between these two ceremonies is the most sacred of all, the moment of deepest inner concentration. If piety is sincere and expressive of real faith, the contemplation of it has a transforming and awe-inspiring effect on those who witness it. Thus also in nature a holy seriousness is to be seen in the fact that natural occurrences are uniformly subject to law. Contemplation of the divine meaning underlying the workings of the universe gives to the man who is called upon to influence others the means of producing like effects. This requires that power of inner concentration which religious contemplation develops in great men strong in faith. It enables them to apprehend the mysterious and divine laws of life, and by means of profoundest inner concentration they give expression to these laws in their own persons. Thus a hidden spiritual power emanates from them, influencing and dominating others without their being aware of how it happens. The wind blows over the earth: The image of CONTEMPLATION. Thus the kings of old visited the regions of the world, Contemplated the people, And gave them instruction. When the wind blows over the earth it goes far and wide, and the grass must bend to its power. These two occurrences find confirmation in the hexagram. The two images are used to symbolize a practice of the kings of old; in making regular journeys the ruler could, in the first place, survey his realm and make certain that none of the existing usages of the people escaped notice; in the second, he could exert influence through which such customs as were unsuitable could be changed. All of this points to the power possessed by a superior personality. On the one hand, such a man will have a view of the real sentiments of the great mass of humanity and therefore cannot be deceived; on the other, he will impress the people so profoundly, by his mere existence and by the impact of his personality, that they will be swayed by him as the grass by the wind. Six at the beginning means: for an inferior man, no blame. for a superior man, humiliation. This means contemplation from a distance, without comprehension. A man of influence is at hand, but hi influence is not understood by the common people. This matters little in the case of the masses, for they benefit by the actions of the ruling sage whether they understand them or not. But for a superior man it is a disgrace. he must not content himself with a shallow, thoughtless view of prevailing forces; he must contemplate them as a connected whole and try to understand them. Six in the second place means; Contemplation through the crack of the door. Furthering for the perseverance of a woman. Through the crack of the door one has a limited outlook; one look outward from within. Contemplation is subjectively limited. One tends to relate everything to oneself and cannot put oneself in another’s place and understand his motives. This is appropriate for a good housewife. It is not necessary for her to be conversant with the affairs of the world. But for a man who must take active part in public life, such a narrow, egotistic way of contemplating things is of course harmful. Six in the third place means: Contemplation of my life Decides the choice Between advance and retreat. This is the place of transition. We no longer look outward to receive pictures that are more or less limited and confused, but direct our contemplation upon ourselves in order to find a guideline for our decisions. This self-contemplation means the overcoming of naive egotism in the person who sees everything solely from his own standpoint. He begins to reflect and in this way acquires objectivity. However, self-knowledge does not mean preoccupation with one’s own thoughts; rather, it means concern about the effects one creates. It is only the effects our lives produce that give us the right to judge whether what we have done means progress or regression. Six in the fourth place means: Contemplation of the light of the kingdom. It furthers one to exert influence as the guest of a king. This describes a man who understands the secrets by which a kingdom can be made to flourish. Such a man must be given an authoritative position, in which he can exert influence. He should be, so to speak, a guest – that is, he should be honored and allowed to act independently, and should not be used as a tool. Nine in the fifth place means: Contemplation of my life. The superior man is without blame. A man in an authoritative position to whom others look up must always be ready for self-examination. the right sort of self-examination, however, consists not in idle brooding over oneself but in examining the effects one produces. Only when these effects are good, and when one’s influence on others is good, will the contemplation of one’s own life bring the satisfaction of knowing oneself to be free of mistakes. Nine at the top means: Contemplation of his life. The superior man is without blame. While the preceding line represents a man who contemplates himself, here in the highest place everything that is personal, related to the ego, is excluded. The picture is that of a sage who stands outside the affairs of the world. Liberated from hi sego, he contemplates the laws of life and so realizes that knowing how to become free of blame is the highest good.

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Aural Plaque in Horses Also called aural papilloma, aural plaque is a condition affecting the inside of a horse’s ear. A white, plaque-like material, it sometimes appears thick and crusty. In most cases, there is tender pink skin underneath the plaque. This is usually a benign condition that does not bother the horse, but is purely a cosmetic issue. However, occasionally, a horse can develop ear sensitivity. Once aural plaque develops, it is tough to get rid of permanently. Symptoms and Types These are some signs that can be seen in the horse's inner ear: - White, crusty plaque, usually raised and rough - Thick, pink skin underneath lesions If the horse has become sensitive to the lesions, there may be head shaking, head shyness, and the horse may be come difficult to put a halter or bridle on. These plaques are thought to be caused by a wart-causing virus, such as papillomavirus, and spread by biting flies. While it is easy for your veterinarian to diagnose aural plaque, most experienced horse owners can detect aural plaque, too, as the symptoms are quite obvious. During the summer months, the prevalence of small black biting flies make this an even larger issue, as they tend to aggravate the condition even more. There is no definitive treatment for these plaques. As they are mostly a cosmetic issue, if they are not bothering the horse, no treatment needs to be pursued. However, if the horse has developed sensitive ears due to the plaques, certain treatments may be tried. The plaque can be removed and the pink skin underneath treated with a soothing, healing ointment. This usually reduces the size of the affected area and alleviates the pain. Anecdotally, a human immunomodulatory drug called Aldara can be applied as a cream to affected ears and has been reported to help. For more difficult cases of aural plaque, you may want to consider giving your horse a pair of ear covers to wear outside. This protects from the irritating sting of the black flies, which can aggravate aural plaque and worsen the pain. Living and Management As papillomaviruses can become dormant in the body and never truly leave, once a horse develops aural plaque, it tends to come back eventually. Keeping the black flies from biting the inside of the horse’s ears is the best defense against the aural plaque becoming worse.

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You are here: Tellus undertakes research with a range of collaborators in order to maximise the societal and economic benefits of the geochemical and geophysical data. Explore the themes below to see how Tellus data is being used to benefit society. Tellus is supporting mineral exploration in Ireland by providing world-class geochemical and geophysical data on a regional level. 2016’s Fraser Report on worldwide mineral exploration ranked Ireland ninth in the world for the quality of its geological databases and second in Europe for overall investment attractiveness. Research shows how the geochemical and geophysical data can be used to support exploration for a variety of minerals. Tellus provides a wide range of geochemical data relevant to the assessment of micro-nutrients and chemical status in agricultural soil on a regional level. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that originates from the decay of uranium in rocks and soils. The Tellus airborne survey measures naturally occurring uranium emitted from the rocks and soils. Therefore, the information gathered can be used to map radon distribution.

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Reduce And Reuse Reduce and Reuse The City of Miami Beach is all about waste diversion–preventing materials from going into landfills. Why are landfills bad? They take up valuable space that can be utilized for housing, business, recreation, or wildlife habitat; landfills are often unwelcome in residential neighborhoods, as they can create unpleasant sights, sounds, and smells; they can create hazardous waste issues; and landfills encourage our passive waste-disposal habits. One way to accomplish waste diversion is recycling, but this answer is far from a complete solution to the ever-growing landfill crisis. Smart consumption–reducing and reusing–is needed to prevent waste from being created in the first place. In addition to diverting waste, waste prevention can help reduce the City’s carbon footprint and reduce pollution. Check out the following tips to start consuming smartly and conserve our precious resources. - Avoid items that are excessively packaged; buy in bulk when possible - Avoid bagging items purchased from a store if it’s not necessary - Purchase only what you need - Landscape with native plants that don’t require constant mowing, trimming, or watering - “Grasscycle” your lawn trimmings by leaving them directly on the lawn after mowing - Compost your landscape trimmings and kitchen scraps - Increase the margins on your word processor to fit more information on a page - Copy all documents double sided and try to transfer information electronically when possible - Have your name removed from mailing lists to reduce “junk mail” - Drink tap water instead of bottled water–install a filter, if you like. - Buy concentrates for juice, detergent and other items to reduce packaging waste. - Purchase quality items that have a lifetime of use over disposable or second-rate brands - Use durable items like ceramic coffee mugs and plates, rechargeable batteries - When shopping, use a cloth bag or reuse a brown paper bag for your groceries - Use sponges and dish towels instead of paper towels - Donate unwanted items to charitable organizations - Fix appliances that are worn out instead of throwing them away - A piece of paper has two sides – use both sides before recycling - Use two-way envelopes to route documents through your office - Reuse mailing envelopes and boxes when sending documents and packages - Reuse “packing peanuts” or take them to mailing houses that will reuse them - Reuse resealable containers, like plastic tubs and glass jars, to store left-overs, lunches, or supplies Creative Ways to Reuse - Make bike/driveway reflectors from old CDs. - Use glass jars for extra cups and flower vases - Fill old yogurt containers with dirt to use them as seedling starters. - Use tissue boxes as trash (or recycling!) containers in cars. - Keep cords untangled by passing them through and then storing them in a cardboard toilet-paper tube. - Cut the bottom off of an empty toothpaste tube for a reusable cake-decorator. - The plastic bags in which newspapers are delivered can be used as umbrella bags. - Keep clothes smelling great by placing used dryer sheets with your folded clothes in drawers.

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en

Human use and alteration of land has profound effects on the environment, both locally where it takes place, and at the planetary scale via climate change and other mechanisms. This building block explains what is meant by land use and land use change, both direct and indirect. Last update: 06 February, 2018 Land use (direct). The purpose for which an area of land is used by humans: e.g. cropland, urban settlements, forests. Wild or natural land, by contrast, is that not used by humans. Land use (indirect). Land that is indirectly used via the consumption of goods which require an area of land in order to make them. For example, pork production uses land indirectly via the consumption of animal feed in the process. Land use change (direct). The process, whereby a specific area of land is converted from one use to another – including from ‘wild’ to human centric uses. This describes the immediate, local, cause of the change (e.g. cropland replacing grassland). Land use change (indirect). The process whereby a change in the availability of land in one location, causes the conversion of land from on use to another in another location, in order to meet demand – mediated by local or international markets for agricultural goods. Over the last three centuries, human uses have come to dominate the earth’s land surface, progressively eroding the area that can be said to be in a ‘natural’ or ‘semi-natural’ state. Of these uses, agricultural production is by far the most extensive user of land globally (Figure 1).1 Figure 1: Anthropogenic transformation of the Biomes: 1700 to 2000. Over this period, areas of wild and semi-natural land have increasingly become managed for human uses. Reproduced from Ellis et al., 2010.1 What land is used for and how this changes over time is a fundamental driver of changes in local and global climate, ecosystems, watercourses, infectious diseases, and more. Understanding and managing these interactions, is a central challenge for food systems sustainability. The word ‘use’ in the term ‘land use’ refers specifically the purposes for which land is occupied or managed for human ends. How land use is categorised varies according what it is being categorised for, but common examples include type of cropland, pasture, and settlements. Under this typology, land that is not being used by humans for any purpose is often designated as being ‘wild’ or ‘natural’ land. Land that is only lightly used by humans, with little disturbance of the natural processes that take place on it is often designated as ‘semi-natural’. The causes of land use within food systems can be looked at from multiple perspectives. The direct cause of land use refers to a specific piece of land and how it is being used at a specific moment in time. Indirect land use differs from direct land use, in that the point at which the 'use' happens takes place later in the value chain, when a product that has required the use of land in order to produce it, is consumed or used by some other process. The example of cows being fed on both pasture and animal feed to produce milk, provides an illustration of the difference. In this case, cows directly use the pasture land in order to obtain sustenance and to produce milk. At the same time, cows indirectly use cropland to produce milk, via the supplemental feed that they consume. Land use change simply refers to the conversion of a piece of land's use by humans, from one purpose to another. For example, land may be converted from cropland to grassland, or from wild land (e.g. tropical forests) to human-specific land uses (e.g. palm oil plantations). Certain types of land use change have well known words associated with them, such as deforestation. afforestation, or rewilding. As with direct land use, direct land use change refers to a specific piece of land, whose use has been converted by humans from one purpose to another. For example, a piece of land used for forestry might be deforested and then replaced by new cropland. Figure 2 below illustrates the concepts of both direct and indirect land use change. Direct land use change is shown in the middle column, which shows new cropland for bioenergy replacing forest and rangeland in Region 1. Note that in this scenario, because the cropland used to grow biofuels is entirely new cropland, if doesn’t conflict with land used for food production in Region 1, and so there is no connected change in cropland area in Region 2. Figure 2: Direct verses indirect land use change from biofuel production. Reproduced from Taylor, 2013.2. Indirect land use change takes place when a direct change in land use in one location, is causally connected to a corresponding change in land use in another location. The causal mechanism behind this shift in land use from one location to another is the influence of agricultural markets on regional or global land use. The case of indirect land use change as a result of biofuel production is illustrated in the rightmost column of Figure 2. In this scenario, cropland in Region 1 is converted from food production to biofuel production, leaving forest and rangeland areas intact. In a real world situation, this may reflect strong governance in the region preventing the conversion of forests or rangelands, or simply a lack of land suitable for conversion into new cropland. If the reduced area of cropland lowers the total amount of food crop production in Region 1, yet total demand for that food crop remains the same, the theory behind indirect land use change predicts that market prices will incentivise an increase in food production somewhere else in order to fill the gap between demand and supply. This can happen through: - Intensification of food production on existing farmland, thereby increasing total output; or - The creation of new agricultural land area on which to grow additional food. Often this can lead to production shifting from one region to another (i.e. to Region 2 in the rightmost column of Figure 2). In practice, this means that land use change is exported to locations where there is land with the potential to be converted into new agricultural land, and where the conversion of land is incentivised by weak laws and law enforcement; taxes and subsidies promoting land conversion; and many other factors.3 As a result, a change in land use in one location (e.g. Europe) can potentially lead (indirectly) to changes in land use on the other side of the world, often in lower income countries where the ecological cost of land conversion is often high, because of the richness and unique character of biodiversity on the land being converted. 4 Indirect land use change is an important and useful concept for understanding the drivers of phenomena such as habitat destruction and associated greenhouse gas emissions 5, but has important limitations. Attributing land use change (e.g. deforestation) in any one location to a specific change in land use elsewhere is often extremely difficult, due to the need to analyse and track how markets respond to direct land use change in one location, and in turn, the need to explain how the decisions and actions of local people in relation to the management of land in other world regions, will respond to the market change. The indirect land use change concept is therefore not of much use in explaining specific cases of land use change in specific locations. Rather, it represents one of the many general driving forces incentivising land use change in a specific place and at a specific time. Where the concept is better put to use is in understanding unintended impacts of land use policies. Here, modelling can combine the effects of land use dynamics and agricultural markets to estimate the amount of land that will been displace from one region to others, as a result of a proposed or actual land use change in a specific location. However, due to the many variables involved and large degrees of uncertainty, estimates of indirect land use change are also highly uncertain.6 Estimates should, therefore, be treated as a useful but imprecise heuristic for estimating the total environmental impact of land use change. To learn more about this topic we recommend: Note: many paywall articles linked to below can also be found online as PDFs. Review article (paywall): Global consequences of land use Review article (paywall): The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths Book chapter (paywall): Systemic feedbacks in global land use Video lecture (open access): Land-use change through time Research article (paywall): Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000 1. Ellis, E. C., Klein Goldewijk, K., Siebert, S., Lightman, D., & Ramankutty, N. (2010). Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. Global ecology and biogeography, 19(5), 589-606. 2. Taylor, C. (2015, Fall Issue). Life cycle thinking is increasingly popular for policy uses, especially in the field of bioenergy. Bioenergy Connection. Retrieved from http://www.bioenergyconnection.org/article/life-cycle-analysis-bioenergy-policy 3. Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Geist, H. J., Agbola, S. B., Angelsen, A., Bruce, J. W., ... & George, P. (2001). The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global environmental change, 11(4), 261-269. 4. Haberl, H., Erb, K. H., Kastner, T., Lauk, C., & Mayer, A. (2016). Systemic Feedbacks in Global Land Use. In Social Ecology (pp. 315-334). Springer International Publishing 5. Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S. R., ... & Helkowski, J. H. (2005). Global consequences of land use. science, 309(5734), 570-574. 6. Meyfroidt, P., Lambin, E. F., Erb, K. H., & Hertel, T. W. (2013). Globalization of land use: distant drivers of land change and geographic displacement of land use. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(5), 438-444. Samuel Lee-Gammage, FCRN, University of Oxford Tara Garnett, FCRN, University of Oxford Reviewers are currently being identified for this resource. Once reviewed, this resource will be updated to reflect feedback and their contributions to this resource. If you have specific feedback on how to improve the resource, please get in touch with the FCRN team. The Daniel and Nina Carasso Foundation The Esmée Fairbairn Foundation The Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food

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CC-MAIN-2020-24

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The fifth son of Aethelwulf, Alfred was born in 849. He came to the throne in 871. Immediately, he was met with the daunting task of ridding his country of the Vikings. The Viking raids had established many Danish settlements, and in 867, the Vikings seized York and established a kingdom in southern Northumbria. The Vikings had already defeated both East Anglia and Mercia. Finally, in 870, the Danes attacked the only remaining independent Anglo-Saxon kingdom – that of Wessex, whose forces were commanded by King Aethelred and his younger brother Alfred. In 871, Alfred defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Ashdown, but soon his older brother Aethelred was killed, and Alfred came to the throne. In 878, the Danish king Guthrum seized Chippenham in Wiltshire, providing the Danes with a stronghold in the area. With a small army made up of his royal bodyguards, thegns (the King’s followers) and Aethelnoth, earldorman of Somerset, Alfred withdrew to make a stand in the Somerset tidal marshes. From his fortified base at Athelney in Somerset, Alfred led quick strike raids against the Danish forces. In May 878, Alfred defeated the Danes at the Battle of Edington. However, Alfred realized he could not drive the Danes from the rest of England, so he sought a peace treaty. King Guthrum converted to Christianity with Alfred as godfather to his children. “In 886, Alfred negotiated a partition treaty with the Danes, in which a frontier was demarcated along the Roman Watling Street and northern and eastern England came under the jurisdiction of the Danes – an area known as ‘Danelaw.’ Alfred, therefore, gained control of areas of West Mercia and Kent, which had been beyond the boundaries of Wessex.” (The Official Website of the British Monarchy) Alfred changed how the British army responded to a crisis by developing a “rapid reaction force,” which would respond to immediate attacks from the outside or within the kingdom. He also encouraged the establishment of well-defended settlements along the southern border. “These well fortified market places (‘borough’ comes from the Old English burh, meaning fortress); by deliberate royal planning, settlers received plots and in return manned the defences in times of war. (Such plots in London under Alfred’s rule in the 880s shaped the street plan, which still exists today between Cheapside and the Thames.) This obligation required careful recording in what became known as ‘the Burghal Hidage’, which gave details of the building and manning of Wessex and Mercian burhs according to their size, the length of their ramparts and the number of men needed to garrison them. Centred round Alfred’s royal palace in Winchester, this network of burhs with strongpoints on the main river routes was such that no part of Wessex was more than 20 miles from the refuge of one of these settlements. Together with a navy of new fast ships built on Alfred’s orders, southern England now had a defence in depth against Danish raiders.” In 891, Alfred’s greatest fame began. He compiled the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, written in the language of the people, rather than the Latin used by the church, outlines the political, social, and economic events that marked the history of Britain. Later, he translated Orosius’s Historia Adversus Paganos and Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation. Alfred died in 899 at the age of 50. He was the only English king to be called “Great.”

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New genealogists don’t think about source citations when they research their family trees. They are busy finding new cousins and making the branches grow. It is not until they go back to find a certain reference or to review where they got a certain piece of information that they begin to realize just how important citations are. Citations are also vital when people share their family tree research. What are citations? According to Wikipedia: Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression (e.g. [Newell84]) embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). A prime purpose of a citation is intellectual honesty to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, and to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author’s argument in the claimed way. Recent blog discussion on citations bring home just how important they can be. The gold standard is outlined in Elizabeth Shown Mills’ book Evidence Explained. She has also produced several “QuickSheets” which are very helpful for the genealogist. (available on Amazon.com) John Reid of the Anglo-Celtic Connections blog pointed me towards a useful four pager “Citations for Canadians” posted on the Association of Professional Genealogists (APG) Ontario Chapter website at: http://www.ocapg.org/CitationsforCanadians.pdf AFHS president Kay Clarke and Diane Granger have put together a great reference for newcomers to genealogy called “Beginning Your Family History“. Check out Step 4. Evaluating Your Information. The source of the information can help determine whether the information is truth or fiction. Many genealogy software programs make it easy to record your sources. If you are new to genealogy it is highly recommended you establish the habit of recording where you obtained the information. In the long term you will be glad you did.

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August 09, 2012 Sometimes it would be nice to have 24 hours available to finish the workload of the day. However, the drive for sleep inevitably compromises our performance or even causes us to fall asleep under dangerous situations, such as driving a car. Daily sleep is therefore thought to be essential for regenerating the brain and maintaining performance. This holds true both for humans and other animals. Researchers led by Bart Kempenaers from the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen have now found that during the three-week mating period male pectoral sandpipers (Calidris melanotos) are active for up to 95% of the time. This is even more remarkable considering the fact that the birds have just arrived in their breeding area in Alaska, after migrating from their overwintering grounds in the southern hemisphere. Pectoral sandpipers have a polygynous mating system where one male mates with several females. Because males do not engage in parental care, a male's reproductive success is determined exclusively by his access to fertile females. However, gaining this access is not that easy for pectoral sandpipers: “Males have to constantly repel their rivals through male-male competition and simultaneously convince females with intensive courtship display”, says director Bart Kempenaers. Given that the sun never sets during the Arctic summer, males that can engage in this extreme competition 24/7 should be at an advantage. Indeed, the researchers found that the most active males interacted most with females and sired the most offspring. Paternity was determined by collecting DNA from all males, all females, and all offspring in the study area. To measure activity patterns, the researchers attached transmitters to the feathers of all males and most of the females. These radiotelemetry based senders allowed the team to monitor whether the animal was moving or resting. Finally, recordings of brain and muscle activity confirmed that active birds were awake and that inactive birds were in fact sleeping. The brain activity recordings also reveal variation in sleep intensity: “Males that slept the least had the deepest sleep”, says co-author Niels Rattenborg who conducts sleep research at Seewiesen. Although this suggests that the birds might compensate for sleep loss by sleeping deeper, the researchers found that even when this was taken into consideration, the birds were still experiencing a deficit in sleep. Based on the team’s data on birds that returned to the study area across breeding seasons, this reproductive sleep loss apparently has no long-term adverse impact on survival. On the contrary, successful males returned to the breeding area more often when compared to males siring less offspring and were more likely to sire offspring in their second year. Does the study question the dominant view that the function of sleep is to regenerate the brain? The researchers do not wish to go that far, although the findings clearly show that under certain circumstances animals may be able to evolve the ability to forgo, or postpone, large amounts of sleep while maintaining high neurobehavioral performance. Importantly, the finding that not every male does this, even when there are fertile females around, suggests that “Long sleeping males may lack genetic traits that enable short sleeping individuals to maintain high performance despite a lack of sleep”, argues Bart Kempenaers. The researchers believe that determining why only some males engage in this adaptive sleeplessness may provide insight into the evolution of this extreme behaviour, as well as the ongoing debate over the functions of sleep and its relationship to health and longevity in humans.

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Conventional metamaterial absorbers have multilayer designs, where the dielectric interlayer is sandwiched between a top patterned metallic structure and bottom metallic film. Here, we demonstrate that a highly polarization-sensitive perfect absorber canbe realized by replacing the bottom metallic film with a plasmonic grating. Designs for broadband and narrowband of wavelength are proposed and numerically investigated. The designed absorbers perform high light absorption, which is above 90% over the wavelength range of 0.4–1.4 µm for the broadband absorber and 98% for the absorption peak in case of the narrowband design, with a specific polarization of incident light. We find that the absorption is tunable by changing the polarization. Such absorbers offer new approach for active control of light absorbance with strong impacts for solar energy harvesting, light emitting and sensing. Perfect absorber, which is a device that neither reflects nor transmits the incident light, has drawn great interest due to its importance in both science and practical applications. With the advent of metamaterials whose optical properties such as effective permittivity and permeability can be manipulated, perfect absorbers are now reported to cover all the range from microwave to visiblelight1,2,3 and can be engineered to work in both broadband and narrowband of wavelength by utilizing the extraordinary optical absorption of plasmonic resonances. While the broadband absorbers offer many promising applications in photovoltaic industry4,5,6, radar technology7, 8, solar cells9 and thermal imaging10, the narrowband absorbers are generally applied for sensing11,12,13 due to the selective light absorption. Generally, metamaterial absorbers base on coupled resonators on optical cavity forming by multilayers of metal and dielectric with certain patterned structures. Many polarization-insensitive absorbers at visible and near-infrared regime have been demonstrated such as structures using mesoporous gold surfaces14, structures consisting of a metal-insulator-metal stack with trapezoid arrays of nanostructures patterned on the top silver film15 or structures based on one ultrathin layer of refractory metal16. Since the control of light absorbance plays a fundamental role in photonics technology with strong impact for light emitting and sensing components, metamaterial designs that can enable active control of light absorbance are necessary. Perfect absorbers that are sensitive to the polarization or incident angle therefore attract much attention, and have been realized recently by introducing anisotropy in the design structure16,17,18,19,20,21. For example, designs of narrowband polarization sensitive perfect absorber with botte-line and cub-like structures are proposed and demonstrated numerically16, and the one consisting of arrays of three-dimensional standing U-shaped resonators fabricated by two-photon polymerization followed by blanket coating of the metal is reported21. In this paper, we propose a new concept of polarization sensitive perfect absorber based on plasmonic gratings that can be applied for both broadband and narrowband regimes. Comprehensive numerical study is performed for different polarizations and incident angles, and we demonstrate that high light absorption, which is above 90% over the wavelength range of 0.4–1.4 µm for the broadband absorber and 98% for the absorption peak in case of the narrowband design, is achieved with only a specific polarization of incident light. By changing the polarization or incident angle, the absorption can be actively controlled and reaches minimum when the polarization is perpendicular to the one at the perfect absorbing state. This feature makes the designed absorbers very useful in controlling light absorbance, manipulating and detecting light with specific polarization. Theoretical background for multilayers perfect absorbers We consider sandwiched multilayers of metal and dielectric as shown in Fig. 1 with layer thickness of d m , d d . In order to analyze the absorption in periodic structures, it is convenient to use the impedance transformation method 22 by introducing the wave impedance Z(z) = −E y /H x of a TE wave, and the characteristic impedance of layer medium where µ k , ε k are the permeability and permittivity of the layer, respectively and θ is the incident angle. To deal with periodic problems, we define Z(k) as the wave impedance at the interface between layer (k + 1)th and layer kth. The wave impedance at the first metal/dielectric interface is where ϕ1 = k z d is the phase shift of the layer, and Z(0) can be expressed as The wave impedance for the kth layer can be obtained by the recurrence formula The reflection of the system is finally given by where Z in is the characteristic impedance of the input medium, which is air in our case. According to the above equations, a perfect absorber can be realized by satisfying the following requirements: (i) substrate layer must reflect all the in coming light to negligee the transmission and (ii) choosing material variables such that the reflection in (5) vanishes, or in other words In case the metal layer is ultra thin compared to the optical wavelength, and assume that real part of the substrate refractive index is negligible, Z n in (5) will change periodically as a function of tan (k z d d ), giving rise to different absorption bands. The top nth layer can have a patterned metallic structure for selective light absorption based on plasmonic resonance. In conventional metamaterial absorbers, the first condition is realized by using a metallic layer as a substrate to diminish the transmission. In our work, we use plasmonic grating structure, defined as a metallic grating with period much smaller than the wavelength, at the substrate layer for reflecting selected polarization. Figure 2a presents schematic of a gold grating on silica substrate and the corresponding reflection for a grating period of 50 nm is shown in Fig. 2b. The grating has extremely high reflection (>98%) over a broad range of wavelength from visible to near-infrared (NIR) (600–1600 nm) for s-polarization incident light, but low reflection (<20%) for the p-polarization light over the same range of wavelength. We utilize this feature of the plasmonic grating for designing polarization sensitive perfect absorbers as explained in the following section. Broadband polarization sensitive absorber Our design for broadband polarization sensitive absorber is presented in Fig. 3a. It consists of an ultra thin chromium (Cr) interlayer of 8 nm sandwiched by two silica layers of 85 nm. Gold grating structure with period of 200 nm, filling factor of 0.5 and thickness of 100 nm is deposited on one silica layer. Since the permittivity of Cr16 matches the ideal permittivity to satisfy the matching impedance condition (6) for broadband waveleng thin the visible and NIR, and the grating structure will reflect the light back to the silica layer for only selected polarization, the proposed structure is expected to work as a broadband polarization sensitive perfect absorber. To demonstrate the performance of the absorber, we perform numerical investigation based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) with COMSOL and Finite Difference Time Domain method (FDTD) with Lumerical. Absorption of the proposed structure under s-and p-polarization and normal incidence are shown in Fig. 3b. When the incident light is s-polarized, multi-resonances are created when the beam reflects back to the dielectric layer after approaching the grating, leading to high absorption (above 90%) over a broad wavelength range of 0.4-1.4 µm. For p-polarized incidence, we can see that absorption decreases rapidly and becomes smaller than 25% for wavelength range of 1.2–1.6 µm. Furthermore, the impedance matching (6) for the absorber under the s-polarized light is observed through the electric field distribution E s under normal incidence at the wavelength of 600 nm as shown in Fig. 3c, where there is no distortion and change in shape of the wavefront as the incident wave propagates into the silica layer of the absorber from the air, meaning that there is no reflection from the absorber. The time-averaged power flow (arrows) keeps the same intensity in the air and the top silica layer but decays rapidly below the Cr layer, illustrating the role of the Cr layer whose absorption loss induces the perfect absorption of the incident light. Figure 4a shows a false-color plot of the absorption as a function of polarization angle, where 0° corresponds to the p-polarization and 90° corresponds to the s-polarization, over broad range of wavelength in visible and NIR regime. We can see that the absorption is high (above 80%) and insensitive to the polarization for wavelength below 700 nm, and becomes sensitive to the polarization for the higher wavelength range, in which the absorption can be tuned from extremely high absorbing state (above 98%) to low absorbing state (below 10%) by rotating the polarization angle from s-polarization (90°) to p-polarization (0°). To identify the sensitivity of the absorber to the polarization, we define a sensitivity parameter S as a difference of the absorption between the s-and p-polarization. Physically, higher S means the absorber is more sensitive to the polarization. An ideal polarization sensitive perfect absorber will have S = 1, and a polarization independent perfect absorber has S = 0. We perform investigation of the sensitivity as a function of incidence angle and the results are shown in Fig. 4b. In this figure, the hot color corresponds to high sensitivity. This illustrates a high sensitivity region with S above 50% in the wavelength range of 0.9–1.5 µm and incidence angle between 0° and 30°. The sensitivity decreases with larger incident angle and have maximum at normal incidence. To study the performance of the designed absorber to the tolerance of plasmonic grating parameters, we investigate the polarization sensitivity of the absorber as a function of grating period as shown in Fig. 5. Other parameters of the grating such as filling factor and thickness are fixed. For wavelength range of 800–1500 nm, the polarization sensitivity is nearly unchanged when the grating period is varied from 120 nm to 400 nm. This shows that the proposed broadband polarization sensitive perfect absorber does not require a strict value of the grating period, thus illustrating the feasibility for fabrication and realization. Narrowband polarization sensitive absorber Generally, narrowband perfect absorber is based on the extraordinary absorption of plasmonic resonances. A variety of structures has been investigated for selective light absorption, and the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure with one side patterned layer has been recently applied for realization of such absorbers. For example, a triple-band perfect absorption in a MIM structure has been demonstrated in ref. 23 by utilizing the coupling between the surface plasmon polariton and the guided mode resonance. We now demonstrate that a narrowband perfect absorber sensitive to polarization can be realized by using one side patterned metal-insulator-grating (MIG) structure, in which the top layer has patterned plasmonic structure. Figure 6a presents our design for this kind of absorber in the visible and NIR range. A periodic disk structure having radius of 80 nm, thickness of 65 nm and period of 600 nm is patterned on a titanium dioxide (TiO2) spacer of thickness of 200 nm. The grating structure has a period of 20 nm and thickness of 100 nm. For s-polarized light with normal incidence, three absorption peaks, denoted as Peak 1 (absorption above 98%), Peak 2 (absorption above 85%) and Peak 3 (absorption above 68%), corresponding to the wavelength of 729 nm, 870 nm and 990 respectively are observed. Peak 1 originates from the loss of Au enhanced by the Fabry-Perrot resonance whose cavity length is equal to the thickness of the spacer layer23. The physical mechanism of the absorption Peak 2 and 3 are explored through their electric field distributions as shown respectively in Fig. 6c. The absorption Peak 2 is induced from the coupling between the surface plasmon polaritons and guided mode resonances, and Peak 3 originates from the localized surface plasmon on nano Au discs, in which the position of Peak 3 depends on the size of the nano gold particles. When the p-polarized light is applied, we can see that all of these 3 absorption peaks are diminished as can be seen in Fig. 6b. In particular, the absorption Peak 1, Peak 2 and Peak 3 are changed from 99%, 90% and 70% to below 26%, 5% and 35% respectively when changing the incident light from s-polarization to p-polarization. Figure 7a demonstrates the ability for active control of the absorption at Peak 1, Peak 2 and Peak 3 by varying the polarization of the incident light, in which we can achieve any expected values of light absorption by setting an appropriate polarization state between 0° (p-polarization) and 90° (s-polarization). The simulation is done under normal incidence. The dependence of polarization sensitivity of the triple-band absorption corresponding to Peak 1, Peak 2 and Peak 3 is shown in Fig. 7b. The results show that the sensitivity of Peak 1 is nearly same as the one of Peak 2, where the sensitivity is highest (0.82) at normal incidence and decreases at larger incidence angle, while the sensitivity of the Peak 3 remains unchanged at low value around 0.33. High sensitivity of absorption Peak 1 and Peak 2 according to the polarization can therefore have potential applications in optical filters, polarization detectors and sensors. We investigate the dependence of the narrowband absorber on the tolerance of the grating period. As shown in Fig. 8, the absorption spectrum for s-polarization (Fig. 8a) and the sensitivity spectrum (Fig. 8b) under normal incident angle are presented for a broad range of grating period of 20–200 nm. We can see that for s-polarization, the first two absorption bands corresponding to Peak 1 (wavelength of 728 nm) and Peak 2 (wavelength of 870 nm) have high absorption that is above 90% for broad range of grating period from 20 nm to 200 nm. However, the third absorption band has lower absorption, and only achieve higher value that is above 80% for grating period larger than 160 nm. Regarding polarization sensitivity, which is defined as the difference of absorption between the s-polarization and p-polarization, false color plot of its spectrum in Fig. 8b illustrates a high independent sensitivity (>80%) of the second absorption band on the grating period. Meanwhile, polarization sensitivity of the first absorption band is higher at smaller grating period, and the one of the third absorption band is higher at larger grating period. These investigations are important to design a polarization sensitive perfect absorber adapting to a specific application whose working wavelength is at absorption band 1, 2 or 3. We elaborate on the feasibility of fabrication of our plasmonic grating based polarization sensitive perfect absorbers. The broadband perfect absorber depicted in Fig. 3a can be fabricated by depositing respectively Cr and SiO2 layers on the SiO2 substrate by using the electron beam (e-beam) evaporation. Since the resolution of a commercial e-beam evaporator is less than 1 nm, it would be practical to control precisely the layer thickness. Gold grating will be finally fabricated on the SiO2 layer with patterning using e-beam lithography and lift-off process. As explained in Fig. 5, the polarization sensitivity is nearly unchanged when changing the grating period in a broad range from 120 nm to 400 nm. Consequently, it is acceptable for a small difference between the fabricated grating period and the designed, leading to a practical implementation of the designed structure to practical experiments. Regarding the narrowband polarization sensitive perfect absorber, a schematic design for practical fabrication is shown in Fig. 9. Gold gratings will be fabricated first on a silica substrate with patterning using e-beam lithography and lift-off process. Then the TiO2 layer is deposited by e-beam evaporation. Au discs are finally placed on the TiO2 layer. Since our narrowband absorber bases on the patterned metal-insulator-reflector structure, the absorption properties of the structure are mainly governed by the patterned plasmonic layer and thickness of the insulator providing the condition that the reflector layer has high reflection efficiency. Consequently, the influence of the silica substrate below the grating and the incorporating TiO2 in Au grating on the absorption performance of the device in comparison with the design in Fig. 6 is negligible. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that a conventional polarization-insensitive multilayer perfect absorber can be switched to a highly polarization-sensitive perfect absorber by replacing the reflector layer, which is normally a metallic thin layer, with a plasmonic grating. We proposed designs of polarization sensitive perfect absorber for both broadband and narrowband of wavelength, and numerically demonstrated the tunability of the light absorption when changing the light polarization. Particularly, light absorption in broadband or triple-narrow band of wavelength obtains highest values (>90%) at s-polarization and decrease rapidly when changing to p-polarization. This effect could be exploited to realize broadband or selective band optical switches controlled by the incident polarization. Furthermore, we showed that the broadband absorber and the second absorption band of the narrowband absorber have good performance over a wide range of grating period, while for the narrowband absorber, the first absorption band prefers shorter grating period and the second absorption band prefers longer grating period. Finally, we discussed the possible implementation of the designs to real fabrication and applications. We foresee that the actual implementation of the plasmonic grating based polarization sensitive perfect absorber may result in a new class of active control of light absorption devices that offer manypromising applications in photovoltaic industry, radar technology, solar cells and thermal imaging. Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The research was supported by Green Science program funded by POSCO, and Young Investigator program (NRF-2015R1C1A1A02036464), Engineering Research Center program (NRF-2015R1A5A1037668) and Global Frontier program (CAMM-2014M3A6B3063708) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP) of Korean government. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Constitutionally Questionable Laws, Orders, Rules, or Regulations By: Keith Allison While I am not a licensed attorney, I believe I am capable of reading constitutional, statutory, and/or case laws and pretty well comprehend the meanings contained within these documents. Unfortunately, through the use of constitutionally questionable laws, orders, or regulations, special interest groups often deprive residents and/or American citizens of their constitutionally protected Common Law rights to labor at their chosen occupation. My purpose here is not to attempt to act as an attorney at law or legal council, I am merely passing on a select few pieces of legal information I have stumbled upon. As found in Civil Rights Law Overview, “A civil right is an enforceable right or privilege that protects a person’s freedom. If another person interferes with this right, it can give rise to an action for injury. Civil rights are guaranteed and regulated at the federal level, but states, cities and counties may also pass civil right laws. However, federal civil rights either brought about through federal legislation or federal court decision must be obeyed.” That includes the judges too. The United States Constitution guarantees civil rights to U.S. citizens and residents. The first Ten Amendments of the U.S. Constitution are the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights are specific rights that are reserved for U.S. citizens and residents that no state, city, or county can remove or modify; the Constitution guarantees these rights. The Bill of Rights includes natural rights of liberty and property including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and association. The Fourteenth Amendment states that every person who is born or naturalized in the U.S. is a citizen and ensures that any state cannot deprive any citizen of their civil rights. These civil rights also include the right to due process and equal protection under the law. So, according to constitutional law, each and every citizen and/or resident of this nation are protected through the Constitution and Bill of Rights as put forth by the Founding Fathers of this nation. But, what happens when you are hauled into a court for supposedly violating one of these so-called sacrosanct laws enacted at the behest of a special interest group and you are found guilty by a judge who’s ethics are, at best, highly questionable. Like it or not, there are judges who pompously pose as the ultimate arbiters of justice, all while dispensing justice as proclaimed by their neighbors and golfing friends in a special interest group. A group whose sole interest is protecting their monopolistic cartel and/or money interests. I’ve had the misfortune of running into several of this sort of judge, and have come away from the experience with a dire sense of foreboding for this nations people. Two of those judges are U.S. District Court at Seattle, Washington Judge Robart, and U.S. District Court at Spokane, Washington Judge Whaley. Both of these so-called judges’ ethics are despicable at best, but I believe Judge Whaley is no more ethically qualified to occupy any position of trust in a monkey court found anywhere in this nation. Frankly, I believe that Judge Whaley and/or his purported judicial ethics are beneath contempt. Were it left to my responsibility, I would, at the very least, strip Judge Whaley of his judicial trappings, and then ride him out of the state on a greased rail. Why? Because he is a corrupt, evil person who prostitutes the law in favor of those with the where-with-all to manipulate him into doing their judicial bidding. Getting back to the issue of U.S. District Court Judge Whaley, I feel compelled to state that as a result of having been one of his judicial victims, I believe it to be my duty, as an American citizen, to warn others who might run afoul of his lack of judicial ethics, to refuse to allow him to adjudicate your case regardless of your innocence or guilt, or the subject matter or law you are accused of violating. Refuse to allow him to adjudicate your case, and high tail it out of his court and find a different judge to sit in judgment of you. Better yet, be certain to exercise your constitutional right to plead your case before a jury of your peers. I say that without pause, because from my own experience and opinion, “the rule of law” does not exist within Judge Whaley’s jurisdiction. Constitutional Law 277(1) tells us: “A person’s business, profession, trade, occupation, labor, and the avails from each constitute ‘property’ envisioned in constitutional provisions that all men have certain inherent and inalienable rights, such as the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and that such rights plus the right of ‘property’ shall not be taken from a person except by due process of law.” Due process of law does not provide for any judge to allow themselves to be approached off the bench. Furthermore, it is stated in Constitutional law 81: “The fact the legislature has invoked the police power for regulatory purposes directed against an activity such as a trade, is not conclusive that power has been lawfully exercised.” And, under Constitutional Law 70(1): “Whether the police power has been lawfully used by the legislature in a given instance is a judicial problem belonging exclusively to the courts.” From a legal standpoint, Constitutional Law 70(1) is correct, the nations courts are the arbitrators of the legality of any legislative Act promulgated through the legislative and/or executive branches of government. However, the exclusive power/authority of the court is subject to the honesty and ethical behavior of those who act in good behavior, and sit in judgment of the validity of the charges brought against any citizen, or the constitutional impact of the statute, rule, or order a citizen or resident is accused of violating. And therein my friends, is precisely where dishonesty and/or judicial corruption rears its ugly head. Despite the aura of ethics and honesty our judiciary immerses itself within, contempt for the rights of citizens is not a stranger to the judicial faction of this nations “purveyors of justice.” It is a well known and documented fact that many of our so-called judges hold their oaths of office to protect and serve the Constitution in utter contempt, and won’t hesitate to subvert that oath in order to serve the interests of moneyed entities or persons they are acquainted with. Getting back to Constitutional Law 81, is stated: “Restraint imposed on a legitimate activity by the legislature by an exercise of police power for regulatory purposes must be a reasonable one, must be for the protection of public health, morals, safety, comfort or common welfare, and must be reasonably adapted to attain the objective intended.” Also under Constitutional law 81, it is clearly stated: “The legislature cannot enact a lawful statute by invoking the police power on the pretense of protecting public interests when the real objective of a statute constitutes an arbitrary interference with private business, or imposes unusual and unnecessary restrictions on lawful occupations, and if such statute does not tend to preserve public health, safety, or welfare, it is void as an invasion of individual property rights.” Although not stated herein, the law also states that no one is bound to obey or comply with any unconstitutional law, statute, order, or rule. Should you find yourself embroiled in a lawsuit where you are seeking damages from the defendant, do not forget that under the Seventh Amendment, “In a suit at common law where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty (20) dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the Common Law. Also, should the defendant fail to appear or respond to your allegations, according to the courts findings in Dispaquale vs. Wilfran Agricultural Industries, Inc., Case Number 000-3818, December 17, 2001, “Defendant filed no answer to the complaint or responsive motions. Accordingly, plaintiff obtained a default judgment in this case for failure of the Defendant to appear, plead or otherwise defend.” Should it become obvious the judge is going to or has given you the short shrift, there is always the option to file a lawsuit against the judge who heard your case. In Owen vs. Independence, 100 S.C.T. 1398, 445 U.S. 622, it was stated: “Officers of the court (judges and attorneys) have no immunity from liability when violating a constitutional right, for they are deemed to know the law. And in Hertado vs. California, 110 U.S. 516, the Supreme Court Justices stated: “The state cannot diminish rights of the people.” And then, should a judge do anything so inane as to deprive you of your right to have your complaint heard in a court of law, in the case of Reynolds vs. Cochran, 365 U.S. 525, 51 Ed 754, 81 SCt 723 in Am Jur P. 979, it was held: “A state or federal court which arbitrarily refuses to hear a party by counsel… civil or criminal, denies the party a hearing, and therefore denies him due process of law in a constitutional sense.” Should any court disagree with the findings in Reynolds, you might recall that the 5th Amendment states: “The United States, equally with the States… are prohibited from depriving persons or corporations of property without due process of law. This was cited in the Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U.S. 700, 718-19 (1879). Personal liberty or the right to enjoyment of life and liberty is one of the fundamental or natural rights which has been protected by its inclusion as a guarantee in the various Constitutions, which is not derived from nor dependent on the U.S. Constitution. It is one of the most sacred and valuable rights as sacred as the right to private property, and is regarded as inalienable. 16 C.J.S. Const. Law, Sect. 202, page 987. And as found in Riley vs. Carter, 79 ALR 1018; 16 Am. Jur. (2nd), Const. law, Sect. 81, “Economic necessity cannot justify a disregard of constitutional guarantees.” Although the 14th Amendment does not interfere with the proper exercise of the Police Power, in accordance with the general principle that the power must be exercised so as not to invade unreasonably the rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution, it is established beyond question that every state power, including the Police Power, is limited by the 14th Amendment (and others) and by the inhibitions therein imposed. Now for the big question of why I feel such revulsion toward Judge Robart and particular contempt for Judge Whaley and his capacity to function as a legitimate element on the Federal Bench. First, from what I had heard about Judge Robart, he was an honest member of the judiciary and had to that point, never been swayed by any outside influences (commonly called bribery). In the case I had before his bench, I have no idea what or how much he may have taken under the bench that convinced him to ignore settled case and/or statutory laws along with a citizens constitutionally protected rights, but for him to have found the defendants not guilty, there is no other thing he could have done but take a bribe. Why do I say this? Well, I firmly believe he accepted some sort of bribe because the only response I ever saw from the defendants attorney’s read: “Allegations taken as admitted.” Despite that response, Judge Robart dismissed the case with prejudice with no findings of facts and/or conclusions of law. Can anyone tell me how it is that the defendants have admitted their guilt and yet the half-wit on the bench dismisses the case? Sure looks like a case of bribery to me. Second comes Judge Whaley (frankly, I think him calling himself a judge is a disgrace to the entire judicial system). My contempt for Whaley boils down to his having dismissed the next case I filed with no findings of facts and/or conclusions of law. In doing so, he forbade me from filing any further federal lawsuits in any federal court anywhere in the state of Washington. I doubt he had the legitimate authority to do that, but he accomplished what the defendants asked of him. Whaley then took it upon himself to “instruct” every federal judge to refuse to accept any filings of any sort from me. I suppose that is what some might refer to as justice having been served.

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May 02, 2014 College students have notoriously bad eating habits. But what does it mean to eat healthy? And can universities do a better job of promoting it? A group of HSU students thinks so. They’ve joined a national campaign to move colleges and universities away from junk food and toward real food. Called the Real Food Challenge, the program uses a network of student activists to promote local, fair, ecologically sound, and humanely produced food. Their goal? To implement a 20 percent real food purchasing policy across the California State University system by 2020. “What we’re trying to do is bring back that connection to food that is good for the people and good for the planet,” says Eric Recchia (’14, Economics and Sustainable Development), who petitioned the CSU Board of Trustees to adopt the policy. “We’re moving away from food that looks good but doesn’t have any nutritional value to food that supports local farms and farmworkers and doesn’t have a devastating impact on the environment,” he says. The program uses the Real Food Calculator, an online tool that allows schools to enter and analyze their food purchasing records. The system measures performance against a set of benchmarks, then offers concrete data on how a campus is currently supporting its community through its food choices. Students and staff then work together to identify and implement changes to the university’s existing food policy. “There is a lot of information out there when it comes to the nutritional value of food, and it can sometimes be difficult to make the right choices.” says Jackie Martinez (’14, Sociology), an Associated Students representative involved in the effort. “Through this initiative, we hope to increase healthy food options on campus as well as increase education on the effects of supporting and consuming conventional foods.” The Real Food Challenge has a precedent in California. In 2009, the University of California system adopted a 20 percent real food purchasing policy by 2020. In 2011, UC Santa Cruz committed to 40 percent real food. Victor Arredondo (’14, Sociology), Students Affairs Vice President for Associated Students, is challenging HSU to take the proposed CSU policy a step further by committing to 33 percent real food. “It’s a realistic number for a university that prides itself on the ethos of sustainability,” says Arredondo. “If we can do that, we’re really saying something about ourselves and our community.” The Board of Trustees will vote on the CSU real food policy at its May 20-21 meeting. You can watch the meeting “here”: http://www.calstate.edu/BOT/. For more information, visit “realfoodchallenge.org”: http://www.realfoodchallenge.org.

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From left to right: military counterintelligence chief (SMERSH) Viktor Abakumov, NKGB Commissar Vsevolod Merkulov, and NKVD Commissar Lavrenty Beria. During WWII the NKVD continued propaganda and coercion, which as before, went hand in hand. This leopard did not change its spots; terror did not abate during the war. Those who had lived under German occupation, or who had become prisoners of war and escaped, suffered the consequences of NKVD suspicion, and hundreds of thousands of them were arrested. The Soviet regime punished the families of deserters. A new phenomenon during the war was the punishment of entire nations: the Volga Germans were deported immediately at the outbreak of the war. In 1943 and 1944 it was the turn of the Crimean Tatars and Muslim minorities of the Caucasus: deported to Central Asia, they lived in the most inhuman conditions. The new element in this terror was its naked racism. Every member belonging to a certain minority group was punished, regardless of class status, past behavior, or achievements. Communist party secretaries were deported as well as artists, peasants, and workers. Despite the arrests, the number of prisoners in camps declined during the war. This happened partly because inmates were sent to the front in punishment battalions, where they fought in the most dangerous sections. The morale and heroism of these battalions were impressive: most of the soldiers did not survive. The camps were also depopulated by the extraordinary death rates: approximately a quarter of the inmates died every year. People died because of mistreatment, overwork, and undernourishment. In wartime nothing is more important than maintaining the morale and loyalty of the armed forces. In addressing this need the Soviet Union learned from decades of experience. At first, the regime reverted to the dual command system it had developed during a previous time of crisis, the civil war. From the regimental level up, political appointees supervised regular officers. They were responsible for the loyalty of the officers and at the same time directed the political education system. The abandonment of united command, however, harmed military efficiency; once the most dangerous first year had passed, the Stalinist leadership reestablished united command. This did not mean that the political officers had no further role to play. The network of commissars, supervised by the chief political administration of the army, survived. The commissars carried out propaganda among the troops: they organized lectures, discussed the daily press with the soldiers, and participated in organizing agitational trains that brought films and theater productions to the front. Yet another network within the army functioned to assure the loyalty of the troops – the network of security officers. Although these men wore military uniforms, they were entirely independent of the high command and reported directly to the NKVD. According to contemporary reports, these security officers were greatly disliked by regular officers. The principal Soviet foreign intelligence service, the Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennykh Del was headed in Moscow by Lavrenti Beria and operated across the globe through legal and illegal rezidenturas, run by the head of foreign intelligence, Pavel Fitin, which were heavily dependent on local Communist parties for support and sources. Considered the sword and the shield of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the NKVD concentrated on the acquisition of technology and industrial processes before the war, but later concentrated on political intelligence and atomic data. NKVD rezidenturas were usually concealed in either diplomatic or trade missions headed by a resident, who supervised a team of subordinates that managed networks of agents, either directly or through intermediaries. Their operations were directed in detail from Moscow, as was learned subsequently from the study of the relevant VENONA traffic, which revealed aspects of NKVD wartime agent management in Mexico City, Washington, D.C., San Francisco, New York, London, and Stockholm. Evidently the NKVD’s ability to function in western Europe following the Nazi repudiation of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact in June 1941 was severely handicapped, leaving the Soviets devoid of legal rezidenturas in Berlin, Copenhagen, Paris, The Hague, Oslo, Rome, Prague, Bern, Belgrade, Bucharest, Budapest, Warsaw, Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, Vilnius, and possibly Madrid and Lisbon, too. This placed a heavy burden on the rezidenturas in London, Ottawa, Mexico City, Stockholm, the three in the United States, and eventually Buenos Aires when a rezident was posted there in 1944. In London, the NKVD declared a rezident, Ivan Chichayev, to his hosts for liaison purposes, but in reality continued to conduct local intelligence-gathering operations through numerous agents, among them Guy Burgess, Kim Philby, Leo Long, and Anthony Blunt, who penetrated various branches of British intelligence under the direction of the undeclared rezident, Anatoli Gorsky. In addition, Melita Norwood, Klaus Fuchs, and Allan Nunn May passed information to the NKVD from inside the British atomic weapons development program. In Ottawa, the NKVD rezident, Vitali Pavlov, ran few independent operations, because the local Communist Party had been embraced by his GRU counterpart, Nikolai Zabotin. In Mexico, Lev Vasilevsky ran the embassy rezidentura under the alias Lev Tarasov and was largely dependent on Spanish Republican refugees. In Stockholm, the rezidentura was headed by a Mrs. Yartseva and then Vasili Razin, and it concentrated on the development of local political figures. Gorsky (code-named VADIM, alias Anatoli Gromov) was appointed rezident in Washington, D.C., in September 1944, a post he held until December the following year, when he was transferred to Buenos Aires. In March 1945, the New York rezident, Stepan Apresyan, was posted to San Francisco, a rezidentura that had been opened in December 1941 by Grigori M. Kheifets (code-named CHARON), with a subrezidentura in Los Angeles. Kheifets was recalled to Moscow in January 1945 and replaced by Grigori P. Kasparov (code-named GIFT). Apresyan’s replacement in New York was Pavel Fedosimov (code-named STEPAN). Together, these NKVD officers ran more than 200 spies, of whom 115 were later identified as U.S. citizens with a further 100 undetected. On the Eastern Front, the NKVD gained a ruthless reputation for capturing enemy agents and managing entire networks of double agents, often at the expense of having to sacrifice authentic information to enhance the standing of their deception campaigns. In the 18 months up to September 1943, the NKVD turned 80 captured enemy agents equipped with wireless transmitters, and by the end of hostilities, it had run 185 double agents with radios. NKVD Security Forces NKVD Security Forces Aside from combat units of the Red Army, Soviet state security forces fielded a large number of combat units during the war. In 1941 the NKVD was responsible for the Border Troops who patrolled along the frontier, and these look a very active part in the initial fighting of June 1941. The war also saw a major expansion in the NKVD Internal Troops. These units were organised like rifle or cavalry divisions and were intended to maintain internal order in the Soviet Union. At the beginning of the war the NKVD formed 15 rifle divisions. At times of crisis, these units were committed to the front like regular rifle divisions. Indeed, the NKVD formed some of them into Special Purpose (Spetsnaz) Armies, and one of these was used during the breakthroughs in the Crimea. However, this was not their primary role. They were intended to stiffen the resistance of the Red Army, and during major operations were often formed into ‘blocking detachments’ which collected stragglers and prevented retreats. Their other role was to hunt out anti-Soviet partisan groups, and to carry out punitive expeditions against ethnic groups suspected of collaborating with the Germans. The NKVD special troops were expanded in the final years of the war, eventually totalling 53 divisions and 28 brigades, not counting the Border Troops. This was equal to about a tenth of the total number of regular Red Army rifle divisions. These units were used in the prolonged partisan wars in the Ukraine and the Baltic republics which lasted until the early 1950s. They were also involved in the wholesale deportations of suspected ethnic groups in 1943-45. In some respects, the NKVD formations resembled the German Waffen-SS in terms of independence from the normal military structure. However, the NKVD troops were used mainly for internal security and repression, and were not heavily enough armed for front-line combat. Unlike the Waffen-SS, they had no major armoured or mechanised formations.

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Bird watching enthusiasts and experts in Egypt have been introduced to an entirely new way of indulging in their favourite recreational activity. The country’s bird watching community teamed up with their local kayaking club to make the most of the variety of birds nesting on the banks of the world’s longest river, the River Nile. “In Egypt we have 450-475 types of bird. 300 of those are migrant birds. So the Nile here hosts water birds. What we saw here for the summer are birds that reside here. It is hard getting close to them but this is why the best way to see them up close without a motorboat is using the kayak,” said Watter Al Bahary, a bird watcher. Another birder, Charif Khedr said a canoe boat makes for an ideal mode of transport to view the birds because it sails quietly along the river. She said experience is greatly enhanced by the boats. “The Nile is rich with different bird types. Eagles, hawks, heralds and other special types. The kayak allows us to get close to them without disturbing them and so they do not escape.” The organisers plan to hold more excursions and hope that this will help to preserve Egyptian bird life in future.

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Johnny the turtle has checked out of rehab and checked back into his natural environment, three years after losing his way from the Gulf of Mexico and ending up washed ashore in the Netherlands. The endangered Kemp’s ridley sea turtle was released into the ocean near Sarasota, Fla., on Tuesday with 300 well-wishers to send him off. Dr. Tony Tucker, program manager for Mote Marine Laboratory Sea Turtle Conservation and Research Program, who was on hand to release Johnny into the sea, explained that baby turtles float on little rafts of sargassum–commonly known as brown seaweed–when they are newborn and growing. “This was a little turtle that instead of hanging near the shore, its little sargassum clump got swept away by the current,” Tucker said. “It took the wrong turn as the current spun off.” In 2008, the turtle likely got pulled into the powerful Gulf Stream, ending up in Europe, Tucker said. The turtle was rescued in the Netherlands and cared for at the Rotterdam Zoo, where they nicknamed him Johnny. Next, he traveled to the Oceanario de Lisboa aquarium in Portugal and then to a rehabilitation facility at Zoomarine in Portugal, where the turtle has spent much of the past three years. “From the time he stranded in 2008 until he was able to make the journey back, they have been making sure his health was good, feeding him, allowing him to grow,” Tucker said. Johnny’s caretakers in Portugal were “enamored” with the turtle, Tucker said, and started calling it Johnny Vasco da Gama, after Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama, due to his extensive traveling. Once it was determined that the turtle was from the Gulf of Mexico region, it took several years to return it because of complex international laws for humans transporting endangered species. “Anytime you see the word ‘permit’ with endangered species, there’s a substantial amount of paperwork,” Tucker said. “Unfortunately, turtles are international citizens. They move regardless of what we are constrained by [legally].” In November, the jet-setting turtle finally arrived in Miami and was cared for at Mote and equipped with a satellite transmitter that allows researchers to track Johnny’s whereabouts and progress. On Tuesday, Johnny was gently placed on the beach in Lido Key, Fla., and coaxed back into the water to begin re-adjusting life in the wild. While Johnny’s “international homecoming” was celebrated, Tucker said it is important to recognize that “there are lots of turtles that are nameless and faceless in the Gulf that have an equivalent story.” Recent events including the Gulf oil spill and Hurricane Irene have displaced many turtles in the region, some who have recently been found stranded as far as Scotland.

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Betz & Irmler Preis: 187,19 Euro Betz & Irmler 2018 Biology of Rove Beetles (Staphylinidae). Hardcover with 351 pages. Language: english. Rove beetles (Staphylinidae) are common elements of the soil biota, living in the litter and deeper soil layers. Although they are one of the most diverse and speciose groups of insects, no comprehensive books on their general evolution and ecology are as yet available. This book fills that gap, discussing significant aspects and active research examples in the fields of phylogeny and systematics, ecology and conservation, and reproduction and development. The combination of review chapters and case studies provides an excellent introduction to the biology of rove beetles and enables readers to become familiar with active research fields in this megadiverse group of beetles. Offering easy access to these fields, it also demonstrates how staphylinids are used as bioindicators in applied ecosystem research, including that concerning conservation issues. Experienced scientists and beginners alike find the diversity of subjects covered intriguing and inspiring for continuing and starting their own research. The book is intended for students and researchers in biology and zoology (entomology), including morphologists, ecologists, soil scientists, evolutionary biologists, paleontologists, biogeographers, taxonomists and systematists.

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The 1918 flu pandemic (January 1918 – December 1920) was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus (the second being 2009 flu pandemic). It infected 500 million people across the world, including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic, and killed 50 to 100 million of them—3 to 5 percent of the world's population at the time—making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history. To maintain morale, wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany, Britain, France, and the United States; but papers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII), creating a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit— thus the pandemic's nickname Spanish flu. Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile, elderly, or already weakened patients; in contrast the 1918 pandemic killed predominantly previously healthy young adults. Modern research, using virus taken from the bodies of frozen victims, has concluded that the virus kills through a cytokine storm (overreaction of the body's immune system). The strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body, whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups. The close quarters and massive troop movements of World War I hastened the pandemic and probably both increased transmission and augmented mutation; the war may also have increased the lethality of the virus. Some speculate the soldiers' immune systems were weakened by malnourishment, as well as the stresses of combat and chemical attacks, increasing their susceptibility. Academic Andrew Price-Smith has made the controversial argument that the virus helped tip the balance of power in the later days of the war towards the Allied cause. He provides data that the viral waves hit the Central Powers before they hit the Allied powers, and that both morbidity and mortality in Germany and Austria were considerably higher than in Britain and France. A large factor in the worldwide occurrence of this flu was increased travel. Modern transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, and civilian travelers to spread the disease. In the United States, the disease was first observed in Haskell County, Kansas, in January 1918, prompting local doctor Loring Miner to warn the U.S. Public Health Service's academic journal. On 4 March 1918, company cook Albert Gitchell reported sick at Fort Riley, Kansas. By noon on 11 March 1918, over 100 soldiers were in the hospital. Within days, 522 men at the camp had reported sick. By 11 March 1918 the virus had reached Queens, New York. In August 1918, a more virulent strain appeared simultaneously in Brest, Brittany-France, in Freetown, Sierra Leone, and in the U.S. in Boston, Massachusetts. The Allies of World War I came to call it the Spanish flu, primarily because the pandemic received greater press attention after it moved from France to Spain in November 1918. Spain was not involved in the war and had not imposed wartime censorship. Albertan farmers wore masks to protect themselves from the flu. A street car conductor in Seattle in 1918 refusing to allow passengers aboard who are not wearing masks Red Cross workers remove a flu victim in St. Louis, Missouri (1918) Influenza ward at Walter Reed Hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918–1919 Burying flu victims, North River, Canada (1918) Investigative work by a British team led by virologist John Oxford of St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital, almost certainly identified a major troop staging and hospital camp in Étaples, France as the center of the 1918 flu pandemic. A significant precursor virus was harbored in birds, and mutated to pigs that were kept near the front. Earlier theories of the epidemic's origin have varied. Some theorized the flu originated in the Far East. Dr. C. Hannoun, leading expert of the 1918 flu for the Institut Pasteur, asserted the former virus was likely to have come from China, mutated in the United States near Boston, and spread to Brest, Brittany-France, Europe's battlefields, Europe, and the world using Allied soldiers and sailors as main spreaders. Hannoun considered several other theories of origin, such as Spain, Kansas, and Brest, as being possible, but not likely. Political scientist Andrew Price-Smith published data from the Austrian archives suggesting the influenza had earlier origins, beginning in Austria in the spring of 1917. The global mortality rate from the 1918/1919 pandemic is not known, but an estimated 10% to 20% of those who were infected died. With about a third of the world population infected, this case-fatality ratio means 3% to 6% of the entire global population died. Influenza may have killed as many as 25 million people in its first 25 weeks. Older estimates say it killed 40–50 million people, while current estimates say 50–100 million people worldwide were killed. This pandemic has been described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and may have killed more people than the Black Death. It is said that this flu killed more people in 24 weeks than AIDS has killed in 24 years, more in a year than the Black Death killed in a century. The disease killed in every corner of the globe. As many as 17 million died in India, about 5% of the population. The death toll in India's British-ruled districts alone was 13.88 million. In Japan, 23 million people were affected, and 390,000 died. In the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), 1.5 million were assumed to have died from 30 million inhabitants. In Tahiti, 14% of the population died during only two months. Similarly, in Samoa in November 1918, 20% of the population of 38,000 died within two months. In the U.S., about 28% of the population suffered, and 500,000 to 675,000 died. Native American tribes were particularly hard hit. In the Four Corners area alone, 3,293 deaths were registered among Native Americans. Entire villages perished in Alaska. In Canada 50,000 died. In Britain, as many as 250,000 died; in France, more than 400,000. In West Africa, an influenza epidemic killed at least 100,000 people in Ghana. Tafari Makonnen (the future Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia) was one of the first Ethiopians who contracted influenza but survived, although many of his subjects did not; estimates for the fatalities in the capital city, Addis Ababa, range from 5,000 to 10,000, or higher. In British Somaliland one official estimated that 7% of the native population died. This huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms, suspected to be caused by cytokine storms. Symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue, cholera, or typhoid. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and petechial hemorrhages in the skin also occurred." The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung. An unusual feature of this pandemic was that it mostly killed young adults, with 99% of pandemic influenza deaths occurring in people under 65, and more than half in young adults 20 to 40 years old. This is noteworthy, since influenza is normally most deadly to weak individuals, such as infants (under age two), the very old (over age 70), and the immunocompromised. In 1918, older adults may have had partial protection caused by exposure to the previous Russian flu pandemic of 1889. According to historian John M. Barry, the most vulnerable of all – "those most likely, of the most likely", to die – were pregnant women. He reported that in thirteen studies of hospitalized women in the pandemic, the death rate ranged from 23% to 71%. Of the pregnant women who survived childbirth, over one-quarter (26%) lost the child. In fast-progressing cases, mortality was primarily from pneumonia, by virus-induced pulmonary consolidation. Slower-progressing cases featured secondary bacterial pneumonias, and there may have been neural involvement that led to mental disorders in some cases. Some deaths resulted from malnourishment. The second wave of the 1918 pandemic was much deadlier than the first. The first wave had resembled typical flu epidemics; those most at risk were the sick and elderly, while younger, healthier people recovered easily. But in August, when the second wave began in France, Sierra Leone and the United States, the virus had mutated to a much deadlier form. This has been attributed to the circumstances of the First World War. In civilian life, natural selection favours a mild strain. Those who get very ill stay home, and those mildly ill continue with their lives, preferentially spreading the mild strain. In the trenches, natural selection was reversed. Soldiers with a mild strain stayed where they were, while the severely ill were sent on crowded trains to crowded field hospitals, spreading the deadlier virus. The second wave began and the flu quickly spread around the world again. Consequently, during modern pandemics health officials pay attention when the virus reaches places with social upheaval (looking for deadlier strains of the virus). The fact that most of those who recovered from first-wave infections were now immune showed that it must have been the same strain of flu. This was most dramatically illustrated in Copenhagen, which escaped with a combined mortality rate of just 0.29% (0.02% in the first wave and 0.27% in the second wave) because of exposure to the less-lethal first wave. On the rest of the population it was far more deadly now; the most vulnerable people were those like the soldiers in the trenches – young healthy adults. Even in areas where mortality was low, so many were incapacitated that much of everyday life was hampered. Some communities closed all stores or required customers to leave orders outside. There were reports that the health-care workers could not tend the sick nor the gravediggers bury the dead because they too were ill. Mass graves were dug by steam shovel and bodies buried without coffins in many places. Several Pacific island territories were particularly hard-hit. The pandemic reached them from New Zealand, which was too slow to implement measures to prevent ships carrying the flu from leaving its ports. From New Zealand, the flu reached Tonga (killing 8% of the population), Nauru (16%) and Fiji (5%, 9,000 people). Worst affected was Western Samoa, a territory then under New Zealand military administration. A crippling 90% of the population was infected; 30% of adult men, 22% of adult women and 10% of children died. By contrast, the flu was kept away from American Samoa when Governor John Martin Poyer imposed a blockade. In New Zealand itself, 8,573 deaths were attributed to the 1918 pandemic influenza, resulting in a total population fatality rate of 0.74%. In Japan, 257,363 deaths were attributed to influenza by July 1919, giving an estimated 0.425% mortality rate, much lower than nearly all other Asian countries for which data are available. The Japanese government severely restricted maritime travel to and from the home islands when the pandemic struck. In the Pacific, American Samoa and the French colony of New Caledonia also succeeded in preventing even a single death from influenza through effective quarantines. In Australia, nearly 12,000 perished. In a 2009 paper published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases, Karen Starko proposed that aspirin poisoning had contributed substantially to the fatalities. She based this on the reported symptoms in those dying from the flu, and the timing of the big "death spike" in October 1918 which happened right after the Surgeon General, of the US Army, and the Journal of the American Medical Association both recommended very large (by today's standards) dosages of aspirin. Further, Starko suggests that the wave of aspirin poisonings was due to a "perfect storm" of events: Bayer's patent on aspirin ran out, so that many companies rushed in to make a profit and greatly increased the supply; this coincided with the flu pandemic; and the symptoms of aspirin poisoning were not known at the time. This hypothesis, insofar as it sought to provide an explanation to the universally high mortality rate, was questioned in a letter to the journal published in April 2010. In it, Andrew Noymer and Daisy Carreon of the University of California, Irvine, and Niall Johnson, of the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, questioned this universal applicability given the high mortality rate in countries such as India, where there was little or no access to aspirin at the time. On this basis, they concluded that "the salicylate [aspirin] poisoning hypothesis [was] difficult to sustain as the primary explanation for the unusual virulence of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic". In responding, Starko pointed to anecdotal evidence of aspirin over-prescription in India and argued that even if aspirin over-prescription had not contributed to the high Indian mortality rate, it could still have been a major factor for other high rates in areas where other exacerbating factors present in India played less of a role. After the lethal second wave struck in the autumn of 1918, new cases dropped abruptly – almost to nothing after the peak in the second wave. In Philadelphia, for example, 4,597 people died in the week ending 16 October, but by 11 November, influenza had almost disappeared from the city. One explanation for the rapid decline of the lethality of the disease is that doctors simply got better at preventing and treating the pneumonia that developed after the victims had contracted the virus, although John Barry stated in his book that researchers have found no evidence to support this. Another theory holds that the 1918 virus mutated extremely rapidly to a less lethal strain. This is a common occurrence with influenza viruses: there is a tendency for pathogenic viruses to become less lethal with time, as the hosts of more dangerous strains tend to die out. In the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries, despite the relatively high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic in 1918–1919, the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about bird flu and other pandemics in the 1990s and 2000s. This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a "forgotten pandemic". Various theories of why the Spanish flu was "forgotten" include the rapid pace of the pandemic, which killed most of its victims in the United States, for example, within a period of less than nine months, resulting in limited media coverage. The general population was familiar with patterns of pandemic disease in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: typhoid, yellow fever, diphtheria, and cholera all occurred near the same time. These outbreaks probably lessened the significance of the influenza pandemic for the public. In some areas, the flu was not reported on, the only mention being that of advertisements for medicines claiming to cure it. In addition, the outbreak coincided with the deaths and media focus on the First World War. Another explanation involves the age group affected by the disease. The majority of fatalities, from both the war and the epidemic, were among young adults. The deaths caused by the flu may have been overlooked due to the large numbers of deaths of young men in the war or as a result of injuries. When people read the obituaries, they saw the war or postwar deaths and the deaths from the influenza side by side. Particularly in Europe, where the war's toll was extremely high, the flu may not have had a great, separate, psychological impact, or may have seemed a mere "extension" of the war's tragedies. The duration of the pandemic and the war could have also played a role. The disease would usually only affect a certain area for a month before leaving, while the war, which most expected to end quickly, had lasted for four years by the time the pandemic struck. This left little time for the disease to have a significant impact on the economy. One final issue that the 1918 Spanish flu outbreak had on the world was the effects on the global economy. Many businesses in the entertainment and service industries suffered losses in revenue, but the health care industry reported profit gains. Bristow shows there was a gendered response of health caregivers to the pandemic in the United States. Male doctors were unable to cure the patients, and they felt like failures. Women nurses also saw their patients die, but they took pride in their success in fulfilling their professional role of caring for, ministering, comforting, and easing the last hours of their patients, and helping the families of the patients cope as well. The origin of the Spanish flu pandemic, and the relationship between the near-simultaneous outbreaks in humans and swine, have been controversial. One hypothesis is that the virus strain originated at Fort Riley, Kansas, in viruses in poultry and swine which the fort bred for food; the soldiers were then sent from Fort Riley around the world, where they spread the disease.(Harvard Open Collections) Similarities between a reconstruction of the virus and avian viruses, combined with the human pandemic preceding the first reports of influenza in swine, led researchers to conclude the influenza virus jumped directly from birds to humans, and swine caught the disease from humans. Others have disagreed, and more recent research has suggested the strain may have originated in a nonhuman, mammalian species. An estimated date for its appearance in mammalian hosts has been put at the period 1882–1913. This ancestor virus diverged about 1913–1915 into two clades (or biological groups), which gave rise to the classical swine and human H1N1 influenza lineages. The last common ancestor of human strains dates to between February 1917 and April 1918. Because pigs are more readily infected with avian influenza viruses than are humans, they were suggested as the original recipients of the virus, passing the virus to humans sometime between 1913 and 1918. An effort to recreate the 1918 flu strain (a subtype of avian strain H1N1) was a collaboration among the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory and Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. The effort resulted in the announcement (on 5 October 2005) that the group had successfully determined the virus's genetic sequence, using historic tissue samples recovered by pathologist Johan Hultin from a female flu victim buried in the Alaskan permafrost and samples preserved from American soldiers. On 18 January 2007, Kobasa et al. reported that monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) infected with the recreated strain exhibited classic symptoms of the 1918 pandemic, and died from a cytokine storm—an overreaction of the immune system. This may explain why the 1918 flu had its surprising effect on younger, healthier people, as a person with a stronger immune system would potentially have a stronger overreaction. On 16 September 2008, the body of British politician and diplomat Sir Mark Sykes was exhumed to study the RNA of the flu virus in efforts to understand the genetic structure of modern H5N1 bird flu. Sykes had been buried in 1919 in a lead coffin which scientists hoped to have helped preserve the virus. However, the coffin was found to be split because of the weight of soil over it, and the cadaver was badly decomposed. Nonetheless, samples of lung and brain tissue were taken through the split, with the coffin remaining in situ in the grave during this process. In December 2008, research by Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin linked the presence of three specific genes (termed PA, PB1, and PB2) and a nucleoprotein derived from 1918 flu samples to the ability of the flu virus to invade the lungs and cause pneumonia. The combination triggered similar symptoms in animal testing. One of the few things known for certain about the influenza in 1918 and for some years after was that it was, out of the laboratory, exclusively a disease of human beings. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Spanish flu| Here you can share your comments or contribute with more information, content, resources or links about this topic.

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Since we were little, we are reminded to never judge a book by its cover, but we often struggle with this when it comes to sports. We view specific body types and associate them with a certain level of physical fitness or ability. We believe that having big muscles means you’re super strong or having long legs means you are extremely fast. We may think of those with physical disabilities are unable to do certain things, but 19-year-old blind triathlete Ashley Eisenmenger is proving that notion completely wrong. Einsenmenger, who’s been visually impaired all her life, started running during her freshman year of high school and has continued the sport for a little over 5 years. She felt like she was stuck while transitioning into high school and was looking for something to help make forward progress. She found that running was something she could do and literally gain ground as she went. In the past year, she started participating in triathlons. “I was very successful in my first season and plan to get faster and stronger this season,” said Eisenmenger. She will be racing her first Ironman 70.3 and also competing at Paratriathlon Nationals later this season. Eisenmenger doesn’t have enough vision to race successfully or safely on her own, therefore she trains and races with a sighted guide. They swim and run tethered together and complete the bike portion of the race on a tandem bike. “My vision loss definitely keeps things interesting and can make training and racing a challenge, “ said Eisenmenger. “But, I’m not one to let it prevent me from setting and reaching my goals.” Einsenmenger uses a Forerunner 910XT to collect all of her data. This watch records swim distance, efficiency, stroke type, stroke count, tracks time, distance pace, and can wirelessly transfer data to Garmin Connect for analysis and sharing. “The amount of data this watch gives makes it a fantastic training tool,” said Eisenmenger. She likes how it can sync up with other apps so that her coach can keep a handle on her progress and make adjustments as needed. Ashley Eisenmenger wants people to realize that they should “never assume what someone is capable of based on how they look, everybody has a story and when we step back and listen to those stories we learn so much about what it means to redefine ability.” It’s a lesson that we all need to be reminded of from time to time. Ashley is a proud to compete as a member of the Dare2Tri Paratriathlon Club 2016 Development Team. Dare2Tri Paratriathlon Club serves youth, adults, and injured service members of all ability levels from beginner to elite who have a physical disability or visual impairment in the sport of paratriathlon.

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Today in the journal Nature, researchers led by Charles Lieber report a big step forward in the field of tiny computing: the creation of linked-up logic circuits made of nanowires, which could be used to build itty-bitty processors. The devices described in the paper layer additional wires across the germanium-silicon ones; charges can be trapped in these wires, influencing the behavior of the underlying nanowires. This charge trapping is nonvolatile but reversible; in other words, you can switch one of the nanowires on or off by altering the charge stored in its neighborhood. This makes it possible to turn the nanowires into a standard field-effect transistor (the authors term them NWFETs for “nanowire field-effect transistors”). [Ars Technica] Lieber had been able to create simple versions of those NWFETs before, but those were difficult to build on a large enough scale to create logic circuits. Lieber’s team reports in this week’s Nature that they’ve been able to build a programmable array of nanowires that can have up to eight distinct logic gates. They dub such an array a “logic tile,” with the idea that multiple tiles could be connected to perform more-complex logic functions. [IEEE Spectrum] Though Lieber’s achievement is impressive, he concedes that it’s difficult to imagine his tech competing with the incredible pace at which computer processing speed accelerates. But, he says, he doesn’t have to: Nanoscale processors have qualities that could make them more suitable than traditional ones for the very small devices that are on the leading edge of research. “The key thing is to recognize that we’re not trying to compete directly with high-performance silicon electronics,” he says. Projections show that the new wires could be up to 100 times more energy efficient than conventional technologies. That could make the meshes useful as logic circuits in low-power applications such as small robots, or perhaps biomedical devices. [Nature] 80beats: Nanowire-Coated Cotton Cleans Water by Zapping Bacteria to Death 80beats: A Nano-Wiretap: Scientists Use Nanowires to Spy on a Cell’s Inner Life 80beats: 2 New Nanotech Super Powers: Desalinating Sea Water and Treating Cancer Discoblog: Nano Snacks! Researchers Say Edible Nanostructures Taste Like Saltines Image: Lieber et. al.

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Bail is considered one of the most important concepts of criminal procedure. It provides a liberty to the arrested person to not remain detained in legal custody or custody of the police authorities. The provisions relating to rules and procedures related to bail are given under Code of Criminal Procedure. Transit bail is a concept that is not codifies in the Indian laws as of now but has found its way through legal precedents and judicial practice. Transit bail refers to the concept of bail wherein the person who is trying to get bail is in fear or apprehension of getting arrested by the police authorities of any other state rather than the state where that person resides. Transit bail is usually taken as a safety measure against a transit remand which is ordered by the Judicial Magistrate of a State. The Judicial Magistrate orders the police of other state to take that person in custody for the purpose of remand. If the arrestee is in apprehension of getting arrested can apply for getting transit bail to prevent arrest. The procedure of filing for this bail is the same as of the anticipatory bail application. In this situation also, the arrestee has the rights to know all the grounds for which he/she is getting arrested and have right to legal counsel and to all fundamental rights. For example: Saksham is resident of Uttar Pradesh and has an apprehension that a case might be registered against him in Rajasthan. In normal circumstances, Saksham would have to travel to Rajasthan to get bail as Rajasthan Court is only entitled to grant bail. But, if Saksham is in apprehension that Rajasthan police might arrest him in UP, he can approach the UP court for grant of transit anticipatory bail. The local court provides for a limited protection till the time Saksham approaches the Court of Gujrat for bail. Transit anticipatory bail is granted for the purpose so that the person can approach the appropriate court in case he is in apprehension that he might get arrested by the police. The bail is given only on the condition that the accused cooperates with the police during the investigation. Use of Transit Bail: In absence of transit bail, the police can arrest that person without giving them a chance of applying for bail. The only option left for that person will be that will be to apply for regular bail once he is arrested and taken to the state where the case against him is registered. Transit bail is mainly used so that the people can be given some chance of being heard by the Court before being arrested, so the person has the right to apply for transit bail, so that if the people want to arrest the person, he will get out on bail. It is a remedy provided to the people of India from being arrested in situation where the case is registered in some other state and not the state in which that person resides. Statutory Provision that is Relevant to Transit Bail: Section 438 of the CRPC deals with provision related to grant of bail to any person who is in apprehension of arrest. This provision does not specifically mention provision related to transit bail, but it specifies that if any person is apprehending arrest in relation to any suit, then he/she can apply to Court for bail. If the Court thinks fit, direct the authorities that in event of arrest, that person should be released on bail. While the section 438 does not specifically talk about transit bail, but the Courts have granted this bail to people who feared arrest. It clear that grant of Transit bail is not a clear formula and cannot be codified into specific rules, grant of transit bail depends on the circumstances of the case. Therefore, the following propositions can be considered to understand the grant of transit bail: - Core provision specified under India law is Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. - As the law on transit bail is mostly judicially interpreted, so High Court decisions and observations depend on the circumstances and facts of the case. So, a specific provision for transit bail to be made is a complex process and no straight principle can be formed that might apply in every case. - While taking into considerations the applications of transit bail the court must take into consideration that there is no manipulation or intention of playing with the jurisdiction of the court. - Due process of law must not be abused while granting transit bail. - Apprehending personal liberty of an individual due to apprehension of arrest is considered as a ground for grant of transit bail. - Court can show variance in grant of bail based on the seriousness of the offence and it is purely on the discretion of the Judge. - Transit bail is only granted for a specific period so that the person can approach the relevant Court for grant of regular bail. I have always been against Glorifying Over Work and therefore, in the year 2021, I have decided to launch this campaign “Balancing Life”and talk about this wrong practice, that we have been following since last few years. I will be talking to and interviewing around 1 lakh people in the coming 2021 and publish their interview regarding their opinion on glamourising Over Work. If you are interested in participating in the same, do let me know. The copyright of this Article belongs exclusively to Ms. Aishwarya Sandeep. Reproduction of the same, without permission will amount to Copyright Infringement. Appropriate Legal Action under the Indian Laws will be taken. If you would also like to contribute to my website, then do share your articles or poems at email@example.com We also have a Facebook Group Restarter Moms for Mothers or Women who would like to rejoin their careers post a career break or women who are enterpreneurs. We are also running a series Inspirational Women from January 2021 to March 31,2021, featuring around 1000 stories about Indian Women, who changed the world. #choosetochallenge

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