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ERROR: type should be string, got "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428073/\n\nIn an interesting study, Padmanabhan and colleagues applied binaural-beat stimulation to patients suffering from pre-operative anxiety. Patients were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STA-I) questionnaire, and beat stimuli were administered via a compact disk player with either binaural beats or a sham-like audio recording. The recordings contained binaural beat recordings within a delta frequency range.\n\n*The authors reported a 26.3% decline in anxiety scores* in the post-stimulation STA-I assessment for the binaural beat audio group when *compared to an 11.1% decline in the placebo audio group.*\n\nA similar approach was taken by Weiland et al. who used sound compositions of either natural settings, or with an embedded binaural-beat frequency of 10 Hz. The intervention was applied for 20 min and patients were requested to complete the STA-I in order to assess anxiety scores.\n\nThey reported *significant decreases in anxiety scores* post-intervention in those patients who received the binaural-beat stimulation *compared to the patient group who did not.*\n\nLe Scouarnec et al. used a commercial binaural-beat recording for a pilot study examining levels of anxiety. Participants with mild anxiety disorders were asked to listen to a recording of binaural beat stimuli in the delta/theta range, daily for 30 min for a total of 1 month while detailing their anxiety ratings before and post-treatment using STAI-I scores. \n\nThe authors reported that *patients recorded a reduction in anxiety ratings* and an increase in the number of times the patients chose to listen to the recordings.\n\nIn a later study, it was also reported that patients who received binaural-beat stimulation in the delta frequency for 30 min daily over 60 days *showed a significant decrease in trait anxiety scores* assessed with the STA-I."