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TEN MISTAKES TO AVOID WHEN GROWING TOMATOES By Steve Reiners, Associate Professor of Horticultural Sciences, Cornell University GENEVA, NY: Tomatoes are a multi-purpose fruit that some people will argue are vegetables. Fresh, cooked or canned, there are a multitude of different uses, although most will argue, "fresher, the better." For people with a little extra time and soil, homegrown tomatoes can't be beat. However, for those with little or no experience tending their own tomato garden, enjoying a rich harvest can be trickier than it looks. Here are the 10 most common mistakes to avoid when growing and harvesting your own tomatoes. 1) Choose the right variety - Some tomato varieties are determinate type plants, meaning they may grow to about three feet in height and then stop. Others, especially most of the heirloom types, are indeterminate, meaning they will grew as high as you allow them to grow. If your space is limited, choose determinate types like Celebrity, Sunbeam or Mountain Spring. 2) Don't plant them too close - Tomato plants need at least 1 1/2 feet between plants, preferably 2 feet, and that's for plants that are grown upright on stakes or cages. If no support is given and they are allowed to sprawl on the ground, tomato plants need twice as much room. Plants spaced too closely will produce few fruit and have more disease problems as the foliage stays wet. Plant according to how big they will get, not on the size of the transplants. 3) Plant what you can use - I love tomatoes. My two kids and wife love tomatoes. But for us, six plants is usually more than enough, and that leaves us with enough to supply my non-tomato growing neighbors. Save room for other vegetables and flowers. 4) Don't plant in shady spots - Tomato plants, like any plant that produces fruit, need at least seven hours of direct sun. If you have less, you will have fantastic foliage but very few fruit. There is nothing-repeat, nothing-that can overcome this light requirement. Fruit production takes a tremendous amount of energy, and tomato plants, like all plants, get that energy from the sun. 5) Feed the plants, but not too much -Tomatoes like a balanced fertilizer, with similar amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Avoid using fertilizers that are intended for lawns. The high nitrogen will push the leaves at the expense of fruit. Look for fertilizers designed for tomatoes and follow the label directions. Or better yet, throw a shovel full of compost around the plants every other 6) Don't lose sleep over pruning - will grow just fine without pruning. Pruning refers to removing the sideshoots or suckers that come off the main shoot. Pruning will help control the size of the plant and can keep the plants more manageable, which is usually desirable in a small garden. Pruning will result in slightly fewer total fruit but the fruit will be slightly larger. You will likely get more but slightly smaller fruit from non-pruned plants. Do what you're comfortable with. 7) Keep the plants well watered - When the soil around tomato plants dries out, a serious problem results. Calcium, one of the handful of minerals needed by all plants to grow, is absorbed by the plant's roots along with water. If water is limited, so is calcium. The result is blossom-end rot, a brown, dry, leathery spot found on the bottom of fruit. Don't be fooled by magic remedies that promise to fix this. Special fertilizers, egg shells or a Tums tablet placed next to the plant won't make a difference. Only water will make the difference. So make sure your soils don't dry out and use mulch to help conserve 8) Don't remove leaves or branches from mature plants with fruit - Some people think that tomato fruit need direct sunlight to ripen. This is untrue. Pruning the plant prior to fruiting is fine, as discussed earlier, but never remove foliage from a mature plant. This exposes fruit to direct sun and can lead to sunscald, a yellowing of the side exposed to the sun. The same holds true for green fruit you are ripening inside. Do not put them on a sunny windowsill. Instead put them in a paper bag and place them out of direct light. 9) Identify your pest problems - Remember, it's normal to see insects on your plants and chances are, most of them are not doing any harm. And every year, diseases will cause some yellowing and browning. But you should get more than enough fruit to satisfy your needs even with some pest damage. At the very least, learn to identify common tomato pests so that you can take appropriate action. Use chemicals as a last resort. 10) Don't put fruit in your refrigerator - done everything right and now it's time to pick the first fruit, but don't be tempted to put that fruit in the refrigerator. Temperatures below 55F will destroy the fragile balance of sugars, acids and other flavor inducing compounds. Leave tomatoes at room temperature, away from direct sunlight. If you want them to ripen faster, put them in a brown Stephen Reiners is associate professor of horticultural sciences at Cornell University, at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, NY. His field research is designed to maintain and enhance the profitability and sustainability of New York vegetable farmers with an emphasis on processing crops such as sweet corn, cabbage, beets and peas.

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Voice interfaces have been around for quite some time now. It started in the early 1950s with “Audrey” that could recognize numbers. Over the years, systems became more and more powerful, and in 2011 Apple brought Siri to the mobile phone mass market. A short and incomplete history In the history of voice interfaces, there were many technological advances and systems that introduced a new level of voice recognition. 1952: “Audrey” could recognize the numbers from 0-9 1962 – “Shoebox” could understand 16 English words 1970 – The Hidden Markov Model (HMM) boosted speech recognition technology by introducing prediction models. 1971 – “Harpy” could understand more than 1000 words 1984 – “Speechworks” was an interactive voice response system over the telephone 1996 – VAL was the first dial-in voice portal based interactive voice recognition system 1997 – “Dragon Dictate” was the first software that was able to recognize continuous speech 2007 – “Siri” (the company) was founded 2008 – Voice search queries were introduced by Google. 2011 – “Siri” introduced on the iPhone 4S 2014 – Amazon launched Echo with “Alexa” So, if voice interfaces have been around for so many years, why they are a hot thing now? There are several reasons for this. First of all, the quality of speech recognition is extremely good thanks to advances driven by AI. When you talk with a digital assistant, they understand you very well and are able to make sense out of your inquiries (well, for the most part anyway). Second of all, it simply took a while for smart home appliances like smart speakers to gain a market share. It’s not alien anymore for people to talk to their speakers at home and get an answer. Third of all, Bluetooth headphones (and built-in microphones) are working. When activating a digital assistant, there is no need to hold your phone to your face and talk to it, your headphones can do the job. Forth of all: podcasts are mainstream with millions of podcasts available and many more people listening to them. After all, listening to a podcast is a nice thing to do while going for a walk or commuting to work. And last but not least: the Clubhouse hype. This voice-only social has generated hype and has sparked interest in audio as a communication medium. Voice for your Business Since voice is everywhere, you need to enrich your communication channel with your customers with a voice channel. There is no way around it. There are many basic services that your business can offer like for example: – Contact Requests – Product Feedback We’re happy to work with you on bringing your services to personal assistants like Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant. Just ask Siri to contact us: “Hey Siri, contact IKANGAI” after installing the Siri Shortcut.

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Your personality is influenced by your experiences, environment and inherited characteristics. A personality disorder usually develops by late adolescence or early adulthood and can be caused by different environmental and genetic factors. It affects: - The way you think of yourself and others - How you respond emotionally - How you relate to others - Your capacity to control your behaviour There are 10 specific types of personality disorders that cause different dysfunctions in personality. Without treatment, these disorders can be long-lasting. Some common disorders include: Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder A pattern of preoccupation with control, perfection and orderliness. With this condition, you may be hyper focused with schedules and details. Narcissistic personality disorder Someone with this disorder may have a grand sense of entitlement, self-importance and lack empathy. They commonly take advantage of others. Paranoid personality disorder People with this disorder often assume others will harm or deceive them. They have a pattern of being suspicious of others and tend to see them as spiteful or mean. Borderline personality disorder Symptoms of this disorder commonly cause problems in personal relationships, and can include poor self-image and impulsivity. There may be suicide attempts, ongoing feelings of emptiness and intense anger. The most common treatment for personality disorders is psychotherapy. During psychotherapy, you learn about your disorder, what’s causing your symptoms and your experiences. You’ll get to speak about your thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Your therapist will help you understand how your disorder affects others and you’ll be taught how to recognise as well as to manage and reduce the symptoms. Psychoeducation may also be prescribed. This is where the person and their family are taught about the illness, treatment and ways to cope. There are no specific medications to treat personality disorders. Medications like antidepressants, mood-stabilisers and anti-anxiety medication may help to managet some symptoms. Severe cases of personality disorders may need the help of your doctor, a psychiatrist, a psychologist, a social worker and your loved ones. Managing a personality disorder - Besides treatment, there are some ways that you can manage your symptoms. - Learn about your condition – it will help you and your loved ones understand your symptoms. - Move more. Exercise can help manage symptoms like depression and anxiety. - Avoid drugs and alcohol. These can worsen symptoms, especially if taken along with your medication. - Join a support group. Being around people who understand you will make you feel less alone. - Stay on top of your check-ups. - Stay connected with your loved ones, isolation can worsen your symptoms. - Write in a journal to express how you feel.

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National Security Council Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. National Security Council The National Security Council (NSC) is the U.S. president's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters; the council consists of senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. Since its inception under President harry truman, the function of the NSC has been to advise and assist the president on national security and foreign policies. The council also serves as the president's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. The NSC was established by the National Security Act of 1947, as amended (50 U.S.C.A. § 402), and was placed in the Executive Office of the President by Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1949 (5 U.S.C.A. app.). The NSC was designed to provide the president with a foreign-policy instrument independent of the State Department. The NSC is chaired by the president. Its statutory members, in addition to the president, include the vice president and the secretaries of state and defense. The chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the statutory military advisor to the council, and the director of the Central Intelligence Agency is the statutory intelligence advisor. The secretary of the treasury, the U.S. representative to the United Nations, the assistant to the president for national security affairs, the assistant to the president for economic policy, and the chief of staff to the president are invited to all meetings. The attorney general and the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy attend meetings pertaining to their jurisdiction. Other officials are invited, as appropriate. The NSC began as a small office supporting the president, but its staff has grown over the years. It is headed by the assistant to the president for national security affairs, who is also referred to as the national security advisor. The NSC staff performs a variety of activities for the president and the national security advisor. The staff participates in presidential briefings, assists the president in responding to congressional inquiries, and prepares public remarks. The NSC staff serves as an initial point of contact for departments and agencies that want to bring a national security issue to the president's attention. The staff also participates in interagency working groups organized to assess policy issues in coordinated fashion. The issues concerning national security are wide ranging. Foreign and military relations with other countries have generally taken center stage, but international Terrorism, narcotics control, and world economic issues have been brought before the NSC. In most administrations, the national security advisor has played a key role in formulating foreign policy. For example, as national security advisor during the Nixon administration, henry kissinger was the de facto Secretary of State, developing policy on the Vietnam War, the opening of relations with communist China, and negotiating with Israel and the Arab nations for a peaceful solution to problems in the Middle East. The image of the NSC was tarnished in the 1980s during the Reagan administration. Two successive national security advisors, Robert C. McFarlane and Rear Admiral John M. Poindexter, and NSC staffer Lieutenant Colonel Oliver L. North participated in the Iran-Contra Affair. They violated a congressional ban on U.S. military aid to the Nicaraguan anticommunist Contra rebels by providing the rebels with funds obtained by the secret sale of military weapons to Iran. Under the administration of President george h.w. bush in the early 1990s, the NSC was reorganized to include a Principals Committee, Deputies Committee, and eight Policy Coordinating Committees. Under President bill clinton, NSC membership was expanded to include the secretary of the Treasury, the U.S representative to the United Nations, and the assistant to the president for Economic Policy as well as the president's chief of staff and his national security advisor. In 2001 President george w. bush appointed Dr. Condoleezza Rice to be his national security advisor. She was the first woman appointed to that position. The NSC has been involved in American foreign policy decisions that have ranged from sending troops to Panama in 1989 and to Iraq in 1991 and 2003, as well as dealing with such issues as international trafficking in illegal drugs, U.N. peacekeeping missions, strategic arms control policy, and global environmental affairs. National Security Council at the White House. Available online at <www.whitehouse.gov/nsc> (accessed July 30, 2003). U.S. Government Manual Website. Available online at <www.gpoaccess.gov/gmanual> (accessed November 10, 2003).

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I like cold beverages. I have a fire within that demands to be quenched by near-frozen liquids. As such, I go through a lot of ice—figurative tons of ice. I probably make and consume enough ice to warrant suspicion from climate scientists, asking “Where’s all our ice going?”* and when they talk about anthropogenic** global warming, they’re talking about me. But lately, like in today’s comic, you might have asked, “Where is our ice going?” as your stare at the bottom of your ice cube tray, which is now only inhabited by contact lens-sized slivers of ice nuggets. If you’ve never seen this happen, I highly suggest you set a tray aside and check on it every week or so. Funnily, the mechanism responsible for making your ice cubes disappear is the same as the one keeping your freezer tidy and manageable. Relatively speaking. Back in the day, freezers used to accumulate frost on the inside of them, which would build up over the years until you couldn’t fit anything in your freezer, in turn causing you to have to find a hammer and go Old Boy on the poor thing to knock the ice loose. Now most freezers are “frost free” and accomplish this by creating the perfect conditions for a thermodynamic marvel called sublimation. In school we learn that water has three phases (solid, liquid, gas) that it proceeds through as its temperature changes from cold to hot. But like most things you find out as a grownup, we can skip a step and go right from solid to gas. In your freezer, the air that is being blown around is cold enough and the humidity is low enough, that water molecules on the surface of the ice can occasionally gain enough kinetic energy to just pop off into the air. No liquid phase required. Sublimation is why dry ice creates spoooooky smoke and it’s the principal mechanism in freeze-drying. That’s right, astronaut food is made by freezing normal food and subjecting it to reduced pressure, causing the water to sublime. Then the dry chunks are eaten by sad astronauts. It’s science! For most of us, we’ll only see the effects of sublimation in our freezers, where it cruelly takes our ice. Luckily for me, I go through cubes fast enough that it never gets a chance. But you can always tell who prefers hot beverages over cold ones by checking their ice cube trays. *Note: This is not how climate change works at all. Keep enjoying ice. …while you can. BONUS Content: Read more about ice spikes at this page by Kevin Lui.

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Relative Pronouns: quien - The written lesson is below. - Links to quizzes, tests, etc. are to the left. Continuing with the subject of "relative pronouns," remember that pronouns are words that refer to a noun. Relative pronouns are called "relative" because they are "related" to a noun that has previously been stated. The relative pronoun "quien" is used only to refer to people, and has a plural form "quienes." (There is no masculine/feminine distinction.) Mi tío, quien es profesor, viene a visitarme hoy día. My uncle, who is a professor, is coming to visit me today. La chica, con quien fui al cine, es mi novia. The girl, with whom I went to the movies, is my girlfriend. Quien estudia bastante, gana buenas notas. He who studies hard earns good grades. When the relative pronoun refers to a person and is in the direct object position, either "que" or "a quien" may be used. Each is correct. Notice that the "personal a" is used with "quien" but is not used with "que." La señorita que conocí anoche es la hermana de Raquel. La señorita a quien conocí anoche es la hermana de Raquel. The young lady whom I met last night is Raquel's sister. When the relative pronoun occurs after a preposition and refers to a person, "quien" must be used. After a preposition, "que" is only used to refer to things. Los chicos, con quienes fuimos a la playa, son nuestros amigos. The boys, with whom we went to the beach, are our friends. El libro en que pienso es extenso, no es corto. The book I'm thinking of is long, not short. In English, although it is technically incorrect, common usage often finds a sentence ending in a preposition. Notice that this never occurs in Spanish. Ella es la señorita en quien estoy pensando. She is the young lady I'm thinking about. / She is the young lady about whom I'm thinking. Mi padre es la persona a quien envío la carta. My father is the person I'm sending the letter to. / My father is the person to whom I'm sending the letter.

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E.F. Hodgson Company1892 - 1944 Which came first, the chicken coop or the house? In the case of E.F. Hodgson Company, it was two lines of chicken brooders, the Peep o’ Days and Wigwarms, launched in 1892. The success of this venture was so great that the company added other agricultural buildings, children’s playhouses, dog kennels, birdhouses, and, when the automobile culture took hold, “auto stables,” or garages. By 1904, the company had expanded to summer cottages and houses. Located in the small agricultural community of Dover, Massachusetts, the company competed with kit house catalog heavyweights Sears, Roebuck & Co. and Montgomery Ward but offered a distinctly different product. Its assembly line produced sectional houses constructed of six- to ten-foot wall panels that could be ordered with an array of window and door arrangements. The panels were shipped to the site and bolted together at the corners between vertical timbers with a key bolt. The company offered two types of homes: an un-insulated cottage with no interior wall, so that the bolts and details were fully visible, and a year-round house with double-wall construction, creating an air space that served as insulation. Plumbing, heating, electricity, and foundation were the owner’s responsibility. The nature of the bolt system restricted the houses to one story. Three features distinguished a Hodgson sectional house. Between sections was a vertical bead that interrupted the siding. This was also the case with the roof, where a bead punctuated every six-foot section of shingles. This characteristic bead, in most cases, has been obscured by the addition of clapboard sheathing and asphalt roof shingles, making it difficult to confirm a Hodgson house. Gable-end attic vents sometimes incorporated the Hodgson H. Hodgson advertised its houses in newspapers and magazines like Ladies Home Journal and Better Homes and Gardens. The company also maintained showrooms on Fifth Avenue in New York City and on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston. The speed and simplicity of Hodgson construction earned it a place in domestic and international responses to natural disasters, war, and economic depression. In 1908, a catastrophic earthquake in Messina, Italy, almost leveled the city. E.F. Hodgson was part of the international response, shipping inventory for emergency housing. Hodgson was known as far afield as Belgium, France, Newfoundland, and Jerusalem. During World War I and II, the company constructed barracks, mess halls, and other buildings for the military. In 1918, eighteen United Service Organization buildings on the Boston Common were manufactured by Hodgson. In 1934, Eleanor Roosevelt and Clarence Pickett of the Department of the Interior spearheaded the development of Arthurdale in Reedsville, West Virginia, the nation’s first New Deal homestead subsistence project during the Great Depression. The federal government provided houses, small plots of land to cultivate, and vocational training to the unemployed homesteaders and operated as a cooperative community. In total, the government constructed 165 houses in Arthurdale, and the first fifty, erected between 1933 and 1934, were one-story Hodgson houses. The white houses came in four styles labeled with the letters I, T, L, and H to reflect their floor plan. Unfortunately, the Hodgson cottages were uninsulated and poorly suited to the bitter winters.

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Study Guide for deWit's Fundamental Concepts and Skills for Nursing , 5th Edition Study Guide for Fundamental Concepts and Skills for Nursing, 5th Edition reinforces your mastery of the terms and concepts presented in the text. Creative activities and updated exercises assist you in setting priorities, applying the nursing process, practicing critical thinking, exercising good judgment and clinical reasoning, and increasing effective communication. A unique Steps to Better Communication section offers vocabulary building and communication exercises for ESL-LED students, and Cultural Points help you understand a diverse patient population. - Review questions for the NCLEX-PN® Examination provide you with additional NCLEX practice to prepare you for the exam. - Critical thinking activities give you practice at higher-level application questions. - Communication exercises ask you to practice communicating complex and difficult ideas in nursing with partners. - Cultural Points explore how the health care field varies in different countries, and how culture affects healthcare in our own country, to give you a broader perspective of nursing care outside your comfort zone. - Setting Priorities questions ask you to rank tasks in order of importance. - Clinical situations applied to sample practice situations stimulate critical thinking and practical application of nursing concepts. - Pronunciation and Intonation Skills assist you with the more difficult terms and words with multiple meanings in the nursing field. - Grammar Points exercises offer a refresher on common grammatical errors made in the nursing field. - Word Attack Skills provide focused concentration on some of the more important or confusing terms in the curriculum. - Meeting Clinical Objectives activities help you meet stated clinical practice objectives of the corresponding chapter. - Review of structure and function of the human body refreshes you on content learned in previous classes and how it applies to this curriculum. - Completion exercises with key terms reinforce nursing vocabulary. - Short answer, identification, multiple choice, and matching questions use multiple formats to test your knowledge of concepts conveyed in the text. - Application of the Nursing Process questions reinforce the different stages of the nursing process. |作者資訊||By Patricia A. Williams, RN, MSN, CCRN, Formerly, Nursing Educator University of California Medical Center San Francisco, California; Alumnus, iSAGE Mini Fellowship Program Successful Aging Project Stanford University Medical School Stanford, California| |Table of Content|| Unit I: Introduction to Nursing and the Health Care System Unit II: The Nursing Process Unit III: Communication in Nursing Unit IV: Developmental, Psychosocial, and Cultural Considerations Unit V: Basic Nursing Skills Unit VI: Meeting Basic Physiologic Needs Unit VII: Medication Administration Unit VIII: Care of the Surgical and Immobile Patient Unit IX: Caring for the Elderly |Trim||276 x 216 (8 1/2 x 10 7/8)|

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Your skin is one of the largest and heaviest organs on your body and serves as the first line of defense against germs, harmful substances and environmental factors such as the sun or wind. In the operating room, this layer of protection ironically becomes one of the biggest sources of complications. Over the course of an average day, most active individuals come into contact with 300 surfaces every 30 minutes, exposing them to 840,000 microorganisms that may cause infection or illness. “This is always a risk, and it primarily comes from having your skin incised,” said Rita Jay, director of outpatient surgery at UF Health Jacksonville. “All of the bacteria on the skin can certainly enter that wound, so it’s important to decrease as many of the microorganisms from entering that wound as possible.” Surgical-site infections, or SSIs, occur in 2 to 5 percent of all patients undergoing inpatient surgeries nationwide. They can lead to prolonged stays, additional surgeries, increased use of antibiotics, disability among patients and even mortality. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, SSIs also cost up to $10 billion annually to treat. Over the past year, UF Health Jacksonville’s surgical clinics have been giving patients the antiseptic chlorhexidine gluconate, or CHG, at no cost in an effort to reduce SSIs. “It is especially designed for the bacteria on our skin,” said Delia Card, assistant nurse manager for Pre-Admission Testing. “What I tell my patients is that it’s like Dial soap on steroids. It is especially designed to kill the bacteria on our body.” UF Health Jacksonville formed a task force of hospital administrators, surgeons, nurses and others involved in surgeries to analyze processes and procedures. As a result, the antiseptic is now being provided to patients in 26 practices and through Pre-Admission Testing at the hospital. “It’s not just about giving a bottle of CHG to a patient and telling them to use it. It’s getting them to understand why it’s important and emphasizing the role they play in their own safety,” Jay said. Patients receive the liquid antiseptic in a 4-ounce bottle. They are instructed to use half of it the night before and the other half the morning of surgery. Patients who are immobile, bedbound or are in a wheelchair are given 12 CHG cloths with similar instructions. Six wipes are used the night before surgery, and the other six are used the day of the procedure. “You never use the soap or cloths on your face or above the neckline. It doesn’t touch your face, hair or genitals,” Card said. Clinicians also disinfect patients with the cloths at the hospital before their procedure. A 4-ounce bottle of CHG costs about $2, and a 12-pack of antiseptic cloths costs slightly more, but hospital administrators have decided to add the expense to the organization’s budget. “If we can stop one postoperative infection, we have already gotten our money back,” Card said. Since the initiative began, postsurgical sepsis infections have dropped from 4.7 percent in 2015 to 1.62 percent in 2016. So far the program has about a 68 percent compliance rate, but as that improves, clinicians hope the SSI rate will too. “Something we never take for granted in the operating room is the teamwork required to accomplish what we do,” Jay said. “This initiative is something we can’t do in isolation. It takes the entire team.”

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Amelia Bedelia Lesson Plan Amelia Bedelia is the lovable, literal-minded housekeeper who always seems to be getting it wrong in the book series of the same name. When she hears instructions like "make a sponge cake," she makes a cake with real sponges. Her fumbling offers a great opportunity to teach students about idioms and other turns of phrase. Students can also study the stories to learn about character development, plot and other narrative elements. The books in the series are suitable for first- and second-graders. 1 Creating Portraits The character Amelia Bedelia has a very distinctive look. Read the story aloud -- without showing students the pictures of the title character -- and ask students to listen closely for descriptive words. Ask them to jot down notes or create sketches as you read. After hearing the story, students should then draw a portrait of what they think Amelia Bedelia looks like. Students should draw things that show off her personality as well, such as her holding a spoon because she likes to cook or holding a book because she likes to read. The activity encourages students to listen closely and to analyze a story for character description and development. 2 Learning Idioms Amelia Bedelia's misunderstanding of language is at the core of her stories. Present students with a "chore table" that includes three columns: Amelia's chore as it is told to her, what Amelia actually does and what Amelia should have done. Ask students to fill in the chart while you read the story aloud with each of Amelia's chores and what she actually does. After the story is finished, ask students to fill in the final column about what Amelia should have done. Have students explain what they think is the correct meaning of the idioms that Amelia Bedelia misunderstood. Many students may not have known these phrases before either, so the exercise is an opportunity to teach the meanings of some common idioms, as well as to explore the function that these kinds of phrases play in language. 3 Identifying Cause and Effect Identifying cause and effect in the story helps students deepen their understanding of plot and how all the elements have to work together for the narrative. After reading the story, ask students to identify some things that happened in the book, such as that Amelia Bedelia was left alone with the baby or fed her a bottle. Ask students what the effect of each action was; for example, the baby started to cry because she was alone with Amelia but stopped crying because she received a bottle. Through this activity, students will understand how events influence each other in the narrative and influence character development. 4 Being Amelia Role-playing helps students better understand characters, including their motivations and their personalities. Lead a game where students take turns pretending to be Amelia. Read an instruction, such as, "Add a pinch of salt to the mixture," and ask students to act it out the way they think that Amelia would do it. The class can then talk about what the phrase in question really means and why they think Amelia would have acted in the way the students portrayed. The exercise reinforces understanding of idioms and deepens understanding of character development.

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The Connected Educators project is designed to help educators leverage online communities of practice to connect around improving teacher and leader effectiveness and enhancing student learning. Through more efficient and coordinated online participation, educators will be better able to share practices, access experts, and solve problems that require systemic solutions in order to improve the opportunity to learn. Connected Educators Month October 2013 is Connected Educators Month, a celebration of online communities of practice and networks in education. The Department of Education invites all states, districts, and educational organizations to participate in Connected Educators Month. For information about how to get started visit www.ConnectedEducators.org. The report below highlights results and insights from the pilot Connected Educator Month in 2012 and offers recommendations for connecting and inspiring more educators in powerful and engaging online interactions.

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Are you ready to spring ahead this coming weekend? If you live in one of the 48 states that observe Daylight Savings Time at 2 a.m. on the second Sunday of March, you’ll be shifting your clocks ahead an hour. (Only Hawaii and Arizona don’t observe DST.) On the plus side, millions of Americans will have an extra evening hour to enjoy daylight after work. On the negative side, there are potential adverse impacts tied to the annual change, according to numerous medical experts. “An abundance of accumulated evidence indicates that the acute transition from standard time to daylight saving time incurs significant public health and safety risks, including increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events, mood disorders, and motor vehicle crashes,” according to the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. “Daylight saving time is less aligned with human circadian biology,” the publication notes. Human circadian rhythms are “natural processes [that] respond primarily to light and dark and affect most living things,” according to the National Institute of General Medical Studies. We all have them, but we’re not all alike. Circadian rhythms vary between individuals and can be thrown off by jet lag, work schedule changes and the imminent time change. Wellness design can help you prepare for the weekend shift to Daylight Savings Time, especially if you’re already sleep-challenged or more sensitive to circadian rhythmic influences. Everyday Health quotes Dr. Michael Awad, chief of sleep surgery at Northwestern Medicine in Chicago as recommending going to sleep and waking up 15 minutes earlier every day this week. Changing your lighting can make this change easier, and optimize your sleep on a a regular basis. 1. Circadian Lighting It might not be feasible to install a circadian lighting system in your home on short notice, but you can replace the bulbs in the rooms where you spend your pre-bedtime hours to circadian models that help support your sleep and rise cycles. There are bulb models available online and at home centers. 2. Blackout Window Coverings If you’re already a light sleeper, changing your window coverings to block out all external lights can help reduce interruptions. That can include nighttime disruptions like passing headlights, a triggered motion sensor light, or a neighborhood patrol’s flashlights. It can also include blocking out the sun’s rays before you’re ready to start your day. 3. Climate Comfort Installing a digital thermostat that lowers your bedroom temperature to a physician-recommended low- to mid-60s degree Fahrenheit, and raises it to a more comfortable level before wakeup time can also help you sleep better and healthier. This can support your adjustment to the time change too. Light sleepers who are more likely to be impacted by the time change this weekend can add soundproofing elements to their bedrooms. There are numerous long-term solutions like acoustic panels, window coverings or lighting fixtures; soundproofing drywall and added insulation; replacing a hollow core door with a solid core model, and carpeting the floor. Short term solutions you can implement this week include moving a full bookshelf to a wall separating the bedroom from a noisy area of your home; adding a thick, room-sized area rug and leafy plants to your bedroom décor; adding an insulating window covering, and sealing leaky windows and doors. Some people find noise machines that mask unpleasant sounds in their environment to be helpful. These are also widely available. 5. Sunrise Alarm Clocks These quiet alarms that add gentle daylight illumination to a room to wake their subjects, instead of sounds, have year-round health benefits, but may be particularly helpful with the time change. Verywell Health explains how this technology works: “Humans, like most animals, have evolved to sleep overnight during darkness. Light, conversely, has a waking effect on the brain and body. It suppresses melatonin and activates the circadian alerting signal. Light at the wrong time, like from a screen prior to bedtime, may make it hard to fall asleep and contribute to insomnia. In the morning, when incorporated into a sunrise alarm clock, it may make it easier to wake.” Light at the right time, the health publication notes, may help us sleep and feel better. “Even artificial light, if appropriately timed, may enforce the normal patterns of our body that would exist if we slept in a perfectly natural environment.” Sunrise alarm clocks are the ultimate in recreating natural environments in our sheltered spaces. 6. Morning Sunlight Access “Getting light early in the morning is key,” Awad told Everyday Health. Take your coffee to a patio chair or even an uncovered window seat if the weather isn’t hospitable or you don’t have safe outdoor space. (The biophilia benefits of enjoying nature views are a bonus!)

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Gathering around for grilling is one of the biggest fun things to do in the summer. Cooking over the open fires gives a unique taste to basic seasoned foods, and I don’t need to mention that cooking outdoors with a cool drink is far more enjoyable than sitting in the kitchen! Being gas grilling very popular these days, it’s a common concern – Is gas grilling healthy? We have asked a nutritionist. Let’s see what he says. A barbecue grill is a tool that adds heat from the below to cook food. There are several grill types, and three of them are the most common categories. These are gas-fueled, charcoal, and electric gas grill. There is a lot of controversies about which one will provide better results. In this article, we will learn a lot of things regarding gas grills. Is Gas Grilling Healthy? The usual thing is that a lot of cooks choose to use charcoal for cooking to enhance the taste of their festivals further, but we should not follow this route more. Charcoal is the undeniable victor amongst flavor buffs. No gas grill will give you the smoky sear. Yet, what about the fact of healthiness? Is gas grilling healthy? The undisputable answer from a renowned nutritionist is, Yes!! Let’s see how. When you cook over a charcoal grill, you get two molecules that imbue your meat. These are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs). When the meat gets heat, the fat from the meat naturally melts down and drips onto the fire. The fat then in the fire is turned into PAHs and HCAs. The bad news is that both PAHs and HCAs are bad for health and are believed to cause cancer. HCAs are produced when you cook proteins at high temperatures. In this case, you get a major health advantage in gas grill over the charcoal ones, as it gives you much more ability to control the quantity of flame and heat and thus the temperature to which foods are exposed. Monitoring and regulating heat and temperature is much more difficult in a charcoal grill than a gas grill. Therefore, you are left with a higher risk of creating HCAs in the food. Thus, if it comes to temperature regulation, gas grills are preferred. Gas grills are significantly healthier as your food does not absorb any known chemicals as of equivalent risk of HCAs. Temperature regulation on gas grills helps you to get rid of the danger. The gas grill still gives you the same benefits if it comes to leaving less fat on the cooked food. However, you are less likely to experience any physical risk and have much lesser health risks while using a gas grill. Benefits Of Using A Gas Grill You all indeed love the advantage of turning a handle and clicking a button to get your job done? Gas grills are very much convenient for use. You get them moving and have knobs that can adjust the heat level. Gas grills are usually available in bigger sizes with several racks that offer you more room for cooking. The natural smoke is still produced in the meat while sizzling on the grill. As a result, favor is enhanced in comparison to the cooking in a skillet or pan. Gas grills are typically preferred when it comes to temperature regulation and overall cooking efficiency. Plus, it is much less time consuming to clean up a gas grill, and you are less likely to burn your neighborhood down. Tips To Minimize Grilling Risks You are exposed to many risks while grilling; here are a few tips to minimize those: - Marinate your meat for at least 30-40 minutes to reduce the production of HCAs and PAHs. - Keep the meats and vegetables refrigerated to lessen the growth of bacteria. - Adding lots of vegetables reduces the risk of cancer while grilling. - Beware of not exposing your meat to high temperature, and you know the reason as we mentioned it earlier. - Always flip the meat as it grills; it prevents the formation of HCAs. Many people end up in the hospital just because of swallowing metal brush bristles. Yes, you need to be aware of the brush you use while grilling and also the bristles. - As well as being careful about fire, you need to be cautious about the smoke produced while grilling. Because they are not just the food debris, things like carbon monoxide and cancer-causing PAHs are also there. So, you better don’t inhale that much. - No matter how experienced you are at grilling, you should always check out the requirements while dealing with a new grill as each grill has a different set of rules. - Now, you have to keep the grill far from any flammable object. See a manual if you are not sure about enough distance. Frequently Asked Questions Are gas grills so expensive? How long do gas grills usually last? How often should I clean my gas grill? Should you clean your grill after every use? Now you know the answer to the question is gas grilling healthy? If you are the type of person who likes barbecue with your grills this summer, you can consider having a closed flame gas grill because it is an overall superior tool, especially regarding your health. There are also some other gas grill options that you can also consider that will allow you to switch between natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas.

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Many families are afraid that the baby born is a mentally retarded child. In fact, this requires mothers to go to the hospital for examination in the early stage, so as to find out whether the fetus is healthy at the first time, which will have a very important impact on their future development. Today, I would like to introduce a few tests that pregnant women must do in the early stage. during the first to 14th week of pregnancy, this NT test is necessary for all mothers. This test mainly tests the transparency of the baby’s neck. If their length can reach 2 cm, it is a normal development phenomenon. This test is very strict with the time requirements, because after 14 weeks, there is no way to check this indicator, so mothers should not miss this time. If this indicator is beyond the normal range, mothers need not worry, because it is only a screening in the early stage, which does not mean that there must be problems. It is really not true that children will have intellectual problems. Later, they can be determined by other indicators. if mothers don’t have the time to do the test at the 14th week, or they are not qualified to do this screening, there is another test method that can verify whether the infants have mental retardation, that is down syndrome test, which starts at the 17th week, so the time will be adjusted for mothers The whole time. When this index is too high, it does not necessarily mean that the infant’s IQ is relatively low. Even if this index is very high, it can only show that the probability of suffering from this disease is very high, and it can not be completely guaranteed that the result is like this. Therefore, mothers should not be excessively anxious and nervous in the early stage, which will be more detrimental to the growth of the baby. noninvasive DNA testing is another way to test infants’ intelligence. The testing time is not so fixed, and it can be adjusted according to the situation of the mother and the doctor’s advice. This is just enough to satisfy those pregnant women who have no time in the early stage. The same effect as this examination is amniocentesis. Many people think that amniocentesis is risky because it is necessary to extract amniotic fluid, so the risk is higher. this is not the case. The latter method can detect all 23 chromosomes with an accuracy of more than 99%. However, noninvasive DNA testing can only guarantee the accuracy of three pairs of chromosomes. So if there are no other symptoms, you can ask the doctor, get their consent, do amniocentesis test, mothers do not worry about the risk. Because now with the continuous strengthening of medical technology, this test is only a very safe examination, as long as mothers relax, with a good attitude to meet this examination, will get very good results. early pregnancy examination is very necessary. It can help you understand the health status of your child at the very beginning, and enable the doctor to carry out drug treatment or other nutritional supplements according to their condition. Many families are afraid that their children will have intellectual problems, because even if they are born, they are not responsible for these children. However, if the early detection has not been found out, parents should not worry too much after they are born, because as long as you take good care of them, they will have a better growth environment. No matter what kind of state the children are, they will bring you endless happiness, so don’t be too pessimistic. You should understand that in this era, many diseases will be cured slowly, only you believe that miracles can happen. For these little babies who come to you, as long as you treat them wholeheartedly, you will eventually let the warmth heal their different bodies. Focus

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In 1823 the Tithe Applotment Act was passed, which stipulated that henceforth all tithes due to the Established Church (Church of Ireland) were to be paid in money rather than in kind. This necessitated a complete valuation of all tithable land in Ireland, the results of which are contained in the manuscript tithe applotment books for each civil parish. This database includes the names of tithe-payers from Leckpatrick extracted from the tithe applotment book for the parish of 1826. Donagheady is one of the small number of parishes for which there is no tithe applotment book. First Valuation, c.1835 The First (or Townland) Valuation was primarily concerned with the agricultural value of land, but it also included details on houses valued at £3 or over (in 1838 this was raised to £5 or over). This database includes the names of householders extracted from the First Valuation field-books for the parish of Donagheady. Primary or Griffith’s Valuation, 1860 The Primary Valuation of Ireland, better known as Griffith’s Valuation includes the following information: the name of the townland; the name of the householder or leaseholder; the name of the person from whom the property was leased; a description of the property; its acreage; and finally the valuation of the land and buildings. This database includes the names of all householders or leaseholders in the parishes of Donagheady and Leckpatrick.

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Detection, Inspection, and Enforcement 6. Weapon Performance Characterization The ability to characterize the performance of a weapon is useful to understand how to develop and characterize countermeasures, such as ballistic armor for small arms weapons. 6.1 Ballistic Chronography To develop a reference ballistic chronograph by which other chronographs can be calibrated and develop an associated measurement uncertainty analysis. Figure 23. Diagram of ballistic chronograph. Figure 24. Head of ballistic chronograph. The green section attaches to the barrel of the weapon. The bullet is output from the opposite end of the head after breaking three laser beams. The evaluation of the performance of body armor requires knowledge of bullet speeds. For manufacturers to accurately and reproducibly assess the performance of their products, the speed of the bullet must be known accurately. Figure 25. Data from ballistic chronograph. The three pulses each correspond to the bullet passing through one of the laser beams. The known distance between the beams divided by the time (see figure) it takes a bullet to travel between beams gives the speed of the bullet. Complete the calibration methods for the reference ballistic chronograph and determine its measurement limitations. A summary report describing the performance of the chronograph.

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The most serious side effect of quinine use is thrombocytopenia, which is a drop in the blood platelet count, according to LiveScience. This reduction in platelets causes serious bleeding, both internally and externally. The condition also causes permanent kidney damage. Fortunately, the levels of quinine in tonic water, as of 2014, are low enough that most people need to drink 20 liters in a day to experience any problems.Continue Reading LiveScience indicates the original use of tonic water in the 1800s was to supply quinine to individuals with malaria. Mixing quinine with an alcoholic drink made it easier for some malaria patients to get their medication. As time passed, tonic water became sweeter, and bottlers lowered the dosage of quinine. Even with the lower levels of quinine in tonic water, people develop a reaction to the substance in some instances. In some cases, people develop an allergy that allows them to tolerate quinine in tonic water, which causes a serious reaction later in life if they require the substance at prescription strength. Doctors continue to prescribe quinine to treat malaria, according to Drugs.com. They normally prescribe other antimalarial drugs along with quinine. It kills the parasite that causes malaria; however, doctors do not use it in the prevention of malaria. In 2010, the Food and Drug Administration banned the off-label prescribing of quinine for leg cramps, according to LiveScience.Learn more about Drug Interactions

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Half of the world's beaches could disappear by the end of the century due to coastal erosion, according to a new study led by the JRC. Erosion is a major problem facing sandy beaches that will worsen with the rising sea levels brought about by climate change. According to the study, published today (2 Match) in Nature Climate Change, effective climate action could prevent 40% of that erosion. Sandy beaches cover more than 30% of the world’s coastlines. They are popular recreational spots for people and they provide important habitats for wildlife. They also serve as natural buffer zones that protect the coastline and backshore coastal ecosystems from waves, surges and marine flooding. Their role as shock absorbers will become more important with the rising sea levels and more intense storms expected with climate change. However, climate change will accelerate erosion and could make more than half of the world’s sandy beaches completely vanish by the end of this century. Fuelled by a growing population and urbanisation along coastlines, this is likely to result in more people’s homes and livelihoods being impacted by coastal erosion in the decades to come. The findings come from the first global assessment of future sandy shoreline dynamics. JRC scientists combined 35 years of satellite coastal observations with 82 years of climate and sea level rise projections from several climate models. They also simulated more than 100 million storm events and measured the resulting global coastal erosion. They found that reducing greenhouse gas emissions could prevent 40% of the projected erosion. However, even if global warming is curbed, societies will still need to adapt and better protect sandy beaches from erosion. Posted on: 03 March 2020

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Homeschool at Christmas Time In keeping with the Lifestyle Homeschool philosophy that every activity that happens in regular family life is a learning opportunity – Christmas time abounds in such learning. I hope you will be inspired to see all that your children are learning as you take this time to celebrate Christ’s birth. Regardless of how you prepare for Christmas we must remember we can’t do it all. We must keep our focus on Jesus and on our children’s hearts (and our own!). We take the whole month of December to focus on the coming of our Lord Jesus – Christmas and our celebrations. Some of these preparations are - spiritual – as we learn more of Jesus - some are physical – as we decorate the house and prepare food and gifts for family and friends - some are moral – as we deal with the self-centered character traits that emerge at this time - and some are more academic as we put into practice our learning tools as we read, talk, and write about all things Christmas. Everything provides a homeschool learning opportunity. Keep your spirit gentle, keep your house peaceful and keep your heart full of love. Learning Value in Family Christmas Celebrations - When we read our family devotions, we continue to practice our reading, listening, and discussion skills. We may research topics and possibly write or journal about what we have learnt. - When we read Christmas inspired stories we are exposed to ideas about the preciousness of others, we are reminded about Jesus, we learn about different countries and how they have added to our Christmas traditions. - When we become involved in community service, we are learning to see and serve the needs of others, we are learning to value life, and give of ourselves. - When we decorate the house we learn to spend money wisely, to be creative, to follow instructions as we make things. - When we prepare gifts for friends we practice our measuring and following instructions as we follow patterns, we practice keeping to a budget, we experience being a consumer and have exposure to service staff. - When we prepare food we have to consider the likes and needs of our guests, our budget, our time constraints and cooking abilities. We also have the opportunity to cook foods that may not be everyday fair. - When we invite people to a party we have the opportunity to plan and organize a party and all that that involves – from invites, to food, to space, to decorations, to budget, to food preparation, to tidying the house etc. Most of all we learn to be hospitable and available to people. As a family lives life together there is so much to learn. Homeschool Writing Opportunities We often worry though that as we live our life with our kids over Christmas that they are missing out on writing practice. Let me show you the opportunities your children have to write: Homefires Holiday Curriculum - Prepare a family newsletter (or at least write a paragraph to represent their own year) - Write invites to Christmas party, write RSVP on any invites you have received - Write poems or copy poems, sentimental sayings or scripture to put into cards - Send cards/letters to cousins, and friends living out of town - Write thank you letters to people who have served them during the year (tutors, co-op teachers, librarians) - Write thank you letters/notes after receiving a gift - Write menu cards, place setting cards for either the Family Dinner Table or the Celebration Dinner Table on Christmas Day (these can include personal verses and encouragement) - Create e-cards to send to friends and family - Scrapbook your family Christmas celebrations – including journaling - Write a poem or drama to perform at a family or church gathering - Write a song - Create vouchers as gifts - Write shopping lists, or to do lists, as each child gets ready for Christmas - Journal / Notebook after Family Devotion time - Prepare a devotional to share with the family - Journal / Notebook after a Read Aloud time - Diane lists the education speak for so many regular family Christmas time activities – you will see all the writing opportunities, the math opportunities and so much more. If you need to keep a record of “doing school” and yet want to enjoy the Christmas season with your kids, I encourage you to read through this list and see the endless possibilities that family life offers your child’s education. Live life with your kids! To read more ideas on Making Christ the center of your Christmas celebrations return to Family Traditions - Christmas The Charlotte Mason Blog Carnival is collection topics centering around Charlotte Mason educational philosophy and the practical application of Miss Mason's works. These blogs are written by everyday mums who have been inspired some way by Charlotte Mason's works. (Click on the image for more details, including the current Carnival) Return from Homeschool Christmas to Lifestyle Homeschool Home Page

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When Texans talk about the Declaration of Independence, they usually mean the one signed at Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 2, 1836. Occasionally, we refer to the Goliad declaration of 1835. But there was one before all of them. In 1813, Texans in San Antonio de Bexar declared the province of Texas to be independent. The wording sounds familiar in places but the principals are timeless, and very familiar to Texans and Americans. Learn more about what motivated the Texans of 1813 to declare independence, which ultimately led to the Battle of Medina a few months later. (PHOTO BY BOB OWEN/SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWS/ZUMA PRESS) Before they can fight, our soldiers must be trained. General Sherman decided that the dwindling U.S. Army would be consolidated into two garrisons, one being based in San Antonio, Texas to protect the frontier and conduct the Indian wars necessary to western expansion. When war in Europe beckoned, San Antonio was ready. But the Army was running out of room. So the Army began buying ranches until San Antonio became the huge military city it remains today. Learn about San Antonio’s role in equipping our troops for world war in the latest episode of Wise About Texas. In the early 20th century Japan sought to extend its relations around the world. Texas made imminent sense. A Japanese professor saw the Alamo as a perfect companion to one of ancient Japan’s most famous battles. The Emperor saw Texas as a perfect place to relocate some of his brightest farmers. Learn about the early connections between Japan and Texas in this latest episode of Wise About Texas. San Antonio was founded 300 years ago in 1718. From day one, the residents, priests and soldiers faced a constant and menacing threat from the Apache Indians. Raids from the indians and retaliatory campaigns from the soldiers made life in early San Antonio stressful and difficult. Attempts at peace never seemed to work. But all of a sudden, in 1749, the Apache wanted not only to make peace, but also to enter mission life and convert to Christianity. The reason for the Apache’s sudden change of heart is a matter of perspective. But rather than look a gift horse in the mouth, the Spanish held a grand peace ceremony in San Antonio’s main plaza, the likes of which has never been seen in North America. Learn about this unique event in the latest episode of Wise About Texas. In late 1800’s San Antonio, the plazas were busy marketplaces during the day. But at night, the Chili Queens took over. These ladies brought the exotic flavors of Mexico to the population of San Antonio. Music, laughter and the pungent aroma of chili con carne filled the air. From the greatest to the least, every citizen and tourist had to make a pilgrimage to see the Chili Queens and sample the food that would later become known as Tex-Mex. Learn more about this scene in the latest episode of Wise About Texas.

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The ear is a complex structure that is formed from the fusion of six pieces of embryologic tissue. As part of this process, the ear that is formed could be too big or too small or have too much or too little cartilage. This can lead to the top of the ear folding over or protruding as well as prominent ears. Sometimes this can be treated within the first few weeks of being born non-surgically. However, if these findings persist, otoplasty can reshape the ears to a more normal appearance. This not only restores balance to the face but also improves self-confidence Otoplasty surgery can change the shape of the ear. It is most often performed to help pin back ears that are too prominent. Incisions are made behind the ear so they are hidden. The cartilage is then reshaped through different techniques to achieve the desired cosmetic shape and appearance.

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Until now, figures on heroin addiction among children were based on research collated in just two cities, Glasgow and Newcastle upon Tyne, where 90 heroin addicts under 13 were discovered. But new government figures based on a nationwide survey, show that the problem is much more widespread than originally thought. Doctors said the figure showed that heroin was a ticking "health time bomb" and parents called for urgent action by the Government. Gaille McCann, a spokeswoman for Mothers Against Drugs, said: "They keep trying to reassure us that there isn't a crisis but they need to stop pretending and act quickly before the situation gets out of control." Paul Skett, an addiction expert from Glasgow University, warned that heroin abuse could cause serious long-term damage to children's health. "Heroin affects the brain, hormonal and sexual development which means children won't develop properly and girls might not be able to have children when they are older," Dr Skett said. The Government findings, from the study Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People in England in 2004, says that in each year since 2000 1 per cent of all children used heroin at least once. More than 9700 children aged 11 to 15 were interviewed. A similar survey was conducted in Scotland, where the same percentage of heroin users was found among 7000 schoolchildren. Elizabeth Fuller, the lead statistician on the government survey, said that the figure was rounded up from 0.7 per cent but margins of error meant that the figure could be 0.5 per cent or 0.9 per cent - putting the nationwide number of children taking heroin at between 19,500 and 35,100. However, Professor Neil McKeganey, a narcotics expert from Glasgow University, said the figure could be much higher than 35,000 and would continue to rise. "Around 300,000 children growing up in the UK have one or both parents addicted to heroin. These children assume heroin use is quite normal," he said. Andrew Lansley, the British shadow health secretary called for effective measures to make young people awareness of the risks. A Department of Health spokesman said they had made sure that all schools receive guidance on solvents, drugs and alcohol. Telegraph, LondonGüncelleme Tarihi: 20 Eylül 2018, 18:16

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The Lakes Region is home to many valuable natural resources, the most visible being water. The Lakes Region is comprised of lakes, rivers, ponds, wetlands, and other subwatersheds. A watershed is an area of land that contains streams and rivers that each drain into a larger body of water, such as a river, lake or ocean. Our local water sources are faced with increased pressures due to development and growth. In order to sustain and enhance our waters, we must understand past and present conditions, and the interrelationships between natural resources, their environment, and humans. LRPC is creating plans and regulations designed to protect environmentally sensitive and prime agricultural areas, promoting regional efforts to enhance environmental quality though watershed, river corridor, and conservation partnerships and plans, while advocating best management practices and conducting Natural Resource Inventories and analyzing ecological and habitat information to highlight existing conditions and allow for better informed decision-making. Winnisquam Watershed Network (WWN) Long-Term Variable Milfoil Management Plan 2013 Lake Winnipesaukee MPS Bay Draft Watershed | Lake Winnisquam Long-Term Variable Milfoil 2010 Lake Winnisquam North End Long-Term 2008 Lake Winnisquam Watershed Phase 1 Black Brook Management 2012 Winnisquam Watershed Website |Lake Wentworth & Crescent Lake Watershed 2012| |Ossipee Lake Watershed Management Phase 1 2015| Webster-Highland Lakes Watershed Partnership 2006 |Merrimack River Watershed Wetland 2009| |Pemigewasset River Local Advisory Committee (PRLAC) Beginning in the summer of 2002, the Pemigewasset River Local Advisory Committee began monitoring the quality of the water at six sites along the river. The Pemigewasset River was included in the Rivers Management & Protection Program (RMPP) under RSA 483 in 1991. Subsequently, the Pemigewawsset River Local Advisory Committee (PRLAC) was created as part of RMPP as a state chartered advisory committee responsible for developing a Management Plan for the entire river corridor. The Plan was completed in 2001 and many of its recommendations have now been implemented, including annual water quality monitoring in the river. Pemigewasset River Local Advisory Committee (PRLAC) Water Monitoring Program Pemi River Corridor Management Plan 2001 Pemi River Corridor Management Plan 2013 NH Department of Environmental Services |NH DES Interactive Watershed Map - Reports Embedded NH DES Watershed Report Cards NH DES Variable Milfoil Fact Sheet DES Water Quality Report 2017 NH DES Watershed Map of NH NH DES Weed Watcher Volunteer Program Protecting Shared Drinking Water Resources: Tri-Town Aquifer A Collaborative Project of Belmont, Northfield, and Tilton The towns of Belmont, Northfield, and Tilton have been working with the Lakes Region Planning Commission since 2001 to carry out a thorough assessment of potential threats to the stratified drift aquifer that underlies their communities, hereafter called the Tri-Town Aquifer. The collaboration developed recommendations to address potential threats and developed a report in 2003 titled Protecting Shared Drinking Water Resources: A Collaborative Initiative of Belmont, Northfield, and Tilton.This project continued through 2006 with the creation and local adoption of one of the priority recommendations - the Tri-Town Aquifer Protection Best Management Practices Guidebook. The collaborative continued in 2008 with the development of groundwater protection zoning overlays and ordinances for each town. This was the recommendation that received the highest priority in Protecting Shared Drinking Water Resources. The ordinances were based on the NHDES model groundwater ordinance and then specifically designed to address potential threats to the shared aquifer that currently serves as a source of drinking water, and which has the potential to continue to be a source of drinking water in the future. The hope is that this project will continue to foster collaboration among the three towns to protect the long-term viability of their common drinking water resources. Protecting Shared Drinking Water Resources: Ossipee Aquifer A Collaborative Project of Green Mountain Conservation Group, Ossipee Watershed Coalition, Effingham, Freedom, Ossipee, Madison, Sandwich, and Tamworth This project is designed to address present and potential threats to water quality in the Ossipee Aquifer watershed in the Lakes Region of New Hampshire, and assist the towns of Sandwich, Tamworth, Ossipee, Effingham, Freedom, and Madison in long-term planning efforts to protect their drinking water resources. The Ossipee Source Water Protection Project was developed due to concern for the long-term quality of the drinking water supplies in the face of noticeably increasing growth projected by NH’s Office of Energy and Planning. The Green Mountain Conservation Group (GMCG), Ossipee Watershed Coalition (OWC), municipal planning boards and conservation commissions, and Lakes Region Planning Commission (LRPC) are partners in ensuring the aquifer resources are protected for current and future generations. Commercial and industrial zones are situated over a substantial portion of the aquifer along the major transportation routes. According to NH DES maps prepared in 2001, over 78 potential contamination sources (PCSs) are within well head protection areas. Upon completion of the PCS inventory by GMCG in December (2008 Source Water Protection Report), we anticipate an increase in the number of PCSs. Thoughtful planning which works to balance growth with water resource needs will assist these communities maintain the integrity of their water resources into the future. Water resources do not typically follow municipal boundaries, and for this reason the project is based on a collaborative, regional approach. The Initiative will build on the Natural Resources Planning Guide for the Ossipee Watershed published in 2007 (See www.gmcg.org) and the comprehensive inventory of PCSs completed by the GMCG in December of 2008. The inventory and outreach campaign has generated greater understanding of source water protection, GIS maps of potential risk sites and a willingness to address contamination threats at the local level. Article - Dartmouth-led Team Receives NASA Grant to Study Lake Water Quality in the Northeast Septic Assessment Information Septic Assessment Toolbox

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2 Answers | Add Yours Wow, now that's a broad question jamisonr22, and the answer is not clear cut. First, it might be helpful to know some of the context Dante was writing. Dante was writing in the 14th Century, a time of great social change in Europe which laid the foundations for what later would become 'The Renaissance' and the shift from what we call "modern" and "medieval" society. In "medieval" society, the catholic church was absolutely integral to all aspects of life. The pope had real political power in almost all European nations, especially the Italian countries of this period, and all the intellectuals of the time where essentially church scholars. Dante is writing against that. Rather than writing in Latin, he wrote in Italian. In doing this, he is basically making a stand for Nationality over the supremacy of the church, and thus wants to write an ITALIAN book free from the influence and authority of the pope. The book is, however, extremely religious in tone, and here's where the debate lies. It is obviously about Christianity and living a Christian life, yet contains a lot of satirical moments and moment of great imagination and fancy. It can therefore be seen as an extremely pious book, albeit a different kind of religious experience to the authoritative kind of the catholic church. It can also be seen as using that religious structure to get away with quite a few things - along with a few snide jokes at expense of his Italian mates/peers! The question is really for you to answer in terms of your own relationship to the book, but its a book that's 'about' the relationship between religious life and secular life/ the nation verses the church and individual religious faith versus collective religious experience. The original title for Dante Alighieri's work was simply "Commedia," or Comedy ("Divina," or Divine, was added later in the 16th C.). In contrast to the other major genres of the period (myth, epic, and tragedy), a comedy moves from discord to merriment. Dante wanted to take the people of his time on a journey from sadness to joy, through Hell and Purgatory to Paradise. He wanted them to see Heaven and God! The Comedy is also one of the finest works of the imagination. Like Homer's Odyssey, it combines the prevailing worldview of its time with the arts, philosophy, theology, and science. In fact, some call it a work of science-fiction, but I think that sub-classification is limiting. It was written at the end of a bleak time in human history, The Middle Ages, or "The Dark Ages," the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance ("Cultural Rebirth"). Dante's age was cruel and corrupt, but he could sense an a new hope arising from the upheaval of the people of Europe. That new hope was the invention of paper and the printing press and, with them, the flourishing of ideas that would lead to the Renaissance. So, the Comedy is a kind of historical allegory: from darkness will come light. Again, through hell will heaven visible be. Dante wrote much of the The Inferno and Purgatory while he was on the run, in exile from his native city-state of Florence, which was bitterly divided between two factions. He had to seek asylum in Italian cities in the North, and maybe even France and England. He was vexed at the plight of his city-state, Italy, and the Holy Roman Empire by the time he completed The Inferno by 1312. In the Comedy, he poses a theological challenge to his readers: hell is composed of those who rebel against God's law and mercy. He saw sin on the streets of Florence, in the canals of Italy, and in the offices of the Roman Church. There is no hiding it: the Inferno is a warning to sinners. The people of the Middle Ages believed in a stratified society, "The Great Chain of Being." It is a ladder where God, angels, and demons are at the top and animals, plants, and minerals are on the bottom. Man is on both sides of the division between the upper "Spirit" world and the lower world of "Matter." Sin separated man from God. Dante also believed in an earth-centric universe. So, his Inferno is a map that shows earth in the middle and hell as a cone-shaped, laddered crater below Jerusalem. So, Dante is saying to the people of his day that the universe is intricately ordered, even mechanized, and that the actions in one's life have infinite consequences in the afterlife. Dante also tells those in the Dark Ages that not only is hell a mirror-image of the Great Chain of Being-- numbered circles of punishment--but the afterlife is itself a journey, every bit the struggle that it is on earth. Dante warns the people of his time that there must be a sense of urgency is this life, for the consequences to come are a reflection of one's moral choices. Dante hoped that the people of the Middle Ages would read his entire work, which included Paradise as well as the Inferno (as many of us do today). The ultimate goal of the entire work is Dante's moving his pilgrim through hell toward God and Heaven. He says, in the end: In its depths I saw contained, bound with love in one volume, what is scattered on leaves throughout the world Dante is saying that there is both one God-Creator and the many God-in-nature, who orders and sustains life throughout the universe, even down to the plant world. God can be seen through revelation. Dante breathes beauty across the pages of his poetry. His terza rima ("third rhyme") helps him convey his message. If the medium is the message, then Dante's interlocking rhyming pattern is a metaphor in itself for his people. He says, above all, that the beauty of imagination and language will sustain all people for all times. The Comedy is a beautiful sounding poem, order within order within order. Its echoing of vowel and consonant sounds were made for a people who were largely illiterate so, in the century before the printing press, they could remember his words and repeat them often. In a time-period where only a few works of literature were canonized, Dante's Comedy scattered language like leaves throughout his dark world. We’ve answered 318,928 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question

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Students arrive between 7:30 and 7:45 a.m. and start their day in the Chinese classroom. VAIS is part of the school district’s free breakfast program. Every student can have a nourishing start to the day while the teacher takes attendance, records lunch choices, and checks for notes from home. Students gather on the rug to sing welcome songs in Chinese, do a counting exercise, and learn different greetings. Students are taught a new Chinese character and return to their tables to practice writing it. Students are introduced to Chinese vocabulary in weekly thematic units (family, what is in my backpack, food, etc.). The teacher uses the interactive SmartBoard, iPads, and online stories to engage the students in the activity. Kindergarteners go to Global Arts four days per week where they participate in art, music, and physical education activities from across our globe. Students have the opportunity for a mid-morning break and nourishment as they finish their breakfast while watching a Chinese nursery rhyme video. New concepts will be introduced by the teacher at the SmartBoard. Students then break into small groups and rotate through several math centers. The teacher is available to work with students in small groups and challenge each of them academically. The students go to recess and proceed to lunch. Students return from lunch and find a quiet spot in the room to do some reading, drawing, or rest time. Rest time is more common the first month of school when children are still getting used to a full day of school. This is the start of the second half of their day in the English classroom. Often this is when social studies lessons are integrated into the day. The class might discuss a historical figure, learn about another country, or explore the globe. Daily CAFÉ begins with a shared reading or SmartBoard activity. Students then break into small groups and practice reading to themselves or others using reading techniques introduced by the teacher. Initially they learn to read using “An Eagle’s Eye” which allows them to explore a book and read it by looking at the pictures. They quickly move into “Lips the Fish” where they start to sound out each of the letters in a word. Next they learn to blend the letters by using the “Stretchy the Snake” technique. These strategies allow students to become proficient readers. Students rotate through word study and reading activities followed by an afternoon recess. Kindergarteners play outside (weather permitting) with kindergarten and first grade students from both Stoner Prairie and VAIS. A recess teacher provides supervision during this time. Writing activities progress from drawing and talking about what they drew to writing words and sentences as they become better writers. School is dismissed at 2:35 p.m. * Kindergarteners also participate in a lesson taught by the school librarian every other week in the Library Media Center followed by the opportunity to check out a book. Guidance topics of social, life, and listening skills are taught by a licensed counselor every other week. Throughout the year, kindergarteners take part in several VAIS community gatherings, Stoner Prairie all-school assemblies, science fairs, field trips, and classroom celebrations.

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Abu Dhabi Department of Energy, DoE, has announced the launch of a ‘Recycled Water Policy,’ that will ensure optimal use of recycled water in the emirate. Announced during a workshop held by DoE, which was attended by all concerned parties, the policy supports efforts to preserve Abu Dhabi’s water resources, including drinking and underground water, in order to meet the future needs of all sectors. Developed in cooperation with the Treated Wastewater Reuse Committee, the ‘Recycled Water Policy’ reinforces DoE’s role in ensuring sustainable supplies of recycled water through the distribution companies. This is aligned with the total capacity of wastewater treatment plants owned by Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company (ADSSC) and other operators licenced by DoE. The policy promotes DoE’s efforts to develop a water management strategy to ensure efficient management and preservation of water resources in the UAE capital. The workshop was led by Mohamed Hilal Al Zaabi, Acting Executive Director for Regulatory Affairs at the Department of Energy in Abu Dhabi and was attended by representatives from Department of Urban Planning and Municipalities, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Security Authority, Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi National Energy Company PJSC (TAQA), Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company, Al Ain Distribution Company, Abu Dhabi Distribution Company, Emirates Water And Electricity Company and Abu Dhabi Transmission and Despatch Company. "The Recycled Water Policy underscores DoE’s recognition of water as a strategic resource and its understanding that water security is an integral part of the sustainable water security. There is an urgent need to develop an integrated policy to manage all water resources in the emirate, including recycled water. Our Recycled Water Policy is aligned with the objectives of UAE Water Security Strategy 2036 to ensure sustainable and continued access to water at all times and under any circumstances and to secure an adequate water supply for residential, commercial, governmental, industrial, and agricultural uses. We are dedicated to using the latest water recycling technology to make best use of water that would otherwise be wasted - this is a quantum leap in terms of water supply reserves that helps reduce reliance on water desalination and groundwater in Abu Dhabi," said Mohamed Bin Jarsh Al Falasi, Undersecretary of the Department of Energy in Abu Dhabi. The new policy is applicable to all sectors and activities involving recycled water research studies and recycled water distribution across Abu Dhabi. It will be implemented by DoE, Abu Dhabi Distribution Company, Al Ain Distribution Company, Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company and the independent sewage treatment plants. "Our new policy aims to maximise the use of recycled water, in cooperation with Abu Dhabi’s licensed distribution companies, through joint developmental efforts, coordination and continued quality improvement. This is in the framework of an integrated work system - which is part of our plans to achieve sustainable development - and of Abu Dhabi strategic plans that ensure prosperity of all economic and service sectors for a better future for forthcoming generations," added Al Falasi. The new policy supports broader initiatives to develop and support an integrated policy for water management and to develop a regulatory framework for the emirate in coordination with all relevant entities and stakeholders, including the Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. In addition, the new policy promotes the reuse of recycled water for its economic, social and environmental benefits. The Recycled Water Policy obligates the relevant entities to comply with the requirements, terms and conditions of purchasing, transmitting, distributing, supplying and storing recycled water in an efficient, safe, and economic way. It provides general frameworks for the development of purchase and supply contracts for all supply points - this includes all users and suppliers using recycled water based on the approved tariff. The policy also sets the perspective for a comprehensive economic value of recycled water in the long term and how to explore and open new markets to use recycled water and by-products of wastewater treatment. The policy also includes the development and implementation of security and safety plans to protect public health, environment and water quality across all delivery and distribution points, as per DoE’s instructions. It sets an effective mechanism for water quality regular control and establishes an efficient reporting system to provide timely and accurate information. As per the policy, distribution companies are responsible for studying all requests to use recycled water for non-drinking purposes and determining the quality and quantity of water for each intended purpose, taking into consideration water quantities obtained from sources and the actual needs of each entity. The policy invites entities to take part in DoE’s initiatives to facilitate communication between recycled water producers and end-users, determines responsibilities and rights of each entity and ensures realising and meeting their needs. It gives particular importance to raising awareness amongst recycled water users and informing them of all rights, responsibilities and risks related to the use of recycled water in order to avoid any unauthorised use. It highlights the significance of providing all information required to develop an integrated plan or policy for water management through effective communication with all entities and key partners in Abu Dhabi. The Recycled Water Policy provides constant support for a continuous improvement approach, the treatment, use, or promotion of recycled water as an alternative water resource in the emirate.

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Among the plethora of vulnerabilities announced in 2014, three major vulnerabilities stand out among the rest. They have become so popular that even people who do not work in the information security industry know their names - Heartbleed, Shellshock and POODLE. Since these vulnerabilities were first discovered, beginning with Heartbleed in April 2014, some individuals may be asking, "Why are there so many critical vulnerabilities coming out this year?" While it may seem like 2014 is the year of the vulnerability, in reality, this year has not been much different than years past. According to CVE Details, a website that provides statistics based on the Common Vulnerability and Exposure (CVE) numbering system, 914 vulnerabilities rated critical were disclosed in 2013 and 972 were disclosed in 2012. In fact, in 2012 a critical PHP-CGI (CVE-2012-1823) vulnerability was disclosed that researchers are still seeing exploited to this day. In 2013, also known as the “Year of Java Zero Days,” a number of critical Java vulnerabilities were disclosed. Only 675 critical vulnerabilities have been disclosed so far in 2014, far less than in the two years prior. So why are vulnerabilities receiving more public exposure this year than in years past? Let's begin with Heartbleed. The Heartbleed vulnerability stands out among other critical vulnerabilities because of the widespread use of OpenSSL, the ease and severity of exploitation and that OpenSSL is supposed to secure our traffic, not make it more vulnerable. Shellshock is similar. The widespread use of bash and ease of exploitation made it a patching priority. POODLE has a catchy name. Security professionals typically refer to vulnerabilities using a combination of the vulnerable software name and actual vulnerability. If it's an older vulnerability researchers might also add in the unique CVE number. Heartbleed, Shellshock and POODLE do not fall under the typical vulnerability-naming protocol. They are the start of a new trend – naming vulnerabilities like researchers name malware (i.e. Zeus, Pony, etc.). The catchier the name, the more attention it may receive. For example, POODLE was repeatedly reported publicly although it's not nearly as severe as the Heartbleed and Shellshock vulnerabilities. Another example, Microsoft released patches for three other zero days this month – all of which were critical and were being actively exploited in the wild. The Sandstorm vulnerability – which was the only one with the catchy name - received far more attention than the other two despite being less severe. It's certainly understandable why researchers are trying new ways to publicize their findings. Vulnerability research is challenging and oftentimes tough to promote. If a name, website and cool logo will get you a little more visibility then why not? However, a name and a logo do not denote any kind of severity. Whether the vulnerability has a memorable name or not, it's important that organizations have procedures and controls in place to quickly identify it and apply the necessary patches. Security controls such as automated vulnerability scanning and penetration testing are an essential part of identifying and remediating vulnerabilities across all assets. It's also critical that businesses keep their software and operating systems current. Open SSL 3.0 – where the POODLE vulnerability exists - is an antiquated encryption suite. Businesses should be using a more updated version of the protocol, TLS. If businesses find that they do not have enough resources in-house to continuously flag and remediate vulnerabilities as well as make sure their software and systems are updated and patched, they should consider partnering with an outside team of experts who can fill that manpower and skills shortage gap.We have no way of knowing when the next Heartbleed, Shellshock, or CVE-2014-4148 is going to happen, but if the past is any guide, we expect the future will bring critical vulnerabilities with it. All we can do is prepare.

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With roughly 367 miles of coastline, some weird stuff is bound to wash up on shore in Texas. A wild alligator from Louisiana though? That’s weirder than usual. Members of the National Park Service’s sea turtle squad were out looking for sea turtle nests when they stumbled upon the gator washed ashore on Malaquite Beach near the Padre Island National Seashore. It was discovered by members of the National Park Service’s turtle squad who were looking for sea turtles. The beach is more than 400 miles away from where the gator is believed to have originated. Just outside of Corpus Christi, the Padre Island National Seashore is the longest undeveloped barrier island in the world. It separates the Gulf of Mexico from Laguna Madre and is a popular place for outdoor recreation. Speculation from Field & Stream indicates that one theory for the gators ocean bound adventure is related to extreme weather. Over the past two months, severe storms have dropped substantial amounts of rain on Louisiana, including the the highest single total for rainfall in a single day. Flooding good have washed the gator out to see where the waters turbulence and salinity left the young reptile disoriented. The gator is believed to have then floated across the Gulf of Mexico before making landfall in Texas. Kelly Taylor, the Public Information Office for the National Seashore told CNN: “The alligator had a significant amount of algae on its back that leads us to speculate that it was floating in the Gulf for a while.” While gators can survive in salt water for several days at a time, it is not ideal. This particular gator seemed to be dehydrated from over exposure to saltwater. It is being treated with plans for the gator to be released back into the wild at an undisclosed location. While the gator is getting all of the attention, Padre Island is also known as pristine sea turtle habitat. The turtles come to shore this time of year to nest on the undeveloped beaches, and while protections are in place for the turtles they remain a major tourist attraction.

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Origin of deform1 synonym study for deform OTHER WORDS FROM deform Words nearby deform Other definitions for deform (2 of 2) How to use deform in a sentence The inner workings of the digital scale are made of delicate materials that may warp and deform if not stored correctly.Best kitchen scales: This handy kitchen essential is a must-have for baking and beyond|Irena Collaku|July 24, 2021|Popular-Science Aleksandr Kozlov, Russia’s Minister of Natural Resources, told a minister’s council in May that more than 40% of the northern region’s buildings are starting to deform.Last Month Was the Hottest June in North America in Recent Recorded History|Aryn Baker|July 7, 2021|Time “Anytime you’re interacting with an object, your skin deforms,” or squishes a bit, Bensmaia explains. “Anytime you’re interacting with an object, your skin deforms,” or squishes a bit. In its earliest eras, it built volcanoes so immense that their formation deformed its surface.Iceland’s Eruptions Reveal the Hot History of Mars|Robin George Andrews|April 6, 2021|Quanta Magazine Their genius travels over as many lines as there are lineaments in the figure, and the least false step would deform it.Buffon's Natural History. Volume IX (of 10)|Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon With all this they have a Pair of Stays which reaches down to394 their Waist, and renders them compleatly deform'd.The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz, Volume I|Karl Ludwig von Pllnitz Were she deform'd,The virtues of her mind would force a stoic To sue to be her servant.The Plays of Philip Massinger|Philip Massinger Only frankness can serve me here or make plain all that was secretly at work to deform the natural development of our lives.The Book of Susan|Lee Wilson Dodd Our inheritance in many ways is precious and wonderful, but our human response can deform it.Herein is Love|Reuel L. Howe

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Is Vertical Farming the Future of Sustainable Food Sourcing? Picture huge, industrialized fields of waving wheat and corn and soy in the American midwest. That’s about the size of our collective understanding of where America’s food supply comes from. If we know a little bit more, we can use words like “monoculture” and “pesticides.” Maybe you’ve read a few of Rachel Carson’s books, so you understand that there’s a ripple effect throughout an ecosystem when toxic chemicals are used to help ensure crop survival. Over time, we’ve really examined this system and determined it’s got a few fatal flaws. Monoculture is hugely detrimental to soil quality and encourages plant disease, pesticides ravage natural survival mechanisms, and the very act of food traveling from these enormous and distant fields raises the carbon footprint of our food supply chain enormously. But what are we to do? The country is clearly the right place for growing. Urban farms seem out of the question — where could you find enough empty land? What about air pollution? Do city folk even know how to farm? Vertical farms are hardly a new idea — but they’re gaining more and more traction as green jobs (work related to maintaining a healthy environment) circulate into the job force. From conservation to regulation to investing to decarbonization to renewable energy, green jobs contain multitudes and identify with many distinct purposes. Prior to the pandemic, the clean energy sector employed 3.4 million people. Nothing to sniff at, certainly. And as the country desperately seeks alternative solutions, trying to unwind itself from the hamstrung clutches of Big Ag and the pesticide industry, vertical farms may just answer the call with a viable urban plan. What Is a Vertical Farm? Simplest explanation first: Stacks of crops growing long-ways inside of an artificially lit and climate-controlled building. It’s like if vertical home design had a baby with the greenhouse movement. City dwellers living in cramped spaces have been organizing their homes upwards rather than sideways since they figured out it saved space — and so too does vertical farming. Unfortunately, nothing in our world can be that simple. Vertical farming sounds like the savior our agricultural system needs. It also appears to answer the growing problem of urban food insecurity — most of the world’s population lives in urban settings and are the most likely to spend most of their money on food while also living in danger of losing access to their food. A recent report predicted that the vertical farming industry in the U.S. would reach $3 billion in value by 2024. So far, vertical farming is primarily used to grow wheat, leafy greens, tomatoes, and other crops with quick turnover rates. And various soilless farming techniques have been employed and fine-tuned through the vertical farming process — hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics. It’s been touted by optimists as a way to remove seasonality from the equation of food production, use less water, prevent chemical runoff, reduce food travel, return former farming land to its natural ecosystem, and other such powerful praise. But vertical farming has a few disastrous kinks it needs to comb through before we herald it as the clean, green future of food production, slated to replace the wasteful and chemically-laden system we have now. It’s a Long Fall From the Top Here’s the biggest hurdle for vertical farms to jump, and they’ve not improved on it much in the last decade: The carbon footprint left by running one is unbelievably high. And in areas of the country without a significant portion of the energy used being drawn from renewable sources like wind or solar power, it’s just more fossil fuel usage. Many have pointed out the irony in trying to reduce our carbon footprint by bringing farming indoors to use very expensive and constant artificial lighting, thereby removing the cheapest part about farming: the use of the sun. And if vertical farmers are going to compete with traditional farmers, their artificial lighting must be even stronger than direct sunlight — as the authors of one particular study show when they managed to outgrow traditional U.S. wheat output in a simulation using light 30–50% stronger than the sun. The scale of crop output to energy used when compared with our current system doesn’t come close — it’s estimated that we would still use four to five times more energy than traditional farming simply to shine a light on the crops, not even considering the cost of watering and indoor climate control. Vertical farming may not be ready yet to overtake inground monoculture industrial field farming. But its innovators haven’t stopped working and will continue to develop adjustments as our economy invests more and more in green technology. If you enjoyed these thoughts and think we’ve got something in common, I have a feeling you’re going to love the Urban Monk Academy. It’s the home of every class I teach — from Qi Gong to Life Gardening to Dream Yoga to Gut Health and even Tantra — and for two weeks, you can try it for free.

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Tommy October 14 2013, Kirkland Period IV As you can see, there are many forms of quadratics formulas in the world we live in. From the arc of a rainbow crossing the sky to a dolphin leaping over the surface of the ocean to even something as mundane as a necklace on someone's neck. What is a Quadratic Formula? A quadratic formula is used to solve for the x-intercept, which is also known as a solution, a root, a solution, or a zero. People throughout the ages have been using the Quadratic Formula in a variety of useful ways. Such as the Arc De Triomphe found above. We can even find the Quadratic Formula being put to use practically through architecture.

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Welcome to our post about 2000 km to mi. Here you can find everything about 2000 kilometers to miles, including the formula and a distance converter for example. If you have been looking for 2000 km in miles, then you are right here, too. Make sure to understand that this article is about converting 2000 kilometers to international miles, which are explained on our home page. To obtain 2000 km in nautical miles use the converter in the article nautical miles to km. Convert 2000 Km to Mi To convert 2000 km to mi we divide the distance in km, 2000, by 1.609344. Thus, the 2000 km to miles formula is: mi = 2000 / 1.609344. Therefore, the result of the distance conversion is: 2000 kilometers to miles = 1242.742 mi 2000 km in miles = 1242.742 international miles Here you can find 2000 miles in km. Our tool changes the distance automatically whilst you are inserting the length in km, e.g. 2000, using the decimal point notation for fractions. Pressing the blue button swaps the units. 2000 Km to Miles Converter Change km to mi Apart from 2000 km into miles, comparable length conversions on our site include: Note that you can locate various distance conversions including 2000 km to mi using the search form in the sidebar. There, insert, for instance, 2000 kilometers into miles. Along the same lines can you look up 2000 km in mi, 2000 kilometers in miles and 2000.0 km to miles, just to give you a few more examples. Give it a try now typing 2000 km converted into miles. BTW: People also come to our website when searching for 2000 km in miles or 2000 km to miles, just to name a few. Keep reading to learn all about 2000 kilometers to miles. 2000 Km in Miles Frequently asked questions in the context of 2000 km in miles include, for example: - How many miles is a 2000 km? - How many miles is 2000 km? - How far is 2000 km in miles? - How many miles in a 2000 k? - What is 2000 km in miles? Of course, you already know the answer to these questions: 2000 kilometer to miles = 1242.742 international miles. More about the units of 2000 kms to miles can be found on our home page. You have made it to the concluding section of our 2000 km miles post. If you are happy with our information on 2000 km to mi and our calculator please press the sharing buttons. Questions about 2000 kilometers converted to miles and comments related to our 2000 km to miles converter are really appreciated and can be left using the form at the bottom of this page. Another way is sending us an email with convert 2000 km into miles in the subject line. No matter how we hear from you, we aim to get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks for visiting 2000 km to mi on kmtomi.com.

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mother of American greatness, it apparently is not due to the presence of a large percentage of urban population. The facts showing urban and rural population point in no conclusive direction. |East North Central||9.1||7.8||2.7| To guard against the objection that the supremacy of New England was due to the inclusion of an undue number of preachers and school teachers in the "Who's Who" figures, an analysis was prepared of the statistics by professions. The 10,000 persons are divided rather evenly over the different professions, with the two exceptions of educators and lawyers. Table VII. contains the figures for the professions at large. |Public office holders (except Army and Navy)||916||9.2| |Army and Navy||430||4.3|

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A Coffee Lover Uses Coffee to Teach High School Chemistry Here’s a way to really utilize coffee that includes drinking it, assessing roast profiles, assessing it for its flavor properties, studying the physics of brew methods, and learning from coffee masters – all at your local high school. Yes, Merek Chang, a high school chemistry teacher down in a little town outside Los Angeles, chose the most excellent brewing of coffee as a teaching vehicle and slam dunked the interest factor for his students. He himself had undergone a coffee chemistry class in college at U.C. Davis, but he made his a lot better. We at home who brew our coffee don’t really think too much about what goes into the brewing process. As long as it’s good. Although, we may check out the latest brewing equipment which often comes with pretty science-y explanations for what’s going on and that can be so impressive that we splurge out $500 - $3,000 for a brewing machine. Or not. However, these lucky students really dove deep into the molecular world of coffee, courtesy of donated equipment. They made their own roasting profile experiments, grinding experiments and brewing experiments – followed by tasting of the coffee (black, of course) from authentic coffee sipping cups. They had to get over the black coffee part. Coffee data tables were made, and science history was made, and these high schoolers will never look at coffee in a cup the same way again.

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Education Services home page > CensusAtSchool home page > Year 7 Resources CaSMa13 - The Statistical Cycle Year 7 |You can download this activity, the teacher solutions and the assessment rubric as a rich text file (RTF) at the bottom of the page. Download our printer friendly Prepared Samples as Excel files or access data using the Random Sampler.| Key Statistical Literacy Competencies Addressed - Data awareness - The ability to understand statistical concepts - The ability to analyse, interpret and evaluate statistical information - Communicating statistical information and understandings |In this investigation students use the 5 step statistical cycle to design an investigation and use statistical displays and summary statistics to analyse CensusAtSchool data. The activity is designed to encompass all of the year 7 Data representation and interpretation content.| - Spreadsheet software program - Pens and paper STEP 1: The Problem The first step when using the statistical cycle, is to decide on the topic of your investigation e.g. what is the ‘problem’ you will investigate? In this case your data must be numerical and compare the results of at least two distinct groups. For example: STEP 2: The Plan The second step in the cycle involves making the decisions about your data e.g. how big should your sample be? How will your sample be chosen? You also need to think about what you expect to find so that you are ready to talk about any unexpected results. |What results do you expect to find? Write a sentence that predicts what you think the data will show you.| |Look at the CensusAtSchool questionnaire and write down which questions provide the data you need to complete your investigation. | |What sample size will you use? Explain your choice. | STEP 3: The Data After defining your problem, and planning your investigation, the next step in the statistical investigation cycle is to organise the data so it is easy for you to interpret and for others to read. |How did you collect and organise the data? | HINT: The data comes as an Excel spread sheet. You can use the ‘Sort’ function in the data tab to order the data e.g. by year level, sex, height. This will make it easier to display the data. |Did you use all the data or did you “clean it” to eliminate any obvious errors? Explain why you did/did not clean the data. If you did clean the data, how did you decide what data to ‘clean’?| |What level of accuracy is appropriate for this investigation? E.g. For very spread out data you may decide to arrange it so as to contain it in 6 - 10 groups. You may decide to round off your answers? Explain your decisions.| |How did you display the data? Explain your choice.| STEP 4: The Analysis Once you have sourced the data to answer your investigation ‘problem’, the next step in the statistical cycle is to analyse what the data tell you. |Produce and clearly display your data using summary statistics.| HINT: Summary statistics are best displayed in a table. You will need to calculate the mean, median and range. You can do this in Excel by using the formulae "=average” and “=median” to calculate the mean and median. To calculate the mode use "=mode". You can choose to look at the mode or the modal range if your data are grouped. STEP 5: The Conclusion This is the final step of the statistical investigation cycle. At this stage of the cycle, you are using your summary statistics to sum up your findings about your investigation. This is also where you communicate your findings using appropriate statistical vocabulary. |What is the answer to your original question? You will need to draw on your summary statistics from ‘Step 4’ to provide proof. | |What meaning can be taken from your results? Can your answers be generalised beyond your sample? How could your results be applied in real life? Where should they not be used, or, used with caution?| Download the Activity This page last updated 12 November 2013

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This subchapter looks at pwd, a UNIX (and Linux) command. pwd stands for Print the Working Directory. It provides the full path for the current working directory. and is normally run without any options. pwd is a builtin command in bash. There is also an external utility with the same name and functionality. The working directory is whatever directory you happen to be working in. The working directory is always the same as the home directory when you start a shell session, but you can change your working directory at any time (and typically do change it). Commands normally are applied to the current working directory. The working directory may also be called the current directory, current working directory, or present working directory. Type pwd from the command line, followed by ENTER or RETURN, and you will see the current working directory. $ pwd /Users/admin $ Theres not much else to tell you about this command, but this is an important one because you will continually have the need to know where you are. We will go into more detail about these commands later, but for now you need to know how to move around in your file system. The ls command is used to list the contents of the current directory. Go ahead and type ls followed by ENTER or RETURN and you will see a list of the files and directories in your current working directory (which should still also be your home directory). The cd command is used to change directories. Go ahead and type cd directory-name followed by ENTER or RETURN and you will move to the new directory. You can confirm this by then typing pwd followed by ENTER or RETURN. You will see that you have successfully changed working directories. $ pwd /Users/admin $ ls Desktop Movies Send Registration Documents Music Sites Downloads Pictures Library Public $ cd Desktop $ pwd /Users/admin/Desktop $ As you move around the directory tree, it is common to forget exactly where you are, especially if you do some other tasks (such as file editing). pwd provides an easy way to determine where you are and insure that your next actions are happening in the correct directory. Use cd command all by itself to return to your home directory. $ cd Desktop $ pwd /Users/admin $ pwd is almost always used without options and never uses any arguments (such as file names). Anything other tahn legal options typed after pwd are ignored. Some shells ignore anything other than the legal options typed after pwd without reporting any errors, while most shells report errors for illegal options. All shells seem to ignore all arguments without reporting any errors. The two main options for pwd are -L and -P. The -L option displays the logical current working directory. This is the default if no options are listed. $ pwd -L /Users/admin $ The -P option displays the physical current working directory, with all symbolic links resolved. $ pwd -P /Users/admin $ You can use the help command to get information about pwd. $ help pwd Some early Linux shells allow the --help command to get information about pwd. $ pwd --help Some early Linux shells allow the --version option gives the version number for your copy of pwd. In June 2009, Ken Milberg named this command as one of the Top 50 universal UNIX commands at this web page Top 50 Universal INIX commands. Note that this web page requires agreeing to be spammed before you can read it. free music player coding example Coding example: I am making heavily documented and explained open source code for a method to play music for free almost any song, no subscription fees, no download costs, no advertisements, all completely legal. This is done by building a front-end to YouTube (which checks the copyright permissions for you). UNIX used as a generic term unless specifically used as a trademark (such as in the phrase UNIX certified). UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company Ltd. Names and logos of various OSs are trademarks of their respective owners.

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Behavioral Institute for Children and Adolescents © 2019 All Rights Reserved. About Our Kids (www.aboutourkids.org) The New York University Child Study Center is dedicated to increasing the awareness of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders and improving the research necessary to advance the prevention, identification, and treatment of these disorders on a national scale. All About Adolescent Literature (http://www.adlit.org/) AdLit.org is a national multimedia project offering information and resources to the parents and educators of struggling adolescent readers and writers (grades 4-12). AdLit.org is an educational initiative of WETA, the flagship public television and radio station in the nation's capital, and is funded by Carnegie Corporation of New York and by the Ann B. and Thomas L. Friedman Family Foundation. American Institutes for Research (https://www.air.org/) AIR is one of the world's largest behavioral and social science research and evaluation organizations. AIR’s mission is to conduct and apply the best behavioral and social science research and evaluation towards improving people's lives, with a special emphasis on the disadvantaged. Behavior Advisor (www.behavioradvisor.com) You've reached this granite planet's most visited and respected classroom behaviour management web site. Here you'll find thousands of positive and respectful strategies & interventions for promoting appropriate behavior (in kids AND the adults who serve them). No need for "pay back" to me. Instead, "pay it forward" ... Share these strategies with another adult who works with kids in need of guidance. Thanks for visiting... Dr. Mac Center for Safe Schools (www.safeschools.info) Center for Safe Schools has been committed to developing creative and effective solutions to problems that disrupt the educational process and affect school safety. The Center provides training and technical assistance to help schools identify and implement effective programs and practices and maintain safe, productive learning environments; and it serves as a statewide clearinghouse for educators, parents, law enforcement and others on school safety and youth violence prevention. Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles (https://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/) Its mission is to create a new generation of research in social science and law, on the critical issues of civil rights and equal opportunity for racial and ethnic groups in the United States. It has commissioned more than 400 studies, published 14 books and issued numerous reports from authors at universities and research centers across the country. The U.S. Supreme Court, in its 2003 Grutter v. Bollinger decision upholding affirmative action, and in Justice Breyer’s dissent (joined by three other Justices) to its 2007 Parents Involved in Community Schools decision, cited the Civil Rights Project’s research. Intervention Central (www.interventioncentral.org) Created by Jim Wright, Intervention Central, is a popular website with free intervention and assessment resources for educators in grades K-12. With many school districts across the nation now facing serious budget constraints, Jim's goal is to make Intervention Central the top website for high quality RTI resources available at no cost--including articles on effective academic and behavioral intervention practices and interactive tools to create assessment and other materials. Supported by the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Special Education Programs and located at Vanderbilt University’s Peabody College, the IRIS Center develops and disseminates free, engaging online resources about evidence-based instructional and behavioral practices to support the education of all students, particularly struggling learners and those with disabilities. Marc Sheehan's Special Education/Exceptionality Web Site A small site with a LARGE collection of links and resources. There are specific pages dedicated to special education, lesson plans and educational resources. The Melissa Institute For Violence Prevention and Treatment (www.melissainstitute.org) The Melissa Institute is a non-profit organization dedicated to the study and prevention of violence through education, community service, research support and consultation. The Institute’s mission is to prevent violence and promote safer communities through education and application of research-based knowledge. The mission is accomplished in the following ways: NCPMI is funded by the Office of Special Education Programs to improve and support the capacity of state systems and local programs to implement an early childhood multi-tiered system of support to improve the social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes of young children with, and at risk for, developmental disabilities or delays. Juveniles in crisis pose a challenge to the nation. Charged by Congress to meet this challenge, OJJDP collaborates with professionals from diverse disciplines to improve juvenile justice policies and practices. OJJDP sponsors research, program, and training initiatives; develops priorities and goals and sets policies to guide federal juvenile justice issues; disseminates information about juvenile justice issues; and awards funds to states to support local programming. RELATED INFORMATION AND ORGANIZATIONS

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The story of our planet's climate is recorded in ice over 800,000 years. The ice, over Lake Vostok in Antarctica, is 3 kilometers deep. A core sample of this mighty sheet of ice produces important geophysics data. With Ice Core Walk, you can take an audio tour and virtually walk down the data along the ice core. Listen how the climate changed in the distant past, and how dramatically it changes now. Each step equals hundreds of years... Go! Get the Audio Tour Pick a path to walk for about 3 km or half an hour, and press play to begin the audio tour. You will have walked the full length of the Vostok Ice Core, and hear the stories of major geophysical events. Each step of your walk equals about 200 years. At the very end of the walk, you will reach the present and its dramatically increasing CO2 and Temperature levels. Please share your trip with photos and #icecorewalk. The Production Team The project was initiated as part of a collaboration between Chris Chafe and Philippe Tortell, supported by the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies,UBC. Together, they assembled ice core data from many different soiurces. This fundamental data was sonified by Chris Chafe at Stanford University. Liz Carlisle, Greg Niemeyer, Chris Chafe, and George Hilley created the walkable experience of the Ice Core Walk with stories contributed by Hannah Black, Liz Carlisle, Emma Hutchinson, and Ashley Overbeek, all also at Stanford University. Greg Niemeyer and Mike Ghaussy, UC Berkeley maintain this web page. The free iTunes ShoMe app allows you to set a start point and an end point for your walk. The ShoMe app tracks your position and plays segments of the audio tour exactly synched to your walk. The Vostok Ice Core Vostok in East Antarctica is probably not the coldest place on Earth, but it’s close. The Russian research base there observed the lowest reliably documented natural temperature ever at Earth’s surface: −89.2°C or −128.6°F. Snow accumulates very slowly there, and an ice core contains a long, accurate record of the temperature at Vostok, and of the atmospheric composition, because air bubbles trapped in the ice are little samples of the old atmosphere. Several long ice-core records have been collected in Antarctica, with the longest continuous one about 800,000 years.The temperature record, from the isotopic composition of the ice, shows what happened in the Vostok region, not the whole world. However, the whole world cooled and warmed together because of ice age cycles and global warming, because of changes in sun exposure and CO2. The ice ages were caused by features of Earth’s orbit. The spacing between ice ages actually was predicted decades before it was measured accurately, based on astronomical calculations from the orbits. The ice age story is wonderfully complicated but can be made fairly simple. When the amount of summer sun dropped in the north over thousands of years, ice grew, forming vast ice sheets that have bulldozed across Scandinavia, Boston, New York and Chicago. (Antarctica is already glaciated, and it doesn’t really get cold enough to get ice onto Australia, Africa, or most of South America, so sunshine in the south isn’t so important). The ice sheets were made from water from the ocean, which dropped more than 100 m (about 400 feet). Many other changes occurred as the ice grew, and these shifted some CO2 into the ocean. The whole world cooled, including places getting more sunshine. With more sunshine in the far north, this process was reversed. For a full scientific discussion of ice cores, visit Science Magazine Donate to the Project If you enjoyed your walking experience, please consider donating to the Ice Core Walk team. All proceeds support project maintenance and development.

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Introspection Psychology – How to be Real with Yourself Why do some of us have a fear of introspection? Indeed, the word introspection means something simple but is exceedingly difficult. If you look up introspection in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy states that it is “a means of learning about one’s own ongoing, or perhaps recently past, mental states or processes.” Let’s look at some introspection psychology. Please note that this article contains affiliate links. You can read my full disclosure at the bottom of the page. Looking at yourself from a mental and emotional standpoint (including your actions) and analyzing them can be difficult and scary. Because of issues like your own biases, along with the almost vague nature of the word, this can become a burdensome task. But well worth it, as without introspection psychology, we can never have personal growth. Introspection and self-reflection lead to self-awareness and self-understanding, and those two lead to personal development, the ultimate outcome of self-discovery. I believe that implementing introspection psychology is a process that leads to an intuitive understanding of ourselves and provides greater insight into your life and mental state. The fear of introspection is worth breaking through for these benefits. At the University of Sydney, a psychologist Anthony M. Grant discovered that people who displayed greater personal insight “enjoy stronger relationships, a clearer sense of purpose and greater well-being, self-acceptance, and happiness.” Along with his findings, another study showed that “people high in insight feel more in control of their lives, show more dramatic personal growth, enjoy better relationships, and feel calmer and more content.” The benefits sound great, so just how does the average person navigate introspection? Avoid Confirmation Basis Confirmation bias is your natural tendency to search for, interpret, and even favor information that confirms or supports your current beliefs without considering the big picture. No doubt, this is the default for most people because we want to be right. If we really want to change with introspection psychology the fear of introspection most likely stems from not wanting to admit, even to ourselves, our flaws. Look for ways to challenge your conclusions. Seek information from a range of sources, not just ones that agree with you; that can create an echo chamber where all your biases will be reinforced. Try getting another’s opinion, discuss your thoughts with others. Ultimately, get the bigger picture before you decide. “The introspection concept explores inner thoughts and feelings following a unique structure of analysis.”BetterHelp.com Look At Your Part In Situations without Fear of Introspection It’s helpful to make a list of wrongdoing. Either where you were in the wrong or were hurt by someone else. Look at each interaction as subjectively as possible and write it out. So, let’s separate it into parts—the who, the when, and the why. Next, take a moment and look at your part in all of it. What could have done better or differently, were you being spiteful or judgmental, or are you shifting blame? Looking at yourself is never easy; even the Ph.D.’s admit that “introspection as it can cloud and confuse our self-perceptions, which can have a host of unintended consequences.” Introspection Psychology Tip #1: Stay Calm Taking a hard look at yourself and your actions can bring up some heavy stuff. Take it slow and easy. Moreover, the last thing you want is to get all revved up and do something you regret. Anger, disappointment, and feelings of loss may come up. You are taking a hard look at your past, and that can be quite uncomfortable. If you are one of many with a fear of introspection, you can see why! Introspection Psychology Tip #2 Have Support I would recommend if you want to go all-in, have a licensed therapist guide you through the rough times. Alas, if that is not an option to make sure you have people you can talk with whom will be nonjudgmental. The Practice Of Introspection Take A Daily Inventory Regardless, once you have conquered your fear of introspection and done the deep dive into your psyche – you don’t want to allow yourself to go backward. At the end of every day, look over your interactions. Anything you did well, keep doing that. Anything you feel you need to change, take steps in that direction to change it. Progress is all you’re looking for. If you chase perfection, you will never win. Other Ways to Implement Introspection Psychology There are different ways to practice introspection and self-reflection. The best way, however, is to ask yourself questions and record your responses in writing. So, find a comfortable, quiet spot, grab a drink, and sit down with a pen and paper. The questions you ask will depend on you and what you’d like to take from this process. There are some basics you can start with, though. For example, think about five lessons life has taught you thus far and record each of them. Unless you enjoy writing and want to go deep, keep your response to a sentence or two. At least, as you get started. Once you have your five lessons recorded, it’s time to dig in. For each lesson, ask how you learned the lesson, why you learned it, when you learned it, and exactly what you learned. Try to keep this to a paragraph. This is simply a starting point. A gentle step for those who have a fear of introspection. Where you take your reflection from here is up to you. However, to get you started, I’d like you to think back on what you believe are some of the most defining moments of your life. Choose three to get started. Take each defining moment in turn and get to know more about each. Think about your experience – what you did, what you were thinking, and how it felt at the time. What were you experiencing at that moment? What was going on inside you at that moment? Once you have done this, you can reflect on what you have learned. What does the experience suggest to you, and what can you learn from it? You can compare each experience to the values or principles you try to follow in life. Finally, you have to take the lessons you have learned and apply them in practice. How can you deal with future situations? Has reliving this experience taught you about who you were, and how has it shaped you as you are now? What would you do differently? What do you intend to do about this based on your period of reflection? How to Properly Use Your Past Experience for Personal Growth Our pasts can be filled with many negative experiences that we’d like to forget. Hence, the fear of introspection. If we aren’t careful to address our history, those less than happy experiences can shape us negatively. However, we don’t have to let the negativity of our past define us. Instead, we can decide to use our history for personal growth. By doing so, we make the best out of a bad situation and go on to live meaningful and fulfilling lives. Growth Mindset and Introspection Pyschology A growth mindset is an idea that failures are simply a stop on the road to success. Adopting a growth mindset helps us embrace the past by accepting that some negative experiences and choices are simply a part of life and learning. This frees us from the negative emotions of guilt and shame and getting stuck in the past. When we can accept our past as part of our overall learning and development process, we can learn and ultimately move forward (Mandel, 2020). Forgiveness is the Grace Found Past the Fear of Introspection Forgiveness is about giving ourselves, and others grace so that we can move forward. Often when we’ve experienced negative things or have made poor choices, we can get stuck in a cycle of unforgiveness towards others or ourselves that keeps us stuck in the past. Making a conscious choice to forgive others or ourselves frees us from the event or mistake and allows us to heal so that you can move forward, versus remaining stuck in the pain of that moment. Forgiveness is essential to releasing emotions like anger, shame, bitterness, sadness, guilt, and others that can keep you bound and stuck (Lindberg, 2018). Thus, working towards forgiveness should be a priority. Perspective – A Key Player in Introspection Psychology Our perspectives play a vital role in shaping our ability to move forward. A pessimistic outlook will keep us stuck in the past and focused on the negatives. But an optimistic outlook can cause us to view our lives and circumstances through a positive lens and propel us forward in life. A positive perspective can help us see our past as a building block or a learning opportunity, which we can use to help us. Thus, cultivating positivity is essential to use our past to our benefit rather than being held back by it (Rampton, 2016). Keep this in mind if that clingy fear of introspection rears its head. Gratitude is a Choice Gratitude is about a choice to find those things in our lives we are thankful for. When we have experienced negative experiences in our past, this can be hard to do. However, embracing a mindset of gratitude is a strong strategy for using our history for personal growth. Gratitude is a more direct way to alter perspective. It refocuses our attention on the positive things we are grateful for and shifts it away from those less than positive experiences. By thinking about those things, we have to be thankful for we can pivot from the past and think more about moving forward in life (Rampton, 2016). Get over the Fear of Introspection: Don’t Dwell The most crucial step in using the past for personal growth is learning not to dwell in the past but to live introspectively, dealing with ourselves regularly. You can never adequately move forward if you continuously think about the past. Yet, to honestly know ourselves, we must diligently use introspection and self-reflection! The best measure is to take whatever lessons you can learn about yourself from the past, apply them, and then move on. This keeps you from getting stuck and being unable to make progress in life as a result. While at the same time giving you valuable guidance. The past doesn’t have to be a stumbling block, we can be self-reflective without fear of introspection. Instead, it can be a stepping stone towards a brighter future. If we adopt a growth mindset, embrace a positive perspective, come from a place of gratitude, and learn to forgive and move on, we can use our past to progress and become our best selves. How to Deal with Fear of Introspection and Associated with Self-Reflection Let’s take time to self-reflect each day. Self-reflection allows you to grow and work towards becoming an even better person. However, it can be extremely easy for people to find fear in self-reflection. Where there is change, there is the fear of something changing. Introspective psychology tells us that most people do not like change, but sometimes change is needed. If you are finding it challenging to self-reflect due to specific fears, you are not alone. Here are some things that you can do to work past your fears and effectively self-reflect to make you the person you strive to be. The first thing that you need to know is what self-reflection is. Self-reflection is the process used when you stop and think about your life, purpose, and place in the world. During this process, you consciously analyze the choices that you have made and identify those recurring patterns that you may need to change or at least ensure that you are living true to your morals and values. There are many reasons why self-reflection is essential, achieving different results in life, controlling what you can and not obsessing over what you cannot, and facing your fears. Allow yourself to see things from the bigger picture. When you are self-reflecting, you must look at the entire picture and not just bits and pieces of the situation. This is a tough thing to do, but if you want to effectively use introspection psychology with what is going on in your life, you must do this. You will not see the results you are looking for if you do not consider everything that is going on. It is tough to think about the whole situation, and most people naturally think about the negative, more so than the positive, which will lead to more fear than need be. The more fear of introspection that you feel during a negative situation, the less you will want to think about it, which will lead to not wanting to think about it. Resistance to new ideas or changeGuardline Security It is natural to resist new ideas or change because there are many unknowns. The anxiety starts to kick in, and you begin to feel uncomfortable with just the idea of how things, as you know it now, may be affected. Take a deep breath and relax. Change can be useful and, in some cases, very much needed. The change will allow you to go to the next step and face your fears of the unknown (which has a strong basis in fear of introspection). It will enable you to become the person that you strive to be. Different experiences lead to different outcomes, but when you are optimistic about the issue and the change you have encountered in your life, you may get further than you ever thought possible. Lack of security or safety can cause fear of introspection When you feel insecure or unsafe; you will not continue doing that activity or being surrounded by those people. That is a natural and self-protective reaction. Self-reflection can be the same thing. You can become very vulnerable, and this is very scary for many people. There is nothing wrong with this; however, you must slowly move past these insecurities so that you can continue growing and becoming better than you were yesterday. Find people that you confide in to help you through this difficult time. People in your life may have been through similar situations, and they can give you recommendations on how to move forward. Once you grasp your insecurities, you will be able to self-reflect with little fear of being left vulnerable, no matter the situation. How Who You Are Changes Throughout Life Would you believe me if I said the person you are now is not the person you once were? Or that the person you are now is not the person you will be in several years. There is evidence to suggest that who we are, our personalities, change over time. Whereas at one time, it was believed that our personalities and identities were fixed in childhood or by age 30, research now shows that our personalities are malleable and fluid (Gorvett, 2020). Psychologists refer to this process of change that takes place as we age personality maturation. The process is a gradual one that begins in the teenage years and continues well into the 80s. Studies have shown that we become more socially adaptable, more altruistic, and more trusting as we age. Additionally, we become nicer, develop a greater sense of humor, have more willpower, and gain more control over our emotions (Gorvett, 2020). A large study demonstrated this principle… A study involving 50,000 people over the course of several decades demonstrated this principle. The study combined 14 longitudinal studies that looked at information about people’s personalities. Of the personality traits deemed the Big Five — neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness, extroversion, and agreeableness — all of them showed changes among study participants. All traits showed a downward trend of roughly 1-2% per decade across the studies, except for agreeableness, which saw an increase. These results suggested that as we age, we change, experiencing shifts in our personality. These results were steady across all 14 studies (Weller, 2018). Personality Changes Over Time Another study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology looked at how personality changes over time. Researchers from the University of Houston, the University of Tuebingen in Germany, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign looked at data drawn from a personality questionnaire given to high school students in 1960. The team then followed up with those surveyed nearly 50 years later by asking questions that compared and contrasted their teenage personalities to their present-day personalities (Guerra, 2018). The study’s results showed that dominant personality traits remained dominant throughout one’s entire life. Still, that personality is malleable, and that life events can cause you to gain a different perspective. However, research also points out that the amount of personality change experienced varies from person to person. Apparently, the environment we are exposed to and the company we keep play a large role in shaping our personality over time… The study results also showed that while some personality elements were gender-specific, the rate at which men and women experience changes in their personality is relatively the same. There was no specific gender with the edge over the other in terms of personality maturity over time (DiSalvo, 2018). Psychologists from The University of Manchester and London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) published a similar study in Social Indicators Research. The researchers looked at an extensive data set of 7,500 individuals who answered questions on their life satisfaction and personality at two-time periods four years apart. Personality can Change – to Some Degree Personality was measured using a well-validated personality questionnaire assessing five broad dimensions that cover the breadth of a person’s character: openness-to-experiences, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Results showed that personality changed at least as much as the external factors. Again, this demonstrated that personality can and does change over time and can also influence well-being (Nauert, 2018). Ultimately, the research supports the idea that we do change throughout our lifespan. While our core traits likely remain set in stone, other facets of our personality are malleable and can be altered by our environments and the people we surround ourselves with. Thankfully, the research also suggests that most of these changes are for the better, which should be an encouragement to us that all change isn’t bad. And jumping into introspection psychology and releasing the fear of introspection can be the best thing you ever do for yourself. Go forth in introspection and grow! Please note that some of this site’s links are affiliate links, and BlessedReject.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program (and other affiliate programs, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. At NO ADDITIONAL COST TO YOU, I will earn a small commission, if you purchase them. Please note that these are products I know/use and recommend to my customers. I recommend them as they are good products. p.p.s -I am not a doctor, therapist or coach. I am primarily self-educated. Mostly I am an obsessive reader, lifetime learner, doing my best to share what I have learned. I am only offering my OPINIONS. I don’t “recommend” technically, I just share my thoughts. I’m no expert. In anything. You are responsible for your own health, mental, emotional and spiritual care. Seek the help of a professional if you need it. DiSalvo, D. (2018, August 20). Can personality change, or does it stay the same for life? A new study suggests it’s a little of both. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2018/08/20/can-personality-change-or-does-it-stay-the-same-for-life-a-new-study-says-its-a-little-of-both/#20a9a0ba79ca Gorvett, Z. (2020, March 16). How your personality changes as you age. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200313-how-your-personality-changes-as-you-age Guerra, J. (2018, August 21). Experts reveal just how much your personality really changes as you get older. Elite Daily. https://www.elitedaily.com/p/does-your-personality-change-over-time-you-are-who-you-are-but-heres-how-youll-grow-10173733 Nauert, R. (2018, August 8). Personalities can indeed change over time. Psych Central – Trusted mental health, depression, bipolar, ADHD & psychology. https://psychcentral.com/news/2012/03/07/personalities-can-indeed-change-over-time/35663.html Weller, C. (2018, January 10). A study of 50,000 people is the best evidence yet that personality changes throughout your life. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/psychology-study-shows-personality-changes-throughout-life-2018-1 Lindberg, S. (2018, August). How to let go: 12 tips for letting go of the past. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-let-go Mandel, M. (2020, June 29). How to grow from mistakes and stop beating yourself up. Tiny Buddha. https://tinybuddha.com/blog/how-to-grow-from-mistakes-and-stop-beating-yourself-up/ Rampton, J. (2016). 8 steps to move away from the past you need to leave behind. Entrepreneur. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/272275

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What is C-difficile? Clostridium difficile (also called C. difficile) are bacteria that are widespread in our environment and also exist, usually harmlessly, in our intestines. They can be ‘caught’ from another person or overgrow in your intestine if you have been taking antibiotics or your immune system is compromised. These bacteria cause inflammation of the colon (colitis). What are the symptoms of C-difficile? The irritation caused by the C-difficile in your large intestine can result in: - abdominal cramps - watery diarrhea that occurs several times a day More serious C. diff infections can cause: Watery diarrhea that happens several times a day is one of many signs of a C. diff infection. You can have diarrhea and abdominal cramping even with a mild infection. If you have C. diff, your diarrhea will have a very strong, unpleasant odor. In more serious infections, there may be blood in the stool. - excessive diarrhea (more than 10 occurrences a day) - severe abdominal cramps - loss of appetite - weight loss - accelerated heart rate - in severe cases, problems with blood pressure and kidney function, and a risk of bowel perforation or toxic megacolon (a condition in which your colon can no longer release gas or stools, and can potentially swell and rupture if left untreated). What is the medical treatment for C-difficile? A specific group of antibiotics are active against C-difficile, including Metronidazole, Vancomycin, Fidaxomicin. If your C-difficile infection returns or proves resistant to medication, a fecal transplant may be recommended. Where serious damage to the intestine has occurred, surgery to remove the affected areas may be required.

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Every year, tens of thousands of civilians are killed and injured by the use of explosive weapons. When explosive weapons are used in populated areas like towns and cities, a shocking 92% of victims are civilians . The use of explosive weapons in populated areas is a violation of International Humanitarian Law. Aleema Shivji, Director of Handicap International UK, explains, “Urgent action is needed to protect civilians from explosive weapons, especially in Syria where 2 million children are at risk. All too often amputees and other injured people struggle to get proper rehabilitation care and can end up isolated and forgotten. The UK should take the lead by committing to end the use of explosive weapons in populated areas." Explosive weapons cause serious injuries and amputations, leading to severe disabilities and deep psychological trauma. They destroy homes, schools, and hospitals. After a conflict, the unexploded weapons left behind are a danger to the civilian population and a barrier to reconstruction, plunging communities into poverty. Campaigners are supporting a petition calling on the UK government to commit to ending the use of explosive weapons in populated areas and to take the lead in influencing other states to do the same. They are also calling for more funds to assist the victims and to clear unexploded weapons, preventing further injuries and deaths. The events taking place are part of the Forgotten 10 Challenge , a campaign coordinated by the charity Handicap International UK. From the 1st to 10th December 2015, local clubs, community groups and schools around the UK are organising events in support of the forgotten victims of conflict. In Tamworth, local Soroptimists will be building a Pyramid of Shoes whilst local groups in towns from Brighton to Selby will be organising coffee mornings and displays at local libraries. School pupils from Cornwall to the Highlands will be raising awareness among their peers and students in Reading and Cheltenham will also be building Pyramids of Shoes, with each shoe representing a life or a limb lost to an explosive weapon. To date, more than one million people have been injured in the Syrian conflict. This is creating huge needs both now and in the future, not only in terms of healthcare but also to support the inclusion of people with disabilities in education and work. Handicap International is one of the world’s leading mine action charities. The organisation conducts weapons clearance, risk education, victim assistance or advocacy actions in 43 countries including Syria, Iraq and Ukraine. Explosive weapons include mortars, rockets, missiles, artillery shells, air-dropped bombs, and improvised explosive devices. They also include landmines and cluster munitions, both of which are banned by international treaties. ‘The use of explosive weapons in Syria: A time bomb in the making’, 2015 (Handicap International) http://www.handicap-international.org/fileadmin/Case-Study-Syria.pdf ‘Explosive Violence Monitor’, 2014 (Action on Armed Violence) Handicap International’s petition can be signed at http://www.stopexplosiveweapons.org.uk Mobile: 44 (0)7508 810 520 Tel: 44 (0)870 774 3737 About Handicap International Handicap International is an international aid organisation working in situations of poverty and exclusion, conflict and disaster. Our activities include clearing landmines and unexploded ordnance, preventing mine-related accidents through education, assisting survivors with rehabilitation and inclusion and advocating for the universal recognition of the rights of people with disabilities. The organisation works in 57 countries, 43 of which are affected by mines and explosive remnants of war. Handicap International was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997 as a co-founder of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines.

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In the latest technological developments for cars, manufacturers are looking to solar panels to charge their battery-powered vehicles. Hyundai unveiled their Sonata model last week, complete with a solar panel roof that could provide up to 60% of its power. So how does the technology work and what advantages does it offer? Soumac explores the latest development in our WOW blog: Under the hood, the Sonata’s gasoline engine has been paired with an electric engine. Energy from the vehicle is then recouped through a generator and stored in batteries which power the motor. However, where this model differs to its other hybrid counterparts is that the batteries are recharged using a combination of both solar power and its electric motor – as opposed to relying on petrol or diesel and electricity from a motor. Hyundai claims that the solar panels could charge 30 to 60 percent of the battery per day; equating to 2.2 extra miles a day or 803 annually. The solar roof isn’t the only thing which sets this hybrid apart from the others. Hyundai also debuted their ASC feature in the Sonata – meaning Activated Shift Control – which aligns the rotational speeds of the engine and transmission; resulting in a reduction of gear shift times of 30% to increase durability and boost fuel economy. Advantages of using solar energy in the automotive industry The obvious advantage of Sonata’s solar roof is its use of renewable energy sources, and fortunately, the sun’s energy shows no signs of running out anytime soon. As a result, Sonata drivers won’t need to use as much petrol/diesel, which will help reduce fuel bills and CO2 emissions. What’s more, the solar roof can charge both while the car is stationary and while driving – meaning drivers don’t have to worry about sitting around for 6 hours a day while it charges. Finally, there is no noise associated with solar power; which compares favourably to other renewable energy sources. Challenges of solar power in the automotive industry However, don’t expect this car to be an affordable option. While no official figures have been released yet, adding solar cells to a car adds weight and material costs, which is likely to hike up the commercial price quite significantly. What’s more, the long-term advantages of owning a solar-powered car are yet to be proven, so their real life applications are not yet known. Furthermore, the cells need to be positioned to absorb maximum sunlight, and that may not always be possible. Lastly, although pollution related to solar energy systems is far less compared to other sources of energy, critics have pointed out that the manufacturing process of solar panels can be linked to the emission of greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, solar energy pollutes far less than other alternative energy sources. In conclusion, this is certainly an exciting development for the automotive industry and Hyundai aren’t the first to experiment with solar energy. Sun-powered charging systems are also being explored by Toyota and Karma Revero – suggesting that a future with solar-powered cars is a real possibility. However, if they are to take off, manufacturers will have to find a way to bring down the costs if they want consumers to favour these models over others.

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Tezcatlipoca (“smoking mirror”) represents conflict and change in Aztec mythology. As his name suggests, he is often portrayed with a smoking obsidian mirror at the back of his head and with another replacing one of his feet. Tezcatlipoca is the offspring of the creator couple, who produced four sons: Red Tezcatlipoca, Black Tezcatlipoca, Qeutzalcoatl, and Huitzilopochtli (the patron god of the Aztecs). It is the black Tezcatlipoca that most Aztec myths refer to. He is sometimes the adversary of the god Quetzalcoatl and sometimes the ally. During the first world, the sun of earth, Tezcatlipoca ruled over a race of powerful giants who could pull up trees with their bare hands. Quetzalcoatl, however, struck Tezcatlipoca into the sea. When he arose from the sea, he transformed into a jaguar (seen today as Ursa Major) and the race of giants was devoured by a horde of jaguars. The next creation, the sun of wind, was ruled by Quetzalcoatl. Tezcatlipoca, destroys this creation by kicking Quetzalcoatl down, and the result is that fierce winds carry him off with his people. Tlaloc rules over the third creation, the sun of rain, but this is destroyed by Quetzalcoatl in a rain of fire. Finally, the fourth creation, the sun of water, is ruled by Tlaloc’s wife, Chalchiuhtlicue. This world is destroyed by a great flood, the people are transformed into fishes, the mountains are washed away, and the heavens crash down upon the earth. According to the Leyenda de los soles, Tata and his wife, Nene, survive the flood by hiding in a hollow tree and Tezcatlipoca cares for them. He tells the couple to only eat one ear of maize apiece, and as they do so, the waters gradually recede. Once the waters recede far enough for them to come out of their tree, they catch sight of a fish, and tempted, they capture and cook it. When the star gods notice the smoke, they ask who has created a fire. Tezcatlipoca immediately descends, and reprimands them by cutting of their heads and placing them on their buttocks, thus creating the first dogs. Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl then work together to restore creation by transforming themselves into two enormous trees. Tonacatecuhtli rewards them by making them lords of the heavens and stars.

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The Suwannee River is a federally designated wild river. It is the only major waterway in the southeastern United States that is still unspoiled. The Suwannee flows from the Okefenokee Swamp in southern Georgia to the Gulf of Mexico in Florida. It winds for almost 266 miles through swamps, high limestone banks, hammocks of hardwood, and salt marshes. It also has fifty-five springs along the way. The river’s limestone outcroppings and a drop in elevation create Florida’s only whitewater rapids at Little Shoals and Big Shoals located several miles upstream from the city of White Springs The river hums with echoes of history –of the booming days of plantations and logging empires, of the high times of paddle-wheel boats steaming up and down the river, of the long disorientation after the Civil War, and of the quiet persistence of the strong pioneers who lived off this land and profited from the rivers. Maps Of the River Map and Weather bellow Bellow based on Fanning Springs area.

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Ancient redwood forest, northern California (2020) Photo: Petermann March 21st | UN International Day of Forests World Rainforest Movement 19 March 2020 In 2012, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly declared March 21st the International Day of Forests. Every year a different theme is chosen. For this year it is “Forests and Biodiversity: Too Precious to Lose”. But how can the UN highlight this when its main policies related to forests and biodiversity allow for large-scale deforestation and biodiversity destruction? The UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), for example, has as one of its long-term goals to achieve “No net loss by 2030 in the area and integrity of freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems […]” The word “net” is crucial and it is at the heart of a mechanism called “biodiversity offsetting”. It means that a mining company, for example, can destroy forests, fertile land and biodiversity, suggesting this destruction can be “offset” by “restoring” or “protecting” another “comparable” area. This mechanism promotes corporate expansion even into areas before not open for business. Hence, it heavily affects communities, both where the destruction is taking place as well as where the “offsetting” is being established. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has facilitated and promoted theREDD+ mechanism, based on offsetting, carbon trading and results-based payments. While being promoted as the main international forest conservation policy by the UN in 65 countries, it has failed to protect forests and biodiversity. A major reason is that REDD+ was never designed to protect forests or reduce deforestation in the first place but rather to enable corporations and industrialized countries to continue burning fossil fuels. Even worse, REDD+ falsely singles out small-scale farming and shifting cultivation as the main cause for deforestation. It has also proven to be totally ineffective in halting corporate-driven large-scale forest destruction. To read more visit World Rainforest Movement

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Ocean scientists used an HD television camera Sept. 28 and 29 to capture live views of an area of the sea floor 200 miles off the coast of Washington and British Columbia. Known as the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, the area is a twisted segment of seabed peppered with volcanic eruptions, eerie spires and chimneys that vent water as hot as 700 degrees Fahrenheit. The transmissions are the first from the sea floor anywhere in the world to be broadcast live in HD video. VISIONS '05 (Visually Integrated Science for Interactive Ocean Networked Systems), the expedition studying how tectonic-plate interaction can support exotic and ancient microbial life forms within the sea floor, used a collection a instruments, cameras and robots to study the unusual microorganisms. HD video from the sea floor was transmitted from Jason II, a remotely operated vehicle, to a research vessel on the surface of the ocean via a 6mi electro-optical tether. An onboard engineering production crew from the ResearchChannel produced the live HD video for distribution to selected research groups in six countries with the high-bandwidth Internet connection capable of receiving the HD feed. An SD version of the deep sea footage was made available to the public on the University of Washington’s ResearchChannel available on Dish Network. The University Of Washington and the National Science Foundation organized the HD expedition.

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Salt and Nutrient Management Plans (In Progress, Scheduled to be Completed in February 2014) The district is leading the effort to prepare Salt and Nutrient Management Plans (SNMP) for the Santa Clara and Llagas Groundwater Subbasins in Santa Clara County. This stakeholder driven process will assess all salt and nutrient loading in the subbasins to evaluate existing and projected future assimilative capacity, as required by the State Water Resources Control Board 2009 Recycled Water Policy. Santa Clara Groundwater Subbasin SNMP Llagas Groundwater Subbasin SNMP Recycled Water Irrigation and Groundwater Study (August 2011) The district initiated this multi-year study in 2007 to advance water district policies of aggressively protecting groundwater and supporting recycled water development in Santa Clara County. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of recycled water used for irrigation on groundwater quality and to identify best management practices to protect groundwater quality. The study included laboratory testing of soils irrigated with recycled water and an 18-month field study at a site using recycled water for irrigation. Individual report volumes (including appendices) are also available below: Groundwater Vulnerability Study (October 2010) The goal of this study was to predict the vulnerability of groundwater to potentially contaminating land use activities to allow the District to prioritize groundwater protection efforts and resources on the most vulnerable areas, evaluate groundwater quality impacts from land use changes, and provide information to decision makers at the District, land use agencies, and regulatory agencies to improve groundwater protection. City of San Jose South Bay Water Recycling Groundwater Data Evaluation (2008) The district conducted an evaluation of 10 years of groundwater quality data in an area where recycled water is used for irrigation in the Santa Clara Subbasin. This study assessed the presence of water quality trends prior to and following the use of recycled water. Study of Potential for Groundwater Contamination from Past Dry Cleaner Operations in Santa Clara County (2007) This study ranked current and historical dry cleaner sites according to their potential to impact groundwater quality to help prioritize dry cleaning sites for further investigation. The study catalogued the locations and years of operations for current and former dry cleaning operations in Santa Clara County and explored past operational practices, groundwater subbasin vulnerability, and municipal supply well vulnerability to develop a system to rank the relative risk of groundwater contamination from dry cleaner solvent releases.

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CC-MAIN-2014-10

http://www.scvwd.dst.ca.us/Services/GroundwaterStudies.aspx

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Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world. About one million patients are diagnosed with colorectal cancer each year, and more than half a million die from this disease. Detection methods for diagnosis of colorectal cancer: human fecal occult blood reaction test (FOB), large intestine double illumination test, large intestine endoscopy, etc. The clinical trial results obtained through the comprehensive detection of human fecal occult blood reaction can reduce the mortality caused by colorectal cancer. The traditional method for detecting fecal occult blood is the chemical method, is the hemoglobin in the peroxidase activity sensitive guaiac wood fat stool fob rapid test (Guaiac-FOB test). However, guaiac-fob test is non-specific to human hemoglobin and has low sensitivity to the clinical significance of colorectal cancer. In order to solve this problem, the method fob rapid test which adopts monoclonal antibody with specific reaction to human hemoglobin is used. When the digestive tract hemorrhages, the red blood cells in the blood are digested, decomposed and destroyed, and the feces contain bleeding that cannot be proved by the naked eye and microscope, which is called fecal occult blood. There are many diseases such as colorectal cancer, colitis, peptic ulcer disease early without symptoms, which only have fecal occult blood. Biochemtron fob rapid test adopts high specificity antibody antigen reaction and immunochromatography and test human hemoglobin in feces in double antibody sandwich method. The test results are got in 5 minutes. It has very high accuracy in detecting lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

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Zinc is an essential trace element for humans and plays a critical role both as a structural component of proteins and as a cofactor in about 300 enzymes. Zinc deficiency was, for example, reported to affect the immune response and the endocrine system and to induce and modify brain disorders. Besides hereditary zinc deficiency, zinc deficiency – at least in mild forms – is nowadays a very abundant health issue. Today, an estimated 20% of the population worldwide is at risk of developing zinc deficiency with a high number also in industrialized countries. The major risk factors to develop zinc deficiency in industrialized nations are aging and pregnancy. Mechanistic and behavioral studies on the effects of zinc deficiency have mainly been performed using animal models. However, in combination with the few studies on human subjects, a picture emerges that shows importance of adequate nutritional zinc supply for many processes in the body. Especially the immune system and brain development and function seem to be highly sensitive to zinc deficiency. Here, we provide an overview on the effects of zinc deficiency on different organ systems, biological processes, and the associations of zinc deficiency with pathologies observed in humans and animal models. - immune system - trace metal In 1933, zinc was reported for the first time to be essential for the growth of rats. Thirty years later, the first studies in human subjects from the Middle East showed that this was also true for humans [1,2]. To date, many studies have been performed investigating the influence of zinc deficiency on human well-being and mental performance. While zinc deficiency is commonly caused by dietary factors, several inherited defects of zinc deficiency have been identified. Among them, Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is the most common form of inherited zinc deficiency in humans . Inherited AE is an autosomal recessive disorder where in many of the cases mutations in hZIP4 (a member of the SLC39 gene family encoding a membrane-bound zinc transporter) are found . Mutations in other members of this family or in different zinc homeostasis genes may account for other cases of AE in the absence of hZIP4 mutations . Clinically, AE is characterized by impaired intestinal zinc absorption, resulting in a triad of symptoms: dermatitis, alopecia, and gastrointestinal (GI) problems such as intractable diarrhea. However, neuropsychological disturbances such as mental depression, irritability, loss of appetite, behavioral problems, and reduced immune function frequently occur. The body of an adult human (70 kg) contains about 2–3 g of zinc, which is absorbed from our dietary sources in the proximal small intestine, either the distal duodenum or proximal jejunum [6,7], and released from there into the blood. However, the supply of zinc by our diet is dependent on its amount and bioavailability. It has been estimated that in a western mixed diet, this bioavailability is about 20–30% of total contained zinc . Various agents can decrease zinc absorption ; among them are phytates [10,11] and other metals such as copper and, to a lesser extent, calcium and iron [12–15]. Based on average bioavailability, the recommended daily intakes of zinc range from 10 to 15 mg in adults but may be higher under certain circumstances, such as pregnancy and during lactation, where an extra 5–10 mg may be required. Within the body, two pools of zinc were identified. The majority of zinc (about 90%) is relatively slowly exchanged with the blood plasma and, for example, concentrated in the bones. The remaining 10% of zinc however is rapidly exchanged and it is this pool of zinc that needs daily replenishment and that is therefore especially reactive to the amount of zinc absorbed in the GI system. Exchange of zinc across membranes is mediated by two solute-linked carrier (SLC) families, the SLC30A (ZnT-1 to ZnT-10) and the SLC39A (Zrt, Irt-like protein ZIP1 to ZIP14) family. These transporters show tissue-specific expression and localize to distinct subcellular compartments, where, in general, ZnT proteins transport zinc out of the cytosol and Zip proteins move zinc into the cytosol. Unfortunately, the clinical diagnosis of a zinc deficiency in humans currently faces major limitations . Although measuring zinc concentrations in blood plasma or serum is currently the most commonly used method, this provides only a snapshot of the zinc status of an individual, and given that serum zinc concentrations may fluctuate by as much as 20% during a day , a single blood drawing has low validity. Alternatively, assessment of zinc levels in hair or nail samples might be a preferable method as an average of zinc levels over a longer period of hair or nail growth will be evaluated. The lack of generally accepted biomarkers of zinc status complicates the assessment of zinc deficiency. Thus, zinc deficiency in humans is probably commonly overlooked, especially if only mild or transient and the exact prevalence is currently unknown . In addition, the symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are much less dramatic and more diffuse than those observed in AE. Mild zinc deficiency, for example, might not cause typical skin lesions. Nevertheless, current estimates are that about 17.3% of the global population is at risk of developing zinc deficiency . Given this relatively high number of potentially affected individuals, in the following, on the background of nutritional deficiencies, we will provide a more detailed discussion of the role of zinc in the body and its association with specific pathologies. 2. The role of zinc in the body 2.1. Zinc and the endocrine system The endocrine system is comprised of a number of glands in the body and includes the ovaries, the testes, and the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands. Further, the pineal body, the pancreas, and specific cells releasing hormones in the GI tract, kidney, heart, and placenta are part of this system. Zinc has manifold influences on the endocrine system (Figure 1). Among them, a role in the metabolism of androgen hormones, estrogen, and progesterone, together with the prostaglandins, a role in the secretion of insulin, and a role in the regulation of thymic hormones have been reported. An involvement of zinc in the regulation of sex hormones in males and females can be concluded indirectly, as zinc deficiency in pregnancy is associated with disruption of the estrous cycle, frequent spontaneous abortion, extended pregnancy or prematurity, inefficient labor, and atonic bleeding [20,21]. On a molecular level, zinc deficiency in the female can lead to impaired synthesis/secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Moreover, the nuclear receptors for sex steroids contain zinc finger motifs in their protein structure that might explain zinc dependency of these hormonal systems. In addition, zinc deficiency alters testosterone levels and modifies sex steroid hormone receptor levels . Zinc deficiency affects the enzyme complex aromatase that is normally inhibited by zinc. The increased activation results in an excessive conversion of testosterone into estradiol. Further, zinc deficiency and the depletion of testosterone result in an inhibition of spermatogenesis in males. Hypogonadism is a major manifestation of zinc deficiency. Although steroids might play a role, it was speculated that the hypogonadism is due to a hypothalamic dysfunction and associated with low insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels. Testicular development can be rescued by zinc supplementation . Zinc also improves the stability of oxytocin, and the stabilization effect is correlated with the ability of the divalent metal to interact with oxytocin. Zinc is essential for the binding of oxytocin to its cellular receptor [25,26]. Zinc plays a key role in the synthesis, storage, and secretion of insulin. Zinc is able to stimulate the action of insulin and insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. A low zinc status has been associated with diabetes (types 1 and 2) and zinc supplementation was reported capable of restoring insulin secretion . In mammals, insulin is synthesized in islets of Langerhans, made of four different cell types in the pancreas. The majority are insulin-producing β cells. There, insulin is stored in a zinc-containing hexameric form. Zinc deficiency can affect the ability of β cells to produce and secrete insulin . ZnT-8 (SLC30A8), a specific zinc transporter found localized at insulin secretory granules in β cells, was identified [30,31]. ZnT-8 knockout mice show impaired insulin secretion , and SLC30A8 variants, reducing ZnT-8 activity, increase type 2 diabetes risk in humans . Zinc also plays an important role in the regulation of nutrition. In humans and animals models, marginal zinc deficiency has been shown to result in decreased appetite and low body mass , features that can not only be observed in zinc deficiency but also in anorexia nervosa patients . Although the underlying mechanisms are currently not well understood, changes in neurotransmitter concentrations and synaptic transmission at the hypothalamic level might be associated with decreased appetite. Recent studies have also shown a relationship between zinc and leptin . Leptin is a hormonal protein, involved in features such as satiety and energy balance, but was also reported as anti-obesity factor. The major target organ for leptin is the hypothalamus, where leptin controls food intake through its receptors, inhibiting the release of neuropeptide Y (NPY) which has an augmentative effect on food intake . However, leptin also plays a role in immunity . Further, a correlation between zinc deficiency in geriatric patients and reduced activity of the thymus gland and thymic hormones has been reported . Zinc promotes the conversion of thyroid hormones thyroxine to triiodothyronine and zinc deficiency can result in hypothyroidism, a common disorder of the endocrine system characterized by decreased production of thyroid hormone. Finally, in animal models, zinc deficiency leads to a reduction in the activity of thymulin. Thymulin is a nonapeptide produced by thymic epithelial cells that requires zinc for its biological activity . Zinc is bound to thymulin in a 1:1 stoichiometry , which results in a conformational change generating the active form of thymulin . Thymulin is required for maturation of T-helper cells, leading to a decrease in T-helper 1 (Th(1)) cytokines in zinc deficiency . This last example for a role of zinc in the endocrine system already hints toward its additional involvement in regulatory processes in the immune system. There, zinc ions play a role by binding to specific proteins but also as a second messenger regulating signal transduction in various kinds of immune cells . 2.2. Zinc and the immune system The zinc status of an individual affects the majority of immunological events such as hematopoiesis, immune cell function and survival, humoral immunity, and cytokine secretion [43–45]. This results, for example, in an increased susceptibility to infections with a decreasing zinc status as reported from animal models and human studies . Similarly, in AE, one hallmark symptom is a reduced immune function that is visible through the atrophy of the thymus, functional impairment and reduced numbers of lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to infections . In contrast, beneficial effects of zinc supplementation have been found regarding the incidence and duration of acute and persistent diarrhea [49–51], incidence of acute lower respiratory infections , and duration of the common cold . The immune response can be divided into two major mechanisms: innate and adaptive immunity . Zinc is involved in virtually all aspects of innate and adaptive immunity and it is therefore not surprising that it has been reported that zinc deficiency results in a depressed immune system (Figure 2). The effects of zinc on both mechanisms are based on the myriad roles for zinc in basic cellular functions such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, proliferation and differentiation, and immune cell activation. Under physiological conditions, the normal response of the body against pathogens is initiated by the activation of the complement system, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells. Under zinc-deficient conditions, all these defending mechanisms are affected [55–58]. For example, PMN are the first cells to actively enter an infected tissue and their chemotaxis is reduced under zinc deficiency . Moreover lytic activity of NK cells is decreased during zinc deficiency. During the acute phase, profound changes in zinc homeostasis occur, which may serve multiple purposes. For example, altered zinc levels may serve as signaling factor, but zinc redistribution that leads to a decrease in plasma zinc levels might also be used actively by the immune system to attack certain intracellular pathogens. In addition reduced zinc levels lead to a shift of leukopoiesis toward the generation of myeloid cells and reduced extracellular zinc may increase monocyte differentiation . Adaptive immunity is mediated by T and B cells. Zinc deficiency was reported to alter the number and function of neutrophil granulocytes, monocytes, and NK, T, and B cells . In particular, the vulnerability to infections is associated with an impaired T- and B-lymphocyte development and activity [61–63]. T-cell progenitors mature in the thymus and zinc deficiency causes thymic atrophy (see Section 2.1). During maturation, pre-T cells have been reported to be most susceptible to zinc deficiency, which resulted in a loss of up to 50% of these cells in a mouse model . Mature T-helper cells promote the functions of other immune cells. For example, T-helper cells play a role in the activation of macrophages. Cytotoxic T cells, in turn, have a more direct role in the immune response by eliminating virus-infected cells and tumor cells. In addition, zinc deficiency leads to a reduction of premature and immature B cells and decreases antibody production . Further, zinc plays a role in the inflammatory response and in particular in the termination of this process. Inflammatory processes, in particular sepsis, are associated with major changes in zinc metabolism and homeostasis and accompanied by a redistribution of zinc between tissues. This is underlined by data showing that zinc deficiency leads to aggravated inflammation, increased bacterial burden, organ damage, and mortality in a mouse model of sepsis [65,66]. Similarly, in human patients belonging to a group with elevated risk for zinc deficiency, a high incidence of sepsis has been reported . Zinc is able to downregulate the production of inflammatory cytokines mediated via the NF-kB (nuclear factor “kappa-light-chain enhancer” of activated B cells) pathway . NF-kB mediates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1b. Zinc inhibits the I kappa B kinase (IKK) complex member IKKβ and thus prevents downstream translocation of NF-kB dimers into the nucleus , where they can increase gene expression by binding to kB sites located within the promoter region of, for example, interleukin 6 (IL-6) . In monocytes, NF-kB activation depends on zinc. Under zinc-deficient conditions, this anti-inflammatory feature is absent possibly contributing to prolonged or chronic inflammation. However, there might be cell-type-specific responses of NF-kB signaling to zinc . Moreover, immune cells contain a vast number of different zinc‐dependent enzymes / proteins that, so far, have not been studied in detail but are likely involved in the immunomodulatory functions of zinc. There is a close relation between inflammatory processes and oxidative stress . Under physiological conditions, zinc itself is not an antioxidant, because it does not participate in redox reactions, but is considered a “proantioxidant” since it protects cells from the damaging effect of oxygen radicals generated during immune activation . For example, zinc release from thiolate bonds can prevent lipid peroxidation and release from metallothioneins (MTs), major zinc-buffering proteins in cells, may reduce membrane damage by free radicals during inflammation. Zinc deficiency causes an elevation of oxidative stress and zinc supplementation was shown to decrease markers of oxidative stress . Intriguingly, changes in immune function similar to those seen during zinc deficiency were observed in immunosenescence . For example, thymic atrophy, increased inflammation, impaired cellular and humoral immune responses, and recurrent infections were observed . These observations suggest that age-dependent zinc deficiency could be a contributing factor to the age-related decline in immune system function. 2.3. Zinc and the brain Zinc is one of the most abundant trace metals in the brain. There, different pools of zinc can be found. More than 80% of brain zinc is bound to proteins regulating their protein structure, participating in signaling, or acting as cofactor of enzymes. Free (aqueous) zinc exists predominantly within synaptic vesicles of presynaptic terminals of glutamatergic (zincergic) neurons mostly in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex serving as signaling ion and neuromodulator. During development, brain zinc concentration constantly rises until adulthood where zinc levels remain constant at around 200 μM total brain zinc . During neonatal development the highest zinc levels can be found in the cerebellum, which is accompanied by the rapid growth due to the necessity for motor skills acquisition during this developmental stage. In the adult brain, zinc is especially enriched in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. On cellular level, in neurons, zinc is diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus mainly bound to proteins. However, zinc is also found in neuronal processes and in vesicles of presynaptic terminals [79,80]. The brain zinc homeostasis is tightly controlled by transporters at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and by intracellular regulatory system. In order to cross the BBB, an active transport of zinc is required. So far the mechanism behind zinc uptake is not fully understood but zinc transport might be mediated by Brain development is a tightly controlled and highly concerted succession of processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, maturation, migration, myelination as well as synaptogenesis, and pruning. Animal experiments have shown that zinc is involved in all these processes and that zinc deficiency during early embryonal development has teratogenic effects and affects all organ system but the brain seems to be particularly vulnerable. It is noteworthy that consequences of zinc deficiency strongly depend on the degree of severity as well as the time of onset during development. For example, severe zinc deficiency during early developmental stages is associated with neural tube closure deficits [83,84] and brain malformations. Marginal zinc deficiency during the whole course of pregnancy in turn affects the proliferation of neural progenitor cells, the expression of N-methyl- The number of stem cells is reduced in the offspring of zinc-deficient animals . Further, in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that zinc deficiency leads to a decrease in progenitor cell proliferation, most likely due to the arrest of the cell cycle whereby cell proliferation is inhibited. In addition, the amount of spontaneous apoptosis is increased under zinc-deficient conditions [87,93,94]. Similarly, knockdown of the zinc transporter Zip12 leads to disturbances in neuronal differentiation affecting neurite sprouting and outgrowth, neurulation, and embryonic development . These features were accompanied by a reduced tubulin polymerization that was observed in Zip12 knockdown mice as well as in pups of zinc-deficient mothers [84,95,96]. Given that transcription factors like nuclear factor of activated T-cells and NF-kB need a functional cytoskeleton for nuclear shuttling [86,97], it is not surprising that prenatal zinc deficiency leads to a deregulation of transcription factors in neurons that are crucial for brain development through regulating the expression of genes that are involved in proliferation, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity . Even if the zinc deficiency occurs only during pre- or early postnatal development and zinc levels are completely restored at adulthood, long-term effects can be observed in the offspring of zinc-deficient mothers. Prenatal zinc-deficient mice showed impaired maternal behavior, impaired auditory discrimination, alterations in ultrasonic vocalizations of adult males to female urine, increased aggressiveness and emotionality [98–101], severe learning deficits and memory impairments [102–105], and enhanced stress response [106,107] when they were tested as adults. Given the fact that these behavioral alterations observed in prenatal zinc-deficient animals resemble behavioral patterns of people suffering from neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders like autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and depression, a role of zinc deficiency in the etiology of these disorders is possible (see below). Zinc is not only needed during brain development but also to maintain proper brain function. As already mentioned, free zinc is stored in presynaptic vesicles together with glutamate in zincergic neurons of the hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex. During synaptic activity, zinc is released and serves as signal ion. Enriched in the synaptic cleft, zinc can modulate synaptic signal transduction via the modulation of glutamate receptors, ion channels, cell adhesion molecules, and the pre- or postsynaptic uptake of calcium or may directly act as neurotransmitter via metabotropic GPR39 receptor (GPR39) that is involved in glutamatergic transmission . For example, zinc can allosterically inhibit NMDA receptors through binding to a subunit at low levels or inhibit NMDAR in a voltage-dependent manner at high levels and therefore modulate the signal transduction at the postsynaptic site. Additionally, zinc is also able to modulate α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor properties [111,112]. Through the mentioned receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels, zinc can also enter the postsynaptic neuron and increase the intracellular zinc concentration, which might serve as additional signal. For example, the availability of zinc within the postsynaptic neuron is necessary for, and modulates the assembly of, the postsynaptic scaffold where receptors are anchored [98,113]. Furthermore, the increase of intracellular zinc concentration affects and sometimes is necessary for the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) through the modulation of kinases and neurotrophic factors activity [114,115]. LTP is believed to be the molecular process underlying memory formation indicating that the increase of cytosolic zinc plays an important role in learning and cognitive performance . However, zinc is not only taken up by the postsynaptic neuron but also by the presynaptic neuron where it might act in a negative feedback mechanism preventing further glutamate release [117,118]. Given the multifaceted action of zinc in the brain (Figure 3), it is not surprising that zinc deficiency leads to alterations in cognitive performance and behavior in animal models and possibly humans. Acute zinc-deficient animals demonstrated impaired learning and memory behavior [119–122], increased aggressiveness and hyperreactivity/irritability , and anxiety as well as depressive-like behavior [109,124]. Additionally, neurosensory functions like smell and taste are impaired through zinc deficiency . The dysregulation of zinc homeostasis is a common and well-investigated feature in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease (PD), but only little is known about the role of zinc in the normal aging process of the brain although elderly people frequently suffer from zinc deficiency [126,127] that might be due to lower dietary intake, chronic inflammation, and an age-related decline in zinc transport mechanisms [128,129]. A decrease in histochemically reactive zinc has also been reported in aged animals . Additionally, in a rodent model of aging, zinc was less distributed in the hippocampus, and the expression of ZnT3, a zinc transporter responsible for the transport of cytosolic zinc into synaptic vesicles, was significantly reduced . Given that zinc is important in synaptic plasticity, the underlying cellular mechanism of learning and memory and a lower availability of zinc in the aging brain might affect this feature. Taken together, zinc has a pivotal role in the brain during all stages of life. Zinc deficiency during brain development leads to persistent deficits in cognitive functions and behavior. In adults, zinc deficiency results in disturbed behavior and may contribute to the age-dependent decline of cognitive performance. Therefore, alterations in zinc homeostasis are intensively investigated in brain disorders but zinc deficiency affects all organ systems of the body and therefore can lead to a plethora of disorders. 3. Zinc deficiency and associated disorders Zinc deficiency itself is associated with several clinical signs. For example, marginal zinc deficiency may result in depressed immunity, impairment of memory, neurosensory problems such as impaired taste and smell as well as onset of night blindness, and decreased spermatogenesis in males [46,132]. Severe zinc deficiency is characterized by a more severely depressed immune function resulting in frequent infections, dermatitis, diarrhea, alopecia, and mental disturbances . In 1961 it was hypothesized for the first time that human nutritional zinc deficiency of environmental origin might be associated with a disorder in the form of adolescent dwarfism. Patients found in Iranian villages that consumed a severely restricted (inadequate) diet consisting mainly of wheat bread with animal protein food sources largely absent displayed growth retardation and hypogonadism and were iron deficient . Dwarfism and absent sexual maturation were assumed to be caused by zinc deficiency. Likewise in 1967 zinc deficiency was reported as the etiological factor responsible for retarded sexual development and growth in adolescents from rural Egypt with similar dietary habits [1,2,134]. Zinc supplementation resulted in the subject’s growth and in the development of their genitalia. In these cases, zinc deficiency was based on nutrition. It is known from congenital defects like mutations in the zinc transporter ZIP4 that severe zinc deficiency can even become lethal. However, zinc deficiency is also associated with specific disorders. Few of them will be briefly discussed here exemplarily. Alterations in zinc homeostasis have been implicated in various neurodegenerative, neurological, and neuropsychological disorders such as mood disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), AD, PD, Huntington’s disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) [135,136]. Probably the strongest association of acute zinc deficiency and a brain disorder is found regarding depression. Therefore, this topic is discussed in a separate chapter in this book. Zinc deficiency during brain development in turn seems to result in a different clinical picture, arguing for multiple roles of zinc in brain development and adult brain function. For example ASD, a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by the core features of impairments in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive and restrictive behavior might develop influenced by both a genetic component and non-genetic factors such as zinc deficiency during development and early in life [138,139]. Accordingly, investigation of zinc levels in autistic children using hair samples revealed a high prevalence rate for zinc deficiency especially in the youngest age group (0–3 years) [140,141]. Rodent animal models of embryonic zinc deficiency display depending on the severity of zinc deficiency autism-like behavior as well as behavioral symptoms associated with common comorbidities of ASD . Besides memory and learning deficits as well as impaired social behavior in prenatal and perinatal zinc-deficient mice and rats , in mouse models of acute and prenatal zinc deficiency, hyper-responsiveness, seizures, and impaired ultrasonic vocalization were observed. However, besides zinc deficiency causing or contributing to the etiology of a disorder, zinc deficiency that can be systemic or local can also be the consequence. In AD, for example, the most common form of dementia that is characterized by extracellular amyloid plaques consisting of amyloid-β (Aβ) polymers and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein, zinc is sequestered by the zinc-binding Aβ peptides into extracellular senile plaques. Due to the importance of zinc for proper brain functionality and high prevalence of zinc deficiency among elderly people, the potential role of zinc as a contributing and modifying factor in the course of AD moved into the spotlight of research. While there has been emerging evidence of abnormalities in AD regarding brain zinc, copper, and iron homeostasis, there seems to be a lack of consensus regarding alterations in peripheral zinc status . While several studies reported a significant decrease in serum zinc level of AD patients, others detected a significant increase while some found no difference between patients and controls . One of the possible roles of zinc in AD is its involvement in Aβ accumulation. In plaques both copper and zinc are able to bind Aβ directly. Thus, analysis of Aβ plaques of postmortem AD brain reveals high concentrations of accumulated zinc and copper . Since Aβ is proteolytically cleaved from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a possible role of zinc in APP synthesis and processing was investigated. APP is cleaved in its Aβ region by α-secretase leading to the production of soluble amyloid precursor peptide (sAA) before by cleavage with β- and γ-secretase, the Aβ peptide is formed [144,146]. In APP’s ectodomain, which includes the position of the cleavage site of α‐secretase, the enzyme responsible for the first processing step, a zinc-binding site is localized suggesting a possible influence of zinc on the secretase’s activity . In case of zinc deficiency, not only APP cleavage but also synaptic transmission and plasticity might be impaired by sequestration of zinc [148,149]. Besides the brain, high concentration of zinc compared to other tissues can be found in pancreatic tissue, suggesting a role in endocrine and exocrine function of the organ [150,151]. Most importantly, zinc plays a role in synthesis, secretion, and signaling of insulin . Due to its various functions in the pancreas, alterations of zinc homeostasis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and in impaired insulin sensitivity [151,153]. Furthermore, hyperzincuria and hypozincemia are frequently diagnosed in diabetic patients [151,153]. Assessment of serum zinc levels in a set of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients in comparison to healthy controls revealed significant lower mean serum zinc levels in the diabetic groups . db/db mice, an animal model for obesity and diabetes, exhibit hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and obesity. After dietary zinc supplementation they showed an attenuated fasting hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia and elevated pancreatic zinc levels. In db/db mice on a zinc-deficient diet, an opposite effect was observed indicating a possible connection between glycemic control and zinc . Likewise in human studies, beneficial effects of zinc in diabetes type 1 and type 2 have been described [156,157]. Taken together, due to the manifold roles of zinc in various organ systems as a key structural component of enzymes and proteins but also signaling ion, zinc deficiency, depending on the time of onset, duration, severity, and systemic or tissue-specific nature, can result in a variety of symptoms with different severities. Further, zinc deficiency is associated with several disorders, probably acting as trigger, modifier, or even cause (Figure 4). However, the molecular mechanisms how zinc deficiency contributes to specific phenotypes are currently not well understood. Although only recently recognized, the importance of zinc as essential trace metal in the body and in particular as signaling molecule is substantiated greatly. Zinc is a trace element with various roles in physiological processes (Kaur et al., 2014). It has been used as a drug in the prevention and treatment of some diseases and new strategies for more targeted delivery or modification of zinc signaling are promising future therapeutic approaches, especially in brain disorders (Ayton et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2015). In addition, the present knowledge about zinc signaling in the various processes and involved pathways seems to be disconnected by specific types of zinc signal used, with different kinetics and sources of zinc. However, most likely, an interplay between the different systems described above may exist by common underlying principles of zinc signaling. The high rate of the world’s population that is at risk for inadequate zinc supply underlines the need for further research on zinc signaling and the need for public health programs to control zinc deficiency. The authors were supported by the Else Kröner-Fresenius Stiftung (AMG), Juniorprofessuren program of the state of Baden-Württemberg (AMG, AKS), and Evangelisches Studienwerk e.V. Villigst (SH).

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CC-MAIN-2020-24

https://www.intechopen.com/books/nutritional-deficiency/zinc-deficiency

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24 June 2014 Computer analysis of photographs could help doctors diagnose which condition a child with a rare genetic disorder has, say Oxford University researchers. The researchers, funded in part by the Medical Research Council (MRC), have come up with a computer programme that recognises facial features in photographs; looks for similarities with facial structures for various conditions, such as Down’s syndrome, Angelman syndrome, or Progeria; and returns possible matches ranked by likelihood. Using the latest in computer vision and machine learning, the algorithm increasingly learns what facial features to pay attention to and what to ignore from a growing bank of photographs of people diagnosed with different syndromes. The researchers report their findings in the journal eLife. The study was funded by the MRC, the Wellcome Trust, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) and the European Research Council (ERC VisRec). While genetic disorders are each individually rare, collectively these conditions are thought to affect one person in 17. Of these, a third may have symptoms that greatly reduce quality of life. However, most people fail to receive a genetic diagnosis. ‘A diagnosis of a rare genetic disorder can be a very important step. It can provide parents with some certainty and help with genetic counselling on risks for other children or how likely a condition is to be passed on,’ says lead researcher Dr Christoffer Nellåker of the MRC Functional Genomics Unit at the University of Oxford. ‘A diagnosis can also improve estimates of how the disease might progress, or show which symptoms are caused by the genetic disorder and which are caused by other clinical issues that can be treated.’ The team of researchers at the University of Oxford included first author Quentin Ferry, a DPhil research student, and Professor Andrew Zisserman of the Department of Engineering Science, who brought expertise in computer vision and machine learning. Professor Zisserman says: ‘It is great to see such an inventive and beneficial use of modern face representation methods.’ Identifying a suspected developmental disorder tends to require clinical geneticists to come to a conclusion based on facial features, follow up tests and their own expertise. It’s thought that 30–40% of rare genetic disorders involve some form of change in the face and skull, possibly because so many genes are involved in development of the face and cranium as a baby grows in the womb. The researchers set out to teach a computer to carry out some of the same assessments objectively. They developed a programme that – like Google, Picasa and other photo software – recognises faces in ordinary, everyday photographs. The programme accounts for variations in lighting, image quality, background, pose, facial expression and identity. It builds a description of the face structure by identifying corners of eyes, nose, mouth and other features, and compares this against what it has learnt from other photographs fed into the system. The algorithm the researchers have developed sees patients sharing the same condition automatically cluster together. The computer algorithm does better at suggesting a diagnosis for a photo where it has previously seen lots of other photos of people with that syndrome, as it learns more with more data. Patients also cluster where no documented diagnosis exists, potentially helping in identifying ultra-rare genetic disorders. ‘A doctor should in future, anywhere in the world, be able to take a smartphone picture of a patient and run the computer analysis to quickly find out which genetic disorder the person might have,’ says Dr Nellåker. ‘This objective approach could help narrow the possible diagnoses, make comparisons easier and allow doctors to come to a conclusion with more certainty.’ For an image or a copy of the paper, contact the University of Oxford news & information office email@example.com For more information please contact Dr Christoffer Nellåker on +44 (0)1865 282361 or firstname.lastname@example.org Or the University of Oxford news & information office on +44 (0)1865 280530 or email@example.com Notes to Editors: - The paper ‘Diagnostically-relevant facial gestalt information from ordinary photos’ by Quentin Ferry and colleagues is to be published in the journal eLife. - The study was funded by the Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) and the European Research Council (ERC VisRec). - The Medical Research Council has been at the forefront of scientific discovery to improve human health. Founded in 1913 to tackle tuberculosis, the MRC now invests taxpayers’ money in some of the best medical research in the world across every area of health. Twenty-nine MRC-funded researchers have won Nobel prizes in a wide range of disciplines, and MRC scientists have been behind such diverse discoveries as vitamins, the structure of DNA and the link between smoking and cancer, as well as achievements such as pioneering the use of randomised controlled trials, the invention of MRI scanning, and the development of a group of antibodies used in the making of some of the most successful drugs ever developed. Today, MRC-funded scientists tackle some of the greatest health problems facing humanity in the 21st century, from the rising tide of chronic diseases associated with ageing to the threats posed by rapidly mutating micro-organisms. www.mrc.ac.uk - The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) is funded by the Department of Health to improve the health and wealth of the nation through research. Since its establishment in April 2006, the NIHR has transformed research in the NHS. It has increased the volume of applied health research for the benefit of patients and the public, driven faster translation of basic science discoveries into tangible benefits for patients and the economy, and developed and supported the people who conduct and contribute to applied health research. The NIHR plays a key role in the Government’s strategy for economic growth, attracting investment by the life-sciences industries through its world-class infrastructure for health research. Together, the NIHR people, programmes, centres of excellence and systems represent the most integrated health research system in the world. For further information, visit the NIHR website (www.nihr.ac.uk). - Oxford University’s Medical Sciences Division is one of the largest biomedical research centres in Europe, with over 2,500 people involved in research and more than 2,800 students. The University is rated the best in the world for medicine, and it is home to the UK’s top-ranked medical school. From the genetic and molecular basis of disease to the latest advances in neuroscience, Oxford is at the forefront of medical research. It has one of the largest clinical trial portfolios in the UK and great expertise in taking discoveries from the lab into the clinic. Partnerships with the local NHS Trusts enable patients to benefit from close links between medical research and healthcare delivery. A great strength of Oxford medicine is its long-standing network of clinical research units in Asia and Africa, enabling world-leading research on the most pressing global health challenges such as malaria, TB, HIV/AIDS and flu. Oxford is also renowned for its large-scale studies which examine the role of factors such as smoking, alcohol and diet on cancer, heart disease and other conditions.

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By one estimate from South Korea's Ministry of Unification, more than 30,000 people defect from North Korea each year, yet the country has sent 22 high-profile athletes and hundreds of others into South Korea as part of its Olympics delegation. If one of the athletes wanted to defect, the time is right -- but that's not likely to happen, experts say. "One of the main reasons North Korean athletes don't defect is because of their families back in North Korea," Benjamin Young, a doctoral candidate at George Washington University who has researched sports in North Korea, told ABC News' Mae Joo. "The families are well connected and intensely loyal to the Kim family regime." Many of the athletes live comfortably in the capital, according to Young, and receive material rewards from the state based on their performance in the games. During the games, they're also accompanied by government minders tasked with security, supervision and translation duties who report suspicious activities back to Pyongyang, Young said. Could a North Korean athlete defect to South Korea during the Olympics? More TOP STORIES News

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By Delta Dental of Illinois NAPERVILLE, Illinois — Most little boys and “ghouls” will dress up and ring neighborhood doorbells hoping to collect a large stash of candy this Halloween. After trick-or-treating, Delta Dental of Illinois encourages parents to pay close attention to the types of treats children bring home to protect their teeth from sugar terror. “While no sweets are good for teeth, some are better than others,” said Dr. Katina Spadoni, dental director for Delta Dental of Illinois. “Candy that melts and disappears quickly is least harmful to kids’ teeth. The longer teeth are exposed to sugar, the longer bacteria can feed on it, which could produce cavity-causing acid.” Nearly four of five Illinois households pass out Halloween candy, according to the Delta Dental of Illinois Children’s Oral Health Survey. Chocolate was the No. 1 treat handed out (82 percent), followed by chewy candy (33 percent), hard candy (33 percent) and caramel (17 percent). Spadoni says this is somewhat good news for parents. Chocolate is one of the best options, because it dissolves quickly and can be eaten easily, which decreases the amount of time sugar stays in contact with teeth. Aside from choosing chocolate, Delta Dental of Illinois offers the following five tips for making this a tooth-friendly Halloween. 1. Encourage children to have a good meal prior to trick-or-treating so there will be less temptation to fill up on candy. 2. Limit the amount of chewy and hard candies kids eat. Hard candy is tough on teeth because it tends to be sucked on at a leisurely pace for an extended period of time. Chewy, sticky treats are damaging because they are high in sugar, spend a prolonged amount of time stuck to teeth, and are more difficult for saliva to break down. 3. Only allow kids to have candy in small portions at limited times, such as after a meal, as dessert or at regular snack times. It’s best to avoid letting kids snack on candy throughout the day. 4. Kids should brush their teeth or at least rinse with water after eating sweets. Remember that high-sugar diets are detrimental to oral and overall health, and children should always brush their teeth at least twice a day with fluoridated toothpaste, floss once a day, and visit the dentist regularly. 5. Give kids something other than candy. Another option is to let children trade in their treats for a toy, and then donate the candy to the troops or a local dentist buy-back program. Some houses don’t even pass out candy. In fact, nearly 25 percent of Illinois parents hand out non-candy items, such as toys, money or fruit. For additional tips about how to help keep kids’ teeth healthy during Halloween and all year long, visit the Tooth Fairy’s Halloween website at ToothFairyTrickyTreats.com. Posted Oct. 29, 2014

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This section provides advice and updates on how to prevent the spread of swine influenza and what to do if a child, or member of staff, develops flu-like symptoms. The public can take simple but effective measures to protect themselves by covering their noses and mouths when they cough and sneeze and then put their tissue in a bin and wash their hands. The message is simple; "Catch it. Bin it. Kill it." Further information is available on the following websites

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We’ve talked about food safety and diabetes before, but we haven’t yet talked about how people with diabetes have a greater risk of experiencing foodborne illness. If you have diabetes, some of your organs and bodily systems may not be strong enough to fight off the pathogens that causes foodborne illness. Having high glucose levels in your blood prevents white blood cells from defending against the infectious pathogens. Diabetes also affects how your kidneys, immune system, and gastrointestinal tract function, which also affect your immune response. These factors not only leave you more vulnerable to getting sick, but you may also be sick for longer and experience a greater likelihood of having to be hospitalized. But foodborne illness is easy to avoid by practicing these four simple steps: clean, separate, cook, and chill. CLEAN your hands and cooking surfaces often. Properly washing your hands requires scrubbing with soap and water for 20 seconds, or the time it takes to sing the “Happy Birthday” song two times. When it comes to your counters, you don’t need heavy duty chemicals. Just wipe down the counter with hot, soapy water. And if you use fabric towels, make sure to wash them often on hot water. SEPARATE – Don’t cross-contaminate. You can prevent the spread of germs by separating your raw meat, poultry, and seafood from your fruits and vegetables. Invest in separate cutting boards for produce and meat, and then replace the boards when they have developed deep grooves that make it hard to clean. When storing raw meat, poultry, and seafood, place them in sealed plastic bags or on a plate to prevent their juices from leaking onto other food in the refrigerator. COOK foods to a safe temperature. The only way to make sure that your food is safely cooked is to use a food thermometer to check the internal temperature. Reheat or refrigerate your food once it sits out for two hours—or one hour if the air temperature is above 90˚F. When reheating, use the oven, stove, or microwave to kill off any pathogens that may have grown while the food was cooling. Do not use slow cookers to reheat food, as they do not get hot enough to kill off pathogens. For ovens, set the temperature to 350˚F or higher. With microwaves, make sure to stir and rotate the food to ensure even heating. CHILL your food to slow germ growth. Once you’ve refrigerated your leftovers, do not keep them for more than 3 or 4 days. Use an appliance thermometer to check that your refrigerator is at 41°F or below, the optimal temperature to maximize your refrigerator’s efficiency and reduce pathogen growth. You can learn more about how diabetes puts you at a greater risk of foodborne illness and ways to prevent it by downloading our “Food Safety for Persons with Diabetes” handout. You can also visit our website or contact your county Extension office to learn more food safety practices.

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Landslides in Sierra Leone, flooding in South Asia, earthquakes in Mexico, and hurricanes in and around the Caribbean: On today’s International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction, there is no shortage of reminders of the increasing risks posed by ‘natural’ disasters. The myth that disasters are ‘natural’ and therefore unpredictable was debunked years ago. Global warming is in many cases intensifying what were once considered seasonal or once in a lifetime weather events. The magnitude and impact of disasters have as much to do with the exposure and vulnerability of people living in disaster-prone areas as they do with the disaster itself. But, there are ways to reduce that vulnerability. Schools located in an earthquake zone can be better built to handle disasters, girls can be given better access to early warning messages before a typhoon, and health workers can be better prepared to monitor and tackle malnutrition ahead of a drought. So who faces the greatest risks? Not surprisingly, those most affected by disasters are generally populations whose access to services was already limited, including people with disabilities. Women and girls often have fewer resources, less mobility, and more difficulty accessing life-saving information and networks. Violence against girls and women – including sexual violence, school-related, gender-based violence, and child marriage – may increase after a disaster. But girls and women are also resilient. As launched this week, the International Day of the Girl 2017 focuses on the needs and opportunities of girls before, during and after emergencies. Long-term solutions designed with and for girls and women can strengthen resilience and lead to opportunities that transform lives. Girls, especially adolescent girls, need platforms to voice the challenges they face every day, explore workable solutions and hold others accountable to their promises for safety and services. The Compact for Young People in Humanitarian Action (Youth Compact), endorsed by UNICEF and more than 40 humanitarian organizations, is one such platform to make sure that young people – including adolescent girls – are informed, consulted and meaningfully engaged throughout all stages of humanitarian action. Hearing from girls and women in the community should start long before a crisis occurs. Hearing what they have to say about increasing risks from natural and human-made disasters is a core aspect of UNICEF’s approach to risk-informed programming. When UNICEF works with governments and other partners to help fulfill child rights, we consider the potential impacts of climate change, natural hazards, epidemics, conflict and other ‘shocks’. This means working with girls and boys themselves, as well as their caregivers and other stakeholders, to understand how children and communities are at risk, which vulnerable groups face the highest risk, and what can be done. Very practical actions make a difference. A few examples: - Central Asia, where girls and boys took part in community risk assessments. They identified the main risks (such as flooding), the most vulnerable (perhaps a household headed by a single mother), and created “hazards maps” to present to local officials. - Another example is U-Report, a social messaging tool with nearly 4 million youth subscribers globally. Having this platform in place before Hurricanes Irma, Jose and Maria struck in and around the Caribbean allowed easy access to essential information, including thousands of female users living in the area, giving them unprecedented access and voice. Risk-informed programming can also significantly reduce the costs and time required for humanitarian response. On average, $1 invested in UNICEF’s emergency-preparedness systems will yield more than $7 of savings in future emergency response. Measures to prevent and reduce risk, including by better programmatic integration, are central to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development including the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the Paris Climate Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals and the World Humanitarian Summit. These all emphasize the link between key factors of equity – including gender and poverty – and natural hazards, climate change, and conflict to support the adoption of a more coherent and integrated approach to programming. This vision is also clearly outlined in the 2018-21 UNICEF Strategic Plan and Gender Action Plan. As we map the global situation of girls and women and chart the path of climate change and disasters, the picture becomes clear. If we are going to reduce risk and increase resilience, we must hear solutions from girls and women and do more to support safer and more resilient communities for this generation and the next. Antony Spalton is the Risk Reduction and Resilience Specialist with UNICEF’s Programme Division in New York. Maha Muna is the Regional Gender Advisor at the Europe and Central Asia Regional Office for UNICEF based in Istanbul, Turkey.

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SPECIES: Artemisia abrotanum Howard, Janet L. 1998. Artemisia abrotanum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ . No special status Southernwood has a long history of cultivation in the Old World and its region of origin is uncertain. It is thought to be native to the Mediterranean [4,13]. It is an introduced species of minor importance in the United States and southern Canada. It has escaped from cultivation in the Northeast and occurs there sparingly. It is adventive in the Great Plains and the Intermountain region [8,9,13,23]. FRES36 Mountain grasslands FRES38 Plains grasslands CT IL KS MA MN ME UT VT NS Southernwood rarely persists after cultivation and is not an important member of plant communities in the United States . Southernwood has been used for rehabilitation of rangelands and mine spoils in the Intermountain region. It withstands drought and prolonged freezing temperatures and is recommended for soil stabilization and as a nurse plant Southernwood is established by outplanting of stem cuttings. In the Intermountain region, survivorship of transplants in the first few years after outplanting has been good to excellent Southernwood probably will not persist on reclamation sites due to poor reproduction Southernwood is an introduced shrub or perennial forb from 1.6 to 6.6 feet (0.5-2.0 m) tall. It is woody at the base and much branched in form [8,9]. The inflorescence is an open panicle with multiple flowerheads. The fruit is a cypsela bearing a tiny seed . Southernwood occurs on disturbed sites such as roadsides and open fields [8,9,14]. It grows in moderately acid to moderately alkaline soils and tolerates elevations above 10,000 feet (3,050 m) [13,15]. Southernwood flowers in late August or September in the Great Plains, the Midwest and the Northeast [8,9,14]. Seeds usually do not reach maturity. Plants in the Intermountain region rarely flower . Response of southernwood to fire has not been documented in the literature. Since southernwood sprouts from the root crown after top-kill by agents other than fire, it probably sprouts from the root crown after fire has removed topgrowth. Southernwood twigs are killed by freezing temperatures when twigs are not insulated by snow. In spring, southernwood sprouts from the root crown after winter dieback. Southernwood also sprouts from the root crown after heavy browsing. Plummer reported that southernwood is more vigorous when topgrowth is removed regularly. Southernwood regeneration by seed after fire is probably insignificant. tall shrub, adventitious bud/root crown Southernwood is probably top-killed by fire. Southernwood probably sprouts from the root crown after top-kill by fire. 1. Austin, D. D.; Hash, A. B. 1988. Minimizing browsing damage by deer: Landscape planning for wildlife. Utah Science. Fall: 66-70. 2. Bergendorff, Ola; Sterner, Olov. 1995. Spasmolytic flavonols from Artemisia abrotanum. Planta Medica. 61(4): 370-371. 3. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. 4. Davis, P. H., ed. 1975. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, Great Britian: Edinburgh University Press. 890 p. 5. Everett, Richard L.; Meeuwig, Richard O.; Butterfield, Richard I. 1980. Revegetation of untreated acid spoils Leviathan mine, Alpine County, California. California Geology. 32(1): 8-10. 6. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. 7. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. 8. Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York: New York Botanical Garden. 910 p. 9. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. 10. Kartesz, John T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume I--checklist. 2nd ed. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 622 p. 11. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. United States [Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States]. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 1:3,168,000; colored. 12. McArthur, E. Durant; Giunta, Bruce C.; Plummer, A. Perry. 1977. Shrubs for restoration of depleted range and disturbed areas. Utah Science. 35: 28-33. 13. McArthur, E. Durant; Stevens, Richard. 1986. Composite shrubs. Unpublished manuscript on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Labortory, Missoula, MT. 155 p. 14. Mohlenbrock, Robert H. 1986. (Revised edition). Guide to the vascular flora of Illinois. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. 507 p. 15. Plummer, A. Perry. 1974. Oldman wormwood to stabilize disturbed areas. Utah Science. 1974 March: 26-27. 16. Plummer, A. Perry. 1977. Revegetation of disturbed Intermountain area sites. In: Thames, J. C., ed. Reclamation and use of disturbed lands of the Southwest. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press: 302-337. 17. Plummer, A. Perry; Christensen, Donald R.; Monsen, Stephen B. 1968. Restoring big-game range in Utah. Publ. No. 68-3. Ephraim, UT: Utah Division of Fish and Game. 183 p. 18. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. 19. Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. 1994. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management. 152 p. 20. Stark, N. 1966. Review of highway planting information appropriate to Nevada. Bull. No. B-7. Reno, NV: University of Nevada, College of Agriculture, Desert Research Institute. 209 p. In cooperation with: Nevada State Highway Department. 21. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 10 p. 22. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Plants of the U.S.--alphabetical listing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 954 p. 23. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p.

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As Black History Month observances continue throughout the nation, now is an apt time to revisit the unmet housing finance challenges that affect African-Americans, other consumers of color and low-income whites. While many consumers have felt an economic recovery, many others remain locked out of homeownership and the resulting opportunity to build wealth through home equity. In order to open up homeownership opportunities to those left behind, public policies must address the impact of mortgage discrimination by promoting robust mortgage lending to all creditworthy borrowers. An analysis of 2015 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data by the Center for Responsible Lending found lingering and disturbing disparities. HMDA's annual report is the nation's only one that connects race and income with mortgage lending trends. When it comes to the most affordable home purchase loans, conventional loans remain the least costly for borrowers and the least likely to default. Even so, among the 1,894,000 loans made in 2015, only 2.7% — or 51,202 — conventional home purchase loans were made to African-American borrowers. Latino borrowers fared only slightly higher with 5.1% of these loans, or 96,975. These figures stand in stark contrast to the 1,361,564 conventional loans made to non-Hispanic, white borrowers, representing over 72%. That same year, Federal Housing Administration lending provided a well-utilized option for 765,880 non-Hispanic white borrowers accounting for 62% of these loans. Participation by borrowers of color, however, was still meager. Over 13% of FHA loans went to Latino borrowers (162,317), and fewer than 10% to African-Americans (120,618). It is also noteworthy that, without regard to ethnicity, low-down-payment FHA loans were accessed by over 460,000 low-and moderate- income borrowers. Owning a home is the cornerstone of the American dream. But it is a dream rooted in a history of inequity. For decades, federal housing policy fostered discrimination in mortgage lending in communities of color that hindered families from safely joining the ranks of America's growing middle class. From Jim Crow to post-World War II, white homeownership served as a foundation to building wealth that transferred in later years to younger generations. As a result, families of color have much less wealth than comparable whites. According to the Survey of Consumer Finances, whites have 10-times the wealth of Latinos, and 12-times the wealth of African-Americans. Predatory lending dominated formerly redlined communities and, again, borrowers of color were negatively impacted. CRL research on the effects of subprime lending found that a disproportionate number of foreclosures occurred in communities of color — even when these borrowers qualified for less expensive and sustainable mortgage loans. When nearly 5 million families lost their homes to foreclosure, the brunt of financial losses were borne by those who had the least wealth: consumers of color. The post-foreclosure spillover costs for these consumers totaled $1 trillion. Yet, borrowers who received safe mortgages without risky features performed much better. A report on Self-Help Credit Union’s Community Advantage Program, from the University of North Carolina's Center for Community Capital, showed that those borrowers amassed a net worth of $38,000 compared to renters' $266, even as housing values plunged. The Community Advantage Program securitized mortgages for more than 50,000 families in 48 states. Dodd-Frank, and by extension the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, includes mortgage protections that prohibit many of the risky practices that fueled the mortgage meltdown. These sensible protections established the ability-to-repay standard on all mortgage loans, along with bright line rules that safeguard consumers and lenders alike. Instead of being encouraged by the reforms in the housing finance system, conventional mortgage lenders instituted market overcorrections that prevent creditworthy borrowers from accessing mortgage loans. The Urban Institute reported that 4 million potential borrowers were locked out of the mortgage market from 2009 to 2013 due to unnecessarily tight credit standards as most loans were to borrowers with high credit profiles. Urban also showed that white borrowers received more mortgages due to their higher credit profiles. The Federal Housing Finance Agency made recent strides in this direction by once again allowing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to secure mortgages with smaller down payments. While this is a step in the right direction, it is not enough. FHFA must reverse its trend towards risk-based pricing in its loan guarantee fees and loan-level price adjustments. It also should prevent risk-based pricing in front-end credit risk transfers, including deeper mortgage insurance. Pricing structures are important, as they can incentivize lending that only serves those with the least risky credit profiles. Instead, our system should continue to pool credit risk. This would encourage conventional lenders to make loans to potential mortgage buyers of color and low-income whites, ensuring that all creditworthy families have access to their American dreams. Nikitra Bailey is an executive vice president with the Center for Responsible Lending.

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St. John the Baptist Purchased on the Belle da Costa Greene Fund with the assistance of the Fellows, 1963 The gaunt figure of John the Baptist stands in the midst of a wild and craggy landscape at sunset, dressed in a light brown camel skin and covered by a cloak. The artist, with delicate shading, has given John hollow cheeks and sunken eyes that bespeak of his ascetic lifestyle in the pictured desert. He cradles a small bleeding lamb in his left arm while gesturing toward it with his right, reminding us that John pointed the way toward Jesus, whom he called the Lamb of God (Agnus Dei). He holds the lamb's bannered staff of Resurrection, its cross-decorated flag once silver but now sadly oxidized. Suffrages are short prayers to individual saints. As protectors of medieval people, saints were their doctor in plague, their midwife at childbirth, their guardian when traveling, and their nurse during toothache. If the Virgin was the figure to whom one addressed the all-important petition for eternal salvation, it was from saints that one sought more basic or temporal kinds of help. While the Virgin became, as the Mother of God, almost a goddess herself, saints retained more of their humanity and thus their approachability. Image courtesy of Faksimile Verlag Luzern

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Here’s a great anecdote from Mikhail Simkin and Vwani Roychowdhury at the University of California, Los Angeles: During the “Manhattan project” (the making of the nuclear bomb), physicist Enrico Fermi asked General Leslie Groves, the head of the project, what was the definition of a “great” general. Groves replied that any general who had won five battles in a row might safely be called great. Fermi then asked how many generals were great. Groves said about three out of every hundred. Fermi conjectured that if the chance of winning one battle is 1/2 then the chance of winning five battles in a row is (1/2)^5 = 1/32 . “So you are right, General, about three out of every hundred. Mathematical probability, not genius.” Simkin and Roychowdhury’s interest is not generals but World War 1 fighter pilots. They say an ace fighter pilot is one who has who achieved five or more victories. “Can this be explained by simple probability?” they ask. At first glance this doesn’t seem likely. The German World War 1 ace Manfred von Richthofen had 80 victories to his name. If the chance of an aerial victory is 1/2, then the chance of winning 80 on the trot is: (1/2)^80 = 10^(-24) That’s not very likely by chance alone and it is tempting to think of von Richtoven as an outstanding pilot . But Simkin and Roychowdhury say that a more careful analysis proves this conclusion wrong. Their argument is based on the fact that the Germans claimed vastly more victories than losses: 6759 victories versus only 810 losses. That makes the rate of defeat: 810/(6759+810) = 0.107. So the probability of 80 victories in a row is actually: (1-0.107)^80 = 10(-4). And the chance of one of the German’s 2894 fighter pilots achieving this feat is: 1 – (1 – 10^(-4))^2894 = 0.29. “Richthofen’s score is thus within the reach of chance,” conclude Simkin and Roychowdhury. The paper goes on to work out that far from being outstanding, von Richtoven was probably merely in the top 27 per cent of pilots ranked by skill. Basically, he was lucky. The 90th anniversary of von Richtoven’s first and only loss was last week: the Red Baron was shot down and killed over the Somme on 21 April 1918. Ref: arxiv.org/abs/physics/0607109: Theory of aces: high score by skill or luck?

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CC-MAIN-2014-35

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On This Day - 27 December 1916 Theatre definitions: Western Front comprises the Franco-German-Belgian front and any military action in Great Britain, Switzerland, Scandinavia and Holland. Eastern Front comprises the German-Russian, Austro-Russian and Austro-Romanian fronts. Southern Front comprises the Austro-Italian and Balkan (including Bulgaro-Romanian) fronts, and Dardanelles. Asiatic and Egyptian Theatres comprises Egypt, Tripoli, the Sudan, Asia Minor (including Transcaucasia), Arabia, Mesopotamia, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, China, India, etc. Naval and Overseas Operations comprises operations on the seas (except where carried out in combination with troops on land) and in Colonial and Overseas theatres, America, etc. Political, etc. comprises political and internal events in all countries, including Notes, speeches, diplomatic, financial, economic and domestic matters. Source: Chronology of the War (1914-18, London; copyright expired) Big French air-raids on German industrial works (Rhineland, etc.). Falkenhayn takes Ramnicu Sarat. In the Dobruja, the Bulgars seize position east of Macin. Naval and Overseas Operations Naval seaplanes destroy Chikaldir Bridge (Baghdad Railway), Gulf of Alexandretta. French battleship "Gaulois" torpedoed in Mediterranean. Three Scandinavian Governments agree to present Note to Belligerents in support of peace efforts. Franco-British Agreement re: temporary administration of Togoland.

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By: Peter Warhurst (Author), Roger Goebel (Author) 295 pages, colour & b/w photos, b/w illustrations This practical, readable and comprehensive book contains detailed information on honeybees and on every aspect of responsible, successful beekeeping. It also covers the special requirements of managing hives in Australia where, in contrast to cooler areas, bees often continue to breed and gather honey throughout the winter. Also discussed are palletisation and the small hive beetle, plus an expanded list of agricultural chemicals and their toxicities to bees. There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review this product! Your orders support book donation projects Search and browse over 110,000 wildlife and science products Multi-currency. Secure worldwide shipping Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985

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NASA plans seven-year trip to Jupiter – can we come with you, please? Mighty Trojan probe will eye up biggest metal ball in Solar System Vid NASA has OKed two new missions to study some of the most interesting asteroids in our solar system, as part of its ongoing Discovery mission program. The first mission, named Lucy, will launch in October 2021 and will head off to the gas giant of Jupiter to explore its Trojan zones. These are two points on either side of the planet where the gravitational pull of the sun and Jupiter equalize and trap clusters of asteroids left over from the beginnings of planetary formation, and Lucy will probe six of them. "This is a unique opportunity," said Harold F Levison, principal investigator of the Lucy mission from the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. "Because the Trojans are remnants of the primordial material that formed the outer planets, they hold vital clues to deciphering the history of the solar system. Lucy, like the human fossil for which it is named, will revolutionize the understanding of our origins." Lucy will spend seven years studying the asteroids using a multispectral visible imaging camera to map their surfaces and an 8.2-inch (20.8-centimeter) aperture telescope similar to that used on the New Horizons mission that mapped Pluto on the probe's flyby. The second mission, dubbed Psyche for reasons that will become obvious, will investigate the shiniest object in the solar system. The asteroid, known as 16 Psyche, appears to be made up almost entirely of metal and the astroboffins think that it's the remains of an ancient planet's core that has had its surrounding rocks pounded away by millennia of impacts from space debris. "This is an opportunity to explore a new type of world – not one of rock or ice, but of metal," said Psyche Principal Investigator Lindy Elkins-Tanton of Arizona State University in Tempe. "16 Psyche is the only known object of its kind in the solar system, and this is the only way humans will ever visit a core. We learn about inner space by visiting outer space." The Psyche mission will launch in October 2023, grab a gravity assist from Earth for some extra speed a year later and then head off to Mars for a second assist in 2025. Three years later it will arrive at its target and spend the next two years probing the metallic object, provided it's not a hostile alien fortress. ®

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Jan 25, 2021 The 10Plan is so named because most participants would not spend more than 10 percent of their family's income on repayment premiums in a given year. The 10Plan is an alternative health care financing approach. Proposed by Mark Cuban, the plan would cover the 28 million individuals who are uninsured and the nearly 20 million who purchase private coverage in the nongroup market, including on the Affordable Care Act (ACA) exchanges. Anyone not covered by employer-sponsored insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, or any other government plan would be eligible for the 10Plan. The RAND Corporation assessed the 10Plan to determine how much it would cost the individuals and families participating in it and how much it would cost the federal government. Because the 10Plan allows payments for medical expenses to be spread over multiple years, understanding the plan's effects requires understanding the system dynamics around medical spending, income, and family structure over a 15-year period. RAND developed a microsimulation model that predicts individuals' medical expenditures over time under the 10Plan and under the status quo. The model accounts for changes in family structure, employment and income, health status, and other factors that influence expenditures and payments. The design of the 10Plan insulates participants from the financial uncertainty of health care costs. Participants pay only for services that they use. Participants would seek care directly from participating providers, who would verify the patient's identity and eligibility. Patients would be billed for care at Medicare fee-for-service rates and pay a $25 copay for each visit. They can defer the balance and borrow from the federal government at a low interest rate, repaying it over time. They can also choose to pay the amount, in full, out of pocket. If 10Plan participants choose to defer payments, the federal government would pay providers and initiate an automatic repayment system, drawing payments directly from paychecks. Unlike a typical loan, the balance would be bundled together with other qualifying 10Plan health care expenses over the course of the year and the repayment premiums would be capped based on family income. The federal government would charge simple interest at a low rate. The 10Plan is so called because most participants will not spend more than 10 percent of their family's income on repayment premiums in a given year. The repayment premiums would be applied to each expense until it is paid off. After 15 years, remaining balances would be forgiven, and the forgiveness would not be not considered taxable income. Repayment would be stopped when an individual enrolls in Medicare or paused when an individual becomes eligible for Medicaid (although the 15-year repayment clock would continue to run). If 10Plan participants obtain employer-sponsored health insurance, they would still owe remaining balances from deferred payments under the 10Plan until those balances are repaid or until the participants reach age 65. RAND's microsimulation model is dynamic and accounts for year-to-year changes in medical spending, income, and family structure. Panel A of the chart below shows an example of the trajectory of a median-income individual who has age-adjusted median health care costs while single. His expenditures increase as he gets married, has a family, and ages. The trajectory includes health "shocks" (high-cost events) for childbirth and later in adulthood. The individual would be repaying health care costs every year, but these payments would never exceed 10 percent of family income. Panel B shows the same hypothetical individual and his family, but one of the parents is diagnosed with a chronic health condition at age 36; expenditures are now at the 95th percentile of age-adjusted health care spending. In this case, the household defers significantly greater health care costs, but it never pays more than 10 percent of family income in repayment premiums. The federal government would end up forgiving a significant amount of those deferred payments by the time the high-spending individual ages into Medicare. The RAND team estimated that median family health care expenditures under the 10Plan would not be very different from current spending. Individual health care spending under current arrangements and under the 10Plan were also similar. But significant differences between spending under the 10Plan and the status quo emerged when current health insurance status under the status quo was considered. For those currently uninsured, total health care spending per year would be about $308 higher ($5,977 versus $6,285) under the 10Plan, translating to an increase in out-of-pocket spending of $487 for the uninsured ($200 versus $687). For those currently covered by a nongroup plan, total annual health care spending would be $319 lower under the 10Plan relative to the status quo ($9,287 versus $8,968). Out-of-pocket spending would be $4,230 less per year, on average, for individuals under the 10Plan ($6,013 versus $1,783). In the aggregate, 10Plan participants would spend an estimated $63 billion less per year out of pocket relative to the status quo; this would be about $940 billion less over 15 years. Estimated health care expenditures also differed by the health status of 10Plan-eligible individuals. Overall, average total annual expenditures in year 15 would be about $144 more for 10Plan participants in good health, compared with the status quo. These participants would save about $2,087 per year in out-of-pocket costs. Those with acute and chronic conditions would have about $27 and $104 less in average total health care expenditures per year, respectively, under the 10Plan, relative to the status quo. Out-of-pocket costs are predicted to fall significantly for those with an acute and chronic condition, as well, by $1,368 and $1,213, respectively. |Health Care Spending||Out-of-Pocket Spending| |Status Quo||10Plan||Status Quo||10Plan| |Covered by nongroup plan||$9,287||$8,968||$6,013||$1,783| |Health Care Spending||Out-of-Pocket Spending| |Status Quo||10Plan||Status Quo||10Plan| Another way to examine a family's burden under the 10Plan is to examine the fraction of income that would be spent on health care. Under the 10Plan, families are responsible for a $25 copayment for each health care interaction, in addition to a repayment premium toward the deferred balance from health interactions in previous years. The required annual repayment premium is capped at a percentage of family income that depends on the family's income as a percentage of the federal poverty level (FPL). The RAND team found that lowest-income families (< 250 percent of FPL) effectively would pay between 3 and 4 percent of income toward the cost of health care under the 10Plan. For higher-income groups, the share of income is typically lower. Despite the progressivity of the required repayment rates, the 10Plan is slightly regressive in practice. However, from the perspective of financial risk, the lower-income groups would experience less cost variability than they do under the status quo and would be protected from health care shocks. RAND estimates that, over the 15-year period, health care spending under the status quo would total about $3.57 trillion relative to $3.53 trillion under the 10Plan. This amounts to about $33 billion in reduced total health care spending over the 15-year period because of the lower fee-for-service Medicare rates that 10Plan participants would pay. |Family Income as a percent of federal poverty level||Repayment Premium||Total Payment||Maximum Cap| Although the effective total payment rate for the lowest-income families would be between 3 and 4 percent of their family income, the maximum 10Plan cap for their expenses would be between 2 and 2.5 percent of their income. Higher-income families would have an effective total payment rate of less than 1 percent of their income, and the 10Plan cap would be almost 15 percent of their income. Under the 10Plan, the federal government forgives deferred payment balances for any of the following reasons: an individual's balance expires after 15 years, an individual dies, an individual turns 65 and moves to Medicare, or an individual without living parents turns 26. Forgiveness because of death is, by far, the most common reason that balances are forgiven. We note that most participants pay off their balances before reaching age 65. In year 15, the government would forgive an estimated $29 billion in deferred payments. However, the government would also receive revenue from repayment of deferred balances. There is no revenue in the first year of the 10Plan, but the revenue increases over time. Over the 15-year period, the federal government would save about $17 billion under the 10Plan, compared with the status quo. But in year 15, when the government would begin to forgive the first set of deferred payments from year 1, it would spend about $3 billion per year. Year 15 provides the best estimate of federal expenses for the 10Plan over the longer term. Thus, the 10Plan is likely to continue to be a net expense to the federal government. Exactly how much of an expense depends on assumptions that the RAND team made in modeling the plan's effects. The team estimated several versions of the dynamic microsimulation, varying different aspects of the assumptions. The estimates of the change in total health care spending relative to the status quo are most sensitive to the price levels that 10Plan-eligible families and individuals will face and less sensitive to the parameters and policy features tested in the other sensitivity analyses. In other words, the prices that the team assumed that 10Plan participants would face are the most significant factors in determining whether the 10Plan will generate savings. Assuming Medicare prices, as the team did for most of the results presented, the model suggests savings of $21.5 billion over 15 years, including administrative costs. However, if 10Plan participants face 234 percent of Medicare rates—as the state of Montana was able to negotiate with hospitals—then the model predicted increased spending of $1.263 billion compared with the status quo over 15 years. Even though Montana hospitals may not be representative of all hospitals in the United States, the RAND team expects that it may be difficult to get hospitals to accept rates lower than that. The other modeling assumption that affects whether the team predicted savings from the 10Plan concerns forgiving loan balances at age 65. In the main model, the team did not assume any behavioral responses to this, but 10Plan participants would have an incentive to increase their consumption of health care (especially discretionary) as they approach age 65. In particular, knowing that they would not have to repay costs in subsequent years may affect their behavior. In one sensitivity check, the team increased health care utilization linearly from ages 51 to 64 to account for this possibility. In the model's estimates, the 10Plan, with Medicare prices, would increase total expenditures by $659 billion over 15 years relative to the status quo. Effect on federal budget under the 10Plan in the baseline model, in billions |Year 1||Year 5||Year 10||Year 15||Total over 15 years| Overall, RAND estimated a savings in total health care spending among 10Plan participants of almost $33 billion over a 15-year period in our baseline model because of the lower prices that 10Plan participants would pay. The RAND team predicted that the plan would cover 46 million individuals, including approximately 28 million who are currently uninsured. The model with the most-costly assumptions predicted that aggregate health care spending would increase by $1,263 billion over the 15-year period (with a net increase in federal spending of $566 billion over the period). On average, individuals covered by the 10Plan would spend less on health care and have lower out-of-pocket costs compared with the status quo. However, these amounts vary by family income, current health insurance status, and health status. Lower-income families would pay 3 to 4 percent of income on repayments and copays, which is more than what uninsured individuals in those income categories currently pay out of pocket for health care. In general, uninsured individuals would face greater out-of-pocket health care costs under the 10Plan, regardless of income. However, they would gain risk protection because they would not be required to pay more than their means-tested rate. Higher-income individuals currently covered by a nongroup plan would pay less out of pocket because they would have no insurance premiums. The 10Plan would change the federal government's cash flow. In particular, the government would increase outlays to cover individuals' health care spending when care is received, and then the government would receive repayment premiums to help cover these amounts in subsequent years. Some amounts would be forgiven after 15 years of repayment premiums, on death, or as individuals become eligible for Medicare. In the baseline model, the team predicted that the government would realize savings of about $1.4 billion per year, including administrative costs, but in the model with the most-costly assumptions, federal spending was predicted to increase by $38 billion per year. The most significant factor in determining whether the 10Plan will generate savings is the assumption that 10Plan participants will be charged for health services at the Medicare fee-for-service rate. Many details of the 10Plan have not yet been specified and so were not included in RAND's assessment. And there are many uncertainties—for example, if providing coverage for those currently uninsured causes them to increase their health care use, it is unclear the extent to which the supply of providers might also change in response. However, the 10Plan, as currently described, would help to address widespread anxiety about the burden of bills for necessary medical care. The 10Plan requires a contribution from patients toward their health care, but, unlike current cost-sharing arrangements where people pay the full cost when they receive care until they hit the deductible, the 10Plan allows deferred payments that can be paid back gradually, on a schedule. Furthermore, repayments are capped in a way that scales with income. In this way, the 10Plan would protect people who are unprepared for an unexpected bill without requiring the government to shoulder the entire burden.

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STD and HIV Resources for Providers The STD/HIV Program has developed activities and resources to assist health care providers in the public and private sectors to integrate routine STD and HIV testing as a part of patient care. These activities will also help facilitate linkage to HIV specialty care for newly identified HIV infected patients, as well as discuss pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and help patients get it. Appropriate health care settings for implementation of routine STD and HIV testing include: - Hospital emergency departments - Specialty care clinics (e.g., ob/gyn, TB) - Community clinics (e.g., homeless, substance abuse) - Inpatient care (e.g., labor and delivery) - Correctional health care facilities - Pediatric/prenatal care clinics - Other primary care settings The CDC estimates that 1 in 5 people infected with HIV are unaware that they are infected … and 54% of new sexually transmitted HIV infections in the US originate from HIV infected persons who are unaware of their infection. CDC recommendations urge providers to include HIV testing as a routine part of health care for all patients 13 – 64 years of age regardless of their risk. Routine HIV testing ensures that: - More people learn about their HIV infection - Those who learn about their infection will benefit from earlier access to treatment - There is a reduction in the risk of further transmitting HIV to others

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Library of Congress From around 1840, a tribute to the Revolution and the Declaration of Independence, with the first eight presidents and George Washington facing a file of soldiers representing the colonies. But in its beginnings, the union harbored the seeds of destruction. Left to right, at the signing of the Constitution, Todd Norris as George Clymer, Chris Hall as George Mason, Tom Hay, Mark Schneider as James Madison, Ben Knecht, Ron Carnegie as George Washington, and Michael Rehm as Luther Martin. Library of Congress A Currier & Ives engraving of Fort Sumter under bombardment in 1861, the attack that began the Civil War. Library of Congress General Ulysses S. Grant led Union soldiers against fortified Confederate troops at Cold Harbor, Virginia, late spring 1864. Library of Congress African Americans collect bones from some of the 10,000–16,000 soldiers killed at the Battle of Cold Harbor. How the Founders Sowed the Seeds of Civil War by W. Barksdale Maynard Whether America’s founders could have sown seeds of a more perfect union without dooming a following generation to reap the whirlwind of civil war is a question yet on the minds of the nation’s historians. Could anything have been done to avoid the bloodbath that took the lives of 2 percent of America’s population? It’s a staggering figure: 2 percent in today’s terms would mean the deaths of everybody in Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. We usually think of nineteenth-century events—the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott decision—when we consider what precipitated the crisis. But the roots of the conflict go back further, back to the formative years of the United States. The flowers of death and destruction germinated from slavery, unmistakably the chief cause of the Civil War—although economics, geography, culture, fear, and the constitutional ambiguities of states’ rights must be factored in. American slavery was a hybrid of seventeenth-century English mercantilism, colonial labor shortages, and what we call racism. It was an evil which, in the interests of revolutionary unity, the Second Continental Congress declined to eradicate in the Declaration of Independence, and which the Articles of Confederation left to blight the Constitution. Slavery’s taproot was the three-fifths clause, cultivated in the steamy Philadelphia summer of 1787, as a nation struggled to be born. After weeks of debate, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention faced an impasse, and it seemed the fragile project of national reorganization might collapse. Then, on July 16, they reached the Connecticut Compromise, a deal that broke a deadlock and cleared the way for the arrival of a strong federal union to replace a loose confederacy of states. What was central to that deal? The agreement that membership in the House of Representatives would be apportioned according to the white population of each state—plus three-fifths of their slaves. Thus was a nation founded on quicksand, some historians say. Three-fifths gave the slaveholding states incentive to embrace slavery forever—the more slaves, the more political clout—as it helped radicalize abolitionists. To modern critics, it equated dark skin with being less than fully human—although southern delegates wanted to count slaves equally with whites. Northern delegates wanted slaves not to count at all. It was about regional power, not the humanity of the enslaved. Cutting the deal with an indispensable minority, the majority was thinking short-term, said R. B. Bernstein, author of The Founding Fathers Reconsidered. Summer was fleeting, and the success of the constitutional undertaking depended on compromise. “The approach of the Founders was, ‘We’ll fix it now and let posterity sort it out,’” Bernstein said in an interview. “It’s like slapping a patch on your tire.” By choosing expediency, they missed a chance to hobble slavery and avoid trouble. Although slaveholding was still legal almost everywhere, there was little enthusiasm for it among most delegates, and even a Virginian like George Mason could give a speech saying slaves “bring the judgment of Heaven on a country.” As Bernstein sees it, “A determined minority is hell-bent on protecting slavery, and the majority with a mild distaste for slavery has little or no inclination to do anything about it or to challenge the diehards from the Carolinas and Georgia.” Central to delegates’ thinking was the assumption that slavery was waning as an agricultural model. “They didn’t reckon,” Bernstein said, “on the rise of King Cotton.” Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin lay six years in the future, with its ability to make slave agriculture more economic. Between 1793 and 1805, as profits rose, cotton production in the South exploded thirtyfold, increasing the demand for humans to plant, tend the fields, and pick the bolls. If the delegates tiptoed around slavery, it was because the constitutional experiment was a minefield, says University of California at Los Angeles historian Daniel Walker Howe. The Framers hadn’t forgotten how divided the colonies had been over the question of independence from Britain in the first place. After four months of horse-trading in Philadelphia, the Constitution was signed by 39 of 55 delegates. “You couldn’t have had it be too antislavery or you wouldn’t have gotten all the states on board,” Howe said. Compromise was essential, “but in hindsight we can see that slavery came to flourish under the Constitution.” Ratification showed the depths of division. Virginia agreed by a vote of 89 to 79. Almost 49 percent of the delegates to the convention of the largest state in the orchard of Revolution declined to partake of its new fruit. “This is a country that is very nervous about whether it will fall apart,” said Ron Chernow, biographer of George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. “Slavery is the most difficult and incendiary issue, and that’s the one least likely to be tackled. It was an abdication of responsibility, and the seeds were planted for the Civil War.” Nevertheless, victories were scored against slavery in the early Republic. The northern state legislatures banned involuntary servitude, if by varying timetables. Princeton University’s Sean Wilentz says: “How many political entities in world history had ever abolished slavery? I can’t think of any. That was an opportunity seized upon.” The Northwest Ordinance, passed by the Continental Congress in New York as the Constitutional Convention was meeting in Philadelphia, banned slavery north of the Ohio River, among other things. In his 1860 speech at Cooper Union in New York, Abraham Lincoln said this was proof that the Founders wished to give the federal government control over slave policy in the territories. That was a burning issue in Lincoln’s day, given that the Union was about to shatter over the question of whether slavery should be allowed to spread throughout the West. Lincoln looked to 1787 for moral authority. But the Northwest Ordinance’s exclusion of slavery was not entirely purehearted, Bernstein said. It created states with “no slave past, and this was good—there was no sense of slavery as the default position. But it was bad, in that in Indiana and Illinois there was real racism against black people: ‘We want no slaves—or even free blacks—in this state.’ Some abolitionists didn’t want black people around.” By drawing a line down the muddy Ohio, the ordinance underscored the great regional divide in America, along which cracks soon formed. When ruling Federalists under President John Adams instituted the Alien and Sedition Acts to crack down on dissent, Jeffersonian Republicans were outraged. Two southern state legislatures issued protests in 1798: the Kentucky Resolutions, written by Thomas Jefferson, and the Virginia Resolutions, by James Madison. These manifestos said states could “interpose”or, —as Jefferson said in a draft—use “nullification” to defeat the authority of objectionable federal laws. “In Madison’s mind, I don’t think he was trying to do much more than to say that the states have the right of political protest,” Jack Rakove of Stanford University said. “But Jefferson goes further and flirts with nullification, the idea that the states can actively interfere.” Federalists shuddered at the implications. Washington told Patrick Henry that he feared such a loosening of the Constitution’s bands might “dissolve the union.” This is where the states’ rights movement got rolling. During the Civil War, future president James Garfield said the Kentucky Resolutions “contained the germ of nullification and secession, and we are today reaping the fruits.” A century later, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., speaking at the Lincoln Memorial, said Alabama Governor George Wallace’s lips dripped “with the words of interposition and nullification”—terms an anti-big-government partisan might embrace today, when, in some circles, arguments for states’ rights enjoy renewed favor. To political columnist George Will, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were the most toxic Federal-era decisions of all. “Because of the prestige and intellectual weight of their authors,” he said, “they enabled advocates of disunion to have comfortable consciences.” Secession became a buzzword above and below the Mason-Dixon Line. After Jefferson became president in 1801, some northerners said that the South had staged a coup based on the unfair advantage that the three-fifths clause gave it through apportionment of the Electoral College. In fact, southerners occupied the presidency for two-thirds of the years up to Lincoln’s election. In 1803 there was secret talk of creating a breakaway Northern Confederacy in New England. The 1814 Hartford Convention echoed the nullification principles that Virginia and Kentucky had voiced. And by the 1830s, abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison wanted to scrap the Constitution for being hopelessly weighted toward Dixie. Nothing in the constitution forbids secession—a serious oversight of the Framers, Howe said. “Believe it or not, the Articles of Confederation, which we so often trash as being inadequate, stated that they were ‘articles of perpetual union’ and implied that states didn’t have the right to secede. There isn’t anything like that in the Constitution, and it would’ve been nice if there had been.” Another grievous weakness, some say, was the constitutional compromise that kept the transatlantic slave trade legal until 1808. Ships could continue to come over, their hideous holds crammed with suffering Africans. This was another concession to South Carolina, which argued that Virginia’s desire to end the trade was a selfish attempt to monopolize the lucrative breeding and export of blacks. By allowing the trade to go on, the Framers thought they were giving a little air to a dying institution. But “slavery did not fade away,” said Richard Beeman, who wrote Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution. By 1808, 200,000 additional slaves were imported, “a very significant expansion. That was wholly unexpected.” The more blacks in the South, the less likely they could be liberated, because many whites “had an acute discomfort seeing them as free men.” Fear of the enslaved fed on the killings of whites in rebellions like Toussaint L’Ouverture’s in 1790s Haiti, and Nat Turner’s in 1830s Southside Virginia. As time passed, the fugitive slave clause of the Constitution rankled. “It makes Northern states complicit in slavery,” Beeman said. “It was adopted unanimously, almost without debate. That was the decision at the Convention that really contaminated the Constitution.” The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, one of the sharpest wedges in the Union’s division, reinforced it. North and South were already drifting far apart by 1819, when the fight over admission of Missouri to the Union hinged upon the question “Could slavery be banned there?” There was talk of secession on both sides, and for the elderly Jefferson, this “fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror.” “Everything is obscured until the Missouri crisis,” Brown University historian Gordon S. Wood said. “The North realizes the South isn’t going in a Northern direction. From that moment the Civil War was inevitable.” Perhaps war could have been averted had Virginia acted differently. “In 1789 it’s top dog, the state everybody looks to as the most powerful and richest,” Wood said. “Four of the first five presidents are Virginians, and the Virginia Plan is the model for the Constitution.” In the early nineteenth century, the state had a chance to provide further national leadership by dousing slavery, following the noble example of Washington, who freed slaves in his will. But Virginia did no such thing. It shrank from a position of strength to weakness. Its population, once the largest in the country, fell behind that of fast-growing northern and midwestern states. As Tidewater farms stagnated, the most profitable export was slaves, shipped southwest to the booming Cotton Belt. The proud old commonwealth that had once helped shape the destiny of a nation became a beleaguered backwater—and some of its leaders grew shrill, dogmatic, and adamant for slavery. Jefferson expert Peter Onuf warns against a romantic view of eighteenth-century Virginians’ high-mindedness and says their nineteenth-century successors merely continued a self-serving, pro-slavery direction. Brilliant Virginians, he says, helped fashion a Constitution that was “a great boon to slaveowners,” giving a powerful federal sanction to slavery with the three-fifths and the fugitive slave clause—unlike in Britain, where slavery’s legal protections had lately been weakened. As cotton production boomed, Onuf said, “The system worked really well for Virginians, giving them extraordinary opportunities.” With slavery thriving in Alabama and Mississippi, they migrated in droves to make fortunes. Virginia was wedded to human bondage, as it had been since 1619, when enslaved Africans disembarked on its shores at Hampton. Should the Founders be blamed for the Civil War? Lately, some academics have taken a hard line against them. There has always been debunking of national heroes, said David Hackett Fischer, who wrote Washington’s Crossing, but now “real anger and rage” are bubbling up. Most younger historians would no longer call Jefferson, for example, a reluctant slaveholder who detested the institution and wished it gone. Instead, he is viewed as a man who saw in Africans a genetically inferior race and tried to expand slavery into the territories to cement his state’s political power. Perhaps this goes too far, but certainly the Founders were fallible men incapable of envisioning a united, multiracial society in which whites and blacks lived in equality. That was a thing seldom if ever tried, and slave revolts painted a terrifying picture of what could go wrong. Meeting that steamy summer in Philadelphia, the Constitutional Convention perhaps had problems enough without trying to solve the conundrum of slavery, already 168 years old as a North American institution. The task of uniting half a continent under a single government was almost overwhelming: almost never had it been attempted, as war-torn Europe, a crazy quilt of nation-states, showed. We might remember all this before too hastily assigning blame for the sowing of the seeds of the Civil War. W. Barksdale Maynard is the author of five books on American history, including Woodrow Wilson: Princeton to the Presidency. He contributed to the autumn 2002 journal “When Plague and Pestilence Held Carnival,” a story of yellow fever in the Republic.

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Disasters happen, prepare now Galveston County Health District recognizes National Preparedness Month GALVESTON COUNTY - The harsh reality of hurricanes, tropical storms and flooding is nothing new to Galveston County residents. When faced with a storm, properly preparing is vital when it comes to protecting family and property. Galveston County Health District (GCHD) encourages families to take advantage of National Preparedness Month – recognized in September – to prepare themselves for a wide variety of disasters they may find themselves facing. This year’s theme is “Disasters Happen. Prepare Now. Learn How.” “The theme this year gets to the heart of preparing for disasters. We have faced our share of storms in Galveston County and we’ve come to expect them, but being prepared can be the difference between life and death,” said Randy Valcin, director of epidemiology and public health emergency preparedness. Managed and sponsored by the Ready campaign, National Preparedness Month is designed to raise awareness and encourage Americans to take steps to prepare for emergencies in their homes, schools, organizations, businesses and places of worship. Now is the time to learn life-saving skills such as CPR and first aid. Put together a disaster kit From food and water to medicine, cash, batteries, radios and chargers, put together a preparedness kit. Be sure to have enough food and water for each person for at least three days. Plan on one gallon of water per day per person. Include a battery-operated flashlight and radio, manual can opener, as well as first aid, medication and hygiene items. Other supplies may include an extra cell phone battery, matches and a lighter and whistle. Put it in writing Planning is the best defense when it comes to preparing for a disaster. Develop a family emergency communication plan. It is possible family members may become separated from one another during a disaster, especially during the day when adults are at work and children are at school. Make a plan for touching base and getting back together. When it comes to medicine, put prescriptions, emergency contact information for family and doctors, insurance cards and identification together in a plastic bag. Do the same with photocopies of important documents including birth and marriage certificates, immunization records for children and adults, driver license and other photo IDs and Social Security cards. Have photo documentation of valuables. If evacuating by car, be sure to include road maps, blankets and pillows, clothes and sturdy shoes, rain gear, books, games and toys. Fill the gas tank and check the spare tire, take cash, checkbooks and credit cards and map out your evacuation route. Remember your four-legged family In the hustle of dealing with a natural disaster, pets sometimes fall to the end of the list, or left off until the last minute. Plan for your pets now. Have copies of vaccination records, a current photo of your pet, an ample supply of food and water, a carrier or cage, medication, muzzle, collar and leash. For more information when planning for hurricane season and natural disasters, visit http://www.gchd.org/public-health-services/public-health-preparedness/natural-disasters and www.ready.gov. Public Health Services · Coastal Health & Wellness · Emergency Medical Services · Animal Resource Center The Galveston County Health District (GCHD) is the local public health agency for Galveston County, Texas. GCHD provides services and programs that protect the everyday health and well-being of Galveston County. P.O. Box 939 La Marque, Texas 77568 • (409) 938-7221

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Odessa is a beautiful place. It became part of Russia after the two Russo-Turkish Wars of the late 18th Century. It was a warm water port, something Russia needed, and Catherine the Great ordered a new city to be built. Much of its development was overseen by French exiles, who had fled the Revolution in 1789. In 1815 Odessa was declared a free port, in order to boost trade. It quickly became a cosmopolitan and rich city where, according to Alexander Pushkin, the air was “filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read”. The city had a huge Jewish population, up to 35 percent of the citizens, and this led to troubles from time to time when anti-Semitic Russians attacked and killed Jews. Joseph Poberejsky was Jewish, born in Odessa in 1885. His family seems to have been wealthy and he was a member of the city’s financial elite. This allowed him to work as an inventor. With the arrival of electricity there were plenty of new ideas to be developed. The Russian Revolution in 1917 threw the country into chaos and many of Odessa’s rich decided to leave, in fear of the Bolsheviks. Poberejsky was 32 and he headed for Paris, where at least he could speak the language. He settled in the comfortable 16th arrondissement and began using the name Jacques in order to integrate more. He would eventually become a naturalised French citizen. He continued to invent and also acquired the rights to the inventions of others. Automobiles and aviation created new opportunities and he patented flexible hoses which could withstand vibration and a self-sealing fuel tank. There was also a water heater for farms so that animals could get water in freezing conditions. The profits he made by licensing the inventions were invested in real estate and in new ideas. He was keen on cars and bought a Rolls Royce which he had re-bodied in a much sportier fashion by the the Binder carriage-building firm on the Boulevard Haussmann. Jacques soon moved his growing family into a mansion in exclusive Neuilly sur Seine. But when the war came in 1939 the family, fearing persecution, sailed to America and settled in affluent Westchester County, just outside New York. They returned to Paris after the war ended and Jacques built a new car which he intended to sell. It was a Rolls Royce with his own Carrosserie Poberejsky bodywork. It was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in 1949. Rolls Royce threatened legal action… Jacques died later that year at the age of 64, leaving his fortune to his son Michel, who was then 19. Fascinated by automobiles, the youngster was a regular visitor to Gaston Docime’s Bugatti garage in Neuilly and the garage owner decided to take him under his wing. In 1950 they visited the Lamberjack garage in the rue Bayen, in the 17th arrondissement, and Poberejsky was convinced to buy a unique 1938 Bugatti Atalante 57SC, the only supercharged Atalante produced by the factory, although many other Atalantes had superchargers added by their owners. He soon began racing the car at Montlhéry, using the pseudonym “Mike Sparken”. He enjoyed racing and soon acquired Aston Martin DB2 and DB3 sports cars, which he re-bodied before moving on to a Ferrari 750 Monza. He won occasional races and was considered a very decent driver. In 1955 “Mike Sparken” shared his Ferrari with Masten Gregory at Le Mans – although the pair suffered an engine failure early on. Poberejsky was then 25 and keen to try Grand Prix racing and so did a deal with Amedée Gordini to race a factory Gordini in the British Grand Prix at Aintree. He qualified 23rd and drove a solid race to finish seventh, despite a clutch failure. It was a pretty good effort. For whatever reason, however, he then decided to stop racing, although he continued to deal in interesting automobiles for the rest of his days. He was the owner of a number of extraordinary machines, including a second Bugatti Atalante and, most impressively, an Alfa Romeo Alfetta Grand Prix car, which he prised from the factory by offering them the streamlined 1938 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B which had shone at Le Mans in the hands of Clemente Biondetti and Raymond Sommer. Alfa Romeo wanted that car and the Alfetta was in a poor state. It was the only Alfetta to ever get into private hands. Poberejsky moved from Neuilly to Cap Ferrat on the Cote d’Azur as he grew older. In the end he was diagnosed with cancer. He died in 2012 at the age of 82.

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The powered industrial truck, commonly referred to as the forklift, is an important and productive piece of equipment however they can also be dangerous if not properly used. This program designed specifically for forklift truck operators, examines their prior knowledge and skill, their demonstrated ability to operate a powered industrial truck safely and the hazards present in the workplace. The training is a combination of formal instruction and practical training (demonstration and practical exercises), and includes an evaluation of operator performance in the workplace. - Types, features and physics - Types and functions of powered industrial trucks. - The critical truck measurements that affect safety. - The forces that cause tipovers - Truck design considerations - Inspecting the vehicle - Preoperational checkouts - Driving the truck - The elements of safe movement - Scanning techniques - The differences between an automobile and a powered industrial truck. - Safety hazards - Load handling - Load lifting safety - Safe operating procedures for raising and lowering loads - LPG for lift trucks - LPG and its properties. - The elements and procedures of safely refueling internal combustion vehicles - Battery and charging - Safely changing and charging batteries. - Filling procedures and maintenance - Safety concerns - Review/reinforce potential of serious injury - Review/reinforce safety procedures. The course is completed in 1 day - Forklift Operators - Maintenance Personnel - Warehouse personnel On successful completion of this course participants will receive a Certificate and Card from the National Safety Council. It is recommended that this certificate be renewed every 3 years.

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Information about different leadership styles and how these styles affect staff, clients and business. The two main types of management styles used in modern business environments are authoritative and democratic management styles. Management is the buzzword in the corporate world today management styles are concepts and theories, that influence the general work environment of an organization. Which you probably helped set or something in between a drill sergeant and a “kumbaya” singer we put the question to our fast 50 honorees of the. Get information on management styles find the latest management techniques, and news and strategies you can use in positions of leadership search executive and. Learn about transformational leadership, charismatic leadership, bureaucratic leadership, transactional leadership, servant leadership and more. What great managers do marcus buckingham from the march 2005 issue i’ve found that while there are as many styles of management as there are managers. Understanding the leadership style that’s right for you leaders in heels is an online community created to nurture, inspire and empower female leaders. Think back on your career and the managers you have had i am sure that you have had good managers and others who were maybe not so great when i ask peo. Autocratic an autocratic management style is one where the manager makes decisions unilaterally, and without regard for even the most talented and experienced. Clipping is a handy way to collect and organize the most important slides from a presentation you can keep your great finds in clipboards organized around topics. Many of you have at one point or another thought about what you would do differently than your boss when it's your turn to be in management or perhaps you're i. Understanding management styles checklist 236 introduction which personal style should managers adopt to ensure success what is the most effective approach to. Management styles vary from individual to individual, by institution, and what industry is involved. Encyclopedia of business, 2nd ed management styles: log-mar. Lex sisney explores different styles of management and discusses how to identify and embrace each type of manager lex is the creator of organizational. The classic model of leadership focuses on three major styles used by leaders take this quiz to learn more about your leadership style. 7 secrets to successful management making management skills easier, quicker and more effective, end the firefighting now. Jason monroe has learned to take his personal management style and run with it when hiring employees knowing how to use his style to hire employees offers a great. Every manager has their own style, but just about every management style falls under one of six major categories sometimes the management style does not fit the. Every leader has a unique style of handling the employees the various ways of dealing with the subordinates at the workplace is called as management style. The method of leadership that an administrator usually employs when running a business depending on business circumstances, a manager might need to employ more than.

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Rome was consistently at war, and most of that warfare was prompted by her desire to rule other nations. Her lust for domination was so strong that she attacked Alba – her mother city, as Augustine describes it. The two cities were friendly, filled with family relationships, yet Rome attacked. The battle was so intense and severe that finally the two cities decided to end the fighting by sending two sets of three brothers against one another – the Horatii for Rome and Curiattii for Alba. One of the Horatii survived, and so Rome won. Augustine is rightly disgusted by such an arrangement, and by the whole motivation for such an awful war. Yes, Rome emerged as the victor, but did the city really win? The lust for domination destroyed one city completely and ruined the goodness of another. Power and control destroys.

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Chapter 8. What Is Web3? Web3 is a collection of JS libraries that lets you interact with an Ethereum node remotely or locally. Simply, it provides us with an API to use so we can easily work with the blockchain. Web3 works as a wrapper for JSON RPC to connect to a remote or local Ethereum node with either a HTTP or IPC connection. Web3 is basically a connection between the Ethereum blockchain and your smart contract. Behind the scenes, Web3 uses JSON RPC. RPC is used in many different types of programming languages. You can learn more about JSON RPC here. This chapter focuses on Web3 because Web3 makes connecting to an Ethereum node less complicated and much easier to understand than RPC. The Frontend, Web3, and the Blockchain In a traditional web 2.0 application, your user will interact with the frontend of an application such as React or Ember to make a request to the backend that will have databases, APIs, and models, which will then return a response from the backend. The frontend will serve up the data from the backend to the frontend, and the frontend will display it to your user. The flow of a web 2.0 application is illustrated in Figure 8-1. If you have experience in traditional web development, Web3 is similar to an API request that is getting or adding data to the backend. But with Web3, you’ll be reading ...

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Online databases are a great way for Historical Societies to promote both their collections and their organisation. Including records in a online database allows researchers to know about the range of items held by your organisation as well as specific items that may be useful for their research. In some cases the use of an online database may be the first time researchers become aware of the existence of your organisation. Researchers can then contact you for information on viewing or obtaining copies of items. Participation in an online cataloguing project encourages standardisation of cataloguing in the use of fields required to adequately catalogue items. Using a thesaurus when selecting subjects makes it easier for researchers to locate items on a specific topic. One such online thesaurus is the Australian Pictorial Thesaurus. Further discussion on this topic can be found here.

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- Politics and Social Issues» - Social Issues A Child Sentenced to Anger: How Cheri Thompson's Service Dog Program Helps Teach Our Children to Love and Forgive Children go through a tough time as they grow up. How they are raised becomes a major determining factor on who they will become for the rest of their lives. For some children, that could mean serious trouble if they are victims of constant bullying or have grown up with an abusive family. If they are not shown a better of life, they can either end up depressed or act this way towards others, believing such behavior is the norm. Cheri Thompson, a law school graduate from the University of South Carolina, believes the best power of positive intervention comes from something that children could relate to on a personal level. That source, she has found, is that of the dogs she has rescued for the past ten years. Thompson’s goals had first gained national recognition in an article issued by USA Today on September 29, 2011. The article spoke of several programs in other states similar to Ms. Thompson’s, in which dog-trainers bring in rescue dogs to interact with children in schools who come from abusive pasts. The children learn to appreciate and care for these animals while learning valuable lessons of love and forgiveness. In the article, Ms. Thompson gave some incredible facts about her program known as The Healing Species, which she started back in 2000. The course is given over a 13-week period and each week features a one-hour training course. The results of the course has lead to fewer reports in bullying and violence, giving teachers more time to focus on teaching academics to their students rather than trying to break up fights. According to the Healing Species website, Thompson gave up the idea of practicing law in order to create South Carolina’s first ever violence-prevention program endorsed by a state board of education. She was moved by her research showing the strong links between violence towards animals as well as towards the people of society. Her findings revealed two common patterns she found among offenders. First, more often than not, the offenders came from families who severely abused or neglected them as children. Second, they typically acted out on their own abusive nature by taking it out on someone more vulnerable than themselves, including animals. More information about the organization can be found at this site: On October 31, 2011, WLTX conducted a video interview with Thompson and Adele Little, Director of Healing Species, to find out more details about how the program works. Trainers are brought into the classrooms with a dog that has a violent past. These dogs are cared for and trained by the trainers of Healing species, then taken to classrooms with students who have been victims of abuse and bullying. As the children become comfortable around the dogs, the trainers encourage the students to speak out about how they have been treated. Beau is one of 12 dogs who is part of the program, who Thompson says she found “dumped on the side of the road.” Nursed back to health, he and his fellow canines have participated in numerous sessions, which have covered over 22,000 students in the Midlands since the program’s founding. Studies of the program have shown greater tolerance and control among students as well as a 55% drop in the rate of students suspended from school. The program focuses on numerous life lessons for the students to live by, including love, compassion, and forgiveness. “Anybody can pick on somebody. That's easy. The harder thing to do is to walk away," remarked Little in the interview. WLTX Video Interview with Cheri Thompson and Adele Little Today, the program continues to be an incredible success, spreading the message of love beyond the Midlands. On April 17, 2012 WISTV featured a report of students at Mellicamp Elementary in Orangeburg, writing friendship cards and recording a video of them singing “You’ve Got a Friend” by Carole King. The program is a special project conducted by Helping Species that will send the card and video to orphans in Africa. "I think today's service project helps our kids to be more thoughtful to people that are less fortunate to them outside of our world," remarked Hayward Jean, principal of the school. People can hurt us deeply and that hurt can last for a long time. This is certainly the case for a child, who is hurt through words on top of the physical pain. Between the two, the words are by far the worse. Cuts, bruises, and scars will heal in time. Words will play in your head over and over again and the sting is just as potent as the day it was delivered. We may think such treatment is just a normal phase of life whether we experience it at home or among our peers. But when does it get to the point where that part of our life goes too far? Is it when they deal with bullies, calling them fags or losers? Is it when they suffer slaps and belt wipes from a drunken father who cuts us down with curses? How are these children supposed to grow up and not feel anger towards others? This is the kind of upbringing that starts the child down the path of being abusive and aggressive towards others. They have grown up knowing only hatred and anger. These two destructive emotions are directed to them day in and out. It’s this vicious cycle that continues in future generations. It’s easy for us to look them in the face and tell them that they are wrong for causing harm to others. However, we have to look at the world from their side of the fence. For them, their way of being raised is all they’ve ever known, so how they can see things our way? If words and common sense are not the final solutions, what other means do we have to help them? Thompson’s approach using the true power of love through her dogs is truly a work of brilliance. Most of us would be in fear of owning a dog with a violent past. In fact, many would probably feel it would be more difficult to rehabilitate a vicious or skittish animal than a human being. At least with humans, you can use words to reason, but dogs don’t have that capability. They can understand verbal commands, but it’s not as if you can say to the dog, “Why are you angry?” If you did, it would simply sit there and do nothing or it would just continue to growl or cower. It wouldn’t give you a verbal answer. It makes us fear them and leads us to believe they are creatures without hope of showing love or accepting love from anyone. However, Thompson knew there was hope. With constant attention and proper care, these dogs have been healed both on a physical and mental level. They see others around them as their allies rather than a threat. They once opened their mouths with growls and snarls, but now they display a smile with a wagging tale. They no longer bite with the intent to kill, but instead lick with the intent to love and spread love. It’s a true role model for us all: to show nothing but love and kindness towards each other even if we feel we live in a world where violence rules the day. So if dogs without the ability to verbalize a conscious thought or adapt human reasoning can become peaceful and loving, isn’t it just as possible for our children to do the same? That is what makes this program so miraculous. It shows that no matter who you are or where you come from, you can be happy with your life again and you can be happy with others around you. Granted, this method is no silver bullet to ending violence among our children. It will not erase what happened to them, but it will help them to cope with their anger and live a better life without letting anger take control of it. These dogs could have easily been taken to a common pound either to be euthanized or simply to be locked away for good. Ironically, a child raised with such hardship can certainly suffer a similar fate. Anger creates a prison for us all, keeping us locked away from the blessings that life has to offer us and can start as early as childhood. Thanks to Thompson and her loving dogs, these children now have the key they need to free themselves from this emotional prison.

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The video talks about congestive heart failure by Dr. Smita Mishra, Paediatric Cardiologist, Associate Director - Jaypee Hospital. Congestive heart failure is seen in babies born with large hole in heart due to which there is large amount of blood flow to the heart. These babies have large liver and can have cardiomegaly. They can’t breastfeed properly and take more time to feed. Echocardiography is done and early intervention is advised.

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Word Scramble Help Sometimes we all need some word scramble help, no matter how much experience we have with word play. Here are a few tips to aid you in untangling any confusing group of letters. Word Scramble Tips - Work with the hardest consonants first. The consonants in the English language, in order from least to most frequently are:Q, Z, X, J, K, V, B, G, W, Y, F, P, M, C, L, D, H, G, S, N, T. So if your group of scrambled letters contains Q, Z, X, J, and so on, work with those letters first. Try to find other letters to go with them to form a familiar word or syllable. - Look for consonant combinations. Some examples are TH, BL, and WR.Note that many common blends contain the letters S, R or L.S: SK, SL, SM, SN, SP, SQU, ST, SWR: BR, CR, DR, FR, GR, PR, TR, CHR, SCR, STR, THRL: BL, CL, FL, GL, PL, SL, SPL, SCL(Note: This is not a complete list.) - Look for common word endings. Many words, as you know, end in ING, ION, ER, or ED. There are also consonant combinations such as TCH and GHT that come at the end of - Consider the topic. If you know the theme for a list of scrambled words, think about all the words you already know in that category. This would be helpful, for example, in our Asian Cities scramble game. You might expect to find TOKYO and BEIJING, and you’d be right. After solving as many cities as possible, you could get out a map or almanac and look for more cities to match our scrambled list. Some people consider this “cheating,” but it’s really up to you. Now let's put all this word scramble help to use... Now that you've read all of our word scramble help, why not try to solve a few of our free scramble word games? Here are some of the easiest puzzles on our site: So Tiny 10 scrambled words used to describe very tiny things. Can you solve them in a tiny amount of time? Occupational Hazard: Don't miss this fun puzzle with a twist or two! At the Zoo: One of several easy word scrambles, especially for kids. Parts of Baby's Body - A printable, simple word scramble for your next baby shower. See our entire collection of baby scrambles here. When you're ready for bigger challenges, check our our entire assortment of free word scramble games. We have topics for all interests and ages! The Word Scramble Games on our site are more challenging than many, but with the word scramble help here, we hope you’re on your way to some fun As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying sales. Go to more Free Scramble Word Games Go to Word Game World home

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Does L, the special source used by the author of the Gospel of Luke, represent Jesus as a male descendant of the Hebrew people? Like Mark and Q, L uses masculine nouns, pronouns and verbs of Jesus: L 7:11b-15 “his disciples” “with him” “As he approached” “When the Lord saw her, he had compassion” “he came forward” “And he said” “He gave him” L 7:36-47 “asked him” “He went” “took his place” “he was eating” “his feet” “this man” “he would have known” “touching him” ” ‘Teacher’ ” “he said” L 10:39-42 “the Lord’s feet” “he was saying” “came to him” ” ‘Lord, do you not care…’ ” “the Lord answered her” L 13:1b-5 “He asked them” L 13:10-17b “he was teaching” “he called her over” “he laid his hands on her” “he said this” “The Lord answered him” L 13: 31b-32 “He said to them” L 14:2-5 “in front of him” “He said to them” L 14:8-10 & 12-14 “He said also” L 15:11-32 “He said” L 17:12-18 “As he entered” “approached him” “when he saw them, he said” “thanked him” L 18: 2-8a “He said” “And the Lord said” L 19:2-10 “to see him” “he looked up” “to welcome him” “He has gone to” “said to the Lord” Also, as with Mark and Q, the main character in the L source is referred to as ‘Jesus’ (or Yeshua): L 7:36-47 “Jesus spoke up” L 10:30-37a “Jesus said to him” L 13:10-17b “When Jesus saw her, he called her over” L 14:2-5 “Jesus asked” “So Jesus took” L 17:12-18 ” ‘Jesus, Master…’ ” “Then Jesus asked” L 19:2-10 “He was trying to see who Jesus was” “When Jesus came to the place” “Jesus said to him” ‘Jesus’ or ‘Yeshua’ was one of the more common names for a Jewish male (a male descendant of the Hebrew people) in Palestine in the First century. As with Mark and Q, L places Jesus in Palestine: L 10:30-37a “Jesus replied, ‘A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell into the hands of robbers, who stripped him, beat him, and went away, leaving him half dead. Now by chance a priest was going down that road; and when he saw him, he passed by the other side. …But a Samaritan while traveling came near him; and when he saw him, he was moved with pity. …’ ” L 13:1b-5 [told him about the] “Galileans whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. He [Jesus] asked them, ‘Do you think that because these Galileans suffered in this way they were worse sinners than all other Galileans? No, I tell you: but unless you repent, you will all perish as they did. Or those eighteen who were killed when the tower of Siloam fell on them–do you think that they were worse offenders than all the others living in Jerusalem? No, I tell you; but unless you repent, you will all perish just as they did.’ ” L 13:31b-32 ” ‘Get away from here, for Herod wants to kill you.’ ” (words spoken to Jesus).‘Herod’ here is presumably Herod Antipas (‘Herod’ being a dynastic title) who killed John the Baptist around the time Jesus started his own ministry. Antipas was appointed tetrarch over Galilee and Perea in 4 BCE, and he ruled there until 39 CE. Even if the above passage refers to some other ‘Herod’ in the dynasty, the various ‘Herods’ ruled over various areas in Palestine. L 17:12-18 “As he [Jesus] entered a village, ten lepers approached him. …He [one of the lepers] prostrated himself at Jesus’ feet and thanked him. And he was a Samaritan. …” Samaritans originate from Samaria, and Samaria was located in Palestine between Galilee (in the North) and Judea (in the South). So, this story suggests that Jesus met these lepers when he was visiting a village somewhere in Palestine. L 18:10-14a ” ‘Two men came up to the temple to pray, one a Pharisee and the other a tax collector.’ ” [The phrase “the temple” here clearly refers to the Jewish temple in Jerusalem]. Representing Jesus as a man who was an adherent of the Jewish faith who was living in Palestine in the First Century (at about the time of Pilate) suggests that Jesus was a male descendant of the Hebrew people. One final passage provides additional confirmation that Jesus was a descendant of the Hebrew people, or at least that L represented him as such: L 17:12-18 “As he entered a village, ten lepers approached him. Keeping their distance, they called out, saying, ‘Jesus, Master, have mercy on us!’ When he saw them, he said to them, ‘Go and show yourselves to the priests.’ And as they went, they were made clean. Then one of them, when he saw that he was healed, turned back, praising God with a loud voice. He prostrated himself at his [Jesus’] feet and thanked him. And he was a Samaritan. Then Jesus asked, ‘Were not ten made clean? But the other nine, where are they? Was none of them found to return and give praise to God except this foreigner?’ ” In the above passage, Jesus refers to the ‘Samaritan’ man as a ‘foreigner’. Why? Consider the following commentary on Jesus’ parable about the ‘Good Samaritan'(in Luke 10:29-37): By making the hero of the story a Samaritan, Jesus challenged the longstanding enmity between Jews and Samaritans. The latter were regarded as unclean people, descendants of the mixed marriages that followed from the Assyrian settlement of people from various regions in the fallen northern kingdom (2 Kgs 17:6, 24). (The New Interpreter’s Bible, Volume IX, “Luke” by R. Alan Culpepper, p.229) When Jesus refers to the grateful Samaritan (in the ten lepers incident) as a ‘foreigner’, Jesus means that this man was a descendant “of the mixed marriages that followed from the Assyrian settlement…”. In other words, Jesus is implying that the grateful man was racially impure, not a purebred descendant of the Hebrew people. But in using the term ‘foreigner’ Jesus is also implying that he (Jesus) was racially pure, was a purebred descendant of the Hebrew people, and NOT a product of “the mixed marriages….”. So, in this passage, Jesus strongly implies that he is a descendant of the Hebrew people. My conclusion is that L, like Mark and Q, represents Jesus as being a male descendant of the Hebrew people.

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The last two years marked a significant shift in central banks' attitudes toward gold. Since 1988, central banks have been net sellers of the precious metal. Lacking convertibility of their paper currencies into the commodity, this occurrence makes perfect sense. Friday, December 9th, 2011 Friday, December 2nd, 2011 The Baring Crisis of 1890 is pointed out as the first modern international emerging financial crisis. The collapse of the banking system in Argentina came very close to triggering a financial crisis in London, the major international financial center. Sunday, November 6th, 2011 "NEIN! But take all zee paper you wish..." Saturday, October 29th, 2011 It is a common argument that the gold standard was one of the reasons of the Great Depression. The Federal Reserve, it is argued, was unable to follow an optimal monetary policy, with its hands tied with the gold standard regime. However, as Timberlake (2008, p. Friday, September 2nd, 2011 Walter Grinder, that great educator, economist, thinker, and former Atlas trustee, alerted us to this article which can be a source of optimism for lovers of sound money: http://dailyreckoning.com/monetary-reform-the Monday, August 22nd, 2011 Until recently, paper money advocates regarded those who pushed for letting the market choose gold or defining the monetary yardstick as a certain amount of gold as lunatics. Thursday, August 11th, 2011 My late economic professor and mentor, Hans F. Sennholz, practiced what he preached. His example added to the strength of his classes. Forecasting the great weakening of paper money he invested in gold and silver. He had mixed feelings. Wednesday, August 10th, 2011 When I was studying under Hans Sennholz, a student of Von Mises, our text book for monetary economics was Mises The Theory of Money and Credit. Monday, July 18th, 2011 Article and photo originally found at The Telegraph, July 18, 2011, Ambrose Evans-Pritchard

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A Cherub or Cherubim is a type of angel usually involved in sacred work before God. They are generally described as winged creatures with feet and hands. The word(s) occurs over 90 times in the Old Testament and once in the New Testament at Heb. 9:5, "And above it were the cherubim of glory overshadowing the Mercy Seat; but of these things we cannot now speak in detail." Apparently, there are different kinds of Cherubim. Two golden Cherubim are on the Mercy Seat (Exodus 25:18). They were put in Eden "to guard the way of the tree of life," (Gen. 3:24). An interested description of them is given in Ezek. 1:5-11,13-14. Ezekiel 1:5-11, "And within it there were figures resembling four living beings. And this was their appearance: they had human form. 6 Each of them had four faces and four wings. 7 And their legs were straight and their feet were like a calf’s hoof, and they gleamed like burnished bronze. 8 Under their wings on their four sides were human hands. As for the faces and wings of the four of them, 9 their wings touched one another; their faces did not turn when they moved, each went straight forward. 10 As for the form of their faces, each had the face of a man, all four had the face of a lion on the right and the face of a bull on the left, and all four had the face of an eagle... 13 In the midst of the living beings there was something that looked like burning coals of fire, like torches darting back and forth among the living beings. The fire was bright, and lightning was flashing from the fire. 14 And the living beings ran to and fro like bolts of lightning."

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Chinese authorities rolled out a new regulatory document on Friday targeting so-called “deepfake” images and video with rules calling on media platforms to identify and remove files spreading false news. Why it matters: Online video and audio platforms are under more pressure to review content. Standards detailing deepfakes, or media in which figures in images or videos are swapped with another person’s likeness, will likely follow on the heels of the document. Details: Three government agencies—the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, and the National Radio and Television Administration—released the document, calling on platforms to more clearly mark audio or videos using deepfakes, deep learning, virtual reality or other new technologies. - The document, effective Jan. 1, bans the use of deepfake and virtual reality (VR) technologies in creating, publishing or spreading fake news, and calls on platforms to remove such media. - Users must register on platforms with identifiable information like government-issued IDs or mobile phone numbers, in line with the Cybersecurity Law. Platforms should set up easy-to-use complaint channels. Audio and visual services should issue industry standards and guidelines, and set up a credit system. China already has 759 million online video platform users, according to an unnamed CAC representative cited in an accompanying document. New technologies such as deepfakes could “endanger national security, disrupt social stability, disrupt social order, and infringe on legitimate rights and interests of others,” the document said. Government departments must organize regular inspections to ensure that platforms regulate online audio and video in line with service agreements. “Currently China is not facing any serious problems with deepfakes. But the threshold for this technology is getting lower and fakes are increasing in sophistication. There is no guarantee that this technology will not be abused. If abused, it can cause serious social problems and security risks” (our translation). —Jing Dong, associate researcher at the Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences Context: While false news is widespread in China, deepfakes are still relatively rare. An employee of a video-streaming company told TechNode that scammers are doing just fine without deepfakes. Platforms already battle fake celebrity profiles set up to swindle money from fans, the person said. Fraudsters have even made fake versions of paid-streaming websites to con fans who believe they are recharging credits to send virtual gifts but are instead sending funds straight to thieves’ pockets. “Using tech to detect deepfakes will always be an arms race,” a Europe-based artificial intelligence researcher told TechNode in an email. “Systematically marking synthetic content could help to have a good training database for recognizing such content in the wild.” While doubtful about how useful real-name registration can be, the researcher added that “complaint channels are quite useful to detect instances of deepfakes due to human knowledge about contexts and situations but are also expensive to set up and run, and can be swamped.”

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As seen over and again during recurrent financial crises in both developing and advanced economies (DEs and AEs), financial instability and boom-bust cycles undermine all three ingredients of sustainable development – economic development, social development and environmental protection. Financial bubbles generate excessive investment, which remains unutilized for an extended period even after full recovery from the ensuing financial crisis. This includes investment in industry, as in Japan in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as well as in property, as seen during the current crisis in the US and Europe. This is the main reason why recoveries from financial crises see little investment. When productive capacity is left unutilized, natural resources used in generating such capacity are wasted. This means that even weak sustainability conditions would not be met, since natural capital that is depleted would not be compensated by produced capital. There are now eight hundred and twenty thousand newly constructed, unsold, empty houses in Spain, and they are unlikely to be occupied for many years to come even without new investment in housing. More jobs are destroyed during financial crises (busts) than jobs created during booms driven by asset and credit bubbles. Even when income levels are fully restored following a financial crisis, it takes several years for lost jobs to be replaced. For instance, in its third year of recovery, the US has not even replaced half of jobs lost during 2008-09. At the current pace, it will take 10 years to replace all jobs lost compared to 4 years in two previous recessions (1981-82 and 1990-91). Fairness and equity, as basic ingredients of sustainability, are increasingly violated by the predominance of finance and finance-driven globalization. This has been a major factor in growing inequality in wealth and income distribution. Almost everywhere, income earned on financial assets and property has been rising relative to labour income. There has been a major shift in the global balance between labour and capital. Wages often lag behind productivity growth because of increased competition among the global labour force and financial incomes are lightly taxed because of the threat of footloose capital. Income and wealth distribution is further distorted by financial boom-bust cycles. The benefits of credit and asset bubbles are generally reaped by private individuals but the costs of crises impinge on all segments of the society – very much like costs and benefits of exploitation of natural capital. The distributional consequences of crises are aggravated by financial bailout operations. In the US, crisis interventions have increased financial concentration; systemically dangerous, “too big to fail institutions” are now even bigger, and executive bonuses have been restored while labour incomes remain de- pressed. Financial markets, rating agencies and inter- national financial institutions ignore inter- and intra -generational equity and environmental sustainabil- ity and focus almost entirely on debt and balance-of -payments sustainability in their ratings and lending decisions. The emphasis on financial sustainability is a source of increased inequality. It also tends to undermine environmental sustainability by leading to acceleration of exploitation of natural resources to fill income and foreign exchange gaps. These finance-related disruptions imply that any programme of action designed to promote sustainable development should contain, as its integral part, regulation of financial markets and institutions and fundamental changes in the international monetary and financial system to secure greater stability and reduce the likelihood of crises. A broad agreement on this appeared to have been formed in the early days of the global economic and financial crisis, which culminated in the 2009 UN conference on “The World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development.” However, a stock taking of the initiatives and actions taken since June 2009 shows that “efforts to reform and strengthen the international financial system and architecture” have fallen short of expectations and “long-standing systemic fragilities and imbalances” underlying the global economic and financial crisis remain unaddressed. This is a serious matter of concern for DEs. Contrary to widely held view, they are not decoupled from AEs. After spreading from the US to Europe, the crisis is feared to hit the developing world next. Indeed, almost all major DEs are now seeing deceleration of growth. They face significant downside risks from AEs, including dampened export prospects and increased instability of capital flows and commodity prices. As noted by the IMF, “even absent another European crisis, most advanced economies still face major breaks on growth. And the risk of another crisis is still very much present and could well affect both advanced and emerging economies.” What is to be done? So far incremental approaches to establishing an international monetary and financial system in support of sustainable development has not yielded tangible results. There is a need for a complete overhaul, based on a broader view consistent with the principles of sustainable de velopment, instead of narrow Treasury and financial perspectives that have so far dominated the debate on the reform in mainstream international financial institutions . An intergovernmental task force should be created in the UN to examine the shortcomings in the international monetary and financial systems and propose solutions in such areas as the mandates and governance of international financial institutions; regulation of systemically important financial institutions and markets, including markets for commodity derivatives; regulation of international capital movements; orderly sovereign debt workout mechanisms; financing for sustainable development; the international reserves systems; the exchange rate system; and the multilateral policy surveillance. This undertaking should culminate in a UN conference to bring about fundamental changes in the way the international monetary and financial system opearates. This is no doubt a bigger project than the Bretton Woods Conference, because objectives, interests and concerns are now much more diverse and the issues involved are much more complex. This policy brief is based on the author’s presentation at the Sustainable Development Dialogue on Sustainable Development as an Answer to Economic and Financial Crises which was held as part of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) 2012/Rio Plus 20 in Rio de Janeiro on 16 June 2012. It was originally published in its entirety at www.southcentre.com. Triple Crisis Welcomes Your Comments. Please Share Your Thoughts Below.

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Literally Loving Linked Lists LOL In this project, your team will implement a sentineled doubly-linked list. Recall that a linked list is composed of Node objects that are linked together. This means that we will need to create two classes in this implementation. One class will represent the Nodes of data and how they are linked together. The other class will represent the actual Linked List, defining methods for adding and removing elements, creating a string representation of the object, and obtaining its length. We have discussed a variety of methods for inserting and removing values in a linked list. This project will use index-based addressing. Recall from our studies of arrays that index zero identifies the location of the first datum. This approach also means that the maximum valid index is one less than the length of the sequence. We will replicate that indexing paradigm here. Note that index zero identifies the first Node object that contains data, and not the header. Neither the header nor the trailer has Your implementation should support the following methods, keeping in mind that the words index, head, and tail are used descriptively only and should not appear as attributes of either class: append_element(self, val) This method should increase the size of the list by one, adding the specified value in the new tail position. This is the only way to add a value as the tail. insert_element_at(self, val, index) If the provided index identifies a valid zero-based position within the list, then insert the specified value at that position, increasing the length by one. This method can be used to insert at the head of a non-empty list, but cannot append to a list. The provided index must be within the current bounds of the list. If the index is not valid, raise an IndexError exception. remove_element_at(self, index) If the provided index identifies a valid zero-based position within the list, then remove and return the value stored in a Node at that position. If the index is not valid, raise an get_element_at(self, index) If the provided index identifies a valid zero-based position within the list, then obtain the value from the Node at that position and return it. Do not unlink the Node object. If the index is not valid, raise an IndexError exception. rotate_left(self) Without constructing any new node objects and without returning anything, rotate the list left so that each node moves one position earlier than it was and the original head becomes the new tail. The length of the list should not change. If the list is empty, this method has no effect. __len__(self) Return the number of values currently stored in the list. __str__(self) Return a string representation of the values currently stored in the list. An empty list should appear as [ ] (note the single space). A list with one integer object should appear as [ 5 ] (note the spaces inside the brackets). A list with two integer objects should appear as [ 5, 7 ], and so on. Pay close attention to the format of this string, and remember that strings can be concatenated with the + operator. To convert other objects to strings, use str(other_object). As long as the class for the other object implements the __str__() method, this approach will work. __iter__(self) See "Iterators" below. __next__(self) See "Iterators" below. In lecture, we have silently ignored bad method calls (such as requesting the value of an index that is equal to or greater than the length of the list) by detecting that condition at the beginning of the method and returning. In practice, it is better to inform the programmer that her request was invalid, and allow her to handle the problem. The mechanisms for achieving this are called exceptions and try blocks. When you detect an error condition, instead of returning, raise the appropriate exception using the syntax When the programmer calls a method that could potentially generate an exception, she does so in what we call a try block. Suppose she calls a method that could raise a ValueError. Her code to invoke that method would have to look like this: my_object = Awesome_Class() asplode = random.randint(1,10) print("whew... made it.") print("on the other side.") Perhaps the dangerous_call(num) method raises a ValueError if the value of num is 5, and raises no exception otherwise. Because asplode is equally likely to be one of ten values (one through ten, inclusive) in the example above, she will get with 90% whew... made it. on the other side. or with 10% probability (when asplode is the one of ten possible values, the value 5, that is problematic) on the other side. Each method in your Linked List class that takes an index as a parameter should raise an IndexError (this type is built-in to Python) if the provided index is out of bounds. For our implementation, indices that are either too large or negative should be A common mistake when implementing exceptions is where to place the try/except sequence. If a method is dangerous, it should only raise an exception. The location in the code that called the dangerous method should have done so in a try block so that it can catch any exception that the method raises. Do not include a try/except sequence in the method itself. One thing that we have mentioned briefly during lecture that is relevant to this project is the concept of inner classes. We already know that the Linked List implementation will employ objects of a Node class, so these two classes will be working together. An important point, though, is that the end user of the Linked List doesn't actually see Nodes. Think back to arrays for a moment; when you use an array, you don't actually see the cells that store the data. You see and interact with the data themselves. The same will be true for Linked Lists. The person using your list implementation doesn't actually care about Nodes. All she cares about is that her data are stored in the list. Because of this, it is not necessary (or even desirable) for the Node class to be exposed to the world. It should only be used internally by the Linked List implementation methods. When a user inserts data into the list, she provides the data as an object of whatever type she is storing. If she is dealing with integers, she will insert the number 5, not a Node containing the number 5. The use of a Node object to encapsulate the value 5 is completely internal to the Linked List and is never exposed. To help provide this encapsulation, your solution should implement the Node class itself as a private member of the Linked List class. By marking the class private (with two leading underscores) and implementing it inside of the Linked List class, we indicate that it should only be used internally to Linked Lists. The concept is similar to private attributes, but instead of being declared as self.__attr_name inside of the constructor, the inner class is defined at the same level as the methods. This means that even if the Node attributes are public (and they must be because of how Python implements privacy), only the Linked List methods can reach them. This is a desirable Using the method get_element_at(index), we could visit every node in the list by looping through all of the valid indices. The problem with that approach is that instead of linear time performance, we have quadratic time. Notice that the get_element_at(index) method is linear. It must do a current-walk to reach position index, which is at the tail position in the worst case. Retrieving the first element will take 1 step; retrieving the second element will take 2 steps. You should recognize this pattern from our analysis of insertion sort. The sum of 𝑛 consecutive integers beginning at 1 is bounded by 𝑛 . Considering how frequently we use loops to visit every value in a sequence, quadratic performance is not desirable. To keep the time linear as expected, we employ a programming structure called an iterator. You have used iterators many times. Consider the following code segment: arr = [5,2,-4,1] for val in arr: The loop iterates through the values in the array. When Python encounters the loop, it initializes an index for the array. On every entrance of the loop, it assigns val the value contained at that index, then increments the index. When the index reaches the length of the array, the iteration terminates. You can replicate this behavior for any class you write by implementing two special methods: __iter__(self) and __next__(self). Analogous to the code segment above is the following version that uses a linked list object instead of an array: ll = Linked_List() for val in ll: Right before the for loop, the object ll should contain the elements 5, 2, -4, and 1. When Python encounters the for loop, it invokes the __iter__() method on the ll object (after the keyword in). This is Python’s way of telling the ll object to prepare to cycle through its elements. In your __iter__() method, you should initialize a current pointer in preparation for walking the list. Each time Python enters the indented for block, it assigns val whatever is returned by a hidden call to __next__(). In your __next__() method, you should decide whether there is another value to return. If so, advance to the node whose value should be returned and return that value. If not, raise a StopIteration exeption. Python will automatically handle the exception as a signal to stop calling your __next__() method. This terminates the for Below is the skeleton implementation that you will complete. The Python file attached to this assignment contains comments describing each method. def __init__(self, val): def append_element(self, val): def insert_element_at(self, val, index): def remove_element_at(self, index): def get_element_at(self, index): if __name__ == '__main__': Most importantly, notice that the Node class is defined within the Linked List class and is private to that class. This means that only the methods inside of the Linked List implementation have access to Nodes; they are not exposed to the user. It also means that to create a new node inside of an insert method, the syntax is new_node = Linked_List.__Node(my_val) Then, new_node is a Node object that can be linked in at the appropriate location. Because the Node class is implemented as a member of the Linked List class, it is accessible to the methods inside of the Linked List implementation. The attributes of the Node class should be public; python does not support transitivity of privacy in inner classes (though other languages do). This means that the Node class does not require any methods other than its constructor. In the main section of your Python file, provide some test cases to ensure that your Linked List implementation functions correctly. Though this is not an exhaustive list, some things to consider are: • Does appending to the list add an element at the new tail position and increment the size by one? • Does inserting an item at a valid index increase the size by one and correctly modify the list's structure? • Does inserting an item at an invalid index leave the list completely • Does removing an item at a valid index decrease the size by one and correctly modify the list's structure? • Does removing an item at an invalid index leave the list completely • Does length always return the number of values stored in the list (not including sentinel nodes)? • Is the string representation of your list correct for a variety of lengths? • Does a for loop like for val in my_list visit every value? An Application of LL: The Josephus Problem The story is slightly bloody. During the Jewish-Roman war, Josephus was among a band of 41 Jewish rebels trapped in a cave by the Romans. Preferring suicide to capture, the rebels decided to form a circle and, proceeding around it, to kill every third remaining person until no one was left. But Josephus, along with a friend, wanted none of this suicide nonsense; he quickly calculated where he and his friend should stand in the vicious circle. The end of the story is that both Josephus and his friend lived and Josephus later became a famous historian. In our variation, we start with n people numbered 1 to n around a circle, and we eliminate every second remaining person until only one survives. The problem is to determine the survivor’s number. We first try a small example. Let n = 10. Then the elimination order is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 3, 7, 1, 9, so 5 survives. How to solve the problem? You may pause here and think about the possible algorithm and data structure by yourself. Well, you may have some idea that seems “not so easy,” and you may realize you could use either arrays or linked lists as the data structure. Here, we provide you one efficient algorithm to solve the problem using the linked list class that you implemented. The algorithm is smart and simple: rotate the list to the left by one position circularly, and then delete the first element; repeat it until there is only one element left in the list. Make sure you understand why. Once you have your Linked_List class implemented, use it to solve the Josephus problem, for which we have provided a skeleton file. In the main function of this implementation, fill in the #TODO section by creating a doubly linked list object called ll (2 Ls) with n elements named 1 to n. Then call the function Josephus() by passing the ll. In the function Josephus(), fill in the #TODO section by using the algorithm described above. Print the sequence of survivors after each death. Finally print the Below is a run of the code for n = 21 rebels. The sequence of survivors is shown after each death, but rotated a bit. Your implementation should give the output in the same format. Discuss about this algorithm's performance in your writeup. Input the total number of people: 21 Initial order: [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 ] [ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 1 ] [ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 1, 3 ] [ 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 1, 3, 5 ] [ 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 1, 3, 5, 7 ] [ 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ] [ 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 ] [ 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 ] [ 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 ] [ 19, 20, 21, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 ] [ 21, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 ] [ 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 ] [ 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 3 ] [ 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 3, 7 ] [ 15, 17, 19, 21, 3, 7, 11 ] [ 19, 21, 3, 7, 11, 15 ] [ 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 ] [ 11, 15, 19, 3 ] [ 19, 3, 11 ] [ 11, 19 ] [ 11 ] The survivor is: 11 1. Linked_List.py: A file containing your completed Linked List class implementation. Though you are free to add additional methods as you deem necessary, you must not change the names (including spelling) or parameter lists of any methods in the skeleton file. The main section at the bottom of this file must contain your testing code. 2. Josephus.py: Your implementation of the Josephus problem that imports and uses your Linked_List class. Your implementation must use only the public methods defined in the Linked_List specification. 3. Writeup.pdf: A prose document that details why you performed the test cases that you did and explains why those tests are complete. You must also describe the performance characteristics of each of the methods append_element(...), insert_element_at(...), remove_element_at(...), and get_element_at(...).

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To explain what I think Western philosophy can get from Chinese philosophy, let me tell you one of my favourite stories. It is about a king who spares an ox but cannot spare his people suffering. The early Chinese philosopher Mencius (fourth century BCE) travelled from state to state in China, seeking a ruler who would adopt the Confucian Dao or Way. In Mencius 1A7, Mencius tries to persuade King Xuan that he could become a true king who could bring peace to his people. When the king expresses some scepticism about this possibility, Mencius asks whether it was true that the king had spared an ox being led to ritual slaughter. The king affirms this but professes some uncertainty as to what his motives were. Mencius persuades the king that he was moved by compassion for the ox, getting the king to recall seeing the ox’s trembling, which reminded him of an innocent man going to execution. Mencius concludes that the king fails to bring peace to his people not because of any inability to act but because of a simple failure to act. All that the king has to do is to take the compassion he has applied to the ox and apply it to his own people. Mencius has a theory of human nature that underpins this attempt to stir in the king compassion toward his people. All human beings, he believes, are born with dispositions of feeling and intuitive insight that are the “beginnings” of morality. One of these beginnings is compassion, or the “feeling that is unable to bear the suffering of others”. A manifestation of this beginning is the human reaction to the terror of an animal or the alarm and distress one feels upon seeing a child about to fall into a well. One especially illuminating metaphor Mencius uses for such a beginning of morality is that of a barley sprout that needs the appropriate conditions (sun, fertile soil, water) and human effort put into its cultivation. Mencius tells the king that he must assure his subjects a constant means of livelihood, and he has some “wonkish” ideas for implementation that are surprisingly relevant to this day, e.g., regulating the seasons for cutting timber in the forests and not making the mesh in fishnets too fine so as to insure sustainable natural resources. A constant means of livelihood is necessary, explains Mencius, because people will fail to focus their hearts and minds on developing their moral beginnings if they must be preoccupied with mere survival for themselves and their families. (In fact, the Chinese word for the seat of thinking and feeling is literally “heart” and is best translated as “heart-mind”.) It turns out that empirical studies of the debilitating effects of poverty on cognitive performance and the ability to regulate attention support Mencius’s view. The right environmental conditions, then, are crucial for the growth of the “moral beginnings” into full ethical virtues. Compassion is the beginning that has the potential to become ren or human-heartedness, which is the virtue of reliably caring for others in the right way and at the right time. At the same time, Mencius does not neglect what we might call in contemporary terms the necessity of “taking personal responsibility” for one’s own character development. Most of all, one must put effort into using one’s mind to reflect upon, to focus one’s attention on, what is the most important part of the self to nurture. Those who focus on nurturing the smaller parts of lesser importance (those parts fed, says Mencius, by constant eating and drinking) become small persons, while those who nurture the greater parts (the moral beginnings) become great persons. Mencius talks about a king who, while certainly not disadvantaged by poverty, is not making much progress towards being a true king because he has exposed his sprouts to cold for ten days and to warmth only one day. The cold is the king’s relative inattention to the sprouts, as conveyed by Mencius’ metaphor of two players learning the game of chess: one player applies himself to learning from the master while the other is thinking about shooting a swan as the master tries to teach him. In emphasising both the necessity of the right environment and personal effort, Mencius makes a good deal of sense that today’s liberals (who tend to emphasise the former) and conservatives (who tend to emphasise the latter) should heed. It is reflecting on a manifestation of his compassion that Mencius is trying to get King Xuan to engage in when he prompts him to recall his sparing of the ox. Just how precisely Mencius was trying to do this is a matter of scholarly controversy, and I can here only present my own conclusions. The king may already know intellectually that a “true king” is one who cares for people and spares them suffering. Mencius is trying to get the king to feel his duty to care for his people in the way that he felt for the ox. When prompted by Mencius to remember what he did, the king vividly remembers the ox’s trembling. When one remembers an emotionally significant event, one to some extent relives it – has the feeling again. In this emotionally evocative moment when the king relives feeling the ox’s fear, Mencius reminds the king of his duty to his subjects. It is a moment when his knowledge of his duty might become affectively charged, or in contemporary psychological terminology, it is a “hot” cognition. Here again some contemporary psychological studies support the Mencian conception of moral development as a process in which moral knowledge needs to be taught and reinforced in emotionally evocative situations in which a marriage between cognition and emotion takes place. Martin Hoffman’s studies of the way that children are most effectively taught moral rules against hurting others highlight the use prompting empathy for the victim, and in that moment of feeling, engaging in moral teaching. To understand better how this marriage between cognition and emotion can happen, I suggest we go back to Mencius’ conception of the moral beginnings and to the sense in which they might, like barley sprouts, have a built-in direction of growth. Barley sprouts, if nourished, will grow to have a certain form characteristic of barley plants. They will not turn into wheat. Now consider the beginning of compassion. Mencius’ reference to the reaction of adults to a child about to fall into a well is plausible as a manifestation of an inborn and unlearned disposition toward compassionate feeling. But we may not have such a spontaneous reaction to a hungry homeless person on the street. Yet Mencius believes all have the potential to grow their compassion in that direction. How is that potential possible? My reading of the Mencius is that it is supplied by our tendency to experience pleasure in acting on the moral beginnings. The point of getting King Xuan to remember his sparing of the ox may have been to remind him of how good it felt to do it, while also being reminded of his duty to his people. The remembered pleasure of acting on a moral beginning can spur one to act on it again when the opportunity arises. Mencius was attempting to guide King Xuan in getting him to remember the pleasure and to seize the opportunity again to act compassionately. The potential to grow one’s compassion, then, is supplied by a kind of feedback loop mechanism based on the pleasure of acting compassionately. This is why Mencius said that knowing how to fill out the moral beginnings is like a fire starting up or a spring breaking through. Once the process of growth gets going, it can accelerate. Mencius was onto something. In brain-imaging studies of participants who chose on the basis of ethical beliefs to give anonymously to charity, giving was correlated with the activation of reward systems in brain networks that are also activated by food, sex, drugs, and money. The story of Xuan and the ox represents a powerful vision of how people can become good, one from which we can still learn to this day. Mencius’ metaphor of the moral beginnings of goodness in human nature articulates nicely how nature and nurture can interweave in a person’s development. It presents a viable alternative to a strong bias in contemporary thinking to explain development solely by reference to biological inheritance. The counter-reaction to this bias tends too often to insist on the dominance of culture and learning as an explanation. When taken to an extreme, the emphasis on culture suggests an implausible conception of human nature as a blank slate, leaving us with no substantial explanations of how our biology sets us up to learn through culture and why human beings have dispositions such as taking pleasure in doing for others. Mencius’ conception of how emotion can be transformed and extended through affect-laden reflection, as illustrated by the story of King Xuan, is another corrective to two opposing one-sided tendencies in Western thinking about the relation between reflection and emotion. One tendency, represented by Kant, is to think of emotion as a threatening distraction from the kind of dispassionate and objective thinking that ideally guides human conduct. The other tendency, represented by Hume, is to think of emotion as the dominant force in human life, dictating our ultimate aims and assigning to reason the task of figuring out how best to realise those aims. This dichotomisation of reflection and emotion leaves out the interesting ways that the two can interact and interweave. Mencius is trying to help the king enlarge his compassion through thinking that is at the same time affectively charged. This conception of the relation between reflecting and feeling does not fit comfortably into either the Kantian or Humean moulds. Looking at how the best thinkers from another tradition have dealt with large questions about human nature and the relation between reflection and emotion can suggest alternative approaches that have not been as salient in one’s home tradition. I was trained in the analytic approach and continue to hold myself to the standards of clarity and rigour of reasoning that are the distinctive features of that approach, but I have concluded that these standards are often best applied to identify what is of value and relevance from other traditions that address many of the same large questions but emphasise different standards. One distinctive standard I especially appreciate in early Chinese philosophy is the resolve to hold itself accountable to pre-theoretical experience. By “pre-theoretical”, I mean experience that is accessible to observant and thoughtful people, whether they are philosophers or not. This is the kind of experience from which extremely well-developed philosophical theory can become completely divorced, especially when philosophers are primarily preoccupied with responding to each other’s technical arguments and cannot explain what is of interest to anyone outside their specialised fields. As I hope my discussion of Mencius shows, the standard of accountability to pre-theoretical experience does not prevent the early Chinese philosophers from articulating big and plausible theories about human nature as a basis for moral development. But it gives these theories their distinctive character of being anchored in experiences accessible to an audience of the observant and thoughtful. Most of us have had our own moments in which we have been moved, perhaps by someone wiser and better than us, to think feelingly about where our duties lie. Another distinctive standard of Chinese philosophy is its commitment to the practical. Mencius was traveling from Chinese state to Chinese state because he was trying to get rulers to adopt his teachings. He and other philosophers at that time were addressing the turmoil and conflict between and within the states. Mencius was following in the tradition of Confucius in holding that most of all a renewal of moral leadership was needed, and as the story of King Xuan and the ox demonstrates, he was engaged in the project of trying to help kings become moral leaders. Having to think about the practical implications of a theory, for example, a theory of how the beginnings of moral goodness are in human nature, can lead to theoretical insights. If one takes seriously the necessity of helping people to develop emotional dispositions to produce the kind of leaders needed by a society in turmoil, one might be more likely to come up with some plausible ideas, as I think Mencius did. And, as I have tried to point out along the way, contemporary scientific study has supported several of Mencius’ key ideas. I have talked about the benefits of exploring other traditions, because a thinker like Mencius is responding to other thinkers in China, and others are responding to him. Besides learning from him, one can learn from the dialectical argumentation that links him with others. So let me briefly discuss another thinker who responded vigorously and critically to Mencius. Xunzi directly contradicts Mencius in a chapter with a title that can be translated “Human Nature is Bad”. In that chapter, Xunzi asserts that human nature contains a love of profit, envy and hatred, and desires of the eyes and ears that lead to violence and anarchy. Human nature must be overcome and transformed to make human beings good. One of the primary means of doing this is the repeated observance of rituals, which include ceremonies that mark major passages of life such as birth, puberty, marriage and death, but also ceremonies woven into the fabric of everyday life, such as the drinking ceremony that begins a banquet in a village, or the way one respectfully greets another or gives and receives gifts. To perform such rituals correctly is to focus on expressing the respect and care that others deserve. When done correctly, repeated performance of these rituals helps to correct the undue concern for the self that is a large part of our natural inheritance. It appears that the difference between Mencius and Xunzi is stark. But given other passages in Xunzi’s text, the difference between Xunzi’s and Mencius’ views on human nature turns out to be far more subtle and interesting. In his chapter on ritual, for example, Xunzi holds that rituals of mourning and burial, especially for the death of parents, have an especially powerful hold on people because of a natural love of one’s own kind that all creatures of blood and breath possess, human beings most of all. The power of these rituals lies in their enabling us to express powerful emotions that come naturally to us. To observe these rituals and others that focus our attention on the importance and needs of others, it turns out, is to strengthen and channel in socially constructive ways natural emotions and desires that are congenial to morality. The function of rituals is not simply to constrain the troublesome emotion and desires, in other words, but also to strengthen the morally constructive emotions. A ritual that performs both functions is the protocol of the village drinking ceremony, in which all villagers drink from a single cup in order of the seniority. In drinking according to seniority, the young learn to restrain their impulses and defer to the older, but in all drinking from the same cup, the common bond is affirmed. So understood, Xunzi is not at all categorically opposed to Mencius’ position, especially if one recognises that Mencius acknowledged desires and emotions, such as those fed by constant eating and drinking, which could become troublesome if given undue priority. What is the difference between Mencius and Xunzi then? I believe that Xunzi thought the more troublesome part of human nature was far more powerful than Mencius thought it was. It is revealing that while Mencius acknowledged the observance of ritual to be a virtue, he did not place nearly as much importance on it as Xunzi did. One feature of ritual that might have appealed to Xunzi was the fact that it pervades human life and is performed repeatedly. It is embedded into the fabric of life because it marks the major passages and because it constitutes the protocol of various types of social interaction. To pay attention to how these ceremonies of life should be performed is to hone an instrument that can be used repeatedly for shaping human thought, feeling and conduct. Xunzi thought that repeated correction of the troublesome part and repeated reinforcement of the more constructive part of human nature was necessary. Here again, Xunzi shows real insight that receives support from current scientific study. Rituals that encourage focusing on the importance and needs of others constitute a kind of meditation in action, and the still young but promising scientific study of various forms of meditation seems to support its effects in enhancing the ability to regulate one’s emotions and increase sensitivity to the distress of others. Studies of the effects of assuming the bodily postures and gestures of certain affective attitudes indicate that doing so actually induces the feelings. Ritual is precisely this kind of practice, in which one performs the bodily language of respect and concern for others. Here again, I cannot help but think that the practical focus of early Chinese philosophy led to Xunzi to articulate a much more subtle and plausible theory of human nature than he would have articulated if his only concern had been to publish a journal article to refute his fellow scholar Mencius. Xunzi was more serious than that. Both he and Mencius had to try to make their ideas work. The main texts discussed here can be found in: Bloom, Irene. Mencius. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. Watson, Burton. Xunzi: Basic Writings. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. The scientific studies mentioned in this paper include: Carney, Dana R., Cuddy, Amy J. C., and Yap, Andy J. 2010. “Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance.” Psychological Science 21 (2010), no. 10: 1363-1368. Creswell, J. David, Way, Baldwin, M., Eisenberger, Naomi I., and Lieberman. Matthew D. 2007. “Neural Correlates of Dispositional Mindfulness During Affect Labeling.” Psychosomatic Medicine 69 (2007): 560-565. Lutz, A., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., Johnstone, T., and Davidson, R. J. (2008). “Regulation of the Neural Circuitry of Emotion by Compassion Meditation: Effects of Meditative Expertise.” PLoS ONE 3.3: e1897. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001897. Evans, Gary and Pilyoung Kim. “Childhood Poverty, Chronic Stress, Self-Regulation, and Coping.” Child Development Perspectives 7, No. 1 (2013): 43–48. Mani, Anandi, Sendhil Mullainathan, Eldar Shafir, and Jiaying Zhao. “Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function.” Science 341 (2013), no. 6149: 976-980. Moll, Jorge, Frank Drueger, Roland Zahn, Matteo Pardini, Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza, and Jordan Grafman “Human Front-Mesolimbic Networks Guide Decisions about Charitable Donation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (2006): 15623-628.

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The Levant, the region running inland from the eastern seaboard of the Mediterranean, has been fought over for millennia. Its vital trade and military roads linking Anatolia to north Africa and Arabia have been guarded and coveted since time immemorial. Control is everything, as Moses found out to his cost when he wanted to move north up the ancient King’s Highway out of the Sinai and into Edom (modern day southern Israel): “Now let us pass through your land. We will not pass through field or vineyard, or drink water from any well; we will go along the King’s Highway, not turning aside to the right hand or to the left until we have passed through your territory.” But Edom said to him, “You shall not pass through, or we will come out with the sword against you.” The Israelites said to him, “We will stay on the highway; and if we drink of your water, we and our livestock, then we will pay for it. It is only a small matter; just let us pass through on foot.” But he said, “You shall not pass through.” And Edom came out against them with a large force, heavily armed. Thus Edom refused to give Israel passage through their territory; so Israel turned away from them. Countless cultures have fought for dominance in the region — Canaanite, Philistine, Hebrew, Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid, Seljuk, crusader, Ayyubid, Khwarazmian, Mamluk, Ottoman, British, French, Jewish, the list goes on. Most of the conquests have been bloody. All have caused regional upheavals. Some have spread even further, sending international shockwaves east and west. This week marks two major anniversaries of crusader history, both of which had a profound impact on the whole of Europe. On 4 July 1187, Saladin crushed the crusaders at the battle of the Horns of Hattin — one of the most important military encounters of the medieval world. Ninety years later, on 1 July 1277, Sultan al-Malik Baybars died. Although less well known in the West than Saladin, Baybars was a far more brutal and effective warlord. It was his devastating campaigns that finally ripped the heart out of the crusades, propelling the whole project into its darkening, twilight years. When the crusaders had first conquered Jerusalem in 1099, waves of elation crashed across Latin Christendom. Jerusalem was the umbilicus mundi, the centre of Europe’s conception of the world as depicted in medieval maps like Hereford’s glorious Mappa Mundi. God clearly favoured the Christian settlers, and had given their armies Jerusalem to prove it. The crusades were not the first time Jerusalem was under Christian rule. The Holy Land had been Christian in the days of the Byzantine Empire (c. AD 325–637). Emperor Constantine the Great and Empress Helena had Christianised the city, renaming it “Jerusalem” and wiping out the pagan remains of Aelia Capitolina built by Hadrian in AD 130 on the rubble of Jerusalem. At the heart of his new Jerusalem, Constantine built the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and made it the pre-eminent Christian pilgrimage destination. However, since the Rashidun Caliphate under Umar the Great had conquered the Near East in AD 637, Jerusalem had been under Islamic rule. Hand in hand with the crusaders’ initial elation in 1099 came the practical problem of controlling vast swathes of conquered territory far from home in their new land of “Outremer”, the place “beyond the sea”. The result was countless famous battles in which the pendulum swung one way then the other during the 192 years of crusader presence in the Levant. Although many of the engagements are still famous — like Jacob’s Ford and the Field of Blood — the Horns of Hattin stands head and shoulders above them as one of the turning points of world history. Today, as the politically unrelated and separate conflicts in Syria and Iraq coalesce and evolve into an all-consuming regional power struggle, it is worth looking at the battle of the Horns of Hattin as a reminder of the region’s merciless ability to keep redrawing its borders and reinventing itself in blood. First, put Ridley Scott’s epic 2005 film, Kingdom of Heaven, out of mind. It excels in evoking the existential crisis of the crusader kingdom at the tail end of the reign of the leper king, Baldwin IV. And it is a seductive and visually sumptuous world, where faith, honour, ideals, and love vie alongside ambition, bloodlust, venality, and the ugly side of unchecked militarism. But it is not a faithful account of the events leading up to the cataclysmic battle of Hattin and Balian of Ibelin’s doomed defence of Jerusalem. For a start, the real Balian was 44 years old at Hattin, did not know one end of an anvil from the other, was married to a member of the Byzantine royal family, and was born and lived his whole life as a powerful, wealthy noble in the crusader states. The true story of Hattin is nevertheless every bit as soaked in romance and ambition as Scott’s Kingdom of Heaven. Some years earlier, Lucia of Botrun, a beautiful and wealthy Levantine heiress, was ignominiously placed onto a huge set of scales and publicly weighed. A merchant from Pisa piled up the pan on the other side with gold bezants until he had measured out her weight in gold, which he then gave to her overlord as payment for her hand in marriage. In the wings, a headstrong Flemish crusader, Gerard de Ridefort, vowed revenge. He had previously asked Lucia’s overlord, Count Raymond III of Tripoli (of Toulouse) for her hand, but his request was refused. Despite the fact Raymond was one of the kingdom’s wisest and coolest heads, Gerard immediately left Raymond’s service, nursing a grievance that would lead to the downfall of a kingdom. After recovering from a serious illness, or perhaps sensing faster promotion as a professional crusader, Gerard soon took the dramatic step of professing solemn monastic vows as a Knight Templar, devoting himself to a celibate community life of praying and fighting. His exceptional abilities were quickly recognised, and he rose swiftly through the Order’s ranks to become their tenth Grand Master. This unique position gave him privileged access to Christendom’s royalty — especially in Jerusalem — an influence he used, among other things, to oppose and thwart Raymond whenever he could. In 1185, on the death of the leper King Baldwin IV, his seven-year-old nephew took the throne under the regency of Raymond. But when the young king died within a year, the crown passed to his mother and step-father: Sibylla of Jerusalem and Guy of Lusignan. The kingdom promptly tore itself into two poisonously opposed factions — those like Gerard de Ridefort and the Templars who supported Queen Sibylla and King Guy, and those like Count Raymond who backed Isabella, Sibylla’s half-sister. With the kingdom hopelessly divided, the scene was set for a catastrophe. It just needed someone to light the touchpaper. King Guy counted among his camp a maverick one-man army: Raynald of Châtillon, “the Elephant of Christ”. Raynald had been in the crusader states since the second crusade, and had spent 15 years in a Muslim jail before leading the crusader forces to a spectacular victory against Saladin at the fêted battle of Montgisard, Saladin’s most crushing defeat. Raynald was therefore a seasoned operator in the region, and had been rewarded with the lordship of Oultrejourdain (the lands beyond the River Jordan). However, he is usually most often remembered for his cruelty, endless piracy and plundering, unwillingness to obey kings, and repeated breaking of delicate truces to the annoyance of all sides. In 1187, when Raynald again broke a truce and attacked yet another Muslim caravan travelling the King’s Highway near his Red Sea outpost at Kerak, Saladin could stand by no longer. He declared the truce to be a sham, and led an invasion army across the Jordan. Raynald’s lawlessness had finally provoked the largest united Muslim force the crusaders had ever seen. The end began quickly. On 1 May 1187, at the Springs of Cresson near Nazareth, a small group of around 140 Templars and Hospitallers found themselves confronting a 7.000-strong detachment of the Muslim army under al-Afdal, Saladin’s son. The master of the Hospitallers and several senior Templars counselled retreat, but Gerard de Ridefort accused them of cowardice and ordered an attack. The result was a charnel house. Gerard de Ridefort and two other Templars were the only known survivors. Back in Jerusalem. King Guy and the royal court knew that a full-scale onslaught from Saladin’s 30,000 men was now imminent. All they could do was wait to see where it would come. Saladin made the first move. He advanced to Tiberias on the west shore of the Sea of Galilee. The castle belonged to Count Raymond III of Tripoli, who was away with the royal court, leaving it garrisoned by Eschiva, his wife. On 2 July, King Guy held a war council to decide on a response. And it was here, at this critical moment in the history of the crusader kingdom, that the memory of Lucia of Botrun on the gold scales filled the room. Count Raymond calmly advised King Guy that Saladin was setting a trap, trying to get the crusaders to leave the safety and water of Sepphoris. He was, Raymond explained, hoping to lure the crusaders onto arid open ground where the Muslims’ numerical advantage could be best used. But whatever Raymond said was always wrong in the eyes of Gerard de Ridefort and Raynald of Châtillon, who shouted him down, accusing him of cowardice. They argued long into the night that King Guy should immediately lead the crusaders to march on Tiberias. In undoubtedly the worst decision of his life, Guy allowed himself to be persuaded by Gerard and Raynald, and ordered the army to ready itself. He was a politician not a soldier, and his lack of experience was about to cost the crusaders dearly. The following day, 3 July, the pride of the crusading army thundered out of the springs of Sepphoris heading east for Tiberias and the Sea of Galilee. From the moment they left, the outcome was sealed. Saladin had to do very little. The summer heat was unbearable, and the mail-clad crusaders lacked water. To make them even thirstier, Saladin lit brushwood fires around them, engulfing the advancing columns in clouds of billowing smoke. Panicked, choking, and dehydrated, the crusader army broke apart, allowing Saladin to encircle them. The crusaders were finally corralled on the two hills known as the Horns of Hattin, just six miles short of Tiberias, where the massacre began. King Guy, Gerard de Ridefort, and Raynald of Châtillon were all taken prisoner. The crusaders’ most sacred relic, the True Cross discovered by the Empress Helena in the AD 320s, was also captured, taken in triumph to Damascus, and never seen again. As depicted in Kingdom of Heaven, Saladin invited King Guy and Raynald of Châtillon into his tent, where he offered a groggy Guy a cup of iced water to slake his thirst. When Guy then passed the cup to Raynald, Saladin responded that he had not personally offered refreshment to Raynald, and was therefore not bound by any rules of hospitality towards him. He asked Raynald why he had broken so many oaths over the years. Raynald replied that kings had always acted thus, and he had done no more. Saladin then personally beheaded Raynald, before dragging his decapitated body over to a terrified Guy. “Kings do not kill kings”, he reassured Guy, but explained that Raynald was an oath-breaker whose repeated “maleficence and perfidy” had warranted immediate death. Guy and the other captured nobles were all eventually ransomed, apart from the 230 Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller whom Saladin judged too militarily dangerous to be allowed freedom. He ordered them beheaded on the spot: With him was a whole band of scholars and sufis and a certain number of devout men and ascetics, each begged to be allowed to kill one of them, and drew his sword and rolled back his sleeve. Saladin, his face joyful, was sitting on his dais, the unbelievers showed black despair. (Imad ad-Din, On the Conquest of the Holy City) With their army decimated, the crusaders could only watch as one by one their cities then fell. Queen Sibylla and Patriarch Heraclius mounted a last-ditch defence of Jerusalem, before roping in Balian of Ibelin, who had dropped by to collect his family. Balian’s involvement was in strict defiance of an oath of non-belligerence he had given Saladin in order to be allowed to travel to Jerusalem, but he wrote to Saladin to explain his predicament, and Saladin seemed happy for Balian to try to organise Jerusalem’s defences. In any event, they both knew Jerusalem could not withstand a siege. Balian had only a handful of knights, so spontaneously knighted the city’s squires to help in the effort. But it was largely symbolic. On 2 October, Balian went to Saladin’s tent. Saladin confirmed that he had sworn to kill all Jerusalem’s men and to enslave the women and children. In response, Balian threatened to execute the 5,000 Muslim prisoners in Jerusalem, kill the crusaders’ families and livestock, destroy all treasures, and raze the al-Aqsa mosque and Dome of the Rock to the ground before he and the men marched out to meet their glorious deaths at Saladin’s hands. Unnerved, Saladin suggested a peaceful surrender, which Balian accepted. Saladin then granted safe passage to all inhabitants who could pay their way, and sold the remaining men, women, and children into slavery. The reaction across Christendom was utter disbelief. It was unthinkable that Jerusalem was no longer a Christian city. Four generations of Western children had grown up knowing that Jerusalem was part of Christendom. The grief at losing it tore deep into the soul of the West. On hearing the news, Pope Urban III died of shock. Within two years, Europe’s leading warrior, Richard the Lionheart, was personally in Outremer to set things right. But the tide had turned, and he failed ever to set eyes on Jerusalem. Although the crusader states would limp on for another 105 years from their new headquarters at Tyre and then at Acre, medieval Christendom never again owned Jerusalem outright, and life became immeasurably harsher for the remaining crusaders and settlers — notably as a result of the campaigns of Sultan al-Malik Baybars, who died on 1 July 1277, providing the other major Levantine anniversary this week. Unlike any of the crusaders’ previous opponents, Baybars was a military machine. On some levels, Saladin was not an especially talented general — over the course of 17 years of campaigning against the crusaders, he was regularly not successful on the battlefield. Baybars, on the other hand, was a highly effective general. He rose to power by murdering two Sultans of Egypt (including the last Ayyubid of Saladin’s dynasty), before finally taking personal control as Sultan, leading a hardened army of Mamluks from Egypt and Syria. He was a warlord who had built Egypt’s military caste of slave soldiers (mamluk means slave) into a juggernaut that dominated without opposition, steamrollering both the crusaders and the Mongols invading from the east. To put that into perspective, the Mongols had recently blitzkrieged their way from China to Poland, slaughtering entire populations. No terror like it had ever been seen. In many cities, there was no one left to clear away the mountains of rotting bodies. When Baybars and his Mamluks defeated them in AD 1260 at Ain Jalut (in the Jezreel Valley, Galilee), it was the first time the massed Mongol forces had ever been convincingly beaten. It is little wonder that the Islamic world has always told stories of Baybars, whereas Saladin fell into relative obscurity until resuscitated by Western interest. Saladin may have broken the crusaders’ hearts, but it was Baybars who effectively snuffed out the crusade movement. As the news from Syria and Iraq in the last few weeks now makes clear, the complexion of the Levant region is changing again. The vacuum in Iraq and the disintegration of society in Syria have created new groups, alliances, and interests. We do well to remember that the region is one where nothing has ever stood still for long. in The Telegraph by: Dominic Selwood Dr Dominic Selwood is a former criminal barrister, novelist and historian with a passion for the less visited corners of the archives. He is the author of the crypto-thriller, The Sword of Moses (2013), and the textbook on the Knights Templar, Knights of the Cloister (1999). He tweets as @DominicSelwood

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

https://templars.wordpress.com/2014/07/11/what-the-crusades-tell-us-about-shifting-borders-in-the-middle-east/

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en

The mystery goes on. For the second time since 1993, someone fell sick with the hantavirus in Denver. "I want to emphasize how rare this event is," said Danica Lee, the Director of Public Health Inspections Division, Department of Public Health & Environment. "It's very rare to see diagnosed hantavirus illness in Denver," she said. It's rare because, in Colorado, deer mice typically carry the virus but usually aren't found in the city. "House mice are not the type of mice we are concerned about here," Lee said. But the apartment manager who fell sick lives in central Denver. People generally contract hantavirus through breathing in the virus from infected mice droppings, saliva and urine. "Most of the exposure comes from significant rodent materials," Lee said. "You often hear about people cleaning out barns and garages and areas that may have been closed off for an extended period of time and have pretty extensive rodent material. It's pretty uncommon to have any type of urban cases like this one." Health department investigators think the person likely fell sick in Denver. But they searched the patients building near Colfax and High, surrounding areas and used a black light but didn't find any evidence of rodent problems. They were first alerted about the case late last month. "We don't have a clear answer as to where this person was exposed to the virus. And that may be may something we are never be able to determine conclusively," Lee said. The virus has been tracked since 1993 and in some cases can morph into fatal respiratory problems, according to the CDC. But even without all the answers, the local department says they are certain there is no reason to panic. "There were no signs of rodents in the resident of this individual, or around the building or nearby. So we do see this time to time we are simply not able to identify where that exposure occurred," Lee said. "This is one of those cases. Generally, in situations like that those cases are isolated and not a cause for alarm to the public." The patient is expected to make a full recovery. Sometimes detecting the virus is tricky because it shares symptoms with the flu, according to the CDC. Denver Public Health and City and County of Denver Public Health & Environment says the best line of defense is to immediately clean up areas where you think mice have moved in. Here are a few of their tips: • Keep mice and other rodents away from the living areas of your home. • Spray dust, dirt and rodent droppings, and dead rodents with a mixture of bleach and water (1 ½ cups of household bleach to one gallon of water) or other disinfectants. Allow the mixture to sit wet for at least 10 minutes before cleaning. • Wear rubber, latex or vinyl gloves and a dust mask when cleaning rodent affected areas. Wash hands with soap and warm water after cleaning areas affected by rodents. • Never vacuum or sweep areas where there is evidence of rodent infestation. Clean up debris while it is wet. • Remove wood, junk and brush piles near your home. Keep vegetation around the house well-trimmed. • Store human food, pet food and bird seed in covered containers. • Keep garbage in tightly covered cans. • Repair window screens and ensure weather-stripping is tight under all doors.

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CC-MAIN-2019-26

https://www.9news.com/article/news/rare-hantavirus-pops-up-in-denver/73-526470186

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en

It is important to get a picture of the vegetation cover and surface topography (the humps and the bumps) of the saltmarsh section before the wave runs begin because both these factors influence wave transmission. To do this, the team first expertly lowers a specially built frame across the start of the saltmarsh section, keying it onto 4 reference pipes at the sides of the flume. Then it is time to take a couple of laser scans of the whole saltmarsh section, with the frame, from a camera located high on the gantry above the flume. The frame has a metal bar mounted along one edge across the flume and through this we lower a series of 20 pins onto the marsh surface, carefully feeling the soil surface through the vegetation canopy. We measure the height of each pin above the marsh surface relative to the horizontal bar. This gives us a cross-flume profile of the surface elevation which we then repeat at 5 further platform positions down the saltmarsh section. We can pick out the horizontal bar on the laser scans so hopefully, if the image processing goes well, we should be able to produce a map of the vegetation canopy, and a good idea of the underlying soil surface, for the saltmarsh. To track saltmarsh surface change, we plan to repeat this exercise each time we drain the flume after a series of wave runs. Let there be Light |… on Plants are due a health c… Trina on Waves, fish, and toad… irismoller on Humps and bumps on the salt… Tom Spencer on Marsh survives first flooding…

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CC-MAIN-2017-34

https://thesaltmarshexperiment.wordpress.com/2013/10/15/humps-and-bumps-on-the-salt-marsh/

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en

It’s often assumed that people are paid what they’re worth. According to this logic, minimum wage workers aren’t worth more than the $7.25 an hour they now receive. If they were worth more, they’d earn more. Any attempt to force employers to pay them more will only kill jobs. According to this same logic, CEOs of big companies are worth their giant compensation packages, now averaging 300 times pay of the typical American worker. They must be worth it or they wouldn’t be paid this much. Any attempt to limit their pay is fruitless because their pay will only take some other form. “Paid-what-you’re-worth” is a dangerous myth. Fifty years ago, when General Motors was the largest employer in America, the typical GM worker got paid $35 an hour in today’s dollars. Today, America’s largest employer is Walmart, and the typical Walmart workers earns $8.80 an hour. Does this mean the typical GM employee a half-century ago was worth four times what today’s typical Walmart employee is worth? Not at all. Yes, that GM worker helped produce cars rather than retail sales. But he wasn’t much better educated or even that much more productive. He often hadn’t graduated from high school. And he worked on a slow-moving assembly line. Today’s Walmart worker is surrounded by digital gadgets — mobile inventory controls, instant checkout devices, retail search engines — making him or her quite productive. The real difference is the GM worker a half-century ago had a strong union behind him that summoned the collective bargaining power of all autoworkers to get a substantial share of company revenues for its members. And because more than a third of workers across America belonged to a labor union, the bargains those unions struck with employers raised the wages and benefits of non-unionized workers as well. Non-union firms knew they’d be unionized if they didn’t come close to matching the union contracts. Today’s Walmart workers don’t have a union to negotiate a better deal. They’re on their own. And because fewer than 7 percent of today’s private-sector workers are unionized, non-union employers across America don’t have to match union contracts. This puts unionized firms at a competitive disadvantage. The result has been a race to the bottom. By the same token, today’s CEOs don’t rake in 300 times the pay of average workers because they’re “worth” it. They get these humongous pay packages because they appoint the compensation committees on their boards that decide executive pay. Or their boards don’t want to be seen by investors as having hired a “second-string” CEO who’s paid less than the CEOs of their major competitors. Either way, the result has been a race to the top. If you still believe people are paid what they’re worth, take a look at Wall Street bonuses. Last year’s average bonus was up 15 percent over the year before, to more than $164,000. It was the largest average Wall Street bonus since the 2008 financial crisis and the third highest on record, according to New York’s state comptroller. Remember, we’re talking bonuses, above and beyond salaries.

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CC-MAIN-2020-40

https://goldreference.com/the-paid-what-youre-worth-myth/

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You can actually find Joshua trees all across the southwest U.S., not just at Joshua Tree National Park. You really can't miss them, because their look is unique. "They have these multiple arms. They are interesting in that they sort of look Dr. Seussian," said Cameron Barrows, a research ecologist at the University of California, Riverside. But Barrows says what's even more interesting this year is what's happening to the trees. "Well it's more than interesting, it's probably unprecedented in anybody's recent memory anyway," said Barrows. He's talking about the incredible blooms. It's something people up here say they've never seen before on Joshua trees. Virginia Willis, a 15-year resident, says she has never seen this before. "I don't know what happened this year, but it's been an incredible display," said Willis. "It doesn't make any sense, but I guess nature is that way, we don't have it all figured out yet." Barrows says he thinks it might be a stress response by the trees after several years of drought. But the really strange thing is that it's happening all across the Southwest at the same time. "We haven't figured out their language yet, but that's the challenge and that's the more interesting thing about doing good ecology," said Barrows. Whatever the case, Barrows said these "once-in-a-lifetime blooms" won't be around for long, so if you'd like to come and check them out, your best bet is going to be trying to make it to the higher elevations of Joshua Tree National Park.

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CC-MAIN-2015-18

http://abc7.com/archive/9062408/

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en

Important Proverbs which start with the letter ‘P’ Pain past is pleasure. When the time of sorrow past then you feel pleasure. Painted pictures are dead speakers. Silent message which named as dead speaker. Pale moon doth rain, red moon doth blow; while white moon doth neither rain nor snow. Rain forecasting methods. Pardon all but thyself. Self pardon is more important. Past cannot be recalled. Past is past. Past care, past cure. Past care shows that cared person was cured. Pardon makes offenders. Forgiveness encourages criminals. Pardoning the bad is injuring the good. You should not be forgive bad persons because after pardoning they hurt good person. Patience and gentleness speak of power. Patiently listening and nobly speaking are speaking skills. Patience is a flower that grows not in every garden. Perseverance is not everybody’s speciality or merit. Patience is a plaster for all sores. Patience is a remedy of all sorrows. Patience is a virtue. Patience is a moral goodness of human. Patience is the art of hoping. Patience is also a kind of hopefulness. Patience, money, and time bring all things to pass. Patience, money and time change the whole picture. Patience with poverty is all a poor man’s remedy. Patience is a poor man’s hope. Patient men wins the day. They pass their time by patience. Patriotism is not enough. One should be patriot too. Pay beforehand was never well served. Who receives advance payment that cannot be good server. Peace and catch a mouse. Normally mouse always be alert in noisy situation but not in silence. Peace makes plenty. It is a good time (peace) for production and progress. Peel a fig for your friend and a peach for your enemy. Fig is a sweet fruit so it is good for your friend but peach is a sour fruit so good for your enemy or Fig for friend and peach for enemy is always good. Penny and penny laid up will be many. Investment (of money) increases money. Penny wise, pound foolish. Less clever, more foolish. Pens may blot, but they cannot blush. Pens give you a black spot (Blot) but cannot give you a situation of shame (Blush). Pension never enriched a young man. Pension is good for old person but not for young. People who live in glass houses should never throw stones. They should think for their own glass houses too. Pepper is black and hath a good smack. Utility is important than looks. Physician’s faults are covered with earth. Those who died under treatment buried in grave (covered with earth). Physics has helped us to know. It is said for a person whose body language is helped us to know about him. Pictures are the hooks of the unlearned. Pictures attract those who are unlearned. Pigs love that lie together. Pigs love pigs because only pigs can like to lie with pigs. Plain dealing is praised more than practised. Normally everyday likes plain dealing than to a practised one. Plain of poverty and die a begger. Plain poverty is not a beggary. Play with a fool at home, and he will play with you in the market. Fun making with a fool is dangerous thing. It may harm you at home as well as in the market too. But in market you will feel more shame. Play, women and wine undo men laughing. Those three things (Play, women and wine) ruins your smile and gladness. Pleasure has a sting in its tail. Sorrow is a follower of pleasure. (Pleasure has a sting in his tail = sorrow is the sting.) Pleasant hours fly fast. You feel not and time has passed. Please the eye and plague the heart. Love begins with eyes but feels the pain heart. Pleasing ware is half sold. Beautiful things are quickly sold. Plenty breeds pride. Muchness produces arrogant conduct. Plenty is no plague. Muchness is not a fatal infectious disease. Plenty makes dainty. Plenty of foods make tasteful. Plough deep while others sleep and you shall have com to sell and to keep. When others are resting you should work hard and that will flourish you. Pluck not where you never planted. Pluck where you planted. Poetry is the eldest daughter of all arts. Poetry is the oldest kind of art. Poets are bom, but orators are made. You can make a eloquent speaker but not a poet because poets are born. Poor folk are fain (glad) of little. Poor fellows are delighted by small pleasures. Poor and liberal, rich and covetous. Poverty makes you open hearted but richness makes you desirous and greedy person. Poor men seek meat for their stomach; rich men stomach for their meat. Poor man’s need is meat and rich man’s need is hunger. Possession is worth an ill charter. It can possible that your holding right of property may not be based on legal document. Possession is three-fourths of ownership. Almost owner is who that holds the property. Pour not water on a drowned mouse. It will not work. Poverty breeds strife. Poverty is a chief source of struggle. Poverty is a curse. Poverty is a divine vengeance. Poverty is hateful good. It is so because you do not want to love the poverties shame. Poverty is in want of much, avarice of everything. Wantsome situation which is highly greedsome too is a real poverty. Poverty is no disgrace. Poverty is not a cause of shame. Poverty is no sin. Poverty is not an offence against rules of propriety. Poverty is no vice but an inconvenience. Poverty hath no defect but uncomforts. Poverty is not a shame, but the being ashamed of it is. Poverty itself not a shame but cause of shame. Poverty is the mother of all arts and trades. Poverty breeds all sorts of arts and trades. Poverty is the mother of health. Stomach wants little and poverty provides that. Poverty parteth fellowship. Normally nobody wants to be friend of poor fellow. Poverty takes away pitch. Poverty takes away positional platform from you. Patch by patch is good housewifery, but patch upon patch is plain beggary. Many patches shows good housewifery but patch upon patch shows beggary. Power always corrupts. It is so because you cannot use always in a correct manner. Practice makes perfect. One cannot be perfect without practice because practice sharpens you talent. Practice what you preach. First you should adopt moral and than give the moral speech. Praise a fair day at night. Praise delights when you are in sorrows. Praise a hill, but keep below. Extrol the merits of high things but then you should not be among of them. Praise day at night, and life at the end. Then you will justify the day and life too. Praise makes good men better and bad men worse. Praise makes better which is good and makes worse which is bad. Praise no man till he is dead. Every dead deserves the praise. Praise the sea; on shore remain. Keep distance while you praise sea. Praise to the face is open disgrace. Off the face is real praise otherwise praise becomes shame. Praise without profit puts little in the pot. Praise without profit, pays little, but pays. Prayers and provender hinder no man’s journey. Prayers and foods never prevents the journey. Prayer is the voice of faith. Prayer is a reflection of belief. Prettiness dies quickly. Beauty is never be a long lasting than to merits and moral goodness. Prettiness makes no pottage. You can praise beautiful things but cannot consume as you consume food. Pride and poverty are ill met, yet often seen together. Arrogant nature should not be with poverty but normally seen together. Pride breakfasted with Plenty, dined with Poverty, and supped with Infamy. Disadvantages of pride at different stages of life. Pride feels no cold. Pride person never shows his inconvenience. Pride goes before, and shame follows after. Shame will not come till the pride. Pride must be pinch. Somewhere pride shows its disgrace. Pride will have a fall. Pride’s fortune is a downfall. Promise is debt. It is so because you have to fulfil your promise as a debt. Promises and pie-crusts are made to be broken. Promises are broken if you fulfils not and pie-crusts requires breaking before use. Promises are either broken or kept. Promises hath only two options, fulfil your promise or break your promise. Promising is the eve of giving. Promising is next to giving. Property has its duties as well as its rights. Take care of property are duties and enjoyful livings are the rights. Prospect is often better than possession. Expectations ( good chances) are better than having something. Prosperity makes friends adversity tries them. You make so many friends while prospering but you can try them in adversity. Prove thy friend ere thou have need. Let your need examine your friend whether he is a friend or not. Proverbs are the daughters of daily experience. Experiences breed proverbs. Provide for the worst, the best will save itself. Providence may save the worst but best can save itself so the worst need providence. Providing is preventing. Provision beforehand secures. Provision in season makes a rich house. Well timed provision secures and makes a rich house. Providence is better than rent. Foresighted person manages basic needs and hires not. Public money is like holy water, everyone helps himself to it. Everybody wants public money. Public reproof hardens shame. Blames of public consolidate the shame. Puddings and paramours should be hotly handled. Lover and tasty foods are good while hot. Puff not against the wind. One should not oppose to a person who may harm you because of his strongness. Punctuality is the politeness of princes. Punctuality proves politeness of princes. Punctuality is the soul of business. Most important merit of business. Pure gold does not fear the flame. Honest does not fear of examining. Put a coward to his meetle, and he’ll fight the devil. Give a coward his natural ardour and he will fight the devil. It is so, because natural ardour makes a coward into brave. Put on end to experiments and start working. Confident start of any working is that which is free from all kind of doubts. Put not thy hand between the bark and the tree. Do not meddle in family matters. Put off the evil hours as long as you can. Keep away the evil time as long as possible. Put out your tubs when it is raining. Save while earning. Put your finger in the fire, and say it was your fortune. Your foolishness never be your fortune. Put your shoulder to the wheel. One must fight against trouble.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://englishgrammarnotes.com/proverbs-that-start-with-p/

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Review: some preschool children develop complications after presenting to primary care with acute cough QUESTION: In children 0–4 years of age presenting to primary care with the symptom of acute cough or an undifferentiated acute respiratory tract infection with cough (UARTIC), what is the natural history of illness duration and complications? Studies were identified by searching Medline (1966 to September 1998), EMBASE/Excerpta Medica (1988 to September 1998), the Cochrane Library databases, Bandolier, and the Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin using the content terms respiratory tract infection (RTI), cough, bronchitis, and chest infection; and by reviewing references of relevant articles. Studies published in English were selected if they were cohort studies, control or placebo arms of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews of RCTs, and if patients were preschool children 0–4 years of age presenting to primary care with acute cough. For study selection, the review used the symptom of cough or UARTIC defined as a cough that failed to differentiate into a recognised clinical picture with known associated bacterial or viral aetiology, such as croup, whooping cough, pneumonia, or bronchiolitis. UARTIC included conditions labelled upper RTI, bronchitis, chest infection, and postnasal drip. Studies examining non-UARTIC, including pertussis and persistent wheezing, were excluded, as were those where a primary care physician was not consulted or the research was based in developing countries. 1 author screened >6000 titles online and the grey literature, scrutinised 405 of these, and excluded 384. 2 authors independently assessed 21 studies for relevance and excluded 11. Each then independently extracted data on study characteristics, patient demographics, patient inclusion and exclusion criteria, recruitment and follow up rates, duration of follow up, and outcomes for the remaining 10 studies. The main outcomes were duration of illness and complications. 2 cohort studies and 8 RCTs met the selection criteria. 65% of all children (where age data were given) were 0–4 years of age. At 1 week after consultation, most children (86% and 75%) in 2 studies (illness duration measured by parent completed symptom diaries), 51% in 1 study (illness duration measured by physician assessment as “recovered”), and only 8% in another study (illness duration measured by parent completed diaries) had improved; but about half were still coughing (49% in 1 study) and/or had nasal discharge (55% in 2 studies). At 2 weeks, up to 24% of children in 1 study had not “recovered” or were worse (physician assessment), and up to 66% still had symptoms in another study (illness duration measured by parent completed diaries). Meta-analysis of 6 studies (n=1777) showed that 12% (95% CI 11% to 14%) of children had ≥1 complication, such as rash, painful ears, diarrhoea, vomiting, or progression to bronchitis/pneumonia within 2 weeks of presentation. In children 0–4 years of age who presented to primary care with acute cough, 24% of children in 1 study were judged by the physician to not have recovered or to be worse 2 weeks after the initial consultation. Meta-analysis of 6 studies showed that 12% developed ≥1 complication, such as rash, painful ears, or bronchitis/pneumonia. - Stephanie Wright, RN, CFNP, CPNP, PhD In this review, Hay and Wilson have tackled the difficult job of collecting data on acute cough illness in children from several studies. However, 2 limitations of the studies in the review deserve particular note. (1) The paucity of physician data on illness duration at first consultation in these studies threatens the validity of the conclusions about the duration of symptoms. If the 1 study that did collect this information is any indicator, illness duration at first visit varies widely, making calculation of total duration questionable.1 In the study by Gulbrandsen et al, 49% and 24% of children were unwell at <4 days and at >2 weeks, respectively.1 (2) The initiator of repeat consultations (parent or physician) varied between the studies. The criteria for judging improvement, resolution, or duration of symptoms are likely to be different for each of these 2 groups. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major cause of morbidity in young children. Paediatricians and family physicians report that RTIs account for >10% of their office visits.2 The cost is large in terms of lost parental work time. The lack of good prognostic information is a major stumbling block to the campaign to reduce antibiotic use in respiratory illnesses. The conclusions of Hay and Wilson confirm what many practitioners know about UARTIC: the best indication that treatment is needed is probably the prolonged duration of symptoms. Experienced practitioners know that some children will develop complications. In the case of persistent cough, persistence of symptoms could be caused by bronchiolar hyperreactivity, persistent postnasal drip, or secondary bacterial invasion. A reliable history of past illnesses or personal experience of the child who presents with UARTIC symptoms may predict complications at onset, but evidence is lacking. This review provides the only available summary data about duration of symptoms and percentages of complications in acute cough. It assists practitioners in providing information and advice to parents and suggests that a “wait and see” approach may be the only sensible first line treatment. For correspondence: Dr A D Hay, Division of Primary Health Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.. Source of funding: no external funding. A modified version of this abstract and commentary appears in Evidence-Based Medicine.

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John Markovich MD, a pediatrician at Group Health – Anderson, discusses common food allergies in children, recognizing symptoms of a food allergy reaction, and how to take action when one occurs. Common Food Allergies in Children “There are, really, eight major specific proteins that cause food allergies to break out in children,” Dr. Markovich explains. These proteins include: - Cow’s milk - Tree nuts Symptoms of a Food Allergy Reaction Typically, symptoms involve itchiness, hives or a regular rash, while gastrointestinal symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea or nausea. Dr. Markovich also points out more severe allergy reaction signs to be aware of. These include: - Lip swelling - Throat tightness - Difficulty breathing - Drop in blood pressure Allergic Reactions: Taking Action When you notice any skin condition related to a food allergy, the first thing you should do is call your physician. They can help differentiate whether your child is experiencing a food allergy, or breaking out in a rash for a different medical reason. “Obviously, if there are any signs of difficulty breathing, lip swelling or a severe reaction, you go to the emergency department immediately,” Dr. Markovich explains. In the meantime, he suggests giving your child Benadryl, known by its generic name as diphenhydramine. “This is something we will recommend over the phone if there is a minor allergy or food allergy going on,” he says. “This basically helps shut down the histamine response a little bit until the child can be evaluated by a physician or can get to the local hospital.” Learn more about food allergies in the TriHealth.com Health Library:

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Climate Change can be stalled by planting plants that provide oxygen to help out the ozone layer from deteriorating as quickly Riding a Bicycle or just walking on your daily commute will help reduce air pollution and preserve the ozone layer Another way you can save the ozone layer by recycling and in turn not filling landfills with waste which can only be removed by burning which pollutes the air If you help out the ozone layer and try to prevent climate change the temperatures will be more suitable and they will be cooler. Also Recycling and using greener alternatives for commuting will lead to better air which leads to better breathing This is only some of the ways that preventing climate change can effect us positively preventing climate change will only help us not hurt us and to participate in saving the ozone layer doesn't take that much time or effort. Explore Our Articles and Examples Try Our Other Websites! Photos for Class – Search for School-Safe, Creative Commons Photos (It Even Cites for You! – Easily Make and Share Great-Looking Rubrics – Create Custom Nursery Art

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You don’t have to be an avid gardener to have heard the word “milkweed” come up in conversation over the past few years. Asclepias has exploded in popularity in the horticulture world, and for good reason. Let’s take a crash course and then look at our favorite milkweed plants that Westwood Gardens is offering this year, one of which we’ve never had before! What’s the big deal about milkweed? It attracts the Monarch butterfly, which must have milkweed to feed on or it cannot survive. No Milkweed = No Monarch. Pollinators are responsible for every third bite of food we take. Monarch = Pollinator. Need more proof? The Perennial Plant Association named it the 2017 Plant of the Year. How hard is it to grow? Tropical Milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is the easiest and fastest to grow, but only lasts one season. However, given a choice, Monarchs will go to it first. Prefers full sun, lots of water, and fertilizer. Don’t give up if the Monarchs show up and eat all the leaves; it’s a fast-growing tropical and will releaf soon. The native hardy asclepias ‘Hello Yellow’ and ‘Cinderella’ are a little harder to establish, and they don’t grow as quickly, but once established they are carefree for years. They also attract other butterfly species as well. Needs full sun; be careful not to overwater. Also worth mentioning is that milkweed gets a bad rap sometimes, as the word “weed” tends to make gardeners squeamish, but think of it more as a wildflower, because that’s just what it is. And without further adieu, this year we’re excited to offer, for the first time, the Balloon Plant Milkweed. Balloon Plant Milkweed This unusual milkweed comes from Africa. It’s a heat-loving plant and thrives when the temperatures warm up. It needs a long growing season to produce the unusual green pods. Note: This is an annual, which means it will only last one growing season in our area (Zone 6b for Northwest Arkansas). Grow this milkweed in full sun in well-drained garden soil. A light feeding of fish emulsion fertilizer will get them off to a good start. Water 2-3 times per week until the plant is established. This is a fairly drought tolerant plant once it is established. Small white flowers will appear early in the season: Milkweeds are bothered by several garden pests. For organic gardening, checking the plants everyday is the best defense. Note: Any chemicals that kill garden bugs will also kill the butterfly larvae. Aphids will attack the tender new growing tips. These are easy to treat with an insecticidal soap or a good blast of water from the hose. Large orange/red and black Milkweed Bugs can also attack the plant. These bugs are large and slow moving. Hand-pick them and drop them in a bucket of soapy water. Please note that milkweeds are poisonous so always use caution around children and pets. Some people find the milky sap to be a skin irritant. Visit any of our locations in Northwest Arkansas to get your hands on these functional, hardy plants, and good luck in the garden!

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drone, French bourdon, in music, a sustained tone, usually rather low in pitch, providing a sonorous foundation for a melody or melodies sounding at a higher pitch level. What is drone music called? Drone Music, Briefly — All You Need To Know About Drones How do you use a drone in music? DRONES IN MUSIC – How to Use a Drone in Song Writing What is a droning sound? A low tone with a buzzing or humming sound. A person is speaking in a boring tone. What is the drone in medieval music? In music, a drone is a continuous unchanging note played above or below the melody, the drone and melody together called biphony. Drones were a significant part of medieval instrumentation. What are drone instruments? In the world of music, a drone is a sustained chord or cluster of notes that linger uninterrupted for many measures or even many minutes. A wide array of instruments can produce ambient drone sounds, from Scottish bagpipes to Indian tambura to Australian didgeridoo to analog and digital synthesizers. What is a drone Indian? In a performance of Indian classical music, the drone is usually the first and last sound to be heard. It is created by the tanpura, a long necked, fretless lute whose open strings are plucked in a continuous loop throughout both performance and practice. What parts do you need for a drone? What will you need to make a drone? - Electronic speed control. - Flight controller. - The drone frame. - Camera (if you want to build your own camera drone) Can drones make sounds? Drones can be loud because propellers travel quickly through the air and displace large amounts of air rapidly. This creates pressure spikes as the propeller spins, causing a distinctive buzzing noise. A lot of noise is also created by the propeller blades’ rapid motion and the effort of electrical motors. What are drone chords? A “drone” in music is a constant note, sustained or repeated as other notes change against it. This is a technique that works very naturally on the guitar, because we can move along the neck on one or more strings and also strike an open string at the same time. Can drones play music? The team at KMel Robotics has assembled a band of hexrotor drones that “have taken up new instruments to play some fresh songs.” That “fresh” description isn’t exactly serious, as each of the three pieces performed date back either multiple decades or hundreds of years. How would you describe a drone? Essentially, a drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously using software-controlled flight plans in its embedded systems, that work in conjunction with onboard sensors and a global positioning system (GPS). What mufflers have no drone? Paradox Performance Mufflers dynamically react to your engine, and literally tune sound through active noise canceling. This results in deep sound, high flow, and virtually no exhaust drone. Which animal makes a drone sound? Being Doing Feeling > Sounds > Animal |arf||a barking sound.| |birdsong||the song of birds.| |blat||to cry like a sheep.| |bleat||to utter the cry of a sheep.| |bombilate||to buzz, drone.| What is the difference between a drone and a pedal? A drone is a held or repeated chord, usually a bare fifth, throughout a passage of music. A pedal is a single note that is held on or repeated in, the bass. An inverted pedal note is a sustained or repeated note in a high register. What is a musical drone quizlet? What is a musical drone? Sustained sounding of one or several pitches for harmonic support, a common feature of some folk music. What is the drone called in Indian music? The tanpura is a drone instrument of Indian music prevalent in both the Hindustani and the Carnatic systems. It plays an important role in a concert of classical music by providing the base note (adharaswara) and by creating an aesthetic ambience on the stage. What is Tala in India? tala , (Sanskrit: “clap”) in the music of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, a metric cycle with a specific number of beats—from 3 to 128—that recur in the same pattern throughout a musical performance. What type of instrument is Kudyapi? The kutiyapi, or kudyapi, is a Philippine two-stringed, fretted boat-lute. It is four to six feet long with nine frets made of hardened beeswax. The instrument is carved out of solid soft wood such as that from the jackfruit tree. How musical instruments are helpful for music? Whilst just listening to music helps, research has shown that learning to play an instrument brings with it comfort and daily repetition which helps keep the stress away. Music can help reduce stress by helping people connect with others, this is theorised by psychologist Michael Jolkovski who states, “… How does a drone work? Drones use their rotors—which consist of a propeller attached to a motor—to hover, meaning the downward thrust of the drone is equal to the gravitational pull working against it; climb, when pilots increase the speed until the rotors produce an upward force greater than gravity; and descend, when pilots perform the … What is the most important part of a drone? The battery acts as the power source to the drone. It supplies energy in all the electronics in the framework through the power distribution cables. Nickel Metal Hybrid or Nickel Cadmium based batteries were first used; however, their use has diminished while the use of lithium batteries has increased. Which motor is used in drone? There are two types of brushless motors suitable for use on drones: DC brushless motors (BLDC) and AC brushless motors (BLAC), also known as permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). Are drones silent? Can drones be silent? There are no truly silent consumer drones, although some of the models mentioned in the list above get pretty close. Sounds are a product of vibration, and for fairly obvious reasons vibration is a necessary part of the rotating motors and spinning propellers that keep a quadcopter in flight. How far can a drone be heard? While sight is a great measure to know if a drone can capture footage of you, sound is just as good of an indicator that the drone is close or far enough to see you. You can clearly hear any multi-copter drone if it gets closer than 100 ft (30m) to you, and some louder ones can be heard clearly even 330 ft (100m) away. Does a drone sound like a plane? Although small drones (up to 20kg) are about 40 decibels quieter than conventional civil aircraft, they produce a high pitched noise – which people tend to find very annoying. One Nasa study found that drone sounds were more annoying than those made by road vehicles.

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How screening for bowel cancer may just save your life They're designed to spot deadly disease, yet many of us aren't completing our home screening tests. Lisa Salmon says it's time to get down to business. We are notoriously private and prone to embarrassment when it comes to bodily functions, particularly those "down there" - which may go some way to explaining why up to two-thirds of eligible people aren't taking part in bowel cancer screening. Despite having been introduced 10 years ago in some areas of the UK including Northern Ireland - and the fact the programme could save over 2,000 lives a year by 2025 - less than half the people offered the home tests aren't completing them. In some communities, uptake is as low as a third, and men, as well as people in deprived and ethnic minority communities, are the least likely to take part. April's Bowel Cancer Awareness is aiming to change this, in a bid to help more people detect changes early - which means better outcomes, higher survival rates and even the chance to stop cancer from developing. More than 41,500 people are diagnosed with bowel cancer, and around 16,000 people die from it every year, making it the UK's second biggest cancer killer. However, if it's caught early, many survive - in fact, there's a 98% five-year survival rate for those diagnosed at the earliest stage, and by far the best way of catching bowel cancer early is through screening. "Bowel cancer is one of the most treatable cancers," stresses Gail Curry, head of health promotion at Bowel Cancer UK. "Screening saves lives by catching it at it's earliest stage - when it's most treatable." Bowel cancer screening tests, called faecal occult blood tests (FOB), are sent out every two years to people here aged 60-74. Recipients are required to collect and send back (in the pre-paid envelope provided) three small bowel motion samples - there are instructions detailing exactly how to do this - which are then analysed in a laboratory for traces of blood. If blood (which can be an early sign of bowel cancer) is detected, there will be further tests. However, even if something does show up, it doesn't always mean it'll turn out to be cancer. "Evidence shows that one of the main reasons for people not doing the test is that they think there's nothing wrong with them, and they have no connection to bowel cancer. But the test is designed to diagnose any problems before symptoms arise, so just like cervical and breast screening, it's a prevention method," says Curry. The screening can even prevent bowel cancer from developing in the first place, by picking up non-cancerous growths (polyps) which could become cancerous in the future. The idea of collecting a stool sample can be off-putting for some, but Curry urges everybody not to be embarrassed. "It's done in the privacy of your own home, it's not painful - and doing it is a lot better than getting bowel cancer." Age is a major risk factor for bowel cancer, with nearly three-quarters (72%) of people diagnosed with the disease aged 65 and over. However, the number of young people developing this form of cancer is rising, so symptoms should always be addressed with your GP if concerned. A strong family history of bowel cancer is also linked to developing the disease. These symptoms don't always indicate cancer, but it's best to get them checked without delay, to be on the safe side - Bleeding from the bottom and/or blood in your poo - A change in normal bowel habits lasting three weeks or more, especially to looser or runny poo - Extreme tiredness for no obvious reason - Unexplained weight loss - A pain or lump in the tummy - For more information, visit www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk - Bowel Cancer UK is urging people to 'Be A Star, Bake A Cake' this Bowel Cancer Awareness Month, by holding a bake-off at home or at work to help raise funds. Request a free fundraising pack from the charity's website

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amorphous, crystal, first order transition glass transition temperature, heat capacity, latent heat second order transition, thermal transition Differential scanning calorimetry is a technique we use to study what happens to polymers when they're heated. We use it to study what we call the thermal transitions of a polymer. And what are thermal transitions? They're the changes that take place in a polymer when you heat it. The melting of a crystalline polymer is one example. The glass transition is also a thermal transition. So how do we study what happens to a polymer when we heat it? The first step would be to heat it, obviously. And that's what we do in differential scanning calorimetry, or DSC for short. We heat our polymer in a device that looks something like this: It's pretty simple, really. There are two pans. In one pan, the sample pan, you put your polymer sample. The other one is the reference pan. You leave it empty. Each pan sits on top of a heater. Then you tell the nifty computer to turn on the heaters. So the computer turns on the heaters, and tells it to heat the two pans at a specific rate, usually something like 10 oC per minute. The computer makes absolutely sure that the heating the rate stays exactly the same throughout the experiment. But more importantly, it makes sure that the two separate pans, with their two separate heaters, heat at the same rate as each other. Huh? Why wouldn't they heat at the same rate? The simple reason is that the two pans are different. One has polymer in it, and one doesn't. The polymer sample means there is extra material in the sample pan. Having extra material means that it will take more heat to keep the temperature of the sample pan increasing at the same rate as the reference pan. So the heater underneath the sample pan has to work harder than the heater underneath the reference pan. It has to put out more heat. By measuring just how much more heat it has to put out is what we measure in a DSC experiment. Specifically what we do is this: We make a plot as the temperature increases. On the x-axis we plot the temperature. On the y-axis we plot difference in heat output of the two heaters at a given temperature. Heat CapacityWe can learn a lot from this plot. Let's imagine we're heating a polymer. When we start heating our two pans, the computer will plot the difference in heat output of the two heaters against temperature. That is to say, we're plotting the heat absorbed by the polymer against temperature. The plot will look something like this at first. The heat flow at a given temperature can tell us something. The heat flow is going to be shown in units of heat, q supplied per unit time, t. The heating rate is temperature increase T per unit time, t. Got it? Let's say now that we divide the heat flow q/t by the heating rate T/t. We end up with heat supplied, divided by the temperature increase. Remember from the glass transition page that when you put a certain amount of heat into something, its temperature will go up by a certain amount, and the amount of heat it takes to get a certain temperature increase is called the heat capacity, or Cp. We get the heat capacity by dividing the heat supplied by the resulting temperature increase. And that's just what we've done in that equation up there. We've figured up the heat capacity from the DSC plot. The Glass Transition TemperatureOf course, we can learn a lot more than just a polymer's heat capacity with DSC. Let's see what happens when we heat the polymer a little more. After a certain temperature, our plot will shift upward suddenly, like this: This means we're now getting more heat flow. This means we've also got an increase in the heat capacity of our polymer. This happens because the polymer has just gone through the glass transition. And as you learned on the glass transition page, polymers have a higher heat capacity above the glass transition temperature than they do below it. Because of this change in heat capacity that occurs at the glass transition, we can use DSC to measure a polymer's glass transition temperature. You may notice that the change doesn't occur suddenly, but takes place over a temperature range. This makes picking one discreet Tg kind of tricky, but we usually just take the middle of the incline to be the Tg. CrystallizationBut wait there is more, so much more. Above the glass transition, the polymers have a lot of mobility. They wiggle and squirm, and never stay in one position for very long. They're kind of like passengers trying to get comfortable in airline seats, and never quite succeeding, because they can move around more. When they reach the right temperature, they will have gained enough energy to move into very ordered arrangements, which we call crystals, of course. When polymers fall into these crystalline arrangements, they give off heat. When this heat is dumped out, it makes the little computer-controlled heater under the sample pan really happy. It's happy because it doesn't have to put out much heat to keep the temperature of the sample pan rising. You can see this drop in the heat flow as a big dip in the plot of heat flow versus temperature: This dip tells us a lot of things. The temperature at the lowest point of the dip is usually considered to be the polymer's crystallization temperature, or Tc. Also, we can measure the area of the dip, and that will tell us the latent energy of crystallization for the polymer. But most importantly, this dip tells us that the polymer can in fact crystallize. If you analyzed a 100% amorphous polymer, like atactic polystyrene, you wouldn't get one of these dips, because such materials don't crystallize. Also, because the polymer gives off heat when it crystallizes, we call crystallization an exothermic transition. MeltingHeat may allow crystals to form in a polymer, but too much of it can be their undoing. If we keep heating our polymer past its Tc, eventually we'll reach another thermal transition, one called melting. When we reach the polymer's melting temperature, or Tm, those polymer crystals begin to fall apart, that is they melt. The chains come out of their ordered arrangements, and begin to move around freely. And in case you were wondering, we can spot this happening on a DSC plot. Remember that heat that the polymer gave off when it crystallized? Well when we reach the Tm, it's payback time. There is a latent heat of melting as well as a latent heat of crystallization. When the polymer crystals melt, they must absorb heat in order to do so. Remember melting is a first order transition. This means that when you reach the melting temperature, the polymer's temperature won't rise until all the crystals have melted. This means that the little heater under the sample pan is going to have to put a lot of heat into the polymer in order to both melt the crystals and keep the temperature rising at the same rate as that of the reference pan. This extra heat flow during melting shows up as a big peak on our DSC plot, like this: We can measure the latent heat of melting by measuring the area of this peak. And of course, we usually take the temperature at the top of the peak to be the polymer's melting temperature, Tm. Because we have to add energy to the polymer to make it melt, we call melting an endothermic transition. Putting It All TogetherSo let's review now: we saw a step in the plot when the polymer was heated past its glass transition temperature. Then we saw a big dip when the polymer reached its crystallization temperature. Then finally we saw a big peak when the polymer reached its melting temperature. To put them all together, a whole plot will often look something like this: Of course, not everything you see here will be on every DSC plot. The crystallization dip and the melting peak will only show up for polymers that can form crystals. Completely amorphous polymers won't show any crystallization, or any melting either. But polymers with both crystalline and amorphous domains, will show all the features you see above. If you look at the DSC plot you can see a big difference between the glass transition and the other two thermal transitions, crystallization and melting. For the glass transition, there is no dip, and there's no peak, either. This is because there is no latent heat given off, or absorbed, by the polymer during the glass transition. Both melting and crystallization involve giving off or absorbing heat. The only thing we do see at the glass transition temperature is a change in the heat capacity of the polymer. Because there is a change in heat capacity, but there is no latent heat involved with the glass transition, we call the glass transition a second order transition. Transitions like melting and crystallization, which do have latent heats, are called first order transitions. How much crystallinity?DSC can also tell us how much of a polymer is crystalline and how much is amorphous. If you read the page dealing with polymer crystallinity, you know that many polymers contain both amorphous and crystalline material. But how much of each? DSC can tell us. If we know the latent heat of melting, ΔHm, we can figure out the answer. The first thing we have to do is measure the area of that big peak we have for the melting of the polymer. Now our plot is a plot of heat flow per gram of material, versus temperature. Heat flow is heat given off per second, so the area of the peak is given is units of heat x temperature x time-1 x mass-1. We usually would put this in units such as joules x kelvins x (seconds)-1 x (grams)-1: Got that? Don't worry. It gets simpler. We usually divide the area by the heating rate of our dsc experiment. The heating rate is in units of K/s. So the expression becomes simpler: Now we have a number of joules per gram. But because we know the mass of the sample, we can make it simpler. We just multiply this by the mass of the sample: Now we just calculated the total heat given off when the polymer melted. Neat, huh? Now if we do the same calculation for our dip that we got on the DSC plot for the crystallization of the polymer, we can get the total heat absorbed during the crystallization. We'll call the heat total heat given off during melting Hm, total, and we'll call the heat of the crystallization Hc, total. Now we're going to subtract the two: Why did we just do that? And what does that number H' mean? H' is the heat given off by that part of the polymer sample which was already in the crystalline state before we heated the polymer above the Tc. We want to know how much of the polymer was crystalline before we induced more of it to become crystalline. That's why we subtract the heat given off at crystallization. Is everyone following me? Now with our magic number H' we can figure up the percent crystallinity. We're going to divide it by the specific heat of melting, Hc*. The specific heat of melting? That's the amount of heat given off by a certain amount, usually one gram, of a polymer. H' is in joules, and the specific heat of melting is usually given in joules per gram, so we're going to get an answer in grams, which we'll call mc. This is the total amount of grams of polymer that were crystalline below the Tc. Now if we divide this number by the weight of our sample, mtotal, we get the fraction of the sample that was crystalline, and then of course, the percent crystallinity: And that's how we use DSC to get percent crystallinity. |Return to Level Five Directory| |Return to Macrogalleria Directory|

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When is Sukkot? Sukkot 2016 begins at sunset on Sunday, October 16 and lasts through the evening of Sunday, October 23. The conclusion of Sukkot marks the begining of the separate holidays of Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah What is Sukkot? What are some Sukkot customs and practices? It is traditional to build a Sukkah, a temporary hut to dwell in during the holiday. It is the custom to buy a lulav and etrog and shake them daily throughout the festival. In the times of the Temple, Sukkot was also the time of a water drawing ceremony, a wonderfully joyous and upbeat celebration. Pronounced: sue-KOTE, or SOOH-kuss (oo as in book), Origin: Hebrew, a harvest festival in which Jews eat inside temporary huts, falls in the Jewish month of Tishrei, which usually coincides with September or October.

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April 11, 2011 – FARS News Agency – A group of Iranian researchers from Isfahan University of Technology, in cooperation with colleagues at Italy’s University of Palermo, synthesized titanium oxide nanotubes. Titanium oxide nanotubes are semiconductors with a parallel and regular structure. They also have a high optical and chemical stability, and they are widely used in the photo-electrochemical decomposition of water, production of dye sensitized solar cells, and hydrogen sensors. "We carried out a number of research works to study the structure and electrochemical and photo-electrochemical properties of titanium oxide nanotubes, so that we can use such materials in various applications," Dr Seyed Shahab Miraqayee, one of the researchers of the plan, told INIC. "First, we produced titanium oxide nanotubes in organic and aqueous solutions containing fluorine ion through the anodization of pure titanium plate in a constant electrical potential. Then, we carried out another anodization process in order to stabilize the interface between metal and oxide and also to study the reasons for and the effects of the formation of a blocking layer during the anodization." According to Miraqayee, the main result of the research is that the synthesized nanotubes do not stick to the surface of the sub-layer titanium metal through an electrochemical and photo-electrochemical method. "Titanium oxide nanotubes have many applications in the production of renewable energies and in the reduction of pollution," he concluded. Copyright 2011 Fars News Agency.

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“It’s far more important to know what person has the disease than what disease the person has” (1) The concept of customized medicine dates back to 1500 B.C and is practiced across all disciplines of medicines. The father of medicine, Hippocrates, also advocated this concept. Ayurveda revamped this practice in the 21st century. They integrated it with the epigenetic factor that influences the response of different herbs on the unique medical condition of different individuals. Associating the therapeutic treatment with herbal products, Ayurveda has successfully cured many chronic diseases, which western medicine failed to do. FDA has approved herbal medicine as a food supplement and not as a drug. Companies adhering to the norms of Current Good Manufacturing Practices are authorized to cater herbal medicines to patients. Through Randomized Controlled Trial, the clinical efficacy of different herbs is continuously being experimented with in order to make a customized preparation. Many Asian counties have expanded their preservation of indigenous medical knowledge. The global health care market is expediting the effort of making customized herbal medicine. Worldwide, people are accepting it as a substitute to the main course of medicine. (2) Indian Ayurveda Proactive on Customized Medicine since Charaka “Every individual is different from another and hence should be considered as a different entity. As many variations are there in the universe, all are seen in human beings”. Charaka Samhita is the comprehensive ancient Indian text on Ayurveda. Charaka is the Indian Ayurvedic practitioner of 100 BCE to 200 CE and is known as the Father of Ayurveda. He practiced individualized herbal medicine with a belief that every individual has a unique and different constitution. Based on the Tridosha theory, herbal Indiaor Ayurveda categorizes individuals into various Prakriti (types). Each Prakriti has a variant degree of predisposition to different types of diseases. These phenotypes are considered to classify genotyping. Traditional Chinese Medicine Customized herbal medicine is highly practiced by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). They use different herbs containing organic acid, bioactive ingredients, and alkaloid useful in treating specific medical conditions. Often the TCM doctors prescribe different finished products of herbal medicine in different dosages to treat the patient. Ayurgenomics Influencing Personalized Medicine Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), coined the concept of personalized medicine, is similar to Ayurgenomics. Ayurgenomics is the principle of Ayurveda integrated with genomics. Like Pharma co genetics, this is a potential platform for personalized drug therapy. It analyzes the metabolism rate of different drugs by different Prakriti or types of individuals, which is associated with Drug Metabolizing Enzyme (DME) polymorphism. For e.g, Pitta Prakriti can metabolize faster than Kapha Prakriti. It integrates genomics, proteomics, epigenomics, and metabolomics with human physiology to analyze disease susceptibility. What Factors are Major Considerations for Customized Herbal Medicine? Ayurveda promotes the effect of customized medicine based on its three pillars of ahara (diet), vihara (lifestyle), and aushadhi (medications). It aims at reducing morbidity and mortality. Major considerations are: - Selection of right herbal plants. - Prescribing the right dose. - Usage frequency and duration for different individuals. - Patient’s needs and associated risk factors. - Minimizing the number of medicines and drug reactions. - Offering an economic and affordable healthcare system. Market Demand for Customized Medicine Herbal nutrition and medicines are adopted by 70-80% of the population across the world. Its market demand has risen to USD 7.5 million on 2020. By 2026 it is expected to rise up to USD 411.2 billion. The successful implication of personalized herbal medicine has given a boom to this market value. (3) Pros & Cons Apart from the genomic structure, customized herbal products are given based on body constitution, age, season and geographic variation. The quality and specification of the herbs used is also an important factor. Since the regulations of these products aren’t as strict as pharmaceuticals, there are many counterfeits and ineffective products present in the market. However, opting for a trusted brand or one that has clinical evidence ensures the quality and efficacy of these products. The two eminent pillars of Ayurveda are proper diet and a healthy lifestyle. Their medicines also endeavor to treat diseases with natural therapies and organic content. Safe and Reliable Products from Anzen Exports Anzen Exports is catering to Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients of different drugs across the world to 611 companies internationally. It has created a name for itself within for quality herbal products market. To know more about our products and availability, please connect with the sales team today. Anzen Exports blog posts are based just on our research from cited websites. To be best informed, we advise you to consult your doctor about an ingredient or medicine prior to taking it. Website – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3296331/ - World Health Organization Website – https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/8/07-042820/en/ - Medical Buyer

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Momentum for the reform of the global financial system is building, and shared value is rising to the fore. What’s causing this, and how will the financial system keep up? 3 ways that international forces are creating the opportunity. International partnerships and institutions are adding urgency to the efforts to make sustainable development a priority, and creating investment opportunities to match. On the world stage, there’s a cry for more systematic and wide-reaching approaches towards investing in, and committing to, a low-carbon, inclusive economy. - The Sustainable Development Goals need significant funding from corporations to meet the estimated $3.5 to $5 trillion per year gap in investment required to implement the agenda. - The Paris Agreement was touted as a sweeping success, yet the goals that were set need an estimated $12.1 trillion in financing over the next 25 years. Current investments are projected to cover only about 25% of this. - The UNEP Inquiry for the Design of a Sustainable Financial System is working to address the “urgent need to accelerate the transition to a green economy” by essentially figuring out how to ‘fix’ the financial system and its inherent volatility. 3 ways that consumer trends are building pressure. Change often comes painfully slow without consumer pressure. As momentum continues to build in the fight against climate change and enhance social equality, consumers have started to demand more from corporations, who are struggling to keep up with the pace of change. - Ethical divestment is the new vogue. Climate Advocacy Association spokesman John McKinnon recently said, “The global divestment movement is growing apace, and here in Australia we are seeing almost daily indications of its growing power and influence.” - There’s been a quiet but exponential interest and growth in green bonds and green financing. ANZ recently stated that, “The global green bond market is one of the fastest growing markets in the world.” - There’s a continued interest in the implementation of cryptocurrency to remove intermediaries from all consumer transactions. We can see this, for instance, through MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative. We’re being forced to rethink capitalism. The finance industry is a pillar of capitalism. When the whole system is being questioned, it’s difficult to stay ahead of change. But there is no denying that change is afoot. A clear sign of change can be seen in the Goldman Sachs Group’s plan to create an online consumer loan program, fostering a democratic, peer-to-peer approach to finance. But, as the epitome of wholesale finance, Goldman has earned itself a highly unfavourable public reputation, particularly during the recent financial crisis. Is it even possible to change such a legacy industry? Is there such a thing as compassionate capitalism? “The banking system is on the cusp of disruption. Financial services have lost sight of their social purpose, and non-traditional providers of finance such as peer-to-peer lenders are really taking off.” Gary Kendall, Sustainability and Strategy Specialist 4 of the changemakers shaking up the industry. As with many other industries in this technological, interconnected era, there are startups breaking through the noise, and small players are taking on big roles. These changemakers are redefining business as usual. We all know about crowdfunders such as Kickstarter, but what about: - Fintech investment startup: the social investment trader eToro - Fintech payments startup: the peer-to-peer money transfer service TransferWise - Superannuation disruptor: the ethical investor Australian Ethical - Banking disruptor: the customer-owned Bank Australia 2 themes of change. As these small players rise to the fore, there are two themes in their new approach to finance. - They are focused on removing the intermediaries for faster, cheaper and more direct peer-to-peer or social services; they’re democratic to the core. - They hinge upon transparency and openness to build shared value and heighten brand trust in a notoriously “closed door” sector. How will the bigger companies adapt? The future rests on brave solutions. “The speed at which the classic, legacy industries transform and adopt new business models will be among the key factors that determine the success of the global transition to a low-carbon economy.” From Global Trends & Opportunities: 2016 and Beyond by SustainAbility As a legacy industry, financial brands have to find new ways of doing business in a power-averse, socially-aware world. They will have to rise to the challenge, embedding ethical, democratic and sustainable systems into how they do business.

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Do you want to make kids busy book for your kid? How many activities are one of the indispensable pages of busy books. Thanks to How many activities, children learn to count. Learns to notice and distinguish the details in the big picture. You can count the images in the big picture together. If your child is younger and can't count yet, you can ask them to find similar images in the big picture. Your child will have a lot of fun and learn while doing all these activities. How many activities busy bookr pages designed with fun pictures are for you in the continuation of this article. You can download and print kids busy book pages from the images below. You can make a busy binder for your child by combining all your prints. If you want to personalize it, you can personalize it by writing your child's name on the cover. Here is the DIY, free, personalized Kids Busy Binder ready. This project is a nice gift for your child. This gift is not just a binder, it is an investment with contents that support the child's brain development. Printable Preschool Activity Books As parents and teachers, we do our best to ensure that children spend their preschool time with quality and learning. We are aware of the importance of this period in which brain development takes place to a large extent. Most of us attach importance to Preschool learning activities. Printable Preschool Activity Books, which enable children to learn while having fun, are our biggest helpers. You can create your own child-specific Printable Preschool Activity Books on our website Rasperytime.com. There are many Preschool Activity Book Pages available on blog posts. Here you can all explore and download. You can create your own Printable Preschool Activity Book by choosing activity pages specific to your child. By including your child in the preparation process, you can give the child a chance to create something for himself/herself.

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