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Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Tools of Characterization We're going to go out on a limb here and say that George's last name probably refers to John Milton's Paradise Lost, which includes the Biblical stories of Adam, Eve, Cain, and Abel. George and Lennie's loss of the mythical dream farm sounds to us a lot like Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden, while George and Lennie's relationship is almost an inversion of the story of Cain and Abel, where Cain kills his brother—but not out of mercy. Lennie Small's name is even more straightforwardly symbolic. Lennie is obviously not "small" physically, so his name is something of a joke to the people that first meet him. But he is small in another way—he's small of mind. The contradiction between his name and his size is similar to the contradiction that we see in his behavior: he wants to be gentle, but he just ends up killing the things he loves. And then there's the unnamed women: Curley's wife. She was no name, because she's just an object, someone else's "property." Curley's wife can only be seen in reference to her husband, who (supposedly) owns and controls her body, and by extension, her. With a name, the men might have to relate to her as a person, but there's no need for that kind of social nicety. Like the unnamed "boss," Curley's wife is only important to note for the limited role she plays as Curley's wife. Speech and Dialogue The language of the characters is meant to represent the way normal, working class ranch people of Depression era America would speak. Most vocabulary is of an everyday kind, except for words particular to farm equipment and jobs (like skinners, swampers, and buckers). In the dialogue, Steinbeck uses slang, vulgarities, and non-standard terms ("ain't," "would of," "brang," and so on) to convey an authentic sense of the characters. The idiosyncratic speech patterns, obscenities, and casual lingo ("she's a loo loo," "Curley's got ants in his pants") help recreate a particular time, place, and social strata that make the book sound real. It's interesting to note that everyone in the book seems to use rather similar language. The boss doesn't speak with any more refinement than the ranch guys. Lennie, though he's slow, isn't less able to communicate with words than others. Even Crooks, who is constantly made separate because he's black, speaks just the same as anybody else. It's almost as if Steinbeck puts language to work as an equalizing force: as long as a man can speak for himself, his story is as important as any other.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize various industries and transform the way we live and work. AI refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that would typically require human intelligence, such as speech recognition, decision-making, and problem-solving. With advancements in machine learning and deep learning algorithms, AI has become increasingly powerful and capable of processing and analyzing vast amounts of data. This article will explore the potential of AI in transforming healthcare, education, transportation, environmental protection, agriculture, public safety, business operations, scientific research, personalization, and creativity. Revolutionizing Healthcare: AI’s Potential to Diagnose and Treat Diseases AI has the potential to greatly impact the healthcare industry by improving the accuracy and efficiency of diagnoses and treatments. For example, AI-powered algorithms can analyze medical images such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans to detect abnormalities or signs of diseases with higher accuracy than human radiologists. This can lead to faster diagnoses and more effective treatments. Additionally, AI can help healthcare professionals in predicting diseases and identifying high-risk patients. By analyzing large amounts of patient data, including medical records, genetic information, lifestyle factors, and environmental data, AI algorithms can identify patterns and risk factors that humans may overlook. This can enable early intervention and preventive measures to reduce the burden of diseases. Furthermore, AI can assist in drug discovery and development by analyzing vast amounts of scientific literature and clinical trial data. By identifying patterns and relationships between drugs and diseases, AI algorithms can help researchers identify potential drug targets and develop new treatments more efficiently. Enhancing Education: AI’s Role in Personalized Learning and Education Access AI has the potential to revolutionize education by personalizing learning experiences for students. By analyzing individual student data such as learning styles, strengths, weaknesses, and progress, AI algorithms can tailor educational content and activities to meet each student’s specific needs. This can help students learn at their own pace and in a way that suits their learning preferences, leading to improved learning outcomes. AI-powered education tools and platforms can also provide access to quality education for students in remote or underserved areas. By leveraging technologies such as online learning platforms, virtual reality, and chatbots, AI can bridge the gap in educational opportunities and provide personalized support to students who may not have access to traditional educational resources. Furthermore, AI can assist teachers in administrative tasks such as grading assignments and providing feedback. By automating these tasks, teachers can have more time to focus on individual student needs and provide personalized guidance. Improving Transportation: AI’s Impact on Traffic Management and Autonomous Vehicles AI has the potential to greatly improve transportation systems by optimizing traffic flow and reducing congestion. By analyzing real-time traffic data from various sources such as sensors, cameras, and GPS devices, AI algorithms can predict traffic patterns and adjust signal timings to optimize traffic flow. This can reduce travel times, fuel consumption, and emissions, leading to more efficient and sustainable transportation systems. Additionally, AI is playing a crucial role in the development of autonomous vehicles. By combining sensors, cameras, and AI algorithms, autonomous vehicles can perceive their surroundings, make decisions, and navigate safely without human intervention. This has the potential to greatly improve road safety by reducing human errors and accidents caused by factors such as fatigue or distraction. Moreover, autonomous vehicles can have significant environmental benefits. By optimizing routes and driving behaviors, AI algorithms can reduce fuel consumption and emissions. Additionally, autonomous vehicles can be integrated into shared mobility services, reducing the number of private vehicles on the road and further reducing congestion and emissions. Protecting the Environment: AI’s Contribution to Sustainable Development and Climate Change Mitigation AI has the potential to contribute to sustainable development and climate change mitigation by enabling more efficient use of resources and reducing carbon emissions. For example, AI-powered energy management systems can analyze energy consumption patterns and optimize energy usage in buildings, factories, and cities. By identifying energy-saving opportunities and adjusting energy usage in real-time, AI algorithms can help reduce energy waste and lower carbon emissions. Furthermore, AI can assist in environmental monitoring and conservation efforts. By analyzing satellite imagery, sensor data, and other environmental data, AI algorithms can detect changes in ecosystems, identify endangered species, and monitor the impact of human activities on the environment. This can help in the early detection of environmental threats and enable timely interventions to protect biodiversity and ecosystems. Moreover, AI can help in the development of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. By analyzing weather patterns, energy demand, and grid conditions, AI algorithms can optimize the generation and distribution of renewable energy, making it more reliable and cost-effective. Advancing Agriculture: AI’s Potential to Boost Crop Yields and Food Security AI has the potential to revolutionize agriculture by helping farmers optimize crop yields, reduce waste, and improve food security. By analyzing data from various sources such as weather conditions, soil quality, crop health, and pest infestations, AI algorithms can provide farmers with real-time insights and recommendations for optimal planting times, irrigation schedules, fertilization plans, and pest control strategies. This can help farmers make informed decisions and maximize crop yields while minimizing resource use and environmental impact. Additionally, AI-powered drones and robots can assist in precision agriculture by performing tasks such as planting seeds, applying fertilizers or pesticides, monitoring crop health, and harvesting crops. By automating these tasks, farmers can increase efficiency, reduce labor costs, and minimize the use of chemicals. Furthermore, AI can help in improving food supply chains by optimizing logistics and reducing food waste. By analyzing data on factors such as transportation routes, storage conditions, demand patterns, and expiration dates, AI algorithms can optimize the distribution of food products to minimize waste and ensure timely delivery. Promoting Public Safety: AI’s Role in Crime Prevention and Disaster Response AI has the potential to greatly enhance public safety by helping law enforcement agencies prevent and solve crimes, as well as assisting in disaster response efforts. For example, AI-powered video surveillance systems can analyze real-time video feeds to detect suspicious activities or identify individuals of interest. This can help in preventing crimes and providing timely responses to security threats. Additionally, AI algorithms can analyze large amounts of data from various sources such as crime records, social media, and sensor networks to identify patterns and predict crime hotspots. This can enable law enforcement agencies to allocate resources more effectively and proactively prevent crimes. Moreover, AI can assist in disaster response efforts by analyzing real-time data from sensors, satellites, and social media to assess the impact of disasters and coordinate emergency response activities. By providing timely information and insights, AI algorithms can help in decision-making processes and enable more efficient allocation of resources during emergencies. Streamlining Business Operations: AI’s Benefits for Productivity and Efficiency AI has the potential to streamline business operations by automating repetitive tasks and improving decision-making processes. For example, AI-powered chatbots can handle customer inquiries and provide support 24/7, reducing the need for human customer service representatives. This can improve customer satisfaction and reduce costs for businesses. Additionally, AI algorithms can analyze large amounts of data from various sources such as sales records, customer feedback, and market trends to provide insights and recommendations for business strategies. By identifying patterns, trends, and correlations in the data, AI algorithms can help businesses make informed decisions and optimize their operations. Moreover, AI can assist in supply chain management by optimizing inventory levels, predicting demand patterns, and identifying potential bottlenecks or disruptions. By analyzing data on factors such as sales history, market conditions, transportation routes, and supplier performance, AI algorithms can help businesses optimize their supply chains and reduce costs. Enabling Scientific Breakthroughs: AI’s Contribution to Research and Innovation AI has the potential to enable scientific breakthroughs by helping scientists analyze large amounts of data and make new discoveries. For example, AI algorithms can analyze scientific literature, research papers, and databases to identify patterns, relationships, and gaps in knowledge. This can help researchers generate new hypotheses, design experiments, and make new discoveries more efficiently. Additionally, AI can assist in drug discovery and development by analyzing vast amounts of biological and chemical data. By identifying patterns and relationships between drugs, diseases, and biological targets, AI algorithms can help researchers identify potential drug candidates and optimize their properties. Moreover, AI-powered simulations and modeling can help scientists understand complex systems and phenomena. By simulating the behavior of molecules, materials, or biological systems, AI algorithms can provide insights into their properties and interactions, enabling the design of new materials or the development of new therapies. Enhancing Personalization: AI’s Ability to Customize Products and Services for Individuals AI has the potential to enhance personalization by helping companies customize products and services for individual customers. For example, AI algorithms can analyze customer data such as purchase history, browsing behavior, preferences, and demographics to provide personalized recommendations or offers. This can improve customer satisfaction, increase sales, and build customer loyalty. Additionally, AI-powered virtual assistants or chatbots can provide personalized support or assistance to customers. By analyzing customer inquiries or interactions in real-time, AI algorithms can understand customer needs and provide relevant information or solutions. Moreover, AI can assist in the development of personalized healthcare solutions. By analyzing individual patient data such as genetic information, medical history, lifestyle factors, and environmental data, AI algorithms can provide personalized treatment plans or preventive measures. This can improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Fostering Creativity: AI’s Potential to Inspire New Forms of Art and Design AI has the potential to foster creativity by helping artists and designers create new works and push creative boundaries. For example, AI algorithms can analyze large amounts of artistic data such as paintings, music, or literature to identify patterns, styles, or themes. This can inspire artists and designers to create new works that are influenced by or build upon existing artistic traditions. Additionally, AI-powered tools and platforms can assist artists and designers in the creative process. For example, AI algorithms can generate new ideas, suggest alternative designs, or provide feedback on artistic compositions. This can help artists and designers explore new possibilities and overcome creative blocks. Moreover, AI can enable new forms of art and design that are not possible with traditional techniques. For example, AI algorithms can generate visual or auditory experiences that are based on complex algorithms or data patterns. This can lead to the creation of immersive virtual reality experiences, interactive installations, or generative art. In conclusion, AI has the potential to transform various industries and revolutionize the way we live and work. From healthcare to education, transportation to agriculture, AI is already making significant contributions and opening up new possibilities for innovation and progress. It is crucial for businesses and individuals to embrace AI and its benefits to fully harness its potential and drive positive change in society. By leveraging AI technologies and solutions, we can improve efficiency, enhance productivity, solve complex problems, and create a better future for all. If you’re interested in exploring the power of AI in content creation, you should check out this article on AI-Powered Toolkit for Content Creation. It delves into how artificial intelligence can revolutionize the way we generate and optimize content, making it easier and more efficient than ever before. From automated writing to intelligent editing, this article explores the various tools and techniques available to enhance your content creation process using AI technology.

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If you have diabetes, you can take steps to prevent heart attacks and strokes. And there's good reason to: With diabetes, you're at least twice as likely to have a stroke or heart attack. Lifestyle changes can make a big difference. In people under age 75, a quarter of deaths from heart disease and stroke -- about 200,000 a year -- could be prevented. Here are six ways to protect yourself. 1. Get Moving Physical activity strengthens your heart, lowers your blood pressure, burns calories, and improves your blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Together, this adds up to strong protection. And you don't have to join a gym to get active -- unless you want to, of course. A brisk 30-minute walk at least five days a week lowers your chances of heart disease and stroke. If 30 minutes seems like too much, start with less and build up slowly. The key is to walk at a brisk pace. Tip: Consider buying a pedometer (step counter). You can use it to track how many steps you take a day. It can motivate you to be more active. 2. Choose Heart-Healthy Fats The kinds of fats in the foods you eat affect the cholesterol in your bloodstream. Skip processed snacks and sweets, fried foods, whole milk and cheese, solid fats like butter, and fatty red meats. They have saturated and trans fats, which are not good for your heart. Instead, pick unsaturated fats. They come mainly from plants, like vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. They are thought of as "good" fats because they improve your cholesterol levels, which is good for your heart. Omega-3 fats are also heart healthy. They help keep your arteries from clogging. So try to eat non-fried fish at least twice a week. Pick fatty fishes like salmon, albacore tuna, sardines, rainbow trout, and mackerel to boost your omega-3s. Soybean products, walnuts, flaxseed, and canola oil are other good sources of omega-3s. Tip: For the best heart benefits, go out with the "bad" fats and in with the "good" at the same time. Order grilled salmon or trout instead of a burger or ribs. Use vegetable, olive, or canola oil instead of butter when cooking. Put a little avocado on your sandwich instead of cheese. 3. Fill Up on Whole Grains, Fruits, and Vegetables Whole grains, fruits, and vegetables are high in fiber and low in calories. That makes them ideal foods for staying at a healthy weight. A 2009 study found that people cut their risk of heart disease by 81% and their risk of stroke by 50% if they kept their weight down, exercised 3.5 hours or more a week, didn't smoke, and helped themselves to lots of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. And a large 2011 study showed that Swedish women who ate a lot of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables cut their risk of stroke by 17%. Citrus fruits and dark orange, red, yellow, and green vegetables and fruits are good sources of antioxidants. Tip: Set a goal of filling half of your plate with fruit and vegetables.

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Training The Brain To Boost Self-Confidence Studies have found that low self-confidence can lead to health problems. It can increase the risk of mental health problems like depression and bipolar disorder. Some people find the road to becoming confident challenging. Eating well, exercising and being socially active are all important. What about the mental factors? It may not happen overnight, but with the right mindset you can take steps forward. Exciting new research has even found that it may be possible to actually train your brain patterns to become more confident someday. The positive news is that there are lots of different ways to start building up your self-esteem and confidence right now: - Affirm your own value by taking inventory of all the things you’re doing right. - Unplug from your phone or take a social media detox. - Practice self-compassion by talking nicely to yourself. - Challenge negative thoughts. - Spend time with people who love and support you. - Celebrate your successes and take pride in what you do. - Do things that bring you joy in your free time. - Focus on taking baby steps to overcome insecurity. - Work with a therapist to explore your fears and understand where they come from. - Try reading a book focused on the subject, you may get good advice and feel less alone. Remember, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to improving confidence. Until the next neuroscience breakthrough, you can try these lifestyle methods. Building confidence takes time, so be patient with yourself. Consider getting started with the Online Health Coach. It can help you set and manage goals, create a plan of care and track your progress. Behavioral health services are also available through telehealth.

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If you are thinking about buying organic foods, you may want to read my article first. Many people are choosing organic for their family’s health, but you may be buying more expensive foods in vain. Don’t get me wrong, organic foods are much better for the environment, since there are stricter rules for production, handling, and processing; but as for the health benefits, for the most part, they are no safer or more nutritious than conventionally produced foods. For example, beef, poultry, eggs, and milk that are produced organically live under less-crowded conditions, which might reduce animal-to-animal transmission of disease-causing bacteria. But, on the other hand, there is no evidence that they are exposed to any fewer chemical contaminants or antibiotic residues than their non-organic counterparts. PCBs and dioxins are spread through the air and water, so there’s no reason to think they are less likely to settle on an organic farm than on a conventional one. Even worse, organic farms are equally as vulnerable since insects, birds, and other animals are also easy routes for invasion by pathogens. What does this all mean? Well, let’s define organic according to the US Department of Agriculture. “Organic food is produced by farmers who emphasize the use of renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future generations. Organic meat, poultry, eggs and dairy products come from animals that are given no antibiotics or growth hormones. Organic food is produced without using most conventional pesticides; fertilizers make with synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge; bioengineering; or ionizing radiation. Before a product can be labeled “organic,” a Government-approved certifier inspects the farm where the food is grown to make sure the farmer is following all the rules necessary to meet USDA organic standards. Companies that handle or process organic food before it gets to your local supermarket or restaurant must be certified, too.” www.ams.USDA.gov/nop So, if you are thinking about going organic, but don’t believe the hype completely, you may want to choose a few fruits or veggies that DO have proven higher pesticide residues. You can lower your pesticide exposure by up to 90% just by avoiding the worst offendersbelow. Here’s a list from best to worst for your next trip to the supermarket: Peaches Nectarines Apples Sweet Bell Peppers Celery Pears Strawberries Spinach Lettuce Potatoes Grapes (imported) Cherries MAY NEED SOME WASHING Carrots Green Beans Grapes Hot peppers Cucumbers Plums Raspberries Blueberries Tomatoes Cantaloupe Mushrooms Oranges Sweet Potatoes Watermelon Cauliflower CLEAN AS A WHISTLE Papaya Broccoli Cabbage Bananas Kiwi Avocado Sweet peas (frozen) Asparagus Mango Pineapples Sweet corn (frozen) Onions In conclusion, I am all for using renewable resources and conserving water and soil. I am also all for (even slightly) more humane treatment of animals and the use of less steroids and antibiotics. I must admit, I was buying organic milk and chicken because I actually thought both were free of this stuff. Reality is, there isn’t much of a difference in the actual food itself. So, do your shopping as you wish, wash your fruits and veggies well (organic or not), and whatever you do, YOU’RE BETTER OFF EATING FRUITS AND VEGGIES WITH PESTICIDES THAN NOT EATING THEM AT ALL!! Happy shopping. Want more help? If you're tired of wasting time on counting calories, eating "fake foods", and other ineffective diets, check out our coaching program here at Power 3 Fitness Coaching to get the support you need for long term success.

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Most moviegoers watching “War for the Planet of the Apes” this summer had no idea that the gorillas sounded authentic because of guidance provided by UGA primatologist Roberta Salmi, who has done extensive research on the vocal communication of western gorillas. For her Ph.D. dissertation, Salmi spent 18 months in the forest of the Republic of the Congo and collected more than 2,000 recordings of gorillas’ vocalizations. Gorillas live in small groups, typically one male and a few females with infants. In these relatively cohesive units they “chat” with each other frequently—exchanging eight calls per hour on average, according to Salmi. “Most of their calls are exchanged during non-aggressive contexts, and comprise soft grunts and grumbles,” she said. “They laugh when playing, they hum when feeding, infants whine and cry, and they call each other when separated.” Recordings of gorilla sounds are extremely rare, so Salmi’s expertise is in high demand. She provided 40 calls for the 2014 film “Dawn of the Planet of the Apes” and another 40 new calls when the filmmakers got in touch for assistance with this year’s film. “They wanted help on gorilla behavior, vocal production, individual distinctiveness, effects of age on sounds, postural position during vocalizations,” said Salmi, assistant professor in the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences. “I also gave them some comments on the sounds made by the actors so that they better resemble gorilla vocalizations.” This brief appeared in the fall 2017 issue of Research Magazine. The original press is available at https://news.uga.edu/uga-primatologist-provides-gorilla-vocals-in-planet-of-the-apes-film/.

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- PolyDataFilters.boolean_union(other_mesh, tolerance=1e-05, progress_bar=False)[source]# Perform a boolean union operation on two meshes. Essentially, boolean union, difference, and intersection are all the same operation. Just different parts of the objects are kept at the end. The union of two manifold meshes Bis the mesh which is in B, or in both If your boolean operations don’t react the way you think they should (i.e. the wrong parts disappear), one of your meshes probably has its normals pointing inward. Use PolyDataFilters.plot_normals()to visualize the normals. The behavior of this filter varies from the PolyDataFilters.merge()filter. This filter attempts to create a manifold mesh and will not include internal surfaces when two meshes overlap. Both meshes must be composed of all triangles. Check with PolyData.is_all_trianglesand convert with Changed in version 0.32.0: Behavior changed to match default VTK behavior. Mesh operating on the source mesh. Tolerance used to determine when a point’s absolute distance is considered to be zero. Display a progress bar to indicate progress. The result of the boolean operation. Demonstrate a boolean union with two spheres. Note how the final mesh includes both spheres. >>> import pyvista >>> sphere_a = pyvista.Sphere() >>> sphere_b = pyvista.Sphere(center=(0.5, 0, 0)) >>> result = sphere_a.boolean_union(sphere_b) >>> pl = pyvista.Plotter() >>> _ = pl.add_mesh(sphere_a, color='r', style='wireframe', line_width=3) >>> _ = pl.add_mesh(sphere_b, color='b', style='wireframe', line_width=3) >>> _ = pl.add_mesh(result, color='tan') >>> pl.camera_position = 'xz' >>> pl.show() See Boolean Operations for more examples using this filter.

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|Revised Romanization||Jeong Mong-ju| Jeong Mong-ju (Korean: 정몽주, Hanja: 鄭夢周, January 13, 1338 – April 26, 1392), also known by his pen name Poeun (Korean: 포은), was a prominent Korean scholar-official and diplomat during the late Goryeo period. Jeong Mong-ju was born in Yeongcheon, Gyeongsang province to a family from the Yeonil Jeong clan. At the age of 23, he took three different civil service literary examinations (Gwageo) and received the highest marks possible on each of them. In 1367, he became an instructor in Neo-Confucianism at the Gukjagam, then called Songgyungwan, whilst simultaneously holding a government position, and was a faithful public servant to King U. The king had great confidence in his wide knowledge and good judgment, and so he participated in various national projects and his scholarly works earned him great respect in the Goryeo court. In 1372, Jeong Mong-ju visited Ming Dynasty, as a diplomatic envoy. Around the time, as Waegu (왜구/ 倭寇) (Japanese pirate)'s invasions to the Korean Peninsula were extreme, Jeong Mong-ju was dispatched as a delegate to Kyūshū in Japan, in 1377. His negotiations led to promises of Japanese aid in defeating the pirates. He traveled to the Ming Dynasty's capital city in 1384 and the negotiations with the Chinese led to peace with the Ming Dynasty in 1385. He also founded an institute devoted to the theories of Confucianism. Following a banquet held for him, Jeong Mong-ju was assassinated in 1392 by five men on the Sonjuk Bridge in Gaeseong. Politically motivated, the murder was ordered by Yi Bang-won (later Taejong of Joseon), the fifth son of Yi Seong-gye, who overthrew the Goryeo Dynasty in order to establish the Joseon Dynasty. Jeong Mong-ju was murdered because he refused to betray his loyalty to the Goryeo Dynasty. Yi Bang-won recited a poem (Hayeoga, 하여가 / 何如歌) to dissuade Jeong Mong-ju from remaining loyal to the Goryeo court, but Jeong Mong-ju answered with another poem (Dansimga, 단심가 / 丹心歌) that affirmed his loyalty. Yi Seong-gye is said to have lamented Jeong Mong-ju's death and rebuked his son because Jeong Mong-ju was a highly regarded politician by the common people. The bridge where Jeong Mong-ju was murdered, nowadays in North Korea, has now become a national monument of that country. A brown spot on one of the stones is said to be Jeong Mong-ju's bloodstain and is said to become red whenever it rains. Currently, his direct surviving descendants are his 28th - 36th generation, who reside all over the world. One of his most famous descendent is the founder of Hyundai Group. The 474-year-old Goryeo Dynasty symbolically ended with Jeong Mong-ju's death and was followed by the Joseon Dynasty for 505 years (1392-1897). Jeong Mong-ju's noble death symbolizes his faithful allegiance to the king, and he was later venerated even by Joseon monarchs. In 1517, 125 years after his death, he was canonized into Sungkyunkwan (the National Academy) alongside other Korean sages such as Yi Hwang (Toegye, 1501-1570) and Yi I (Yulgok, 1536-1584). His grave is in Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, and he was buried with his wife. The 11th pattern of ITF Taekwondo is named after Poeun. The pattern is performed as part of the testing syllabus for the level of 2nd-degree black belt. The diagram ( - ) represents Jeong Mong-ju's unerring loyalty to his king and his country towards the end of the Goryeo Dynasty. Yi Bang-won's sijo (poem) - Hayeoga (하여가, 何如歌) 이런들 어떠하리 저런들 어떠하리 此亦何如彼亦何如。 (차역하여피역하여) 만수산 드렁칡이 얽어진들 어떠하리 城隍堂後垣頹落亦何如。 (성황당후원퇴락역하여) 우리도 이같이 얽어져 백년까지 누리리라 我輩若此爲不死亦何如。 (아배약차위불사역하여) (Based on the Hanja) What shall it be: this or that? The walls behind the temple of the city's deity* has fallen - shall it be this? Or if we survive together nonetheless - shall it be that? (* Yi Bang-won is declaring the death of the era - the Goryeo Dynasty.) Jeong Mong-ju's sijo (poem) - Dansimga (단심가, 丹心歌) 이몸이 죽고 죽어 일백 번 고쳐 죽어 此身死了死了一百番更死了。 (차신사료사료일백번갱사료) 백골이 진토되어 넋이라도 있고 없고 白骨爲塵土魂魄有也無。 (백골위진토혼백유무야) 임 향한 일편 단심이야 가실 줄이 있으랴 向主一片丹心寧有改理也歟。 (향주일편단심유개리여) Though I die and die again a hundred times, That my bones turn to dust, whether my soul remains or not, Ever loyal to my Lord, how can this red heart ever fade away? - Poeun Jip (포은집, 圃隱集) - Poeun Sigo (포은시고, 圃隱詩藁) In popular culture - Portrayed by Hong Gye-il in the 1983 MBC TV series The King of Chudong Palace. - Portrayed by Park Joon-hyuk in the 2012-2013 SBS TV series The Great Seer. - Portrayed by Im Ho in the 2014 KBS1 TV series Jeong Do-jeon. - Portrayed by Kim Eui-sung in the 2015 SBS TV series Six Flying Dragons. - List of Korea-related topics - List of Goryeo people - Korean philosophy - Tears of the Dragon (TV series) - Jeong Do-jeon - Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne (translator). (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Paramus, New Jersey: Homa & Sekey Books. ISBN 978-1-931-90737-8; OCLC 60931394 - Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon (Nihon Ōdai Ichiran). Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 84067437 |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeong Mongju.|

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CC-MAIN-2021-25

https://www.marbk-65d.win/wiki/Population_density

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The bend test is a simple and inexpensive qualitative test that can be used to evaluate both the ductility and soundness of a material. It is often used as a quality control test for butt-welded joints, having the advantage of simplicity of both test piece and equipment. No expensive test equipment is needed, test specimens are easily prepared and the test can, if required, be carried out on the shop floor as a quality control test to ensure consistency in production. The bend test uses a coupon that is bent in three point bending to a specified angle. The outside of the bend is extensively plastically deformed so that any defects in, or embrittlement of, the material will be revealed by the premature failure of the coupon. The bend test may be free formed or guided. The guided bend test is where the coupon is wrapped around a former of a specified diameter and is the type of test specified in the welding procedure and welder qualification specifications. For example, it may be a requirement in ASME IX, ISO 9606 and ISO 15614 Part 1. As the guided bend test is the only form of bend test specified in welding qualification specifications it is the only one that will be dealt with in this article. Typical bend test jigs are illustrated in Fig.1(a) and 1(b). The strain applied to the specimen depends on the diameter of the former around which the coupon is bent and this is related to the thickness of the coupon 't', normally expressed as a multiple of 't' eg 3t, 4t etc. The former diameter is specified in the test standard and varies with the strength and ductility of the material - the bend former diameter for a low ductility material such as a fully hard aluminium alloy may be as large as 8t. An annealed low carbon steel on the other hand may require a former diameter of only 3t. The angle of bend may be 90°, 120° or 180° depending on the specification requirements. On completion of the test the coupon is examined for defects that may have opened up on the tension face. Most specifications regard a defect over 3mm in length as being cause for rejection. For butt weld procedure and welder qualification testing the bend coupons may be oriented transverse or parallel to the welding direction. Below approximately 12mm material thickness transverse specimens are usually tested with the root or face of the weld in tension. Material over 12mm thick is normally tested using the side bend test that tests the full section thickness, Fig.2. Where the material thickness is too great to permit the full section to be bent the specifications allow a number of narrower specimens to be taken provided that the full material thickness is tested. Conventionally, most welding specifications require two root and two face bend coupons or four side bends to be taken from each butt welded test piece. The transverse face bend specimen will reveal any defects on the face such as excessive undercut or lack of sidewall fusion close to the cap. The transverse root bend is also excellent at revealing lack of root fusion or penetration. The transverse side bend tests the full weld thickness and is particularly good at revealing lack of side-wall fusion and lack of root fusion in double-V butt joints. This specimen orientation is also useful for testing weld cladding where any brittle regions close to the fusion line are readily revealed. Longitudinal bend specimens are machined to include the full weld width, both HAZs and a portion of each parent metal. They may be bent with the face, root or side in tension and are used where there is a difference in mechanical strength between the two parent metals or the parent metal and the weld. The test will readily reveal any transverse defects but it is less good at revealing longitudinally oriented defects such as lack of fusion or penetration. Whilst the bend test is simple and straightforward to perform there are some features that may result in the test being invalid. In cutting the coupon from the test weld the effects of the cutting must not be allowed to affect the result. Thus it is necessary to remove any HAZ from flame cutting or work hardened metal if the sample is sheared. It is normal to machine or grind flat the face and root of a weld bend test coupon to reduce the stress raising effect that these would have. Sharp corners can cause premature failure and should be rounded off to a maximum radius of 3mm. The edges of transverse bend coupons from small diameter tubes will experience very high tensile stresses when the ID is in tension and this can result in tearing at the specimen edges. Weld joints with non-uniform properties such as dissimilar metal joints or where the weld and parent metal strengths are substantially different can result in 'peaking' of the bend coupon. This is when most of the deformation takes place in the weaker of the two materials which therefore experiences excessive localised deformation that may result in premature failure. A dissimilar metal joint where one of the parent metals is very high strength is a good example of where this may occur and similar peaking can be seen in fully hard welded aluminium alloy joints. In these instances the roller bend test illustrated in Fig.1(b) is the best method of performing a bend test as each component of the coupon is strained by a similar amount and peaking is to a great extent eliminated. |BS EN ISO 5173 ||Destructive Tests on Welds in Metallic Materials - Bend Tests ||Welding and Brazing Qualifications ||Guided bend Test for Ductility of Welds This article was written by Gene Mathers. This Job Knowledge article was originally published in Connect, November 2004. It has been updated (figure 1b) so the web page no longer reflects exactly the printed version.

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CC-MAIN-2019-39

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While laughter may have evolved from an ancient "fight or flight" response, it would seem that it has grown into a more complex recognition of another's "plight" response. The dog in the "Cone of Shame" above encounters an upside down lampshade. We laugh because it looks like the lamp purposely rotated its shade to empathize with the poor dog. Laughter in the face of tragedy doesn't always come from the "fight or flight" response, it can come from the more empathetic "plight" response. Laughter, in this case, is the body's naturally joyous response to another entity being acknowledged. If we were to slip on the proverbial banana peel, we'd be instantly reassured on some level that it was recognized when someone else laughs. When they do, we instantly want them to say, "Oh sorry, are you okay?"

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CC-MAIN-2018-30

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 5-9% of youth and is frequently treated with stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine products. A recent safety communication from the US Food and Drug Administration advised that all patients undergoing ADHD treatment be monitored for changes in heart rate or blood pressure. Amidst growing concern over the risks of stimulant use in youth, a study by Dr. Mark Olfson of the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, and his colleagues, published in the February 2012 issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, assessed the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in children and adolescents without known heart conditions treated with stimulants for ADHD. It is one of the largest studies to date focusing primarily on youth while controlling for pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors. As reported in the study, Olfson and colleagues examined claims records from a large privately insured population for associations between cardiovascular events in youth with ADHD and stimulant treatment. In total 171,126 privately insured youth aged 6-21 years without known pre-existing heart-related risk factors were followed throughout the study. The study included patients who have previously received stimulant treatment, patients currently receiving stimulant treatment, and patients who began or ceased stimulant treatments during the study period. Olfson and colleagues assessed the various groups for incidents of severe cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction, less severe cardiovascular events such as cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiovascular symptoms such as tachycardia and palpitations. Analysis showed that cardiovascular events and symptoms were rare in this cohort and not associated with stimulant use. This finding helps to allay concerns of adverse events in otherwise healthy young people receiving treatment for ADHD. Olfson and colleagues said of the results, "It is reassuring that in these young people, short-term stimulant treatment did not substantially increase the risk of cardiovascular events or symptoms." More information: The article, "Stimulants and Cardiovascular Events in Youth With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" by Mark Olfson, Cecilia Huang, Tobias Gerhard, Almut G. Winterstein, Stephen Crystal, Paul D. Allison, Steven C. Marcus (doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.11.008) appears in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Volume 51, Issue 2 (February 2012)

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CC-MAIN-2014-41

http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-02-treatment-adhd-cardiac-events-youth.html

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en

Heel Bone Spurs It shouldn’t hurt to get on your feet in the morning or walk throughout the day. If you notice a sharp, stabbing sensation in your heel with each step you take, you may be suffering from heel spurs. What Is a Heel Spur? Also known as “calcaneal spurs,” “foot spurs,” or “osteophytes,” heel spurs are tiny calcium deposits attached to the heel bone (calcaneus). Heel spurs can grow, undetected, over the course of several months or even years before they cause pain. Approximately 1 out of 10 people have heel spurs; however, just 1 in 20 people with heel spurs experience heel pain. For some individuals, as the pointed, hooked, or shelf-shaped calcium deposits grow, they may begin to prod the soft, fatty tissue of the heel–resulting in a stabbing sensation and intense heel pain with every step you take. The presence of heel spurs is strongly associated with a condition known as Plantar Fasciitis. When the plantar fascia ligament, which runs along the bottom of the foot, is damaged, the body creates calcium deposits on the heel bone in an attempt to repair the damaged fascia. Unfortunately, over time, heel spurs can cause a great deal of pain in addition to damaging the fatty pad of your heel. Common Causes of Heel Spurs A compromised, injured arch–or Plantar Fasciitis–is the most common risk factor for developing heel spurs: Approximately 70 percent of people who have been diagnosed with Plantar Fasciitis also have heel spurs. The following risk factors are also commonly understood to cause heel spurs: - Age: Heel spurs are most common in individuals who are 40 years and older because of the resulting decrease in ligament elasticity - Gait problems: Walking or moving with an uneven gait can apply excessive pressure to certain areas of the foot, resulting in strain and the development of heel spurs - Being overweight: Carrying extra weight results in more strain and impact to the arch of the foot - Gender: Heel spurs affect women more often than men, likely because many types of women’s footwear are far less supportive than men’s footwear - Improper footwear: Wearing old, worn shoes or shoes that don’t fit properly can lead to strain and injuries that prompt the development of heel spurs - Long periods of standing: Standing for long periods of time or lifting heavy objects on a regular basis, which causes significant strain to the arch of the foot - Diabetes: Several studies have found a connection between diabetes and heel spurs - Flat feet or high arches: having arches that are too high or too flat can lead to excessive, repetitive stress on different parts of the heel and foot and the development of heel spurs While heel spurs are poorly understood, most researchers think that these foot bone spurs are actually the body’s response to strain and micro-injuries in the plantar fascia. The body sends cells to the area that begin to deposit calcium. Over time, these deposits may form sharp protrusions that hurt, not help. Diagnosing Heel Spurs Since heel spurs can grow undetected for many months or years, they aren’t typically diagnosed until they start causing heel pain and discomfort while walking. Many doctors will be comfortable diagnosing the presence of heel spurs with the telltale symptom of sharp, stabbing pain in the heel with each step. However, if your doctor is worried about the possibility of another condition masquerading as a heel spur–like a stress fracture–he or she may confirm the diagnosis with X-rays. Since many cases of heel spurs are connected to a diagnosis of Plantar Fasciitis, your doctor will likely help you take steps to reduce the pain from heel spurs, while also resolving the root problem of a strained arch. Home Remedies for Heel Spurs If you suffer from heel pain caused by foot bone spurs, there’s good news: More than 90% of painful heel spurs can be successfully treated without surgery or medical interventions. It’s important to treat heel spurs as soon as they become apparent through pain, discomfort, and a sharp jabbing sensation in the heel, especially with those first few steps in the morning. The sooner conservative treatments begin, the sooner pain relief and healing is possible! Many of the conservative home remedies for treating plantar fasciitis are also helpful in resolving heel spurs. Why? In part, because many cases of heel spurs are a direct result of plantar fasciitis, and in part, because these home remedies take the pressure off the heel bone and strengthen the arch, making it more resistant to strain and injury. - Rest: Adequate rest, especially after intense physical activity, long periods of standing, or lifting heavy objects allows the plantar fascia and surrounding tissue to heal strain and micro-injuries that can lead to the development or worsening of heel spurs. - Icing: Regular icing for 20 minutes at a time, especially when you notice redness or inflammation in the heel area, can encourage healing and pain relief in damaged tissue since cooling is known as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic - Specialized Orthotic Inserts: Orthotic inserts take the pressure off painful heel spurs by lifting and cushioning the damaged plantar fascia ligament - Stretching Exercises: Stretches strengthen and improve flexibility in the plantar fascia ligament and surrounding tissue, reducing the body’s misguided healing response to create heel spurs Some individuals have had success in treating heel spurs with non-invasive enzymatic therapy, which influences how the body absorbs calcium. If you suspect your heel spurs may be caused by calcium absorption problems or a calcium deficiency, these supplements can be very helpful. In the same vein, supplements like magnesium that improve bone strength and calcium absorption can also help certain individuals. Orthotics for Heel Spurs The best way to heal foot bone spurs, avoid the development of new heel spurs, and address pain is to support the arch of your foot and provide an additional layer of cushioning. After all, a lack of arch support is one of the most common reasons heel spurs develop in the first place! Specialized orthotic inserts like Heel Seats are one of the most effective methods for treating heel spurs. These orthotics position the arch to an optimal height, preventing the sharp calcium deposits from digging into the fatty heel pad. It’s important to avoid grocery-store orthotics that are little more than simple pads to add a little extra cushioning, not designed specifically to treat heel spurs and Plantar Fasciitis. Heel Seats incorporate patented Fascia-Bar Technology, which works by applying targeted acupressure to stop pain from heel spurs, then goes to work healing the problems that caused the heel spur or spurs to form in the first place. These unique inserts actually re-stretch the plantar fascia ligament while increasing the density of the heel’s natural fat pad and taking the pressure off heel spurs. Medical Interventions for Heel Spurs Heel spur surgery is typically recommended only after conservative treatments have been unsuccessful for at least one year, because of the expense, pain, and potential for complications involved in the surgery. However, if necessary, heel spurs can be removed through surgical intervention. In heel spur surgery, a surgeon uses precise instruments to cut away the bony fragment protruding into the fatty pad of the heel. Heel spur removal surgery is often accompanied by plantar fascia release surgery, which detaches part of the plantar fascia from the heel bone, relieving stress and pressure on the arch. However, even when surgery is the best option to treat heel spurs, it’s still important to prevent new heel spurs from forming by protecting the foot and changing habits. These preventative steps include supporting the arch of the foot with specialized orthotic inserts and wearing high-quality footwear. While heel spurs can be an unsettling and painful condition, the more you know about their causes, symptoms, and treatment, the more equipped you’ll be to manage them with conservative treatment and effective preventative care!

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CC-MAIN-2020-29

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During XL Catlin Arctic Live 2016, the team joined researchers from Aberystwyth University, who were investigating how melt channels in the middle of glaciers behave. To reach the research site every day required a 150 foot abseil into the glacier before entering the melt channel itself. The study of how meltwater channels behave and change contributes to models of sea level rise. If a meltwater channel that runs through the middle of a glacier cuts through the ice to the bottom, this can speed up glacial movement towards the sea. This is because the meltwater creates a lubricating layer between the ice and the bedrock. For more support on viewing 360VR videos, see this Subject Update. Part of:AXA Ocean Education Brought to you by Cross-curricular | Ages Ages 7-11 Based on journeys undertaken by real explorers and scientists, the Frozen Oceans (Primary) education programme is designed to introduce students to what life is like in the High Arctic.

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University of Alabama in Huntsville Founded in 1950 and integrated within the University of Alabama system in 1969, this premiere research university contributes leaders to NASA, NOAA and other high-flying American institutions. Located on 400 acres in “Rocket City,” this campus sits between downtown Huntsville and the second largest research park in the U.S.; it is bisected by a busy road. While introducing a new identity, UAH also wanted to emphasize its presence relative to the city and its research partner to the west. Several UAH campus buildings are located within the park, and tech-centered internships are a primary draw for potential UAH students. Initially, the campus featured very few wayfinding aids: aside from some “signature” buildings, the campus is architecturally similar and minimal signage existed. The new wayfinding signage unifies the campus both visually and informationally, carrying new logic for circulation, entrances, parking and building identification. - Recommendations for wayfinding logic included vehicular and pedestrian circulation, campus entrance naming, alphanumeric parking identification and building codes. - The signage features a rocket-like silver and gray color scheme for two reasons: the signs are less susceptible to UV fading, and the UAH blue accents visually “pop” in the context of the environment. - Vehicular guide signs direct traffic around the primary entrance roundabout. A Saturn V rocket serves as a memorable nearby campus landmark. - Campus boundaries and entrances are identified along busy Huntsville roadways, directing to primary campus destinations. - Large building identification signs are designed to be viewed from a distance, aiding navigation. - Parking and directional signs feature the new wayfinding logic and simplified information - Building identification signs include the 3-letter code - Pedestrian kiosks serve as landmarks and points of information. The exterior wayfinding system went from takeoff to touchdown in one calendar year. Future campus improvements include a landmark Welcome Center and new interior signage standards.

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Object Oriented Programming: Object-Oriented Programming is a program design approach. It is incorporated with several features and new concepts, which are quite different from other programming techniques such as Modular programming, Structural programming or Procedural programming. It supports objects that are data abstraction with an interface of named operations and a hidden local state. It ties data along with their methods that operate on data. It supports data encapsulation feature by encapsulating the data, which cannot be accessed by external functions. Object orientation demands the concept of data encapsulation so that an object does not permit other objects to access its data and operates directly. The services of an object can be called upon through messages, classes are defined that contains the data members along with methods or functions that operate on data. Data Abstraction, which represents only essential features to the outside world, again is a striking feature of OOPs, besides this inheritance supports reusability and extensibility of code segments, polymorphism implemented through function overloading and operation overloading, compile time polymorphism or dynamic binding are some of the other features of OOPs. It is different from conventional programming approaches, such as Modular programming, Procedural programming, Top-down & Bottom-up programming, Structural programming, as it incorporates powerful features as mentioned to provide extra power to the programming approach. OOPs model the real world objects with great ease, which was quite difficult with conventional programming languages. There was no data security feature and it moved freely around the system. Overloading, Inheritance, Dynamic binding of modules etc. empowered it further and thus proved to be a good programming approach over other programming approaches.

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

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Driverless cars will be on our streets sooner than we can imagine and it’s up to society to be ready to avoid traffic and environmental chaos, warns the founder of the world’s largest car-sharing company. The choice, says Robin Chase, a “transportation entrepreneur” from Boston who co-founded Zipcar in 2000, is between a heaven or a hell of autonomous vehicles. “At this moment, cities have a one-time chance where the makers of autonomous vehicles are in a supplicant position,” said Chase, who was the guest speaker this week at the National Capital Commission’s Capital Urbanism Lab. “They have a one-time power position to make some demands, so I say, let’s use it.” Ignoring the arrival of autonomous vehicles is risky, she said. “I can imagine some cities might say, ‘Oh no, not us.’ And they’ll be rapidly be left in the dust … I don’t think we can afford to wait.” In Chase’s “hell” scenario, driverless car owners will have their vehicles drop them off at work, then let them endlessly circle the block or drive all the way home to avoid paying steep downtown parking rates. The result is even worse congestion than before. In Chase’s nightmare, retail stores disappear because driverless cars will be so cheap to operate, companies will clog the roads with automated delivery trucks that race around offering 15-minute deliveries of the most commonly bought goods. Bus drivers, taxi drivers and workers in the traditional auto industry are all unemployed by the rise of the autonomous car. But if well-thought-out laws and regulations are in place, along with tax incentives and disincentives, people will be encouraged to split ownership of clean, electric-powered vehicles and share rides with neighbours on their street. Traffic congestion will be reduced or disappear and electric vehicles will make for a cleaner environment. Google and Tesla are leading the way in driverless cars. Tesla alone has driven more than 22 million miles on public roads with self-driving cars. But the big automakers are in the game too, with Ford promising it will produce an autonomous taxi by 2021. Uber has been using automated Fords (with a driver along just in case) in Pittsburgh for a month now. Even Apple is getting into the electric/self-driving car game, with some of the research being done in Kanata. In the near future, shared ownership and shared rides in driverless cars will offer people door-to-door service “for the price of a bus ticket,” Chase said. Chase thinks more pilot projects will begin in some fair-weather U.S. cities within a few years, although it might take a bit longer for the technology to be able to cope with a snowy city like Ottawa. But the arrival of autonomous cars will also create a huge hole in municipal revenues with the loss of fuel taxes and parking fees, and even traffic ticket revenue from non-speeding, law-abiding driverless cars. Societies will need to learn how to get along without the revenue and also manage the job losses and disruption that driverless cars will bring. Economics will be the biggest driver toward autonomous cars, she said. “Your car today costs you, on average, $9,000 a year. That’s 18 per cent of average household income — and it sits idle 95 per cent of the time,” she said. “People will see autonomous vehicles — faster, cheaper, safer, better — and say, ‘Why wouldn’t I want to do it?'” But will they really? The top two selling vehicles in Canada last year were the Ford F150 and the Ram 1500 pickups — about as far from a tiny, clean-fuelled autonomous vehicles as possible. The early adopters will be seniors and the disabled, said Barrie Kirk, an engineer and executive director of the Canadian Automated Vehicles Centre of Excellence in Kanata, followed by millennials, who studies have shown are already averse to driving and car ownership. “It’s the middle-aged people, the people who have pickup trucks, the people for whom getting a driver’s licence (and) getting a vehicle as soon as they could was part of the culture. It’ll be a lot more difficult to get them to let go of the steering wheel,” Kirk said. But even those people hate the drive to and from work and will eventually be won over by the advantages of autonomous vehicles, he said. So what can regulators do to prepare? Chase said governments should insist driverless cars be electric and that the new additions to the power grid come from renewable energy sources: What benefit is there to replacing smoggy, gas-powered cars with smoggy, gas-powered driverless cars? Chase also said no one should be allowed to own their own driverless car for at least five years after their introduction. The delay in private ownership would give time for society to get into the habit of sharing rides or sharing ownership of a vehicle. “It seems like an incredible ask, but Google, Tesla and Ford have already said they intend to sell to small fleets. So let’s just codify that … so we have time to build in the behaviours so we can shape this potential future,” Chase said. Finally, she would like manufacturers and fleets to share a common application to summon a ride so passengers could choose the best or most convenient vehicle, regardless of who owns it, built it or operates it. A shared information system would maximize the chance that rides would be shared, she said. Even so, regular cars won’t disappear, at least not right away. People in rural areas won’t see the same benefits of a driverless car as city dwellers will. “It’s not going to be illegal to drive your own car. If you don’t want to do it, don’t do it. You can continue to spend 18 per cent of your income … That’s your choice. You can keep doing it,” Chase said. “The first generation of self-driving cars is already with us,” said Kirk, who sees driverless cars in cities by 2020. “They’re being used in the oil sands. There’s a fleet of six automated shuttle buses being used in France. You go to a showroom now and buy semi-autonomous cars. It’s coming a lot faster than people think.”

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CC-MAIN-2017-09

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A Javan rhinoceros triggers a camera trap in Indonesia's Ujung Kulon National Park in late 2010. The image was released this week by WWF-Indonesia and Indonesia's National Park Authority. A motion-activated video camera also recorded "dramatic" footage of four of the rhinos, deemed critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation for Nature. At fewer than 40 individuals, the Javan rhino may be the rarest mammal on the planet, according to WWF. (See pictures: "14 Rarest and Weirdest Mammal Species Named.") Though the videos and pictures are "great news," the animals still face grave threats, WWF-US chief scientist Eric Dinerstein noted in a statement. For instance, an eruption of the nearby Anak Krakatau volcano could easily wipe out all life on the peninsula that the rhinos call home. "There are no Javan rhinos in captivity," he said. "If we lose the population in the wild, we've lost them all."

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- Government and society - Cultural life - Earliest periods - External political influences - The Republic of Cyprus Cyprus has figured in the literature of Europe for thousands of years, from the works of Ionic lyric poets to modern travel memoirs such as Lawrence Durrell’s Bitter Lemons (1957). Literary traditions are strong on the island itself. Drawing on oral tradition, on classical forms—such as the tekerleme (rigmarole) and mani (quatrain)—and on contemporary styles, Turkish Cypriot singers such as Acar Akalın and Neșe Yașin have developed a body of work that is well known on the Turkish mainland though largely untranslated into other languages. Contemporary Greek Cypriot poets are somewhat better known beyond the island, having been translated into other European languages. Several literary journals are published, and small presses issue hundreds of books in Greek and Turkish each year. Poetry is also an important element in the growing “peace culture” movement, which seeks to forge social and cultural links across the island’s ethnic divide. Numerous painters and sculptors work in Cyprus, and the Cultural Services office keeps the state’s collection of modern Cypriot art on permanent exhibition and sponsors the annual Kypria International Festival of music and theatrical performances. In the village of Lemba, near Paphos, the Cyprus College of Art runs courses for postgraduate art students. The government encourages young composers, musicians, and folk dance groups. Both the Turkish and the Greek Cypriot communities have active film industries, and Cypriot motion pictures have received a number of awards in international competitions. Classical and folk music enjoy a wide following among Cypriots of all ages, and the respective folk music traditions of the Greek and Turkish communities, combined with international styles, have contributed to the development of native Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot popular music styles. The ancient cultural traditions of Cyprus are maintained partly by private enterprise and partly by government sponsorship, especially through the Cultural Services office of the Republic of Cyprus’s Ministry of Education and Culture, which publishes books, awards prizes for literature, and promotes Cypriot publications. Cities have public libraries, as do many rural communities. The government-sponsored Cyprus Theatre Organization stages plays by contemporary Cypriot dramatists as well as classical works. The ancient theatres of Salamis and Soli in the Turkish sector and Kourion (Curium) in the Greek portion have been restored; a variety of plays are staged at Kourion, and a Greek theatre has been built at Nicosia. Many noteworthy buildings survive from the Lusignan and Venetian periods, in particular the Gothic cathedrals at Nicosia and Famagusta and the Abbey of Bellapais near Kyrenia. There are other Gothic churches throughout the island. Orthodox Christians also built numerous churches in a distinctive style that was often influenced by the Gothic; the interiors of these illustrate the continued development of Byzantine art. Cyprus has notable examples of medieval and Renaissance military architecture, such as the castles of Kyrenia, St. Hilarion, Buffavento, and Kantara and the elaborate Venetian fortifications of Nicosia and Famagusta. Additional sites of cultural significance include the town of Paphos, held to be the legendary birthplace of Aphrodite, which houses a temple constructed in her honour dating from the 12th century bc; the painted churches of the Troodos region, a complex of Byzantine churches and monasteries renowned for their display of murals in Byzantine and post-Byzantine styles; and the Neolithic settlements at Choirokotia, inhabited from the 7th to the 4th millennium bc. These sites were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1980, 1985, and 1998, respectively. Sports and recreation Sports play a major role in the Greek Cypriot community, as they have since Classical times, when stadiums stood at the heart of the island’s chief cities. Through the Cyprus Sports Organization, an official body formed in 1969, the government has built stadiums, sports halls, and swimming pools and has subsidized associations and clubs for a wide spectrum of sports; there are a professional football (soccer) league and a semiprofessional basketball league. Cypriot athletes began to compete in the Olympic Games in 1924 but as members of the Greek national team. In 1978 the Cyprus National Olympic Committee was admitted to the International Olympic Committee, and the Republic of Cyprus has been sending its own national team—consisting of athletes from the Greek Cypriot sector only—to the Games since 1980. There have been unsuccessful attempts at athletic cooperation or contests between the Turkish and Greek communities, and international sports-governing bodies have not recognized the sports associations in the Turkish sector of Cyprus. Media and publishing Television and radio are controlled in the Greek sector by the semigovernmental Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and are financed by government subsidies, taxes, and advertising. Throughout the island, broadcasts are in Greek, Turkish, English, and Armenian, and daily and weekly newspapers are published in Greek, Turkish, and English. The Turkish sector receives broadcasts from Turkey. Tools and other artifacts provide the earliest evidence of human activity on Cyprus; artifacts and burned animal bones found at Aetokremnos on the southern coast have been dated to about 12,000 years ago. Whether these finds indicate a permanent human occupation of the island or intermittent visits by seafaring hunter-gatherers remains a source of debate. The first known settlement, dated as early as 9,000 years ago, was at Khirokitia (near the southern coast), a town of about 2,000 inhabitants who lived in well-built two-story round stone houses. The presence of small quantities of obsidian, a type of volcanic rock not native to the island, is the only sign of the island’s contact with other cultures. Khirokitia and several smaller associated settlements disappeared after a few centuries, leaving the island uninhabited for nearly 2,000 years. The beginning of the next period of habitation dates to 4500–4000 bc; the sites of small villages from that time have been excavated north of Kourion at Sotira near the southern coast and also in the Kyrenia Mountains, and ornaments of picrolite (a variety of soapstone) and copper have also been found in those areas.

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15.4 The parliamentary, judicial and executive arms of government all use copyright material. A significant amount is used under direct licence. There are specific exceptions available for parliamentary libraries and for copying for judicial proceedings. Other copying is done under the statutory licence in pt VII div 2 of the Copyright Act. 15.5 Under the statutory licence, government use of copyright material does not infringe copyright if the acts are done ‘for the services of the Commonwealth or State’. When a government uses copyright material, it must inform the owner of the copyright and agree on terms for the use. However, if a collecting society has been declared in relation to a government copy, the government must pay the collecting society equitable remuneration for the copy. 15.6 Two collecting societies have been declared, Copyright Agency for text, artworks and music (other than material included in sound recordings or films) and Screenrights for the copying of audiovisual material, including sound recordings, film, television and radio broadcasts. The Copyright Act requires equitable remuneration to be worked out by using a sampling system to estimate the number of copies made. The method of working out equitable remuneration may provide for different treatment of different kinds of government copies. However, no survey has been conducted since 2003 as governments and collecting societies have been unable to agree on a method for a survey. Since then, governments have paid Copyright Agency and Screenrights on a per employee basis. 15.7 It is unclear whether the fair dealing exceptions in pt III div 3 of the Copyright Act are available to governments in Australia. It is also unclear whether a government can rely on an implied licence to use copyright material.

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Sesame Seeds – The ‘Superfood’ In Indian Cuisine SESAME SEEDS - THE 'SUPERFOOD' IN INDIAN CUISINE. Sesame (Sesamum indicum), also called tila, til, raashi, ellu, and nuvvulu, has a history dating back to 1600 BC. The tiny, flat, oval-shaped seeds of the plant are not only one of the oldest known oilseeds but also the healthiest condiment ever. And when it comes to embracing the goodness of this healthful food through everyday diet, India shows the way with its delectable cuisine. Being a native to India, sesame has an age-old connection with the country. Its cultivation started in India since the Harappan period and now, we have become one of the largest sesame producers in the world. The rich nutty flavour and delicate crunch of sesame make it quintessential to every Indian kitchen. Whether used as a stand-alone ingredient or a part of spice mixes, the condiment takes both savoury and sweet Indian dishes to a different level by adding taste, texture, and eye-appeal. Uses of Sesame Seeds in Indian Cuisine - Raw sesame seeds are added to various recipes for tadka or tempering. On the other hand, roasted sesame seed powder is used as a wonderful seasoning in parathas, kulchas, and Sindhi-style kokis. The paste made of roasted and ground sesame seeds is also used in cooking vegetables. - The heat-generating seeds are used for preparing some simple yet delightful sweet snacks, such as til pitha, til gajak, tilachi chikki or til pattis, til rewari, etc. for consuming throughout the colder months. - Til ke ladoo or tilache ladoo is a delicious Maharashtrian sweet prepared during Makar Sankranti. In traditional til ladoo or tilgul recipe, the powdered seeds are blended with palm jaggery syrup, peanuts, and desiccated coconut. There is another version of til ke laddu in which jaggery is replaced with mawa to avoid the sticky and chewy texture. Til laddu is even made with grains of rice to offer to the gods. - In Tamil Nadu, a famous gunpowder called ‘milagai podi’ is prepared by mixing the ground powder of sesame and dry red chilli, which accompanies dishes like Idli, dosa etc. - Raw or roasted sesame seeds are ground and sprinkled over rice, cereals, noodles, pastas, veggies, curry dishes, yogurt, raitas, smoothies, and even fruits for a strong aroma. - Sesame salad dressing is a combination of toasted sesame seeds, herbs, and spices. Serve it with salads or sautéed vegetables or simply use it as a dip, sauce, or spread. - Raw sesame seeds work as a crunchy topping for crispy batter-fried starters like cutlets or items like khaja. - Sesame is a common addition to baked goods like breads, bread sticks, biscuits, toasts, cakes, muffins, cookies, crackers, candies, and so on. - While preparing mouth-watering kebabs, sesame seeds can be added to the marination used for chicken or fish. Sesame is certainly not just another ingredient in an Indian kitchen pantry. So, are you ready to gorge on the sesame delicacies?

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This course continues the discussion regarding working with children with challenging behavior. No strategy works in a vacuum. The first step is to create a caring environment that recognizes and supports all children’s abilities and skills. This is Part 2 of a three-part series on challenging behavior. If you haven't viewed Part 1, you are encouraged to go to the course library and complete, "Understanding Yourself and the Child's Challenging Behavior: Part 1: Nothing I Do Works!" After viewing Part 1, go to the course library for "Prevention is the Best Intervention: Part 2: Nothing I Do Works!" and "Effectively Responding to Challenging Behavior: Part 3: Nothing I Do Works!". This course is also offered in a series of recordings titled “Nothing I Do Works! Understanding, Preventing, and Responding to Challenging Behavior”, course 31152, which is offered for 3 clock hours (0.3 CEUs). This course is also part of many of the CDA Packages offered by continued Early Childhood Education. Please visit the links below to learn more about how to use our library if you are interested in coursework to support acquisition of a CDA credential or to renew your CDA credential. Course created on March 27, 2018 Course Type: Video, Audio CEUs/Hours Offered: AK/1.0; AL/1.0; AZ Registry/1.0; CA Registry/1.0; CO/1.0; CT/1.0; DE/1.0; FL/1.0; GaPDS/1.0; HI/1.0; IA Registry/1.0; IACET/0.1; IBCCES/1.0; ID Stars/1.0; IL Gateways/1.0 B345755; IN/1.0; KS/1.0; KY ECE-TRIS/1.0; MA/1.0; ME/1.0; MI Registry/1.0; MN/1.0; NC DCDEE/1.0; NE/1.0; NH/1.0; NJCCIS/1.0; NV Registry/1.0; NY/1.0; OH/1.0; OK Registry/1.0; OR/1.0; PA Keys/1.0; SC Endeavors/1.0; SD/1.0; TX/1.0; UT/1.0; VA/1.0; VT NLCCV/1.0; WA STARS/1.0; WI Registry/1.0; WY Stars/1.0 - After this course, participants will be able to list ways to build relationships with children and their families. - After this course, participants will be able to explain the importance of a positive social climate and social emotional learning (SEL). - After this course, participants will be able to explain how to create activities and a physical environment that encourages appropriate behavior and reduces challenging behavior. |5-15 Minutes||Building relationships| |15-25 Minutes||Creating a positive social climate| |25-40 Minutes||The importance of social emotional learning (SEL)| |40-50 Minutes||Looking at your program| |50-55 Minutes||Looking at your physical space| A graduate of McGill University’s Master's Program in Educational Administration, Barbara Kaiser, MA has been working with early childhood educators, children, and their families for over 35 years. She is the co-author of Challenging Behavior in Young Children: Understanding, Preventing and Responding Effectively, 4th Edition (2017), and is presently working on a new text, The Administrator’s Role in Supporting Staff, Children, and Families When Challenging Behavior Occurs, (NAEYC), which is expected to be available early winter 2021. She has taught part-time in the Faculty of Education at Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec and Acadia University in Nova Scotia. In addition to presenting workshops and keynote speeches on the topic of challenging behavior and related issues in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, and Mauritius, Barbara was the chief consultant for Addressing Youth Violence: An Intersectoral, Integrated Approach for Western Nova Scotia, and designed a webinar series and guide to help teachers and administrators reduce and respond to bullying behavior for the Nova Scotia Department of Education. She also helped to develop teacher training video programs focused on managing children’s challenging behavior, Challenging Behaviors: Where do we begin? with Family Communications Inc. and Facing the Challenge, with Devereux Center for Resilient Children, (DCRC). Content Disclosure: This learning event does not focus exclusively on any specific product or service. Course participation information To ensure you are ready to participate, please complete our short Test Drive to prepare your computer to view the course. Login and logout times will be recorded and documented. Passing an online exam and completing a course evaluation will be required to earn continuing education credit. Live Webinars allow presenter and participant interaction. The exam and course evaluation for these courses must be completed within 7 days of the event. On-demand courses include texts, video and audio recordings of live webinars, and multimedia formats. The exam and course evaluation for on-demand courses must be completed within 30 days of course registration. To participate in the course, complete the exam and course evaluation, and earn continuing education credit, you must be a continued Early Childhood Education member. Participants must complete the entire course; partial credit is not allowed. continued Early Childhood Education is committed to ensuring accessibility to the widest possible audience. We are continually improving the user experience for everyone. If you have questions, requests, or would like to report an accessibility-related issue, please email email@example.com. We will review your request and respond in a timely manner. Visit our Contact us page or give us a call if you have questions. This course is approved by the Arizona Registry. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). California Early Care and Education Workforce Registry continued is an Approved Training Sponsor with the California Early Care and Education Workforce Registry. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). Georgia Professional Development System This course is state-approved by the Georgia Department of Early Care and Learning for child care providers. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). Iowa Child Care Provider Training Registry continued is approved to provide professional development for Iowa DHS child care credit. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). International Association for Continuing Education and Training continued, LLC,is accredited by the International Association for Continuing Education and Training (IACET). continued complies with the ANSI/IACET Standard, which is recognized internationally as a standard of excellence in instructional practices. As a result of this accreditation, continued is authorized to issue the IACET CEU. continued, LLC, is authorized by IACET to offer 0.1 CEUs for this program. International Board of Credentialing and Continuing Education Standards The continued family of websites, including Early Childhood Education, is a Certified Training Partner of IBCCES. This course is offered for a maximum of 1.0 CE hours for the autism certifications issued by IBCCES. continued is an approved training provider for IdahoSTARS. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). continued is an Authorized Entity for the Illinois Gateways Registry, organization number B345755 . This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). This course is approved by the Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services, Division of Child Care. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). This course is approved by the Michigan Registry. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). North Carolina DCDEE This course is approved by the North Carolina Division of Child Development and Early Education (DCDEE). This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). New Jersey Workforce Registry continued is an approved Training Agency with the New Jersey Workforce Registry. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). This course has been approved by the Nevada Registry for child care licensing and registry credit. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). This course is approved by the Oklahoma Registry. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). PA Keys to Professional Development This course is approved by the PA Keys to Professional Development Registry. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). Vermont Northern Lights continued is an approved online training organization by Vermonts Northern Lights Career Development Center. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). continued is approved to provide professional development for Washington STARS training hours. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). The Registry - Wisconsin This course has been approved by the Wisconsin Registry as registered training for child care licensing credit. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s). This course has been approved by Wyoming Stars for child care licensing and registry credit. This course is offered for 1 clock hour(s).

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This paper discussed the process of setting up a home wireless network. In order to setup a home wireless network there is a need to complete an initial wireless router setup and then add computers and devices to the network. As the availability of routers, internet access increases rapidly in the market it is easy to set up a wireless network. We need to connect to the internet which is the first step, for that we need to ensure the internet connection and modems are in working state. The second step is connecting wireless router to modem. Then modem should allow us to connect to the internet. When computer connects to the router wirelessly, the router sends communications to the internet with the help of modem. ISP’s instructions are always available to guide on how to connect router to modem. Once connects router to modem there is a need to configure the network, which is a third step in the process. Temporarily connects the computer to open network port on the wireless router using the wireless router cable. So later whenever the computer is turn on then the connection should establish with the router automatically. Need to type an URL in internet explorer page in order to configure the router. The router configuration page may prompts for the password and password or address need to be given as per router’s instruction page. The three things need to be configure in router configuration page are wireless network name (SSID), Wi-Fi protected access and an administrative password. The fourth step involves in this process includes the connection of computers, printers and other devices to the wireless network. Instructions for adding wired, wireless devices and printers to the computers are available always in online. Once the computer and devices are connected to each other, and then can share files, printers and games among the internet users. This paper discussed five steps to set up a home wireless network. All the steps mentioned here are so clear for an user to implement in order to set up a wireless network at home. Download Home wireless network Seminar Topic for Technical CSE Students .

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Sleeplessness: Different for Men and Women Bad for everyone, different for men and women Sure, a bad night’s sleep can make you miserable. But over the long haul, too little sleep can have consequences that go way beyond nodding off at a meeting or snapping at your spouse. Studies have shown that people who don’t get enough sleep are up to 60 percent more likely to have hypertension, and women may be at a higher risk. “We wondered why sleep-deprived women were more prone to develop high blood pressure,” said Huan Yang, a PhD student in biological sciences with a focus on kinesiology. So she and her advisor, Jason Carter, chair of kinesiology and integrative physiology, designed an experiment to find out why. They reasoned that the sympathetic nervous system might be involved, since it is triggered by the body’s stress response. They also identified a few prime suspects linked to gender differences: reproductive hormones, especially testosterone. The team had thirty healthy student volunteers, fifteen men and fifteen women, stay up for twenty-four hours, tested them, and compared the results to their readings after a good night’s sleep. Both groups showed a rise in blood pressure after being up all night, but that’s where the similarities stopped. “We found that there’s a significant difference between women and men when you look at the sympathetic nervous system,” said Yang. Specifically, sleep deprivation lowered the men’s sympathetic nerve activity, while the women’s remained steady. This may involve gender-related differences in the body’s baroreflex, a natural response to high blood pressure that causes the heart rate to drop, Yang said. In addition, men’s testosterone levels dropped significantly, while women’s testosterone levels were relatively constant. (Yes, women have testosterone, but much less than men.) “Men’s drop in testosterone correlated with the drop in sympathetic nerve activity,” Yang said. “This may explain why more women have higher blood pressure” when they don’t get enough sleep. In chronically sleep-deprived men, testosterone may have a dampening effect on the sympathetic nervous system, mitigating hypertension. Yang is excited about this discovery—“This is really cool stuff!”—and she is equally proud to have addressed a lingering shortfall in medical research. “Ours is the first study to look at the differences in sympathetic nerve activity between men and women in response to sleep deprivation,” she said. “If you don’t take sex differences into account, you may not be getting the whole story.”

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Goal 4 - Quality Education Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning Education is the key to sustainable development, improving overall quality of life and securing a successful future. In terms of access to education, great strides have been made, especially in regards to literacy. Despite achieving goals of gender equality in primary education, many countries continue to struggle in implementing it at all levels of education. An estimated 57 million children don’t attend school, and more than half live in sub-Saharan Africa. Worldwide, over 100 million youth lack basic literacy skills, and most of them are female. To reduce these figures, SDG 4 aims for all boys and girls to have access to primary and secondary education by 2030, and for males and females to have equal access to early childhood development programs and affordable tertiary education. This goal aims to facilitate literacy and numeracy among youth, and equal opportunities for all people, regardless of gender or disability. An Introduction to Goal 4 Written and created by our team in Phang Nga, Thailand Number of people taught through classes/workshops/training Number of females receiving training or educational support Amount of revenue spent on scholarships Number of children under the age of 5 receiving support Number of students supported in reaching age appropriate learning goals Enrolment in primary education in developing countries has reached 91 per cent but 57 million children remain out of school More than half of children that have not enrolled in school live in sub-Saharan Africa An estimated 50 per cent of out-of-school children of primary school age live in conflict-affected areas 103 million youth worldwide lack basic literacy skills, and more than 60 per cent of them are women Our Related UN Targets By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective learning outcome. By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and preprimary education so that they are ready for primary education By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples, and children in vulnerable situations

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- three (adj.) - Old English þreo, fem. and neuter (masc. þri, þrie), from Proto-Germanic *thrijiz (source also of Old Saxon thria, Old Frisian thre, Middle Dutch and Dutch drie, Old High German dri, German drei, Old Norse þrir, Danish tre), from nominative plural of PIE root *trei- "three" (source also of Sanskrit trayas, Avestan thri, Greek treis, Latin tres, Lithuanian trys, Old Church Slavonic trye, Irish and Welsh tri "three"). 3-D first attested 1952, abbreviation of three-dimensional (1878). Three-piece suit is recorded from 1909. Three cheers for ______ is recorded from 1751. Three-martini lunch is attested from 1972. Three-ring circus first recorded 1898. Three-sixty "complete turnaround" is from 1927, originally among aviators, in reference to the number of degrees in a full circle. Three musketeers translates French les trois mousquetaires, title of the 1844 novel by Alexandre Dumas père.

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Alisov, Mikhail Ivanovich Born circa 1830 in the village of Pankovo, Kursk Province; died 1898 near Yalta. Russian inventor in the fields of printing and typography. In 1869, Alisov designed a duplicating machine, which he called Poligrafiia. Russian revolutionaries used such a machine to duplicate proclamations. Alisov wrote a brochure describing his method; this brochure passed the censorship in 1870, and 20,000 copies were printed. He distributed it to the public before the opening of the Paris Exhibition in 1878. The German entrepreneurs Quaisser and Husak took advantage of this and patented Alisov’s invention in their name in 1879. In 1870, Alisov built an original typewriter with 240 letters of various type and a working speed of 80–120 characters per minute. He also invented a photomechanical method for making matrices for music typesetting. For his inventions he was awarded medals of the Russian Technical Society and of the Paris and Philadelphia world’s fairs. WORKSPoligrafiia ili novyi sposob razmnozheniia teksta, risunkov, chertezhei i proch., izobretennyi M. I. Alisovym. St. Petersburg, 1879. Pishushchaia mashina. S prilozheniem opisaniia mashiny. St. Petersburg, 1878. REFERENCESBurinskii. “Pishushchaia mashina g. Alisova.” Vsemirnaia illustratsia, 1878, no. 484. Ob’iasnitel’naia zapiska k “Skoropechatniku” M. I. Alisova. St. Petersburg, 1874. (Hectograph.) Vinogradov, G. A. Nabornye mashinny russkikh izobretatelei. Moscow, 1949.

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Every day scientists are discovering new cures. That might be a positive or a negative. For example, you may look at encouraging new research in the arena of curing hearing loss and you figure you don’t really need to be all that careful. By the time you start showing symptoms of hearing loss, you think, they’ll have found the cure for deafness. That’s not a good idea. Without a doubt, it’s better to safeguard your hearing while you have it. Scientists are making some amazing strides when it comes to treating hearing loss though, including some possible cures in the future. Hearing loss stinks Hearing loss is simply something that occurs. It’s not inevitably because of something you did wrong. It’s just part of getting older. But developing hearing loss has some extreme disadvantages. Not only do you hear less, but the condition can impact your social life, your mental health, and your overall wellness. You will even raise your risk of developing dementia and depression with untreated hearing loss. There’s lots of evidence to connect neglected hearing loss to problems such as social isolation. Hearing loss is, generally speaking, a degenerative and chronic condition. This means that there isn’t any cure and, over time, it’ll get worse. This doesn’t pertain to every kind of hearing loss but we’ll get to that soon. But “no cure” isn’t the same as “no treatment”. We can help you protect your levels of hearing and slow down the development of hearing loss. Frequently, this means using a hearing aid, which is usually the optimum treatment for most forms of hearing loss. So there are treatments for most individuals but there’s no cure. And those treatments can do a world of good when it comes to enhancing your quality of life. Hearing loss comes in two main forms There are differences in kinds of hearing loss. There are two primary categories of hearing loss. You can treat one and the other can be cured. Here’s how it breaks down: - Conductive hearing loss: When the ear canal gets obstructed by something, you get this type of hearing loss. It may be because of an accumulation of earwax. Maybe it’s inflammation caused by an ear infection. When something is obstructing your ear canals, whatever it might be, sound waves won’t be capable of getting to your inner ear. This form of hearing loss can certainly be cured, normally by eliminating the obstruction (or treating whatever is creating the obstruction in the first place). - Sensorineural hearing loss: This kind of hearing loss is irreversible. There are fragile hairs in your ear (called stereocilia) that sense minute vibrations in the air. Your brain is able to interpret these vibrations as sound. Regrettably, these hairs are destroyed as you go through life, typically by exceedingly loud noises. And these hairs stop functioning after they become damaged. This diminishes your ability to hear. There’s presently no way to restore these hairs, and your body doesn’t grow new ones naturally. When you lose them, it’s forever. Treatments for sensorineural hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss may be irreversible but that doesn’t mean it can’t be managed. Given your loss of hearing, letting you hear as much as you can is the purpose of treatment. Keeping you functioning as independently as possible, improving your situational awareness, and letting you hear conversations is the objective. So, what are these treatment methods? Prevalent treatments include the following. Hearing aids are likely the single most prevalent method of treating hearing loss. Hearing aids can be individually calibrated to your particular hearing needs, so they’re especially beneficial. Over the course of your day, a hearing aid will help you make out conversations and interact with people better. Hearing aids can even forestall many symptoms of social solitude (and the danger of depression and dementia as a result). There are many different styles of hearing aid to choose from and they have become much more common. You’ll have to speak with us about which is ideal for you and your particular level of hearing loss. Sometimes, it will be necessary to bypass the ears altogether if hearing loss is total. That’s what a cochlear implant does. Surgery is performed to put this device into the ear. The device picks up on sounds and translates those sounds into electrical energy, which is then transmitted directly to your cochlear nerve. This enables your brain to translate those signals into sounds. When a person has a condition known as deafness, or total hearing loss, cochlear implants are sometimes used. So there will still be treatment options even if you have completely lost your hearing. New novel ways of treating hearing loss are always being researched by scientists. These new advances are frequently aimed at “curing” hearing loss in ways that have previously proven impossible. Some of these advances include: - Stem cell therapies: These therapies make use of stem cells from your own body. The idea is that new stereocilia can be produced by these stem cells (those tiny hairs inside of your ears). Studies with animals (like rats and mice) have shown some promise, but some kind of prescription stem cell gene therapy still seems a long way off. - Progenitor cell activation: So the stereocilia in your ear are being created by your body’s stem cells. Once the stereocilia develop, the stem cells go dormant, and they are then called progenitor cells. These new therapies are stimulating the stereocilia to regrow by reactivating the progenitor cells. This particular novel therapy has been tried in humans, and the results seem encouraging. Most people noticed a substantial improvement in their ability to hear and comprehend speech. How long before these treatments are widely available, however, is unknown. - GFI1 Protein: Some researchers have discovered a protein that’s essential to growing new stereocilia. It’s hoped that by identifying this protein, scientists will get a better idea of how to get those stereocilia to begin to grow back. This treatment is very much still on the drawing board and isn’t widely available yet. Live in the moment – address your hearing loss now Some of these innovations are encouraging. But let’s not forget that none of them are available to the public right now. Which means that it’s a good idea to live in the here and now. Be proactive about protecting your hearing. A miracle cure isn’t likely to be coming soon, so if you’re struggling with hearing loss, call us today to schedule your hearing test.

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There are many patients, who have been suffering from tooth conditions like denture soreness, decreased chewing ability, missing teeth, or loss of facial structure. The good news is that there is a permanent solution to all these above mentioned tooth problems. Thanks to dental expertise for bringing solutions like tooth implant or tooth replacement. Before you go to the dentist for tooth replacement, here are some important facts you must know about dental implant. Dental implant is process in which tooth roots that are made from titanium are placed into the jawbone to hold replacement teeth. For your dentist to recommend implants, you must be in good health condition, have a strong jawbone, and have healthy gums. Tooth implants are less successful, if you are a chain smoker. Dentist's recommendations are also influenced by some of the serious health conditions like diabetes and osteoporosis. It is important to note that dental implants have high rate of success. Many people opt for tooth replacement these days because the surgery is safe and the implants last for many years. However, patients are required to maintain good oral hygiene for best results. Dental implant patients are recommended to spend more time flossing and brushing their teeth. Additionally, they should go for regular dental checks and receive X-rays. Often, dentures, bridges, and crowns are at high risk of damage, but their replacement procedure is easy, and thus, requires a day or so get replaced completely. But, generally, the healing process of the implant requires a time period of at least seven months before they are restored. But, generally, four to six months are required for the implants to become completely secure. People, who wear dentures, have a constant insecurity that their dentures will fall out while eating, sneezing or laughing. But, once the tooth is replaced, they completely get rid of their insecurity because replacement teeth are securely attached to the implants, forming a stable foundation. People, who wear upper denture, cannot please their taste buds because it covers the roof of their mouth. However, with implant supported replacement teeth, they can certainly savor the taste of everything they eat. Unlike dentures, Tooth implant does not affect your appearance because implants preserve the bone and thus prevent the deterioration of the facial structures. One can easily clean implant-supported crown like a natural tooth. However, the cleaning process of a tooth-supported bridge requires a lot of time and the use of floss thread. The best thing about tooth implants is that it has a high rate of success and can last up to 25 years, if everything goes well. Dental implants are designed to give a permanent solution to the patients suffering from missing teeth. However, there are various factors that contribute to the long term success of the tooth implant. Some of these factors include home care, regular maintenance and check-ups. The documented success rate of dental implant is over 95%. But, there are rare occasions when the bone is not securely attached to implant, making it an unstable foundation. In this case, a new implant is required to be placed. Patients are advised not to smoke and put too much of pressure on the newly placed implant as it can create problems with the bone bonding to the implants. -- Tooth implant is a dental procedure that is gaining prominence these days. Search for the best dental clinic in London specializing in tooth implant. Click here to know more about different dentistry services on offer. Source: http://www.articletrader.com

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For the first time ever, this year more people in the U.S. are expected to choose cremation over traditional burial. According to the National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA), this year 48.5 percent of those who die in the U.S. will be cremated. Nearly 46 percent will be buried in the traditional manner. The numbers stand in stark contrast to data from 10 years ago. Back then, 61 percent of people were buried at death compared to the 32 percent who were cremated, according to NFDA data. Two years ago, nearly 49 percent of people were buried and 45 percent of people were cremated The reasons for the shift away from traditional burial are many, says NFDA President Robert Moore IV. NFDA represents funeral professionals and compiles the report to help measure consumer attitudes and needs. “For some, it’s a personal preference,” Moore says. “Others choose a funeral with cremation because it can be less expensive than a funeral with burial. Some families choose cremation because they believe it’s more environmentally friendly than burial.” The 2015 NFDA Cremation and Burial Report also included the following findings: NFDA predicts cremation numbers will continue to climb for the foreseeable future. The association projects that in five years more than 56 percent of people in the U.S. will be cremated, By 2030, the association predicts seven out of 10 people in the U.S. will be cremated. “Cremation isn’t just a trend – it’s a service that funeral professionals like me have been offering for years,” Moore says. “Cremation over the years also has been part of a tough conversation too many people avoid,” says Patrick O’Brien, CEO of executor.org. Executor.org is an online tool that helps executors manage and close a person’s estate after they die. “Death and everything that surrounds it can be very difficult to discuss,” O’Brien says. “But the cremation versus burial decision is just one more reason why it is vital for family members to discuss these matters, put their wishes in a legal document, and share it with the person who will ultimately be executor.” “Doing so can spare the family a lot of conflict and better ensure that when a death occurs, that person’s final wishes are honored,” O’Brien adds. The funeral association regularly collects statistical information about funerals and also works to determine consumer perceptions regarding end-of-life ceremonies and services. The data helps funeral directors prepare for the preferences of those they serve. “Whether a family chooses a viewing and funeral before cremation or a memorial service after, our duty is to help families understand their options so they can gather to honor the life of their loved one in a meaningful way,” Moore says. More about the National Funeral Directors Association: NFDA is the world’s leading and largest funeral service association, serving 19,700 individual members who represent more than 10,000 funeral homes in the U.S. and 39 countries around the world. NFDA offers funeral professionals comprehensive educational resources, tools to manage successful businesses, guidance to become pillars in their communities and the expertise to foster future generations of funeral professionals. NFDA is headquartered in Brookfield, Wisconsin, and has an office in Washington, D.C. For more information, visit www.nfda.org.

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Maung Maung was a Burmese politician, lawyer, writer, and historian. He is best remembered for his service as the President of Burma from 19 August 1988 to 17 September 1990. Maung Maung also worked as a lecturer in Rangoon University and contributed to the Burma Khit Newspaper as an editor. U Ottama was a Theravada Buddhist author and monk. He is best remembered for leading the independence movement in Burma during British colonial rule. U Ottama kept fighting for the freedom of his country despite being imprisoned on a number of occasions for his anti-colonialist political activities.

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Slinging of Stones an Ancient Art--Known to the Saxons--And the Normans--How practised of late Years--Throwing of Weights and Stones with the Hand--By the Londoners--Casting of the Bar and Hammer--Of Spears--Of Quoits--Swinging of Dumb Bells--Foot Races--The Game of Base--Wrestling much practised formerly--Prizes for--How performed--Sir Thomas Parkyns--Hippas--Swimming--Sliding--Skating--Rowing--Sailing. SLINGING OF STONES.--The art of slinging, or casting of stones with a sling, is of high antiquity, and probably antecedent to that of archery, though not so generally known nor so universally practised. The tribe of Benjamin among the Israelites is celebrated in holy writ for the excellency of its slingers. In the time of the judges there were seven hundred Benjamites who all of them used their left hands, and in the figurative language of the Scripture it is said, they "could sling stones at an hair-breadth and not miss," 1 that is, with exceedingly great precision. Again we are told, that when David fled to Ziklag, he was joined by a party of valiant men of the tribe of Benjamin, who could use both the right and the left in slinging of stones and shooting arrows out of a bow. 2 David himself was also an excellent marksman, as the destruction of Goliath by the means of his sling sufficiently testifies. It was, perhaps, an instrument much used by the shepherds in ancient times, to protect their flocks from the attacks of ferocious animals: if so, we shall not wonder that David, who kept his father's sheep, was so expert in the management of this weapon. 3 * SLINGING BY THE ANGLO-SAXONS.--The later Assyrian sculptures frequently show soldiers armed with the sling, and the Persians, as we gather from Xenophon, were expert slingers. Sling bullets of lead, stone, and hard-baked clay or terra-cotta were used by the Romans; their slingers were an important light-armed division of their armies; they appear on the Trajan column. Sling stones have been found, occasionally in considerable numbers, at Romano-British stations; but there are also good reasons for knowing that the archaic tribes of the British Isles were well acquainted with the use of the sling long before the arrival of the Romans. Stones for this purpose have been found in early barrows and entrenchments, both in England and Ireland. 4 The sling and its deadly effects are frequently alluded to in the Irish annals. Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors were skilful in the management of the sling; its form is preserved in several of their paintings, and the manner in which it was used by them, as far back as the eighth century, may be seen on plate five, from a manuscript of that age in the Cotton Library. 1 It is there represented with one of the ends unloosened from the hand and the stone discharged. In the original the figure is throwing the stone at a bird upon the wing, which is represented at some distance from him. In other instances we see it depicted with both the ends held in the hand, the figure being placed in the action of taking his aim, and a bird is generally the object of his exertion, as in another drawing on the same plate from a parchment roll in the Royal Library, containing a genealogical account of the kings of England to the time of Henry III. 2 Sometimes the sling is attached to a staff or truncheon, about three or four feet in length, wielded with both hands, and charged with a stone of no small magnitude. These staff-slings, known by the Romans as fuslibalus, appear to have been chiefly used in besieging of cities, and on board of ships in engagements by sea. The representation of two such slings on plate five is taken from a drawing supposed to have been made by Matthew Paris, in a MS. at Bennet’ College, Cambridge. 3 SLINGING BY THE ANGLO-NORMANS.--We have sufficient testimony to prove that men armed with slings formed a part of the Anglo-Norman soldiery, 4 and the word balistarii, used by our early historians, may, I doubt not, be more properly rendered slingers than cross-bowmen; though indeed, upon the introduction of the cross-bow, these men might take the place of the slingers. In fact the cross-bow itself was modified to the purpose of discharging of stones, and for that reason was also called a stone-bow, so that the appellation Balistarius and Arcubalistarius were both of them latterly applied to the same person. At the battle of Hastings slingers formed part of both the armies; from this period until the close of the fourteenth century they formed an important element in every military expedition. They also continued to be used for fowling purposes, and doubtless often for mere pastime. The sling, however, was not entirely superseded by the bow at the commencement of the fifteenth century, as the following verses plainly indicate: they occur in a manuscript poem in the Cotton Library, 5 entitled, "Knyghthode and Batayle," written about that time, which professedly treats upon the duties and exercises necessary to constitute a good soldier. By the two last lines the poet means to say, that stones are every where readily procured, and that the slings are by no means cumbersome to the bearers, which were cogent reasons for retaining them as military weapons; neither does he confine their use to any body or rank of soldiers, but indiscriminately recommends the acquirement of skill in the casting of stones, to every individual who followed the profession of a warrior. * In the metrical tale of King Edward and the Shepherd (fourteenth century), the countryman exclaims-- and proudly declares-- In Barclay's Eclogues, issued in 1508, a shepherd states that-- Leland in his Itinerary, when describing the isle of Portland in 1536, states--"The people be good there in slyngging of stonys, and use it for defence of the isle." MODERN MODES OF SLINGING.--I remember in my youth to have seen several persons expert in slinging of stones, which they performed with thongs of leather, or, wanting those, with garters; and sometimes they used a stick of ash or hazel, a yard or better in length, and about an inch in diameter; it was split at the top so as to make an opening wide enough to receive the stone, which was confined by the re-action of the stick on both sides, but not strong enough to resist the impulse of the slinger. It required much practice to handle this instrument with any great degree of certainty, for if the stone in the act of throwing quitted the sling either sooner or later than it ought to do, the desired effect was sure to fail. Those who could use it properly, cast stones to a considerable distance and with much precision. In the present day (1800) the use of all these engines seems to be totally discontinued. THROWING WITH THE HAND.--Throwing of heavy weights and stones with the hand was much practised in former times, and as this pastime required great strength and muscular exertion, it was a very proper exercise for military men. The Greeks, according to Homer, at the time of the siege of Troy, amused themselves with casting of the discus, which appears to have been a round flat plate of metal of considerable magnitude and very heavy. 1 "The discus of the ancients," says Dr Johnson, in his dictionary, "is sometimes called in English quoit, not improperly. The game of quoits is a game of skill; the discus was only a trial of strength, as among us to throw the hammer." THROWING BY THE LONDONERS.--In the twelfth century we are assured, that among the amusements practised by the young Londoners on holidays, was casting of stones, 1 darts, and other missive weapons. Bars of wood and iron were afterwards used for the same purpose, and the attention of the populace was so much engaged by this kind of exercise, that they neglected in great measure the practice of archery, which occasioned an edict to be passed in the thirty-ninth year of Edward III. prohibiting the pastimes of throwing of stones, wood, and iron, and recommending the use of the long-bow upon all convenient opportunities. 2 CASTING OF THE BAR AND HAMMER.--Casting of the bar is frequently mentioned by the romance writers as one part of a hero's education, and a poet of the sixteenth century thinks it highly commendable for kings and princes, by way of exercise, to throw "the stone, the barre, or the plummet." Henry VIII., after his accession to the throne, according to Hall and Holinshead, retained "the casting of the barre" among his favourite amusements. The sledge hammer was also used for the same purpose as the bar and the stone; and among the rustics, if Barclay be correct, an axletree. An early instance of throwing the stone occurs in a manuscript of the thirteenth century; it is reproduced at the top of plate sixty-two. 3 * Throughout the reign of Henry VIII., encouraged by royal example, gentlemen were eager to take part in pedestrian as well as equestrian exercises. Sir William Forest, in his Poesye of Princelye Practice, holds that a gentleman should-- "In featis of maistries bestowe some diligence Too ryde, runne, lepe, or caste by violence Stone, barre, or plummett, or such other thinge It not refuseth any prince or kynge." * Elyot's Governour names "labouryng with poyses made of ledde, and lifting and throwing the heavy stone or barre." At the commencement of the seventeenth century, these pastimes seem to have lost their relish among the higher classes of the people, and for this reason Peacham, in his Complete Gentleman, speaks of throwing the hammer as an exercise proper for soldiers in camp, or for the amusement of the prince's guard, but not so well "beseeming nobility." * Hammer throwing, as a modern athletic sport, follows the form that has come to us from over the Border. The weight of the hammer is the same as that of the weight in weight-putting, namely, sixteen pounds. THROWING OF SPEARS.--Throwing of darts and javelins being properly a military exercise, was not prohibited by the act above mentioned. In 1529 Erasmus, writing to Cochloeus, said that the king outstripped every one in throwing the dart. Chafrins, ambassador of Charles V., wrote in 1532 that Anne Boleyn had presented Henry with certain darts of Biscayan fashion richly ornamented. 4 It was sometimes practised as a mere trial of strength, when the attempt was to throw beyond a certain boundary, or to exceed a competitor in distance; and of skill, when the spear was cast at a quintain, or any other determined mark. The pastime is frequently mentioned by the writers of the middle ages. Charles VI. of France and the lords of his court, after a grand entertainment, were amused with "Wrastling, and casting of the bar, and the dart, by Frenchmen and the Gascoyns." 1 QUOITS.--The game of quoits, or coits, as an amusement, is superior to any of the foregoing pastimes; the exertion required is more moderate, because this exercise does not depend so much upon superior strength as upon superior skill. The quoit seems evidently to have derived its origin from the ancient discus, and with us in the present day it is a circular plate of iron perforated in the middle, not always of one size, but larger or smaller to suit the strength or conveniency of the several candidates. It is further to be observed, that quoits are not only made of different magnitudes to suit the poise of the players, but sometimes the marks are placed at extravagant distances, so as to require great strength to throw the quoit home; this, however, is contrary to the general rule, and depends upon the caprice of the parties engaged in the contest. * An interesting reference to quoit-playing early in the fifteenth century has recently come to light. When the evidence was taken as to alleged miracles at the tomb of Bishop Osmund of Salisbury, before a papal commission, for the purpose of procuring his canonisation, four witnesses testified to the marvellous recovery of Cristina Cerlee, a girl of nine years of age, on St Mark's Day, 1409; the child was struck by accident by a quoit on the head so severely that the brain was exposed and she was taken up for dead and lay lifeless for an hour and a half. Richard Wodewell, carpenter, stated that he was playing quoits with his companions at Laverstock when he overthrew an iron quoit weighing a pound, and it struck Cristina who was seated on the ground twelve feet beyond the mark. Others picked her up saying she was killed, and he at once ran to the church of Salisbury for refuge, and there prayed to God, the Blessed Virgin and Bishop Osmund, at the bishop's tomb for the child's life. Cristina recovered, and made an offering of the quoit at the tomb. 2 * Quoits was one of those games prohibited in the reigns of Edward III. and Richard II. in favour of archery. Ascham, in his Toxophilus (1545), says that "quoiting be too vile for scholars." It seems always to have been, as at present, a game chiefly popular among the working-classes, although it admits of much skill, dexterity, and judgment. To play at this game, an iron pin, called a hob, is driven into the ground, within a few inches of the top; and at the distance of eighteen, twenty, or more yards, for the distance is optional, a second pin of iron is also made fast in a similar manner; two or more persons, as four, six, eight, or more at pleasure, who divided into two equal parties are to contend for the victory, stand at one of the iron marks and throw an equal number of quoits to the other, and the nearest of them to the hob are reckoned towards the game. But the determination is discriminately made: for instance, if a quoit belonging to A lies nearest to the hob, and a quoit belonging to B the second, A can claim but one towards the game, though all his other quoits lie nearer to the mark than all the other quoits of B; because one quoit of B being the second nearest to the hob, cuts out, as it is called, all behind it: if no such quoit had interfered, then A would have reckoned all his as one each. Having cast all their quoits, the candidates walk to the opposite side, and determine the state of the play, then taking their stand there, throw their quoits back again and continue to do so alternately as long as the game remains undecided. Formerly in the country, the rustics not having the round perforated quoits to play with, used horse-shoes, and in many places the quoit itself, to this day, is called a shoe. DUMB BELLS.--John Northbroke, in a treatise against Diceing, Dancing, etc. written in the time of queen Elizabeth, advises young men, by way of amusement, to "labour with poises of lead or other metal"; this notable pastime, I apprehend, bore some resemblance to the Skiomachia (Σκιομαχια) or fighting with a man's own shadow, mentioned in one of the Spectators: 1 "It consisted," says the author, "in brandishing of two sticks, grasped in each hand and loaden with plugs of lead at either end;--this pastime opens the chest, exercises the limbs, and gives a man all the pleasure of boxing without the blows." It is sometimes practised in the present day, and called "ringing of the dumb bells." * The use of dumb-bells, and of the bar-bell which is but a two-handed dumb-bell, still forms one of the most important elements of modern gymnastics. * The origin of the term is somewhat curious. Dumb-bells take their name by analogy, as was pointed out in Notes and Queries in 1861, "from a machine used for exercise, consisting of a rough, heavy, wooden flywheel with a rope passing through and round a spindle . . . and set in motion like a church bell." 2 This statement, however, does not sufficiently explain the transference of such a name to the short bar and rounded lead or iron ends of a hand dumb-bell. This difficulty was explained by the late Chancellor Ferguson in a paper read before the Archæological Institute in 1895, wherein a dumb-bell apparatus, now at Lord Sackville's seat at Knowle, was described and illustrated. 3 The roller round which the rope winds and unwinds has four iron arms, each of which has a leaden poise or ball at the end, just like the end of an ordinary hand dumb-bell. This Knowle example is fixed in an attic and the rope passed through to a gallery beneath. Anyone pulling the rope would get much the same exercise as in pulling a bell rope in a church tower, but without annoying his neighbours by the noise. There used to be a similar apparatus at New College, Oxford. The date of such contrivances for exercise cannot be older than the opening of the seventeenth century when the practice of change-ringing in England first began. Change-ringing became fashionable among gentlemen in the reign of Charles II., and the healthiness of the exercise was much vaunted. 1 FOOT-RACING.--There is no kind of exercise that has more uniformly met the approbation of authors in general than running. In the middle ages, foot-racing was considered as an essential part of a young man's education, especially if he was the son of a man of rank, and brought up to a military profession. It is needless, I doubt not, to assert the antiquity of this pastime, because it will readily occur to every one, that variety of occasions continually present themselves, which call forth the exertions of running even in childhood; and when more than one person are stimulated by the same object, a competition naturally takes place among them to obtain it. Originally, perhaps, foot-races had no other incitement than emulation, or at best the prospect of some small reward: but in process of time the rewards were magnified, and contests of this kind were instituted as public amusements; the ground marked out for that purpose, and judges appointed to decide upon the fairness of the race, to ascertain the winner, and to bestow the reward. In Sir Thomas Elyot's Governour, "rennyng" is named as "bothe a goode exercise and a laudable solace;" he defends the custom of running races by references to such heroes of classical antiquity as Achilles, Alexander, and Epaminondas. Both private matches and public competitions are mentioned by Shakespeare. Falstaff says to Poins: "I could give a thousand pounds I could run as fast as thou canst." In the third part of Henry VI. occur the lines-- [paragraph continues] Running was one of the exercises commended to his son by James I. * After the Restoration, every form of sport was resumed with vigour. Pepys' Diary contains many references to foot races. On August 10th, 1660, Pepys went "With Mr Moore and Creed to Hide Park by coach, and saw a fine footrace three times round the Park between an Irishman and Crew, that was once my Lord Claypoole's footman." On July 30th, 1663, he writes: "The town talk this day is of nothing but the great foot-race run this day on Banstead Downes, between Lee, the Duke of Richmond's footman, and a tiler, a famous runner. And Lee hath beat him; though the king and Duke of York, and all men almost, did bet three or four to one upon the tiler's head." Occasionally noblemen performed feats of this description. Pepys records the remarkable performance, for a wager before the king, of Lords Castlehaven and Arran, when they ran down and killed a buck in St James' park. He also praised the extraordinary nimbleness of the Duke of Monmouth, of whom Macaulay says that he "won foot-races in his boots against fleet runners in shoes." The Luttrell Papers mention that in 1690 "Mr Peregrine Bertie, son to the late Earl of Lindsey, upon a wager, ran the Mall in St James' Park eleven times in less than an hour." * Philip Kinder, in his MS. History of Derbyshire, written about the middle of the seventeenth century, says of the natives of that shire: "Theire exercise for a greate part is ye Gymnopaidia or naked boy, an ould recreation among ye Greeks, and this in foote-races. You shall have in a winter's day, ye earth crusted over wth ice, two Antagonists starke naked runn a foote-race for 2 or 3 miles, wth many hundred spectators, and ye betts very smale." 1 * Any attempt to deal with foot-racing in the eighteenth century would require a whole treatise, and would for the most part be a record of foolish contests for extravagant wagers. It will suffice to quote a paragraph from the first chapter of the standard work on modern English athletics. "The annals of the eighteenth century are full of accounts of wagers for the performance of athletic feats, both sublime as well as ridiculous. The majority of the genuine athletic performances are those of professional pedestrians, amateurs only figuring occasionally in these wagers, and often in preposterous ones. Luttrell's Diary tells us of a wager made by a German of sixty-four years old, to walk 300 miles in Hyde Park in six days, which he did within the time and a mile over. In 1780, the Gentleman's Magazine tells us that a man of seventy-five years ran four miles and a half round Queen Square in 58 minutes. Eight years later a young gentleman, with a jockey booted and spurred on his back, ran a match against an elderly fat man (of the name of Bullock) running without a rider. The more extraordinary the wager the more excitement it often caused amongst the public. A fish-hawker is reported to have run for a wager seven miles, from Hyde Park Corner to Brentford, with 56 lbs. weight of fish on his head, in 45 minutes! Another man trundled a coach-wheel eight miles in an hour round a platform erected in St Giles' Fields. Another extraordinary match was one between a man on stilts against a man on foot, the former receiving twenty yards start in a hundred and twenty yards. What is more astounding is that the man upon the stilts won the match." 2 Foot-races are not now (1800) much encouraged by persons of fortune, and seldom happen but for the purpose of betting, and the racers are generally paid for their performance. In many instances the distance does not exceed one hundred yards. At fairs, wakes, and upon many other occasions where many people are assembled together, this species of amusement is sometimes promoted, but most frequently the contest is confined to the younger part of the concourse. * Foot-racing in connection with wedding festivities was a very old custom in the north of England, and still lingers in some parts of north Yorkshire. In that charming book, Forty Years in a Moorland Parish, by the late Canon Atkinson, incumbent of Danby-in-Cleveland, published in 1891, occur the following passages-- "The most typical Dales Wedding I ever remember having witnessed was nearly forty years ago, and on Martinmas Day. But I should not have spoken of the event in the singular number; for there were, in point of fact, four weddings all to be solemnised coincidently. . . . After the ceremony was over, great was the scramble among the small boys for the coppers, which it was and is customary for the newly-married man, or his best man, to scatter the moment the chancel door is left. And then an adjournment to the field adjoining the churchyard was made, and there was a series of races, all on foot, to be run for the ribbons which were the gift of the several brides; and as some of them gave more than one, the races were multiplied accordingly. Time was, and not so very long before the commencement of my incumbency here, when these races were ridden on horseback; and, at an earlier period still, the race was a 'steeple-chase' across country--the goal being the house whence the bride had come, and to which the wedding cavalcade was to return for the usual festivities. More than once, too, I have known, when the bride in some way incurred the suspicion of niggardness, through not complying with the recognised usage of supplying one ribbon at least to be run for, the 'stithy was fired upon her,' i.e. a charge of powder was rammed into a hole in the anvil (much after the shot in a mine), and fired in derision; well pronounced, if the loudness of the report counted for anything, as the wedding party passed on the journey home from the church. The direct converse of this, was the firing of guns as the party passed the residences of friends and well wishers. . . . The races still linger on, and only a week or two since the bride gave two 'ribbons to be run for'; and a few years ago one young chap, fleet of foot, and with as much inclination for 'laiking' (playing) as for sticking to work--some folk said more--was quoted as the fortunate winner of almost enough to start an itinerant haberdasher in trade." 1 BASE, OR PRISONERS' BARS.--There is a rustic game called Base or Bars, and sometimes written Bays, 2 and in some places Prisoners' Bars; and as the success of this pastime depends upon the agility of the candidates and their skill in running, I think it may properly enough be introduced here. It was much practised in former times, and some vestiges of the game are still remaining in many parts of the kingdom. The first mention of this sport that I have met with occurs in the Proclamations at the head of the parliamentary proceedings, early in the reign of Edward III., where it is spoken of as a childish amusement, and prohibited to be played in the avenues of the palace at Westminster, 1 during the sessions of Parliament, because of the interruption it occasioned to the members and others in passing to and fro as their business required. It is also spoken of by Shakespear as a game practised by the boys: [paragraph continues] It was, however, most assuredly played by the men, and especially in Cheshire and other adjoining counties, where formerly it seems to have been in high repute. The performance of this pastime requires two parties of equal number, each of them having a base or home, as it is usually called, to themselves, at the distance of about twenty or thirty yards. The players then on either side taking hold of hands, extend themselves in length, and opposite to each other, as far as they conveniently can, always remembering that one of them must touch the base; when any one of them quits the hand of his fellow and runs into the field, which is called giving the chase, he is immediately followed by one of his opponents; he again is followed by a second from the former side, and he by a second opponent; and so on alternately, until as many are out as choose to run, every one pursuing the man he first followed, and no other; and if he overtake him near enough to touch him, his party claims one toward their game, and both return home. They then run forth again and again in like manner, until the number is completed that decides the victory; this number is optional, and I am told rarely exceeds twenty. It is to be observed, that every person on either side who touches another during the chase, claims one for his party, and when many are out, it frequently happens that many are touched. About 1770, I saw a grand match at base played in the fields behind Montague House, now the British Museum, by twelve gentlemen of Cheshire against twelve of Derbyshire, for a considerable sum of money, which afforded much entertainment to the spectators. In Essex they play this game with the addition of two prisons, which are stakes driven into the ground, parallel with the home boundaries, and about thirty yards from them; and every person who is touched on either side in the chase, is sent to one or other of these prisons, where he must remain till the conclusion of the game, if not delivered previously by one of his associates, and this can only be accomplished by touching him, which is a difficult task, requiring the performance of the most skilful players, because the prison belonging to either party is always much nearer to the base of their opponents than to their own; and if the person sent to relieve his confederate be touched by an antagonist before he reaches him, he also becomes a prisoner, and stands in equal need of deliverance. The addition of the prisons occasions a considerable degree of variety in the pastime, and is frequently productive of much pleasantry. WRESTLING.--The art of wrestling, which in the present day is chiefly confined to the lower classes of the people, was, however, highly esteemed by the ancients, and made a very considerable figure among the Olympic games. In the ages of chivalry, to wrestle well was accounted one of the accomplishments which a hero ought to possess. Wrestling is a kind of exercise that, from its nature, is likely to have been practised by every nation, and especially by those the least civilised. It was probably well known in this country long before the introduction of foreign manners. The inhabitants of Cornwall and Devon have, we are well assured, from time immemorial, been celebrated for their expertness in this pastime, and are universally said to be the best wrestlers in the kingdom. To give a Cornish hug is a proverbial expression. The Cornish, says Fuller, are masters of the art of wrestling, so that if the Olympian games were now in fashion, they would come away with the victory. Their hug is a cunning close with their fellow-combatants, the fruits whereof is his fair fall or foil at the least. 1 They learned the art at an early period of life, for you shall hardly find, says Carew, an assembly of boys in Devon and Cornwall, where the most untowardly among them will not as readily give you a muster (or trial) of this exercise as you are prone to require it. 2 * The entirely different systems of wrestling developed in different parts of the kingdom is a slight but genuine proof of the great variety of nationalities and tribes that were involved in the making of England. Owing to difficulties of locomotion, these different methods held their own in their respective districts until comparatively modern days. The styles of Cornwall and Devon are usually reckoned together, though they differed in at least one important particular, namely, that the latter sanctioned kicking and tripping, whilst the former confined themselves almost entirely to hugging. The style of Cumberland and Westmoreland was the next most famous. Thirdly, there was the more general practice of "loose" wrestling, in which Norfolk and Bedfordshire were for a long time pre-eminent; this style differed much in different localities. 3 The citizens of London, in times past, were expert in the art of wrestling, and annually upon St James's day they were accustomed to make a public trial of their skill. In the sixth year of Henry III. they held their anniversary meeting for this purpose near the hospital of St Matilda, at St Giles's-in-the-Fields, where they were met by the inhabitants of the city and suburbs of Westminster, and a ram was appointed for the prize; the Londoners were victorious, having greatly excelled their antagonists, which produced a challenge from the conquered party, to renew the contest upon the Lammas day following at Westminster: the citizens of London readily consented, and met them accordingly, but in the midst of the diversion, the bailiff of Westminster and his associates took occasion to quarrel with the Londoners, a battle ensued, and many of the latter were severely wounded in making their retreat to the city. This unjustifiable petulance of the bailiff gave rise to a more serious tumult, and it was several days before the peace could be restored. 1 Stow informs us, that in the thirty-first year of Henry VI. A.D. 1453, at a wrestling match near Clerkenwell, another tumult was excited against the lord mayor, but he does not say upon what occasion it arose. In the old time, says Stow, wrestling was more used than it has been of later years. 2 In the month of August, about the feast of St Bartholomew, adds this very accurate historian, there were divers days spent in wrestling; the lord mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs, being present in a large tent pitched for that purpose near Clerkenwell; 3 upon this occasion the officers of the city, namely, the sheriffs, serjeants, and yeomen, the porters of the king's beam or weighing-house, and others of the city, gave a general challenge to such of the inhabitants of the suburbs as thought themselves expert in this exercise; but of late years, continues he, the wrestling is only practised on the afternoon of St Bartholomew's day. 4 The latter ceremony is thus described by a foreign writer, who was an eye-witness to the performance: "When," says he, "the mayor goes out of the precincts of the city, a sceptre, 5 a sword, and a cap, are borne before him, and he is followed by the principal aldermen in scarlet gowns with golden chains; himself and they on horseback. Upon their arrival at a place appointed for that purpose, where a tent is pitched for their reception, the mob begin to wrestle before them two at a time." He adds a circumstance not recorded by the historian: "After this is over, a parcel of live rabbits are turned loose among the crowd, which are pursued by a number of boys, who endeavour to catch them with all the noise they can make." 6 PRIZES FOR WRESTLING.--The reward proposed for the best wrestlers in the contest between the Londoners and the inhabitants of Westminster, as mentioned above, was a ram. Anciently this animal was the prize most usually given upon such occasions, and therefore in the rhyme of sir Thopas, Chaucer says of the Knight, [paragraph continues] And again, in his character of the miller, [paragraph continues] Other rewards, no doubt, were sometimes proposed, as we may see upon the eighth plate, where two men are wrestling for a cock: the original drawing, from a manuscript in the Royal Library, 7 is certainly more ancient than the time of Chaucer. This is clearly an example of "loose" wrestling, when the hob was got with the open hand, grasping either the body or tunic of the opponent or, as in this case, of a sort of scarf put on for the purpose. In later times the prizes were not only much varied, but were occasionally of higher value. If we may believe the author of the old poem, entitled "A mery Geste of Robyn Hode," there were several prizes put up at once. The poet, speaking of a knight who was going to Robin Hood, says, 1 A humorous description is given in one of the Spectators of a country wake: the author there mentions "a ring of wrestlers; the squire," says he "of the parish always treats the whole company, every year, with a hogshead of ale, and proposes a beaver hat, as a recompence to him who gives the most falls." 2 WRESTLING, HOW PERFORMED.--The manner in which this pastime was exhibited in the western parts of England, at the distance of two centuries, it thus described by Carew, an author then living. "The beholders then cast, of form themselves into a ring, in the empty space whereof the two champion step forth, stripped into their dublets and hosen, and untrussed, that they may so the better command the use of their lymmes; and first shaking hands, it token of friendship, they fall presently to the effect of anger; for each striveth how to take hold of the other with his best advantage, and to bear his adverse party downe; wherein, whosoever overthroweth his mate, in such sort, as that either his backe, or the one shoulder, and contrary heele do touch the ground is accounted to give the fall. If he be only endangered, and makes a narrow escape, it is called a foyle." He then adds, "This pastime also hath his laws, for instance; of taking hold above the girdle--wearing a girdle to take hold by--playing three pull; for trial of the mastery, the fall giver to be exempted from playing again with the taker, but bound to answer his successor. Silver prizes, for this and other activities, were wont to be carried about, by certain circumferanci, or set up at bride ales; but time, or their abuse," perhaps I might add both, "hath now worn them out of use." 3 * SIR THOMAS PARKYNS.--Towards the end of the seventeenth century wrestling was much declining in importance and respectability; but it received a considerable impetus from the strenuous support of a Nottingham-shire squire of education and position. Sir Thomas Parkyns, Bart., of Bunny Park, Nottingham, was the author of a curious work entitled, "The Inn-Play, or the Cornish-Hugg Wrestler. Digested in a Method which teacheth to break all Holds, and throw most Falls Mathematically. Easie to be understood by all Gentlemen, etc., and of great Use to such who understand the Small Sword in Fencing. And by all Tradesmen and Handicrafts that have competent knowledge of the Use of the Stilliards, Bor, Crove-Iron, or Lever, with their Hypomochlions, Fulcimen or Baits." A corrected second edition, from which this title is taken, was issued in 1714. Sir Thomas begins his "prefatory introduction" with an epigram from Martial, which gives him occasion to speak of his classical education under the famed Dr Busby, of Westminster School, where he learnt that wrestling was one of the five great Olympian sports. When he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, he noted, as a spectator of wrestling contests, the vast difference between "the Norfolk Out-Players and the Cornish Huggers," and that the latter could throw the other when they pleased. The use and application of mathematics he learnt when an undergraduate, from his tutor Dr Bathurst, but more especially from Sir Isaac Newton, who, seeing his inclination, invited him to his public lectures, "though I was Fellow Commoner, and seldom if ever any such were called to them." From Cambridge Sir Thomas proceeded to Gray's Inn, and there learnt fencing and vaulting, and also wrestling from Mr Cornish, who was his "Inn-Play Wrestling Master." He committed to writing the great variety of holds that he was taught. Out-Play wrestling is compared to French Fencing, and is the prettier to look at, but "Inn-Play soon decidethe who is the better gamester by an indisputable fall." "If wrestling," says Sir Thomas, "was more practic’d by Gentlemen, few or none would be killed by the sword in rencounters, but a severe fall or two, a black face or the like, would allay their fury and heat for that time, nay perhaps till quite forgotten." He backs up his preference for Cornish wrestling by the quaint suggestion that it commended itself to the other sex. "For the most part our country rings for wrestlings, at wakes and other festivals, consist of a small party of young women, who come not thither to choose a coward, but the daring, healthy and robust persons. . . . I ne’er could hear that the women approved of the Norfolk Out-Play, the rending and tearing of waistcoats, kicking and breaking of shins, and rendering them so tender they could not endure to be rub’d, but that their inclinations were the strongest for the Bedfordshire Inn-Play, and for such as approve themselves to be good on the Cornish Close Hugg." * This enthusiastic champion of wrestling established annual matches in his own park, the prize being a hat of the value of twenty-two shillings. These Click to enlarge were continued for more than half a century after his death; they were finally abandoned about 1810. It is recorded of him that he never knew a day's illness until the time of his death, which occurred on March 29th, 1741. In addition to being a skilled athlete, Sir Thomas was of much repute as a man of probity and learning, and was on the commission of the peace for the counties of Nottingham and Leicester. He had his monument erected in the chancel of Bunny church in his lifetime, whereon his fame as a wrestler is set forth, and his effigy rudely carved, with arms extended, in the first position of Cornish-hug. 1 * During the nineteenth century wrestling revived from time to time, but the rowdyism and roguery, so often associated with the matches, have for the most part kept this sport in deserved disrepute. HIPPAS.--The Greeks had a pastime called Hippas, which, we are told, was one person riding upon the shoulders of another, as upon a horse; 2 a sport of this kind was in practice with us at the commencement of the fourteenth century, but generally performed by two competitors who struggled one with the other, and he who pulled his opponent from the shoulders of his carrier was the victor. The representations of this curious pastime on plate seven are taken from different manuscripts; one in the Royal Library, 3 and the other in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, dated 1344. 4 This seems to bear more analogy to wrestling than to any other sport, for which reason I have given it a place in the present chapter. SWIMMING.--Swimming is an exercise of great antiquity; and, no doubt, familiar to the inhabitants of this country at all times. The heroes of the middle ages are sometimes praised for their skill in swimming: it is said of Olaf Fryggeson, a king of Norway, that he had no equal in his art. 5 Peacham, describing the requisites for a complete gentleman, mentions swimming as one; and particularly recommends it to such as were inclined to follow a military profession. In this he seems to have followed an old poetical writer, 6 who speaks in this manner: Meaning thereby, that the art of swimming ought to be learned by every class of persons belonging to an army: and, perhaps, it may not be improper to add, by every other person also. Swimming and diving are mentioned by the author of the Visions of Pierce Ploughman 1 in the following manner:-- * The first printed book in the world published on swimming was issued in 1 538; it is in Latin, and was written by N. Wymnan, professor of languages at Ingoldstadt. The first treatise published in England was that by Everard Digby in 1587; it is in Latin, and styled De Arte Natandi. The numerous illustrations are most quaint. The Compleat Swimmer, by William Pearcey Gent, was issued in 1658; it is a sad bit of plagiarism, being a literal and unacknowledged translation of Digby's work. Monsieur Thévenot's Art of Swimming with advice for Bathers was issued in 1696, and translated into English in 1699; it has forty small copperplate cuts showing the different postures. None of these works say anything about the history of swimming in England. Boys in the country usually learn to swim with bundles of bull-rushes, and with corks where the rushes cannot readily be procured; particularly in the neighbourhood of London, where we are told, two centuries back, there were men who could teach the art of swimming well, and, says the author, "for commoditie of river and water for that purpose, there is no where better." 4 I am sorry to add, that swimming is by no means so generally practised with us in the present day as it used to be in former times. We have several treatises on the art of swimming and diving, and in the Encyclopædia Britannica are many excellent directions relating to it, under the article Swimming. 5 SLIDING.--Sliding upon the ice appears to have been a very favourite pastime among the youth of this country in former times; at present the use of skates is so generally diffused throughout the kingdom, that sliding is but little practised, except by children, and such as cannot afford to purchase them. Sliding is one of the diversions ascribed to young men of London by Fitzstephen, and, as far as one can judge from his description of the sport, it differed not in the performance from the method used by the boys of our own time: but he adds another kind of pastime upon the ice that is not now in practice; his words are to this effect, "Others make a seat of ice as large as a millstone, and having placed one of their companions upon it, they draw him along, when it sometimes happens that moving on slippery places they all fall down headlong." Instead of these seats of ice, among the moderns, sledges are used, which being extended from a centre, by the means of a strong rope, those who are seated in them are moved round with great velocity, and form an extensive circle. Sledges of this kind were set upon the Thames during the hard frost, in the year 1716, as the following couplet in a song written upon that occasion 1 plainly proves: SKATING.--Skating is by no means a recent pastime, and probably the invention proceeded rather from necessity than the desire of amusement. The wooden skates shod with iron or steel, which are bound about the feet and ancles like the talares of the Greeks and Romans, were most probably brought into England from the Low Countries, where they are said to have originated, and where it is well known they are almost universally used by persons of both sexes when the season permits. The word itself is a proof that this pastime came to us from Holland, for skate is not an old English word, but is borrowed from the Dutch schaats. In Hoole's translation of the Vocabulary by Comenius, called Orbis Sensualium Pictus (1658) the skates are called scrickshoes from the German, and in the print at the head of the section, in that work, they are represented longer than those of the present day, and the irons are turned up much higher in the front. * Some antiquaries are of opinion that there was skating in England even in prehistoric times, the earliest skates being those made from bones. In January 1874 "two British skates" of bone, found at Blackfriars, on the old bed of the Fleet river, were exhibited before the British Archeological Association. In the following month two bone skates, one polished and one in process of manufacture, found in the city of London, were exhibited before the same association. Mr Loftus Brock also exhibited in June of the same year "a fine bone skate about a foot long with a flat polished surface, of prehistoric date," which had been found in Bucklersbury, on the site of the ancient church of St Benet Sherchog. 2 "In 1841 Mr Roach Smith exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries a bone skate which had been found in boggy ground in Moorfields, near Finsbury Circus. He considered that it was one of those described as used in the twelfth century on this very site. 3 Fitzstephen, the chronicler of London in the time of Henry II., says--"When that great moor which washed Moorfields, at the north wall of the city, is frozen over, great companies of young men go to sport upon the ice, and bind to their shoes bones, as the legs of some beasts; and hold stakes in their hands, headed with sharp iron, which sometimes they stick against the ice; and these men go on with speed, as doth a bird in the air, or darts shot from some warlike engine. Sometimes two men set themselves at a distance, and run one against another, as it were at tilt, with these stakes; wherewith one or both parties are thrown down, not without some hurt to their bodies; and after their fall, by reason of their violent motion, are carried a good distance one from another; and wheresoever the ice doth touch their heads, it rubs off the skin and lays it bare; and if one fall upon his leg or arm, it is usually broken; but young men, being greedy of honour and desirous of victory, do thus exercise themselves in counterfeit battles that they may bear the brunt more strongly when they come to it in good earnest." * The two great diarists of the Restoration period, Evelyn and Pepys, both record skating feats that they witnessed on December 1st, 1662, when this revived exercise on metal skates had been reintroduced from Holland. * Evelyn says: "Having seen the strange and wonderful dexterity of the sliders on the new canal in St James's Park, performed before their Maties by divers gentlemen, and others with Scheetes after the manner of the Hollanders, with what swiftnesse they passe, how suddainely they stop in full carriere upon the ice, I went home by water, but not without exceeding difficulties, the Thames being frozen, greate flakes of ice incompassing our boate." Pepys' entry is as follows: "St James's Park, Dec. 1, 1662. Over the Park, where I first in my life, it being a great frost, did see people sliding with their skeates, which is a very pretty art." * Little is recorded of the development of skating in England in the eighteenth century, but illustrations of fairs held on the frozen Thames in 1716 and in 1740 prove that it was popular at both those dates. The first English "Treatise on Skating, Founded on certain Principles deduced from many Years Experience" was printed in 1772. The author was Robert Jones, Lieutenant of Artillery; it was dedicated to Lord Spencer Hamilton as an expert on the ice. The writer expresses a strong preference for English rather than Dutch skates, but acknowledges that the latter are better for travelling. In England skating was only "an exercise and diversion," whereas in Holland it was a "business and necessity." * Roller skates are not the novelty that they are usually supposed to be. Joseph Merlin, a native of Liege, who came to England with the Spanish ambassador in 1760, invented a pair of skates that ran on wheels. But his exhibition of them was not a success. Gliding about in them at a masquerade at Carlisle House, Soho Square, he ran into a valuable mirror worth £500, which he completely shattered in addition to wounding himself severely. 1 A patent for wheel skates was taken out in 1819; and the old tennis court in Windmill Street was turned into a rink for roller skating in the year 1823. 1 Some modern writers have asserted, that "the metropolis of Scotland has produced more instances of elegant skaters than perhaps any other country whatever, and the institution of a skating-club, about forty years ago, has contributed not a little to the improvement of this amusement. 2 I have, however, seen, some years back, when the Serpentine river in Hyde Park was frozen over, four gentlemen there dance, if I may be allowed the expression, a double minuet in skates, with as much ease, and I think more elegance, than in a ball room; others again, by turning and winding with much adroitness, have readily in succession described upon the ice the form of all the letters in the alphabet. * During the nineteenth century the development of English skating has been most remarkable. 3 ROWING.--I shall not pretend to investigate the antiquity of boat-rowing. This art was certainly well understood by the primitive inhabitants of Britain, who frequently committed themselves to the mercy of the sea in open boats, constructed with wicker work, and covered with leather. 4 The Saxons were also expert in the management of the oar, and thought it by no means derogatory for a nobleman of the highest rank to row or steer a boat with dexterity and judgment. Kolson, a northern hero, boasting of his qualifications, declares, that "he was expert in handling the oar." 5 The reader may possibly call to his recollection the popular story related by our historians concerning Edgar, surnamed the Peaceable, who they tell us was conveyed in great state along the river Dee, from his palace in the city of West Chester, to the church of St John, and back again: the oars were managed by eight kings, and himself, the ninth, sat at the stern of the barge and held the helm. 6 This frolic, for I cannot consider it in any other light, appears to be well attested, and is the earliest record of a pastime of the kind. The boat-quintain and tilting at each other upon the water, which were introduced by the Normans as amusements for the summer season, 7 could not be performed without the assistance of the oars, and probably much of the success of the champion depended upon the skilfulness of those who managed the boat. If we refer to two engravings 8 whereon both these sports are represented, we shall see that the rowers are seated contrary to the usual method, and face the head of the vessel instead of the stern. The institution of the water pageantry at London upon the lord mayor's day, was of an essential service to the professed watermen, who plied about the bridge; and gave occasion to the introduction of many pleasure buts, which in the modern times have been greatly increased. The first procession to Westminster by water was made A.D. 1453, by John Norman, then lord mayor, for which he was highly commended by the watermen. When tilting at the quintain and justing one against another in boats upon the water were discontinued in this country, rowing matches were substituted, and are become exceedingly popular: we may see them frequently exhibited upon the Thames during the summer season; and as these contests, which depend upon skill as well as upon strength, are rarely productive of any thing further than mere pastime, they are in my opinion deservedly encouraged. When a rowing-match takes place near London, if the weather be fine, it is astonishing to see what crowds of people assemble themselves upon the banks of the Thames as spectators, and the river itself is nearly covered with wherries, pleasure boats, and barges, decorated with flags and streamers, and sometimes accompanied with bands of music. This pastime, though very ancient, and frequently practised upon solemn occasions by the Greeks and the Romans, does not seem to have attracted the notice of our countrymen in former times. It may be thought unnecessary for me to mention the well-known annual legacy of Thomas Dogget, a comedian of some celebrity at the commencement of the eighteenth century, which provides three prizes to be claimed by three young watermen, on condition they prove victorious in rowing from the Old Swan Stairs near London Bridge, to the White Swan at Chelsea. The contest takes place upon the first of August; the number of competitors upon this occasion is restricted to six, who must not have been out of their times beyond twelve months. Every man rows singly in his boat, and his exertions are made against the tide; he who first obtains his landing at Chelsea receives the prize of honour, which is a waterman's coat, ornamented with a large badge of silver, and therefore the match is usually called "Rowing for the Coat and Badge." The second and the third candidates have small pecuniary rewards, but the other three get nothing for their trouble. Of late years (1800) the proprietor of Vauxhall Gardens, and Astley the rider, give each of them in the course of the summer a new wherry, to be rowed for by a certain number of watermen, two of which are allowed to row in one boat; and these contests are extended to two or three heats or trials before the successful candidates are determined. SAILING.--Another popular amusement upon the water is sailing, and many persons have pleasure boats for this purpose; I do not mean the open boats which are usually let out for hire by the boat-builders for the purpose of sailing, but vessels of much greater magnitude, that are covered with a deck, and able with skilful management to weather a rough storm; many large bets are frequently dependent upon the swiftness of these boats, and the contest is sometimes determined at sea. A society, generally known by the appellation of the Cumberland Society, consisting of gentlemen partial to this pastime, give yearly a silver cup to be sailed for in the vicinity of London. The boats usually start from the bridge at Blackfriars, go up the Thames to Putney, and return to Vauxhall, where a vessel is moored at a distance from the stairs, and the sailing boat that first passes this mark upon her return obtains the victory. 1 59:1 Judges, chap. xx. ver. 16. 59:2 1 Chron. chap. xii. ver. 2. 59:3 1 Samuel, chaps. xvii. and xviii. 59:4 Journal of the Brit. Arch. Assoc., xx. 73-80; Notes and Queries, Ser. 1, vi. 17, 377; Evans' Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain, chap. xviii. 60:1 Claudius, B. iv. 60:2 14. B. v. 60:3 C. v. 16. 60:4 Manners and Customs of the English, vol. 2. 60:5 Titus A. xxiii. part 2, fol. 8. 61:1 Iliad, book xxiii. 62:1 Fitzstephen's Description of London. 62:2 Rot. claus. Memb. 23. 62:3 Roy. Lib. 10 E. iv. f. 96. 62:4 Archæologia, li. 239. 63:1 Froissart, Lord Berners' translation, vol. iv. chap. 149, fol. 184. 63:2 Canonization of St Osmund (Wilts Record Soc. 1902), pp. viii., 64-6. The depositions speak of a "massa ferrea" being thrown by Wodewell, but in Harding's Register (p. 25) it is described as a "coyte." 64:1 Vol. ii. No. 115. (A.D. 1711.) 64:2 Notes and Queries, Ser. II., xii. 45. 64:3 Archæological Journal, lii. 95-6. 65:1 Chancellor Ferguson also contributed Notes about Dumb Bells, as an appendix to his former paper, to the Archæological Journal of the next year (Iii. 19-25). Mr Albert Hartshorne contributed to that paper a brief description and sketch of what he terms "a complete and ancient example of a dumb-bell" in the belfry of Bradbourne church, Derbyshire. This is, however, in reality a mere windlass for bell raising such as can be found in scores of old belfries. Having visited every Derbyshire belfry, and hundreds of others, I have no doubt on the matter, and agree in this respect with our best bell expert, Dr Raven. When first learning bell ringing the practice always was and still obtains of simply tying back the clapper, and so producing dumb bells.--J. C. C. 66:1 Bodleian, Ashm, MSS. 788. 66:2 Badminton Library: Athletics, by Montague Shearman. This is the best book to consult as to the remarkable revival of foot-racing, both amateur and professional, during the nineteenth century. 67:1 Pp. 205-7. Shortly after Canon Atkinson published this book, one of my oldest parishioners in Barton-le-Street (of which I was rector 1886.1894) told me that he had seen a stark naked race of young men over the moors from Danby-in-Cleveland churchyard at the conclusion of a wedding at which Canon Atkinson officiated in the year 1851. Needless to say the sport did not begin till after the parson had left. I had some most interesting correspondence with the Canon on this subject, and was able to convince him by the evidence of several that this occasional stripping for a race after a wedding was only abandoned soon after he entered on his incumbency.--J. C. C. 67:2 Johnson's Dictionary, word Base. 68:1 "Nul enfaunt ne autres ne jue--à barres." Rot. Parl. MS. Harl. 7057. 69:1 Worthies of England in Cornwall, p. 197. 69:2 Survey of Cornwall, 1602, p. 75. 69:3 Armstrong's Wrestling (Badminton Library), passim. 70:1 Matthew Paris. Hist. Ang. sub an. 1222. 70:2 Survey of London, pp. 78, 85. 70:3 The margin says, "at Skinner's Well." 70:4 Survey of London, p. 85. 70:5 I presume he means the mace. 70:6 Hentzner's Itinerary, p. 36. 70:7 2 B. viii. 71:1 Second fit, or part, Garrick's Collect. Old Plays, K. vol. x. 71:2 Vol. ii. No. 191, published 1711. 71:3 Survey of Cornwall (1602), p. 75. 73:1 Thorston's Nottinghamshire, i. 93; Chambers' Book of Days, i. 435-7. It is not a little remarkable that the Badminton account of wrestling omits all reference to Sir Thomas Parkyns, and to his book which passed through so many editions. 73:2 Pollux, lib. ix. cap. 7. 73:3 2 B. vii. 73:4 Bod. 264. 73:5 Pontoppidan's Hist. of Norway, p. 148. 73:6 MS. Cott. Titus, A. xxiii. 73:7 Wood, or mode, signifies wild or mad; and here, that the rain makes the rivers swell and overpass their bounds. 74:1 Edit. 1550, p. 13. 74:2 The river Thames. 74:3 Sikerer, surer, safer; that is, neither the one nor the other should have any extraneous assistance, but each should depend entirely upon his own exertions to escape from the water. 74:4 History of all the Schools and Colleges in and about London, printed A.D. 1615 74:5 * It is almost unnecessary to state that the art and pastime of swimming underwent a remarkable revival during the nineteenth century. There can be but little doubt that the proportion of the English population who can swim is now (1903) far higher than it has ever been before. It is greatly encouraged in schools. 75:1 In D’Urfey's Collection of Songs, 1719, vol. iii. p. 4. 75:2 Journal of the Arch. Assoc., xxx. pp. 72, 9r, 338. Ancient bone skates or runners are exhibited at the Guildhall Museum as well as at the British Museum. 75:3 Archæologia, xxix. 397. 76:1 Notes and Queries, Ser. V., vi. 36. 77:1 Notes and Queries, Ser. V., v. 309. 77:2 Ency. Brit. art. Skating. 77:3 Badminton Library; Skating, by Messrs Heathcote, Tebbutt, and Witham. 77:4 Cæsar Bell, Gall. lib. v. cap. 12. 77:5 Bartholin, p. 420. 77:6 Will. Maims. Mat. West. in the reign of Edgar. 77:7 Fitzstephen's Description of London. Stow's Survey. 77:8 See book iii. chap. i. sec. v. 79:1 It would require two volumes to record the progress in rowing and sailing, as amusements, since the days of Strutt, or to expand their earlier history, so that it is thought better to leave his remarks exactly as they stood when first issued.

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If you have developed a rash or other reaction during the course of being treated with penicillin, you may have decided, or been told, you have an allergy to this antibiotic. But two recent studies suggest that many people who believe they are allergic to penicillin are not. The findings suggest that people who think that they have a penicillin allergy might want to discuss this more fully with their doctor or allergist. You can be tested to determine whether you are truly allergic or not. Penicillin allergies may fade over time. And a rash or hives that may suggest an allergic reaction to penicillin is not conclusive evidence. The first study looked at 384 people with upcoming surgery who believed they were allergic to penicillin. Fully 94% tested negative for a penicillin allergy.Up to 10% of the adult U.S. population has had an allergic response to penicillin at some time in their life.ADVERTISEMENT “They may have had an unfavorable response to penicillin at some point in the past, such as hives or swelling, but they did not demonstrate any evidence of penicillin allergy at the current time. With that in mind, their doctors prescribed different medications prior to surgery,” the study's lead author, Thanai Pongdee, MD, said in a statement. In the second study, 38 people who thought they were allergic to penicillin were given penicillin skin tests. All 38 tested negative. Doctors then changed the prescriptions for 29 participants, which significantly lowered their prescription costs. Penicillin is one of the least expensive antibiotics on the market. Substitute antibiotics that are prescribed to people who cannot take penicillin are almost always more expensive, often considerably so. In some cases, penicillin is clearly the drug of choice but cannot be prescribed to a patient because of their allergy. Many of the substitute antibiotics are more toxic or carry the risk of more serious side effects. According to the CDC, up to 10% of the adult U.S. population has had an allergic response to penicillin at some time in their life. These two studies strongly suggest that the real number of allergic people is much, much lower. Both studies were presented at the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) 2014 Annual Scientific Meeting, held in Atlanta.

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Microprocessor Design/Sockets and interfacing A matter that is peripheral to the subject of microprocessor design, but not wholely unrelated is the subject of form factors, sockets, and interfacing. When it comes to microprocessors and microcontrollers there is no standard size or shape, no standard connectors, etc. An Intel Pentium chip cannot plug into the same socket as an AMD Athlon chip, even though they are both IA32 chips, and both of them can run the same software. The size, shape, number of connectors and orientation of the connectors are known collectively as the form factor of the chip. Each separate form factor requires a specific interface for the chip to connect to called a socket. pelase dont looke aht thies

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For the first time, physicists have visualized what goes on during the collision of two black holes, providing insight into what one researcher calls the "stormy behavior" of space and time during such a merger. The findings could help researchers interpret gravitational signals from space to reconstruct the cosmic events that created them, said study researcher Kip Thorne, a theoretical physicist at the California Institute of Technology. The study also opens up a new way to understand black holes, gravity and cosmology. "It's as though we had only seen the surface of the ocean on a calm day," Thorne told LiveScience. "We'd never seen the ocean in a storm, we'd never seen a breaking wave, we'd never seen water spouts … We have never before understood how warped space and time behave in a storm." Here's how black holes and space-time are linked: The theory of general relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915, describes how gravity affects very massive, huge things such as black holes and the universe itself. According to this theory, gravity actually warps the fabric of space-time in such a way that massive objects bend the universe (think a Sumo wrestler on a soft mat) so that objects can't help but fall toward them. Even time can be bent by gravity, the theory goes. Vortex and tendex In other words, researchers had a good handle on the forces created by a quietly spinning black hole. They were also able to simulate the results of black hole collisions to see what type of gravitational waves the collisions create. "What we were not able to do is go down and look at the merger itself," Thorne said. To visualize a black hole merger, the researchers used two concepts, one old and one new: vortex lines and tendex lines. These lines are the equivalent of the lines drawn to represent magnetic fields, said study author Robert Owen, a postdoctoral researcher in astronomy at Cornell University. Vortex lines represent a twisting force in space-time. If you were to fall into a vortex line, your body would be wrung like a wet dish towel, Owen said. Tendex lines, which are a new concept, represent a stretching or squeezing force. [Visualization of vortex lines] "Tendex is actually a word that we had to invent because it didn't exist before this," Owen said. Using supercomputers, the researchers created simulations of the vortex and tendex lines that would be created when black holes merge. The patterns differ depending on how the merger happens, Thorne said. For example, a head-on collision of two black holes ejects doughnut-shaped vortexes from the merger. Two black holes spiraling into each other create a very different arrangement. "This is where we see vortexes sticking out of the merged black hole that swing around the merged black hole like spiral arms of the galaxy or like water spraying out of a rotating sprinkler head," Thorne said. In another simulation of spinning black holes orbiting into each other, the vortexes diffused into one another, Thorne said. Tracing the source The researchers are working on three follow-up studies to explore the details of the dynamics involved, Owen said. He said the research team expects that tendexes and vortexes will be used to investigate lots of situations where gravitational forces are very strong, including just after the Big Bang that may have created the universe about 13.7 billion years ago. Whether any valuable insights will come out of the new visualization method has yet to be seen, University of Texas, Brownsville and Southmost Texas College physicist Richard Price told LiveScience. But the method has more potential than any other method he knows of, Price said. "My initial impression [upon hearing about the research] was, 'Yeah. This could work,'" said Price, who was not involved in the study. "You can't calculate everything; you've got to know where to look," Price added. "And therefore, you need to have the ability to visualize." The results may also help researchers understand the findings of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, an instrument that detects gravitational waves from space. Before, researchers knew enough about black hole collisions to figure out what sorts of waves LIGO should be looking for, Thorne said. Now, scientists can start interpreting those waves when they come in. "We want to be able to look at the shapes of the waves and be able to go back and say what was happening to produce the waves," Thorne said. This article was reprinted with permission from LiveScience. Related on LiveScience:

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Amongst Byron's best-known works are the brief poems "She walks in beauty," and "So, we'll go no more a-roving," and the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. He is regarded as one of the greatest European poets and remains widely read and influential, both in the English-speaking world and beyond. Byron's fame rests not only on his writings but also on his life, which featured extravagant living, numerous love affairs, debts, separation, and marital exploits. He was famously described by Lady Caroline Lamb as "mad, bad, and dangerous to know. Byron served as a regional leader of Italy's revolutionary organization the Carbonari in its struggle against Austria. He later travelled to fight against the Ottoman Empire in the Greek War of Independence, for which Greeks revere him as a national hero. He died from a fever in Messolonghi in Greece. Byron was born in a house on Hollis Street in London, the son of Captain John "Mad Jack" Byron and his second wife, the former Catherine Gordon, heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Byron's paternal grandparents were Vice-Admiral John "Foulweather Jack" Byron and Sophia Trevanion. Vice Admiral John Byron had circumnavigated the globe and was the younger brother of the 5th Baron Byron, known as "the Wicked Lord." He was christened George Gordon at St Marylebone Parish Church, after his maternal grandfather, George Gordon of Gight, a descendant of King James I. This grandfather committed suicide in 1779. Byron's mother Catherine had to sell her land and title to pay her husband's debts. John Byron may have married Catherine for her money and, after squandering it, deserted her. Catherine regularly experienced mood swings and bouts of melancholy. Catherine moved back to Scotland shortly afterward, where she raised her son in Aberdeen. On 21 May 1798, the death of Byron's great-uncle, the "wicked" Lord Byron, made the 10-year-old the 6th Baron Byron, inheriting the title and estate, Newstead Abbey, in Nottinghamshire, England. His mother proudly took him to England. Byron only lived at his estate infrequently as the Abbey was rented to Lord Grey de Ruthyn, among others, during Byron's adolescence. In August 1799, Byron entered the school of William Glennie, an Aberdonian in Dulwich. Byron would later say that around this time and beginning when he still lived in Scotland, his governess, May Gray, would come to bed with him at night and "play tricks with his person." According to Byron, this "caused the anticipated melancholy of my thoughts--having anticipated life." Gray was dismissed for allegedly beating Byron when he was 11. Byron received his early formal education at Aberdeen Grammar School. In 1801 he was sent to Harrow, where he remained until July 1805. He represented Harrow during the very first Eton v Harrow cricket match at Lord's in 1805. After school he went on to Trinity College, Cambridge. From 1809 to 1811, Byron went on the Grand Tour then customary for a young nobleman. The Napoleonic Wars forced him to avoid most of Europe, and he instead turned to the Mediterranean. Correspondence among his circle of Cambridge friends also suggests that a key motive was the hope of homosexual experience, and other theories saying that he was worried about a possible dalliance with the married Mary Chatsworth, his former love (the subject of his poem from this time, "To a Lady: On Being Asked My Reason for Quitting England in the Spring.") He travelled from England over Spain to Albania and spent time at the court of Ali Pasha of Ioannina, and in Athens. For most of the trip, he had a traveling companion in his friend John Cam Hobhouse. While in Athens, Byron had a torrid love affair with Nicolò Giraud, a boy of 15 or 16 who was teaching him Italian. Byron sent Giraud to school at a monastery in Malta and bequeathed him seven thousand pounds sterling – almost double what he was later to spend refitting the Greek fleet. The will, however, was later cancelled (MacCarthy, p.135). Kept indoors at the Villa Diodati by the "incessant rain" of "that wet, ungenial summer" over three days in June, the five turned to reading fantastical stories, including "Fantasmagoriana", and then devising their own tales. Mary Shelley produced what would become Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus and Polidori was inspired by a fragmentary story of Byron's to produce The Vampyre, the progenitor of the romantic vampire genre. Byron's story fragment was published as a postscript to Mazeppa; he also wrote the third canto of Childe Harold. Byron wintered in Venice, pausing his travels when he fell in love with Marianna Segati, in whose Venice house he was lodging, and who was soon replaced by 22-year-old Margarita Cogni; both women were married. Cogni could not read or write, and she left her husband to move into Byron's Venice house. Their fighting often caused Byron to spend the night in his gondola; when he asked her to leave the house, she threw herself into the Venetian canal. In 1817, he journeyed to Rome. On returning to Venice, he wrote the fourth canto of Childe Harold. About the same time, he sold Newstead and published Manfred, Cain, and The Deformed Transformed. The first five cantos of Don Juan were written between 1818 and 1820, during which period he made the acquaintance of the young Countess Guiccioli, who found her first love in Byron, who in turn asked her to elope with him. It was about this time that he received a visit from Thomas Moore, to whom he confided his autobiography or "life and adventures," which Moore, Hobhouse and Byron's publisher, John Murray, burned in 1824, a month after Byron's death. Allegra is not entitled to the style "The Hon." as is usually given to the daughter of barons since she was illegitimate. Born in Switzerland in 1817, Allegra lived with Byron for a few months in Venice; he refused to allow an Englishwoman caring for the girl to adopt her, nor for her to be raised in the Shelleys' household. He wished for her to be brought up Catholic and not marry an Englishman. He made arrangements for her to inherit 5,000 lira upon marriage or reaching age 21, provided she did not marry a native of Britain. However, the girl died at five years old of a fever in Bagna Cavallo, Italy while Byron was in Pisa; he was deeply upset by the news. He had Allegra's body sent back to England to be buried at his old school, Harrow, because Protestants could not be buried in consecrated ground in Catholic countries. At one time he himself had wanted to be buried at Harrow. Byron was indifferent towards Allegra's mother, Claire Clairmont. In 1816, Byron visited Saint Lazarus Island in Venice where he acquainted himself with Armenian culture through the Mekhitarist Order. He learned the Armenian language from Fr. H. Avgerian and attended many seminars about language and history. He wrote "English grammar and the Armenian" in 1817, and "Armenian grammar and the English" (1819) in which he quoted samples from classical and modern Armenian. He participated in the compilation of "English Armenian dictionary" (1821) and wrote the preface where he explained the relationship of the Armenians with and the oppression of the Turkish "pashas" and the Persian satraps, and their struggle of liberation. His two main translations are the "Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians", several chapters of Khorenatsi's "Armenian History" and sections of Lambronatsi's "Orations". When in Polis he discovered discrepancies in the Armenian vs. the English version of the Bible and translated some passages that were either missing or deficient in the English version. His fascination was so great that he even considered a replacement of Cain story of the Bible with that of the legend of Armenian patriarch Haik. He may be credited with the birth of Armenology and its propagation. His profound lyricism and ideological courage has inspired many Armenian poets, the likes of Fr. Ghevond Alishan, Smbat Shahaziz, Hovhannes Tumanyan, Ruben Vorberian and others. Byron had a bust sculpted of him by Bertel Thorvaldsen at this time. In 1821 to 1822, he finished Cantos 6–12 of Don Juan at Pisa, and in the same year he joined with Leigh Hunt and Percy Bysshe Shelley in starting a short-lived newspaper, The Liberal, in the first number of which appeared "The Vision of Judgment." His last Italian home was Genoa, where he was still accompanied by the Countess Guiccioli, and where he met Charles John Gardiner, 1st Earl of Blessington and Marguerite, Countess of Blessington and provided the material for her work Conversations with Lord Byron, an important text in the reception of Byron in the period immediately after his death. Byron lived in Genoa until 1823 when— growing bored with his life there and with the Countess— he accepted overtures for his support from representatives of the movement for Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire. On 16 July, Byron left Genoa on the Hercules, arriving at Kefalonia in the Ionian Islands on 4 August. He spent £4000 of his own money to refit the Greek fleet, then sailed for Messolonghi in western Greece, arriving on 29 December to join Alexandros Mavrokordatos, a Greek politician with military power. During this time, Byron pursued his Greek page, Lukas Chalandritsanos, but the affections went unrequited. When the famous Danish sculptor Thorvaldsen heard about Byron's heroics in Greece, he voluntarily resculpted his earlier bust of Byron in Greek marble. Mavrokordatos and Byron planned to attack the Turkish-held fortress of Lepanto, at the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth. Byron employed a fire-master to prepare artillery and took part of the rebel army under his own command and pay, despite his lack of military experience, but before the expedition could sail, on 15 February 1824, he fell ill, and the usual remedy of bleeding weakened him further. He made a partial recovery, but in early April he caught a violent cold which the bleeding — insisted on by his doctors — aggravated. The cold became a violent fever, and he died on 19 April. It has been said that had Byron lived, he might have been declared King of Greece. Alfred, Lord Tennyson would later recall the shocked reaction in Britain when word was received of Byron's death. The Greeks mourned Lord Byron deeply, and he became a hero. The national poet of Greece, Dionysios Solomos, wrote a poem about his unexpected loss, named "To the Death of Lord Byron. Βύρων (Vyron), the Greek form of "Byron", continues in popularity as a masculine name in Greece, and a suburb of Athens is called Vyronas in his honour. Byron's body was embalmed, but the Greeks wanted some part of their hero to stay with them. According to some sources, his heart remained at Messolonghi. According to others, it was his lungs, which were placed in an urn that was later lost when the city was sacked. His other remains were sent to England for burial in Westminster Abbey, but the Abbey refused for reason of "questionable morality. Huge crowds viewed his body as he lay in state for two days in London. He is buried at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Hucknall, Nottingham. At her request, Ada Lovelace, the child he never knew, was buried next to him. In later years, the Abbey allowed a duplicate of a marble slab given by the King of Greece, which is laid directly above Byron's grave. Byron's friends raised the sum of 1,000 pounds to commission a statue of the writer; Thorvaldsen offered to sculpt it for that amount. However, when the statue was completed in 1834, most British institutions it was offered to turned it down for more than 10 years as it remained in storage-- the British Museum, St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and the National Gallery in turn. Trinity College, Cambridge finally placed the statue of Byron in its library. In 1969, 145 years after Byron's death, a memorial to him was finally placed in Westminster Abbey.The memorial had been lobbied for since 1907; The New York Times wrote, "People are beginning to ask whether this ignoring of Byron is not a thing of which England should be ashamed... a bust or a tablet might put in the Poets' Corner and England be relieved of ingratitude toward one of her really great sons." Upon his death, the barony passed to a cousin, George Anson Byron, a career military officer and Byron's polar opposite in temperament and lifestyle. Byron's magnum opus, Don Juan, a poem spanning 17 cantos, ranks as one of the most important long poems published in England since Milton's Paradise Lost. The masterpiece, often called the epic of its time, has roots deep in literary tradition and, although regarded by early Victorians as somewhat shocking, equally involves itself with its own contemporary world at all levels—social, political, literary and ideological. Byron published the first two cantos anonymously in 1819 after disputes with his regular publisher over the shocking nature of the poetry; by this time, he had been a famous poet for seven years and when he self-published the beginning cantos, they were well-received in some quarters. It was then released volume by volume through his regular publishing house. By 1822, cautious acceptance by the public had turned to outrage, and Byron's publisher refused to continue to publish the works. In Canto III of "Don Juan," Byron expresses his detestation for poets such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He believed his depression was inherited, and he wrote in 1821, "I am not sure that long life is desirable for one of my temper & constitutional depression of Spirits." Byron was noted even during his time for the extreme loyalty he inspired in his friends. Hobhouse said, "No man lived who had such devoted friends." From birth, Byron suffered from an unknown deformity of his right foot, causing a limp that resulted in lifelong misery for him, aggravated by the suspicion that with proper care it might have been cured. However, he refused to wear any type of mechanical device that could improve the limp, although he often wore specially made shoes that would hide the deformed foot. Byron and other writers such as his friend John Cam Hobhouse left detailed descriptions of his eating habits. From the time that he entered Cambridge he went on a strict diet to control his weight. He also exercised a great deal and at that time wore a great number of clothes to cause himself to perspire. For most of his life he was a vegetarian and often lived for days on dry biscuits and white wine. Occasionally he would eat large helpings of meat and desserts, after which he would purge himself. His friend Hobhouse claimed that when he became overweight, the pain of his deformed foot made it difficult for him to exercise. While Byron first welcomed fame, he later turned away from it by going into voluntary exile from Britain. Byron also kept a bear while he was a student at Trinity College, Cambridge (reputedly out of resentment of Trinity rules forbidding pet dogs—he later suggested that the bear apply for a college fellowship). At other times in his life, Byron kept a fox, monkeys, a parrot, cats, an eagle, a crow, a crocodile, a falcon, peacocks, guinea hens, an Egyptian crane, a badger, geese, and a heron. The re-founding of the Byron Society in 1971 reflects the fascination that many people have for Byron and his work. This society has become very active, publishing a learned annual journal. Today some 36 International Byron Societies function throughout the world, and an International Conference takes place annually. Hardly a year passes without a new book about the poet appearing. In the last 20 years, two new feature films about him have screened, and a television play has been broadcast. Byron exercised a marked influence on Continental literature and art, and his reputation as a poet is higher in many European countries than in Britain or America, although not as high as in his time, when he was widely thought to be the greatest poet in the world. Byron has inspired the works of Franz Liszt and Giuseppe Verdi. Byron is the main character of the film Byron by the Greek film maker Nikos Koundouros. Byron is an immortal still alive in modern times in the hit television show Highlander: The Series in the fifth season episode "The Modern Prometheus," living as a decadent rock star. Tom Holland, in his 1995 novel The Vampyre, romantically describes how Lord Byron became a vampire during his first visit to Greece— a fictional transformation that explains much of his subsequent behaviour towards family and friends, and finds support in quotes from Byron poems and the diaries of John Cam Hobhouse. It is written as though Byron is retelling part of his life to his great great-great-great-granddaughter. He describes traveling in Greece, Italy, Switzerland, meeting Percy Bysshe Shelley, Shelley's death and many other events in life around that time. The Byron as vampire character returns in the 1996 sequel Supping with Panthers. Byron appears as a character in Tim Powers' The Stress of Her Regard (1989) and Walter Jon Williams' novella Wall, Stone Craft (1994), and also in Susanna Clarke's Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell (2004). Byron and Percy and Mary Shelley are portrayed in Roger Corman's final film Frankenstein Unbound, where the time traveler Dr. Buchanan (played by John Hurt) meets them as well as Victor von Frankenstein (played by Raul Julia). The Black Drama by Manly Wade Wellman involves the rediscovery and production of a lost play by Byron (from which Polidori's The Vampyre was plagiarised) by a man who purports to be a descendant of the poet. Television portrayals include a major 2003 BBC drama on Byron's life, and minor appearances in Highlander: The Series (as well as the Shelleys), Blackadder the Third, The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy, and episode 60 (Darkling) of Star Trek: Voyager. He makes an appearance in the alternative history novel The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling. In a Britain powered by the massive, steam-driven, mechanical computers invented by Charles Babbage, he is leader of the "Industrial Radical Party," eventually becoming Prime Minister. The events featuring the Shelleys' and Byron's relationship at the house beside Lake Geneva in 1816 have been fictionalized in film at least three times. The brief prologue to Bride of Frankenstein includes Gavin Gordon as Byron, begging Mary Shelley to tell the rest of her Frankenstein story. The writer and novelist, Benjamin Markovits, is in the process of producing a fictional trilogy about the life of Byron. Imposture (2007) looked at the poet via his friend and doctor, John Polidori. A Quiet Adjustment, which came out in January 2008, is an account of Byron's marriage more sympathetic to his wife, Annabella, than many of its predecessors. He is currently writing the third installment. Byron is portrayed as an immortal in the book, "Divine Fire," by Melanie Jackson.

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'How is it you don't understand that I was not talking to you about bread? But be on your guard against the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees.' Then they understood that he was not telling them to guard against the yeast used in bread, but against the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. He told them still another parable: 'The kingdom of heaven is like yeast that a woman took and mixed into about sixty pounds of flour until it worked all through the dough.' In bread, yeast causes a rising effect. Therein, a tiny, single-cell fungus kneads deeply into warm water and flour, causing a process of fermentation. Then the dough (soon to be bread) starts to rise. Here's the thing: fungi can be good or bad; producing helpful or harmful effects. If the the risen loaf represents people, if the yeast represents their leadership, then for better or worse, followers rise. At the worst, angry mobs rise up in hate. At the best, godly saints rise up in love. The bad yeast? The teaching of Pharisees. The good Yeast? The Holy Spirit of God. Actors, models and talent for Christ, regarding your rise in media, be heartened by Andrew MacLaren, an 1800s Scottish preacher, who understood God's plan years ago: 'We have to learn from the metaphor in the parable. The dough is not kept on one shelf and the leaven on another; the bit of leaven is plunged into the heart of the mass, and then the woman kneads the whole up in her pan, and so the influence is spread. We Christians are not doing our duty, nor are we using our capacities, unless we fling ourselves frankly and energetically into all the currents of the national life, commercial, political, municipal, intellectual, and make our influence felt in them all. The 'salt of the earth' is to be rubbed into the meat in order to keep it from putrefaction; the leaven is to be kneaded up into the dough in order to raise it. Christian people are to remember that they are here, not for the purpose of isolating themselves, but in order that they may touch life at all points...' (MacLaren's Exposition on The Parable of the Leaven).* Leaving today's church isolation to fling yourself in culture's hot spot (inarguably entertainment) was predestined by Jesus Himself. To Be Continued... P.S. To read the other devotions in this series, please see the Matthew 16 series.

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Let’s see what I can do. Fair warning, there’s probably going to be a few very minor technical inaccuracies. I’m typing this off the top of my head. Gun: pretty much any gunpowder based weapon. This includes both hand weapons and artillery. It does not (normally) include weapons that fire self-propelled ordinance, such as a missile launcher. Gunpowder: This is actually a catch all term. Early gunpowder (now called “black powder) was mixed from saltpeter (potassium nitrate), charcoal, and sulfur. Modern firearms use variations of smokeless powder, originally developed in the late 19th century. Black Powder is still used with some antique and replica weapons. As an academic distinction, it’s worth pointing out that gunpowder isn’t actually explosive, it just burns very aggressively, which results in the expansion of gas and bushing the bullet into motion. Unburned powder that remains in the gun is a persistent headache in gun design, and why guns need to be cleaned frequently. A tiny amount of an explosive, called the Primer, is used to get the powder burning. Historically this has included substances such as picric acid and nitroglycerin. I believe modern primers use lead styphnate, but I’m honestly not sure, off the top of my head. Cartridge: The entire package of a bullet, powder, and primer. In modern weapons, the container itself is referred to as a shell casing. The shell casing can also be referred to as a shell or casing, independent of the other. Shell casings are sometimes referred to, idiomatically as “brass” because it is the most common material, though aluminum and other soft metals are used. Idiomatically, shotgun cartridges are referred to as shells. Historically these were frequently made from paper. Modern shells use corrugated plastic, color coded to denote the contents. After having been fired, a cartridge (or shell) is referred to as “spent.” Firearms/Small Arms: Firearms, primarily refer to handheld gunpowder weapons. Small Arms refer to guns with a bore diameter (literally the size of the barrel) smaller than an inch. Bore: This is the literal hole in the center of the barrel, that the projectile(s) travel through. Chamber/Battery: Both terms are technically correct. This refers to where the bullet resides when the weapon is ready to fire. If a weapon’s chamber is empty, it is impossible to fire it. Chambered: Both the state of a round being in the chamber, ready to fire, and a term that refers to the cartridge size a firearm has been designed to accept. Examples: “Chambered in .308.” “It has a round chambered.” Incidentally, “rechambering” a weapon refers to changing the rounds a weapon will accept, removing a round and loading a fresh one is cycling (see below). Rechambering a weapon usually involves replacing the barrel, action, and magazine. Though it can be more involved if alternate parts aren’t available. Action: The mechanical systems that clear and replace the bullet in the chamber whenever the weapon is fired. We’ll come back to this with a couple varieties in a bit. Cycle: The actual process of the action functioning. Depending on the firearm, this can either occur automatically with each trigger pull, or it can require a direct user input. Receiver: The physical housing that holds the action. Hammer: a physical component behind the pistol which strikes the firing pin. Not all firearms have one. Bolt: This is the component that actually locks the cartridge in the chamber, when the weapon is ready to fire. Firing Pin: This is a small metal cylinder pin which (in modern firearms) strikes the back of the cartridge, detonating the primer, igniting the powder. Usually this is a separate articulated component, though some weapons have a simple stud soldered onto the bolt. Open Bolt/Closed Bolt: This refers to which configuration the weapon fires from. Technically the bolt needs to be closed in order to actually get the bullet moving. With an open bolt design, the act of dropping the bolt will detonate the primer. This is primarily used with fully automatic weapons (see below). The bolt will fall, igniting the primer, recoil will send the bolt back, and the return spring will cause it to close, firing again. Magazine: This is where rounds are stored inside of the weapon, before firing. The action will extract a round from the magazine each time it is cycled. Depending on the firearm, this may be removable. Clip: A device used to load a firearm’s magazine. This is NOT interchangeable terms. Usually these are short metal strips that grip the base of the shell, though speedloaders for revolvers sometimes qualify as clips. Clips can be used with modern weapons to quickly reload box magazines, but they’re somewhat uncommon. If the firearm’s reloading process involves loading the rounds and then ejecting the clip, that’s, well, a clip. If the reloading process involves removing an empty container, and loading a fresh one, that’s a magazine. Few things will irritate someone with firearms training faster than mixing these terms up. Rifles: The term actually refers to two separate things. Rifling are mildly spiraling lands and grooves cut into the barrel of a gun. This prevents the bullet from tumbling once it leaves the barrel, and massively improves accuracy. Rifles originally referred to any firearm that featured a rifled barrel. However, the term is no longer inclusive, because handguns and other non-rifles include rifled barrels. Handgun: A smaller version of a firearm that can be operated with one hand. This term is inclusive of several different varieties of firearm. It should be noted: you should not use a handgun one handed, but it is possible. Pistol: This refers to nearly every handgun, except revolvers. Revolver: A firearm that rotates to feed rounds into the chamber. Most often this refers to handguns, though some grenade launchers also use a revolver design. Revolver rifles, carbines, and shotguns exist, but are rare. There is a small gap between the cylinder and the barrel, which tends to vent burning powder when fired, which makes revolvers with a fore grip unpleasant to use. That is to say, they’ll try to set your shirt or arm on fire. Shotgun: This refers to a weapon designed to handle unusually large cartridges, holding multiple projectiles. These are frequently smooth-bore (see below), but rifled shotguns do exist. In modern combat, shotguns are more characterized by their ability to accept a wide variety of projectiles to accommodate different situations. Shotguns can be loaded with everything from water (disruptor shells), to grenades (FRAG-12s). Smooth-Bore: A barrel without any rifling. Most common with shotguns. This favors projectiles that will somehow self stabilize (such as flechette darts, yes, it’s another shotgun shell variety), or fire multiple simultaneous projectiles (such as a shotgun). Single Shot: This refers to a weapon that can be fired once, and then must be reloaded. This includes muskets and some shotguns. Semi-Automatic: A non-revolver firearm that will fire a round with each pull of the trigger until the magazine is depleted. Critically, the weapon must do this automatically as a result of firing. If a weapon needs to be manually cycled, such as a bolt or lever action, it is a repeater, and not semi-automatic. In any case where “automatic” is paired with another word, it can be abbreviated as “auto.” Automatic: A firearm that will fire multiple rounds with each pull of the trigger. Also sometimes referred to as Fully Automatic. Idiomatically, semi-automatic pistols are sometimes referred to as “Automatics.” This is incorrect on a technical level, but the actual meaning is, usually, understood. Burst Fire: An automatic firearm that fires a specific number of rounds with each pull of the trigger and then stops. Three round burst settings are the most common, though two round burst weapons have proven popular in some circles. Select Fire: An automatic firearm that can be switched between multiple fire configurations. Most often this allows switching the weapon between semi-auto and full auto, or semi-auto and a burst fire setting. Select fire almost always includes a semi-auto setting. It can include multiple other settings, including (rarely) both 2 and 3 round burst settings. Single Action: A firearm where pulling the trigger will not cock the hammer. This is intermittently used as a safety feature on modern handguns. It is also somewhat common among sport revolvers, and antique revolvers. Single Action firearms often have a much lighter trigger pull (the force needed to draw the trigger and fire the weapon). This allows for greater accuracy. It also allows automatics to be carried with a round in the chamber and the hammer down, without risk of the weapon firing as a result of an errant trigger pull. It’s still shouldn’t happen with safe weapon handling, but it is another safety feature. Double Action: A firearm where pulling the trigger will cock the hammer. Almost all revolvers intended for practical use include this. It’s inclusion with semi-automatic pistols varies widely. The complicated issue with single and double action handguns comes from semi-auto pistols. When the slide cycles, it will recock the hammer, this means a single action pistol can be fired repeatedly, without having to manually recock the hammer. SAO/DAO: Single Action Only/Double Action Only. These terms get applied to pistols because there are pistols designed to switch between single and double action based on a variety of control parameters. For example: pulling the slide back ~1/4″ on a Walther P99 will switch it from single to double action, and vise versa. Though it also exists in SAO and DAO variants that remove this feature and lock the action in one of the modes. Bolt Action: A firearm where the bolt must be unlocked and manually cycled by the user. This allows for substantially heavier loads than any other style of firearm. Though it is a popular configuration for hunting and varmint rifles. Lever Action: A firearm where the action is cycled by use of a lever, usually mounted under the handgrip. Originally these allowed for faster cycling than a bolt action weapon. These are fairly uncommon now. Pump Action: A firearm that cycles the action by use of an articulated foregrip. This is normally seen on shotguns, though a few pump action rifle models probably exist. Machine Gun: This refers to a fully automatic weapon. By itself the term is antiquated. Most often, when someone uses the term, they’re incorrectly referring to an Assault Rifle. Assault Rifle: A select fire weapon chambered in an “intermediate” rifle round. Usually between 5mm and 6mm. Note: these do not always include full auto settings. The modern M16 variants can only be fired in semi-automatic or 3 round burst. Battle Rifle: A select fire weapon chambered in a high power rifle round (roughly 7.6mm). This includes the M14 and AK47/AKM. Misidentifying a battle rifle as an assault rifle is… eh. It happens. Carbine: A shortened rifle. Usually assigned for use in tight quarters, or vehicle crews. Historically these were also issued to cavalry. Sometimes issued to support personnel, depending on the military. Light Machine Gun: Also sometimes referred to as a Squad Support Weapon is an unusually heavy automatic rifle intended for use in suppression. Sometimes abbreviated LMG. Submachine Gun: An automatic weapon chambered to fire a pistol round. Sometimes abbreviated SMG. Machine Pistol: A submachine gun that retains an overall pistol design. Informally, these terms can get mixed up pretty heavily. Caliber: This is the imperial system of measuring bullet diameter. It’s expressed as a period with a two digit number. (EG: .45 or .38) This indicates the size of the cartridge in 100ths of an inch. So .50 is, roughly, half an inch in diameter. Additional digits beyond the first two denote differences in the cartridge, but not significant changes in the cartridge size. (EG: .308, .303, 30.06 are all .30 caliber rounds, roughly.) Gauge: The imperial system for measuring the size of a shotgun shell. This one’s a little more idiosyncratic. It’s calculated based on the weight of a solid ball of lead, that barrel would accommodate. So 12 gauge will fit a single 1/12th pound ball of lead. This also means, as the gauge goes up, the size shrinks. 20 Gauge shells are significantly smaller than 12 gauge, for example. This is abbreviated as “ga”, so “410ga” would indicate a 410 shell. Millimeter (mm): The metric system for measuring the size of a bullet. Usually expressed as a simple value. (EG: 9mm or 5.56mm). When multiple cartridges exist that are of similar sizes, other terms will be applied. (Technically, this also occurs with calibers. For example: .357 Magnum, and .357 SIG.) With metric measurements, the length is frequently added to distinguish two similar rounds, (for example: 9x19mm vs 9x18mm) or some other distinguishing characteristic. (for example: 9mm Parabellum vs 9mm Makarov). Usually you do not need to include both together. For example: 9x19mm Parabellum would be redundant, because 9mm Parabellum is a 9x19mm round. Grain: The amount of powder loaded with a bullet. (Literally, an archaic unit of measurement.) Bullets in a specific caliber are usually available with multiple grain variants. For example: .45 ACP is commercially available anywhere from 185 grain to 230 grain. Handload: The act of manufacturing your own bullets. Also a term for non-standard rounds produced this way. Load: A term for the individual characteristics of a round that go beyond the size of the bullet. This includes the grain, and may include the kind of bullets (see below). Magnum: A term denoting an unusually high grain load. Most commonly associated with the .357 Magnum and .44 Magnum rounds. Though other magnum rounds exist. Ball: A bullet with a rounded tip. The most common kind of ammunition for handguns. Hollowpoint: A bullet with a divotted tip. On impact, it causes the bullet to expand flattening. In a human body, this can sometimes sheer apart, and can cause catastrophic internal damage. While illegal, an individual can add a small high explosive to the tip of a hollowpoint round, converting it into an improvised high explosive round. The most commonly available materials that would react appropriately are primers. Wadcutter: A bullet with a flat tip. Usually employed in target shooting, to create clean holes in targets. [Material] Jacketed: Frequently copper, though other soft metals are sometimes used. This is used to partially shield the user from the bullet’s lead, and the associated health risks. [Material] Core: Most often, the material is steel, though spent uranium (in this case, spent is a nuclear term, not the firearms meaning), is an exotic variant. The core will push through materials that would stop normal bullets. Lead shields the core from the barrel. (Firing a steel slug from a firearm would shred the rifling, so the softer metal contacts the metal.) Tracer: A pyrotechnic round that ignites on contact with air and shows the shooter exactly where the round went. These are also mildly incendiary, and can start fires if they connect with something flammable on the other end. I’m not going to give a full list of what you can stick in a shotgun, because it’s a very long list. But, a few quick highlights. Buckshot: Ball bearings, usually lead or steel. Slug: A single, solid, bullet. Flechette: A steel dart, usually with fins to stabilize it in flight. Fired with a plastic sabot system that falls away once the dart is in the air. FRAG-12: A small, impact detonated grenade, designed to be fired from a 12 gauge shotgun. Flares: Commercial flare guns fire a low power 12 gauge shotgun shell. While you cannot load normal shotgun shells into a flare gun (it’s not designed for that kind of power, and will explode), 12 gauge flare shells can be loaded into a shotgun and fired. If the shotgun is semi-automatic the flare will probably not provide enough force to cycle the action, so the user will need to do that manually. Dragon’s Breath: A shell loaded with a mix of oxygen igniting metals. Metallic Sodium and Potassium are most common. This creates the effect of the shotgun blasting flames. I feel like I’ve only scratched the surface, and I know I’ve missed a few things. I’ll try to remember to revisit this in the near future. Hope this helps some of you get started.

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One of the most memorable scenes in the book, Tom Sawyer, is where he’s painting the fence. His friends walk up, and he brags about how much fun he’s having painting the fence. His friends start to ask for their turn, and for awhile, Tom just won’t give up painting. Then, he hooks them. His friend takes the brush and all the hard work that went with it. Tom was a genius! His friend was used and didn’t even see it coming. He was deceived and manipulated. This scene is hilarious, but in reality, nobody likes to be selfishly used. Being used isn’t always a bad thing. To be used, you first have to be selected, called out, and in some way, put into service. Moses was used of God to lead the children of Israel. Sarah was used in her old age to deliver Isaac. Joseph was used to provide food in the time of famine. Jonah was used to preach the message of repentance to Nineveh. Paul was called out of sin and used mightily to become a prominent leader in the New Testament church. All were selected and used by God for a very specific purpose. Rahab was selfishly used. Joshua 2 says that she was a prostitute. She sold herself to men who used her. When the children of Israel were on their way into Jericho, the King approached Rahab with yet another proposition. He wanted to use Rahab, too. The King of Jericho knew that Joshua and his spies were in the land on a covert operation to prepare for attack. He told her to turn over the spies to him since the Israelites were planning to overthrow Jericho. Rahab was used again on the day that she chose to help Joshua and the children of Israel. This time, she was used of God. Rather than turn over Joshua and his men, Rahab hid them in the brush on the roof of her home. She told the King of Jericho that the spies had left and if his men quickly pursued, they might catch them leaving the city. Then she struck a deal with Joshua that saved her life, the lives of her family, and made her an ancestor to Jesus. Rahab knew that there was one true God, the God of the Israelites, and she had the courage to be used of Him. Manipulation or selection? We can be manipulated and deceived by sin and what it offers. Or, we can be selected to service, to be used of Him.

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Technology Policies to Address Climate Change This brief presents public policy tools available to provide support for research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D) of technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. An emissions price induced by a cap-and-trade program can provide an incentive to “pull” new technology into the marketplace, while public funding for technology can provide a “push” with the two approaches more powerful in tandem than either alone. Economic theory provides the rationale for public expenditure on RDD&D, which can compensate for several market failures that would otherwise generate sub-optimal investments from the private sector. The appropriate policy tool depends on the stage of development for a particular technology and the scale of a project. Direct public expenditures, channeled through organizations such as the Department of Energy or the National Science Foundation, have a long history of funding earlier stages of research and development, and make up the bulk of current technology dollars. Some technologies to address climate change, such as next-generation nuclear power and carbon capture and storage, require a larger investment for early projects than private industry is likely to make, and could benefit from public funding of demonstration projects. The federal government can also provide inducements for private industry to invest in RDD&D with mechanisms such as investment tax credits. Indirect policies that can support technology deployment include standards that require a minimum performance or a market share requirement, and programs that identify and certify top efficiency performers in the marketplace. Funding sources for technology programs include appropriations from general revenues and dedicated revenues, perhaps from climate- or energy-related sources such as allowance auctions or dedicated energy taxes. Regardless of the source, funding must flow through and to multiple institutions that manage, select, and perform the actual RDD&D options. Each institutional option has strengths and weaknesses. Download the brief (PDF)

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Atlas and Pan emerge from the far side of Saturn. Light passing through the upper reaches of the planet''s atmosphere is refracted, or bent, distorting the image of the rings beyond. Pan (26 kilometers, or 16 miles across) is seen within the Encke Gap. Atlas (32 kilometers, or 20 miles across) orbits just beyond the outer edge of Saturn''s A ring. This view looks toward the unilluminated side of the rings from about 12 degrees above the ringplane. Shadows cast by the rings arc across the planet toward the Cassini spacecraft. The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on April 12, 2007 at a distance of approximately 1.6 million kilometers (1 million miles) from Saturn. Image scale is 10 kilometers (6 miles) per pixel.

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14 January 2014 A new study published in the scientific journal Addiction by the Pan American Health Organization, a branch of the World Health Organization, has measured the number and pattern of deaths caused by alcohol consumption in 16 North and Latin American countries. The study reveals that between 2007 and 2009, alcohol was a ‘necessary’ cause of death (i.e., death would not have occurred in the absence of alcohol consumption) in an average of 79,456 cases per year. Liver disease was the main culprit in most countries. According to the authors, Dr. Vilma Gawryszewski and Dr. Maristela Monteiro, “The mortality rates found in this study reveal the tip of the iceberg of a broader problem. There is a wide range of diseases and conditions linked to alcohol use, including tuberculosis, heart disease, stroke, epilepsy, falls, suicides, transport-related injuries, and interpersonal violence, among others. Our study simply shows how many deaths are wholly attributable to alcohol consumption. The number of deaths for which alcohol consumption is a significant contributing factor is likely to be much higher.” The highest death rates from alcohol consumption occurred in the Central American countries of El Salvador (averaging 27.4 out of 100,000 deaths per year), Guatemala (22.3), and Nicaragua (21.3). These were also three of the four countries in which the most consumed alcoholic beverage was spirits; Cuba was the fourth. Men accounted for 84% of all deaths in which alcohol was a necessary cause. However, the ratio male/female varied widely among countries. The risk of a man dying from an alcohol fully-related cause in El Salvador was 27.8 times higher than that of a woman, 18.9 in Nicaragua and 14.8 in Cuba. On the low end of the scale, the male mortality risk was 3.2 times higher than the female mortality risk in Canada and the USA, and 4.3 in Peru. The risk of dying from alcohol consumption also differed by age group. In Argentina, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Paraguay and the USA, the highest mortality rates were seen among those aged 50-69 years. In Brazil, Ecuador and Venezuela, the rates started increasing from 40-49 years of age, remained stable, and then dropped after age 70. Mexico showed a different pattern, the risk of death escalating throughout life and reaching its peak after age 70. Each of those countries has a life expectancy of over 70 years. -- Ends – Gawryszewski VP and Monteiro MG. Mortality from diseases, conditions, and injuries where alcohol is a necessary cause in the Americas, 2007-2009. Addiction, 109: doi: 10.1111/add.12418 This paper is free to download for one month after publication or by contacting Jean O’Reilly, Editorial Manager, Addiction, firstname.lastname@example.org, tel +44 (0)20 7848 0853. Media seeking interviews may contact Dr. Vilma Pinheiro Gawryszewski or Dr. Maristela G. Monteiro at the Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA by email (email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org) or by telephone (+1-202-974-3141). Addiction (www.addictionjournal.org) is a monthly international scientific journal publishing peer-reviewed research reports on alcohol, illicit drugs, tobacco, and gambling as well as editorials and other debate pieces. Owned by the Society for the Study of Addiction, it has been in continuous publication since 1884. Addiction is the number one journal in the 2012 ISI Journal Citation Reports Ranking in the Substance Abuse Category (Social Science Edition). Membership to the Society for the Study of Addiction (http://www.addiction-ssa.org/) is £85 and includes an annual subscription to Addiction. Addiction’s key findings webpage lists the key scientific advances reported in each monthly issue, article by article, in bite-sized chunks. To access this free service, visit http://www.addictionjournal.org/pages/key-findings.

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1The men take turns heaving their boys & girls up into the higher branches. 2Certain women tie bands of rough green wool around the heavy ankles of the lowest hanging children. 3There is groaning in the tree and a hazardous swaying, chaotic mostly, but at strange times unified. 4All the men and women separate and confer at length and quietly. 5Certain men, rough wool around their ankles, spit into their hands and climb the tree if they see a kid hanging with a band of theirs. 6At this point the low branches either break or bow. 7If they break, the women tend to their fallen children and the ankles of the next-lowest boys & girls are tied. 8If the branches bow, the women are invited to join their men and heavy children by walking onto the smallest leaves, now trembling just above the grass. 9All men and women unaccounted for tie themselves in rings around the tree to sing an old but funny song to their light-as-feathers sons & daughters, while stars fall, stuck up there.

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CC-MAIN-2020-05

http://www.petripress.org/2012/09/manner-custom-by-james-longley.html

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Broccoli and Brussels sprouts could fight a potentially fatal genetic skin disease. A cancer-fighting compound found in the veg, sulphoraphane, reduced blistering associated with the condition in mice. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) affects one in 30,000 children lacking proteins keratin 5 and 14. After four days' treatment, 85 per cent of K14 deficient mice were blister-free. Before most died within three days. But researcher Professor Pierre Coulombe warned: "Much work is still needed before testing on EBS patients."

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CC-MAIN-2018-51

https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/broccoli-aids-skin-525603

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Endangered Species Act - Environmental Worksheet (Google, PDF, Print) - Google Apps™ - Internet Activities Also included in - These are some resources that support units on habitat degradation, habitat rehabilitation and conservation.❤️Follow My StoreClick on the green star next to the store logo to receive new product updates.✅Tip:Students using Chromebooks should download the free Chrome app DocHub.It saves their work inPrice $14.70Original Price $21.00Save $6.30 - Environmental earth science worksheets printable or Google format will have students consider what is an extinction and other endangered species topics. ❤️Follow My StoreClick on the green star next to the store logo to receive new product updates.Format:These science worksheets come in multiple formPrice $52.00Original Price $65.00Save $13.00 - Bundle of science worksheets and teaching resources for an aquaponics and conservation unit. Format:These resources come in multiple formats to work in most all teaching situations!- Google Slide hyperdocs- Easy print PDFs, also digitally fillable- Needed hyperlinks are embedded for easy student accPrice $25.00Original Price $32.00Save $7.00 Learn about the Endangered Species Act and how the act aims to conserve and protect endangered and threatened species and their habitats. When a species becomes endangered, it is a sign of an ecosystem falling apart! Each species that is lost triggers the loss of other species within its ecosystem. This environmental lesson plan directs students to an engaging online article, with lots of graphic support, where they can read about how the US Endangered Species Act works. This worksheet comes in multiple formats so you can use it in any teaching situation! - Google Slides for Google Classroom - Digitally fillable PDF worksheet for paperless classroom or easy printing - Engaging article is hyperlinked in the guide for quick access - Answer key included About 30 minutes with discussion ❤️Follow My Store Click on the green star next to the store logo to receive new product updates. ⭐ How to Get TPT Credit for Future Purchases⭐ Go to your "My Purchases" page. Next to each purchase, you'll see a "Provide Feedback" button, click it and you will be taken to a page where you can give a quick rating and leave a short comment for the product. Each time you give feedback, TPT gives you feedback credits you can use to lower the cost of your future purchases. I'd be grateful if you'd leave feedback :)

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CC-MAIN-2023-14

https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Endangered-Species-Act-Environmental-Worksheet-Google-PDF-Print-6198278

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High School Reform in Perspective Past Successes, Enduring Challenges, and Future Considerations Since 1994, MDRC has conducted rigorous research that has provided evidence on promising approaches to high school reform aimed mainly at helping underperforming schools and districts improve students’ progress toward high school graduation and prepare them for success in postsecondary education and employment. In a 2006 report, MDRC comparatively analyzed its evaluations of three comprehensive interventions — Career Academies, First Things First, and Talent Development — to identify strategies that address five critical challenges to reform: (1) creating a personalized and orderly learning environment, (2) assisting students who enter high school with poor academic skills, (3) improving instructional content and pedagogy, (4) preparing students for the world beyond high school, and (5) stimulating change in overstressed high schools. Since that report was released, overall dropout rates have been declining and graduation rates and student academic achievement have been improving. Yet, in some urban and rural areas with high poverty rates, high school student outcomes still lag behind. For instance, when in 2017 the national graduation rate reached an all-time high of 84.6 percent, 36 states still reported graduation rates of less than 80 percent for low-income students, with six of those states having rates lower than 70 percent. Additionally, many students continue to struggle with the transition to postsecondary education and are underprepared for it, leading them to enroll in remedial education courses. In the 2015-2016 academic year, 39.1 percent of undergraduates reported having taken at least one remedial course after high school. Celebrating more than 25 years of work in education, MDRC is reflecting on its recent research through the lens of the five challenges described above, much as it did in its 2006 report. In particular, this Issue Focus looks at the success of New York City’s small high schools of choice (SSCs), which serve mostly low-income students of color. SSCs were developed and approved through a competitive proposal process administered by the New York City Department of Education. Through this process, educators, school reform advocates, and other stakeholders and organizations were able to develop innovative ideas for new schools intended to improve high school education in the city.

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CC-MAIN-2023-14

https://www.mdrc.org/publication/high-school-reform-perspective

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This past week, The Association of Private Enterprise Education (APEE) held its annual conference in Las Vegas, Nevada. As always, it was a very interesting event and I would like to take this opportunity to encourage young scholars who are serious about academic research and interested in promoting economic freedom to attend. At the first monetary policy session that I attended, Sound Money: Are Central Banks Necessary?, it was suggested that the link between the money supply and the price level is broken. This really stood out to me. While this view wasn’t articulated by all of the presenters, it was certainly held by many of the economists in attendance. “A new model is needed, even if we don’t know what the model should look like yet.” Although such a statement has come from the mouths of many notable economists, there are theoretical and economic reasons why I disagree with the notion that a new model must (or should) be developed. The theoretical reason is that the inverse of the price level (1/P) is the price of money. Therefore, to maintain that the “link is broken” is to say that the supply and demand analysis does not hold to money anymore. However, as long as money is considered an economic good, the law of supply and demand still applies. The USD is still used to buy goods and services, which means it has a value; this in turn means that supply and demand is still the link between money and its price. One question that was posed at the session was, “What does the price level depend on if the price of money does not depend on the supply and demand of money?” This is not a trivial question. After all, money is the economy’s most important good. One cannot maintain that money is an economic good used to buy other goods and services while maintaining that the supply and demand model is broken. The empirical reason for this is that even though base money (BM) increased significantly with the financial crisis, the M2 monetary aggregate did not. The reason for this is that the Federal Reserve is paying banks to not lend money to the market. In other words, the Fed is moving two variables at the same time: it is increasing BM at the same time that it is reducing the money multiplier. The result is the fairly constant evolution of M2 we observe in the data. This does not mean that the model is broken, or that we need a new one, but rather that the Fed is moving different variables of the model at the same time. It is true that since 2008 M2 has increase faster than the price level. But has been the case since the mid-1990s, not since 2008. But there is another general issue that I find troubling. Semantics implicitly exculpate the Fed from any wrong doing. While I believe that this concept was partially explored by the panel, I am now speaking more broadly. Semantics, of course, prize the Fed for any positive outcomes. The implicit message sent to the public is that the Fed can only do good. For instance, to say that today the “money supply does not depend on the Federal Reserve, but on commercial banks” or that “the Fed has no power to set interest rates” sends the hidden message that the Fed is not the cause of the poor economic performance since the crisis because the Fed does not control the relevant variables. Of course, banks are the source of the secondary creation of money, but the Federal Reserve remains the primary source of the money supply. The Fed asked Congress for permission to pay interest on reserves, and is still doing so. To pay interest on reserves is like paying the banks to reduce the money multiplier. Surely, money creation stops at the banks, but this the result of the Fed’s policy and not a sudden change of behavior by the banks themselves. I would suggest that this policy was put in place for two reasons: First, to provide liquidity to banks while cleaning their balance sheets from “toxic assets,” and second, because the Fed is buying toxic assets, it cannot sell them back to the banks to keep base money on check. So, instead of taking reserves away from the balance of the banks, it’s paying the banks to hold them. Unless supply is vertical, if we start paying to keep reserves sitting at the Fed, then more reserves will be kept sitting at the Fed. This way the Fed avoids the high inflation that we would have seen if the expansion of base money would not have come hand-in-hand with a fall in the money multiplier. Assume hypothetically that the Fed decides to stop paying any interest on reserves to the bank. Do you expect that all reserves would remain in the banks endlessly, or you expect that banks would start putting money back in the market? If paying interest on reserves has no effect at all, why would the Fed continue to do this? Another hypothetical situation to consider would be the result of placing this policy (plus the demand for USD by other central banks around the world) on a demand and supply chart. What we would see is a more horizontal demand of base money than we are used to. An increase in the supply of base money would have a minimal effect on the price level. Changing a parameter of the model (or the slope of demand) is very different than saying that the model is broken and that we need a new one. Supply and demand did not disappear– they changed their slopes. We don’t need a new model as much as we need to revise how policy makers are changing the model’s parameters. Similar deviation of attention from the Fed’s effects on the economy can be perceived when we maintain that the Fed has no power to set interest rates. If that truly were the case, it would mean that the Fed has been targeting a useless variable for years. Again, there is a grain of truth in such a statement, but it begs contextualization. Surely, the Fed only has limited, if any, control over real interest rates. Eventually, changes in the money supply would affect the nominal interest rate through the Fisher effect. The federal funds rate is decided by banks through inter-bank lending, not by the Fed itself. But this doesn’t mean the Fed has no power to affect interest rates in the short-run– even if it did, the short-run might be long enough to produce significant distortions. The Federal funds rate depends on the supply and demand of federal funds. The Fed does not fix the federal funds rate the same way we think of fixing prices under a price control regime. What the Fed can do, however, is change the supply/ demand of federal funds until the federal funds rate is at the desired level. To say that the Fed has no control on interest rates in the short-run is like saying that the Fed has no power to change the price of bananas in the short-run, but can “print” as many bananas as it wants until the price of bananas is at the desired level. Then, when something bad happens in the market of bananas, we don’t think of the Fed because our semantics imply that the Fed has no power to affect the price of bananas. Such logic is simply not sound. The monetary situation of today was not caused by a broken model or link; it was caused by discretionary central bank policies around the world– especially those orchestrated by central bankers at the Federal Reserve. If the Federal Reserve, or any other central bank, is powerful enough to do so much good, it is also powerful enough to do great harm. We do a great disservice to the cause of sound money if we promote the idea that the Fed is unable to do harm to key monetary variables.

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CC-MAIN-2017-39

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Everything revolving around engineering involves efficiency. If efficiency lacks, the project is delayed for x amount of time or safety hazards come into the equation. When this happens, the population will either be on short terms with the engineers, and/or be in danger due to neglected safety measures. In my case, however, if efficiency lacks, another research lab will find results to the same problem before our lab discovers them. Since the beginning of the summer, I’ve been working in a newly established research laboratory that studies how arm and eye movement neurons are correlated in the brain. These discoveries will then be used to develop/improve neural prosthetics devices. For example, these devices will hopefully be able to restore motor control to paralyzed patients. Because our lab is only six months olds, it is our duty to design and develop the research lab itself. Each one of us (total nine) was assigned a job by our lab supervisor over the summer. These jobs varied across the board from developing code, ordering machines, organizing and designing the lab space and writing the protocol. Over the summer, everyone had to do their assigned job to develop the lab as well as the main job that they were hired to do. In order for our research lab to start up quickly everyone had to finish their assigned job as quickly as possible but to the best of their ability and with the best intentions for the research lab. Not until all equipment is order, protocol is approved, and code is developed will the lab be able to function as we all dream it will be. Thus, efficiency is key. Every member of the lab group was constantly working to develop the lab as a whole. If one member would slack, the whole research lab would fail. The quicker the lab can get started and functioning properly, the quicker we can discover new motor correlations in the brain. Thus, our results will be able to aid the development of devices to help paralyze patients to walk again. However, the longer it takes for our research laboratory to discover results, the more time we allow for other labs to discover the same results. I would like to point out that even though our lab supervisor was not always around the work space, every member of the research group was still working efficiently for the full day. It is everyone’s dream in the lab to discover how the brain operates which will ultimately lead to someone being able to regain motion of their limbs one day. If one person slacks off not only is he/she letting their dreams down but they are also breaking the dreams of his/her fellow research lab members. Therefore, everyone will be working efficiently because no one wants to be the person that lets everyone else down. Accordingly, out research lab goes against Taylor. The members of our research lab don’t need authority to keep us working efficiently. What keep everyone working to the best of our ability are our dreams. We all want to be the person that find that cure and make people lives change for the better. Although our lab supervisor makes sure we are on top of our assignments and guides us in the right direction, each of our visions of the future is what keeps the drive in us to keep working efficiently. My dream, my American Dream, is my drive to be efficient, successful and to make people smile; I don’t want to see people’s mobility limited due to injury. If anything, I am my own authority. I taught myself to be efficient so I can achieve my goal.

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CC-MAIN-2017-17

http://pitt-narr-and-tech.blogspot.com/2007/10/engineering-major-too-much-caffine-no.html

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en

The Georgia Department of Natural Resources wants hunters to kill more coyotes from March to August, and it’s offering them an incentive to do so. The “Georgia Coyote Challenge” allows trappers to turn in up to five carcasses a month for a chance to win a lifetime hunting license. While the contest runs for the next seven months, there is no closed season for the harvest of coyotes in Georgia because they did not historically live in the state, according to the DNR’s Wildlife Resources Division. But the Atlanta Coyote Project, a group of scientists who research coyotes in the area, contends that’s an oversimplification. “While it is true that coyotes are relatively recent immigrants into the southeastern U.S., they are here because humans eliminated native wolves,” the organization said in a Facebook statement rejecting the “killing contest as both inhumane and unwise.” The group also disagrees with the assertion on the DNR website that scientific research suggests removing coyotes during the spring and summer is the best time to “reduce the impact of predation on native wildlife.” “Hard data showing that coyotes significantly impact the populations of other wildlife species is scant to nonexistent,” the advocates’ statement, signed by Aldo Leopold, says. Chief of Game Management John Bowers said it’s no surprise that people have “opinions that range the spectrum.” “Despite these various opinions, coyote predation is scientifically shown to negatively impact wildlife populations, kill livestock, kill domestic pets and contribute to undesired human-coyote interactions,” Bowers said in a statement to Channel 2 Action News. “Science shows that removal of coyotes during spring and summer improves the survival of young native wildlife." Coyote sightings in metro Atlanta are fairly common, and often cause a stir among residents who fear for the safety of their children or pets. In recent months, coyotes have been spotted in Piedmont Park and in a Roswell homeowner’s backyard. The decision to introduce the contest now wasn’t due to a recorded increase in the state’s coyote population — both the DNR and Atlanta Coyote Project say there is no good data on that — but “simply provides an opportunity to remind the public” that coyotes may be hunted year-round, according to a DNR spokeswoman. Data on coyote attacks and related problems is also hard to come by, as people choose to report and handle them in different ways. “However, we do know that nuisance calls to Wildlife Resources Division offices appear to have increased, as have inquiries on our social media platforms. Google searches reveal an increase in news stories about coyotes,” the spokeswoman said. “So, there appears to be more interest from the public who are looking for solutions.”

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.ajc.com/news/local/georgia-dnr-opens-coyote-killing-contest-animal-advocates-balk/mGUAZnRrPJt5nlHnIlcf1L/

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en

Daylight Saving Time, again?! March 7, 2017Posted by SaraC in Uncategorized. Daylight Savings Time (DST) 2017 begins at 2:00 am on Sunday March 12th. Here are a few facts you may not know about this biannual change. - Benjamin Franklin suggested the idea of daylight saving in a satirical essay in 1784. After being woken from sleep at 6 a.m. by the summer sun, Ben Franklin wrote that perhaps Parisians, simply by waking up earlier, could save the modern-day equivalent of $200 million through “the economy of using sunshine instead of candles.” As a result of this essay, Franklin is often given credit for “inventing” daylight saving time, even though he was only making a joke. - World War I pushed Daylight Saving into law. During the war, Germany, Britain and eventually the U.S. adopted it in an effort to save coal. DST was abandoned once the war was over. It was reconsidered in the 1970s during the U.S. energy crisis to save energy in the winter months. - DST might actually be an energy waster! Changing the clocks may save money on lighting, but the cost of heating and air conditioning tends to go up. That extra hour of daylight only saves money if people go outside and enjoy it. - The effects of DST on society are both good and bad. DST affects people’s sleep habits and may cause increased risk of heart attack, stroke and illness. But it also corresponds to a decrease in crime. - The candy industry lobbied for years to have the end date of DST moved from the last Sunday in October to sometime in November, so that there would be more daylight hours on Halloween night for Trick-or-Treaters. So, love it or hate it, remember to “Spring Ahead on March 12th!

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

https://readitorweep.org/2017/03/07/daylight-saving-time-again/

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HowTo: Create and Use Stomfi's Cool School Show Part 4 Novell Cool Solutions: Feature Digg This - Posted: 12 Apr 2005 |Learning to use Linux at Home and Work Welcome to my ongoing series of HowTo articles designed to help Linux newbies get comfortable with Linux. Before trying any of these HowTos, take a few minutes to study the prerequisites so you can hit the ground running. Cool School Show is a multimedia presentation, editing, and review system for students to include their own school work in any field of endeavour for viewing and rating by other students in friendly competition. The first part of this how to showed you all the windows used in the system The second part showed you the objects and scripts that make it all work. The third part showed you the scripts so that the local user can edit and add new shows. By now you should have the Cool School Show up and running. You can see some extra content on my site @ http://www.stomfi.bigpondhosting.com. This is a small 10MB site which relies on links to other sites, like Cool Solutions, to get most of the documentation content. These last two parts of the SCOOL series are how to create a bootable no-install CD with the Cool School Show as a menu selectable application. I spent quite some time checking out this type of CD and apart from the one I chose, they all were to hard to configure for the newbie. Thank goodness for Rasta Software who produce the Dyne:Bolic CD. This single CD has got full suites of Video, Music, Graphics, TV, Streaming and Office software. It can "nest" user and settings onto a MS or Linux hard drive or supported pen drive, which it auto magically finds on reboot. The system can be dragged and dropped on to a hard drive or 1GB pen drive for faster operation, and freedom to use the CD drive for other things. The system uses OpenMosix which can turn networked computers into a load sharing "supercomputer", so that rendering your fancy 3D blender graphic takes no time at all. Dyne:Bolic is optimised for low end hardware such that it runs effectively on a P1 with 64MB, which means that members of the "Digital Divide" can own a really wonderful computer system. There is also some new and innovative creative software on this CD, which fits well with the aspirations of SCOOL. I still can't believe how easy it was to reconfigure and burn the CD for my own special needs. Individuals and organizations could do well to modify this CD to showcase their own software all over the world. The first thing to do is to get a copy of Dynebolic. You can visit dynebolic,org if you have the band width and get the latest version which was 1.4 at the time of writing. I got a copy of version 1.3 from a LinuxFormat magazine, and another of the same from Linux User & Developer. After booting and playing with the CD I found the develop folder in /mnt/dynabolic/develop. In there is a "README" and the Dynebolic SDK. This is a shell script. Yippee! I know about them and you should too by now, enough to understand what is going on, anyway. The simplest way to find out how a program works is to start a shell console and type the program name followed by either -h or –h or –help, whichever works. You'll notice I have started a root console, as I know I'm probably going to do things that need root privileges. Here is a screen shot of the help: You can see from these messages that you'll need at least 2.4GB of free space. I have my home folder on a separate partition, so I shall create a folder /home/dyne to do all the work in. I've started a Root Midnight Commander session. You will see how this file management tool is useful for this sort of work. The dynesdk is in the devel folder. Use the TAB key to change to the home dyne pane, highlight dyne and press enter, to go to the folder. To go back you highlight the two dots .. and press enter. I like to configure mc so I can navigate in and out of folders with the left and right arrow keys. I also set the Pause after run feature so it waits for me to press enter after giving it a command line command. The command line is the yellow area with the block cursor. Click on the Options mc menu bar item, click configuration. This is what you will see: The Pause after run feature is Set to Always. use internal edit to off if you like to use vi. Lynx-like motion is on to use the arrow keys. Leave the rest as is. Don't turn off internal edit if you don't know how to use vi. When you are done click Save. To make sure these options are saved for the next time you log in. Click Options again, and click save setup. Click once more and you are done. If your mouse doesn't work you can get to the top bar mc menus with the F9 key, the arrow keys for navigation, the space bar to turn the selection, and the enter key to confirm. We will be using the File menu a bit later in part 5 to create some symbolic links. Now it is time to start dissecting the Dynebolic CD by using the sdk commands. We are going to use only some of the micro commands, as we don't have to change everything. We don't need to touch /usr or /var. All our changes will be in /home and /initrd for the compressed files, /isolinux for changing the boot message and /extra for our selection of added inclusions. Actually because we are going to radically increase the size of /home, we can save space on the CD by deleting some big files from /extra. To make life easier copy the file /media/cdrom/devel/dynesdk to wherever you put your "dyne" folder, in my case /home/dyne. You can use mc for this by moving to where you created the dyne folder, clicking the TAB key to the other pane, moving to the /media/cdrom/devel folder, highlighting dynesdk, clicking Copy or pressing the F5 key and clicking OK or pressing the Enter key. Now you completed that task, you have a good idea of how to use mc to do basic file management. Now do the same thing for the whole cdrom folder by copying it to the dyne folder, like this: When you have completed the copy you can use dynesdk to explode it. TAB to your dyne folder and type " ./dynesdk explode " on the command line. You will have to wait for a while as /usr is a big file. This is what you should see: If this program complains that you haven't got mksquashfs, then you can fool it into thinking you have, as we won't be using it. Create a file with the command vi /usr/bin/mksquashfs. Press i and insert test squash file. Press the Esc key. Press :wq to save and quit. Enter the command chmod +x /usr/bin/mksquashfs Now try again. Press any key and you should see this new layout in your dyne folder. Now that you have exploded Dynebolic you can start your changes by copying SCOOL from your development folder into the Dynebolic home folder. This is my mc action. This is pretty easy isn't it. The next job is to change the menus in Dynebolic home. There are two of them. One in the GNUStep folders and one in the .fluxbox folders. Navigate to the dyne/home/GNUStep/Defaults folder and highlight the WMRootMenu item, thus: Yeah, I know I swapped the window to the other side; still the same process though. Click on Edit in the bottom menu bar or press F4. These are my two new entries, one for the SCOOL program and one for a newbie readme file. Save this file and select the next one in .fluxbox. You can see its path address in the window top bar decoration. You can see that each menu has a different syntax, but it is again a pretty simple action to change it. Just make sure you get each one exactly right as far as the syntax - which are the things like commas, the sort of brackets, the case of letters in commands, the quotes. I did a bit of artwork by modifying the Dynebolic background and putting my work into the home GNUStep Library. I changed the home GNUStep Defaults WindowMaker file to point to my artwork. Thus: If you like you can also change the SaveSessionOnExit option in this file, which will be relevant when nesting, as you will see. The next little job is to make sure we can use ssh to copy file to and from the central network library. The Dynabolic startup scripts are in /usr/etc and are called from /etc which we find in this exploded development tree in dyne/initrd/etc. The one we want is rc.M. Edit rc.M by pressing F4 or clicking Edit. You have to include the lines to call the "/usr/etc/rc.ssh.~1.2.~" file, which starts the sshd daemon. A funny file name. Make sure you get those tildes in the right place. On my keyboard its the most left hand top key with shift. By the way a daemon is a hidden helper, which in Linux is a program which runs in the background and goes to sleep while it waits for its functions to be needed by the user or system, and then wakes up and does it when required. Here is the editing: I changed the Samba work group to SCOOLGROUP. This is done in two places. Here is the first: Here is the second: Samba is used by Dynebolic to do file transfer and use printers on Microsoft Operating Systems. The last file to change is the boot message which comes up when you first boot the CD. This file is called boot.msg and is in the folder dyne/cdrom/isolinux. You can see I've included With SCOOL by Stomfi © 2005. Now we are going to use the dynesdk to replace the home and initrd files in dyne/cdrom/dyne. Return to the dyne folder where dynesdk resides and enter the command This is what you should see: Next is the command " ./dynesdk mkinitrd " You will have to type y and press enter during the running of this command. Now we can delete a few big files from dyne/cdrom/extrasHere is my selection. I've included the yuk.zip file which you can also download from the SCOOL page at http://www.stomfi.bigpondhosting.com. The last SDK command is to make the iso file so we can burn a CD. In the dyne folder type the command " ./dynesdk mkiso " This is end of the messages from the "dynesdk mkiso" command. You can see the size of the iso is about 560MB, which will fit nicely on a 700MB CD. In part 5 of this How To series, we shall burn the CD using k3b, test it by rebooting, copy our RunRev IDE over to the Dyne:bolic home folder, use the IDE to recreate the SCOOL standalone, use mc to set some symbolic links in SCOOL/bin to programs in Dyne:Bolic, copy SCOOL/bin back to our SUSE development hard drive folder, exit Dyne:bolic, reboot to SUSE and remake the CD with the new standalone, and package the CD using Stomfi's official CD artwork. Part 5 will complete this innovative series. Copyright Stomfi © 2005 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA. Novell Cool Solutions (corporate web communities) are produced by WebWise Solutions. www.webwiseone.com

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CC-MAIN-2014-42

http://www.novell.com/coolsolutions/feature/14628.html

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en

We begin a new cycle of posts dedicated to all those toxics that you will not find in our organic cotton OCCGuarantee. We think that is an extensive and interesting subject we would like to do it a bit less unknown or even more known for you. In the first place and to recapitulate, near 2,5% of the terrestrial surface consists in fields of textile crop and represents 25% of consumption of pesticides worldwide. This fact makes fashion industry the second most pollutant of the planet behind fuel. In Europe, some measures to control and limit dangerous chemicals have been established but considering the mass production scale of the textile industry and locating factories in countries with its own legislations, there is an important decontrol on the real use and dumping of some chemists. There are several toxic chemicals in non organic textile clothing with devastating effects on the environment and very severe consequences for our health. These toxicants penetrate into the land, turning it barren; poison the rivers and seas irreversibly, contaminate the air and reach to cause illnesses and even death to farmers who work those lands. But when and how do the toxicants get into fabrics? And, what toxicants are we talking about? It is hard to believe that our clothes, these clothes that we wear so comfortably and we like so much, can make us harm, can be dangerous for the environment and even carcinogenic for humans. But it’s true. Toxicants start being introduced since the crop with pesticides, and continue during all the process: threading, weaving, desizing, degreased, bleaching, dying and stamping… An enormous quantity of chemical additives is used to produce a finished fabric: detergents, dispersing agents, desizing, enzymatic, softener, fasteners, optical bleachers, etc… That said, we are going to talk about a very common toxicant: Alkylphenol. A group of chemicals among which we find Nonylphenols (NPE), extremely dangerous and potentially carcinogenic. All of them are used during processes of washing and dyed. They are highly toxic for aquatic life, persistent in environment, that is to say, do not degrade or it takes very long, and bioaccumulative (that is accumulated in the alive organism and propagate through the food chain). Alkylphenol, due to having a similar structure to natural hormones, can create disruptions of sexual character in some organisms as in the case of hermaphroditism in fishes. Different researches associate also Alkylphenol with problems related to fertility, development and leucoderma. We, as Organic Cotton Colours, would like to cast some light and attention to this subject without any type of scientific pretence. All the information used for this post comes from Greenpeace Detox Report and from the articles about it from SlowearProject and FashionUnited. In the next post, we will talk about Phthalate and Azo compounds.

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CC-MAIN-2018-43

https://organiccottoncolours.com/en/2018/01/29/daily-care-for-you-and-for-the-environment-i-2-2-2-2/

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In the present paper a quasi-steady state mathematical model is developed to predict the outlet air temperature and monthly heating and cooling potentials of an earth-air heat exchanger. Monthly values of heating and cooling potentials are estimated by rigorous experimentation throughout the year for composite climate of New Delhi. The uncertainty values are calculated for each month; for December the value is 4.9%. It is observed that there is an 8.9 and a 5.9°C temperature rise and fall during winter and summer due to the earth-air heat exchanger buried at a depth of 1.5m underground. The correlation coefficient, root mean square of percentage deviation, reduced chi-square and mean bias error have been computed for each month. The values are 1, 3.0%, 0.8 and -0.63 for December. Statistical analysis shows that there is fair agreement between theoretical results and experimental observations for each month. Monthly values of heating and cooling potentials have also been predicted for other climatic conditions in India namely Jodhpur, Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata. - Cooling potential - Earth-air heat exchanger - Heating potential ASJC Scopus subject areas - Energy Engineering and Power Technology - Fuel Technology - Nuclear Energy and Engineering

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CC-MAIN-2020-40

https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/parametric-and-experimental-study-on-thermal-performance-of-an-ea

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Egg yolks are a good source of protein and many other nutrients for dogs; it contains high levels of essential fatty acids, vitamins A, D, and E, and minerals such as zinc and iron. These nutrients help support dogs' overall health. Egg yolks are high in calories, and they contain a high level of cholesterol. Too much cholesterol can cause health problems such as obesity, heart disease, and pancreatitis in dogs, hence excessive consumption must be avoided. Raw egg yolks can be contaminated with salmonella. Dogs are mostly resistant to salmonella. However, a dog with a weak immune system or existing digestive issues could be more susceptible to the infection. Cook the egg yolks by boiling and serve to dogs with no seasonings. Egg yolks should be given to dogs occasionally as treat and in moderation.

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CC-MAIN-2023-06

https://www.candogseatit.com/egg-dairy/egg-yolk

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en

Qualitätswein mit Prädikat The German wine law refers to a certain quality level of wines as Qualitätswein mit Prädikat (literally, “quality wine with special attributes”, also Fine Wines); these attributes represent graduating ripeness levels, which are in ascending order: - Kabinett: This is usually a light wine made of fully ripe grapes. - Spätlese / Late Harvest: These are wines of superior quality made from grapes harvested after the normal harvest. - Auslese / Select Harvest: This noble wine is from specially selected, very ripe bunches of grapes. - Beerenauslese (BA) / Select Berry Harvest: These sweet wines (dessert wines) are from individually selected, overripe berries. - Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA) / Select Dry Berry Harvest: This honey-like wine is from selected berries which are overripe and shriveled on the vine. - Eiswein / Ice Wine: This is another specialty beside the dessert wine: Its grapes are picked and pressed while frozen. Qualitätswein or QBA German wine law ensures that the wine comes from one specific winegrowing region, is made of approved grape varieties and has reached sufficient ripeness. These wines are generally chaptalized, which means that sugar is added to the juice before fermentation. This increases the alcohol level after fermentation. Chaptalization adds body to these otherwise lighter wines and makes them great simple food wines. This wine is made from normally ripe and slightly under-ripe grapes.

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

https://www.schmitt-soehne.com/winemaking/quality-levels

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Chemoradiation-induced Oral Mucositis Oral mucositis is probably the most common, debilitating complication of cancer treatments, particularly chemo and radiation therapies in head and neck cancer. It can lead to several problems, including pain, nutritional problems as a result of inability to eat, and increased risk of infection due to open sores in the mucosa. The symptoms have a significant effect on the patient’s quality of life and can limit the doses and duration of cancer treatment, leading to sub-optimal treatment. Who Gets Oral Mucositis? Most oral cancer, leukemia, and head and neck cancer patients receiving chemoradiation therapy experience severe oral mucositis. Chemotherapy leads to neutropenia in blood vessels and neutrophil infiltration in mucosal tissues. Radiation therapy causes damage to DNA and many damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to severe oral mucositis. The estimated incidence of head and neck cancer across the world accounts for approximately 886,939 per year, and the number is consistently increasing. In the U.S. alone, it is estimated that about 65,630 will develop head and neck cancer in 2020. Chemoradiation-induced oral mucositis occurs in up to 80% of head and neck cancer irradiated patients. Grade 3 and 4 (severe) oral mucositis (SOM) has been recorded in 56% of head and neck cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy. Today’s publicly available Phase 2 clinical studies results show incidence of SOM ranged from 60 to 69, with the average SOM of 65%.

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CC-MAIN-2023-14

https://www.enzychem.com/our-science/therapeutic-indications/

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Economy - overview: Afghanistan's economy is recovering from decades of conflict. The economy has improved significantly since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 largely because of the infusion of international assistance, the recovery of the agricultural sector, and service sector growth. Despite the progress of the past few years, Afghanistan is extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid. Much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs. Criminality, insecurity, weak governance, lack of infrastructure, and the Afghan Government's difficulty in extending rule of law to all parts of the country pose challenges to future economic growth. Afghanistan's living standards are among the lowest in the world. The international community remains committed to Afghanistan's development, pledging over $67 billion at nine donors' conferences between 2003-10. In July 2012, the donors at the Tokyo conference pledged an additional $16 billion in civilian aid through 2015. Despite this help, the Government of Afghanistan will need to overcome a number of challenges, including low revenue collection, anemic job creation, high levels of corruption, weak government capacity, and poor public infrastructure. Afghanistan's growth rate slowed markedly in 2013. Definition: This entry briefly describes the type of economy, including the degree of market orientation, the level of economic development, the most important natural resources, and the unique areas of specialization. It also characterizes major economic events and policy changes in the most recent 12 months and may include a statement about one or two key future macroeconomic trends. Source: CIA World Factbook - This page was last updated on June 30, 2015 © 2015 IndexMundi. All rights reserved.

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CC-MAIN-2015-32

http://www.indexmundi.com/afghanistan/economy_overview.html

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en

Congress and the Internet In the nearly three decades since personal computers were introduced, they have revolutionized interaction between Congress and its constituents. In 1969, there were only three computers on the entire Capitol campus. The first computers introduced in the House of Representatives provided basic word processing and accounting functions to assist in the administrative tasks of running a congressional office. By 1975, computers became a common fixture in most congressional offices. To assist Member offices in modernizing their offices, Members were granted computer allowances in their operating budgets and given personalized training classes. By the start of the 106th Congress (1999–2001), freshman Member orientation was supplemented with a computer tutorial featuring the House office buildings and the Capitol. Although a precise date is difficult to pinpoint, electronic mail, or e-mail, was first used internally by the House of Representatives in the early 1980s. External e-mail began in the mid-1990s, permitting the public to contact Member offices 24 hours a day. The Internet provided a new level of accessibility to Congress. The mid-to late-1990s launch of congressional Web sites, such as the House of Representatives Web site, Member Web sites, committee Web sites, the Library of Congress THOMAS Web site, and the Online Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, granted the public instant access to information which once required weeks and even months to obtain. With the advent of social networking and new wireless computer technologies, Members of Congress have embraced the new forms of media. From social media Web sites to online video, blog, and Twitter accounts, Members use these resources to provide greater accessibly for their constituents. |June 2, 1993||The House Administration Committee announced a pilot program that established a “Constituent Electronic Mail System,” marking the first time that citizens could communicate directly with their Members of Congress via an electronic gateway to the Internet. Still unsure about the new technology, Members replied to their constituents via postal mail.| |1994||The Government Printing Office offered digital copies of the Congressional Record for a fee.| |Late 1994||The House of Representatives launched its first Web site accessible from the Internet: www.house.gov. The Senate followed suit with the launch of www.senate.gov nearly a year later. The House Web site permitted users to research the U.S. Code and the Code of Federal Regulations as well as links to congressional information.| |Jan. 5, 1995||The Library of Congress launched THOMAS, a Web site devoted to tracking legislation in Congress. The launch of THOMAS in 1995 ended the Government Printing Office fee-based electronic Congressional Record.| |Aug. 1995||Approximately 40 House Members maintained congressional office Web sites, which included press releases and biographical information.| |1996||FedNet began webcasting audio coverage of House and Senate Floor proceedings and committee hearings. By June of 1996, 216 House Members had their own Web sites.| |Sept. 1996||The House Committee on Oversight determined that a Member’s congressional Web site could not contain personal information beyond a biography. Campaign or fundraising information by House Rules was not permitted on the Web site. The ruling also determined that a committee’s minority members may have a Web site separate from that of the majority membership.| |July 30, 1997||The Clerk of the House launched a Web site with the formation of the Legislative Resource Center, to provide information about lobbying, history, and archives. It also featured the balanced budget legislation of 1997.| |Jan. 20, 1997||FedNet broadcast the first live coverage of a Presidential Inauguration.| |Nov. 1998||The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress went live on the Internet. With 15 previous print editions spanning back to 1854, the online Directory provided up-to-date information on Members of Congress to researchers around the world.| |2000||The House of Representatives received e-mails at the rate of more than 48 million a year.| |May 4, 2000||The “I Love You” virus attacked computers on Capitol Hill and around the world. Slowing communication in Member offices, this virus was one of many designed to disrupt a world now dependent on computers and e-mail.| |2001||The personal, portable e-mail device was introduced on Capitol Hill, allowing Members of Congress and their staff to be connected to e-mail, the Internet, and their office around the clock. On Capitol Hill, it was intended as an added security measure to keep Members and key staff in constant communication during a crisis. The rules of the House of Representatives were altered to allow the usage of these devices on the House Floor by Members, but still prohibited the use of personal computers.| |Jan. 29, 2002||President George W. Bush’s State of the Union message, delivered to a Joint Session of Congress in the House Chamber, was the first such speech webcast live in streaming video.| |2005||In 2005 the Capitol telephone switchboard received more than 30,000 calls per week. This was a marked decrease from the 1983 statistic of Capitol operators receiving more than 22,000 calls a day. The decrease in calls was due to the rising popularity of e-mails during this period. Based on 2002 statistics, on average the House received 234,245 e-mail messages a day, amounting to more than 88 million e-mails a year.| |2008||A 2008 study noted that more than 65 percent of constituents contact lawmakers via e-mail.| |Jan. 11, 2009||The House of Representatives launched its own “channel” on YouTube, called “House Hub.”| |April 26, 2010||The Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives launched a beta version of HouseLive to provide live, gavel-to-gavel streaming video of House Floor debate. The Web site was created to increase public access to House proceedings.| |June 30, 2010||Representative Charles Djou of Hawaii became the first individual to use an electronic device during a House Floor speech. In the 112th Congress (2011–2013), House Leadership amended the House Rules to permit the use of mobile electronic devices so long as it does not impair decorum.|

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Electronic-Technology/Internet/

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Revision as of 19:15, 24 March 2011 Romanian Page: Rodin 1 .The Rodin Language, a small implemented pseudocode for teachers , a C-style language,specially designed fot teachers and students from România, ideal for teaching algoritms. * Rodin/Download * Rodin/News * Rodin/Examples * Rodin/FAQ * Rodin/Others * Last Version's Codename: Rodin ExperimentExp12 launched on 29'th of august 2009. Details on the Rodin/News page. Downloads from the Rodin/Download page. Please check the files with a reliable antivirus or with the best you can find. Never knows, especially from the moment when I had found a virus inside a Nero package! A packaged virus ! Brrr 1.1 Latest news - Tech. news The statement called "citeste v[e];" used to read vectors IS implemented. Also the switch. Please made your own collection of programs but do not forget to note which version of the Rodin Language was used for program. To get an IDE please download Total Edit and try it. You have just to define one or two options in the tools menu. Don't forget to specify:The IDE will run Rodin.exe programfile.txt Extra documentation can be found in the .zip archive or on the Rodin/Download page. 1.2 . Latest mounth news - teaching news 1.3 . FAQ Rodin/FAQ. Here you can find explanations concerning the Rodin Language itself and The Rodin Platform for Language Development. 1.4 . Download ! 1. The Rodin Language: Rodin/Download. Various examples for lessons are available in the archives. 2. The IDE "Total Edit" from the Codertools website: Total Edit Download IDE !. Or directly from here: http://download.codertools.com/TotalEditStd_5_2_8_install_en.msi 3. An Install HowTo telling how can you make Rodin and Total edit to work together. 1.5 . Articles from scientific Journals Can be find in the .zip archive, inside a directory called docs. Images and descriptions how to configure Rodin are included.An Windows / Wine installer can be found on this page: Rodin/Download. 50-60 examples of programs are available in the archive, suitable for small lessons. 1.6 . Other editors 1.You may also want to use The Ultra Edit. 2.Or you may want to try X-Emacs.... The romanian version of the Rodin page: http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Rodin.

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CC-MAIN-2015-18

https://wiki.haskell.org/index.php?title=RodinEn&diff=39178&oldid=38210

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Topic summary contributed by volunteer(s): Randy Kale is a dark leafy green, cruciferous vegetable, and an excellent choice for one of our nine a day servings of fruits and vegetables. It is a good source of antioxidants, calcium, nitrates, skin-enhancing carotenoids and other phytonutrients such as lutein and zeaxanthin, which may be protective against glaucoma. Unfortunately, kale is not common in the American diet. Like other cruciferous vegetables, it may boost mood, lower cholesterol, prevent DNA damage, improve immune function, prevent cancer (like breast and kidney cancer) increase cancer survival rates, and reduce the risk of chronic age-related diseases. Kale is one of the more effective bile acid-binding vegetables, which may play a role in lowering the risk of premature degenerative diseases. To avoid interfering with thyroid function, a person must be careful not to eat too much of it raw. Chopping it and then waiting at least 40 minutes before cooking it or mixing some mustard powder to cooked kale helps produce the anti-cancer nutrient, sulforaphane. Kale chips can be both a healthy and delicious snack. Image Credit: Pixabay. This image has been modified. All Videos for Kale Kidney Stones and Spinach, Chard, and Beet Greens: Don’t Eat Too Much Given their oxalate content, how much is too much spinach, chard, beet greens, chaga mushroom powder, almonds, cashews, star fruit, and instant tea? How to Cook Greens Dark green leafy vegetables are the most nutrient-dense foods on the planet. What’s the best way to prepare them? Dairy & Cancer How do we explain the increased risk of prostate cancer but the decreased risk of colon cancer associated with dairy consumption? Do Lutein Supplements Help with Brain Function? Avocados, greens, and lutein and zeaxanthin supplements are put to the test for improving cognitive function. Brain-Healthy Foods to Fight Aging What is the best source of lutein, the primary carotenoid antioxidant in the brain? Best Brain Foods: Berries & Nuts Put to the Test Randomized controlled studies put nuts, berries, and grape juice to the test for cognitive function. Pros & Cons of a Macrobiotic Diet What happens when you put diabetics on a diet composed of largely whole grains, vegetables, and beans? Bean Pastas and Lentil Sprouts Do the benefits of beans, and lentils, and chickpeas remain when they’re powdered? Also, how to use temperature stress to boost sprout nutrition. The Benefits of Kale & Cabbage for Cholesterol Dinosaur kale and red cabbage are put to the test. Dr. Greger’s Daily Dozen Checklist In my book How Not to Die I center my recommendations around a Daily Dozen checklist of all the things I try to fit into my daily routine. Dr. Greger in the Kitchen: My New Favorite Beverage Dr. Greger blends up a vegetable smoothie inspired by a recipe in his How Not to Die Cookbook. Fighting Autism Brain Inflammation with Food One food may be able to combat all four purported causal factors of autism: synaptic dysfunction, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation.

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CC-MAIN-2019-30

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According to Purdue University researchers, Cape Espenberg on the northwestern coast of Alaska has yielded two objects made of metal that was originally sourced from the Old World, specifically Eurasia. This particular Alaskan area on the Seward Peninsula was inhabited by the Thule people, who are considered as the ancestors of all modern Inuit. Their culture was originally pronounced around the Bering Strait (circa 200 BC), but migrations led to their spreading westward even to Greenland by 1300 AD. As for the objects in question here, the two items pertain to a cylindrical bead and a fragment of a small buckle strap-guide. The metallic part of these items were made of leaded bronze, which basically entails a alloy of copper, tin and lead. Interestingly enough, analysis of the leather from from the buckle by radiocarbon dating has revealed that it is around 500-800 years old, thus harking back to conventional middle ages (or Late Prehistoric Period in the Arctic regions, circa 1100 – 1300 AD). On the other hand, the metal parts could actually be even older than the leather fragment. This is what H. Kory Cooper, an associate professor of anthropology, who led the artifacts’ metallurgical assessment, had to say – This is not a surprise based on oral history and other archaeological finds, and it was just a matter of time before we had a good example of Eurasian metal that had been traded. We believe these smelted alloys were made somewhere in Eurasia and traded to Siberia and then traded across the Bering Strait to ancestral Inuits people, also known as Thule culture, in Alaska. Locally available metal in parts of the Arctic, such as native metal, copper and meteoritic and telluric iron were used by ancient Inuit people for tools and to sometimes indicate status. Two of the Cape Espenberg items that were found – a bead and a buckle — are heavily leaded bronze artifacts. Both are from a house at the site dating to the Late Prehistoric Period, around 1100-1300 AD, which is before sustained European contact in the late 18th century. Now beyond just the date, the discovery of a belt buckle sheds new light into the ‘industrial’ scope present in the Thule culture. According to Cooper, this belt buckle specimen actually resembles a horse-harness component that was prevalent in north-central China after 7th century BC. And other than just the leaded bronze objects, the archaeologists have also found four copper items from another native house – though this other residence is dated from 17th to 18th century. So at the end of the day, Alaska, along with proximate Arctic regions, presents a rather dynamic historical side that is not just limited to the ‘late-coming’ European side of affairs. As Cooper added – This article focuses on a small finding with really interesting implications. This will cause other people to think about the Arctic differently. Some have presented the Arctic and Subarctic regions as backwater areas with no technological innovation because there was a very small population at the time. That doesn’t mean interesting things weren’t happening, and this shows that locals were not only using locally available metals but were also obtaining metals from elsewhere. The study was originally published in the Journal of Archaeological Science. Source: Purdue University

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CC-MAIN-2019-39

https://www.realmofhistory.com/2016/06/10/old-world-metal-alaska-dated-before-european/

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Hashimoto’s disease and Graves’ disease are two autoimmune disorders that affect the function of the thyroid. Hashimoto’s disease almost always causes hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), although in rare cases, it can cause hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Graves’ disease causes hyperthyroidism. What is the thyroid gland? The thyroid gland is a small organ located just under the skin in the neck. This bow tie-shaped organ is usually only about 5 cm across and normally can’t be felt or seen. The thyroid releases specific hormones (chemical messengers) that act on almost every tissue in the body (1). These thyroid hormones help regulate so many vital body functions, including: - Heart rate - Skin maintenance - Heat production - Rate at which calories are burned What are autoimmune disorders? Normally the immune system defends the body against disease and infection. But sometimes, the immune system attacks healthy cells, tissues, and organs instead. This is what is known as an autoimmune disorder or disease. When one of these disorders occurs, the attacked cells, tissues, or organs cannot function properly, and can sometimes cause life-threatening disease (2). The most well-known autoimmune disorder is type 1 diabetes, where the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in an inability to produce and secrete insulin. What is Hashimoto’s disease? Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder, where the immune system produces antibodies that attack the thyroid gland. This damages the thyroid gland and it is unable to make enough thyroid hormones, resulting in hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) (3). Hashimoto’s disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism, which affects about 5 in 100 Americans. It is a lot more common in women than men and usually develops in women aged 30–50 years. People who have other family members with the disease and/or have other autoimmune disorders (e.g., celiac disease, lupus, type 1 diabetes) are at increased risk of developing Hashimoto’s disease (3). What are the symptoms and complications of Hashimoto’s disease? Many people do not show any symptoms in the early stages of Hashimoto’s disease, but as more and more thyroid damage occurs, a range of symptoms can occur (3), including: - Weight gain - Constantly feeling cold - Joint and muscle pain - Dry skin - Dry, thinning hair - Irregular menstrual periods - Fertility problems - Slower heart rate - Enlarged thyroid (called goiter) Untreated hypothyroidism can cause several health problems (3), including: - High cholesterol - Heart disease - High blood pressure - Pregnancy problems What causes Hashimoto’s disease? In many cases, the cause of Hashimoto’s disease is unknown (3), but some factors that may play a role include: - Genetics (as family history is common) - Viruses (e.g., hepatitis C) - Some medications for mental health problems - Iodine-containing medications to treat abnormal heart rhythm - Toxins (e.g., nuclear radiation exposure) What is Graves’ disease? Graves disease is also an autoimmune disorder, where the immune system produces antibodies that attack the thyroid gland. However, Graves’ disease, actually triggers the thyroid gland to produce more thyroid hormones, resulting in hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) (4). Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, affecting about 1 in 200 Americans. Like Hashimoto’s disease, Graves’ disease is also a lot more common in women than men, usually affecting people between the ages of 30 and 50 years. People who have other family members with the disease and/or have other autoimmune disorders (e.g., celiac disease, lupus, type 1 diabetes) are at increased risk of developing Graves’ disease (4). What are the symptoms and complications of Graves’ disease? A range of symptoms are associated with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves’ disease (4), including: - Weight loss - Heat intolerance - Muscle weakness - Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea - Trembling hands - Nervousness or irritability - Trouble sleeping - Faster heart rate - Enlarged thyroid (called goiter) Untreated hyperthyroidism can cause several health problems (4), including: - Irregular heartbeat, increasing the risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart failure - Weakened bones and osteoporosis - Pregnancy problems - Graves’ ophthalmopathy (an eye disease that can cause double vision, light sensitivity, and eye pain What causes Graves’ disease? In Graves’ disease, the immune system produces an abnormal antibody called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) that mimics the effects of the normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and hence tells the thyroid to produce an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. But what actually triggers the immune system to produce TSI is not fully understood. It is likely a combination of genetics (as family history is common in affected people) and an outside influence like a virus (4). How are Hashimoto’s disease and Graves’ disease diagnosed? Medical history, physical exams, and blood tests are commonly used to diagnose thyroid issues, including Hashimoto’s disease and Graves’ disease. Blood tests may include: - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): High in Hashimoto’s disease and low in Graves’ disease - Free Thyroxine (T4): Low in Hashimoto’s disease and high in Graves’ disease - Free Triiodothyronine (T3): Low in Hashimoto’s disease and high in Graves’ disease - Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (Anti-TPO): Elevated in both Hashimoto’s disease and Graves’ disease - Thyroglobulin Antibody (Anti-Tg): Elevated in both Hashimoto’s disease and Graves’ disease We offer each of these tests from a self-collected finger-prick blood sample. Tests are available as individual tests (links included above) or all combined together in our Thyroid Health, Complete Panel. 1. Hershnan JM. (Modified Oct 2020). Overview of the Thyroid Gland. Merck Manual Consumer Version 2. Autoimmune Diseases. (Reviewed July 2021). NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 3. Hashimoto’s Disease. (Reviewed June 2021). NIH, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 4. Graves’ Disease. (Reviewed Sept 2017). NIH, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

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Illuminating female leadership through the legacy of Eleanor Roosevelt TEACH Eleanor’s historic significance; INSPIRE Eleanor’s open-hearted approach in all people; VOICE THE URGENCY for female leadership in modern times Build a nationwide campaign and alliance of organizations to establish the first Federal National Holiday to honor a woman: Eleanor Roosevelt Day. #myeleanorday Produce an immersive, interactive education program for students in schools, museum patrons, and for other cultural/corporate/educational venues using the 1Future model: learn, share, create, act. Create a video and social media campaign that sparks a meaningful national understanding of ELEANOR and inspires social innovation movements across the nation. Launch ELEANOR, a television series that allows national audiences to see the world through the eyes of Eleanor Roosevelt. Eleanor Roosevelt was a towering pioneer, visionary and advocate for peace, equality, women’s rights and human rights. She promised a better future for both men and women of all cultures through her actions and her lead role as architect of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Frazer Dougherty, a creative force in early public television in the Hamptons, was so inspired by ELEANOR’s life after reading Blanche Wiesen Cook’s Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt he purchased the media rights for TV to share the light of her stories to a larger national and global audience. To advance ELEANOR, Frazer engaged Cannon Hersey, grandson of legendary acclaimed Hiroshima author John Hersey, to complete the project that he started. Cannon is a social changemaker and founder of 1Future.com and now the President of Paradise Producers Productions, that holds the rights to ELEANOR. Martha Williams, a media innovator and culture shift agent, has joined the team as the Director of the Eleanor campaign and established the focus towards a national holiday and engaging baby boomers to Gen Z audiences with the spirit of ELEANOR Roosevelt unique approach to life and politics.

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Manari Kaji Ushigua is on a mission to defy god. The Sápara nation, an aboriginal tribe living in the Amazon rainforest along the border of Ecuador and Peru, faces a threat to their livelihoods and the afterlife itself. China National Petroleum Corporation, the second largest oil company in the world, has won a bid from the Ecuadorian government to begin drilling for oil in the Sápara’s ancestral territory. Ignoring the wishes of his late father, and the gods that spoke through him to command the Sápara to abandon the rainforest, Manari is fighting to defend the land of his people. Formerly numbering at 20,000, the Sápara have endured centuries of exploitation from other indigenous tribes. By the end of the 20th century, enslavement and the destruction of their land as a result of the Amazon rubber trade had driven their population to under 600. Standing in room W4525 of the Melville Library at Stony Brook University, garbed in the traditional dress of the indigenous shamans, Manari shared his story and the teachings of life among the Sápara. “There are spirits among the oil lagoons underground,” Manari said in Spanish. He spoke with the help of a translator. “And those are connected to the spirits in the mountains, and the plants.” Many students in the journalism program at Stony Brook had become interested in the plight of the Sápara through “Secret Reserves”. Pablo Calvi, an assistant professor in the School of Journalism, extended the invitation to Manara to visit the university. “I was excited to meet Manari for the past month because it would mean looking Pablo’s story, and the indigenous story, in the eye,” Demi Guo, a student in the School of Journalism said. “Their plight is universal. It isn’t just about Standing Rock or the conditions on the Shinnecock reservation.” The Sápara nation has joined with organizations within Ecuador, along with other indigenous peoples within the international community, to petition against the extraction of oil within their lands. Reported by Christopher Cameron Photo by Kevin Urgiles

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Probiotics play an important role in helping us to live a healthy and happier life. So, you need to have adequate amount of probiotics in your body. The following are the few signs that help you determine whether you need more of probiotics. Consuming more antibiotics and not re-culturing your gut can help you understand you need to intake more of Probiotics. Antibiotic means anti-life, which means there is probiotic. So, this implies that you need more probiotics. Food poisoning, digestive disturbances, skin problems, depressed for no reason, then you need to increase the intake of probiotics. If your life is suffering from excessive stress, irritability, anxiety and depression, then your intestinal flora may be affected. You need to intake more probiotics to normalize the flora, which will boost the power of neurotransmitters, which ultimately improves your mood. If you are getting sick more often, then probably having more bacteria in your body can lead to this condition. In this case, you need to take probiotics in high quantities. If you are suffering from any kind of yeast infection, you need to rebalance the good gut bacteria. Probiotics helps to flush out bad bacteria, thus relieving the body of the symptoms associated to the overgrowth. Asthma & Allergies Research revealed that probiotics helps in reducing allergies, particularly food allergies. In most cases, the reason for food allergies is leaky gut, which can be improved by balancing flora levesl in the gut. Other than these, there are few other signs that help you to determine you need to intake more Probiotics.

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Ice Fishing Safety Ice fishing is one of the fastest growing segments of the entire sportfishing industry. Diehards across the ice belt prefer drilling holes in the hard water to the ease and mobility of open-water fishing. In fact, the largest ice fishing tournament in the world, held annually in northern Minnesota, attracts over 10,000 anglers each year. While ice fishing is a fun outdoor activity, it needs to be enjoyed safely - with caution and preparation top of mind. The first thing to know about ice fishing is that no ice is "truly" safe. Experienced ice anglers rely on a combination of general guidelines, experience, and current information. Ice cannot be judged solely on its appearance, nor can it be judged on thickness alone. Variables such as snow, current, fish activity, and waterfowl activity all affect ice safeness. While the ice may look uniform on the surface, what lies underneath is oftentimes not. Areas of snow-covered ice are often dangerous as snow acts as insulation. One stretch void of snow can have 8 inches of ice where an adjacent snow-covered stretch only has 3 inches. Ice formed over moving water is never safe as the current can eat away at the ice underneath. Be particularly wary of channels and bridges as current strengthens in narrow areas. On some lakes, schools of fish or waterfowl group up, causing warm water to be brought up from the bottom of the lake. The constant movement of fins, feet, and feathers also can deteriorate ice. Generally speaking, new ice is stronger than old ice and clear ice is safer than cloudy ice. Cloudy ice or snowy, slushy ice is only about half as strong as new, clear ice. With 4 inches of new, clear ice, an average-sized angler is generally safe to venture out on foot. Anything less than 4 inches is considered too risky. Many avid ice anglers look forward to first ice as the fish are often eager to bite. These anglers travel light with minimal gear. As they walk, they check the ice along the way - manually driving a metal chisel to create a small hole. If the chisel won't break through, the ice is likely safe for walking. If the chisel does break through, assess the thickness with a tape measure. First ice also requires the use of a life jacket. In case you do fall through, a properly-fitted life jacket will keep you afloat, which is critical in freezing water. Some anglers will even wear a full flotation suit, which also helps keep you warm. Ice picks are another piece of necessary first-ice equipment as they provide the extra traction needed to pull yourself up onto the ice. Picks need to be accessible and thus most anglers simply wear them around their neck. Lastly, bring a throw rope, just like you would in a boat. If you have to pull someone out, stand as far away as the rope will allow to distribute the weight and reduce the chances of someone else falling through. With 6 inches of solid, clear ice, anglers are generally safe to use snowmobiles and ATVs. While your mobility is increased, the recommendation is to still check the ice every 50 yards. With 10 inches of ice, smaller cars and trucks can begin driving on the lake. With a foot of ice, medium-sized trucks are generally safe to drive with full-sized trucks being used at 15 inches. Again, these are general guidelines for new, clear ice. Due to their weight, the use of vehicles inherently increases your risk. If you choose to operate a vehicle on the ice, do not wear a seatbelt. This sounds contradictory, but seatbelts make it more difficult to exit a vehicle quickly. Some anglers will even lower their vehicle's windows or keep the door slightly ajar in case of an emergency. When operating a vehicle on ice, it's important to drive slowly. While speed limits are rarely posted, driving over 20 mph is strongly discouraged as the weight from cars and trucks creates waves under the surface, which damage the ice. In addition, driving slowly allows time to avoid any potential hazards. When parking your vehicle, keep at least 50 feet from others to spread out the weight. Other Safety Tips Contact your local bait shop or resort for current ice conditions. Oftentimes, bait shops can identify thin ice or dangerous areas. An example of this would be pointing out where an aerator has been placed on a lake. Fish with a friend. Not only is ice fishing more enjoyable with company, it's also safer. A cell phone is a helpful tool, but it isn't very useful when you're treading water. Tell someone when and where you're going. Perhaps most importantly, tell them when you plan to return. This way, if you're not back on time, that person can seek help. If your plans change, make sure to notify your backup person.

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DESPITE the serious nature of their offences, psychopathic criminals get let out of prison sooner than others - in Canada, at least. Psychopaths tend to be unusually adept at manipulating others, and even the legal system, to their advantage. "In prison, they push administrators to gain better food, resources, or to work outside on road crews," says Kent Kiehl of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. To find out how effective psychopaths are at duping parole boards, Steve Porter of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, studied records of 310 male inmates from a Canadian prison. He found that those termed psychopaths, based on a standard psychological test, were up to 2.5 times as likely as other prisoners to get out of jail early. They were also "much more likely to then violate their parole than non-psychopaths", he says. Bob Hare of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, ... To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.

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Wrought Iron History History of Wrought Iron Wrought iron has is so named because it is worked from a bloom of porous iron mixed with slag and other impurities. The slag is what gives it a “grain” resembling wood. Wrought iron is a general term for the product and is more specifically used when referring to finished iron goods, as manufactured by a blacksmith. The other form of iron, cast iron, was first invented in China in the 4th century. It was introduced into Western Europe in the 15th century. Due to its brittleness, it could only be used for a limited number of purposes. During the Middle Ages iron was produced by the direct reduction of ore in manually operated bloomeries (iron smelting furnaces). Before the development of effective methods of steel making and the availability of large quantities of steel, wrought iron was the most common form of malleable iron. Originally, items made from wrought iron included rivets, nails, wire, chains, railway couplings, pipes, nuts, bolts, horshoes, handrails, straps for timber roof trusses and ornamental ironwork. A small amount of wrought iron was used as a raw material in the manufacture of steel, which was mainly to produce swords, cutlery and other blades. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, wrought iron went by a wide variety of terms according to its form, origin, or quality. The Eiffel Tower, for example, is constructed from puddle iron, a form of wrought iron. Demand for wrought iron reached its peak in the 1860s with the adaptation of ironclad warships and railways but then declined as mild steel became more available. Although steel had been produced by various inefficient methods long before the Renaissance, it wasn’t until more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century that its use became more common. Wrought iron is no longer produced on a commercial scale. Many products described as wrought iron, such as balustrades, garden furniture and gates, are actually made of mild steel. They retain that description because they are wrought (worked) by hand.

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< Browse to Previous Essay | Browse to Next Essay > Asian elephant Chai gives birth to 235-pound baby girl at Seattle's Woodland Park Zoo on November 3, 2000. HistoryLink.org Essay 2784 : Printer-Friendly Format On November 3, 2000, at 4:48 a.m., a 235-pound girl was born to Chai, an Asian elephant, at Woodland Park Zoo, after a typical 22-month elephant pregnancy. The birth was historic and not only for the new mother. Asian elephants are an endangered species, with from 35,000 to 50,000 left in the wild, and about 300 in captivity in North American zoos. The baby is healthy and on her first day goes from wobbling to running. She is clueless how to stop and runs into her mother's leg. In March 2001, the baby will be named Hansa (pronounced Hun-suh), which means Supreme Happiness in Thai. The name was submitted to a public competition by 6-year-old Madison Gordon, of Redmond. Note: On June 8, 2007, 6-year-old Hansa will be found dead in her stall. Zookeepers Help Chai Learn to Mother Female Asian elephants live in groups known as matriarchies. As with other higher mammals, maternal behavior is learned. In captivity Chai has not had an opportunity to observe mothering, but she is bonding with her calf very nicely. The baby cannot reach her mother's milk (elephants have only two human-like breasts between their front legs). In the wild the mother elephant knows to kneel down, plus in the wild the Aunty elephants babysit and provide other assistance. The zookeepers built a little platform for this baby to climb up on so the calf could reach her mother's milk and this worked very well. Chai, an elephant from Thailand, was 21 years old at the time of the birth. She arrived in Seattle at age one and grew up at Woodland Park Zoo. She lives within the third ranking of the dominance hierarchy of the zoo's four elephants. The other elephants were permitted to witness the birth and they can see the new baby but they were kept separate. The zoo's four elephants in order of dominance are: - Watoto, 30, an African elephant, wildborn, who was probably an orphan. She was born in Kenya during a time of extensive poaching. Watoto is quite interested in the new baby and reaches out to touch it with her trunk. - Bamboo, 33, an Asian elephant who grew up in the Children's zoo area of Woodland Park Zoo. Bamboo reaches out to touch the baby but when the baby moves she startles back as if she has just encountered a snake. - Chai, 21, is described by her keeper, Pat Maluy, as a sweetheart. She is shy and gentle, not very curious, and relates to the other elephants more than to people. - Sri (pronounced See), 20, an Asian elephant who like Chai was a gift from Bangkok. Sri is of the same opinion as Bamboo. Breeding in Captivity: Difficult and Dicey For six years, attempts were made to artificially inseminate Chai. She was inseminated more than 50 times, but never got pregnant. Therefore it was decided to try to breed her with a bull elephant. The Woodland Park Zoo elephant exhibit is designed for female elephants and has no bull. It was decided to breed Chai to Onyx, a bull at Dickerson Park Zoo, in Missouri. Onyx aka "Big Mac" was born in the Assam Valley in northern India. He was once part of a three-elephant act known as the "Mitie-Mites." For Chai, the journey to Missouri would involve a long and extremely stressful trip. But, since she wasn't getting pregnant, and since elephants in captivity tend to lose the ability to get pregnant at about age 25, it was decided that it had to be done. A special elephant crate was brought to the zoo and the keepers trained her to get into the crate. Finally she got in for the big trip. The door was closed and the crate was forklifted onto a truck and Chai began her 2,100-mile trip to Missouri. It was 60 hours on the road. According to lead elephant keeper Pat Maluy: "We were concerned with her being on the freeway and the movement of the vehicle and not knowing where she was. We tried to plan for every contingency we could think of. We contacted over 15 different facilities with veterinary care that agreed to be on call during the course of the trip, should there be any problems. Chai was extremely tired and frightened and she wasn't eating. Certainly elephants can go weeks without food, but our main concern was that she wasn't interested in drinking water and that could be a big problem. We had to tempt her with a variety of water-based foods such as watermelon and things that she was interested in eating. "I couldn't explain to her that everything would be ok. That was somewhat hard for me to deal with. We were finally getting closer to our destination at Dickerson Park. The bull that we planned to breed Chai with at Dickerson Park was named Onyx, and we were curious as to how the initial introduction would go. We started getting really concerned towards the last part of the trip, around the 40th hour. She had been laying down a lot and we were concerned that she might somehow become wedged in the small confines of the crate. So I made the decision to go into the crate with her, just to hold her hand so to speak, and to make sure that she knew somebody was there with her. It seemed to help. In fact, she never did lie down again while I was riding with her." Chai spent 51 weeks socializing with Onyx and the other elephants. Elephants are clannish and slow to accept newcomers and the other females at Dickerson picked on her. She was unhappy and lost 1,000 pounds. But finally she got pregnant and could come home. The trip home was a breeze. She ate all the way. She knew she was coming home. Her keeper stayed in the cage with her and when he fell asleep she would sniff his face with her trunk. When she arrived the other elephants became extremely excited. Baby Takes First Steps and First Run Her calf was born 22 months later, exactly on schedule. After the new baby was born, the public was barred from visiting for the first two days to enable Chai to bond with her without disturbance. The public was admitted on the third day. A baby elephant is like a colt, and she stood, walked, and ran on the first day. Chai's legs had been chained so she wouldn't squash the baby, and they were unchained on November 6. According to lead elephant keeper, Pat Maluy, Chai and her calf were learning how to walk around each other. "Chai treads carefully and adjusts her body to accommodate her calf beneath her legs." In 2004, Hansa weighed 3,112 pounds. She continued to nurse and also ate hay, grain, vegetables, and fruit. On June 8, 2007, Hansa, who was 6 years old, was found dead in her stall. She had been "under the weather" since May 31. Zoo staff had noted colic-like symptoms, and a poor appetite. Tests had been inconclusive, but she was under observation and being given antibiotics. The zoo conducted a necropsy on the afternoon of her death, but results would not be known for several weeks. The elephant exhibit was closed for the day and there were many expressions of shock and sadness. Note: Hansa's sire Onyx died at the age of 38 in May 2002. Pat Maluy, "Chai," (www.zoo.org); Sherri Stripling, "First Elephant orn at Woodland Park Zoo, The Seattle Times, November 3, 2000, (http:/seattletimes.com); Sherri Stripling, "It's a Girl: Woodland Park's Asian Elephant Gives Birth," The Seattle Times, November 4, 2000, Ibid.; "Zoo's New Elephant Sees Outdoors for First Time," The Seattle Times, November 6, 2000, Ibid.; "And the Winner is ... Hansa: First-Grader Names Zoo's Baby Elephant," The Seattle Times, March 27, 2001 Ibid.; "Sire of Zoo's Baby Elephant Dies," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 25, 2002 (http://seattlepi.nwsource.com). Note: This essay was revised on March 27, 2001, and updated on May 25, 2002, and again on August 28, 2004. It was updated once again on June 8, 2007. Travel through time (chronological order): < Browse to Previous Essay Browse to Next Essay > Licensing: This essay is licensed under a Creative Commons license that encourages reproduction with attribution. Credit should be given to both HistoryLink.org and to the author, and sources must be included with any reproduction. Click the icon for more info. Please note that this Creative Commons license applies to text only, and not to images. For more information regarding individual photos or images, please contact the source noted in the image credit. Major Support for HistoryLink.org Provided By: The State of Washington | Patsy Bullitt Collins | Paul G. Allen Family Foundation | Museum Of History & Industry | 4Culture (King County Lodging Tax Revenue) | City of Seattle | City of Bellevue | City of Tacoma | King County | The Peach Foundation | Microsoft Corporation, Other Public and Private Sponsors and Visitors Like You Baby elephant, born to Chai at Woodland Park Zoo on November 3, 2000 Courtesy Woodland Park Zoo Chai and her new baby, born November 3, 2000 at Woodland Park Zoo Courtesy Woodland Park Zoo Hansa age 1 year, Woodland Park Zoo, November 3, 2001 Courtesy Woodland Park Zoo

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Why do we call Good Friday "good"?Why do we call Good Friday "good"? Isn't that the day of horror and suffering that Jesus endured? We picture the tear-stained cheeks of the disciples and wonder, "What about this is good? Isn't this the most tragic event to ever transpire in all of history?" What is our relationship with God? In order to understand why we call this seemingly dark Friday, “good”, we must fully understand our relationship with God and the cost of our sin. Romans 6:23 tells us, “For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.” Sin is anything we do that breaks God’s law. That means not telling the truth (even once), stealing anything (even that pen from work), hating someone …the list goes on (and on and on). We have ALL sinned. Not one of us is perfect. Romans 3:23 spells it out pretty clearly “for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God“. With this sin staining our lives, we cannot be in God’s perfect presence. A perfect God cannot be part of imperfection. So, what hope do we have? On our own, we will live separated from God forever. There is an irreconcilable gap between us and a holy God. Now what? There is an irreconcilable gap between us and a Holy God. Good news: This gap was closed! This gap was closed through Jesus’ work on the cross, which allows us to have direct access to God. Many shy away from the mention of the cross. They look at the cross as a symbol of death; a horrific reminder of the murder of Jesus. However, it is crucial to understand that Jesus wasn’t murdered. John 10:18 says, “No one takes it [my life] from Me, but I lay it down of Myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. This command I have received from My Father.” Clearly, Jesus prophesies of His own death and His willingness to offer Himself as a sacrifice for sins. What about the cross? Should the symbol of eternal life be the instrument of death for the Savior? Remember, Jesus’ time on the cross was not about the end of His life. It was about the beginning of ours. Hebrews 9:14 says, “How much more, then, will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered Himself unblemished to God, cleanse our consciences from acts that lead to death, so that we may serve the living God!” Because of Jesus’ willing sacrifice, we are now free from eternal death and sin and can serve God. If we accept this gift of Jesus’ life for ours, we are now free. If we accept this gift of Jesus’ life for ours, we are now free from eternal death and sin, and can serve God as His children. The Bible as a whole lifts the curtain on this scene revealing what was truly going on behind the scenes on that Friday. Jesus chose each of us as His own and counted us precious enough to give Himself up as a sacrifice on the cross. He loved each of us so much He was willing to pay the ultimate price so that we could be together with God forever if we choose. Why do we celebrate Easter? It seems it’s just another holiday like all the others, but what makes it stand out? “Is this not the fast that I have chosen:To loose the bonds of wickedness,To undo the [c]heavy burdens,To let the oppressed go free,And that you break every yoke?7 Is it not to share your bread with the hungry,And that you bring to your house the poor who are [d]cast... Hey Cameron, Hope all is well and this finds you abundantly blessed. Whenever you have people responding to the gospel you always want to balance your caution with joy. You mustn't become cynical. When Jesus taught the parable of the sower he mentioned that there...

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Foot discomfort is a common complaint among adults over the age of 16. Oftentimes, such pain is ignored until it subsides but, one type of foot injury in particular can feel like a mild sprain but actually require medical attention: a Lisfranc injury. In this article, we’ll cover the 5 important facts everyone should know about Lisfranc injuries. 1. What is a Lisfranc Injury? According to WebMD, a Lisfranc injury happens when “[an individual damages their] bones, or connective tissue called ligaments, in the middle part of [the] foot.” As Orthoinfo points out, the anatomy of the middle part of the foot is what makes this injury challenging: “the middle region of the foot [contains] a cluster of small bones […] From this cluster, five long bones extend to the toes.” When this area is damaged, recovery can be challenging. 2. What Are The Symptoms of a Lisfranc Injury? WebMD lists the following as some of the most often reported symptoms of Lisfranc injuries: - Pain and swelling of the injured foot - Bruising on the foot - Inability to place pressure on the foot when standing or walking Most patients may not immediately think to call their doctor for a Lisfranc injury since it exhibits similar symptoms to a sprain. While a sprain may take a few days to go away with proper icing, resting, and elevating the foot, a Lisfranc injury will persist. So, patients who continue to have discomfort are encouraged to make an appointment with their doctor to get a diagnosis. 3. How Exactly Is a Lisfranc Injury Diagnosed? The diagnosis of any condition is a critical step to recovery, and Lisfranc Injuries are no different. Without a diagnosis someone may wrongly assume their foot pain is the result of a sprain—not a Lisfranc injury. This will cause long-term pain because a Lisfranc injury, unlike a sprain, needs serious treatment. Typically, a Lisfranc injury has a few causes. Orthoinfo describes one such cause of this type of injury as “a simple twist and fall […] commonly seen in football and soccer players when one player lands on the back of another player’s foot while the foot is flexed downward in the push-off position.” But playing sports isn’t the only way to get a Lisfranc injury. According to Orthoinfo, “More severe injuries occur from direct trauma, such as a fall from a height or a motor vehicle collision.” WebMD cites several different tests a doctor may use to accurately diagnose a Lisfranc injury: Image tests such as an MRI or an x-ray are common; as are CT scans to check for damage inside the foot. These tests can either confirm the diagnosis of a Lisfranc injury, display a change of the injured foot, or point to another culprit. After a diagnosis, patients will need to discuss with their doctor what treatment option would be the best choice for their specific case. 4. What Treatment Options Are Available? There are two types of treatment options for patients: nonsurgical and surgical. According to WebMD, “If there are no fractures or dislocations in the joint and the ligaments are not torn then a nonsurgical treatment can be offered.” Nonsurgical treatment may involve wearing a non-weight bearing boot or cast for anywhere from 6-8 weeks plus additional recovery time. A doctor will be able to evaluate the x-rays and imaging tests to determine the extent of the injury. The more extensive the injury is the more likely a patient may have to undergo surgery. Patients who have displaced fractures or abnormal positioning of the joints may be eligible for surgery. This treatment option is meant to realign the points, return any fractured bone fragments to a normal position, and restore stability and functionality to the midfoot. Recovery is the final step after a Lisfranc injury. As close as this stage is to being fully recovered, there are a few important things that patients should keep in mind during their recovery period. Whether treatment involves surgery or not, its goal remains the same for every patient: to improve quality of life. This means giving patients back their lives so they can return to pre-injury normalcy. Orthoinfo offers a few important reminders for patients recovering from a Lisfranc injury: - The recovery process may take 6 months to 1 year - Some patients may have persistent midfoot pain even with a successful surgery - Some athletic patients never return to their pre-injury levels of sport after these difficult injuries - Despite excellent surgical reduction and fixation, arthritis may occur from the damage to the cartilage (causing chronic pain and a possible need for surgery) Recovering from foot injury is possible but it takes time. Another thing to keep in mind while recovering from a foot injury is possible complications. WebMD discusses some possible complications after receiving foot surgery: - High fever or chills - Pain that gets worse - Numbness in your foot If any of these symptoms appear, the patient is encouraged to call their doctor. Otherwise, it’s good to get lots of rest! Even though it can be tempting to rush back to normal, the recovery process should not be rushed. Patients are encouraged to follow their doctor’s instructions. We Can Help Fortunately, Lisfranc injuries are treatable, and patients can get back on their feet after treatment. But it’s important not to wait to contact your doctor because what might seem like a sprain could be serious. MCR Health’s orthopedic department provides relief to patients who have suffered from a sports injury and gets them back to doing what they love. Our doctors are here to provide treatment and relief to patients suffering from Lisfranc injuries and more. If you are suffering from a sports injury, please don’t hesitate to schedule an appointment!

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Pliny, the Roman naturalist, out of whose account of the unicorn most of the modern unicorns have been described and figured, records it as "a very ferocious beast, similar in the rest of its body to a horse, with the head of a deer, the feet of an elephant, the tail of a boar, a deep, bellowing voice, and a single black horn, two cubits in length, standing out in the middle of its forehead." He adds that "it cannot be taken alive;" and some such excuse may have been necessary in those days for not producing the living animal upon the arena of the amphitheatre. The unicorn seems to have been a sad puzzle to the hunters, who hardly knew how to come at so valuable a piece of game. Some described the horn as movable at the will of the animal, a kind of small sword, in short, with which no hunter who was not exceedingly cunning in fence could have a chance. Others maintained that all the animal's strength lay in its horn, and that when hard pressed in pursuit, it would throw itself from the pinnacle of the highest rocks horn foremost, so as to pitch upon it, and then quietly march off not a whit the worse for its fall. But it seems they found out how to circumvent the poor unicorn at last. They discovered that it was a great lover of purity and innocence, so they took the field with a young virgin, who was placed in the unsuspecting admirer's way. When the unicorn spied her, he approached with all reverence, couched beside her, and laying his head in her lap, fell asleep. The treacherous virgin then gave a signal, and the hunters made in and captured the simple beast. Modern zoologists, disgusted as they well may be with such fables as these, disbelieve generally the existence of the unicorn. Yet there are animals bearing on their heads a bony protuberance more or less like a horn, which may have given rise to the story. The rhinoceros horn, as it is called, is such a protuberance, though it does not exceed a few inches in height, and is far from agreeing with the descriptions of the horn of the unicorn. The nearest approach to a horn in the middle of the forehead is exhibited in the bony protuberance on the forehead of the giraffe; but this also is short and blunt, and is not the only horn of the animal, but a third horn, standing in front of the two others. In fine, though it would be presumptuous to deny the existence of a one-horned quadruped other than the rhinoceros, it may be safely stated that the insertion of a long and solid horn in the living forehead of a horse-like or deer-like animal is as near an impossibility as anything can be.

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In today’s video, we’ll look at the 9 nutrients that help normalize blood sugar levels, repair damaged nerves, and prevent complications from diabetes. If you are someone living with prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and neuropathic pain, this video is for you. You already know that high blood sugar is destructive and can damage almost every tissue in the body. Nerves, blood vessels, eyes, heart, liver and skin, you name it, it can probably be adversely affected by elevated blood sugar! Research shows that 50% or more people with diabetes have peripheral neuropathy, or damage to the nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord. When the peripheral nerves are damaged by uncontrolled high blood sugar, their ability to send signals is disrupted. This is called diabetic neuropathy. Nerve damage often affects the feet and legs first, before it spreads to the hands and arms. The symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in the feet include tingling, numbness, muscle twitches and cramps, and sharp, stabbing, or burning pain. The feet become ultra-sensitive to pressure, touch, and temperature. Some people report feeling like they’re wearing socks or shoes when their feet are bare. This is dangerous, because if you have numb feet, it’s easy to hurt your feet by stepping on something sharp or hot. You may also develop a blister caused by badly-fitting shoes and not be aware. And if you do not feel any pain, you may continue walking without protecting against your wound or blister, and it develops into an ulcer. Now, high blood sugar also damages the walls of blood vessels, and reduces blood flow to your feet. This means that the skin and nerves on your feet receive less oxygen and nutrients, and a lower number of infection-fighting cells. As a result, wounds take longer to heal and can lead to gangrene. With that said, let’s get into the three steps to reverse diabetic neuropathy. One, controlling blood sugar levels. Two, prevent or relieve neuropathy symptoms. And Three, correct common nutrient deficiencies found in people with prediabetes and diabetes. Let’s start with a mineral that controls blood sugar. Number 9. Chromium Picolinate. This little-known, yet clinically effective form of chromium reduces insulin resistance, the number ONE root cause of prediabetes, diabetes and neuropathy. Chromium picolinate is the fastest and easiest form of chromium your body can absorb. A study of 833 people with Type 2 diabetes found that taking a daily dose of 500 mcg of chromium picolinate led to significant reductions in blood glucose levels after only one month, and the effects lasted for at least one year. The participants also experienced significant long term reduction in diabetic symptoms such as fatigue, frequency of urination and excessive thirst. This powerful mineral may also decrease cravings for sugar-rich food. You won’t be stressing over sugar cravings anymore, and will probably lose weight and even regain your energy, which is a bonus. Next we have Number 8, Cinnamon. This well-known spice helps improve fasting blood glucose and A1C. However, you’ll want to get REAL cinnamon which comes from Sri Lanka. That’s because TRUE cinnamon barely contains any coumarin, unlike other types of “fake” cinnamon. Coumarin is toxic when consumed in large amounts, and can cause liver damage. Next on our list is Number 7, Vitamin D3. This is the kind of vitamin D your body makes naturally from the sun. Vitamin D3 helps improve insulin sensitivity. This hormone is essential for regulating the removal of sugar out of the blood, thus lowering A1C. Did you know that fixing a vitamin D deficiency can deliver relief from your nerve pain and numbness? In one study, 60 people with diabetic neuropathy, who were deficient in vitamin D, were given oral supplements of vitamin D3 (50,000 IU) once weekly for 12 weeks. Not only did their serum level of vitamin D increase, but there was a significant decrease in the stabbing, burning, and tingling in their hands and feet. Also, new research shows that vitamin D3 may help your body grow new nerve endings. Your nerve endings help detect feelings like pain, cold, and heat. Coming up next is Number 6, Alpha-lipoic acid. For this video, I will refer to it as ALA. ALA is an antioxidant that helps protect the body from inflammation and improves nerve conduction velocity. It has been used for decades in Europe to counter nerve damage in people with Type 1 and 2 diabetes. Because of its effect on glucose metabolism, ALA may improve the glucose-lowering action of insulin. In a clinical trial, researchers gave 328 people with tingling, burning, and stinging in their feet and hands, either ALA or a placebo. The results were truly remarkable. The group taking ALA reduced their nerve pain by up to 52% within three weeks. And those who received 600 mg of ALA daily were found to have the greatest reduction in pain. Now, you would have to eat about 12 bowls of spinach or 8 tomatoes, to get that amount of ALA into your day! R-Lipoic acid, a potent form of lipoic acid with 50% greater biological activity, provides significantly more benefits. To see our recommended solution to get these nutrients to fix your blood sugar and erase neuropathy, click the link below at the end of this video. Next up, we have Number 5. Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 repairs your protective myelin coating. This helps your nerves communicate correctly with your brain again. As a result, you can finally get relief from neuropathy symptoms. The myelin sheath is an insulating layer that covers the body of nerves or axons. It enables electrical impulses to travel quickly and smoothly between the nerve cells. There are two types of vitamin B12: cyanocobalamin and methylcobalamin. The first one, cyanocobalamin, is hard to digest. That means you don’t get the full benefit from it. That’s why we recommend methylcobalamin. It’s easy for your body to digest and use, so it can repair your damaged nerves right away. Clinical research from the medical journal, PLOS ONE, shows that B12 deficiencies are more common in diabetics. This is likely because of the use of blood glucose control medications like metformin. Vitamin B12 is found in animal foods and healthy vegan diets are fortified with the vitamin. To get a good list of vitamin B12 foods, see our video, “Top 11 Vitamin B12 Deficiency Symptoms”. Coming up is Number 4, Vitamin B6. Research shows that vitamin B6 or pyridoxine can improve nerve density in your feet. This is important because the more nerves you have in your feet, the easier it is for them to send clear and correct messages to your brain. This can help stop tingling, numbness, and stinging. To get vitamin B6, add lean meats, bell peppers, yams, broccoli, sunflower seeds and hazelnuts to your diet. Next up, our Number 3 is Benfotiamine. Benfotiamine is a fat-soluble form of vitamin B1 in its highest bioavailable form. This vitamin has been shown to significantly decrease symptoms of burning, tingling, prickling or loss of sensation in feet and hands. Its use may also reduce serious complications like deafness, loss of vision, high blood pressure and stroke. Benfotiamine may also help repair and regenerate diabetes-induced damaged cells throughout the body. These include nerve cells in the extremities, and small capillaries in the eyes and kidneys, thus restoring some function to these organs. Benfotiamine works by purging excess levels of potentially damaging glucose metabolites from within the blood vessel cells. In this way, it helps to balance cellular glucose metabolism. The natural version of benfotiamine, thiamine, can be found in foods like whole grains, meat, legumes, and nuts. People with diabetes have been found to have low levels of this vitamin. And now we have Number 2, Acetyl-L-Carnitine. For this video, I will refer to it as ALCAR. ALCAR is an amino acid used to break down carbs and fat more efficiently for mental and physical energy to power through your day. It can also help you lose weight. Studies have shown that supplementing with ALCAR at 1,000 mg per day, helps relieve pain and improve nerve fiber regeneration and vibration perception in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Animal-based foods are excellent sources of carnitine, including beef, chicken, milk and cheese. And at Number 1, we have Choline. Choline is a nutrient found in egg yolks, beef liver, legumes, nuts, beef, and leafy greens. It is an essential component of our cell membranes. Choline is a building block for the nerve cells and helps our bodies create the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It protects the myelin sheath and improves nerve function when combined with vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. Now, choline has been well studied to improve mental health and cognitive function in aging. This is important, because according to new research from the World Journal of Diabetes, people with diabetes run a high risk of developing dementia and cognitive impairment. There you have it! The 9 vitamins that reverse diabetes and repair damaged nerves. This group of nutrients can also prevent and stop other diabetes complications, such as eye problems (retinopathy), kidney problems (nephropathy), gum disease, heart attack and stroke, and sexual problems in men and women. To see our recommended solution, which combines all nine nutrients in one supplement to fix your blood sugar and erase neuropathy, click the link in the description. As always, this video is educational and does not constitute medical advice; we are not doctors. If you enjoyed this video, Like, Share, and Subscribe, and click on the bell icon, so you never miss a video! And now, over to you: If you have elevated blood sugar, what are you doing to normalize it and stop diabetes complications? Leave your comments below. We’d love to hear from you. Click the link in the description to fix your blood sugar and erase neuropathy today.

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Hobbits not linked to humans Posted on: Wed 3 May 2017 New research has discovered that the tiny people nicknamed the ‘hobbit’ people of Indonesia are not ancestors or even close relatives of the modern human. The latest Australian study has found that Homo Floresiensis is more likely a sister species of Homo Habilis. Professor Mike Lee said, “We don’t need to assume that the hobbit is a shrunken human anymore. All the primitive species from Africa are very small and, if our research is true, the hobbit has always been very small.” But there are so many questions that still need answering, like how did they get to Indonesia? Produced by Kvitka Becker Image sourced from Flickr

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North Macedonia’s quest for its own national identity The closest and most notorious example of this identity mess is the Skopje 2014 project. In 2010, two years after Greece vetoed Macedonia’s accession into NATO, Nikola Gruevski’s populist government began a public campaign to insist on ties with ancient Macedonia. His gamble led him to transform the city centre with neoclassical style buildings and thousands of statues of historical figures including immense ones of Alexander the Great —now called “Warrior on Horseback”— and Philip II of Macedon. Following the approval of the controversial agreement with Greece to change the country’s name and reject ties with antiquity, as well as ratifying integration into NATO and the EU, Skopje can be said to be honouring leaders who do not officially belong to its nation. A part of the society, anchored in a propaganda that predated Gruevski, now believes that an international plot is in place, aimed at humiliating Macedonia. “The problem is that many people believed in Gruevski. That hurts a nation that is trying to find its identity. Look at Slovenia, with which we lived together in Yugoslavia: no one is trying to seek ancient ties there. They just say that they come from a medieval Slavic leader. Many empires have invaded this region, and if you look at my DNA, you might find links to the Armenian community. What I mean is that in Macedonia, which sits at the centre of many influences, there is no point in looking for 2,000-year-old ties,” says Zoran Dimitrovski, former editor of well-known magazine Fokus. The statue of Philip II of Macedon, in Skopje 29 metres tall. / Photo: Miguel Fernández Ibáñez Once again, in a political scenario without Gruevski, the thesis of Kiro Gligorov, the first leader of Macedonia after independence, who said that Macedonians are Slavs who arrived in the Balkans in the 6th century, seems to prevail. This is what was taught in school textbooks, which hardly contained any reference to Alexander the Great and were conditioned by Yugoslavia’s ideology. “We do not need to claim a pure Macedonian identity: Gruevski tried to falsify our past. Macedonian is a Slavic language. We understand each other with Russians and Ukrainians. We grew up with books that taught us that we are southern Slavs, which is what ‘Yugoslavia’ means,” says Katerina Kolozova, director of the Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities in Skopje. “Some people think that we have a connection with ancient Macedonia, but I presume that the more educated ones admit that we are Slavs. It’s not bad to be part of the Slavic culture, of the Russian culture. It is a pride. But the damage has already been done, and it will take decades to alter such perception,” Dragi Gjorgiev, director of the Institute of Macedonian History, told me in late 2018. Macedonians are Slavs, but unlike Slovenes or Serbs, they have no tsars or medieval epics recognised in history books or Wikipedia. Their historic figures are the same, in many cases, as those of Bulgarians, from whom they began to separate at the end of the 19th century. The gap widened in the 20th century. Today, in spite of similarities, they are two different nations that scramble for the heritage of Cyril and Methodius, Tsar Samuel (Samoil) —who established a medieval empire that fought Byzantium and had its capital in Ohrid—, and the revolutionary figures who fought the Ottomans since the end of the 19th century. “The two countries have a common history. In the case of Cyril and Methodius, we are happy to note that they were a founding part of the Christian culture of the Slavic peoples, and that their feats were preserved and developed thanks to the cultural centres of the medieval Bulgarian state, which then included present-day North Macedonia. In most cases —adding the examples of Tsar Samoil and Saint Clement of Ohrid— our common history depends on the Bulgarian state, or the Bulgarian people, which in several periods of history also included the lands of North Macedonia,” points out Naoum Kaytchev, Bulgaria’s representative at the joint commission on historical and educational facts. A conflict with Bulgaria —an even more difficult one than the dispute with Greece— exists over the account of these, and other, historical events. It also affects the building of the Macedonian identity, a process that began at the end of the 19th century with the rise of intellectuals who rejected annexationist impulses from Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria over the region. This is the version accepted by Macedonian scholars, the genesis of the last nation to develop its identity in the Balkans in the 19th and 20th centuries. The modern genesis For more than five centuries, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Balkans. Social divisions revolved around religion. Slavs, for their most part, were Christians. Until the 19th century, recognizing the Hellenism of Alexander the Great, religion served as a cloak to cover the nations. Then, even in the former medieval Bulgarian Empire, the concept of nationhood did not resemble the one that centuries later would be imposed as the basis of modern nation-states. “One cannot reduce the medieval identity to the contemporary Bulgarian identity. It was a medieval Slavic identity, a Christianized mass. They were Slavs under the name of a kingdom: I do not think there was the feeling of nationhood as it exists today,” says Kolozova, a philosopher by training. "Nations are social constructs that are developed for political and economic reasons. I do not support the ethno-nationalist concept of the nation... The socio-political development of the Middle Ages has to be understood within its context, but the present context is different. In the 19th century, those who sought to create a nation-state looked for links prior to the invasion of the Ottoman Empire,” insists Petar Todorov, Macedonia’s representative at the joint commission on historical and educational facts. "Fighting for Cyril and Methodius is stupid: they were from Byzantium, but they were important for the whole Slavic world because they developed the alphabet. We do not say that they are Macedonians, but seslovenski prosvetiteli (leaders of the Slavs),” he adds. These and other medieval leaders and events are important to Skopje, which has been meeting with Sofia since 2017 to agree on how to show their common history to the world. It will be difficult, especially when it comes to describing the figures who led the revolts against the Ottomans that began in the late 19th century, when Macedonia was still under Ottoman control, but Bulgaria was already de facto independent. Were they Bulgarians or Macedonians or both? No doubt there was a Bulgarian component, but it was here, from a particular region, that the genesis of the Macedonian nation lays. Or at least, that is the perception Skopje seeks to impose. “Most of the political elite had a Bulgarian identity, but at the same time they supported the regional idea of Macedonia. They described themselves as Bulgarians, praised their studies in Bulgaria, and often fled there from Ottoman repression. But they fought for autonomy, and later for independence (with the ten-day Krusevo Republic in the Ilinden revolts of 1903). Thus, they were both Bulgarians and Macedonians,” explains Gjorgiev. The Ilinden monument, ia Krusevo, commemorates the 1903 revolt. Dessigned by Jordan and Iskra Grabul, it is an example of Yugoslav brutalist architecture. / Photo: Miguel Fernández Ibáñez At the end of the 19th century, Macedonia became the hotbed of the Balkans. Greek, Serbian and Bulgarian interests over the region continued to grow with every step back of the Ottomans, who were weakened and on the verge of disappearing as an empire. This whole process, moreover, was dominated behind the scenes by Western powers and Russia. Within this equation filled with influences, the Serbian Church and the resumption of activities by the Bulgarian Church in 1870 played a decisive role in counteracting the Greek influence and in spreading nationalist propaganda through jobs and education. Macedonians, without a church or educational institutions of their own, mostly identified themselves as Bulgarians: heroes like Gotse Delchev endorsed that stance dozens of times. “Delchev or Misirkov grew up as Bulgarians, in their homes and schools. But I will tell you one thing from 2,000 years ago: Jesus Christ was a Jew, but who says today that he was not a Christian?,” compares Dimitrovski. In 1893 Bulgaria established the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO-VMRO), aimed at liberating the region from the Ottoman yoke. Sofia’s goal was to make Macedonia an autonomous country of Bulgaria. The aim of the group’s leaders, among whom Delchev stood out, is not that clear: it is doubtful whether they intended autonomy within a Greater Bulgaria, or independence. Over the years, conflicts between IMRO and other Macedonian groups became obvious. Splits and discordant voices, especially after the failed revolts of 1903, emerged. In Saint Petersburg, where a movement around the Macedonian Literary Society was born —an organization that extolled the differences between Macedonians and Bulgarians—, figures like Dmitrija Chupovski were already talking about independence. So did Krste Petkov Misirkov. Both were essential to the development of Macedonian identity. Misirkov himself, in his 1903 book On the Macedonian Matters, pointed out that the Macedonians should have sought an agreement for autonomy with the Ottoman Empire that would allow their cultural take-off. He was suspicious of international interests that would later, in 1913, divide Macedonia in three parts. However, he acknowledged that the Macedonian national movement and its incipient identity status was helped by competition from Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia. “I agree with him,” says Dimitrovski a century later, who in addition to being the former director of Fokus is a representative of the small political party Democratic Union. The Stone Bridge, in Skopje, a legacy of the Ottoman period. / Photo: Miguel Fernández Ibáñez In 1913, after the Bulgarian defeat in the Balkan wars, the partition of Macedonia was accepted: Greece occupied 34,600 km2 of the south, which allowed it to settle there Greeks from Anatolia; Serbia obtained 26,776 km2 of the northern part; and Bulgaria, as a defeated country, controlled a minimal part of the east, the region of Pirin with 6,789 km2. Those are almost the current borders, except that the then Serbian part is now the Republic of North Macedonia. Macedonia in Tito’s Yugoslavia The interwar period was a time of isms: anarchisms and communisms were facing fascisms. The Macedonian national movement, like all of Europe, became further divided. After the Second World War, its national cause was helped by the triumph of communism in the Balkans, which —following Stalin’s concept of the nation— had previously recognized the identity of the Macedonian people. Bulgaria, which had supported the Nazis, did not oppose that new reality: in the 1946 and 1956 censuses, most people in the Pirin region declared themselves to be Macedonian. Katychev stands up for the Bulgarian government: “This would be as if the French Communist Party had decided for its own interests that the North Basques, or Basque-French, were a different ethnic group,” and adds: “After 1944, the communist parties achieved power in both countries, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, and began to forcibly implement a policy of Macedonianization.” Further into the second half of the 20th century, however, the Macedonians were repressed and/or assimilated in Greece and Bulgaria. The latter changed its policy with the arrival to power of Todor Zhivkov: Macedonians would no longer be recognized as such. In Yugoslavia, among other reasons because of its historical enmity with Sofia, the cultural take-off of Macedonia was promoted, which in 1946 became a republic and in 1991, without a war, gained full independence. In almost half a century, Belgrade promoted the Macedonian identity. In 1967 it established the Macedonian Autocephalous Church. Earlier, in 1944-45, it had codified the Macedonian language using the dialect of the Bitola-Ohrid and Veles-Prilep regions, as proposed by Misirkov. According to Sofia, Tito’s aim was to de-Bulgarize the Macedonians: as if being barricaded, Sofia still claims that Macedonian is a dialect of Bulgarian. “It is an absolute humiliation that our language, rich in written tradition, is considered inferior or a dialect: the problem is bigger with Bulgaria, but those tendencies also exist to a lesser extent in Serbia,” admits Kristina Velevska, a philologist in South Slavic and Macedonian languages and editor at Antolog Publishing House. With regard to the language, Velevska rejects the notion that her people is an artificial creation of Tito: “The influence of the Serbian language is not surprising. First, the two languages have the same origin, so similarities are inevitable. Second, languages that are in close contact inevitably develop and borrow part of their lexicon.” The philologist, referring to Misirkov’s work, recalls that these languages share the same genesis: they are South Slavic. “Serbian is synthetic, whereas Macedonian and Bulgarian are analytical,” she adds. Furthermore, it is important to bear in mind that words of supposed Serbian origin or common usage could well be shared by other Slavic peoples: the appropriation of history and language is related to power. However, Dimitrovski believes that a process of de-Bulgarization did exist: “Words that were ours were rejected just because they were common in Bulgaria.” That process, however, has not prevented historical influence from being represented in the different dialects: the eastern dialect is closer to Bulgarian; the northern dialect uses more Serbian words; and the southwestern dialect, the region of Bitola and Ohrid, uses Turkish words such as çakmak (lighter). This is Macedonia, a country entangled in its historical dynamism. “In some cases, because of a purist need to escape Serbian influence, many words are treated as Serbian, and thus are not accepted in the Macedonian language. I give you an example: the word ланец (lanec, meaning ‘chain’) is common in Macedonian, but is not accepted; on the other hand, the word синџир (sindjir), which is of Turkish origin, is accepted.” Velevska’s examples show one of the changes of course brought about by independence in 1991: growing distrust of Serbia, along with flirtation with Bulgaria. Interestingly, Bulgaria was the first country to recognize Macedonia, although it still considers Macedonian to be a dialect of Bulgarian. Over the past quarter century, Sofia has been Skopje’s main ally: in the 1990s, when Greece imposed an embargo because of the name dispute that was solved in 2018-19, Bulgaria was Macedonia’s only commercial outlet. Influenced by the political game, this embargo did nothing but enervate Macedonians, who began to listen more strongly to the story of the relationship with Alexander the Great. Thus, Kiro Gligorov’s motto “we are Slavs” began to be diluted in a sea of confusion, of antagonistic political discourses that, depending on the moment, would get closer to or move away from Serbia and Bulgaria: Ljubčo Georgievski, former leader of the nationalist VMRO and Macedonian prime minister from 1998 to 2002, recognized that Macedonians were closer to Bulgarians, and criticized excessive Serbian influence. Until 1995, the Greek embargo was the main cause in Macedonia. “Everything was planned by foreign intelligence services: Milosevic did not want Macedonia to be separated from Yugoslavia. Speaking of the problem: the Macedonian flag with the (Hellenic) symbol of the Sun of Vergina was not known here. At that time, people did not pay much attention to history, but because Greece was blocking us, political parties agreed to adopt the flag with the Sun of Vergina. It was a stupid thing to do. I am not saying that Greece wouldn’t have blocked us without this cause, but it helped to get them to say that we bore territorial aspirations,” recalls Dimitrovski, whose words follow Georgievski’s line. In 1993, in order to gain access to the UN and bypass Greek opposition, Macedonia added the description “Former Yugoslav Republic of” to its official name in the organization. In 1995, in order to lift the embargo, it changed its flag by removing the Sun of Vergina, and renounced any territorial claims on the Greek region of the same name. Despite this, Greece continued to block Macedonia’s accession to NATO and the EU until 2019, when it gave its green light for the North Atlantic Alliance. Thus, Macedonia’s most important conflict since independence seems to be coming to an end. There are still a few loose ends that will be solved by the international actors (the EU and the US) that have promoted this change. After that, it will be a matter of resolving the identity conflict with Bulgaria, a more delicate situation. Then, perhaps the so-called Macedonian issue can be considered to be over. Albanian-Macedonian segregationShowing the complexity of this country, in Macedonia there is no one-size-fits-all identity: Albanians, Macedonians and several minorities coexist. Such a division is reflected in extreme segregation. In Skopje, in a recurring example in the country, Macedonians and Albanians rarely venture into the opposite majority’s neighbourhoods. This division process starts in schools, with parents who do not want integration for their children, and continues in televisions, newspapers, charcuteries, restaurants, and political parties. “People started talking about the Macedonian identity as a form of loyalty to the state, not as something ethnic, but it didn’t work. I am skeptical: Albanians are not going to feel that loyalty, they always stress that they are Albanians. We see this nationalism in sport: in our national team, they don’t sing the national anthem because they are not mentioned in it,” Dimitrovski recalls. “Georgievski tried to introduce this idea of a Macedonian identity to the Albanians, but it was seen as a nationalist idea which tended to [their] assimilation. It didn’t work: Albanians want the differences, their identity, to be recognised,” Kolozova admits. Macedonia does not have a common identity. It has not become the bridge between the Slavic and Albanian worlds, and segregation is increasing every day. As a context, in the 1990s, in a nationalistic maelstrom, Slavs oppressed Albanians. Then, the Albanian guerrilla UÇK, supported by NATO, led a low-intensity conflict in Macedonia. It lasted one year. In 2001, the Ohrid agreements put an end to the fighting and gave the Albanians educational rights and quotas for representation in the administration —a decentralisation that was in line with their interests. Since then, out of spite, because of the influence of Slavic and Albanian politicians who nourish themselves from separation, Albanians have used that decentralisation to distance themselves from Macedonians, who also do nothing to attract Albanians. Winners of the wars in the Balkans in the 1990s, Albanians account for 25% of the population of Macedonia, although the last census was taken in 2002. It is estimated that in the future they could be as many people as ethnic Macedonians. In a country suffering from a population crisis, low birth rate and high emigration, Albanians are supported by a strong diaspora and two neighbouring states —Albania and Kosovo. Faced with this situation, many fear the Greater Albania project, which would bring together Kosovo and the Albanian part of Macedonia. But for the moment, that is not realistic: politicians have a perfect gear in the current system for their client structure. Society, without opportunities, has become used to this game. Even so, in half a century in the Balkans, and more so in Macedonia, everything can change. Faced with this situation, Dimitrovski sees only one solution: “Macedonia is a bi-ethnic state with other minorities. I am not saying that Albanians will never accept a Macedonian identity, but it depends on our being a functional state: if Macedonia gives a lot, they will want to stay.” With support from:

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This online exhibition highlights selections from a rich collection of political cartoons in the Lilly Library. The caricatures depict times of turbulence in American history and range in date from the Revolutionary War to the War of 1812 and to the presidential elections of 1860 and 1864 which brought Abraham Lincoln to the White House. To facilitate browsing, the exhibition is divided by time period and includes a section on the history of caricature. As you visit the online galleries you will sample the works of notable artists and publishers who sought to portray and comment upon the events forging America's future. To navigate around the site select and click on a sidebar icon. Entering a gallery you will find information about the cartoons and artists of that period. When you click on the Picture Album icon preceding the text you will move to a page of thumbnail representations of the images residing in the gallery. The full size of the each image ranges from 25 to 70 KB and may be retrieved by clicking on the thumbnail. In the case of Abraham Lincoln, the caricatures have been divided into categories with links to each located at the foot of the introductory text. |About Caricatures||The Colonial Years| |The War of 1812||Abraham Lincoln 1860-1865|

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One in every five women in the UK suffers from PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome). But did you know that there is more then one type of PCOS? Sometimes PCOS doesn’t look like weight gain, acne, and more body hair! Sometimes it looks like months or even years of skipped periods, low mood and no energy. The lack of ovulation causes symptoms, but it doesn’t feel or look like classic PCOS. It’s important to be aware of all of the types of PCOS because knowledge is power! And once you have the right information you can start taking steps toward recovery. There is three core types of PCOS; Insulin-resistant PCOS – this is the most common type of PCOS. High insulin levels caused by diet cause ovulation to stop and lead to irregular cycles, and symptoms such as hirsutism, acne, obesity and mood swings. Women with this kind of PCOS are usually considered borderline diabetic. Synthetic Hormone-Induced PCOS – this type of PCOS is common in women who have been taking hormonal contraception from a young age or that have been taking it for a significantly long period of time. The synthetic hormones shut down communication between the pituitary gland and the ovaries in order to prevent pregnancy and often times this can be challenging to restart. The body may also struggled to make sufficient hormones. Inflammation-based PCOS – this type of PCOS stems from an inflammation response to foods like gluten, sugar, dairy, soy or overexposure to endocrine disruptors like BPA and other disrupting chemicals. This type of PCOS won’t look or feel like the common insulin resistant PCOS. Women with this type of PCOS aren’t typically overweight, and may even be underweight. Inflammation plays a huge part in PCOS and is always present with which ever type. Though the root cause and the way it shows up is different depending on the type of PCOS. It is also possible to have a combination of these types of PCOS. If you suspect that you may be suffering from PCOS it is important to seek medical advice by contacting your GP. Medical professionals such as qualified nutritionists, endocrinologists and doctors that specialise in hormonal health can help you get the correct treatment for PCOS. Even though there is no ‘cure’ for PCOS it is important to know that with diet and lifestyle changes and support from a medical provider, PCOS can be put into remission. Your body has the power to heal!

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Materials by Teachers in English - Primary The Lonely Little Panda (Joe Sandalls) - The Lonely Little Panda (2.2MB) Why I created a branching story My first Scratch project was a geography game focussing on the continents of the world. I aimed to create a game that the children could play themselves but which I had created. The game did not take as long as I had thought it would to create and I soon decided that I would prefer to add a more creative element to my project. For this reason I decided to create a branching story which the children could follow, making decision and choosing the path of the main character. I based the story on an existing PowerPoint presentation which I had written alongside a peer earlier in the year. I had not taught in KS1 when I started this project and aimed to create a story which would have cross curricular links and the children would be able to work through independently. What I enjoyed the most I enjoyed the fact that this project allowed me a large amount of freedom to experiment with different ideas. As well as this the project allowed for a huge amount of creativity. In my opinion this is a huge strength of Scratch as a program. Children and teachers can be creative when using Scratch in a number of ways. The story element of the Scratch could tie in nicely with a literacy topic. As well as this children can create their own artwork; on the computer or perhaps in art lessons to be scanned in. Bringing an art element into computing is an excellent way to allow children to be creative with their computing. What did I learn? I learnt a lot throughout the process; at the beginning of the project I had limited experience of Scratch. This meant that I met a number of challenges to overcome throughout the process. The main problem I had was timing. I found that the broadcast feature was an excellent way around this issue. By using broadcasts, sprites interact with each other, thus rather than having to time everything from the start, the story can progress as sprites broadcast to each other. How will this affect my teaching? This project has given me more confidence to use Scratch in the classroom. Whilst this resource would be too complex for a KS1 class to program themselves I think it would be a good resource to share with the class. Using this as a model, children could then begin to program their own short stories (minus the branching element). Once the programming knowledge is secure children could begin to create their own stories and artwork to complete their projects in literacy and art lessons. Notes from the Course Tutor These files are for use in the classroom. They can, of course, be adapted by teachers, with further resources, such as Sprites or Backgrounds, added by pupils. I have included all the work of my teaching group here. There are many wonderful teaching ideas, and if we did not solve every coding problem effectively (none of us is an expert in Computing, including me!), the creativity of these young teachers more than makes up for it. The teaching programme covered 30 hours of work at the computer, so if you start with one session of 60 minutes per week, you will become as proficient as they have been well before the end of your teaching year! The key to success is to work with a partner, share ideas, and problem-solve together.

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The Nobel Prize in Physics was one of the original prizes discussed by Alfred Nobel in his will establishing the prestigious accolades. It can be difficult to wrap one’s mind around the many landmark scientific achievements celebrated by the Nobel Prize in Physics. The topic can be exceptionally complicated, and a lot of the Nobel Prize winners in Physics received Nobel awards for complex theoretical achievements that advance science, but don’t exactly seem that relevant to everyday life. Albert Einstein, for example, is probably the most famous recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics. He received the Physics Nobel in 1921 for his discovery of what is called the photoelectric effect — a research experiment that supports the particle theory of light. It’s not immediately obvious how this discovery relates to everyday life. Yet, many of the Nobel Prize winners in Physics also helped advance technology that makes our lives easier. Medical imaging, sophisticated computer microprocessors, and inventions like the radio and LED lightbulbs are all examples of Nobel Prize winning technologies. Many innovations worthy of the Nobel Prize in Physics have directly impacted everyday life.Tweet Read on to learn more about five famous Nobel-worthy innovations that have directly impacted everyday life. Guglielmo Marconi Invented the Radio In 1901, Marconi, an Italian engineer and inventor, broadcast the first transatlantic radio signal. His company, Marconi radios, helped ocean travelers have entertainment for the long journey. Marconi radios saved all of the passengers who survived the sinking Titanic. He and Ferdinand Braun shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his work developing and inventing the radio. Isidor Rabi Established the Foundations of MRI In 1944, Isidor Rabi received the Physics Nobel Prize for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance or NMR. NMR is the foundation of MRI, a type of noninvasive medical imaging that is used to look at the brain, heart, and other organs and tissues of the body. Without MRI, for example, we would not know about the effects of COVID-19 on the brain (or the neurological effects of other diseases). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Invented X-Rays The first recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 was William Röntgen, who discovered X-rays. He was the first to produce and detect electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray spectrum, which he named X-rays or Röntgen rays. Max Planck Discovered Quantum Mechanics Principles Used in Electronics A German physicist named Max Planck won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck is known for the discovery of quantum mechanics, and is the namesake for a quantity called Planck’s constant. Planck’s constant explains the quantized nature of energy in what is called “quanta” — it can be imagined as individual packets or bundles of energy. Planck’s constant is widely used in electronic and fiber optic systems such as computer, communications, information, control, sensing, telemetry, endoscopic, illumination, and imaging systems. The 2014 Physics Nobel Winners Invented LED Light Bulb Technology In 2014, Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji Nakamura won the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing high-efficiency blue light-emitting diodes or LEDs. Blue LEDs which are ubiquitous in electronic devices like laptops and smartphones. Other types of LED light had already been developed, but the development of blue LED light made it possible to generate white light by shining blue LEDs onto photoluminescent materials. Everyone can live a better life via physics.Tweet Sure, there have been a lot of complex theoretical physics Nobel Prizes over the years — but you don’t have to be a quantum physicist to benefit from the accomplishments of Nobel Prize winning physicists. Everyone can live a better life via physics. Diep, F. Why a Blue LED Is Worth A Nobel Prize. Popular Science. Fri. 2 Oct 2020. <https://www.popsci.com/article/technology/why-blue-led-worth-nobel-prize/> Guglielmo Marconi. History.com. Fri. 2 Oct 2020. <https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/guglielmo-marconi> Isidor Isaac Rabi – Facts. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2020. Thu. 1 Oct 2020. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1944/rabi/facts/> Material for Nobel Prizes. Freiberger. Fri. 2 Oct 2020. <https://freiberger.com/en/products/applications/material-for-nobel-prizes/> The Nobel Prize in Physics. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2020. Sat. 3 Oct 2020. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2020. Thu. 1 Oct 2020. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1909/summary/> The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2020. Thu. 1 Oct 2020. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2014/summary/> Weik, M.H. Planck’s constant. Computer Science and Communications DIctionary. Fri. 2 Oct 2020. <https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F1-4020-0613-6_14147> Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Facts. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2020. Thu. 1 Oct 2020. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/facts/> Yan, Wudan. Who Was Max Planck? JSTOR. 22 Apr 2016. <https://daily.jstor.org/who-was-max-planck/>

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Q. My 6-month-old daughter is fascinated by the TV. She loves watching the colors and movement and could do it for hours. But could watching TV be bad for her, even at such a young age? A. It's no surprise that your daughter is transfixed by the television. The colors and movement, as you point out, can be a feast for the eyes, and if she hears music and voices, a treat for the ears as well. But you are right to want to limit her TV time, not necessarily because of the television per se, but because your daughter needs to stimulate and develop her other senses as well, and you want to expose her to a variety of activities. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not recommend television for children under age 2, but this is because there is insufficient research on the effects of TV at this age, not because any bad effects have been documented. The AAP isn't unfounded in its concern, however: They point out that because there is so much brain development happening during infancy and toddlerhood, it's important to ensure that babies get adequate stimulation, and reliance on television does not provide that. Also, TV time is a slippery slope -- the 20 minutes that is acceptable at 6 months may turn into an hour or more, which can be too much. But that said, you also have to be realistic about the world your child lives in and the demands upon your own time. If you can set some limits on television use and stick with them, there's no harm in allowing your daughter to watch a bit of TV. First, particularly at such a young age, don't use the TV to babysit your child. If she is fascinated by the colors and movement, sit with her and comment on the action. Name the colors, talk about what the characters are doing, and relate what is happening to events in her own life ("See? Barney is taking a bath. Remember you took a bath last night?"). She may not have the words yet, but by talking about what she sees, you are helping her to develop them. Second, keep the TV tuned to quality children's programs. Since babies love repetition, she won't complain if you tape a few of your favorite kids' shows and play them again and again. Third, turn off the TV after about 20 minutes. The best way to do this is to tune in late to a TV program so that you turn it off when it ends. This way, your daughter gets the message that we turn off the television when a show ends. Finally, make the rest of her life so interesting that the TV is only one of many opportunities to learn. Read her books. Take her to the grocery store, where there's a riot of colors to admire. Play music and let her bang on pots. She may even enjoy watching from her baby seat as you cook dinner just as much as she enjoys the fancy lights of the television. Anita Sethi, Ph.D., is a research scientist at The Child and Family Policy Center at New York University. She has two sons.

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Today we are looking at units of time - What is an hour? Going from big timescales of months, years and seasons we bring it back to the smaller ones - an hour! Hopefully by the end of the session your child will have a bigger understanding of what an hour is and looks like on the clock. If you have an analogue clock then that would be perfect to introduce this activity. You can also look at an analogue clock online by clicking on the link below. Show your child the clock and share that we are going to be looking at time today. Ask your child - why do we need time? If they have found the answer tricky then explain that we need time to help us know when to do different things, that we all get to go to school together rather than people guessing or just turning up after the start of school etc. Talk to your child and ask them what they already know about the clock. Some children may be only able to identify the numbers on it, others may talk about day and night, hours etc. Whatever their ability you can then explain that there are 24 hours in a whole day...Monday has 24 hours, Tuesday has 24 hours etc. We then talk about 12 hours in the day, and 12 hours for the night - they can see the number 12 on the clock. Explain that when the long hand is on the 12 and the short hand is on a number such as 1 we say that it is 1 o'clock. Model then different times such as 8 o'clock, 5 o'clock. Now to make it active! What's the time Mr Wolf? To get you started we have a video that has a catchy tune and your child can take part in... Now you can play the game yourselves but linking the analogue clock. Your child can say 'what's the time Mr Wolf?', you then show them on the clock rather than saying it. Your child has to then take as many steps (saying it out loud as they go) and see if they are right! If yes, brilliant! If not, then just simply talk it through together and have another go! To end this session your child can play the online game (linked below) to practise reading o'clock. It is a matching pairs game so they may be able to play this independently, although as with all games you may want to model it and explain first before leaving your child to do it independently. Have fun! Need a stepping stone? If it is the number recognition that is making things difficult then spend longer identifying the number when playing the games above. When moving around the house, or doing different activities keep referring to the clock or making a point about the time of day - morning, afternoon, evening. Lots of practise and examples in daily life will help to slowly embed this concept. Need a further challenge? Some children pick up the concept of o'clock up quickly and can read the clock well. Now give them the opportunity to create the clocks for o'clock by drawing on the hands. Remember to stress the importance of a short hand (the hour) and the long hand (refers to the minutes). Here is a template for you to complete as a further challenge...

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Q: Are the lights sold at home improvement stores, which are advertised as “natural sunlight,?good to use as lighting around my birds? They don? specify if they are full-spectrum. A: To receive the benefits of the ultraviolet portion of the light spectrum, the light must specify that it is a full-spectrum light, not one that simulates natural sunlight. Natural light means that it provides near-perfect color rendition for maximum clarity so that the colors appear real, as they would outdoors under natural sunlight. Some natural sunlight bulbs do emit the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum, so read all the literature that comes with the bulb to see if it mimics natural sunlight or if it also emits ultraviolet light. All birds benefit from receiving natural sunlight ?light that is not filtered through glass or plastic. The best way to provide your pet bird with the necessary ultraviolet light for optimal health is to allow it some time outside, in the safety of a pet bird cage with appropriate shade and supervision, so that it can receive natural sunlight. The uropygial gland (the preen gland found at the base of the tail on the back of many species of bird) produces vitamin-D precursors, which are spread on the feathers during normal preening. When the bird is exposed to ultraviolet light (the UVB portion), the precursors are converted to active vitamin D3, which is then ingested when the bird preens again. Vitamin D3 is necessary for a bird to properly absorb and utilize calcium. People manufacture vitamin D3 when we are exposed to ultraviolet light, as well, but we synthesize it in the skin by using an enzyme to convert 7-dehydrocholesterol into active vitamin D3. Studies performed on poultry showed that they could synthesize sufficient vitamin D3 to prevent rickets (bone deformities from inadequate calcium) and maximum growth by exposure to natural sunshine for 11 to 45 minutes per day. Baby psittacine birds still being hand-fed are provided with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in commercially prepared hand-feeding formula, so natural sunlight should not be necessary for their optimal growth and health. (Baby birds in a psittacine nest, which is usually in a hollowed-out tree trunk, would not receive any natural sunlight until fledging). For adult pet birds, especially African species (such African greys, Poicephalus parrots, etc) that seem to be more sensitive to calcium problems, ideally they should be provided with an hour of natural, unfiltered sunlight a few times per week, but this is not always practical or possible. In those situations, full-spectrum fluorescent bulbs can be placed near the birds to provide them with the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. For optimal effectiveness, the bulb must be placed at the recommended distance from the bird and replaced at their recommended intervals. All birds benefit from exposure to natural, unfiltered sunlight or from full-spectrum light bulbs that emit the correct ultraviolet spectrum. Bulbs that emit simulated natural sunlight enhance the colors of birds?feathers, but one must ascertain whether those bulbs emit light in the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum.

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(Arizona & New Mexico) save the animal by affording the endangered species necessary protection.Given land the size of Rhode Island, eh? Under this new agreement from the FWS, 838,232 acres of land (approximately the size of Rhode Island) in southern New Mexico and Arizona will be set aside as protected land to allow the animals to step back and away from the brink of extinction. The land, which is considered by many to be a “critical habitat” for the large cat species, has been an area of growing concern for conservationists over the years. As the jaguars have been pushed further and further away and into an area that is only a fraction of the size its original territory, it was almost certain that current populations would not be able to keep up and remain sustainable. “Jaguars once roamed across the United States, from California to Louisiana, but have been virtually extinct here since the 1950s,” explained Kieran Suckling, executive director of the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD).

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A team of researchers from the University of Utah and the University of Massachusetts has identified the first gene associated with frequent herpes-related cold sores. The findings were published in the Dec. 1, 2011, issue of the Journal of Infectious Diseases. Herpes simplex labialis (HSL) is an infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) that affects more than 70 percent of the U.S. population. Once HSV-1 has infected the body, it is never removed by the immune system. Instead, it is transported to nerve cell bodies, where it lies dormant until it is reactivated. The most common visible symptom of HSV-1 reactivation is a cold sore on or around the mouth. Although a majority people are infected by HSV-1, the frequency of cold sore outbreaks is extremely variable and the causes of reactivation are uncertain. "Researchers believe that three factors contribute to HSV-1 reactivation the virus itself, exposure to environmental factors, and genetic susceptibility," says John D. Kriesel, M.D., research associate professor of infectious diseases at the University of Utah School of Medicine and first author on the study. "The goal of our investigation was to define genes linked to cold sore frequency." Kriesel and his colleagues previously had identified a region of chromosome 21 containing six genes significantly linked to HSL disease using DNA collected from 43 large families to map the human genome. In the current study, Kriesel and his colleagues performed intensive analysis of this chromosome region using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, a test which identifies differences in genetic make-up between individuals. "Using SNP genotyping, we were able to identify 45 DNA sequence variations among 618 study participants, 355 of whom were known to be infected with HSV-1," says Kriesel. "We then used two methods called linkage analysis and transmission disequilibrium testing to determine if there was a genetic association between particular DNA sequence variations and the likelihood of having frequent cold sore outbreaks." Kriesel and his colleagues discovered that an obscure gene called C21orf91 was associated with susceptibility to HSL. They identified five major variations of C21orf91, two of which seemed to protect against HSV-1 reactivation and two of which seemed to increase the likelihood of having frequent cold sore outbreaks. "There is no cure for HSV-1 and, at this time, there is no way for us to predict or prevent cold sore outbreaks," says Kriesel. "The C21orf91 gene seems to play a role in cold sore susceptibility, and if this data is confirmed among a larger, unrelated population, this discovery could have important implications for the development of drugs that affect cold sore frequency." Explore further: Study finds specific gene linked to cold sore susceptibility

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Artificial Intelligence: Mirrors for the Mind Infobase Publishing, Jan 1, 2007 - 209 pages In the 1950s, a new field, cognitive psychology, emerged as a dialogue between the growing capabilities of digital computers and the study of human cognition and perception. Artificial Intelligence (AI) researchers began to develop models of perception, reasoning, knowledge organization, and natural language communication. They also created neural networks, expert systems, and other software with practical applications. AI models, in turn, have offered provocative insights into the human mind; now, new developments in virtual community and cyberspace point toward a future in which human and computer minds will interact in increasingly complex ways. Ultimately, AI research compels us to ask what it is that makes us human. Artificial Intelligence presents dynamic new portraits of the men and women in the vanguard of this innovative field. Subjects include Alan Turing, who made the connection between mathematical reasoning and computer operations; Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, who created a program that could reason like a human being; Pattie Maes, who developed computerized agents to help people with research and shopping; and Ray Kurzweil, who, besides inventing the flatbed scanner and a reading machine for the blind, has explored relationships between people and computers that may exceed human intelligence. What people are saying - Write a review We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. 1 Beyond Calculation 2 Mind In A Box 3 I Have A Little List 4 Simulated Brains 5 Harnessing Knowledge 6 The Commonsense Computer 7 At Your Service 8 Answering Eliza ability Accessed on August Alan Turing Allen Newell applications approach artificial artificial intelligence August 15 August 23 automated Available online Award behavior called chess cognition Colby complex computer program computer science computer scientist computing power consciousness create critics Describes developed Douglas Lenat Edward Feigenbaum electronic ELIZA emotions example expert systems field Further Reading Books goals Herbert Simon Hubert Dreyfus human brain ideas information processing Institute of Technology intel interact interest Internet inventor John McCarthy Joseph Weizenbaum knowledge base knowledge-based Lisp logic manipulate Marvin Minsky mathematician mathematics McCarthy’s Minsky’s moves natural language neural networks neurons Newell’s Pamela McCorduck paper Pattie Maes person philosophical physical pioneers possible Prediction puter Ray Kurzweil reading machine reasoning robot rules simulation software agents Spiritual Machines Stanford structures suggests tasks techniques technological singularity theorems theory thinking tion today’s Turing test Turing’s understand University user’s York

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A research study of relationships where one partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative As HIV rates have stabilized, HIV-positive individuals are living longer lives. More and more people today are in relationships where only one of the two people has HIV (an HIV-serodiscordant relationship). While there has been research on living with HIV, far less is known about the issues faced by HIV-serodiscordant couples. (click on image to enlarge) Researchers from the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, in collaboration with physicians and AIDS Service organizations from across the country, are therefore undertaking a national study of people in serodiscordant relationships. This study, named Positive Plus One, is unique, because we want to hear from both the HIV-positive and HIV-negative partner in a serodiscordant relationship. Each partner will complete the survey on their own, and not in the presence of each other. However, if only one of the two partners wants to participate, they can also be involved. If a person has recently (in the last 2 years) been in a serodiscordant relationship, they can also participate, but we will not ask them to invite their partner. Positive Plus One is a mixed-methods study, meaning it includes both a survey, and an in-depth interview. Anyone who takes the survey can also volunteer for the interview. From the survey, we will obtain a broad understanding of serodiscordant couples’ relationships, as well as the characteristics of serodiscordant couples across Canada. From the interview, we will learn about how these relationships unfolded over time, and provide people with the opportunity to share their experience of living in a serodiscordant relationship. Participants will receive a $20 gift card for participation in the survey, and an additional $40 gift card if they are selected for the qualitative interview. In order to participate, you must meet the following five criteria: 1) They are currently in a relationship where one partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative and the relationship has lasted 3 months or longer, OR they were in one in the past 2 years, 2) They live in Canada, and lived in Canada during at least part of the relationship, 3) They are at least 18 years old, 4) They speak either English or French, 5) If they are HIV-positive, they have disclosed their status to their HIV-negative partner. To learn more, and to take the survey, visit the study website at www.PositivePlusOne.ca, or call 1-888-740-1166 Written & Contributed by:

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Contrary to popular belief, children (minors under the age of 18) generally cannot naturalize as U.S. citizens of the United States. By law, applicants for naturalization must be 18 years of age. But don’t worry. This means that children cannot file the naturalization application or be included on their parents’ application. Instead, children that meet certain criteria automatically gain U.S. citizenship when a parent naturalizes, a provision in the law known as derivative citizenship for children. U.S. Citizenship for Children Under INA Section 320 Child Citizenship Act Adult permanent residents apply for U.S. citizenship by filing Form N-400, Application for Naturalization. But minor children (under age 18) may not use this form. Under Section 320 of the Immigration and Naturalization Act, also known as the Child Citizenship Act of 2000, children under 18 automatically acquire U.S. citizenship if the following three conditions have been fulfilled: - At least one of the child’s parents is a U.S. citizen by birth or naturalization; - The child is a permanent resident under 18 years of age; - The child is residing in or has resided in the United States in the legal and physical custody of the U.S. citizen parent. Once all three conditions are met at the same time, the child is a U.S. citizen by matter of law. The order of events makes no difference. If a child is a permanent resident and under 18, and then at least one parent naturalizes, the child automatically becomes a U.S. citizen. If a parent naturalizes and then the child gets permanent residence, the child becomes a U.S. citizen the moment he or she becomes a permanent resident, if that happens before the child is 18. There is no application to file with the government. The law covers adopted children as well as biological children. But stepchildren may not derive citizenship from a stepmother or stepfather under this provision. The effective date of the Child Citizenship Act is February 27, 2001. Therefore, persons under the age of 18 on or after that date who met/meet the requirements of the law automatically derive U.S. citizenship. However, the Child Citizenship Act does not cover persons who were 18 years of age or older as of February 27, 2001. These people may, however, have acquired U.S. citizenship in accordance with prior versions of U.S. immigration law. Please consult with an immigration attorney if you feel this may apply to your situation. Examples of Derivative Citizenship for Children The Lee family consists of two parents and three children. They live in the United States as permanent residents. Recently, Mr. Lee naturalized as a U.S. citizen. Automatically upon their father’s naturalization, the three young children (all under age 18) immediately derive U.S. citizenship. Mr. and Mrs. Jones were born in the United States and, thus, are U.S. citizens by birth. They adopted a baby girl from a foreign country. The child entered the United State as a lawful permanent resident. This child automatically became a U.S. citizen upon admission, as she then met all the requirements outlined above. Mr. Reyes is a naturalized U.S. citizen living in the United States. He recently married an Filipino citizen residing in the Philippines. His new wife also has an existing minor child that is immigrating to the U.S. Unfortunately, the step child does not qualify for derivative citizenship in this situation. The step child may derive U.S. citizenship once his mother naturalizes as a U.S. citizen, as long as he is still under 18 years of age. If he reaches age 18 before his mother naturalizes, he can file Form N-400, Application for Naturalization, on his own. Proof of U.S. Citizenship for Children It is not mandatory, but it its smart to obtain documentation that proves the child’s U.S. citizenship. Official documentation will help avoid future complications and hassles. There are essentially two ways to prove U.S. citizenship for children: a Certificate of Citizenship and/or a U.S. passport. For most people, a U.S. passport is less expensive and more functional because it can be used for the child’s travel abroad. Obtaining a Certificate of Citizenship for Children To obtain a Certificate of Citizenship, the requester must file Form N-600, Application for Certificate of Citizenship, with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). Obtaining a Passport for Children To obtain a U.S. passport, applicants must prove U.S. citizenship. If you have a Certificate of Citizenship for the the child, you may provide a copy. If you don’t have a Certificate of Citizenship for the child, you must prove the child’s derivative citizenship by submitting the following items with your child’s passport application: Proof of Child’s Relationship to U.S. Citizen Parent For the biological child of the U.S. citizen this will usually be a certified copy of the foreign birth certificate. In circumstances where it is not clear that the birth certificate is adequate proof of a biological relationship between the child and the U.S. citizen parent, other types of evidence, including medical and/or DNA tests, may be requested. For an adopted child, it is a certified copy of the final adoption decree. Note: All documents in a foreign language must be accompanied by a certified translation to English. Proof of Child’s Permanent Resident Status There must be proof that the child is residing or has resided in the United States in the legal and physical custody of the U.S. citizen parent(s) pursuant to a lawful admission for permanent residence. Examples of acceptable documents include: the child’s permanent resident card (green card) or an I-551 stamp endorsed in the child’s foreign passport. Separate evidence establishing that the child has resided in the U.S. in the legal and physical custody of the U.S. citizen parent(s) may be requested. Examples of acceptable evidence include the following documents with your name and address at that time: Note: Entry into the U.S., even with an immigrant visa, does not meet the law’s requirement that the child be “residing in the U.S.” Determining whether a child is residing/has resided in the U.S. typically rests on an analysis of both the character and the duration of the stay. A parent may be required to provide supporting evidence regarding a child’s stay in the U.S. in the legal and physical custody of the U.S. citizen parent(s) in support of the child’s passport application. Proof of Child’s Age There must be proof that the child is or was under the age of 18 when all conditions are met. To obtain a passport, visit the Department of State’s website or call 1-877-487-2778. As a first-time applicant, you must apply in person. U.S. citizenship for children is dependent on a parent’s U.S. citizenship. An estimated 8.8 million lawful permanent residents in the United States are eligible to file Form N-400, Application for Naturalization. If you would like to learn more about the application and your readiness to become a U.S. citizen, read U.S. citizenship requirements. CitizenPath provides simple, affordable, step-by-step guidance through USCIS immigration applications. Individuals, attorneys and non-profits use the service on desktop or mobile device to prepare immigration forms accurately, avoiding costly delays. CitizenPath allows users to try the service for free and provides a 100% money-back guarantee that USCIS will approve the application or petition. We provide support for the Certificate of Citizenship Application (Form N-600), Citizenship Application (Form N-400), and several other popular USCIS forms. Note to Reader: This post was originally published on August 11, 2015, and has been modified with improvements.

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Half of American families don't have an emergency plan in case of disaster, and among those with a plan, 30 percent lack basic emergency supplies, such as a flashlight or emergency food and water, according to a new survey by the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. An emergency plan is a key to being prepared in an earthquake, hurricane or other disaster, but Americans apparently are not getting the message from government agencies and the insurance industry. Many are overly optimistic about the speed of emergency response, the survey found. More than half, 62 percent, expect that in a major disaster, first responders would arrive to help them within several hours, and almost a third think it would take an hour or less. Amercans' confidence in the government to protect them from a terrorist attack has rebounded to 60 percent after declining for five years after 9/11. But only a third say they think the health care system can respond effectively to a biological, chemical or nuclear attack, down from almost three-fifths after 9/11. And less than half of Americans say their community has an adequate response plan for a disaster that comes with no advance warning, such as an earthquake or a terrorist event. The survey is part of the center's American Preparedness Project, which has tracked U.S. attitudes on domestic preparedness and terrorism in the last 10 years. The most recent results are based on a national telephone survey of 1,000 people conducted in early August. About two-thirds of Americans think the United States is safer now than on Sept. 11, 2001, up from a little more than one-half three years ago when the question was first asked. But 72 percent are still worried about the possibility of another domestic terrorist attack, down only slightly from 76 perent in 2003, although significantly under the peak of 83 percent after the invasion of Iraq.

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Among the different biometric modalities like fingerprint, finger vein, palm vein, facial, etc. retinal scan is one of the most reliable ones. Retinal security scan has proven its capability in implementing reliable biometric security protocols in various high-risk sectors like border patrol and aviation. Retinal scan authentication is a complex mathematical pattern. It is a technique that identifies the unique eye patterns of an individual. Retinal scanning is based on the fine capillary network that provides oxygen and nutrients to the retina. These blood vessels absorb light and can easily be visualized with appropriate lighting. It requires a close distance between the eyes and a scanner. The appropriate position of eyes toward the scanner is also necessary. And, there must be no eye movement such as blink or glance. The characteristics of the retinal scan are significantly unique for each and can be recognized from placing an eye close to the scanner. That’s why it is much more challenging to fool as compared to other biometric techniques, false acceptance rate and the false rejection rate is remarkably low. In such a way, it has become the most secure authentication technology which has been successfully used in various fields. This technology inspects the complex mathematical patterns of an individual’s eye which are significantly unique for each. A comprehensive study on biometric authentication found that the false rejection rate of retinal security scanning is only 1.8% which is the lowest among all other biometric security methods. Even with this low rate of rejection, there are some things that can effect this technology. Although the pattern of capillary blood vessels of the retina stay the same, some conditions like diabetes, glaucoma, and cataracts can change this pattern. This makes retinal scan technology less suitable for use in offices or any other place. Retinal security scanning is a smart security system as compared to others and it is pretty accurate to use in your organization.

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Buy Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been? essay paper online “Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been?” was written by Joyce Carol Oates and she dedicated it to artist Bob Dylan. The story is about Connie, a fifteen-year-old girl who is described as a vain, stubborn, rebellious, and careless individual. The tragic story begins when Connie starts going out with Eddie. One night, while Connie and Eddie were out, she sees a man in a parking lot who tells her “Gonna get you, baby.” When Connie is left alone by her parents in the house, she sees a man outside and remembers him as the man she met in the parking lot. The man introduces himself as Arnold Friend and he asks Connie to go ride in the car and go with him. Connie refuses because the man is acting weird and tells her of details about her parents that mean he has been spying on her and her family. Arnold continues to persuade her with threats but Connie still refuses and tells him that she will call the police. Arnold follows her in the house and there, he stabs Connie repeatedly. Oates wrote a vague ending but it is certain that the story finishes with Connie dead. The tragic story brings about questions about the values and lessons embedded in Oates’ work. The objective in writing this analysis is to determine the factors or elements that contribute and led to Connie’s demise. Connie’s tragic end was caused by her inability to discern right from wrong, carelessness, stubbornness to get what she wants, and rebellious streak. Symbolism in the StoryWant an expert to write a paper for you Talk to an operator now “Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been?” is a cautionary story that illustrates the probable outcomes of carelessness, stubbornness, and rebelliousness, especially to young teenagers who refuse to listen to their parents. Another trait that led to Connie’s tragic end is her vanity and insistence of attracting other boys’ attention by trying to look and act mature. In the beginning of the story, Connie’s mother criticized her for being vain, “Stop gawking at yourself” (Oates, 1). Connie also tries to look mature by dressing up inappropriately and acting flirty around boys. She constantly lies to her mother and sister and never told them about what she has been up to. Ultimately, her stubbornness and rebelliousness against her family led to trouble when they were supposed to attend a barbecue at her aunt’s place but she said no. Instead, Connie chose to stay at home. She preferred to be alone and think about the boy she spent the night with, “her mind slipped over onto thoughts of the boy she had been with the night before and how nice he had been” (Oates, 2) instead of spending the Sunday with her family. However, Connie’s behavior is not entirely her fault. In the story, Oates hints errors on how Connie’s parents treat her. While Connie’s mother is harsh, her father seems detached and uncaring. Connie’s father “was away at work most of the time and when he came home… He didn’t bother talking much to them” (Oates, 1). Connie’s mother always criticizes her, “Who are you? You think you’re so pretty?” (Oates, 1) and compares her to June (Connie’s older sister), which may just be the reason why she feels insecure about herself and also feels the need to look mature. Moreover, the lack of attention from her father may be the reason why Connie feels that she has to attract the attention of boys. The ways her parents treat Connie symbolize the detrimental outcomes of bad or detached parenting to children. Moreover, this part of the story underscores the idea that the traits or characteristics of children are reflections of how they were raised by their parents. Nevertheless, Connie’s thoughts while she is danger show that no matter how she hated her parents, they are the ones she thinks of at a time of need, “She cried out, she cried for her mother, she felt her breath start jerking back and forth in her lungs as if it were something Arnold Friend was stabbing her with again and again with no tenderness” (Oates, 5). Connie’s vanity and desire to look and act mature and attractive may also be the reason why Arnold was attracted to her in the first place. Arnold told her that the first time he saw her in the parking lot, “Seen you that night and thought, that’s the one, yes sir” (Oates, 5), which proves that carelessness attracts danger. During Connie’s confrontation with Arnold, she notices that his car is a convert jalopy painted with gold. The car that Arnold owns reflects the idea that people who we are not supposed to trust may present themselves as dazzling or attractive people. Arnold who owns a shiny car represents the type of people who charm and entice other people – wolves who hide in sheepskin – and they are the ones who take advantage of naïve, careless, and stubborn individuals. In the story, Oates argues three important points: (a) that carelessness, stubbornness, and rebelliousness court danger, especially to young and naïve teenagers, (b) that bad parenting affects the traits and characteristics of teenagers and (c) that dishonest and devious people are usually the ones who appear to be honest or worth trusting. I agree with the three points that Oates embedded in the short story. Nowadays, it is important for parents to pay attention to their children and open lines of communication, with special focus on making sure that their children feel like they could be trusted with whatever teenagers want to say. On the other hand, teenagers must also make a conscious effort to listen to their parents. I was a teenager once and I understand that sometimes, parents seem to be the first ones to criticize and attack their children. However, teenagers must keep in mind that their parents know what is best for them. Lastly, everyone, not only teenagers, must be wary of people who pretend to be someone they are not, especially the ones who exert too much effort to be trusted because they usually are the distrustful ones who are capable of committing deviant acts. Most popular orders What Our Customers Say Check our customer feedback to ensure that we offer top-notch papers

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Blood disorders can drastically affect your overall health condition and body. These disorders can affect any of the three main components of the blood; red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. Based on the type of blood in your body these blood disorders can be treated. Red blood cells transmit oxygen to the various tissues of your body and any disorder of these cells can affect your body seriously. Given below are some common disorders associated with red blood cell: This is a condition when there is a lack of number of red blood cells in your body. Although a mild anemia causes no severe symptoms, a more severe condition of anemia can cause pale skin, shortness of breath and fatigue. 2. Iron Deficiency Anemia Deficiency of iron intake and heavy loss of blood in periods are the major reasons of iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is necessary for the body to produce red blood cells. Loosing blood from GI tract due to cancer or ulcers may also lead to this condition. 3. Anemia of Chronic Illness Several chronic diseases like kidney problems may lead to subsequent anemia. There is no specific treatment for this type of anemia, yet sometimes hormone injections of epoetin alfa to enhance the production of red blood cells, or transfusion of blood is necessary for people with this condition. 4. Pernicious Anemia This health condition is caused due to an autoimmune condition or a damaged stomach lining. This disease stops the body from absorbing necessary nutrient B12 from food. 5. Aplastic Anemia Aplastic anemia can be caused due to a viral infection, an autoimmune condition or a drug side effect. In people with aplastic anemia, the bone marrow is unable to generate sufficient blood cells including red blood cells. Blood transfusions, bone marrow transplant and various medications are used to treat this condition. 6. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia This condition is caused due to an overactive immune system, which abolishes your body’s own red blood cells and causes anemia. Medications for suppressing body’s immunity may be required to cure this condition. 7. Sickle Cell Anemia People with this condition have red blood cells in a rigid and curved shape due to a genetic mutation. Usually a normal red blood cell is shaped similar to a disc, but people suffering from sickle cell anemia have molecules of haemoglobin which are abnormal. This causes the red blood cells to be shaped like a sickle, and hence this condition draws its name from the unusual shape of blood cells. This condition is largely found among African Americans, although people from other regions are also affected. The sickle shaped cells are not able to carry necessary oxygen to body tissues and they may also block your blood flow by sticking in blood vessels. It is normally a hereditary illness which passes from parents to children. 8. Polycythemia Vera During this problem there is excess production of red blood cells in the body which may cause blood clots at times. It is a blood infection caused due to mosquito’s bite, which makes the blood cells split and further leads to fever, chills and organ damage. All the above conditions can be treated and the medication should be started as soon as possible to check further deterioration.

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Will Massachusetts Be First? Across the nation, 17 states, Washington D.C., and more than 200 cities and towns have passed non-discrimination laws protecting gender identity in public spaces. - Statewide law protecting gender identity in public accommodations. - No statewide law protecting gender identity in public accommodations. How Will This Be Implemented? The Law Will Require - Equal treatment for transgender and gender non-conforming patrons. - That businesses not refuse service to transgender patrons. The Law Will NOT Require - New construction of restrooms or other sex-segregated facilities. - Changes to criminal laws relating to assault or predatory behaviors. Why We Need This Law Treating others the way we’d like to be treated is at the foundation of our society. We all deserve to be treated fairly and equally under the law. But right now in Massachusetts, there are no explicit protections ensuring transgender people cannot be turned away from a hotel or denied service at a restaurant – simply because of who they are. A 2014 survey found that 65% of transgender people living in Massachusetts reported experiencing discriminated against in an area of public accommodation. That’s not who we are, but we can fix this by passing a commonsense bill that protects our transgender friends and neighbors from unwarranted discrimination. The Economic Case Not only is it the right thing to do, but it makes good business sense. That’s why Harvard Pilgrim, Google and Eastern Bank all support Freedom Massachusetts. Those businesses understand that when communities are welcoming places for everyone to live, work and raise families; businesses succeed as well. It’s not just Harvard Pilgrim, Google and Eastern Bank that make fairness and equality for all a priority. In fact, businesses are usually on the leading edge of efforts to secure protections for LGBT people. So it’s no surprise that nearly 70 percent of the nation’s leading Fortune 500 companies have nondiscrimination policies in place that explicitly cover gender identity, according to the Human Rights Campaigns Corporate Equality Index. Why This Matters A 2014 study found that transgender people who reported experiencing discrimination are 84 percent more likely to experience adverse physical effects and 99 percent more likely to experience emotional effects – like frustration, anger and sadness. It’s a vicious cycle – the same study reported that discrimination in public places increases the likelihood that transgender people won’t seek the medical care and treatment they need for health problems. The Bottom Line Ultimately, it’s about the kind of state we want to live in. None of us would want to face discrimination when it comes to being served by a business or government office – that’s why we need to fix our law so we can extend these commonsense protections to transgender Bay Staters and visitors.

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CC-MAIN-2016-30

http://www.freedommassachusetts.org/facts/

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* XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language * subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) defined in ISO standard 8879:1986 * makes documents interchangeable across the web - it's a language that every browser can decipher * however, it is not HTML or CSS language, nor is it a template for web design * XML is a formal language that computers use to talk to each other about the components of documents (all kinds: books, memos, etc.) * though it is NOT HTML, it surprisingly looks a lot like it. :-) * based on the concept of "documents" composed of a series of "entities" * users create their own definitions of what tags mean, and then code that into the document schema * the original XML schema language is the Document Type Definition (DTD); however, this is kind of bulky and awkward and many web designers are not fond of it. Many other new schema languages have emerged that are more favorable, such as RELAX NG. * there are many different types of elements that are used in XML schema. Some are simple, and contain only text. Others are more complex, wherein elements can be combined together into a single element, or can even be empty. * an example of a complex element that contains other elements: * string data types are used for values that contains character strings. The string data type can contain characters, line feeds, carriage returns, and tab characters. * even though you CAN code your own XML, it's much to your benefit to use an editing software. It can help catch your errors (like forgetting to close elements) and can also help guide your work.

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Eating for healthy skin is one thing, but eating for GENERAL health is a good starting point, as your skin will benefit by default. These are the general, important food groups for healthy eating: Every living cell in our bodies contains protein. We need protein to maintain our muscles, our bones and skin. Meat, beans, nuts, dairy products and certain grains all provide essential proteins. Adults need approximately 0.8g of protein per kilogram of your ideal body weight. Our bodies use carbohydrates as a primary source of energy, used for processes in your cells, tissues and organs. Taking in enough carbohydrates is crucial, as it allows your protein to be spared for the building and repairing of tissue. 45 to 65 percent of your daily intake should come from healthy carbohydrates. Fats often get a bad rap, when in reality they are essential for optimum health. We just need to include the right ones. Steer clear from saturated and trans fats, which will raise your cholesterol and increase your chances of heart disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes. The healthy kinds of fats we can eat are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, which are vital for healthy skin, nails and hair, and will promote a healthier heart. 15-25 percent of your daily intake should be made up of these healthy fats. Fruit and Vegetables: Many of the vitamins and minerals our bodies need come from fresh fruit and vegetables. The recommended intake is roughly 5 portions a day, with vegetables preferably making up more than half of this quota. Eating for beauty: Here is a great article that lists the many wonderful, natural foods to make you radiant from the inside out.

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The resource has been added to your collection Coaster Creator is an interactive game that explores the science behind roller coasters. Use your knowledge of potential energy and kinetic energy to design your own coaster. Rapid energy transfer is the key to roller coaster thrills but be careful — too much kinetic energy and you’ll crash, too little and you'll stall. Play this beta version of the game and find out if your coaster will be a smash or a snore! This resource was reviewed using the Curriki Review rubric and received an overall Curriki Review System rating of 3, as of 2009-05-20. This is a great visual aid for students to understand potential and kinetic energy. In addition, it is engaging students to create a roller coaster on their own in order to experiment on what factors affect the change in energy. I would probably have students compare two roller coasters that they made and submit a small paper (a couple paragraphs) on the different effects they tried out and what impact the changes had on the speed and change in PE and KE. I like this link. I plan to use it soon in my physical science class. I hope it will help them make the connection between Kinetic and Potential energy.. This is a great resource (and a lot of fun) to establish a basis for understanding of energy. I would recommend this for middle school physics classes especially, and I know that my freshman physics course actually builds a model roller coaster, so this is a tried and true exercise.

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CC-MAIN-2016-50

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New research suggests a total lifestyle overhaul is a more efficient route to success than changing just one habit at a time. The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step, but what would happen if you took many steps… instead of just one? A new study published in March in the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience suggests that changing just one old habit at a time might be an outmoded way of thinking. For those of us whom embark on the journey toward bettering ourselves, it is often recommended that the path toward well-being should be approached by adopting one new habit at a time to create lasting change. Scientific studies typically (though not always) hypothesize and test this by studying the cause and effect of one practice at a time (For example: How meditation helps treat chronic depression), because it is much more straightforward to analyze data and come to conclusions when just one new element is introduced to the equation. But researchers at the University of California Santa Barbara wondered if this tried-and-true mentality—when put to the test is indeed effective—was slowing our progress overall. They decided to find out whether or not a complete lifestyle overhaul had a greater impact on health and well-being, and if in the end it was better to give up every bad habit at once, instead of tacking them piecemeal. Researchers assembled 31 college students with flexible daily schedules, and put them through a series of physical, cognitive, and emotional tests. Before the experiment began, brain scans were conducted on each student. Next, they were divided into two groups: the first was a control group that continued their routines as usual, and the other group underwent a total lifestyle overhaul. For the next six weeks, the lifestyle overhaul group spent each morning stretching for an hour, followed by strength and resistance training, balancing exercises, and then an hour of mindfulness-based training which included stress reduction techniques like meditation. But that’s not all—in the afternoon, the group exercised again for another 90 minutes, and also completed endurance workouts twice a week. They received nutrition consulting and kept a daily journal of their exercise and diet, while also tracking their sleep cycles and mood levels. At the end of the experiment the students were retested. It should be of no surprise that the control group did not change. However, the group that underwent the total lifestyle overhaul were substantially fitter, happier, and more productive. Their brainpower received a big boost; cognitive function, memory, and focus improved, and they had greater sense of self-confidence. The New York Times WELL blog has more: These improvements, especially on measures of mood and stress reduction, generally exceeded by a great deal what had been seen in many past experiments whose subjects altered only one behavior. The study’s authors suggest that one kind of change, like starting an exercise regimen, may amplify the effects of another, like taking up meditation. What’s more, the improvements persisted: According to Michael Mrazek, the director of research at the Center for Mindfulness & Human Potential at U.C.S.B. and the study’s lead author, another set of tests six weeks after the experiment’s end showed that the change-everything students still scored much higher than they originally had on measures of fitness, mood, thinking skills and well-being, even though none of them were still exercising or meditating as much as they did during the experiment. This is all well and good but let’s be real—is a total lifestyle change really feasible for the average working adult? Maybe so! Profound results like these—in such a short period of time, no less—are quite encouraging. Sure, it may seem daunting if not impossible to change EVERYTHING all at once, but knowing that in just six weeks it’s possible to look, feel, and live better than ever before is some serious motivation. Of course there is nothing wrong with replacing one bad habit at a time with a healthy one, but why not try making two changes… or three… or four? Think of it as just a six-week commitment to see if it’s working and then reassess. When you look at it that way, goal-setting becomes a lot less ominous and a lot more doable in the long run. Writer | Teacher | Dancer Andrea Rice is a Senior Writer for Wanderlust Media. She is also a freelance writer, editor, and yoga teacher. Her work has appeared in The New York Times, Yoga Journal, SONIMA, MindBodyGreen, and other online publications. You can find her regular classes at shambhala yoga & dance center in Brooklyn, and connect with her on Instagram, Twitter, and on her website.

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CC-MAIN-2019-39

https://exploredeeply.com/live-your-purpose/new-study-shows-changing-it-all-is-more-effective-than-changing-one-step-at-a-time

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Department of Neurobiology; Waddell Lab *Anesthesia; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Base Sequence; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Memory; Neuropil; Phospholipases A; Phospholipases A2; Phosphoproteins; Transcription, Genetic Neuroscience and Neurobiology Long-term memory in Drosophila is separable into two components: consolidated, anesthesia-resistant memory and long-lasting, protein-synthesis-dependent memory. The Drosophila memory mutant radish is specifically deficient in anesthesia-resistant memory and so represents the only molecular avenue to understanding this memory component. Here, we have identified the radish gene by positional cloning and comparative sequencing, finding a mutant stop codon in gene CG15720 from the Drosophila Genome Project. Induction of a wild-type CG15720 transgene in adult flies acutely rescues the mutant's memory defect. The phospholipase A2 gene, previously identified as radish [Chiang et al. (2004) Curr. Biol. 14:263-272], maps 95 kb outside the behaviorally determined deletion interval and is unlikely to be radish. The Radish protein is highly expressed in the mushroom bodies, centers of olfactory memory. It encodes a protein with 23 predicted cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) phosphorylation sequences. The Radish protein has recently been reported to bind to Rac1 [Formstecher et al. (2005) Genome Res. 15:376-384], a small GTPase that regulates cytoskeletal rearrangement and influences neuronal and synaptic morphology. Rights and Permissions Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. DOI of Published Version Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 14;103(46):17496-500. Epub 2006 Nov 6. Link to article on publisher's site Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Folkers E, Waddell S, Quinn WG. (2006). The Drosophila radish gene encodes a protein required for anesthesia-resistant memory. Neurobiology Publications. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608377103. Retrieved from https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/neurobiology_pp/56

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SITA since more then 30 years produces UV units for the disinfection of drinking water. Water treatment is fundamental when we talk about drinking water. One of the main issues which are usually faced are bacteria chlorine resistant like for example Cryptosporidiu, and Giardia. Usually in the past water disinfection was demanded to chlorine or other chemical products. Now-a-day small and big aqueducts are considering UV technology as an help or an alternative to the use of the chemical products. Three different certification (DWGV, ONORM, USEPA) are able to ensure the end user about the real efficacy of the UV units. Those certification infact are given only after very strict biodosimetric test made in the most different operational conditions. SITA's IT series has been specifically studied for drinking water and is certified under O-NORM 5873-1. Other important certifications, like for example WRAS and ACS, ensure that SITA production is suitabke for human consumption.

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CC-MAIN-2018-26

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Cassilda is one of the key characters from The King In Yellow, who is quoted by Robert W. Chambers in the original collection of stories. She is one of only three characters known for certain to be in the play. Appears in Act 1, Scene 2 of the play. Origin of the NameEdit Interpretation of CassildaEdit In the texts of James Blish and Lin Carter Cassilda is clearly made into the mother figure of the royal line (possibly the widow of Aldones), an apathetic and sad queen to the city in which they all live. In other sources this role is not so clearly defined, if at all. She is sometimes the sister of Camilla. In More Light she is the grandmother of The Child. In The King In Yellow by Thom Ryng she is the Queen of Yhtill. The Encyclopedia Cthulhiana says...Edit Under her own name, the Encyclopedia Cthulhiana only states: Character from 'The King in Yellow'. Under the entry for the play, two alternatives are suggested. Either she is simply one of several claimants to the throne of Yhtill or she is the ruling queen of the city of Hastur, which has been at war with its neighbor Alar for countless years. Cassilda is first brought to our attention through her song at the beginning of the Chambers' book, as she sings a song that hints of mysterious Carcosa, in particular the multiple suns and moons, the black stars, the lake and the Hyades: - Along the shore the cloud waves break, - The twin suns sink beneath the lake, - The shadows lengthen - In Carcosa. - Strange is the night where black stars rise, - And strange moons circle through the skies - But stranger still is - Lost Carcosa. - Songs that the Hyades shall sing, - Where flap the tatters of the King, - Must die unheard in - Dim Carcosa. - Song of my soul, my voice is dead; - Die thou, unsung, as tears unshed - Shall dry and die in - Lost Carcosa. Cassilda, Camilla and CarcosaEdit It's worth noting, perhaps, that both Cassilda and Camilla, two characters created and defined through their quotes by Chambers, both have names that look as if they might be based upon the name Carcosa, almost as if it is as much part of them as they are of it. Cassilda Beyond The PlayEdit In The River of Night's Dreaming, one of the characters is called Cassilda, just as one is called Camilla. These characters, whilst distinct from their counterparts in the play, do seem to echo those that are in the play. Might their actions hint at those unexplored in the terrible Second Act of the play? She features with Camilla in the Yellow Dresses poetry sequence. Outside The Mythos Edit A character named Cassilda (quite probably named in honour of this character) appears, wearing a mask, in the short story Second Wish by Brian Lumley (loosely part of the Cthulhu Mythos, but with no other indications of a link to the Yellow Mythos).

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CC-MAIN-2016-44

http://kinginyellow.wikia.com/wiki/Cassilda

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Learn how to create smooth gradations of value using hatching and cross hatching. Learn how to create the illusion of space with two point perspective. Learn how to create the illusion of space using two point perspective in this free drawing lesson video. 9 Steps to Creating Better Compositions Great compositions don’t just happen by accident. They take planning, patience, and a knowledge of all the visual elements at your disposal. The great thing is, no matter how much or how little talent you have, you’ll always be able to improve your art by sketching out a good composition before you begin. Learn the secret to drawing reflective surfaces in this recorded live lesson. Explore the different erasers used for erasing graphite. Learn the strengths and weaknesses of each eraser. Learn how to create the illusion of texture in a drawing by combining shapes of value with directional stroking. Learn how to group basic shapes together to draw complex subjects. A look at drawing hair using a step by step approach of developing values and textures. Aquil Akhter is a web graphic designer and has been working in this field for 8 years. He also runs the blog webdesigncore.com, which focuses on free web … More about Aquil… Learn how to draw a realistic eye following a step by step approach. Further Reading on SmashingMag: Things You Didn’t Know Your Doodles Could Accomplish I Draw Pictures All Day The Messy Art Of UX Sketching Drawing Challenge: Illustrating Animals With 13 Circles Traditional Drawing Tutorials A detailed look at drawing an architectural landscape with graphite on charcoal paper. The most complete guide to drawing noses. This page focuses on drawing realistic noses using a pencil. A Pseudo-Sugar Skull: From Start to Finish. Create a highly detailed sugar skull illustration by following this expert tutorial, with details on the process from sketch to final digital design. Face drawing: the heroic male In this tutorial we’ll draw a character face of a hero-like character. In the process we’ll review an optimal placement of the facial features and the best ways to emphasize the features of the face that will make our character look manly and heroic. Learn how to draw a horse in motion with graphite pencils in this lesson. This article contains a mixture of traditional drawing tutorials, drawing techniques and some methods for transforming and preparing your creations for screen design. Some are intermediate level and some are advanced tutorials that include general theory, useful tips, comic inspired art, sketch a pencil drawing, coloring processing, character sketching, doodles, shapes, proportional, perspective and much more. We hope that drawing tutorials and techniques in this post will be a great help to you. The basics of drawing with two point perspective, a form of linear perspective. Pet Portrait A very good tutorial about how to draw pet portraits with colored pencils. Basic process and tips. Medium : Prismacolor Colored Pencils. Learn two different approaches to drawing animal fur texture in this lesson. How to Draw what you See: Techniques and Tips to Improve your Drawing Skills This article contains step-by-step images of the process Artist uses to create realistic looking drawings, as well as tips he have picked up over the years which anyone can use to improve their drawing skills. Meet Smashing Book 6 with everything from design systems and accessible single-page apps to CSS Custom Properties, Grid, Service Workers, performance, AR/VR and responsive art direction. New frontiers in front-end and UX with Marcy Sutton, Harry Roberts, Laura Elizabeth and many others. Lone Wolf Pencil Drawing Here is a new miniature speed pencil drawing. Artist wanted to make this one different from my other ones. He combined two drawings in one to make a single image. The sunset and the single wolf. It gives the final image a different look and feeling. Learn how to create the illusion of texture found on highly reflective surfaces. Practice concepts learned with a drawing exercise. A comprehensive lesson series on drawing a house portrait with graphite pencils on charcoal paper. Marilyn Portrait Tutorial A truly fantastic drawing tutorial to learn how to draw a portrait of Marilyn Monroe with pencil. Each step of the portrait is perfectly well explained and commented. This tutorial is very detailed, and requires a lot of patience. Create a quick sketch of a skull in just 30 minutes using basic forms and shapes to ensure accuracy. Manga Making Tutorial In this tutorial artist will show you the process of creating a complete Manga comic strip using traditional tools. Learn how to create the illusion of space with one point perspective. Learn how loosening up can lead to greater accuracy in your drawings. Tackle the challenging shapes of circles and ellipses in this lesson’s drawing exercises. A look at drawing reflective surfaces with graphite pencils (2 lessons). Learn how to draw an eye using blending stumps and blending tortillons in this full length recorded Live Lesson. See all of the steps in this creation of a portrait in graphite in this video. Learn how to create the illusion of space with three point perspective. A look at drawing the nose from a profile view using basic shapes, then developing the value to model the form and create texture. The basics of drawing with one point perspective, a form of linear perspective. Learn how to create accurate shading in a drawing. This tutorial includes shading techniques as well as the principles of understanding light. Upgrade your inbox and get our editors’ picks twice a month. The basics of drawing with three point perspective, a form of linear perspective. Learn how to draw realistic eyes in this free drawing lesson video. TRADITIONAL SKETCH RENDERING At most design schools they teach you how to use a single wooden pencil to create an entire rendering, sometimes referred to as a “Prisma-rendering” due to the type of pencil usually used (Prismacolor wood pencils). These are fast and very pretty looking techniques, and they are fairly easy to master. This will be more of a walkthrough then a tutorial in the sense that artist won’t describe every pen stroke, more the basic steps and thoughts behind. Ok, let’s go! Learn how to draw complex subjects by piecing together simple, basic forms. How to Draw a Car For this tutorial the artist will show the different steps he takes in drawing a realistic looking car. He chose to draw an american classic, the Corvette. This tutorial will apply to any car though because for the most part, they are all the same. The key to drawing a car that will pop off the page is having a good balance of lights, midtones, and darks along with clean, sharp edges. He is using Derwent Graphic Pencils and Fabriano Artistico Bright White Watercolor Paper, he is also using mechanical pencils for small details. Drawing a Rose An excellent tutorial offered by Rachel, to learn how to draw a pink rose. Learn how to draw a realistic portrait using a modified grid. This technique greatly reduces the number of preliminary lines but ensures an accurate drawing. Tips for drawing hands In this tutorial Artist will include many tips about drawing hands he has picked up which are useful for getting better at drawing hands, including foreshortening, nails, and finger shapes. Learn how to draw a realistic portrait using the grid technique. Develop the value within the scene with graphite and white charcoal. Learn the stages to artistic development and why they are important to drawing improvement. How to create the illusion of texture in a graphite drawing and the factors that most contribute to success. The second of three subjects is explored in this module. Pencil Sketching by Max MaxBert Bertuzzi very comprehensive theoritical tutorial, this article will increase knowledge and power of your drawing skill Learn how to draw realistic water droplets and how light behaves within a transparent object. Learn some of the common graphite drawing techniques in this free drawing lesson. Learn how to manipulate value to create the illusion of muscles in the arms and back in this recorded live lesson. Learn how to create the illusion of reflection and transparency with graphite and white charcoal while developing a drawing of five marbles. An introduction to “25 Days to Better Drawings” and a look at the materials that will be used throughout the course. A look at sketching with graphite. Sketching as a study, for form, and as a preliminary drawing. From Sketch to Vector Illustration Create inspiring digital creations from hand drawn sketch using these helpful tips. How to Draw Optimus Prime From Transformers In this tutorial you will be learning how to draw one of the most popular of the Autobots, Optimus Prime. This drawing tutorial will show you in detail how to sketch, draw, and shade in this character that is popular around the world With useful tips for web devs. Sent 2× a month. You can unsubscribe any time — obviously. Learn how to keep your drawings clean from start to finish in this time lapse video of a completed drawing. Learn how to draw the figure in perspective in this drawing lesson. Learn how to draw feet from several different angles in this full length video tutorial. Eye-drawing tutorial by Sarah A great and very detailed tutorial, to learn how to draw an eye in 30 steps Learn how to manipulate value to create the illusion of hair. Learn how to create value studies and sketches quickly with water-soluble graphite Learn how to draw hair in this ultimate guide that demonstrates a four-step process. Learn how to draw with value in order to create the illusion of light and form in this recorded live lesson. Learn drawing techniques for creating the illusion of space in a drawing. September 8, 2009 Leave a comment 50 Clever Tutorials and Techniques on Traditional Drawing 9 min read Graphics, Art, Tutorials, Drawing, Cartoons, Sketching Share on Twitter or LinkedIn How to Draw Dragons: Step-by-Step Instructions from Tooth to Tail Dragons aren’t real, but if we want them to look like something living in our reality, their design must obey certain rules. Dragon draw tutorial – Game of Thrones, the Hobbit or Harry Potter series. How to Draw a Ninja This tutorial will show you how to draw a ninja step by step. This tutorial has easy to follow directions and steps making it that much more possible for anybody to tackle 3 Dimensional Drawing Techniques To learn the basics of shape, perspective and shading in order to create depth in your work. Drawing clothes techniques A less general point that the portrait seems to pose few problems is the representation of clothing. In this tutorial, clothing can be summarized in two points: the folds and textures. A two part video series on creating the illusion of texture in a pencil drawing. Evil skull drawing Looking for a terrifying evil skull drawing tutorial? Just follow the steps and you should be able to walk away with a scary skull to use in your scary projects (whatever they might be). Let’s start with the evil skull drawing tutorial! Learn how to draw an imagined 3D maze using two point perspective in this lesson. A look at drawing the ear using a step by step approach of defining specific regions through thoughtful applications of gradations of value. Learn how the concept of cross contour lines can help us to better understand the form of a subject and determine directional stroking when adding shading to a drawing. Learn how to draw a realistic feather. Use shape, line, and value to create realistic textures. Graphitint pencils are used to sketch a lion in this tutorial. Hair Amanda Tapping A step by step drawing showing amazing hair on a portrait of actress Amanda Tapping. The result is impressive realism. A must see! How I making manga part 2 A step by step comprehensive and detailed tutorial about making manga. Learn how to draw with blending tools like blending stumps and tortillons. Portrait tutorial This is a step by step tutorial on how to draw a realistic portrait. The artist assumes that you have a basic understanding of drawing and shading before attempting to draw a serious portrait. For this lesson he is drawing on 11”x14” Fabriano Hotpressed Watercolor Paper. He is using Derwent Graphic Pencils ranging from 2H to 7B. For more information on any of the drawing tools that he mention in this tutorial, visit the drawing materials page. This video demonstration shows you how to draw hands quickly and easily Drawing Hair in Pencil Some very useful tips for you on how to create extremely inspiring and realistic drawing hair in pencil work How to draw Marlon Brando step by step It is now time to show you “how to draw Marlon Brando step by step” All the steps and instructions are laid out in the simplest format possible to help make this tutorial a breeze. Learn the power of value and how to use it to create the illusion of form and volume. See all of steps in the creation of this drawing of a dog in graphite in this video. The ultimate guide to drawing trees with four lessons included. Lesson one teaches you how to draw a tree with graphite pencils. A look at drawing the nose from a frontal view by placing basic shapes and adding shading / value to create the illusion of form and texture. Learn how to use shading and manipulate light to create the illusion of form in a drawing. Dance of Spring Tutorial A step by step detailed tutorial that will help you with your Colored pencil. An eight part video series on drawing a representational portrait with graphite pencil. Learn how to draw from photographs to produce accurate results. In this module, we’ll learn how to use value to create the illusion of light and form in a drawing. Portrait Drawing The Smart Way – Triangular Grid Drawing – 3 Lessons Learn how to draw a soft and nostalgic portrait with graphite pencils. Learn basic facial proportions and take a close look at each feature in these recorded live lessons. How to draw from life and create accurate reproductions of what you are observing. Cutting-edge data exploration Earn Your Master’s Degree Online The basic facial proportions and spacial relationships of the features of the head. Learn how to draw basic forms by starting with simple shapes. Create the illusion of form through the use of value and tone. Learn the three factors to creating smooth shading in drawing. The Guide to Graphite Course – Graphite Grades and Sharpening Traditional drawing is certainly way harder than digital and it is true that people are able to progress much faster digitally, but one should learn the traditional type of drawing and painting before starting digital drawing, since it often lays out the foundation for screen design. Learn how to draw a sphere and the proper terminology on shading in this free drawing lesson video. Learn the two key components that lead to the illusion of texture in a drawing. Apply concepts to draw the texture of wood. Hair drawing tutorial Drawing hair is definitely one of the trickiest part of almost every portrait. However, you will definitely like it if you acquire technique and skill in it. Therefore Artist introduce some easy and effective ways to draw wavy or straight hair or hair blowing in the wind. No matter how much chaotic the hair is, you’ll be able to draw it. This tutorial explains two techniques of drawing hair on four portraits. Editing Drawings Editing Drawings by Cataclysm-X offers valuable tips for bringing out the best in your traditional drawings after they have lost their depth and luster due to scanning.I am sure this technique will help many traditional artists in the presentation of their work. Learn how to use line to define objects and create the illusion of form. How to create the illusion of texture in a graphite drawing and the factors that most contribute to success. The first of three subjects is explored in this module. Learn the placement of the facial features and how this information can be used to draw any portrait. Detailed Hair This article contains high quality tutorials that will guide you how to create highly realistic and inspiring hair on your subjects. A look at drawing the structure of what lies beneath the face and head – the skull (frontal view). Learn the steps to drawing a seated figure in this recorded live lesson. Five one hour lessons and exercises on the basics of drawing. In this module, we’re introduced to the element of art, value. Learn its importance to drawing, proper terminology, and blending techniques. A look at light and shadow in a drawing, the importance of value, and the role of contrast. How to use value to create the illusion of convincing rocks in the landscape in this full length video. Creating a continuous line drawing is an easy and effective drawing exercise. Learn the “ends and outs” of creating one in this tutorial. Learn how to draw the basic forms that are the building blocks for more complex objects in this drawing lesson. Learn how to draw a figure quickly and with correct proportions. Learn how to use sighting, measuring, and mapping to ensure greater accuracy in your drawings. Learn and explore the different grades of graphite pencils used by artists and strategies for sharpening your pencil in this course module. Learn how to draw a rose with pencil in this easy, step by step lesson and drawing exercise. (Photo reference included.) Learn the essence of drawing by balancing observation with mark making. Reinforce concepts with four drawing exercises. 25 Days to Better Drawings – Sighting, Measuring, and Mapping Graphite Portrait This tutorial explains all steps to create a portrait of Zinedine Zidane in graphite pencil. Time to complete: 10 hours. Think it takes talent to draw? In this webinar, you’ll see that it doesn’t and that you CAN draw anything that you wish. Drawing exercises are included. Comic Story Step by Step If you are looking for a comic story guideline, here is a perfect step by step guide for you that will guide you starting with sketching and moving on through the inking and digital processes. Shading and Blending This brilliant tutorial is all about shading and blendng, so let start and get lot of tips and amazing techniques. Circulism Technique Circulism is a very interesting technique to create skin texture with pencil. With this great tutorial, learn how to acheive a realistic skin texture with circulism. How to draw lips In this tutorial artist will explain how to draw the structure of the human lips. Portraiture lesson To study draw a portrait using the ‘inside-out’ method. Learn the basics of drawing with graphite in its various forms. A detailed lesson series on drawing a realistic light bulb with graphite on smooth Bristol paper. Learn how to use value to create the illusion of form and light in this tutorial that features excerpts from a 1 hour drawing demonstration. How to Draw Caricatures: Head Shapes Head shape is the most important part of a caricature and in this tutorial you will learn great techniques about it. Learn how value affects the illusion of light and form on a subject and how contrast can be used to create the illusion of depth. Learn how to draw with water-soluble graphite in this video tutorial. Basic drawing techniques including blending, hatching and cross hatching, rendering, and more. Learn how to draw a figure in perspective with a simple step by step approach. Learn seven different application techniques for graphite and strategies for blending. Combine a variety of black and white drawing media to create a realistic drawing of a Great White shark. Learn how to create a value finder, a useful tool for drawing. How to Draw Caricatures: The 5 Shapes This is a great collection of tips and techniques you can use to draw caricatures and learn the basic theory and 5 shapes of caricature design. How to Draw a Realistic Eye Artist made this tutorial to show the different steps that he take in drawing a realistic eye. Envato Market has a range of items for sale to help get you started. Learn how easy it can be to draw hands in this free drawing tutorial. Learn how to draw a realistic mouth with graphite pencil. Two videos are included as well as still images. Learn how to draw facial proportions from 5 different angles in this full length video tutorial. Learn the basics of drawing with the exercise known as “Blind Contour Line Drawing” in this drawing video. Learn how to draw a face with graphite. Both male and female examples, and the profile view are explored in 4 video demonstrations and illustrations. Learn how to draw with colored graphite (Graphitint pencils) in this recorded Live Lesson. An introduction to “Pencil Drawing – The Guide to Graphite”. Learn the basics of figure drawing. A four step approach to creating accurate proportions is explored. Learn to get loose with graphite pencil drawing in this full length demonstration of a drawing of a dog. How to draw a fashion figure In this video tutorial you will learn how to use existing reference photo to trace a fashion inspired sketch. A look at drawing the eye from a profile view using a step by step approach of observation and application of material. Learn how to draw with Graphitint pencils in this lesson. Graphitint pencils are colored graphite pencils. Learn how to use water-soluble graphite in this full length video demonstration. Proportions Proportions in any drawing assignment hold great value; therefore we have come up with these five most helpful techniques that will help you getting grips with proportions in your drawings. Learn how to create a loose and airy sketch with colored graphite in this lesson. Learn how to use powdered graphite to develop an underpainting and create a drawing of a dog. Learn how to draw a bird with basic shapes and render the image with pencil and white charcoal. Learn the different types of graphite that artists use in this video tutorial. Clothing Tutorial An excellent roundup with plenty of tips and clothing tutorials. So, dress your characters in the best way by practicing these tips. Drawing Hands Follow these simple and easy tips to avoid the difficulty of recreation of hands in pencil drawing and to learn some great tips and techniques of drawing hands. Portrait tutorial Artist is going to show several step photos along the way on this one. Artist chose this photo because of it’s RICH content, and it’s HIGH amount of TONAL VALUES, CONTRAST as well as it being a high resolution file, Finding just the right photo is half the battle to a good drawing. NEVER EVER work with a low quality photo. How to Draw a mouth and teeth Artist made this tutorial to show the different steps that he take in drawing a realistic mouth, lips, and teeth. Learn how to draw a realistic strand of hair in this recorded Live Lesson. Drawing Hands and Feet Some useful explainations and tips about how to draw hands and feet. A look at drawing the eye from a frontal view using a step by step approach of observation and application of material. Learn how to draw hands from different angles using basic shapes and value in this full length video recorded form a live lesson. Learn pencil techniques to create the illusion of a realistic tree in this recorded live lesson. Learn how to create the illusion of space using one point perspective in this free drawing lesson video. A look at recognizing and drawing the planes of the face and the head. A look at drawing the mouth and teeth using a structured approach of observation and application of media. Leather Wings In this tutorial you can get ideas and techniques for drawing realistic wings stracture, Artist focuses at drawing wings. Learn how to break complex subjects down into easy to draw shapes. Apply this concept to a complex subject with a drawing exercise.

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Salt Water Remnants on Ceres NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Does Ceres have underground pockets of water? Ceres, the largest asteroid in the asteroid belt, was thought to be composed of rock and ice. At the same time, Ceres was known to have unusual bright spots on its surface. These bright spots were clearly imaged during Dawn's exciting approach in 2015. Analyses of Dawn images and spectra indicated that the bright spots arise from the residue of highly-reflective salt water that used to exist on Ceres' surface but evaporated. Recent analysis indicates that some of this water may have originated from deep inside the dwarf planet, indicating Ceres to be a kindred spirit with several Solar System moons, also thought to harbor deep water pockets. The featured video shows in false-color pink the bright evaporated brine named Cerealia Facula in Occator Crater. In 2018, the mission-successful but fuel-depleted Dawn spacecraft was placed in a distant parking orbit, keeping it away from the Ceres' surface for at least 20 years to avoid interfering with any life that might there exist. Experts Debate: How will humanity first discover extraterrestrial life?

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