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"Fast inverse square root, sometimes referred to as Fast InvSqrt() or by the hexadecimal constant 0x5F3759DF, is an algorithm that estimates , the reciprocal (or multiplicative inverse) of the square root of a 32-bit floating-point number in . This operation is used in digital signal processing to normalize a vector, i.e., scale it to length 1. For example, computer graphics programs use inverse square roots to compute angles of incidence and reflection for lighting and shading. The algorithm is best known for its implementation in 1999 in the source code of \"Quake III Arena\", a first-person shooter video game that made heavy use of 3D graphics. The algorithm only started appearing on public forums such as Usenet in 2002 or 2003. At the time, it was generally computationally expensive to compute the reciprocal of a floating-point number, especially on a large scale; the fast inverse square root bypassed this step.\n",
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"The inverse square root of a floating point number is used in calculating a normalized vector. Programs can use normalized vectors to determine angles of incidence and reflection. 3D graphics programs must perform millions of these calculations every second to simulate lighting. When the code was developed in the early 1990s, most floating-point processing power lagged behind the speed of integer processing. This was troublesome for 3D graphics programs before the advent of specialized hardware to handle transform and lighting.\n",
"The length of the vector is determined by calculating its Euclidean norm: the square root of the sum of squares of the vector components. When each component of the vector is divided by that length, the new vector will be a unit vector pointing in the same direction. In a 3D graphics program, all vectors are in three-dimensional space, so would be a vector .\n",
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"At the time, floating-point division was generally expensive compared to multiplication; the fast inverse square root algorithm bypassed the division step, giving it its performance advantage. \"Quake III Arena\", a first-person shooter video game, used the fast inverse square root algorithm to accelerate graphics computation, but the algorithm has since been implemented in some dedicated hardware vertex shaders using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA).\n",
"Section::::Overview of the code.\n",
"The following code is the fast inverse square root implementation from \"Quake III Arena\", stripped of C preprocessor directives, but including the exact original comment text:\n",
"At the time, the general method to compute the inverse square root was to calculate an approximation for , then revise that approximation via another method until it came within an acceptable error range of the actual result. Common software methods in the early 1990s drew approximations from a lookup table. The key of the fast inverse square root was to directly compute an approximation by utilizing the structure of floating-point numbers, proving faster than table lookups. The algorithm was approximately four times faster than computing the square root with another method and calculating the reciprocal via floating-point division. The algorithm was designed with the IEEE 754-1985 32-bit floating-point specification in mind, but investigation from Chris Lomont showed that it could be implemented in other floating-point specifications.\n",
"The advantages in speed offered by the fast inverse square root kludge came from treating the longword containing the floating point number as an integer then subtracting it from a specific constant, 0x5F3759DF. The purpose of the constant is not immediately clear to someone viewing the code, so, like other such constants found in code, it is often called a magic number. This integer subtraction and bit shift results in a longword which when treated as a floating point number is a rough approximation for the inverse square root of the input number. One iteration of Newton's method is performed to gain some accuracy, and the code is finished. The algorithm generates reasonably accurate results using a unique first approximation for Newton's method; however, it is much slower and less accurate than using the SSE instruction codice_1 on x86 processors also released in 1999.\n",
"In terms of C standards, reinterpreting a floating point value as an integer by dereferencing a casted pointer to it is considered undefined behavior. The proper way to accomplish the fast inverse square root, in a more standard conforming way, is to type-pun floating point values and integers through a union type. Type-punning with a union type is considered undefined behavior in C++ standards.\n",
"Section::::Overview of the code.:A worked example.\n",
"As an example, the number can be used to calculate . The first steps of the algorithm are illustrated below:\n",
"Using IEEE 32-bit representation:\n",
"Reinterpreting this last bit pattern as a floating point number gives the approximation , which has an error of about 3.4%. After one single iteration of Newton's method, the final result is , an error of only 0.17%.\n",
"Section::::Algorithm.\n",
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"BULLET::::1. Alias the argument to an integer as a way to compute an approximation of \n",
"BULLET::::2. Use this approximation to compute an approximation of\n",
"BULLET::::3. Alias back to a float, as a way to compute an approximation of the base-2 exponential\n",
"BULLET::::4. Refine the approximation using a single iteration of the Newton's method.\n",
"Section::::Algorithm.:Floating-point representation.\n",
"Since this algorithm relies heavily on the bit-level representation of single-precision floating-point numbers, a short overview of this representation is provided here. In order to encode a non-zero real number as a single precision float, the first step is to write as a normalized binary number:\n",
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"BULLET::::- , the \"sign bit\", is 0 if , and 1 if (1 bit)\n",
"BULLET::::- is the \"biased exponent\", where is the \"exponent bias\" (8 bits)\n",
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"These fields are then packed, left to right, into a 32-bit container.\n",
"As an example, consider again the number . Normalizing yields:\n",
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"these fields are packed as shown in the figure below:\n",
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"If was to be calculated without a computer or a calculator, a table of logarithms would be useful, together with the identity , which is valid for every base . The fast inverse square root is based on this identity, and on the fact that aliasing a float32 to an integer gives a rough approximation of its logarithm. Here is how:\n",
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"Section::::Algorithm.:First approximation of the result.\n",
"The calculation of is based on the identity\n",
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"Section::::Algorithm.:Newton's method.\n",
"With as the inverse square root, . The approximation yielded by the earlier steps can be refined by using a root-finding method, a method that finds the zero of a function. The algorithm uses Newton's method: if there is an approximation, for , then a better approximation can be calculated by taking , where is the derivative of at . For the above ,\n",
"where and .\n",
"Treating as a floating-point number, codice_2 is equivalent to\n",
"By repeating this step, using the output of the function () as the input of the next iteration, the algorithm causes to converge to the inverse square root. For the purposes of the \"Quake III\" engine, only one iteration was used. A second iteration remained in the code but was commented out.\n",
"Section::::Algorithm.:Accuracy.\n",
"As noted above, the approximation is surprisingly accurate. The graph on the right plots the error of the function (that is, the error of the approximation after it has been improved by running one iteration of Newton's method), for inputs starting at 0.01, where the standard library gives 10.0 as a result, while InvSqrt() gives 9.982522, making the difference 0.017479, or 0.175% of the true value, 10. The absolute error only drops from then on, while the relative error stays within the same bounds across all orders of magnitude.\n",
"Section::::History and investigation.\n",
"The source code for \"Quake III\" was not released until QuakeCon 2005, but copies of the fast inverse square root code appeared on Usenet and other forums as early as 2002 or 2003. Initial speculation pointed to John Carmack as the probable author of the code, but he demurred and suggested it was written by Terje Mathisen, an accomplished assembly programmer who had previously helped id Software with \"Quake\" optimization. Mathisen had written an implementation of a similar bit of code in the late 1990s, but the original authors proved to be much further back in the history of 3D computer graphics with Gary Tarolli's implementation for the SGI Indigo as a possible earliest known use. Rys Sommefeldt concluded that the original algorithm was devised by Greg Walsh at Ardent Computer in consultation with Cleve Moler, the creator of MATLAB. Cleve Moler learned about this trick from code written by William Kahan and K.C. Ng at Berkeley around 1986 Jim Blinn also demonstrated a simple approximation of the inverse square root in a 1997 column for \"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications\". Paul Kinney implemented a fast method for the FPS T Series computer around 1986. The system included vector floating-point hardware which was not rich in integer operations. The floating-point values were floated to allow manipulation to create the initial approximation.\n",
"It is not known precisely how the exact value for the magic number was determined. Chris Lomont developed a function to minimize approximation error by choosing the magic number over a range. He first computed the optimal constant for the linear approximation step as 0x5F37642F, close to 0x5F3759DF, but this new constant gave slightly less accuracy after one iteration of Newton's method. Lomont then searched for a constant optimal even after one and two Newton iterations and found 0x5F375A86, which is more accurate than the original at every iteration stage. He concluded by asking whether the exact value of the original constant was chosen through derivation or trial and error. Lomont said that the magic number for 64-bit IEEE754 size type double is 0x5FE6EC85E7DE30DA, but it was later shown by Matthew Robertson to be exactly 0x5FE6EB50C7B537A9.\n",
"A complete mathematical analysis for determining the magic number is now available for single-precision floating-point numbers.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Magic number\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- 0x5f3759df, further investigations into accuracy and generalizability of the algorithm by Christian Plesner Hansen\n",
"BULLET::::- Origin of Quake3's Fast InvSqrt()\n",
"BULLET::::- Quake III Arena source code\n",
"BULLET::::- Implementation of InvSqrt in DESMOS\n"
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"The museum also features some local pottery from Greece found within the Punic tombs at El-Kasabah: oil lamps, and some marble funerary epitaphs engraved in Greek and Latin languages, and among these epitaphs can be found the famous marble tablet engraved with the figure of the \"Good Shepherd\" after which the place of the discovery was named.\n",
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"BULLET::::- Culture of Tunisia\n",
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"The museum received its present name in 1956 and opened for the first time as a national museum in 1963. It has undergone extensive restructuring in the 1990s, and has now been redesigned to accommodate new discoveries on the site of Carthage, especially the product of searches conducted as part of the international campaign of the UNESCO, from 1972-1995.\n",
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"The various excavations at the site have uncovered numerous items characterizing the Phoenician civilization. The museum contains items which reveal a distinct connection with the Levant steeped in Egyptian and in particular Greek culture, and the ties of Carthage with Sicily during the Hellenistic period. Testimonies to these connections are many objects of pottery, oil lamps and amulet s discovered in excavating the necropolis. \n",
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"Masks of glass also represent numerous deities, including objects which were intended to protect the deceased against the evil eye. There are also various items including razors made of bronze and richly decorated with cast patterns, illustrating Egyptian and Greek influences. A number of Punic amulets are also on display.\n",
"Section::::Punic collections.:Punic religion.\n",
"The terracotta perfume-burner in the form of the head of Ba'al Hammon was discovered in a sanctuary in the Salammbô quarter unearthed by Dr Louis Carton shortly after World War I.; at the same time diverse other cultural objects came to light, including representations of Demeter \n",
"The steles of the topheth are on the other the most important collection that is available. Although stelae were reported in the early research on the site of Carthage, especially during searches of Pricot of Mary (1874), most of which ran with the Magenta 'in 1875, many of the most interesting parts are deposited in the museum after the discovery of the sanctuary in 1921 in addition to the most common steles sandstone's El Haouaria, steles later limestone subject most often varied scenery: ships, palm trees, elephants and even elements portraits strong Hellenistic influence. Sometimes this is an inscription on the stele. Masks shaped in the form of the head of Ba'al Hammon are exposed, particularly a large mask discovered by Dr. Louis Carton in the early 20th century.\n",
"The content of the \"chapel Cintas' discovery topheth by Pierre Cintas in 1947, is the subject of its own window. Two foundation deposits containing mostly ceramics were discovered, one located at the base of a wall and the other called \"hideout\" was under the floor of a small vaulted room.\n",
"Section::::Punic collections.:Punic architecture.\n",
"There are some architectural elements of the Punic city on display, especially fragments of columns and pillars and structures. \n",
"Also outlined is a Phoenician inscription on black marble called \"registration édilitaire\", found in 1954.\n",
"Section::::Roman collections.\n",
"Section::::Roman collections.:Evidence of the 146 battle: The remains of the siege.\n",
"The history of the Roman city of Carthage begins with a disaster, the will to destroy a rival dating from 146, which has some moving testimonies from the period on showcase. Common items on display are bullets, swords and stone catapults. A skeleton of one of fighters who died violently, is also exposed.\n",
"Section::::Roman collections.:Roman art.\n",
"Elements of the official Roman art were discovered on the Byrsa hill, including sculptures and bas reliefs depicting victory. These excavated items have been interpreted as a commemoration of the victory over the Parthians in 166, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and presented on a triumphal arch or monument portal.\n",
"In addition, works from the reign of Augustus are presented including numerous busts. A remarkable representation of Auriga, holding a whip and a jug, a symbol of victory, is also exposed. This recent discovery is a valuable testimony to the attention of the Roman circus in the city, which was the second in size after the Circus Maximus in Rome.\n",
"Section::::Roman collections.:Mosaics.\n",
"Although the collections of mosaics of the museum are not comparable to those of Bardo National Museum, the fact remains that genuine masterpieces are found in the museum. Among the recent discoveries, are from the panels found in a private spa located in Sidi Ghrib, near Tunis. It represents a topless woman running through a rose garden surrounded by water. On the same site a panel of marble and limestone was discovered showing the activity of a matron at the end of the bath. It shows the individual seated on the toilet, surrounded by two servants, one of which holds a mirror and the other carrying a basket with various jewels. At the ends of the mosaic, the artist presents the bath accessories: a pair of sandals, a basket of laundry, a jug, etc. \n",
"Section::::Christian and Byzantine Collections.\n",
"Section::::Christian and Byzantine Collections.:Testimonies of Ancient Christianity.\n",
"The mosaic of the four evangelists discovered in Carthage represents each of the four evangelists. In the center is a sphere in which integrates a cross. This work symbolizes the triumph of Christianity and its distribution to the four cardinal points by Liliane Ennabli.\n",
"Features of African Christianity at the time, such as ceramic tiles decorated with religious motifs were also excavated and are on display. Many of them are relatively large with decorative details which were intended to depict of the themes of the Old Testament including Daniel and the Lion's Den. \n",
"A large number of funerary inscriptions discovered by Alfred Louis Delattre are displayed in the Carthage museum, found during his excavation of the main basilica.\n",
"Section::::Christian and Byzantine Collections.:Byzantine Civilisation.\n",
"The famous \"Lady of Carthage\" mosaic dated back probably to the 6th century, is traditionally regarded as a portrait of a Byzantine empress. The technique of alternating mosaic tiles and glass tiles, the fineness of the design and elegance of the subject makea it a major piece of art mosaic from the Late Antiquity.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
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"Flowers visited include white umbellifers, \"Achillea millefolium\", \"Allium\", \"Armeria maritima\", \"Bellis perennis\", \"Bidens cernua\", \"Caltha\", \"Cochlearia danica\", \"Crataegus\", \"Euphorbia\", \"Galium\", \"Leontodon\", \"Origanum vulgare\", \"Potentilla erecta\", \"Ranunculus\", \"Rosa\", \"Rubus fruticosus\", \"Salix\", \"Senecio jacobaea\", \"Solidago virgaurea\", \"Sorbus aucuparia\", \"Taraxacum\", \"Tussilago\", \"Valeriana dioica\".\n",
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"Arzacq-Arraziguet\n",
"Arzacq-Arraziguet is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Arzacquois\" or \"Arzacquoises\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Arzacq-Arraziguet is located in the north-east of the department and of Béarn, 30 km north of Pau and 40 km south of Mont-de-Marsan. The northern and north-eastern border of the commune is the border between the departments of Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Landes. Access to the commune is by the D944 road from Méracq in the south passing through the town and continuing north to Samadet. The D946 road comes from Morlanne in the west passing through the length of the commune and the town and continuing east to join the D834 just south of Garlin. The D246 branches off the D946 in the centre of the commune and goes north-west to join the D45 north of Piets-Plasence-Moustrou. The commune is mostly farmland but with many forests mainly towards the west.\n",
"The Louts river passes through the commune from south-east to north-west where it continues north-west to eventually join the Adour on the border of the commune of Préchacq-les-Bains. The Arriou river rises in the south of the commune and flows north-west parallel to the Louts joining it north of the commune. The Luy de France forms the south-western border of the commune as it flows north-west to eventually join the Luy north of Castel-Sarrazin.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- L'Abattoir\n",
"BULLET::::- Barot\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde\n",
"BULLET::::- La Borde\n",
"BULLET::::- Brioulou\n",
"BULLET::::- Castéra\n",
"BULLET::::- Castetber\n",
"BULLET::::- Chatou\n",
"BULLET::::- Collongues\n",
"BULLET::::- Couillet\n",
"BULLET::::- Coutet\n",
"BULLET::::- Cruhot\n",
"BULLET::::- Cussou\n",
"BULLET::::- Gaillat\n",
"BULLET::::- Gariman\n",
"BULLET::::- Gibardéou\n",
"BULLET::::- Glesia\n",
"BULLET::::- Gouaillard\n",
"BULLET::::- Higuères\n",
"BULLET::::- Hournas\n",
"BULLET::::- Jouanlanne\n",
"BULLET::::- Labère\n",
"BULLET::::- Labus\n",
"BULLET::::- Lacoste\n",
"BULLET::::- Lafitte (two places)\n",
"BULLET::::- Lafounta\n",
"BULLET::::- Lafume\n",
"BULLET::::- Lahon\n",
"BULLET::::- Lanot\n",
"BULLET::::- Larribaou\n",
"BULLET::::- Lasterrières\n",
"BULLET::::- Laulhé\n",
"BULLET::::- Lhamounet\n",
"BULLET::::- Licorne\n",
"BULLET::::- Loué\n",
"BULLET::::- Loustalet\n",
"BULLET::::- Massou\n",
"BULLET::::- Millet\n",
"BULLET::::- Nabailh\n",
"BULLET::::- Naude\n",
"BULLET::::- Ninot\n",
"BULLET::::- Piarrot\n",
"BULLET::::- Pifre\n",
"BULLET::::- Pigat\n",
"BULLET::::- Pountet\n",
"BULLET::::- Pouy\n",
"BULLET::::- Rouquet\n",
"BULLET::::- Roux\n",
"BULLET::::- Salles\n",
"BULLET::::- Sicut\n",
"BULLET::::- Sobole\n",
"BULLET::::- Ten\n",
"BULLET::::- Tristan\n",
"BULLET::::- Vialé\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The name \"Arraziguet\" appears in the form:\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Raviguet\" (1793 or Year II) and was not shown on the Cassini Map of 1750.\n",
"Michel Grosclaude indicated that the origin of the name is \"arrasic\" (\"root\" in Gascon), with the collective suffix \"-etum\" added giving \"cluster of roots or stumps\".\n",
"The name \"Arzacq\" appears in the forms: \n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arsac\" (1385, Census of Béarn),\n",
"\"Lo marcat d'Arsac\" (1542, Reformation of Béarn B. 736), at which time it came to Soule and Lower Navarre, \n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arzac\" (1620, related to a journey by Louis XIII to Pau), and\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arzac\" on the Cassini Map in 1750\n",
"Its name in béarnais is \"Arsac\". The name is of Gallo-Roman origin - the name of a former owner (\"Domain of Arsius\").\n",
"\"Cherre\" was a hamlet in Arzacq, mentioned by the dictionary of 1863.\n",
"The name \"Vialé\" appears in the form \"Le Vialé\" in the 1863 dictionary.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"On 14 and 15 October 1620, Louis XIII stopped in Arzacq on his way to Pau. The two aldermen of the town were then Pierre Dubern and Dominique de Meylon.\n",
"In 1790 the Canton of Arzacq comprised the same communes as today except the village of Riumayou, but including the commune of Momas.\n",
"Arraziguet was merged with Arzacq on 7 September 1845.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of three inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Amrzacq;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of Arzacq;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Twinning.\n",
"Arzacq-Arraziguet has twinning associations with:\n",
"BULLET::::- Schwarzach (Germany) since 1995.\n",
"BULLET::::- Luna (Spain) since 2004.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2010 the commune had 1,010 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"The Gallo-Roman period in the commune was the subject of a study by the Ministry of Culture.\n",
"There are many buildings in Arzacq-Arraziguet of many types which are registered as historical monuments. These are:\n",
"BULLET::::- Lavoir or Public laundry at Labère (19th century) One of the first requirements at any Bastide was an ample supply of water. The Lavoir or Public laundry at Labère is oddly located several miles from the town in the open countryside.\n",
"BULLET::::- Presbytery House at Place du Marcadieu (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Mimbielle House at Place du Marcadieu (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Post Office at Place du Marcadieu (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- House at Place du Marcadieu (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Butchery at Place de la République (15th, 16th, & 20th centuries)\n",
"BULLET::::- House at Place de la République (15th, 16th, & 19th centuries)\n",
"BULLET::::- Cafe at Place de la République (15th, 16th, 18th, & 19th centuries)\n",
"BULLET::::- War Memorial (First World War)\n",
"BULLET::::- House at Place de la République (18th & 19th centuries)\n",
"BULLET::::- House at Place de la République (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Houses and Farms\n",
"BULLET::::- Motte la Tourette Fortified complex (10th-14th centuries). It includes a church, an outer courtyard, a mound, a moat, and an outer wall.\n",
"BULLET::::- Farms dating to the 19th century:\n",
"BULLET::::- Farm at Castetber,\n",
"BULLET::::- Farm at Gibardéou,\n",
"BULLET::::- Farm at Cruhot,\n",
"BULLET::::- Farm at Salles,\n",
"BULLET::::- Farm at Tristan.\n",
"The Town Hall has a painting by Paul Mirat depicting the arrival of Louis XIII at Arzacq on 14 October 1620 which is registered as an historical object.\n",
"There is a Museum of Ham in Arzacq which traces the history of Bayonne ham.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The Church of Saint-Pierre (19th century) is registered as a historical monument.\n",
"The church contains many items which are registered as historical objects. These are:\n",
"BULLET::::- Cross: Christ on the Cross (16th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Statue: Virgin and child (16th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 23 Stained glass windows (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Choir enclosure (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Altar, Altar seating, Tabernacle (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Group Sculpture: Virgin and child surrounded by angels (15th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Baptismal fonts (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Stoup (16th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Furniture in the Church\n",
"BULLET::::- Furniture in the Church (Supplementary list)\n",
"Arzacq-Arraziguet is a stage on the via Podiensis (or \"Way of Puy\"), one of the modern paths on the Way of St. James from Puy-en-Velay and continues to the Roncesvalles Pass and from there to Santiago de Compostela. This is why the blazon of the town has three escallops.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Environmental heritage.\n",
"The town has a lake and two marked trails, one of which is labelled \"sentiers d'Émilie\".\n",
"Section::::Facilities.\n",
"BULLET::::- Education\n",
"The commune has an elementary school and a college. Arzacq also has a training establishment and a maternal assistance clinic.\n",
"Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Damien Catalogne, born at Arzacq in 1856 and died at Arzacq in 1934, was a French politician.\n",
"BULLET::::- Georges Visat, born on 2 January 1910, at Foce Di Mela (Corsica) and died on 2 February 2001 at Arzacq-Arraziguet, was an engraver, art editor, and French painter.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::See also.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Official commune website\n",
"BULLET::::- La bastide\n",
"BULLET::::- Arzacq-Arraziguet on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arzac\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Arzacq-Arraziguet on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Arudy\n",
"Arudy (Gascon: Arudi) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Arudyens\" or \"Arudyennes\".\n",
"The commune has been awarded one flower by the \"National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom\" in the \"Competition of cities and villages in Bloom\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Arudy is located in the Ossau Valley on a bend on the Gave d'Ossau some 20 km south-east of Oloron-Sainte-Marie and 16 km south of Gan. Access to the commune is by the D920 road from Buzy in the north passing through the commune just west of the town and continuing to Louvie-Juzon in the south. Access to the town is by the D53 connecting to the D920. The D287 also goes east from the town to join the D934 going north to Sévignacq-Meyracq. The D918 branches west from the D920 near the town and continues west through the north of the commune to Lurbe-Saint-Christau.\n",
"The SNCF railway line from Buzy-en-Béarn - Laruns which passed through the commune was closed to traffic for passengers on 2 March 1969. A bus connection remained in place until 1 September 2009. Freight traffic between Buzy-en-Béarn and Arudy survived until 2003. The facilities have now been dismantled.\n",
"The western hills of the commune are heavily forested with farmland in the valleys. The east of the commune in the Ossau Valley is mainly residential with some farmland.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Hydrography.\n",
"Located in the Drainage basin of the Adour, the Gave d'Ossau forms the eastern border as it curves around the town and continues west, forming the northern border of the commune, to join the Gave d'Aspe to form the Gave d'Oloron at Oloron-Sainte-Marie. Many tributaries rise in the south of the commune and flow north to join the Gave d'Ossau including the \"Lamisou\", the \"Arrec de Baycabe\", the \"Ruisseau du Bois de Nougué\", the \"Arrec de Lacerbelle\", and the \"Ruisseau du Termy\" which forms the western border of the commune.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- L'Abat (Drinking trough)\n",
"BULLET::::- L'Abétat (Col de)\n",
"BULLET::::- Anglès\n",
"BULLET::::- Angous\n",
"BULLET::::- Arrabiot\n",
"BULLET::::- Arrouge (ruins)\n",
"BULLET::::- L'Aubisqué\n",
"BULLET::::- Bareilles\n",
"BULLET::::- Barguères\n",
"BULLET::::- Bélier\n",
"BULLET::::- Bérastou\n",
"BULLET::::- Bersaut (Ravine)\n",
"BULLET::::- Béteilles\n",
"BULLET::::- Blingou (Turoun - 433 metres)\n",
"BULLET::::- Bordedela (spring)\n",
"BULLET::::- Bourdeu\n",
"BULLET::::- Brousset\n",
"BULLET::::- Caillabère\n",
"BULLET::::- Caillou-Marrau\n",
"BULLET::::- Camanère\n",
"BULLET::::- Carrey\n",
"BULLET::::- Casajus\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabanes de Castillou\n",
"BULLET::::- Cazassus\n",
"BULLET::::- Cortès-Granges\n",
"BULLET::::- Crest (Lake)\n",
"BULLET::::- Cumarty\n",
"BULLET::::- Daré Bourdeu\n",
"BULLET::::- Etchaux\n",
"BULLET::::- Florence\n",
"BULLET::::- Garrail\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane de Garrietche\n",
"BULLET::::- Gerbadure (Col de - 1198 metres)\n",
"BULLET::::- Goubert\n",
"BULLET::::- Habarra\n",
"BULLET::::- Heugacète (Col de)\n",
"BULLET::::- Hondaa\n",
"BULLET::::- Houn Barrade (Col de)\n",
"BULLET::::- Hourgolle\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Jardins d'Arudy\n",
"BULLET::::- Jugist\n",
"BULLET::::- Laborde (two places)\n",
"BULLET::::- Lacoste\n",
"BULLET::::- Lacrabère\n",
"BULLET::::- Ladebeze\n",
"BULLET::::- Granges Lafont\n",
"BULLET::::- Lanne\n",
"BULLET::::- Larroun\n",
"BULLET::::- Lascoungues\n",
"BULLET::::- Laüs\n",
"BULLET::::- Lissert\n",
"BULLET::::- Louraou (Drinking trough)\n",
"BULLET::::- Loustau\n",
"BULLET::::- Pouey Maou\n",
"BULLET::::- Malarode\n",
"BULLET::::- Manaut\n",
"BULLET::::- Mancesta (Ravine)\n",
"BULLET::::- Martouré\n",
"BULLET::::- Maysonnave\n",
"BULLET::::- Médalou\n",
"BULLET::::- Miégaville\n",
"BULLET::::- Mourlane\n",
"BULLET::::- Cité Notre-Dame\n",
"BULLET::::- Nougué\n",
"BULLET::::- L'Oustalot\n",
"BULLET::::- Pédestarrès (ruins)\n",
"BULLET::::- Pène de Plou (468 metres)\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Pic d'Ossau\n",
"BULLET::::- Pierris\n",
"BULLET::::- Pouts\n",
"BULLET::::- Saint-Cricq\n",
"BULLET::::- Saubiron\n",
"BULLET::::- Sépé (Spring)\n",
"BULLET::::- Séré\n",
"BULLET::::- Soubirou\n",
"BULLET::::- Soumabielles (ruins)\n",
"BULLET::::- Terranère\n",
"BULLET::::- Tilhou\n",
"BULLET::::- Tocortoure\n",
"BULLET::::- Trois-Auges (Fountain)\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Turon (530 mètres)\n",
"BULLET::::- Vignau\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Zoum\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Arudi\".\n",
"According to Michel Grosclaude the name comes from the basque \"harr\" (\"stone\" or \"rock\") and \"uri\" (\"town\").\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Ossau: Titles of the Ossau Valley\n",
"BULLET::::- Pardies: Notaries of Pardies (Monein)\n",
"BULLET::::- Chéronnet: Bernard Chéronnet\n",
"BULLET::::- Luntz: Contracts retained by Luntz\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Insinuations: Insinuations of the Diocese of Oloron\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Marca: Pierre de Marca, \"History of Béarn\".\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"The first traces of civilisation in the commune date to Prehistory or more precisely to the Magdalenian period. Excavations in four caves in the commune (Maladore, Poeymaü, Saint-Michel, and Espalungue) uncovered bones, tools, and many snail shells.\n",
"The village of Eruri or Aruri was mentioned at the beginning of the 13th century. It was from the beginning of that time that the Ossau Union was created which permitted relative independence for the communes in the valley until the French Revolution.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 14 of his 1863 disctionary that the commune had a Lay Abbey, vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn, with 86 fires and depended on the bailiwick of Ossau.\n",
"It was in the 19th century that economic growth started in the commune. Sawmills and Marble quarries were created which provided a living to several hundred people. One quarry still operates today.\n",
"On 29 February 1980 Arudy was the epicentre of an earthquake measuring 5.2 on the Richter scale and 7.5 on the MSK scale which damaged many buildings in the town. The college had to be rebuilt.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of six inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of the Ossau Valley;\n",
"BULLET::::- the local public management agency;\n",
"BULLET::::- the association for the perception of Arudy;\n",
"BULLET::::- the water association for the Ossau Valley;\n",
"BULLET::::- the electrification association for Bas-Ossau;\n",
"BULLET::::- the SIVU for sanitation for the Ossau Valley;\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2010 the commune had 2,230 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"Arudy has diverse economic activities:\n",
"BULLET::::- the commune has a large sheep breeding centre and strong activity related to hunting. Arudy forms part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone designation of Ossau-iraty;\n",
"BULLET::::- the commune conserves and operates marble (gray-black) and limestone quarry sites. The Church of St. Severus in Assat, for example, was built in 1873 with Arudy limestone;\n",
"BULLET::::- There are wood and marble working industries;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Messier industrial foundry, a subsidiary of Ventana Aerospace Group, employs approximately 200 people. The foundry produces alloys of magnesium-thorium intended for the aviation industry. The machining of these materials has resulted in the production of waste containing thorium. 13.3 tonnes of the residue of thorium-magnesium alloys (Grime from the foundry, shavings from machining, miscellaneous scrap, etc.) are stored in a special location with a radioactivity of 1.9 GBq from thorium-232. The company faces economic difficulties and has been placed in a \"Judicial Recovery\" procedure by the Commercial Court on the 1 April 2010. The Commercial Court of Pau approved exit from the Judicial recovery safeguard procedure proposed by management and the court administrators of the Messier foundry in July 2011. Messier Foundry is a prime contractor in the \"CARAIBE\" collaborative project approved by the Aerospace Valley \"Pôle de compétitivité\" group and funded by the \"Fonds unique interministériel\" (Unique inter-miniterial funds) programme.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"The Hôtel Pouts (17th century) is registered as an historical monument. It is an ancient Lay Abbey which later became a police station. The building was renovated in 1971 to house a museum: the \"Maison d'Ossau\".\n",
"The Maison d'Ossau museum in the Hôtel Pouts displays regional archaeological collections, specimens of flora and fauna of the Pyrenees, and local costumes.\n",
"Arudy has 16th and 17th century houses, a bridge said to be Roman, and Lavoirs (public laundries) from the 19th century.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The Church of Saint-Germain (12th century, renovated in the 19th century) contains several items classified as historical objects:\n",
"BULLET::::- A Statue: Saint Germain (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Painting: Saint Germain the Auxerrois at prayer (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Retable on the main altar (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Processional cross: Saint Lucie (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Paschal Candlestick (17th century)\n",
"The interior of the chapel of Saint-Michel is decorated with paintings by Pierre Martinez.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Environmental heritage.\n",
"The \"Abétat\" peaks at 1204 metres, the \"Gerbadure\" at 1254m, the \"Soum Counée\" at 1361m, the \"Bersaut\" at 1368m, the \"Hourquettes de Baygrand\" at 1386m, the \"Senzouens\" (or the \"Breque\") at 1392m, and the \"Pic d'Escurets\" at 1440m.\n",
"Section::::Amenities.\n",
"Section::::Amenities.:Education.\n",
"The town has a public college, and one primary school. Another private primary school has been closed since the beginning of September 2011.\n",
"Section::::Amenities.:Sports and sports facilities.\n",
"BULLET::::- ES Arudy is a Rugby club which plays in Fédérale 3;\n",
"BULLET::::- TCO tennis club provides coaching by a qualified instructor. They have three tennis courts: one clay court and two fast courts;\n",
"BULLET::::- The Arudy rock-climbing school is one of the busiest in the region. It consists of three main areas with over a hundred climbing routes fitted out.\n",
"Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Jean Darriule, born on 16 November 1774 at Arudy, was a French Lieutenant-General. His name features on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.\n",
"BULLET::::- Georges Penabert, born on 23 April 1825 at Arudy\n",
"BULLET::::- Édouard Piette, born in 1827, directed the Upper Paleolithic excavation site in Arudy.\n",
"BULLET::::- Jean-Baptiste Dortignacq, born on 25 April 1884 at Arudy, he was a road racing cyclist.\n",
"BULLET::::- Robert Barran, born on 13 January 1918 at Arudy, he was a Rugby league and Rugby union player.\n",
"BULLET::::- Georges Laplace, French anthropologist, born in 1918 and died in 2004 at Pau, in 1970 he founded the centre for stratigraphic Paleo-ethnology at Arudy.\n",
"Section::::Bibliography.\n",
"BULLET::::- René Arripe, \"Ossau 1900: The Canton of Arudy\", Loubatières, Toulouse, 1990\n",
"BULLET::::- René Arripe, \"Ossau Valley 2000: The Canton of Arudy\", R. Arripe, 2004, 782 pages\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Ossau Valley\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"BULLET::::- Route nationale 618\n",
"BULLET::::- Col d'Aubisque\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arudy on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arudy\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Arudy on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Battle of Mikołów\n",
"The Battle of Mikołów () refers to the border engement on September 1 and 2, 1939, that took place in the area of the town of Mikołów, which is located in the Polish part of Upper Silesia, during the early stages of the Invasion of Poland in the Second World War.\n",
"Section::::Introduction.\n",
"The battle began with attacks by aircraft of the German 4th Air Fleet (Luftflotte), which bombed several areas, including the airfield in Katowice. Soon afterwards, early in the morning on September 1, 1939, units of the \"Wehrmacht\" crossed the Polish-German border. The invaders were helped by members of the German minority in Poland, whose paramilitary organization, the \"Freikorps\", attacked Polish units from the rear. Several skirmishes took place, most of them in the densely populated industrial areas of the cities of Ruda Śląska, Chorzów and Katowice.\n",
"However, the main German attack was concentrated in the south of the industrial region, around the border towns of Mikołów and Pszczyna. There, units of the Polish Operational Group Silesia (part of the Kraków Army), faced the German 8th Infantry Division (General Erwin Koch), the 28th Infantry Division (Gen. Hans von Oberstfelder) and the 5th Armored Division. These formations were all part of the VIII Corps.\n",
"Section::::September 1, 1939.\n",
"The German 5th Armored Division, attacking towards Rybnik and Żory, managed to annihilate the Polish defenders in the morning. The units destroyed by the attackers were located in the Pszczyna Forest, their task was to provide a connection between Operational Groups 'Silesia' and 'Bielsko'. Their loss created a gap in the Polish defense, and the Germans took advantage of it on the following day. Despite desperate fighting, the Polish 55th Infantry Division (under General Jan Jagmin-Sadowski), were unable to halt the invaders.\n",
"Section::::September 2, 1939.\n",
"The Germans preceded their main attack with an artillery bombardment from 5 a.m. Later on that day, two German battalions (49th and 83rd) moved towards Tychy, they were faced by Polish units, in the area of the village of Zwakow.\n",
"The battle that followed was one of the most ferocious of all those that took place in September 1939 in Upper Silesia. Polish units managed to halt the Germans, preventing them from capturing the town of Wyry. Nevertheless, in the afternoon of September 2, even though the frontline was stabilized, the headquarters of the Armia Kraków ordered all units to leave Upper Silesia and withdraw towards Kraków and the Vistula river. This decision was undertaken because the Germans, attacking in the area of Woźniki, broke the defenses of the Kraków Cavalry Brigade. Also in the south the Germans broke the Polish positions, and the Polish 6th Infantry Division hastily retreated towards Oświęcim. Thus, units in the area of Pszczyna and Mikołów were threatened with encirclement.\n",
"Section::::Withdrawal.\n",
"A withdrawal order reached all Polish units by 9 p.m. on September 2. Most soldiers did not believe it, however they obeyed and the whole operation was carried out good in order. Polish troops left Upper Silesia by September 3, heading towards Kraków. Most of these units found themselves in the area of Lublin, where they took part in the Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski.\n",
"Among Polish units that distinguished themselves in the Battle of Mikołów, there was the 73rd Infantry Regiment from Katowice. Consisting of soldiers from Silesia, it was regarded as one of the best organized and toughest of the whole Polish Army.\n",
"Section::::Sources.\n",
"BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20071026005726/http://www.wpk.p.lodz.pl/~bolas/main/bitwy/slask/slask.htm\n",
"BULLET::::- http://www.goslask.profort.org.pl/?a=historia\n",
"BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20070813065309/http://www.1939.pl/organizacja/polska/a_krakow.htm\n"
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"It took its name from the county of Artois (\"Artés\" in Occitan, adapted in French as \"Arthès\" or \"Arthez\") like three other communes of France (Arthez-d'Asson, Arthez-d'Armagnac, and Arthès).\n",
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"BULLET::::- Biescas, Aragon, Spain\n",
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"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::References.\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Artiguelouve\n",
"Artiguelouve is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Artiguelouviens\" or \"Artiguelouviennes\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Artiguelouve is located in the urban area of Pau some 8 km north-west of Pau and 3 km south-west of Lescar. Access to the commune is by road D2 from Laroin in the south-east passing through the north-east of the commune and continuing north-west to Pardies. The D509 connects the D2 to the D817 across the river. The D804 branches off the D2 in the commune and goes west along the northern fringe of the town and continues to Arbus. Access to the centre of the town is by the D146 which branches off the D804 and goes south through the town and continues to Aubertin. The residential area of the town occupies about 10% of the commune with the rest mixed forest and farmland.\n",
"Bus Route 802 from Artix to Pau of the Interurban network of Pyrénées-Atlantiques has a stop in the commune.\n",
"The Gave de Pau runs along the north-eastern border of the commune and passes through the north of the commune flowing north-west. The \"Juscle\" river flows from the south of the commune to near the town then flows north-west parallel to the Gave de Pau until it eventually joins the Gave de Pau near Tarsacq.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Baïlot\n",
"BULLET::::- Barat\n",
"BULLET::::- Barrailh\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Barthes\n",
"BULLET::::- Bénou\n",
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"BULLET::::- Lacoustète\n",
"BULLET::::- Lansolles\n",
"BULLET::::- Larréheuga\n",
"BULLET::::- Lassauque\n",
"BULLET::::- Loumède\n",
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"BULLET::::- Cité des Mimosas\n",
"BULLET::::- Mirande\n",
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"BULLET::::- Serra\n",
"BULLET::::- Tuquet\n",
"BULLET::::- Turon\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Vert Galant\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"Artiguelouve (meaning \"clearing of wolves\" in the béarnaise definition), comes from \"'artiga\" which means \"clearing\" or \"fallow land\" and the oronym \"lob\" (\"height\").\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Marca: Pierre de Marca, \"History of Béarn\".\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Marca: Pierre de Marca, \"History of Béarn\".\n",
"BULLET::::- Order of Malta: Titles of the Order of Malta\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Lescar: Cartulary of Lescar\n",
"BULLET::::- Cour Major: Regulations of the Cour Major\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 14 of his 1863 dictionary that, in 1385, Artiguelouve had 28 fires and depended on the bailiwick of Pau. The commune was a dependency of the Marquisate of Gassion and, with Poey, formed the jurisdiction of a notary.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of seven inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Miey de Béarn;\n",
"BULLET::::- the SIVU for nursing home care for senior citizens in the Canton of Lescar;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of Gave and Baise;\n",
"BULLET::::- the association for the management of the Drainage basin of theJuscle and its tributaries;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Sanitation association for the communes of the valleys of the Juscle and the Baise;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for defence against flooding of the Gave de Pau;\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2010 the commune had 1,544 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The commune is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zones of Jurançon AOC, Béarn AOC, and Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The Church of Saint-Michel (15th century) is registered as a historical monument.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.:Education.\n",
"The commune has a school grouping consisting of two kindergarten classes and five primary school class (Marc Dugène School Group) as well as a library / media centre.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.:Sports and Sports facilities.\n",
"The Artiguelouve Golf Course and also that of Billère are the two golf courses in the Pau area.\n",
"La \"Maison des sports\" was opened on 29 May 2010.\n",
"Le \"FC3A\" is a football club and school for players from Artiguelouve, Arbus, and Aubertin.\n",
"Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Paul Ducournau, born at Orthez in 1910 and died at Artiguelouve in 1985, was a general in the French Army.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Artiguelouve official website\n",
"BULLET::::- Artiguelouve on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Artigalouve\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Artiguelouve on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Arthez-d'Asson\n",
"Arthez-d'Asson () is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Arthéziens\" or \"Arthéziennes\"\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Arthez-d'Asson is in the Ouzom Valley some 30 km south by south-east of Pau and 35 km east by south-east of Oloron-Sainte-Marie. The commune is almost entirely surrounded by the commune of Asson. Access to the commune is by road D126 which comes from Asson in the north passing through the commune and the village, continuing south up the Valley to Ferrières. The commune is almost entirely farmland although with patches of forest particularly along the river.\n",
"The Ouzom River flows through the length of the commune from south to north gathering some tributaries on the right bank, such as the \"Cau du Hau\", the \"Cau du Gat\", the \"Arriou Sec\", and the \"Cau de la Heche\", and continuing north to join the Gave de Pau near Coarraze.The \"Ruisseau de Thouet\" forms the north-western border of the commune as it flows north-east to join the Ouzom.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Aoules\n",
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"BULLET::::- Arrecgros\n",
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"BULLET::::- Garrenot\n",
"BULLET::::- Guilhamet\n",
"BULLET::::- Guilhem\n",
"BULLET::::- Habout\n",
"BULLET::::- Clot du Hour\n",
"BULLET::::- Hourna\n",
"BULLET::::- Jacob\n",
"BULLET::::- Labède\n",
"BULLET::::- Lacoue\n",
"BULLET::::- Lanot\n",
"BULLET::::- Larrabe\n",
"BULLET::::- Maupas\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Pont du Moulin\n",
"BULLET::::- Panan\n",
"BULLET::::- Peyré\n",
"BULLET::::- La Pine\n",
"BULLET::::- Cot de Tisnès\n",
"BULLET::::- Tort\n",
"BULLET::::- Turounet\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Artés d'Asson\". Michel Grosclaude indicated that the name \"Arthez\" possibly came from the mediterranean radical \"arte\" (\"green oak\" then \"undergrowth\"), with the collective basque suffix \"-etz\". He proposed it in the sense of \"Vegetation of the undergrowth\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Saint-Pé: Cartulary of the Abbey of Saint-Pé\n",
"BULLET::::- Lescar: Cartulary of Lescar\n",
"BULLET::::- Fors de Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Cour Majour: Regulations of the Cour Majour\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 14 of his 1863 dictionary that the commune was formed in 1749 by the union of the hamlets of Arthez-deçà and Arthez-delà from the commune of Asson.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of four inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Pays de Nay;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of Pays de Nay-Ouest;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for the construction of the CES of Nay;\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2010 the commune had 501 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The commune is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"The béarnais singing group from Arthez-d'Asson \"Los de l'Ouzom\" was created during the 1980s.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil Heritage.\n",
"BULLET::::- There was a railway line in the commune transporting minerals from the Baburet Iron Mine.\n",
"BULLET::::- The old Asson Ironworks was built around 1680.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The Church of Saint-Paul (1906) is registered as a historical monument.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.\n",
"Arthez-d'Asson has a primary school.\n",
"Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Jean-Paul d'Angosse, born in 1732 at Lembeye and died in 1798 at Arthez-d'Asson, was a military man, owner of an ironworks, French politician;\n",
"BULLET::::- Armand d'Angosse, born in 1776 at Arthez-d'Asson and died in 1852 at Corbère-Abères, owner of an ironworks, French politician;\n",
"BULLET::::- Charles d'Angosse, born in 1774 at Arthez-d'Asson and died in 1835 at Paris, owner of an ironworks, administrator and French politician.\n",
"BULLET::::- Jean Espagnolle, born in 1828 at Ferrières and died in 1918 at Arthez-d'Asson, was a churchman, preacher, and an honorary canon;\n",
"BULLET::::- Henri Bremond, born in 1865 at Aix-en-Provence and died in 1933 at Arthez-d'Asson, was a churchman, historian, and French literary critic, member of the Académie française.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::See also.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Asson Ironworks on the Industrial Heritage of the Ouzom Valley website\n",
"BULLET::::- Arthez-d'Asson on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- Arthez-d'Asson on Google Maps\n",
"BULLET::::- Arthez-d'Asson on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"St Paul d'Asson\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Arthez-d'Asson on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Arrosès\n",
"Arrosès is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Arrosès is located some 50 km south-east of Hagetmau and some 5 km west of Madiran with the eastern border of the commune being the border between Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Hautes-Pyrénées departments. Access to the commune is by the D219 road from Aurions-Idernes in the west passing through the commune north of the village then continuing east to Madiran as the D66. The D292 comes from Aubous in the north passing through the commune and the village and continuing south to join the D139 south of Crouseilles. The commune is mostly farmland with patches of forest scattered throughout.\n",
"The commune is located in the Drainage basin of the Adour with several streams rising in the commune and flowing east to join the \"Saget\" which flows north to join the Adour near Saint-Mont and forming most of the eastern border of the commune. The \"Larcis\" forms most of the western border of the commune as it flows north to join the \"Lees\".\n",
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"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Arrosés\".\n",
"Michel Grosclaude proposed as its etymology the anthroponym \"Arrosés\" which was very common in the Pyrenees and the Iberian peninsula and well attested in the Middle Ages.\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"BULLET::::- Ldh/EHESS/Cassini: Ldh/EHESS/Cassini database\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Affièvement: Titles of affièvement of Arrosès\n",
"BULLET::::- Establishments: Register of Establishments of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Terrier: Terrier of Arrosès.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 13 of his 1863 dictionary that in 1385, Arrosès had 31 fires and depended on the bailiwick of Lembeye. There was a Tithe in Arrosès parish called \"Sainte-Rose\".\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of five inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of the Canton of Lembeye in Vib-Bihl;\n",
"BULLET::::- the highways SIVU of the Canton of Lembeye\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of Crouseilles;\n",
"BULLET::::- the SIVU for educational regrouping in Aurions-idernes, Arrosès, Séméacq-Blachon, and Moncaup;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2010 the commune had 148 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The town is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zones of Madiran, Pacherenc-du-vic-bilh, and Béarn AOC.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"A number of structures have been identified as historical monuments. These are:\n",
"BULLET::::- A Fortified complex (Motte-and-bailey castle, courtyard, house) indicates the presence of a lordship in the 11th century.\n",
"BULLET::::- Of 50 Houses and Farms surveyed by the Ministry of Culture, 25 were built prior to 1871.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Chateau of Sauvernéa at a place called Mombet is a notable house built in the 18th century. Other objects at Mombet are:\n",
"BULLET::::- A Tombstone dated 1762.\n",
"BULLET::::- A sideboard (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A weathervane (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farm at a place called Flandres from 1746.\n",
"A Hilarri located at a house in the Bouézou area dates to the 17th century. It came from the old church which is now destroyed.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The Church of Our Lady of the Assumption partially dates to the 12th century. It contains many items which have been registered. These are:\n",
"BULLET::::- Front of the Altar (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Processional Cross (17th or 18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Stations of the Cross (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Altar candlestick (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Processional Banner (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Lectern (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Pulpit (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Tenebrae candlestick (18th century (?))\n",
"BULLET::::- Stoup (2) (12th or 13th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Stoup (1) (15th or 16th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Baptismal font (12th and 17th centuries)\n",
"BULLET::::- Confessional (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Statue: Saint Rose (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Retable of Saint Rose (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Altar, 2 altar steps, tabernacle, Retable, Painting (18th-19th centuries)\n",
"BULLET::::- Altar Cross (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Painting: Assumption (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 4 Statues (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Retable (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 6 Statues (18th century (?))\n",
"BULLET::::- Tabernacle, exhibit (18th century (?))\n",
"BULLET::::- Altar (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Ensemble of the Virgin (18th-19th centuries)\n",
"BULLET::::- Panelling on the surfaces (18th century)\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arrosès on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Rosés\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Arrosès on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Artigueloutan\n",
"Artigueloutan is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Artigueloutanais\" or \"Artigueloutanaises\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Artigueloutan is located some 11 km east by south-east of Pau and 9 km south of Morlaàs. Access to the commune is by the D817 from Pau in the west passing through the north of the commune and continuing to Soumoulou in the east. Access to the village is by the D215 road from Assat in the south-west passing through the village and continuing north to Andoins. The D213 comes from Ousse in the west passing through the village and continuing east to Nousty. The commune is entirely farmland.\n",
"The \"Idelis\" bus line has two stops in the commune: one on route P10 from \"Pau Auchan\" to \"Artigueloutan - Community Hall\" and the second is Demand responsive transport \"Flexis Zone Est\".\n",
"The Ruisseau de l'Ousse passes through the centre of the commune from east to west and continues to join the Gave de Pau at Pau.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Artiguenave\n",
"BULLET::::- Belloc\n",
"BULLET::::- Bistarou\n",
"BULLET::::- Lou Bouey\n",
"BULLET::::- Casalet (two places)\n",
"BULLET::::- Cazenave\n",
"BULLET::::- Courège\n",
"BULLET::::- Courège (Mill)\n",
"BULLET::::- Fort de César\n",
"BULLET::::- Fréchou\n",
"BULLET::::- Haure\n",
"BULLET::::- Hourcade\n",
"BULLET::::- Humaraut\n",
"BULLET::::- Laclau\n",
"BULLET::::- Layus\n",
"BULLET::::- Lebon\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Mattots\n",
"BULLET::::- Miqueu\n",
"BULLET::::- Mounyoye\n",
"BULLET::::- Pont Long\n",
"BULLET::::- Poublan\n",
"BULLET::::- Rigabert\n",
"BULLET::::- Serresèque\n",
"BULLET::::- Tuquet\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The name \"Artigueloutan\" appears in the forms:\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Artigueloptaa\" (1385),\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Artigalopta\", and \"Artigelobtaa\" (14th century, Census of Béarn),\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arthigueloutan\" (1457, Notaries of Assat),\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Artigaloutaa\" (1536, Titles of Affiefdom),\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Artigalotaa\" (1675, Reformation of Béarn),\n",
"BULLET::::- 'Artiguelotaa\" on the Cassini Map 1750, and\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Artigue-Loutan\" (1801, Bulletin des lois).\n",
"Its name in béarnais is \"Artigalotan\" (according to the classical norm of Occitan). According to Michel Grosclaude the name comes from the Gascon \"artigalota\", meaning \"small cleared land\", with the suffix \"-anam\".\n",
"A farm at a place called \"Belloc\" was mentioned in the Topographic Dictionary of 1863.\n",
"\"Les Bordes\", also called \"Viellelongue\", was a hamlet in the commune in 1675, (Reformation of Béarn.\n",
"\"Lou Bouey\" is an old hamlet in Artigueloutan which has been mentioned with the spellings: \n",
"BULLET::::- \"Lo Boey\" (1457, Cartulary of Ossau f. 177), and\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Louboey\" (1863).\n",
"Paul Raymond indicated that there was a Lay Abbey at Lou Bouey, dependent on the Viscounts of Béarn.\n",
"\"Cambus\", a farm in Artigueloutan, was also a fief which, in 1538, included the commuens of Ousse and Rontignon, vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn.\n",
"\"Clerguet\" was a farm and a fief of the commune, vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn, mentioned in 1538.\n",
"The \"Fort de César\" was a Motte-and-bailey castle in Artigueloutan and Ousse, mentioned in 1863.\n",
"\"Rigabert\" is the name of a farm mentioned in the dictionary of 1863.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted that in 1385, Artigueloutan had 28 fires and depended on the bailiwick of Pau.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of seven inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of the Agglomeration of Pau-Pyrénées;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of the Ousse Valley;\n",
"BULLET::::- the association for the management of the Drainage basin of the Ousse;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for sanitation for the communes of the Ousse plain;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for the construction of a rescue centre at Soumoulou;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for the construction and operation of the CES at Bizanos.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2010 the commune had 914 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Artigueloutan is part of the Urban area of Pau.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The commune is partially part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone of Ossau-iraty\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Sites and monuments.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Church of Saint John the Baptist dates to the middle of the 19th century. It is registered as a historical monument.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Environmental heritage.\n",
"The \"Chemin Henri-IV\" passes along the south-western border of the commune.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Education.\n",
"Artigueloutan has a primary school.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"BULLET::::- Artigueloutan on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Arros-de-Nay\n",
"Arros-de-Nay () is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Arrosiens\" or \"Arrosiennes\"\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Arros-de-Nay is part of the urban area of Pau located in the heart of a valley between wooded hills and the Gave de Pau some 13 km south-east of Pau immediately east of Nay. The commune has been administered by the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques since 1969 (formerly it had been in the Department of Basses-Pyrénées since 1793). The commune has about 300 houses. The altitude varies from 230 metres to 421 metres, with 243 metres in the village centre. This is one of the largest communal areas of the region with areas of plains and hilly areas with a livable areas in the north and in the hamlets.\n",
"Access to the commune is by road D37 from Saint-Abit in the north passing through the village and the northern corner of the commune continuing to Bourdettes in the south. The D936 goes west from the village then south-west to Rébénacq. The D288 road goes south from the village through the length of the commune to join the D287 north of Lys. The D388 branches from the D288 and goes south-west by a different route to join the D288 again south-west of the commune. The D287 goes south-west from Nay passing along the south-eastern border of the commune and continuing south-west to Sévignacq-Meyracq.\n",
"The commune is located in the Drainage basin of the Adour with the Luz flowing from the south through the length of the commune collecting many tributaries and continuing north to join the Gave de Pau near Narcastet. The Escourre flows north through the northern corner of the commune and the north-eastern tip of the commune touches the Gave de Pau.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Allemand (hill)\n",
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"BULLET::::- La Châtaigneraie (two places)\n",
"BULLET::::- Grange Clédou\n",
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"BULLET::::- Ladebat\n",
"BULLET::::- Lambrou\n",
"BULLET::::- Lanot\n",
"BULLET::::- Lasbordes\n",
"BULLET::::- Bois de Lauga (forest)\n",
"BULLET::::- Lème Carraze\n",
"BULLET::::- Lème Monlucou\n",
"BULLET::::- Lolou\n",
"BULLET::::- Grange Lolou\n",
"BULLET::::- Lombré\n",
"BULLET::::- Massaly (ruins)\n",
"BULLET::::- Michelat\n",
"BULLET::::- Grange Miramon\n",
"BULLET::::- Moncaut (spring)\n",
"BULLET::::- Mondaut\n",
"BULLET::::- Grange Monsempès\n",
"BULLET::::- Moun du Rey\n",
"BULLET::::- Mourtérou\n",
"BULLET::::- Nérios\n",
"BULLET::::- Ourthe\n",
"BULLET::::- L'Oustau\n",
"BULLET::::- Paloc\n",
"BULLET::::- Petit Paloc\n",
"BULLET::::- Pareil\n",
"BULLET::::- Pédemelou\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Petit Hameau\n",
"BULLET::::- Picourlat\n",
"BULLET::::- Plà\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Point de Vue\n",
"BULLET::::- Porteteny\n",
"BULLET::::- Rieupeyrous\n",
"BULLET::::- Thomas\n",
"BULLET::::- Toulet\n",
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"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Arros de Nai\".\n",
"Michel Grosclaude, with much reservation, suggested an Aquitaine root of \"(h)arr\" (\"stone\" or \"rock\") with the suffix \"-ossum\", which gives a meaning \"where there are rocks\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Pau: Cartulary of the Château of Pau\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Marca: Pierre de Marca, \"History of Béarn\".\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"On 27 January 1932 the prefect, citing consecutive administrative mistakes from the plurality of the name Arros in the department (Arros Canton of Nay, Arros Canton of Oloron), decided to associate the name of the chief town of the canton with that of the commune and asked the Municipal Council to endorse his decision. The council of the time complied and the name became Arros-de-Nay.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"The first traces of the village date to the 11th century when it was cited with the name \"Arrossium\" (\"place where there are rocks\"). In the 12th century a noble family (de Rode, d'Arrode, then d'Arros) who owned the Lordships of Rode, Vauzé, the Viguerie of Lembeye took possession of the fief which became \"Arrode\" then later \"Arros\".\n",
"Paul Raymond noted that, in 1385, Arros had 44 fires and depended on the bailiwick of Pau. Arros, with its hamlets towards Bosdarros ('Bois d'Arros'), was the seventh largest of the twelve large Baronies of Béarn.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"BULLET::::- Mayors from 1961\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of seven inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Pays de Nay;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of Nay-Ouest;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Sanitation association of Pays du Nay;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for the defence against floods of the Gave de Pau;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for the defence against floods of the Luz;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for the construction of the CES of Nay;\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2010 the commune had 791 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The commune is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone designation of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"The Chateau of Arros (17th century) is registered as an historical monument.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Parish Church of Saint-Jacques-le-Majeur (1835) is registered as an historical monument.\n",
"Section::::Education.\n",
"Arros-de-Nay has a primary school.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arros-de-Nay on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arros\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Arros-de-Nay on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Arnos\n",
"Arnos is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Arnosiens\" or \"Arnosiennes\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Arnos is located some 25 km north-west of Pau and 10 km east of Arthez-de-Béarn. Access to the commune is by road D276 from Castillon in the west passing through the commune and the village and continuing south-east then east to join the D945. There is a large Formula 3 racetrack in the south of the commune run by the Moto Club Pau-Arnos. The commune consists of farmland except for a few small patches of forest.\n",
"Located in the Drainage basin of the Adour, Arnos is traversed by the Aubin, a tributary of the Luy de Béarn.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Bousquet\n",
"BULLET::::- Carracou\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassauba\n",
"BULLET::::- Castandet\n",
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"BULLET::::- Poey (ruins)\n",
"BULLET::::- Saintong\n",
"BULLET::::- Sansot\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The name \"Arnos\" appears in the form \"Arnas\" on the Cassini Map.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"In the 16th century, Arnos was an annex of Boumourt.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"Arnos is part of four inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Lacq;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Water and sanitation association of Trois Cantons ;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques ;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association of Arthez-de-Béarn.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009, the commune had 68 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Sports Venues.\n",
"The racing Circuit Pau-Arnos is in the south of the commune.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::See also.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arnos on the Community of communes of Arthez-de-Béarn website\n",
"BULLET::::- Arnos on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- Arnos on Google Maps\n",
"BULLET::::- Arnos on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arnas\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Arnos on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Argelos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques\n",
"Argelos (\"Argelòs\" in Occitan) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Argelos is located some 25 km north of Pau and 3 km west of Auriac. Access to the commune is by the D214 road from the village north to join the D944 road south-east of Thèze. The A65 autoroute passes through the northern tip of the commune but the nearest exit is Exit 9 near Miossens-Lanusse. The commune is mixed farmland and forest.\n",
"Located in the Drainage basin of the Adour, the \"Luy de France\" forms the north-eastern border of the commune as it flows north-west fed by its tributaries the \"Basta\" and the \"Balaing\".\n",
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"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Argelos\". Brigitte Jobbé-Duval indicated that Argelos probably had a Latin origin of \"argilla\" (meaning \"Clay\") with the suffix \"-ossum\". The meaning of the name would then be \"clay soil\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 10 of his 1863 dictionary that in 1385 there were 29 fires in Argelos and it depended on the bailiwick of Pau. Auriac was formerly annexed to the commune.\n",
"The barony of Viven included Argelos, Auriac, and Viven and was a vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Intercommunality.\n",
"Argelos is part of 4 inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Luys en Béarn;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of the regions of Luy and Gabas;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques ;\n",
"BULLET::::- the scholastic association Argelos - Astis.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 264 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Argelos is part of the urban area of Pau.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil Heritage.\n",
"The commune has several buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:\n",
"BULLET::::- The Maison Marque Farmhouse (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Loubané (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Maison Lavignotte-Lagrela Farmhouse at Lavignotte (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Lamarque (1725)\n",
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"BULLET::::- A Fortified Complex at Lopou (Middle Ages)\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious Heritage.\n",
"The Parish Church of Saint-André (12th century) is registered as an historical monument. It contains many items which are registered as historical objects:\n",
"BULLET::::- The Furniture in the Church\n",
"BULLET::::- Two Dalmatics (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Sunburst Monstrance (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 4 altar Candlesticks (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 2 banks of Pews (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Confessional (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- An Altar, Tabernacle, and Retable in the Altar of the Virgin (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 2 Hanging Lighting Brackets (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Painting: Christ on the Cross (1935)\n",
"BULLET::::- 2 Statues: Saints Pierre and André (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Retable (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Tabernacle (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- An Altar with 2 banks of seating (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- The whole main Altar\n",
"Section::::Education.\n",
"Argelos has a primary school which is shared with Astis as an inter-communal educational grouping.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Community of communes of Luys en Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Argelos on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Argelos\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Argelos on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Arricau-Bordes\n",
"Arricau-Bordes () is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Arricau-Bordes is located some 12 km north-west of Maubourguet and some 40 km north-east of Pau. Access to the commune is by the D13 road from Cadillon in the north passing through the heart of the commune and through the village then continuing south to Lembeye. The D298 from Aurions-Idernes forms the entire eastern border of the commune as it goes south to join the D13 north of Lembaye. The D228 comes from Séméacq-Blachon in the east and passes though the south of the commune west to Gayon. About 60% of the commune is forested mostly in a north-south belt through the centre with the rest of the commune farmland.\n",
"The \"Lisau\" river flows through the heart of the commune from the \"Lac de Castillon\" just over the southern border to the \"Lac de Cadillon\" just over the northern border of the commune.\n",
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"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Arricau-Bordas\".\n",
"According to Michel Grosclaude the name \"Arricau\" was formed from two Gascon terms: \"arric\", meaning \"ravine\" or \"Thalweg\", and \"cau\", meaning \"sunken\".\n",
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"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Marca: Pierre de Marca, \"History of Béarn\".\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
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"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted that, in 1385, Arricau and Bordes depended on the bailiwick of Lembeye and had respectively 18 and 12 fires. Arricau then had two parishes: Saint-Martin and Saint-Jacques. The fief of Bordes depended on the Viscounts of Béarn.\n",
"Arricau and Bordes were merged between 1861 and 1866.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of four inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of the Canton of Lembeye in Vic-Bilh;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of Pays de Lembeye;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the irrigation association of the Lees valley;\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2010 the commune had 103 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The commune is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zones of Madiran, Pacherenc-du-vic-bilh, and Béarn.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"The commune has many sites that are registered as historical monuments:\n",
"BULLET::::- The Chateau of Arricau (1572) The Chateau contains several items that are registered as historical objects:\n",
"BULLET::::- An Iron Host (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Stoup (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- An Hilarri (16th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Chateau of Bordes at Bordes (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A House at Lahitole (1777)\n",
"BULLET::::- Houses and Farms Of the 40 buildings studied, 27 dated from before 1871.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The commune has two churches that are registered as historical monuments:\n",
"BULLET::::- The Parish Church of Saint-Jacques at Arricau (1570) was mentioned in 1570 but was destroyed two centuries later.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Parish Church of Saint John the Baptist at Bordes (11th century) The Church contains several items that are registered as historical objects:\n",
"BULLET::::- Chasuble (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 2 Processional Lanterns (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Processional Cross (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Celebrant's Chair (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- An Altar, Altar step, and Tabernacle (18th century)\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::See also.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arricau-Bordes on Lion1906\n",
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"BULLET::::- Arricau-Bordes on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
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"Arget\n",
"Arget is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Argétois\" or \"Argétoises\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Arget is located some 18 km north-east of Orthez and 12 km south-east of Hagetmau on the border between Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Landes departments. It can be accessed by the D264 road from Montagut in the east passing through the commune and the village (of 2 buildings) and continuing south-west to Casteide-Candau. The commune has quite large areas of forest in the west but is mostly farmland.\n",
"Several streams rise in the commune with the \"Hourquet\" forming the north-western border as it flows north-east to join the \"Ruisseau de la Rance\" at the northern tip of the commune. The Rance forms the north-eastern border as it flows north-west. The south-eastern border also consists of an unnamed stream which joins the Rance just outside the eastern tip of the commune.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Bayoc\n",
"BULLET::::- Boué\n",
"BULLET::::- Capère\n",
"BULLET::::- Carrèrot\n",
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"BULLET::::- Ménou\n",
"BULLET::::- Montaut\n",
"BULLET::::- Pourtique\n",
"BULLET::::- Régidou\n",
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"BULLET::::- Vignau\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Arget\".\n",
"Michel Grosclaude was unable to justify the local belief that the name means \"sandy place\" from \"arena\" (meaning \"sand\") with the collective suffix \"-etum\" (giving \"arenetum\" then \"arenet\" then \"areet\" then \"ariet\"), and could not conclude other than \"of uncertain origin and meaning\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Luntz:\n",
"BULLET::::- Order of Malta: Titles of the Order of Malta\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 10 of his 1863 dictionary that Arget depended on the Commandery of Malta of Caubin and Morlaàs and on the Barony of Moustrou, built in 1647, and was a vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 93 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"Arget has many farms that are registered as historical monuments:\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Hourcq (1832)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Menusé farm at Pourtique (1897)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Lajournade farm at Pourtique (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Pemeste farm at Hourcq (1797)\n",
"BULLET::::- Houses and Farms\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Boué (1905)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Hibet (1871)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Carrèrot (1898)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Touroun (18th century)\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The Parish Church of Notre Dame (12th century) is registered as an historical monument. It contains several items that are registered as historical objects:\n",
"BULLET::::- The Furniture in the Church\n",
"BULLET::::- A Bronze Processional Cross (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Wooden Processional Cross (19th century)\n",
"Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Annie Beustes, born Annie Campagne, is a New Caledonian politician, born on 15 August 1945 in Arget.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::See also.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arget on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- Arget on Google Maps\n",
"BULLET::::- Arget on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arget\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Arget on the INSEE website\n",
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"Arrien\n",
"Arrien () is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Arrien is located some 18 km east by north-east of Pau and 5 km west of Séron. Access to the commune is by road D42 from Sedzère in the north passing through the heart of the commune east of the village and continuing south to Eslourenties-Daban. The D145 also comes from Baleix in the north and joins the D42 in the commune then continues south-west to Lourenties. Access to the village (Town Hall) is by the Chemin de l'Eglise going west from the D42 and by other local roads. Apart from some patches of forest on the western border the commune is entirely farmland.\n",
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"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Canton\n",
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"Michel Grosclaude indicated that the origin of the name is obscure and mentioned the possibility of the name of a former owner \"Ariee\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"BULLET::::- Ldh/EHESS/Cassini: Ldh/EHESS/Cassini database\n",
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"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Eslourenties: Census of Eslourenties\n",
"BULLET::::- Empire: Archives of the Empire, K 779, No. 12\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted that the commune had a Lay Abbey, vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn. In 1385 Arrien had 5 fires and depended on the bailiwick of Pau. The church depended on the Abbey of Saint-Sigismund at Orthez.\n",
"The Saint-Jean fountain is known for its healing powers of varicose ulcers and eye diseases and has attracted many pilgrims since the 12th century.\n",
"The commune was part of the Archdeaconry of Vic-Bilh, which depended on the Bishop of Lescar. Lembeye was the chief town.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
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"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Pays de Morlaàs;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of Luy and Gabas;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for the construction of the Soumoulou rescue centre;\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2010 the commune had 154 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil Heritage.\n",
"There are two registrations of historical monuments for Arrien:\n",
"BULLET::::- Houses and Farms\n",
"BULLET::::- The former Chateau of Arrien (19th century).. The original chateau was sold in 1730 and converted to a presbytery. The building was sold by the commune in 1975. It is shown on the Cassini Map as a \"chateau\".\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious Heritage.\n",
"The Parish Church of Saint John the Baptist (19th century) is registered as an historical monument. The church contains several items that are registered as historical objects:\n",
"BULLET::::- The Furniture in the Church\n",
"BULLET::::- A Sunburst Monstrance (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Processional Cross (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Processional banner (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Church Picture Gallery\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arrien on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arrien\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Arrien on the INSEE website\n",
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"paragraph": [
"Argagnon\n",
"Argagnon (\"Arganhon\" in Occitan) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Argagnonais\" or \"Argagnonaises\"\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Argagnon is located some 7 km south-east of Orthez and 2 km north-west of Maslacq. Access to the commune is by the D817 road from Orthez which passes through the village and continues south-east to Artix. The D275 from Maslacq to Arthez-de-Béarn passes through the eastern part of the commune. The Toulouse-Bayonne railway passes through the south of the commune parallel to the D817 but there is no station in the commune. The nearest stations are at Orthez to the north-west and Lacq to the south-east. The commune consists mostly of farmland however there are forests in the east and north of the commune.\n",
"The commune lies in the Drainage basin of the Adour and the Gave de Pau flows through the south-western edge of the commune with the \"Ruisseau de Clamonde\" flowing into it from the commune. Paul Raymond mentioned in 1863 that the Juren, a stream with its source in Arthez-de-Béarn, crossed Aragnon and flowed into the Gave de Pau\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arramoun\n",
"BULLET::::- Arrigran\n",
"BULLET::::- Arriscle\n",
"BULLET::::- Arvélé\n",
"BULLET::::- Audios\n",
"BULLET::::- Baraten\n",
"BULLET::::- Bataille\n",
"BULLET::::- Bernès\n",
"BULLET::::- Bouhaben\n",
"BULLET::::- Cazenave\n",
"BULLET::::- Cazot\n",
"BULLET::::- Château Champetier\n",
"BULLET::::- Chou\n",
"BULLET::::- Claverie\n",
"BULLET::::- Clerc\n",
"BULLET::::- Soum de Coste\n",
"BULLET::::- Daubagna\n",
"BULLET::::- Guillemet\n",
"BULLET::::- Houndière\n",
"BULLET::::- Jouanbayle\n",
"BULLET::::- Lacamuse\n",
"BULLET::::- Lachourute\n",
"BULLET::::- Lahoueillâde\n",
"BULLET::::- Larréc\n",
"BULLET::::- Larrus\n",
"BULLET::::- Lassègue\n",
"BULLET::::- Lasserre\n",
"BULLET::::- Lescloupé\n",
"BULLET::::- Lirou\n",
"BULLET::::- Louncouat\n",
"BULLET::::- Lourtas\n",
"BULLET::::- Lourteigt\n",
"BULLET::::- Marcerin\n",
"BULLET::::- Marchand\n",
"BULLET::::- Marquittou\n",
"BULLET::::- Maysonnave\n",
"BULLET::::- Mirabel\n",
"BULLET::::- Momas\n",
"BULLET::::- Mouillade\n",
"BULLET::::- Moullié\n",
"BULLET::::- Nicot\n",
"BULLET::::- Pédauque\n",
"BULLET::::- Pehau\n",
"BULLET::::- Pierre Grand\n",
"BULLET::::- Poumé\n",
"BULLET::::- Pradot\n",
"BULLET::::- Puyôo\n",
"BULLET::::- Roc\n",
"BULLET::::- Sabaté\n",
"BULLET::::- Sarraillot\n",
"BULLET::::- Sauvajunte\n",
"BULLET::::- Tisné\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"Its name in Béarnais is \"Arganhon\". Brigitte Jobbé-Duval indicated that the name \"Argagnon\" originated from the first owner, \"Arcanius\", and was expanded with the suffix \"-onem\" giving the meaning \"Domain of Arcanius\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Ldh/EHESS/Cassini: Ldh/EHESS/Cassini database\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Bigorre: Cartulary of Bigorre\n",
"BULLET::::- Military: Military Inspection of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Marcerin: The Terrier of Marcerin.\n",
"BULLET::::- Pardies: Notaries of Pardies\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"In 1385 Argagnon and Marcerin depended on the bailiwick of Pau. Argagnon at that time had 9 fires and Marcerin had 12.\n",
"The Lords of Argagnon were the Castera family\n",
"Argagnon until 1846 was part of the Canton of Lagor. The commune merged with Marcerin on 8 April 1851 to form the commune of Argagnon-Marcerin.\n",
"During the German occupation from 1940-1944 it was one of the official check points for the Demarcation line.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Georges Vandesande sponsored the candidacy of Jacques Cheminade in the presidential election of 1995.\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"Argagnon belongs to five inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Lacq;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of Gave and Baïse;\n",
"BULLET::::- the energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association of Arthez-de-Béarn;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association of defence against floods from the Gave de Pau.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 730 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The town is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone designation of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Nickname and saying.\n",
"According to Hubert Dutech, the inhabitants of Marcerin were called \"perautucs\", meaning \"fools\". He also cited the saying \"A Marcerin, n'i a glèisa ni mouli, mes que i a ua houratèra, oun lou diable apèra\", which means \"In Marcerin there is neither church nor mill, but there is a small cave where the devil calls\".\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"Several Prehistoric camps have been found in the commune, reflecting its ancient past. The most important of them is the \"Turoû de Dous Garos\" at 90 metres altitude. Ditches surround it and there are three earthen ramparts. Remains from the Iron Age have been discovered. The park of the current chateau is located in the former castéra.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The Church of Saint-Pierre (11th century) is registered as an historical monument. It was built in 1866 on remains from the 11th century.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.\n",
"Argagnon has a primary school.\n",
"Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond Larrabure, born in 1797 in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port and died in 1875 in Argagnon, was a French politician.\n",
"BULLET::::- Henry de Pène, born in 1830 in Paris and died in 1888 in the same city, was a French writer and journalist. Henry de Pène was also called Henry de Pène of Argagnon - after the castle owned by his father at Argagnon.\n",
"BULLET::::- Robert Sarrabère, born in 1926 in Argagnon was a French Catholic bishop of Aire and Dax until his retirement in 2002. From 9 January to 2 September 2007, he served the diocese of Montauban as Apostolic Administrator during the period of transition from one bishop to another.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::See also.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Page on Argagnon on the Community of communes of Arthez-de-Béarn website\n",
"BULLET::::- Argagnon on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- Argagnon on Google Maps\n",
"BULLET::::- Argagnon on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Argagnon\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Argagnon on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Aressy\n",
"Aressy (\"Arèci\" in Occitan) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Arésyiens\" or \"Arésyiennes\"\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Aressy is located four kilometres south-east of Pau within the urban area of Pau. Access to the commune is by the D937 road from Pau which continues south-east to Meillon.\n",
"The Idelis bus route P23 stops at Aressy Clinic at Pôle Bosquet. The commune is also served by Route 835 of the Interurban network of Pyrénées-Atlantiques (Transports 64) between Bénéjacq and Pau, and by Route 805 between Lourdes and Pau.\n",
"Much of the commune is residential with some farmland and a large lake in the south.\n",
"The Gave de Pau flows north-west through the western part of the commune and the Lagoin flows through the centre of the commune before joining the Gave de Pau just north-west of the commune.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Las Costes\n",
"BULLET::::- Labielle\n",
"BULLET::::- Marque\n",
"BULLET::::- Matachot\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Saligat\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"Its name in Bearnais is \"Aressi\" (according to the classical norm of Occitan).\n",
"Brigitte Jobbé-Duval indicates that the place name could come from the Basque, meaning \"place where there are rocks\" which would confirm the hypothesis by Michel Grosclaude of \"ar-\" (\"stone or rock\") with the Basque locative suffix \"-etz\" transformed into \"-esse\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Jobbé: Brigitte Jobbé-Duval, \"Dictionary of place names - Pyrénées-Atlantiques\"\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"BULLET::::- Ldh/EHESS/Cassini: Ldh/EHESS/Cassini database\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Lescar: Cartulary of Lescar\n",
"BULLET::::- Military: Military Inspection of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 9 of his dictionary that the commune had a Lay Abbey, vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn. In 1385 Aressy had nine fires and depended on the bailiwick of Pau.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"Aressy is part of nine inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Public agency of local management;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes Gave et Coteaux;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association for the Jurançon region;\n",
"BULLET::::- the defense against floods association for the Lagoin catchment area;\n",
"BULLET::::- the energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for the Narcastet leisure centre;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for defense against flooding of the Gave de Pau;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for the construction and operation of the CES of Bizanos;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Joint association for urban transport Pau - Porte des Pyrenees\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 609 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Aressy is part of the urban area of Pau.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The commune is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone designation of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The Parish Church of Saint Denys (1874) is registered as an historical monument.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::References.\n",
"Section::::References.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Aressy on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Areßy\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Aressy on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Arbus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques\n",
"Arbus (\"Arbús\" in Occitan) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Arbusiens\" or \"Arbusiennes\"\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Arbus is located in the urban area of Pau 15 km to the north-west of the city and some 35 km south-east of Orthez mostly on the south bank of the Gave de Pau. Access to the commune is on the D2 road from Laroin in the south-east passing through the north of the commune to Abos in the north-west. Access to the village is by the D804 running off the D2 in the commune and continuing to Artiguelouve in the south-east and also by the D229 from the village to Parbayse in the south-west. The commune is mixed forest and farmland with large forests in the west, south, and south-east.\n",
"Located in the Drainage basin of the Adour, the Gave de Pau flows through the northern part of the commune with some of its tributaries flowing through the rest of the commune: the Juscle and Baise Lasseube, as well as their tributaries, the Sibé stream, and the old \"Canal du Moulin\" which is itself joined in the commune by the Arrious stream.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Historical places and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Alicq\n",
"BULLET::::- Barraqué\n",
"BULLET::::- Barrère\n",
"BULLET::::- Bédat\n",
"BULLET::::- Bellocq\n",
"BULLET::::- Berduc\n",
"BULLET::::- Bert\n",
"BULLET::::- Biscar\n",
"BULLET::::- Bordes\n",
"BULLET::::- Candau\n",
"BULLET::::- Cap d'Arrandes\n",
"BULLET::::- Castaing\n",
"BULLET::::- Castéra\n",
"BULLET::::- Catroui\n",
"BULLET::::- Chigé\n",
"BULLET::::- Croutzé\n",
"BULLET::::- Fages\n",
"BULLET::::- Ferrou\n",
"BULLET::::- Gaurrat\n",
"BULLET::::- Laborde\n",
"BULLET::::- Labourdette\n",
"BULLET::::- Lacroix\n",
"BULLET::::- Lagré\n",
"BULLET::::- Lahitte\n",
"BULLET::::- Lalanne\n",
"BULLET::::- Laplace\n",
"BULLET::::- Larribot\n",
"BULLET::::- Larrieste\n",
"BULLET::::- Laugary\n",
"BULLET::::- Manciet\n",
"BULLET::::- Monget\n",
"BULLET::::- Mounes\n",
"BULLET::::- Parisot\n",
"BULLET::::- Pé de Lahore\n",
"BULLET::::- Peyrounet\n",
"BULLET::::- Pommé\n",
"BULLET::::- Priou\n",
"BULLET::::- Ramonteu\n",
"BULLET::::- Rauly\n",
"BULLET::::- Saint-Sorque\n",
"BULLET::::- Sarthou\n",
"BULLET::::- Serviau\n",
"BULLET::::- Sibé\n",
"BULLET::::- Sibers\n",
"BULLET::::- Tourangé\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Tourne-Brides\n",
"BULLET::::- Tuheil\n",
"BULLET::::- Vigneau\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Arbús\" (according to the classical norm of Occitan). According to Michel Grosclaude, there is an aquitane root \"*arb-\", meaning \"grass\" (close to \"alpe\"), and a collective suffix \"-untz\" giving a meaning of \"a place where there is grass\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Barcelona: Titles of Barcelona.\n",
"BULLET::::- Orthez: Cartulary of Orthez.\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Terrier: Terrier of Arbus.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond on page 5 of his 1863 dictionary noted that in 1385 Arbus had 40 fires and depended on the bailiwick of Pau. The town was a dependency of the Marquisate of Gassion.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune of Arbus is part of eight inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Miey de Béarn;\n",
"BULLET::::- the SIVU for the management and development of the watercourses in the Baïses basin;\n",
"BULLET::::- the SIVU for aged and infirm services for the Canton of Lescar;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association for Gave and Baïse;\n",
"BULLET::::- the association for the management of the banks of the Juscle and its tributaries;\n",
"BULLET::::- the association for sanitation of the communes in the valleys of the Juscle and the Baïse;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association for Pyrénées-Atlantiques ;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal syndicate for defence against floods of the Gave de Pau.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 1,098 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The commune is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone of Winemakers of Jurançon and of Béarn and partially in the AOC zone for Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious Heritage.\n",
"The Parish Church of Saint-Mamer (1868) is registered as an historical monument.\n",
"Section::::Amenities.\n",
"Section::::Amenities.:Education.\n",
"The town has a primary school.\n",
"Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arnaud II of Arbus (or \"Arnaldus\" of Arbouze) from 1303 to 1320 was Bishop of Lescar.\n",
"BULLET::::- Pommiès André, born in 1904 at Bordeaux and died in 1972 at Arbus was a French military Hero of the Resistance.\n",
"BULLET::::- Georges Lapassade, born in 1924 at Arbus and died in 2008 at Stains, was a philosopher and French sociologist.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::See also.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arbus official website\n",
"BULLET::::- Community of communes of Miey de Béarn website Arbus page\n",
"BULLET::::- Arbus on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- Arbus on Google Maps\n",
"BULLET::::- Arbus on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arbus\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Arbus on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"The Iron Crown\n",
"The Iron Crown () is a 1941 Italian adventure written and directed by Alessandro Blasetti, starring Massimo Girotti and Gino Cervi. The narrative revolves a sacred iron crown and a king who is prophesied to lose his kingdom to his grandson. It blends motifs from several European myths, legends and modern works of popular fiction. The film won a Coppa Mussolini award, which is the ancestor to the Golden Lion.\n",
"Section::::Plot.\n",
"Sedemondo (Gino Cervi) succeeds his brother Licinio (Massimo Girotti) upon his death as king of Kindaor, and a messenger bearing a crown made from a nail from the true cross requests permission to cross the kingdom. The crown by legend will stay wherever injustice and corruption prevail. Sedemondo takes it to a gorge where it is swallowed by the earth.\n",
"A wise woman prophesies to the king that his wife will bear a daughter and Licinio's widow (Elisa Cegani) a son, that the two will fall in love, and the son take the kingdom from Sedemondo. When he gets home, he is told that his wife has given birth to a boy (the daughter having been switched with the child of Licinio) and so believes the prophesy to be invalid. He raises both the boy Arminio and girl Elsa. After some strife between the Sedemondo and Arminio, the king orders Arminio to be taken to the gorge and slain.\n",
"Twenty years later, with Arminio (Massimo Girotti) having grown up in the forest, Sedemondo arranges a tournament to determine who will marry Elsa (Elisa Cegani). Tundra (Luisa Ferida) leads the resistance among the people against the king. The tournament, with various characters attending in disguise, sets up whether the prophesy will come to pass.\n",
"Section::::Cast.\n",
"BULLET::::- Elisa Cegani as the mother of Elsa & Elsa\n",
"BULLET::::- Luisa Ferida as Kavaora, mother of Tundra & Tundra\n",
"BULLET::::- Rina Morelli as the wise old woman\n",
"BULLET::::- Gino Cervi as Sedemondo, the king of Kindaor\n",
"BULLET::::- Massimo Girotti as Licinio & Arminio, his son\n",
"BULLET::::- Osvaldo Valenti as Eriberto\n",
"BULLET::::- Paolo Stoppa as Trifilli\n",
"BULLET::::- Primo Carnera as Klasa, the servant of Tundra\n",
"BULLET::::- Dubbing\n",
"BULLET::::- Gualtiero De Angelis ... voice dubbing: Massimo Girotti, role of \"Arminio\" only (uncredited)\n",
"BULLET::::- Lauro Gazzolo... voice dubbing: Osvaldo Valenti (uncredited)\n",
"BULLET::::- Augusto Marcacci ... voice dubbing: Massimo Girotti, role of \"Licinio\" only (uncredited)\n",
"BULLET::::- Cesare Polacco ... voice dubbing: Primo Carnera (uncredited)\n",
"BULLET::::- Giovanna Scotto ... voice dubbing: Dina Perbellini (uncredited)\n",
"Section::::Production.\n",
"The film had an unusually large budget and was filmed on elaborate sets at the newly built Cinecittà studios. It stands out in Blasetti's filmography, as several of his most famous films instead were shot on location and used non-professional actors. \"The Iron Crown\" belongs to what is sometimes regarded as a tetralogy of films by Blasetti which deal with mythological themes. The other three films are \"Ettore Fieramosca\" from 1938, \"Un'avventura di Salvator Rosa\" from 1940 and \"The Jester's Supper\" from 1942.\n",
"The Italian actress Vittoria Carpi in an uncredited role shows a bare breast for moments in the film, and may have been the first actress to do so in an Italian sound film. However, the credit for this is normally given to Clara Calamai in Blasetti's next film, \"La cena delle beffe\" (1941), probably because Calamai is the protagonist of that film.\n",
"Section::::Reception.\n",
"H. H. T. of \"The New York Times\" wrote in 1949, when the film was released in the United States: \"There's enough sound and fury in the Rialto's new tenant, a pre-war Italian film called \"The Iron Crown\", to blow the box-office clean across Times Square, if it hasn't done so already. For this adventure-spectacle of ancient times has recruited what seems to be about half the population of Italy, and they all manage to keep busy. ... But the film wastes no time in dropping all religious overtones and comfortably settling in the old boy meets girl rut. In fact, \"The Iron Crown\" is just another romance, played against some magnificent backgrounds with more violence and bloodshed than usual.\" The American film scholar Peter Bondanella wrote in his 2009 book \"A History of Italian Cinema\": \"\"The Iron Crown\" is an ambiguous work: while its message underlines a common sentiment among Italians at the time—the desire for peace and the cessation of hostilities during World War II—the symbolic implications of the search for a charismatic leader who will restore a magic crown to its rightful place in Rome may also point to Mussolini, Il Duce of a newly revived Rome. Nonetheless, Blasetti unquestionably gave new life to the Italian treatment of heroic mythology born in the silent era with Pastrone's \"Cabiria\", and \"The Iron Crown\" is one of several important antecedents to the postwar genre of the peplum ('sword and sandal' epic) that would become such a cult favorite among film buffs.\"\n",
"Section::::Awards.\n",
"BULLET::::- Venice Film Festival: \"Mussolini Cup\" for Best Italian Film.\n"
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"text": [
"Occitan",
"commune",
"Pyrénées-Atlantiques",
"department",
"Nouvelle-Aquitaine",
"France",
"arrondissement",
"Oloron-Sainte-Marie",
"canton",
"Aramits",
"Ance",
"Féas",
"Issor",
"Lanne-en-Barétous",
"French Basque region",
"Spain",
"Béarn",
"French provinces",
"SNCF",
"Lanne-en-Barétous",
"Issor",
"Col de la Pierre St Martin",
"Isaba",
"Sarrance",
"Aramits",
"Oloron-Sainte-Marie",
"Pic d'Anie",
"Pyrenees",
"Aspe Valley",
"Vert",
"Soule",
"Drainage basin",
"Adour",
"Vert",
"Gave d'Oloron",
"Gave d'Aspe",
"Gave de Sainte-Engrâce",
"Saison",
"Col de la Pierre St Martin",
"béarnais",
"Occitan",
"Raymond",
"\"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\"",
"Cassini Map",
"Ldh/EHESS/Cassini database",
"Diocese of Oloron",
"Oloron",
"fires",
"Pau",
"Tarbes",
"Bayonne",
"Mayors",
"Drainage basin",
"Vert",
"twinning",
"Isaba",
"Roncal",
"Evolution and Structure of the population of the Commune in 2009",
"INSEE",
"Evolution and Structure of the population of the Department in 2009",
"INSEE",
"Appellation d'origine contrôlée",
"Ossau-iraty",
"Lay Abbey",
"Altar",
"Retable",
"arboretum",
"Basque pelota",
"fronton",
"16th stage of the Tour de France 2007",
"Orthez",
"Gourette - Col d'Aubisque",
"Béarn",
"Saint-Castin",
"Félibrige",
"Acadèmia dels Jòcs Florals",
"Prix Interallié",
"rugby",
"Section Paloise",
"Béziers",
"French Olympic Committee",
"Col de la Pierre St Martin",
"GR 10",
"Vert River",
"Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department",
"Arette on Lion1906",
"\"Arrete\" on the 1750 Cassini Map",
"Arette on the INSEE website",
"INSEE"
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} | 512px-Dans_Arette.jpg | 12933503 | {
"paragraph": [
"Arette\n",
"Arette (\"Areta\" in Occitan) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France. It is located in the arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie and is one of the six communes of the canton of Aramits: the other five being Ance, Aramits (commune), Féas, Issor, and Lanne-en-Barétous.\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Arrete is located some 15 km south by south-west of Oloron-Sainte-Marie and some 4 km south-east of Aramits. It lies close to both the French Basque region and borders Spain in the south. It is within the borders of Béarn, one of the traditional French provinces.\n",
"Access to the commune is by French rail SNCF to Pau, and a short bus ride to Arrete. Less scenic is the automobile route: D918 road from Lanne-en-Barétous in the north-west coming south-east to the village then continuing east to Issor. The D132 goes south from the village down the length of the commune following a tortuous mountain route before exiting the southern border of the commune over the Col de la Pierre St Martin (1,760m), which is also the border with Spain, and becoming the Spanish NA-137 which continues to Isaba. The D341 also goes south-east from the village then south, connecting with the D241 at the Col de Labays (1,351m) going east to join the E7 highway south of Sarrance, then continuing along the south-western border to join the D441 south of the commune. The D133 also goes north from the village to Aramits.\n",
"Bus Route 848 of the Intercity Network of Pyrénées-Atlantiques (Transports 64) links Arette to Oloron-Sainte-Marie.\n",
"Arette is a very large commune and has a land area of . It is also mountainous (the La Pierre Saint-Martin ski resort is within its borders, for example) and its highest peak is the 2,315 m Soum Couy, which is situated not far from the 2,504 m Pic d'Anie, the highest peak in the western Pyrenees. From Pic d'Anie the mountain range extends downwards for approximately 20 km, forming both sides of the Aspe Valley to the north-west. The Vert d'Arette (a tributary of the Vert) flows through this valley. The ancient village (also named Arette) from which the commune extends is located at an altitude of 316 m in the valley of Barétous, which lies between the aforementioned Aspe valley, to its east, and the Basque province of Soule, to its west.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Hydrography.\n",
"Located in the Drainage basin of the Adour, the commune is the source of numerous tributaries of the Vert which is itself a tributary of Gave d'Oloron. The largest tributary flowing through the commune is the Vert d'Arrette however many other streams flow north towards the Vert including: the \"Abat Daurèye\" and its tributary, the \"Banu Erreka\" (accompanied by the \"Ruisseau de Aurèye\"); \"Ibarcis Erreka\"; the \"Lancy\"; the \"Ruisseau de Gurré\" and its tributary the \"Ruisseau de Lagaretche\"; the Ruisseau de Hournères\" and its tributary, the \"Ouettone\"; the \"Ruisseau de Légorre\" and its tributary, the \"Cassiau de Ber\"; the streams of \"Nécore\", \"Soulayets\", \"Talu Gros\", and \"Virgou\" with the tributary of the latter, the \"Arrigau\" (accompanied itself in the commune by the \"Bachère\").\n",
"The Gave de Lourdios, a tributary of the Gave d'Aspe, and its tributaries, the \"Arric\" and the \"Moulia\" (and their tributaries, \"Casteigt Erreka\" and the \"Ruisseau de Poussious\") also pass through the commune. The Gave de Sainte-Engrâce, a tributary of the \"Saison\", and its tributary, the \"Montcholako Erreka\" also flow in the territory of the commune.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Abat d’Ibarry\n",
"BULLET::::- Adam\n",
"BULLET::::- Gouffre d’Ahuzthéguia\n",
"BULLET::::- Ambielle\n",
"BULLET::::- Ambile\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane d’Ance\n",
"BULLET::::- Apons\n",
"BULLET::::- Pont de l’Araille\n",
"BULLET::::- Gouffre de l’Arbre Sec\n",
"BULLET::::- Pas d’Arlas\n",
"BULLET::::- L’Arre de Bas\n",
"BULLET::::- Arrègle\n",
"BULLET::::- Arritsens\n",
"BULLET::::- Aspit\n",
"BULLET::::- Aurasse\n",
"BULLET::::- Pont d’Aurèye\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane d’Auriste\n",
"BULLET::::- Ayesten\n",
"BULLET::::- Barbé\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Pas des Basques\n",
"BULLET::::- Bayrès\n",
"BULLET::::- Bécari\n",
"BULLET::::- Bélatch Paoussaguia\n",
"BULLET::::- Bellegarde\n",
"BULLET::::- Bellocq\n",
"BULLET::::- Bernardicou\n",
"BULLET::::- Bersacalongue\n",
"BULLET::::- Ancien Moulin de Bignau\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de Bissouritto (995 metres)\n",
"BULLET::::- Bitailloué\n",
"BULLET::::- Bonnehe\n",
"BULLET::::- Bonneu\n",
"BULLET::::- Bordehore\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de Boticotch\n",
"BULLET::::- Bois de Bouchet\n",
"BULLET::::- Bourdès\n",
"BULLET::::- Bourdet\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Bourrugues\n",
"BULLET::::- Burs\n",
"BULLET::::- Coume de Cagastié\n",
"BULLET::::- Cam dét Ragutio\n",
"BULLET::::- Camgros\n",
"BULLET::::- Camou\n",
"BULLET::::- Candau\n",
"BULLET::::- Capdelabat\n",
"BULLET::::- Capdeville\n",
"BULLET::::- Pas de Caque\n",
"BULLET::::- Casabonne\n",
"BULLET::::- Casamayou\n",
"BULLET::::- Casaurang\n",
"BULLET::::- Casaux\n",
"BULLET::::- La Cassette\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassiau\n",
"BULLET::::- Castagne (Two places)\n",
"BULLET::::- Cataplous\n",
"BULLET::::- Cerciat\n",
"BULLET::::- Château-Forez\n",
"BULLET::::- Pédaing de Chousse\n",
"BULLET::::- Plateau de la Chousse\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de Cissaugue or Nécore\n",
"BULLET::::- Pont de Cissaugue\n",
"BULLET::::- Costemale\n",
"BULLET::::- Costes\n",
"BULLET::::- Coudure\n",
"BULLET::::- Couillarsut\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane du Coup\n",
"BULLET::::- Couretcoup\n",
"BULLET::::- Courétot\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Courréges\n",
"BULLET::::- Cousturé\n",
"BULLET::::- Coutchet de Lacq\n",
"BULLET::::- Coutchet dets Crapes\n",
"BULLET::::- L’Arre de Soum Couy\n",
"BULLET::::- La Croix du Berger\n",
"BULLET::::- Croix des Contrebandiers\n",
"BULLET::::- Davancens\n",
"BULLET::::- Domecq\n",
"BULLET::::- Fontaine Dorbe\n",
"BULLET::::- Source de l’Ermite\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane d’Escuret de Bas\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabanes d’Escuret\n",
"BULLET::::- Esperabens\n",
"BULLET::::- Pas des Estes\n",
"BULLET::::- Estournès\n",
"BULLET::::- Estratte\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane de Féas\n",
"BULLET::::- Pont du Fort\n",
"BULLET::::- Frinchaboy\n",
"BULLET::::- Gabarrat\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de Garbas\n",
"BULLET::::- Gesta\n",
"BULLET::::- Goaillardeu\n",
"BULLET::::- Guilhers (Sheds and fountain)\n",
"BULLET::::- Guren\n",
"BULLET::::- Cap de Gurré (ruins)\n",
"BULLET::::- Handu\n",
"BULLET::::- Source d’Harrigagna\n",
"BULLET::::- Hondagneu\n",
"BULLET::::- Grange Hondagneu\n",
"BULLET::::- Houillis\n",
"BULLET::::- Houndane (spring)\n",
"BULLET::::- Pont du Hourat\n",
"BULLET::::- Houratate\n",
"BULLET::::- Hourcate\n",
"BULLET::::- Hournères\n",
"BULLET::::- Hum\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde de Hum\n",
"BULLET::::- Ibarry - Coigt de Hecore\n",
"BULLET::::- Granges d’Irasts\n",
"BULLET::::- Coume d’Issaux\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane d’Issort\n",
"BULLET::::- Jantet\n",
"BULLET::::- Labarthe\n",
"BULLET::::- Labatrère\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabanes de Labays\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de Labays (1,351m)\n",
"BULLET::::- Laborde\n",
"BULLET::::- Laclouque\n",
"BULLET::::- Lacoume\n",
"BULLET::::- Laculère\n",
"BULLET::::- Lagarde\n",
"BULLET::::- Lagaretche\n",
"BULLET::::- Lagrave\n",
"BULLET::::- Lahore\n",
"BULLET::::- Pas de Lamayou\n",
"BULLET::::- Lancy\n",
"BULLET::::- Lapeyre\n",
"BULLET::::- Coume de Larrayet\n",
"BULLET::::- Larricq\n",
"BULLET::::- Croix de Larricq\n",
"BULLET::::- Le pont Larron\n",
"BULLET::::- Camp de Larruga\n",
"BULLET::::- Lassalle\n",
"BULLET::::- Bois de Lèche\n",
"BULLET::::- Lèchéko Zingla\n",
"BULLET::::- Légorre d’Ibarry\n",
"BULLET::::- Lembeyou\n",
"BULLET::::- Gouffre Lépineux\n",
"BULLET::::- Mail de Lerre\n",
"BULLET::::- Létone\n",
"BULLET::::- Pas de la Leugue\n",
"BULLET::::- Libarde\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de Lie (601m)\n",
"BULLET::::- Lilles\n",
"BULLET::::- Longis\n",
"BULLET::::- Lourdios d'Arette\n",
"BULLET::::- La Lousère\n",
"BULLET::::- Lucq\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de Mahourat\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Mail blanc\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Malices\n",
"BULLET::::- Cayolar de Mantchola or Cabane d’Etchébar\n",
"BULLET::::- Pas de Massaré\n",
"BULLET::::- Massaugues\n",
"BULLET::::- Coume Mayou\n",
"BULLET::::- Maysou\n",
"BULLET::::- Mesplou\n",
"BULLET::::- Bois de Métouret\n",
"BULLET::::- Mirassou\n",
"BULLET::::- Mirassou Bas\n",
"BULLET::::- Mirassou Haut\n",
"BULLET::::- Moulia\n",
"BULLET::::- La Mouline\n",
"BULLET::::- Moura\n",
"BULLET::::- Nario\n",
"BULLET::::- Nouqué\n",
"BULLET::::- Noutary\n",
"BULLET::::- Noye\n",
"BULLET::::- Oron\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane d’Oumarre\n",
"BULLET::::- Bois de l’Oumbre-del-Hourcq\n",
"BULLET::::- Gouffre de l’Ours\n",
"BULLET::::- Pagnon\n",
"BULLET::::- Pédaing\n",
"BULLET::::- Pélou\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Pernes\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane de la Pernotte (ruins)\n",
"BULLET::::- Pescamou\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde des Peyres\n",
"BULLET::::- Peyret\n",
"BULLET::::- Arette La Pierre Saint-Martin\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de la Pierre St Martin\n",
"BULLET::::- L’Arre Planère\n",
"BULLET::::- Pouey\n",
"BULLET::::- Poursuca\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Pourtet\n",
"BULLET::::- Prat\n",
"BULLET::::- Granges de Prat\n",
"BULLET::::- La Puyade\n",
"BULLET::::- Rachet\n",
"BULLET::::- Roucam\n",
"BULLET::::- Pène Rouye\n",
"BULLET::::- Sainte-Gracie\n",
"BULLET::::- Saint-Marty\n",
"BULLET::::- Salanove\n",
"BULLET::::- Salet\n",
"BULLET::::- Salies\n",
"BULLET::::- Sarrelangue\n",
"BULLET::::- Saudiat\n",
"BULLET::::- Plateau de Séguitte\n",
"BULLET::::- Pas de Single\n",
"BULLET::::- Bois de Soudet\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabanes de Soudet\n",
"BULLET::::- Soulaing\n",
"BULLET::::- Soubies\n",
"BULLET::::- Soubirou\n",
"BULLET::::- Soulé\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde de Soulé\n",
"BULLET::::- Sous Pène\n",
"BULLET::::- Superville\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de Suscousse or Garatéko L’époua\n",
"BULLET::::- Talou\n",
"BULLET::::- Talou d’Arnaune\n",
"BULLET::::- Talou de Bouc\n",
"BULLET::::- Tamarpouey\n",
"BULLET::::- Tapie\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de Taules\n",
"BULLET::::- Braca de Termy\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Terrail\n",
"BULLET::::- Gouffre La Tête Sauvage\n",
"BULLET::::- Tourette\n",
"BULLET::::- Tourumy (harnessed spring)\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de Tremeil\n",
"BULLET::::- Camp d’Urdette\n",
"BULLET::::- Zélukobortha (chasm)\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Arèta\" (according to the classical norm of Occitan). The name comes from the Basque \"ar-\" meaning \"stone\" and from the locative suffix \"-eta\" meaning \"stony place\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"BULLET::::- Ldh/EHESS/Cassini: Ldh/EHESS/Cassini database\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Barcelona: Titles of Barcelona.\n",
"BULLET::::- Luntz:\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Barétous: Titles of the Valley of Barétous\n",
"BULLET::::- Cour Major: Regulations of the Cour Major\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Insinuations: Insinuations of the Diocese of Oloron\n",
"BULLET::::- Notaries: Notaries of Oloron\n",
"BULLET::::- Regulation: Regulation of Arette\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"In 1385 there were 87 fires in Arette and it depended on the Bailiwick of Oloron.\n",
"On 13 August 1967 the village of Arette was 80% destroyed by an earthquake that killed one person. The ruined clock tower of the church indicated the exact time of the earthquake: 11:10 p.m. Seismic waves were felt from Pau to Tarbes and Bayonne.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"BULLET::::- Mayors from 1942\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"Arette is part of six inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of the Barétous Valley;\n",
"BULLET::::- the SIVU La Verna;\n",
"BULLET::::- the energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for study and management of the Drainage basin of the Vert and its tributaries;\n",
"BULLET::::- the joint association for la Pierre Saint-Martin;\n",
"BULLET::::- the joint association for Haut-Béarn.\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Twinning.\n",
"Arette has twinning associations with:\n",
"BULLET::::- Isaba (Spain) since 1977.\n",
"BULLET::::- Roncal (Spain) since 1991.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 1,121 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Demography.:Distribution of Age Groups.\n",
"The population of the town is relatively old. The ratio of persons above the age of 60 years (28.8%) is higher than the national average (21.6%) and the departmental average (25.9%). As with national and departmental allocations, the male population of the town is less than the female population (48.1% against 48.4% nationally and 48.2% at the departmental level).\n",
"Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Arette and Pyrénées-Atlantiques Department in 2009\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Evolution and Structure of the population of the Commune in 2009, INSEE.\n",
"BULLET::::- Evolution and Structure of the population of the Department in 2009, INSEE.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The economy of the commune is primarily oriented toward agriculture and livestock (cattle and sheep) and logging. The town is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone designation of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"The Barétous Museum is located in the commune. It features permanent collections on pastoralism and the \"Junta Roncal\" or \"Tribute of the Three Cows\".\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The former Lay Abbey (17th century) is registered as an historical monument.\n",
"The Arette Church contains several items that are registered as historical objects:\n",
"BULLET::::- A Chandelier (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- An Altar and Retable (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- An Eagle-Lectern (15th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Statue: Virgin and child (16th century)\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Environmental heritage.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Soum de Liorry (1,012m)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Biscarroules Peak (1,017m)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Sudou Peak (1,167m)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Légorre Peak(1,359m)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Soum de Soudet(1,542m)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Guilhers Peak(1,597m)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Soum de Leche (1,839m)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Arlas Peak (2,044m) on the Spanish border\n",
"BULLET::::- The Arres d'Anie(2,120m)\n",
"There is an arboretum in the east of the commune.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.:Education.\n",
"Arette has a public college: the College of Arette Barétous and a primary school.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.:Sports and sports facilities.\n",
"The Basque pelota Club trains on the village fronton.\n",
"The town is located on the route of the 16th stage of the Tour de France 2007 which took place on 25 July. On Bastille Day 2015 the Tour will pass through the town again. 218 km route linked Orthez to Gourette - Col d'Aubisque.\n",
"The Hill-climbing event, organized since 1984, is listed as a championship of France.\n",
"Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Jacques I d'Arette de Béarn-Bonasse, baptized around 1600 in Béarn and died in 1666 in Saint-Castin, was a lord of Bonasse and lay abbot of Arette.\n",
"BULLET::::- Henri Pellisson , Félibrige and member of the \"Escole Gastoû Febus\" affiliated to Félibrige (1846-1912), first at the Acadèmia dels Jòcs Florals (Academy of Floral Games) of Toulouse in 1898 for his poem \"Notre Dame de Sarrance\".\n",
"BULLET::::- Renée Massip, born in 1907 at Arette and died in Paris in 2002, he was a French writer, winner of the Prix Interallié in 1963.\n",
"BULLET::::- Pierre Aristouy born on 18 October 1920 at Arette and died on 20 April 1974. A former French rugby player who played with the French team and in the Section Paloise in the position of second line or prop.\n",
"BULLET::::- Paul Ambille, born in 1930 at Béziers and died in 2010 in Arette, was a French painter.\n",
"BULLET::::- Nelson Paillou, president of the CNOSF (French Olympic Committee) lived in Arette.\n",
"BULLET::::- Marie Bourdet Well known cheese farmer in Southern France; Sonoma Valley communities\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Col de la Pierre St Martin\n",
"BULLET::::- GR 10 footpath\n",
"BULLET::::- Vert River\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arette on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Arrete\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Arette on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Aren\n",
"Aren is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Arenais\" or \"Arenaises\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Aren is located some 14 km north-west of Oloron-Sainte-Marie immediately south of Saucède. The commune is divided into two portions - the eastern portion contains the village and is bordered in the north and east by the Gave d'Oloron. This portion is connected to the western part located to the west of the Joos river by the D325 road (which is part of the commune). Access to the commune is by the D936 road which crosses the \"neck\" of the commune and connects to the D325 road which goes east to the village. The D59 road also goes from the village south-west to Saint-Goin. The D25 also connects the \"neck\" of the commune to Préchacq-Josbaig in the north and crosses the Gave-d'Oleron north of this village - the nearest river crossing to the commune. The eastern portion of the commune consists of the village and farmland. The western portion, which has no hamlets, is heavily forested with some 30% of farmland.\n",
"Aren was part of the former arrondissement which grouped together the communes of Aren, Esquiule, Géronce, Geüs-d'Oloron, Orin, Préchacq-Josbaig, and Saint-Goin.\n",
"The commune lies in the Drainage basin of the Adour and the Gave d'Oloron flows from south to north then turns east at the northern border of the commune. The \"Joos\" river flows north across the \"neck\" of the commune and joins the Gave-d'Oloron north of Prechacq-Josbaig. In the western portion of the commune numerous streams rise including the \"Ibarle\" and the \"Larribau\" which all flow north eventually to join the Gave d'Oloron.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arnabaigt\n",
"BULLET::::- Arroutis\n",
"BULLET::::- Bagolle\n",
"BULLET::::- Bugala\n",
"BULLET::::- La Campagne de Préchacq\n",
"BULLET::::- Estremeres\n",
"BULLET::::- Hippolyte\n",
"BULLET::::- Lannes\n",
"BULLET::::- Larraillet\n",
"BULLET::::- Loustalet\n",
"BULLET::::- Mirande\n",
"BULLET::::- La Naü\n",
"BULLET::::- Puheu\n",
"BULLET::::- Tatieu\n",
"BULLET::::- Vital\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is also \"Aren\". Brigitte Jobbé-Duval indicated that the toponym \"Aren\" probably means \"domain of Arrius\", the name of a former owner, who Michel Grosclaude called \"Arennius\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Oloron: Cartulary of Oloron\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Insinuations: Insinuations of the Diocese of Oloron\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 9 of his 1863 dictionary that in 1385 Aren had 23 fires and depended on the bailiwick of Oloron. The barony, which was established in 1658, was a vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn. In popular culture the rightful aire to Aren is Aren Aghamanoukian.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The town is part of four inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Josbaig;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of Aren-Préchacq-Josbaig;\n",
"BULLET::::- the energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the mixed association for oak forestry in the Basque and Béarn valleys.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 207 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Aren is part of the urban area of Oloron-Sainte-Marie.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"Economic activity is mainly agricultural (livestock, pasturage, polyculture). The town is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone designation of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"The patron saint of Aren is John the Baptist.\n",
"A village festival takes place on the last Sunday of June .\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"The Chateau of Aren (15th century) is registered as an historical monument.\n",
"There are several old houses in the village which were counted in the census of Gaston Fébus in 1385 called Ploo, Carrere, and Paletz. Under the Viscounts of Béarn the inhabitants of Jaca were relocated to the commune and the mode of construction of the houses, uniquely in the Josbaig Valley, is similar to the Canfrance region and Jaca.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The Church of Saint John the Baptist (19th century) is registered as an historical monument.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Environmental heritage.\n",
"The hiking trail GR78 crosses the territory of the commune.\n",
"Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Aren Stinger\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::References.\n",
"Section::::References.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Aren on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Aren\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Aren on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"paragraph": [
"Tosa-class battleship\n",
"The were two dreadnoughts ordered as part of the \"Eight-Eight\" fleet for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the early 1920s. The ships were larger versions of the preceding , and carried an additional twin-gun turret. The design for the class served as a basis for the s.\n",
"Both ships were launched in late 1921, but the first ship, , was cancelled in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty before it could be completed, and was used in experiments testing the effectiveness of its armor scheme before being scuttled in the Bungo Channel. The hull of the second ship, , was converted into an aircraft carrier of the same name. The carrier supported Japanese troops in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War of the late 1930s, and took part in the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 and the invasion of Rabaul in the Southwest Pacific in January 1942. The following month her aircraft participated in a combined carrier airstrike on Darwin, Australia, during the Dutch East Indies campaign. She was sunk during the Battle of Midway in 1942.\n",
"Section::::Background.\n",
"The IJN believed that a modern battle fleet of eight battleships and eight armored cruisers was necessary for the defense of Japan; the government ratified that idea in 1907. This policy was the genesis of the Eight-Eight Fleet Program, the development of a cohesive battle line of sixteen capital ships less than eight years old. Advances in naval technology represented by the British battleship and the battlecruiser forced the IJN to reevaluate on several occasions which ships it considered \"modern\" and, in 1911, it restarted the program with orders for the dreadnoughts and the s. By 1915, the IJN was halfway to its goal and wanted to order four more dreadnoughts, but the Diet rejected the plan and authorized only the dreadnought and two battlecruisers in the 1916 budget. Later that year American President Woodrow Wilson announced plans for ten additional battleships and six battlecruisers, and the Diet authorized three more dreadnoughts in response the following year: a second ——and two to a modified design, \"Tosa\" and \"Kaga\".\n",
"Section::::Design and description.\n",
"The IJN began reevaluating the \"Nagato\" design in light of lessons learned from the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, experiments evaluating armor protection, and newly acquired information on the protective schemes of British and American capital ships. These lessons highlighted the need for better protection of the main gun turrets and magazines, as well as thicker deck armor to protect against plunging fire. Existing methods of defense against mines and torpedoes had also proved to be inadequate and needed improvement. Eleven new designs were rejected between October and early 1917 before Captain Yuzuru Hiraga, superintendent of shipbuilding and the naval architect in charge of the fundamental design of the ships of the Eight-Eight Fleet, presented a heavily modified version of the \"Nagato\" design, A-125, to be built in lieu of the second ship of the class, \"Mutsu\", on 12 June 1917, well before she was actually laid down.\n",
"Hiraga's design for the ship reflected the latest combat experience as well as incorporating advances in boiler technology. It added an extra twin main-gun turret, using space and weight made available by the reduction of the number of boilers from 21 to 12 while the power remained the same. He reduced the secondary armament from 20 guns to 16; they were moved up a deck to improve their arcs of fire and their ability to shoot during heavy weather. To increase the ship's protection he proposed to angle the belt armor outwards to improve its resistance to horizontal fire, and to thicken the lower deck armor and the torpedo bulkhead. Hiraga also planned to add anti-torpedo bulges to improve the ship's underwater protection. He estimated that his ship would displace as much as \"Nagato\", although it would cost about a million yen more. These changes would have considerably delayed the ship's completion and were rejected by the Navy Ministry. The rejected design formed the basis for a much larger battleship, designated as A-127, with nearly twice as much armor weight as the \"Nagato\"s. It was designed to achieve the same speed as the older ships, to allow them to maneuver together as a tactical formation. This design was accepted on 27 March 1918 and became the \"Tosa\" class.\n",
"The \"Tosa\"-class ships had a planned displacement of , and at a full load. They would have been long at the waterline, and overall; the ships would have had a beam of and a draft of . The \"Tosa\" class would have had a metacentric height of at normal load. A turbo-electric propulsion system was considered for these ships after the United States announced that the system was a great success in the battleship , and the Japanese estimated that a turbo-electric plant could be installed in the \"Tosa\" class, which would have given the ships a speed of , a range at full speed, and a range at , but this system was rejected. More conventional Curtis geared steam turbines were chosen, powered by 12 Kampon water-tube boilers, eight of which would have used fuel oil and four of which would have used a mixture of oil and coal. This system would have provided to four propeller shafts for a top speed of . The fuel stores would have amounted to of oil and of coal; at a speed of 14 knots, this would have enabled a maximum range of .\n",
"Section::::Design and description.:Armament.\n",
"The \"Tosa\"-class ships were intended to be armed with a main battery of ten 45-caliber 41-centimeter (16.1-inch) guns in five twin turrets, four of which were superfiring fore and aft. Numbered one through five from front to rear, the hydraulically powered turrets had an elevation range of −2 to +35 degrees. The rate of fire for the guns was around two rounds per minute. The ships were designed to carry 90 rounds per gun, although space was available for 110.\n",
"The guns used Type 91 armor-piercing, capped shells. Each of these shells weighed and had a muzzle velocity of . Also available was a high-explosive shell that had a muzzle velocity of .\n",
"The ships' secondary armament of twenty 50-caliber 3rd Year Type 14-centimeter (5.5-inch) guns would have been mounted in casemates, 12 on the upper sides of the hull and eight in the superstructure. The 3rd Year Type guns had a maximum range of at an elevation of +35 degrees. Each gun could fire a high-explosive projectile at a rate up to 10 rounds per minute and was provided with 120 rounds. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by four 40-caliber 3rd Year Type 8-centimeter AA guns in single mounts. The high-angle guns had a maximum elevation of +75 degrees, and a rate of fire of 13 to 20 rounds per minute. They fired a projectile with a muzzle velocity of to a maximum height of . The guns were normally supplied with 250 rounds each, although space was available for a total of 400 rounds per gun. These 3rd Year Type guns were intended to be replaced by four 45-caliber anti-aircraft guns.\n",
"The \"Tosa\"s were intended to mount eight torpedo tubes, four above water and four below. The former were to be provided with two torpedoes each and the latter with three each.\n",
"Section::::Design and description.:Armor.\n",
"The ships' armor protection was designed to break up shells from a distance of and the primary armor plates were backed up by splinter bulkheads intended to contain any shell fragments. They would have been protected by a waterline main belt of Vickers cemented armor that sloped outwards 15 degrees at the top. Amidships it would have been thick and thick fore and aft. Approximately of the armor belt was below the waterline. The side armor was closed off at its ends by bulkheads thick. The main battery turrets and the portions of the barbettes above the main deck would have had between of armor plating, and the conning tower walls would have had armor thick and a roof of armor plates. The communications tube below the conning tower would have had walls thick.\n",
"The middle deck was the primary armored deck and was connected to the top of the armor belt. It would have consisted of a plate of New Vickers non-cemented armor on top of a plate of high-tensile steel (HTS) above the engine and boiler rooms. Above the magazines, the thickness of the HTS plate would have increased to 63 mm. The lower deck would have consisted of two plates of HTS. For the first time in a Japanese ship, the \"Tosa\"s would have had the lower portion of the single funnel protected by 229 mm of armor. In addition, the funnel openings in the lower deck would have been protected by armor gratings.\n",
"The ships would have had an internal torpedo bulge to provide protection against underwater explosions. This was backed by a torpedo bulkhead also made up of three layers of HTS and angled outwards to meet the base of the waterline belt. It connected to a splinter bulkhead on the lower deck behind the waterline belt. Behind the torpedo bulge and the splinter bulkhead was another splinter bulkhead 12.7–19 mm thick.\n",
"Section::::Cancellation and fates.\n",
"Construction of both ships began in 1920, but the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty intervened, mandating the cancellation of all capital ships being built. Work stopped on the two \"Tosa\"-class battleships on 5 February 1922. After being stricken on 1 April 1924, Her guns were turned over to the Imperial Japanese Army for use as coastal artillery; her main gun turrets were installed around Tokyo Bay and Busan, Korea. The rest of her guns were placed in reserve and ultimately scrapped in 1943. \"Tosa\"s incomplete hull was used to test her armor scheme against long-range naval gunfire, aerial bombs, mines, and torpedoes. Two of the shells fired at her fell short, but deeply penetrated her hull through the thin armor of the torpedo bulge below the waterline armor belt. This sparked an interest in optimizing underwater performance of Japanese shells that culminated in production of the Type 91 armor-piercing shell. Conversely, the IJN took measures to defend against shells of this type when reconstructing its existing battleships during the 1930s, as well as in the designs of the s and the heavy cruisers of the \"Mogami\" and es. \"Tosa\"s torpedo defense system proved able to defeat torpedo warheads, but not larger ones. After the conclusion of the tests, the ship was scuttled by opening her Kingston valves on 9 February 1925 in of water in the Bungo Channel after the demolition charges failed to detonate.\n",
"The battlecruiser , which was being converted to an aircraft carrier under the terms of the treaty, was wrecked in the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 and rendered unusable. As a result, \"Kaga\", which was originally slated to be scrapped under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty (), was converted in \"Amagi\"s stead. No work took place until 1925 as new plans were drafted and earthquake damage to the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal was repaired. Although the ship was commissioned on 31 March 1928, she did not join the Combined Fleet (\"Rengō Kantai\") until 30 November 1929.\n",
"Much like the converted , \"Kaga\" was fitted with two flying-off decks \"stepped down\" from a flight deck that extended two-thirds of the ship; in theory, this allowed planes to take off directly from the hangars while other planes landed on the top. As aircraft became heavier during the 1930s, they required longer distances to get airborne and the lower flight decks became useless. \"Kaga\"s 1935 reconstruction removed the lower two decks and extended the top flight deck to the bow. As completed, the ship had two main hangar decks and a third auxiliary hangar with a total capacity of 60 aircraft.\n",
"\"Kaga\" was provided with a heavy gun armament in case she was surprised by enemy cruisers and forced to give battle, but her large and vulnerable flight deck, hangars, and other features made her more of a target in any surface action than a fighting warship. Carrier doctrine was still evolving at this time and the impracticability of carriers engaging in gun duels had not yet been realized. The ship was armed with ten 20 cm/50 3rd Year Type guns: one twin-gun turret on each side of the middle flight deck and six in casemates aft. \"Kaga\"s waterline armored belt was reduced from during her reconstruction and her deck armor was also reduced from . The carrier displaced at standard load, and at full load, nearly less than her designed displacement as a battleship. This reduction in her displacement increased her speed to and gave her a range of at .\n",
"In 1933–35 \"Kaga\" was rebuilt to increase her top speed, improve her exhaust systems, and adapt her flight decks to more modern, heavier aircraft. After the reconstruction, the ship displaced at standard load, better boilers gave her a top speed of , and additional fuel storage increased her range to at and raised her aircraft capacity to 90. The ten guns, although now all mounted singly in casemates, were retained.\n",
"\"Kaga\"s aircraft first supported Japanese troops in China during the Shanghai Incident of 1932 and participated in the Second Sino-Japanese War in the late 1930s. With five other fleet carriers, she took part in the Pearl Harbor raid in December 1941 and the invasion of Rabaul in the Southwest Pacific in January 1942. The following month her aircraft participated in a combined carrier airstrike on Darwin, Australia, helping secure the conquest of the Dutch East Indies by Japanese forces. She missed the Indian Ocean raid in April as she had to return to Japan for repairs after hitting a reef in February. Following repairs, \"Kaga\" rejoined the 1st Air Fleet for the attack on Midway Atoll in June 1942.\n",
"The IJN was surprised by the appearance of three American carriers and, partly due to Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's plan in which ships were too dispersed to support each other, \"Kaga\", along with the other three carriers present, was sunk by aircraft from , and on 4 June.\n",
"Section::::References.\n",
"BULLET::::- (contact the editor at lars.ahlberghalmstad.mail.postnet.se for subscription information)\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Haze Gray & Underway\" page on Japanese dreadnought and semi-dreadnought battleships\n"
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"paragraph": [
"Araujuzon\n",
"Araujuzon is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Araujuzonais\" or \"Araujuzonaises\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Location.\n",
"The town is located some 40 km north-west of Oloron-Sainte-Marie, 15 km east by south-east of Sauveterre-de-Béarn, and 8 km north-west of Navarrenx.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Access.\n",
"Araujuzon is accessed by the D936 road from Oloron-Sainte-Marie which passes through the north of the commune and continues west to Autevielle-Saint-Martin-Bideren. There is also the D160 road from the southern border where it joins the D115 passing through the length of the commune to the D936 west of the village. The D265 road also links the north of the commune to Narp. The village is close to the D936 and can be reached by a number of country roads.\n",
"The Intercity network of Pyrénées-Atlantiques bus network currently has a stop in the commune on Route 850 from Oloron-Sainte-Marie to Sauveterre-de-Béarn.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Hydrography.\n",
"Located in the Drainage basin of the Adour, the northern border of the commune is formed by the Gave d'Oloron (a tributary of the Gave de Pau River) with its tributary, the Lausset, passing through the commune and joining the Gave d'Oleron near the village. The Ruisseau de la Mousquere rises in the commune and gathers several tributaries while flowing north-west to join the Gave d'Oleron.\n",
"The Cassou dou Boue and the Ruisseau de Lescuncette rise in the south of the commune and flow south-east to join the Ruisseau de Harcellane (a tributary of the Lausset).\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Localities and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Arreytes\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Balibes\n",
"BULLET::::- Beighau\n",
"BULLET::::- Bernatha\n",
"BULLET::::- Boulocq\n",
"BULLET::::- La Campagne\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Coude du Lausset\n",
"BULLET::::- Gaillégou\n",
"BULLET::::- Lacroix\n",
"BULLET::::- Lahagne\n",
"BULLET::::- Lahore\n",
"BULLET::::- Lamazou\n",
"BULLET::::- Larcebeau\n",
"BULLET::::- Larmanou\n",
"BULLET::::- Lavie\n",
"BULLET::::- Lavoignet\n",
"BULLET::::- Loustalot\n",
"BULLET::::- Moncau\n",
"BULLET::::- Pessot\n",
"BULLET::::- Serrailh\n",
"BULLET::::- Souleret\n",
"BULLET::::- Trescassous\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The name of the commune in Béarnese is Araus-Juzon (according to classical norm of Occitan). The commune name in Gascon is Lajuson.\n",
"For Michel Grosclaude, the name comes from \"lau\" (\"wasteland\" or \"moor\") and \"juzon\" (\"lower\" or \"downstream\"). Brigitte Jobbé-Duval indicated that \"Juzon\" meaning \"underneath\" gives the place name translating as \"underneath Arrau\", but more likely \"underneath Araux\" (Araux is called Araus-Susonin Béarnese).\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"BULLET::::- Ldh/EHESS/Cassini: Ldh/EHESS/Cassini database\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Fors de Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Establishments: Register of Establishments of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Insinuations: Insinuations of the Diocese of Oloron\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 8 of the 1863 dictionary that the commune had a Lay Abbey which was a vassal of the Viscounty of Béarn. In 1385 Araujuzon had 46 fires and depended on the Bailiwick of Navarrenx. It became a dependency of the Barony of Jasses from 1644 which included Araujuzon, Araux, Jasses, Montfort, and Viellenave. In 1790 the commune was part of the Canton of Sauveterre.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of nine inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of the Canton of Navarrenx\n",
"BULLET::::- the mixed association Bil Ta Garbi\n",
"BULLET::::- the mixed association of Béarn des Gaves\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association of gaves and of Saleys\n",
"BULLET::::- the association of Gaves Country and of Lausset\n",
"BULLET::::- the association of schools of Gaveausset\n",
"BULLET::::- the association for promotion of Navarrenx\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of Navarrenx\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques\n",
"Araujuzon is also part of the Pays de Lacq Orthez Béarn des Gaves.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 191 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"Economic activity is mainly agricultural (livestock, pastures, corn). The town is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.\n",
"The commune has an elementary school.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Araujuzon official website\n",
"BULLET::::- Araujuzon on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Araujuzon\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Araujuzon on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Anos is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Anosiens\" or \"Anosiennes\"\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Anos is located some 15 km north-east of Pau and 10 km south-east of Auriac. Access to the commune is by road D39 from Morlaas in the south passing north through the commune and the village and continuing north to join the D834 just north of Astis. Several other country roads also pass through the commune.\n",
"The \"Lau\" river forms the western border of the commune with the eastern shore of the Lake of Saint-Amour (also called the Lake of Anos) forming the part just west of the village. The Lau flows north to join the \"Luy de France\" which also forms the eastern border of the commune.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Historical Localities and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Guilhem\n",
"BULLET::::- Guillaumet\n",
"BULLET::::- Guiraut\n",
"BULLET::::- Jouannes\n",
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"BULLET::::- Peyré\n",
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"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in Béarnais is \"Anòs\" (according to the classical norm of Occitan).\n",
"Brigitte Jobbé-Duval indicates that Anos could be of Gallic origin being the name of the property owner \"Andus\" plus the suffix \"-ossu\" with a proposed meaning of \"Domain of Andus\".\n",
"The name \"Anos\" was mentioned in 1243 in the Titles of Ossau and in the Cassini map in 1750).\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 6 of the 1863 dictionary that in the 14th century Anos belonged to the community of Preachers of Morlaàs.\n",
"The commune was part of the archdeaconry of Vic-Bihl which depended on the diocese of Lescar of which Lembeye was the capital.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"Anos is part of five inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- The Community of communes of Pays de Morlaàs;\n",
"BULLET::::- The SIVU for the maintenance of roads, parks and buildings in Barinque;\n",
"BULLET::::- The AEP association for the Regions of Luy and Gabas;\n",
"BULLET::::- The Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- The iner-communal association for irrigation of Anos - Saint-Armou.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 193 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Anos is part of the Urban area of Pau.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Maison Tachoères farmhouse (1768) is registered as an historical monument.\n",
"BULLET::::- Other Houses and Farms (18th-19th century) are also registered as historical monuments.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Parish Church of Saint-Laurent (11th century) is registered as an historical monument.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Environmental heritage.\n",
"An artificial lake called Lake Saint-Armou or Lake of Anos is on the border between the two communes.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::See also.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Anos on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- Anos on Google Maps\n",
"BULLET::::- Anos on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Anos\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Anos on the INSEE website\n",
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"Anoye is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Anoyais\" or \"Anoyaises\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Anoye is located some 25 km north-east of Pau and 15 km west of Vic-en-Bigorre. It can be accessed by the D604 road coming north from the D7 just west of Baleix and continuing through the village and the commune north to Maspie-Lalonquere-Juillacq. The D224 road also goes east from the village to Momy and the D207 road forms part of the western border of the commune. The commune is heavily forested in the east and central west however there is a large area of farmland in a central north-south strip and also in the west.\n",
"The Léez river, a tributary of the Adour, flows from south to north in the east of the commune with a tributary forming the north-western border of the commune and another tributary forming part of the southern border. A further tributary flows east just south of the village into the Lees.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Historical Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Astis\n",
"BULLET::::- Bourdallé\n",
"BULLET::::- Cantou\n",
"BULLET::::- Capdepont\n",
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"BULLET::::- Pessarthou\n",
"BULLET::::- Talabot\n",
"BULLET::::- Teulé\n",
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"BULLET::::- Les Trois Fontaines\n",
"BULLET::::- Les Tuquets\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in Bearnais is \"Anoja\" (according to the classical norm of Occitan).\n",
"Brigitte Jobbé-Duval states that the origin of the name is Latin (\"noda\" or \"noia\") and refers to a \"marshland\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"BULLET::::- Ldh/EHESS/Cassini: Ldh/EHESS/Cassini database\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Marca: Pierre de Marca, \"History of Béarn\".\n",
"BULLET::::- Saint-Pé: Cartulary of the Abbey of Saint-Pé\n",
"BULLET::::- Fors de Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Malta: Titles of the Order of St John of Jerusalem\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Denombrement: Denombremont of Anoye\n",
"BULLET::::- Pau:\n",
"BULLET::::- Anoye: Titles of Anoye\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Brigitte Jobbé-Duval indicates that the village, a stop on the Way of Saint James of Compostela, was identified in the 11th century. There was also a hospital at Anoye run by the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem under the responsibility of the Commander of Caubin.\n",
"In 1385, according to the census demanded by Gaston Phoebus, the village of Anoye had 45 fires and depended on the Bailiwick of Lembeye. There was a market, three to four bakeries, and seven shops.\n",
"In 1648 the Barony of Lons became a marquisate which included Abitain, Anoye, Baleix, Castillon, Juillacq, Le Leu (a hamlet in Oraàs), Lion, Lons, Maspie, Oraàs, Peyrède (fief of Oraàs), Sauvagnon, and Viellepinte. Paul Raymond noted that Anoye was a former archpreisthood of the diocese of Lescar, a member of the Commandery of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Caubin, and of Morlaàs.\n",
"Anoye was the chief town of a district called the \"Clau of Anoye\" comprising Anoye, Maspie, Juillacq, and Lion.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"Anoye is a member of four inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- The Community of communes of the \"Canton de Lembeye en Vic-Bilh\";\n",
"BULLET::::- The SIVU of Highways of the Canton de Lembeye;\n",
"BULLET::::- The AEP association of the Lembeye Region;\n",
"BULLET::::- The Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 149 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Anoye is part of the urban area of Pau.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"The commune has many buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:\n",
"BULLET::::- A Fountain (1652)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Hospital (ruins) of the Hospitallers of Saint John of Jerusalem and the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem of Sendets, founded in 1315. The hospital had two Maltese Boundary Markers (18th century) called \"maltaises\" which are registered as historical objects. One has been in the Museum of Morlaàs since 1965 and the second has disappeared.\n",
"BULLET::::- A Mill at Mouly deu Poun (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Mill at Mouly d'Anoye (1838)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Bridge (1784) over the Léez.\n",
"BULLET::::- A Fortified Complex (11th century) (Motte-and-bailey castle, outer courtyard, moat, entry portal, church, castle) was a lordship present in the 11th century.\n",
"BULLET::::- A former Lay Abbey at Astis (1784)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Castaing House (1831)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Sanglar House (1788)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Teinto House (1861)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Puyo-Ladevèse Farmhouse at Mandou (1803)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Poudjet Farmhouse (1844)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Pessarthou (1639)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Nouaou (1793)\n",
"BULLET::::- A former Town Hall and School (1783)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Loste Farmhouse (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at l'Honoré (1793)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Lermanou (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Bourdallé (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at la Commande (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Hourticq (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Guithou House (16th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Fustié (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Cantou (1807)\n",
"BULLET::::- Houses and Farms (17th-19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Chateau de Salettes (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Maison Commune (Communal House) (1771)\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The commune has several religious buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:\n",
"BULLET::::- A Presbytery (1701)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Parish Church of Saint-Orens (remains) which was at a place called Astis until the 18th century.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Parish Church of Notre Dame (12th century) was a former chapel from the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries and was rebuilt in 1757, 1764, and 1878. The church contains many items which are registered as historical objects:\n",
"BULLET::::- Furniture\n",
"BULLET::::- 7 Stained glass windows\n",
"BULLET::::- 3 Paintings\n",
"BULLET::::- 9 Statues\n",
"BULLET::::- A Cemetery Cross\n",
"BULLET::::- A Tombstone\n",
"Anoye is a stage on the \"via Tolosane\" (or \"Toulouse route\") on the Way of St James.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Anoye on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Noye\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Anoye on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Angous\n",
"Angous is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Angousiens\" or \"Angousiennes\" \n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Angous is located some 5 km south-west of Navarrenx and 12 km north-east of Mauléon-Licharre. It can be accessed by the D2 road which runs from Navarrenx and forms the south-eastern border of the commune before continuing to Moncayolle-Larrory-Mendibieu. Access to the village is by the D69 road which runs off the D2 to the village. The commune consists of mainly farmland with patches of forest.\n",
"Located on the watershed of the Adour, the Serrot, a tributary of the Lausset, with many tributaries flows through the commune from south-west to north-east passing near the village. The Ruisseau de Lassere with many tributaries also flows from the south-west towards the northeast to the east of the village and forms part of the eastern border.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Beigbédé\n",
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"BULLET::::- Bois de Carrié\n",
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"BULLET::::- Chincas\n",
"BULLET::::- Claverie\n",
"BULLET::::- Denis\n",
"BULLET::::- Jaquet\n",
"BULLET::::- Labadie\n",
"BULLET::::- Labatut\n",
"BULLET::::- Labourdette\n",
"BULLET::::- Lagrave\n",
"BULLET::::- Lahaderne\n",
"BULLET::::- Larrieu\n",
"BULLET::::- Lartigue\n",
"BULLET::::- Lauga\n",
"BULLET::::- Ligaray\n",
"BULLET::::- Maréchal\n",
"BULLET::::- Miranda\n",
"BULLET::::- Mirassou\n",
"BULLET::::- Montjoye\n",
"BULLET::::- Mouliet\n",
"BULLET::::- Nabarre (ruins)\n",
"BULLET::::- Olive\n",
"BULLET::::- Parfouby\n",
"BULLET::::- Poumirau\n",
"BULLET::::- Pucheu\n",
"BULLET::::- Serbielle\n",
"BULLET::::- Serrot\n",
"BULLET::::- Trouilh\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in Gascon is \"Angós\" which means \"marshy terrain\" according to Michel Grosclaude and Brigitte Jobbé-Duval\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"BULLET::::- Ldh/EHESS/Cassini: Cassini Database\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Insinuations: Insinuations of the Diocese of Oloron\n",
"BULLET::::- Notaries: Notaries of Navarrenx\n",
"BULLET::::- Angous: Titles of Angous.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 6 of the 1863 dictionary that the commune had a Lay Abbey, a vassal of the Viscount of Béarn. In 1385 there were 12 fires in Angous and it depended on the bailiwick of Navarrenx.\n",
"The barony of Gabaston, a vassal of the Viscount of Béarn, was made up of Angous, Navailles, and Susmiou.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of six inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of the Canton of Navarrenx;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for gaves and of Saleys;\n",
"BULLET::::- the mixed forestry association for the oak groves in the Basque and béarnais valleys;\n",
"BULLET::::- the collection association of Navarrenx;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of Navarrenx;\n",
"BULLET::::- the energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 106 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The activity is directed mainly towards agriculture (livestock grazing, market gardening, and horticultural crops). The town is part of the \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) zone of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The Parish Church of Saint-André (1847) is registered as an historical monument.\n",
"BULLET::::- Church Gallery\n",
"The sect Tabitha's place has a property of eleven hectares in the commune.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Angous on the Community of communes of the Canton of Navarrenx website\n",
"BULLET::::- Angous on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Angous\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Angous on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Angaïs (, ) is a French commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Angaïsais\" or \"Angaïsaises\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Angaïs is located in the urban area of Pau some 12 km south-east of Pau and 6 km south of Ousse. Access to the commune is by the D38 road from Ousse in the north-west passing through the town and continuing south to Baudreix. The D215 comes from near Assat in the west passing through the town and continuing south-east to Beuste. The D938 passes through the south-western corner of the commune and the D839 from Boeil-Bezing forms the southern border of the commune. The north-east of the commune is heavily forested for about 25% of the total land area with the rest of the commune outside the town area farmland.\n",
"Bus route 835 of the Interurban Network of Pyrenees Atlantiques from Bénéjacq to Pau services the commune.\n",
"The Lagoin river flows through the centre of the commune from south-east to north-west continuing to join the Gave de Pau near Pau.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and Hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Abérat\n",
"BULLET::::- Las Baches\n",
"BULLET::::- Bonnecaze\n",
"BULLET::::- Boué Bignes\n",
"BULLET::::- Las Clabades\n",
"BULLET::::- Coulat\n",
"BULLET::::- Grange de Cournac\n",
"BULLET::::- Lafont\n",
"BULLET::::- Grange Laraignou\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Moulin de Capbat\n",
"BULLET::::- Papus\n",
"BULLET::::- Pascal\n",
"BULLET::::- La Roque\n",
"BULLET::::- Turounet\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Angais\".\n",
"Brigitte Jobbe-Duval indicated that a possible origin of the name is the patronym \"Gaiz\". She also mentioned that previously the people were nicknamed \"éleveurs de mules\" (Mule farmers). The breeding of these animals had been one of the most productive industries of the Nay plain and particularly of the commune of Angaïs.\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"BULLET::::- Ldh/EHESS/Cassini: Ldh/EHESS/Cassini database\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Homages: Homages of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Assat:\n",
"BULLET::::- Fors de Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Navarrenx: Notaries of Navarrenx\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on opage 6 of his 1863 dictionary that the commune once had a Lay Abbey, vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn. In 1385 there were 4 fires in the commune and it depended on the bailiwick of Pau.\n",
"On 2 February 1617 Louis de Colom, lay abbot of Angaïs and a trustee of Béarn, made an important speech which united the Catholics and Protestants of Béarn to resist the king's wishes, and to oppose the execution of any act that may lead to political annexation of Béarn to France. Later in the same year the First Huguenot Rebellion occurred.\n",
"The Barony of Angaïs was created in 1656 by Louis XIV and consisted of Beuste, Ousse, and Sendets.\n",
"Isaac de Navailles appears to have been the first Baron, and Henri de Navailles-Labatut was Baron of Angaïs in the mid-19th century.\n",
"The \"Uzerte\" of Angaïs refers to a local phenomenon of plague that was documented in 1789. The inhabitants of Angaïs stated that almost every year the plague was transported by very clear water - which rose above the village on the plain on the upper side of the wooded area - in April, May, and June. It caused fatal diseases in humans and animals. The poisoned water also harmed plants, such as maize, wheat, flax, grass, and vegetables in gardens.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of six inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Pays de Nay;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of the Plain of Nay;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Sanitation association of Gave and Lagoin;\n",
"BULLET::::- the association for defence against flooding in the Lagoin basin;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy association of Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for the construction of the CES of Nay;\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2010 the commune had 836 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The commune is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone of Ossau-Iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Château of Angaïs (1908) is registered as an historical monument.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Parish Church of Notre-Dame (1845) is registered as an historical monument. Inside the church the Altar and Retable (17th century) in the south side chapel are registered as historical objects.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Environmental heritage.\n",
"The Chemin Henri-IV borders the commune in the north-east. It is a walking trail that connects the Château of Franqueville to Bizanos near Pau at the Lake of Lourdes (Hautes-Pyrénées). It alternates forest trails with dirt roads and offers walkers panoramic views of the Pyrenees, the foothills, and the plains.\n",
"About 35 kilometres long, the route can be divided up between the various roads that it crosses. It is possible to go on foot, on horseback, or by bicycle but motor vehicles are forbidden.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Education.\n",
"The commune has a primary school.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Angaïs on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Angais\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Angaïs on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Andrein\n",
"Andrein is a French commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Andreinais\" or \"Andreinaises\"\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Location.\n",
"Andrein is a béarnaise commune located on the left bank of the Gave d'Oloron 5 kilometres east of Sauveterre-de-Béarn and some 16 km south-west of Orthez. Access to the commune is by road D27 from Sauveterre-de-Bearn passing through the commune and the village and continuing east to Laàs. The D23 road from Burgaronne to L'Hôpital-d'Orion also passes through the north of the commune. The commune is mixed forest and farmland.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Hydrography.\n",
"Located in the Drainage basin of the Adour, the southern border of the commune is formed by the Gave d'Oloron. Numerous streams flow south through the commune to the Gave d'Oloron including the Malourau and the Lourou which forms the eastern border. The northern border is formed by the Arrec Heurre which flows west to eventually join the Gave d'Oleron east of Abitain.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Localities and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Araspy\n",
"BULLET::::- Arrouzère\n",
"BULLET::::- Bachoué Château\n",
"BULLET::::- Baillenx\n",
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"BULLET::::- Bordenave (2 places)\n",
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"BULLET::::- Casamayou\n",
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"BULLET::::- Hieyte\n",
"BULLET::::- Hourcade\n",
"BULLET::::- Hourquet\n",
"BULLET::::- Laborde\n",
"BULLET::::- Lagouarde\n",
"BULLET::::- Lauga\n",
"BULLET::::- Lée\n",
"BULLET::::- Louhau\n",
"BULLET::::- Lourou\n",
"BULLET::::- Loustau\n",
"BULLET::::- Maysonnave\n",
"BULLET::::- Monplaisir\n",
"BULLET::::- Moulinau\n",
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"BULLET::::- Pouyau\n",
"BULLET::::- Quartier de Pouyau\n",
"BULLET::::- La Salle\n",
"BULLET::::- Sarrail\n",
"BULLET::::- Suberborde\n",
"BULLET::::- Temboury\n",
"BULLET::::- Téoulé\n",
"BULLET::::- Tinguerot\n",
"BULLET::::- Touroun.\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in Béarnese dialect and in Gascon Occitan is \"Andrenh\". Brigitte Jobbé-Duval indicated that the name actually came from the family name \"Andréas\" with the suffix \"-enh\". She also mentioned that the villagers were once called \"cherry eaters\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Insinuations: Insinuations of the Diocese of Oloron\n",
"BULLET::::- Navarrenx: Notaries of Navarrenx\n",
"BULLET::::- Denombrement: Denombremont of Andrein\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond on page 6 of his 1863 dictionary noted that the commune had a Lay Abbey, a vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn.\n",
"In 1385 Andrein reported 17 fires and depended on the bailiwick of Sauveterre.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The commune is part of five intercommunal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal centre for Social Action of Sauveterre-de-Béarn;\n",
"BULLET::::- the community of communes of Sauveterre-de-Béarn;\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal association for the gaves and of Saleys;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association for the Saleys region;\n",
"BULLET::::- the energy association for Pyrénées-Atlantiques\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 132 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known through the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"Economic activity is mainly agricultural. The town is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Environmental heritage.\n",
"The Touron de Larochelle is 195 metres high.\n",
"Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Emmanuel Berl, born 2 August 1892 in Vésinet (Seine-et-Oise) and died 21 September 1976 in Paris, was a journalist, historian and French essayist. In 1920 he married Jacqueline Bordes in Andrein.\n",
"BULLET::::- Arthur Hugenschmidt (1862-1929) stayed in Andein in 1928 and 1929 with the Countess of Viforano (daughter of Dr. Joseph Marie Alfred Beni-Barde) according to correspondence from the Presidency of the Republic.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::See also.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Andrein on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- Andrein on Google Maps\n",
"BULLET::::- Andrein on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Andrein\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Andrein on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Andoins\n",
"Andoins is a French commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Andosiens\" or \"Andosiennes\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Location.\n",
"The commune is part of the urban area of Pau and is located 5 km east of Pau (five miles), the commune is part of the \"Vic-Bilh\" region of Gascony.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Access.\n",
"The commune is traversed by the A64 autoroute however there is no exit in the commune. The nearest exit is Exit 11 just south-east of the commune. Access to the village is by the D39 road from Morlaàs in the north-west which continues south-east to Limendous. There is also the D538 which goes north-west from the village to Serres-Morlaàs. There is also the D215 which goes south-west from the village to Artigueloutan.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Hydrography.\n",
"Located in the drainage basin of the Adour, the commune is traversed from south-east to north-west by the \"Luy de France\" which forms part of the northern border before continuing to join the \"Lucet\" east of Morlaàs.\n",
"The \"Ayguelengue\" forms the southern border of the commune before joining the \"Oussere\" and continuing west.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Localities and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Lous Augas\n",
"BULLET::::- Baradat\n",
"BULLET::::- Barrails\n",
"BULLET::::- Bégué\n",
"BULLET::::- Bordenave\n",
"BULLET::::- Capdepon\n",
"BULLET::::- Cazaux\n",
"BULLET::::- Cazenave\n",
"BULLET::::- Courriades\n",
"BULLET::::- Freitet\n",
"BULLET::::- Gabaix\n",
"BULLET::::- Las Grabes\n",
"BULLET::::- Hourcade\n",
"BULLET::::- Lapoutge\n",
"BULLET::::- Laulhé\n",
"BULLET::::- Grange Laulhé\n",
"BULLET::::- Lendrat\n",
"BULLET::::- Minvielle\n",
"BULLET::::- Grange Montané\n",
"BULLET::::- Pé-deu-Boscq\n",
"BULLET::::- Peyré\n",
"BULLET::::- Poublan\n",
"BULLET::::- Puyau\n",
"BULLET::::- Teulé\n",
"BULLET::::- Troubet\n",
"BULLET::::- Vergez\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Andonsh\". (according to the classical norm of Occitan).\n",
"Brigitte Jobbé-Duval indicates that the village's name probably comes from the family name \"Antonius\", modified in basque to \"Anton\" plus the suffix \"-tz\" inducing the \"property of\" or \"the domain of Anton\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Lescar: Cartulary of Lescar\n",
"BULLET::::- Pau: Cartulary of the Château of Pau\n",
"BULLET::::- Fors de Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Ossau: Cartulary of Ossau.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond on page 5 of the 1863 dictionary noted that Andoins was the seat of the second largest barony in Béarn which also included Limendous. He also noted that in 1385 there were 20 fires in Andoins and it depended on the Bailiwick of Pau.\n",
"The town was part of the archdeaconry of Vic-Bilh, which depended on the bishopric of Lescar of which Lembeye was the capital.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Intercommunality.\n",
"Andois is part of six inter-communal structures:\n",
"BULLET::::- the public agency for local management;\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of Communes of Pays de Morlaàs;\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP association of the Ousse Valley;\n",
"BULLET::::- the energy association for Pyrénées-Atlantiques;\n",
"BULLET::::- the intercommunal association for consolidation of the communes of the plain of Ousse;\n",
"BULLET::::- the intercommunal association for the construction of the rescue centre at Soumoulou.\n",
"Section::::Demography.\n",
"In 2009 the commune had 625 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known through the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"The commune has a number of buildings that are registered as historical monuments:\n",
"BULLET::::- A House at Grange Montane (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Fortified Area (11th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Poublan (1904)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Maison Séries Farmhouse (1913)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Maison Lacaze Farmhouse (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Cazenave Farmhouse (1899)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Maison Coustet Farmhouse (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Houses and Farms (18th - 20th centuries)\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious heritage.\n",
"The Parish Church of Saint-Laurent (19th century) is registered as an historical monument. The church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:\n",
"BULLET::::- The Furniture in the Church\n",
"BULLET::::- An Altar Vase (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Sunburst Monstrance (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Lantern (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Thurible (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 2 Processional Crosses (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Painting: Stations of the Cross (1883)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Candlestick (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 4 Candlesticks (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Group Sculpture: Education of the Virgin (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Mural Painting: Scenes from the life of Saint Lawrence (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 3 Chandeliers (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Sideboard (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Chair and 3 Prie-dieux (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Choir Enclosure (1850)\n",
"BULLET::::- A central Stoup (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- An Altar and Tabernacle (1845)\n",
"BULLET::::- An Altar Cross (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 2 Statues: Saint Peter and Saint Paul (1740 & 1760)\n",
"BULLET::::- Altar seating and a Tabernacle (1740 & 1760)\n",
"BULLET::::- Secondary Altar (1864)\n",
"BULLET::::- The whole Altar of the Blessed Sacrament (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- An Altar, Tabernacle, and 4 Altar Candlesticks (1841)\n",
"BULLET::::- 4 Stained glass windows (Bays 1-4) (1923)\n",
"Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Guilhem Arnaud, Baron of Andoins who died in 1301. His funerary monument is displayed in the church of the \"Commandery of Caubin\" in the commune of Arthez-de-Béarn.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::See also.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Andoins on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- Andoins on Google Maps\n",
"BULLET::::- Andoins on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Andoins\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Andoins on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"paragraph": [
"Agnos\n",
"Agnos is a French commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.\n",
"The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Agnosiens\" or \"Agnosiennes\"\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Agnos is located just 2 km south of Oloron-Sainte-Marie and some 25 km southwest of Pau. It can be accessed on the D155 road from Bidos in the northeast coming southwest to the village then continuing southeast to Gurmençon. The D555 road also passes through the commune from the north and joins the D155 northeast of the village. The commune is mixed farmland and forests with the forests scattered throughout the commune.\n",
"Located in the Adour basin, the Mielle river flows from south of the commune forming part of the southern border then continuing north through the village and together with several tributaries rising in the commune joins the Gave d'Oloron north of Oloron-Sainte-Marie.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- La Baig\n",
"BULLET::::- Candalot\n",
"BULLET::::- Dufau\n",
"BULLET::::- Fontaine Anglade\n",
"BULLET::::- Laborde-Boy\n",
"BULLET::::- Lasserre\n",
"BULLET::::- Ledorré\n",
"BULLET::::- Logecoop\n",
"BULLET::::- Mirande\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Plouts\n",
"BULLET::::- Sayette\n",
"BULLET::::- Sentin\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune name in béarnais is \"Anhos\". Michel Grosclaude suggested that \"Agnos\" came from a Latin man's name \"Annius\" with an Aqitaine suffix \"-ossum\" the whole meaning \"domain of Annius\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Fors de Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted on page 3 of his 1863 dictionary that in 1385 Agnos had seventeen fires and depended on the bailiwick of Oloron.\n",
"The commune was merged with Gurmençon on 1 February 1973 to form the commune called \"Val-du-Gave d'Aspe\". It was restored to its previous status on 1 January 1983.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors of Agnos\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The town is part of five inter-communal organisations:\n",
"BULLET::::- the Community of communes of Piedmont Oloronais\n",
"BULLET::::- the SIVU to limit floods in Agnos\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP Union for Agnos-Gurmençon\n",
"BULLET::::- the Inter-communal Union for Sanitisation for the Aspe gateway\n",
"BULLET::::- the energy union for Pyrénées-Atlantiques\n",
"Section::::Population.\n",
"Agnos is part of the urban area of Oloron-Sainte-Marie.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The activity of the commune is mainly agricultural (farming, polyculture). The town is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) of ossau-iraty.\n",
"The 2006 classification by INSEE showed the median household incomes for each commune with more than 50 households (30,687 communes out of 36,681 communes identified). It classed Agnos at the rank of 6,323, for an average income of €18,420.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Religious Heritage.\n",
"The Church has a Trinitarian steeple (the presence of a Bell-gable or \"campenard\"). It contains many items which are registered as historical objects (although some were destroyed by fire in 1968):\n",
"BULLET::::- An Altar (destroyed) (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 6 Candlesticks (destroyed) (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Cross (destroyed) (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Tabernacle (destroyed) (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Chalice (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Ciborium (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Retable (destroyed) (18th century)\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Environmental heritage.\n",
"The Forests of Bugangue and Labaigt are inter-association woods managed by the National Office of Forests (ONF) which provide valuable shelter for preserving local flora and fauna. Many species are protected. An arboretum is a result of collaboration with the ONF.\n",
"The \"Mielle\", a small stream that rises in Agnos, is listed in the Natura 2000 program for three rare species: white-clawed crayfish, European pond turtles, and the rare European mink which does not exist anywhere in France except in the south-west.\n",
"The Pyrenees are rich in scenery and the village of Agnos is the starting point of one of the most attractive routes for cycling across the foothills: From Agnos to Mail Arrouil and back (four hours of cycling or seven hours of walking) in a variety of environments, moors, rocks, meadows with views of the Pyrenees. This route, like many others, is managed by the \"local hiking plan\" of the \"Community of communes of Piémont Oloronais\" (CCPO).\n",
"Section::::Facilities.\n",
"BULLET::::- Associations\n",
"The model aircraft club welcomes its members in the Sayette neighborhood.\n",
"BULLET::::- Education\n",
"The town has a primary school.\n",
"BULLET::::- Multi-Media Library\n",
"The Multi-media library project of the \"CCPO\" identified the municipal library of Agnos as a \"relay point\".\n",
"BULLET::::- Sports and sports equipment\n",
"The basketball club merged with that of Asasp in 2006 to form BCHB (Basketball Club of Haut-Bearn).\n",
"Section::::Notable People linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Catherine Capdevielle, born in 1938 in Agnos, is an athlete specialising in ordeal sprinting.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Cantons of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"BULLET::::- Arrondissements of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Agnos Town Hall website\n",
"BULLET::::- Agnos official website\n",
"BULLET::::- Community of communes of Piémont oloronais website\n",
"BULLET::::- Agnos on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Agnos\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Agnos on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Section::::DC reprint title.\n",
"In 1973–1975, DC Comics published a nine-issue series reprinting Simon–Kirby material from the earlier series. The new incarnation featured new covers with the same logo as the earlier issues of the Prize series. The reprint issues generally grouped the stories by theme; for example, all the stories in issue #1 dealt with intolerance toward human oddities, while all the stories in #4 were about death.\n"
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"Accous\n",
"Accous is a Béarnais French commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Location.\n",
"Accous is located some 30 km south of Oloron-Sainte-Marie in the Aspe Valley, one of the three valleys of the High-Béarn, the other valleys being the Ossau Valley in the east and Barétous valley in the west. From the Spanish border on its southern edge, it stretches along Le Labadie river to the point where it joins the Gave d'Aspe. From this river junction, the Gave d'Aspe forms the western border of the rest of the commune which extends a further 10 kilometres to the east with the Lac du Montagnon at the northeastern edge.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Access.\n",
"The commune is accessed from the north by the E7 motorway. This highway follows the western border of the commune along the Gave d'Aspe then crosses the narrow neck of the commune before continuing to the Spanish border near Candanchu. To access Accous village it is necessary to follow one of a number of country roads - the Daban Athas road probably being the most direct. Apart from country roads within the commune there is no other road access.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Hydrography.\n",
"The commune is traversed by some tributaries of the Gave d'Oloron, the Besse stream and the Gave d'Aspe, as well as tributaries of the latter such as the Gave Lescun (itself joined in the commune by the Labadie creek) and the Berthe (Accous is fed by the torrent of Araille).\n",
"The Cotcharas stream and its tributary, the Congaets stream also flow in the territory of Accous, as tributaries of the Gave d'Aydius, the Gave de Bouren and the Sahun stream.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Relief.\n",
"Accous is dominated by the Poey, a conical hill covered with ferns, culminating at 652 m.\n",
"The Poey is of volcanic origin and is made of ophites.\n",
"These green and harsh volcanic rocks from the Triassic belong to dolerites. They have resisted the erosion of glaciers and torrential rivers.\n",
"This is the reason why the Poey of Accous markedly emerges from the plain.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Localities and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Apiou\n",
"BULLET::::- Appatie\n",
"BULLET::::- Arapoup (Bois d')\n",
"BULLET::::- Aulet north\n",
"BULLET::::- Aumet\n",
"BULLET::::- Balet\n",
"BULLET::::- Castet de Bergout\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Boudrux\n",
"BULLET::::- Bouhaben\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane de Cambou\n",
"BULLET::::- Campagnet\n",
"BULLET::::- Camy\n",
"BULLET::::- Camy Lapassatet\n",
"BULLET::::- Candarrameigt\n",
"BULLET::::- Casala\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde de Casteigbou\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Castillou\n",
"BULLET::::- Chapelet\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde de Couyepetrou\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabanes de la Cuarde\n",
"BULLET::::- Colonne Despourins\n",
"BULLET::::- Embielle\n",
"BULLET::::- l’Estanguet\n",
"BULLET::::- Fontaine de l’Espugna\n",
"BULLET::::- Gouaillard\n",
"BULLET::::- Guiraute\n",
"BULLET::::- Jouers\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Laborde\n",
"BULLET::::- Labourdette\n",
"BULLET::::- Lagahe\n",
"BULLET::::- Lalheve\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane du Lapassa\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Laplacette\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Larraux\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Larré\n",
"BULLET::::- Lauda\n",
"BULLET::::- Lhers\n",
"BULLET::::- Lourtica (Col de)\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Lousteau\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Maria\n",
"BULLET::::- Mariet\n",
"BULLET::::- Moulia Jean-Baptiste\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Mirassou\n",
"BULLET::::- Nouque\n",
"BULLET::::- la Palue\n",
"BULLET::::- Pelet\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabane de Pourcibo\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde de Soudious\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Soule\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Souperbie\n",
"BULLET::::- Cabanes de Souperret\n",
"BULLET::::- Borde Suza\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Toponymy.\n",
"The name \"Accous\" appears in the following forms:\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Aspa Luca\" (appeared in the Antonine Itinerary)\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Achoss\" and \"Achost\" (1154, Jean-Louis Vignau)\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Acos\" (1247, Fors of Aspe)\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Aquos d'Aspe\" (1376 Béarnais military inspection)\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Aquos\" (1385, Census of Béarn)\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Abadie de Cos\" (1538, Reformation of Béarn)\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Sanctus Martinus de Acous\" (1608, Insinuations of the Diocese of Oloron)\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Acous\" (1750 on the Cassini Map and 1801 Bulletin des lois).\n",
"The name of the commune in Gascon is \"Acós\".\n",
"Brigitte Jobbé-Duval hypothesises that \"Accous\" originated from \"Acca\" or \"Acco\", a woman's name mentioned in the inscriptions of Spain.\n",
"The name \"Appatie\" (cf. Basque \"Aphatea\") came from the Lay Abbey of Jouers throygh corruption of the word \"Abbadie\" (\"Abadie\" in standard Gascon). Note that in the Aspe Valley the voiceless consonants of Latin are preserved. This fief was a vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn.\n",
"\"Le Bois d'Arapoup\" is attested in 1863 in the Topographical Dictionary.\n",
"\"Aület\" is mentioned in the form \"Aulet\" in 1863 by the Topographical Dictionary.\n",
"\"Lhers\" is also cited in the dictionary.\n",
"The name \"La Berthe\", a tributary of the Gave d'Aspe, is cited in the dictionary of 1863.\n",
"\"Despourrins\" (The Hill of) is also mentioned in 1863 in the Topographical Dictionary as a name taken from the poet Cyprien Despourrins who was buried there.\n",
"\"Izaure\" was a farm mentioned by Paul Raymond with the spellings:\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Usaure\" (1376, Béarnais military inspection F. 76),\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Ixaure\", \"Isaurs\", and \"Isaure\" (1385, Census of Béarn F. 73).\n",
"\"Jouers\" /ju\"è\"rs/ was formerly \"Joertz\" (1345, Homages of Béarn), probably a metathesis of a Basque word \"Oïhartz\" a derivative of \"Oihan\" meaning 'forest'. It is found in the spelling \"Joers\" (1345) then \"Jouers\" (in 1712), and again \"Joers\" (1863).\n",
"The Col de \"Lourtica\" is the name of a hill between the communes of Accous and Aydius.\n",
"\"Saint-Christau\" was a chapel, mentioned by the dictionary of 1863.\n",
"\"Tillabé\" was a place in Accous reported by the dictionary in 1863 and also mentioned in the 18th century 2 in the form \"Le Tillaber\" (record of the proceedings of Accous). Paul Raymond said that Tillabé \"was the place of meeting of the aldermen of the Aspe valley\".\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted that the commune had a Lay Abbey, a vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn. In 1385, there were 74 \"fires\". Accous was the capital of the Aspe valley.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors of Accous\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"The town is part of five inter-communal organisations:\n",
"BULLET::::- the community of communes of the Aspe Valley\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy union in the Pyrenees-Atlantiques\n",
"BULLET::::- the Television union of Oloron - Aspe Valley\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal union to aid education in the Aspe Valley\n",
"BULLET::::- the joint union of Upper-Béarn.\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Twinning.\n",
"Accous has twinning associations with:\n",
"BULLET::::- Valle de Hecho (Spain) since 1978.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The economy of the town is primarily oriented toward agriculture and animal husbandry. The cheese-making farms are also one of the resources of the commune, which is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone designation of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"The Toyal plant (a subsidiary of Toyo Aluminium, which produces aluminum powders and pigments, and anti-corrosive coatings), located at the edge of the commune, provides income to Accous through business tax, making of it the richest communes in the valley. This activity has created hundreds of jobs in the valley.\n",
"The 2006 INSEE classification, indicated that the median household incomes for each municipality with more than 50 households (30,687 communes out of the 36,681 communes identified) ranked Accous at 24495, for an average income per household of €14,199.\n",
"Section::::Sights.\n",
"Accous has a number of old houses and farms registered as historical monuments. These are:\n",
"BULLET::::- House at Rue de Baix (16th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- House 1 at Rue de Haut (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- House 2 at Rue de Haut (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- House at Rue Madrih (18th century)\n",
"The Accous railway station on the Pau to Canfranc line has been closed to traffic since 1970.\n",
"The eco-museum of the Aspe valley is located in an old cheese factory. The manufacturing techniques of making mountain cheese and local culinary traditions are highlighted in the displays.\n",
"Several churches in the commune have been listed as historical monuments. These are:\n",
"BULLET::::- Chapel of Saint-Saturnin (12th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Parish Church of Saint-Martin (1358) The church contains two historical objects. These are:\n",
"BULLET::::- 4 Candlesticks (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Retable and Statuettes on the main Altar (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Chapel of Saint-Jean-Baptiste at Lhers (1707)\n",
"BULLET::::- Chapel of Saint-Christophe at Aület was built at the end of the 18th century, rebuilt at the end of the 19th century, then restored in the 20th century.\n",
"Section::::Sights.:Gallery.\n",
"BULLET::::- Church of Saint Martin\n",
"BULLET::::- The chapel of Saint-Saturnin at Jouers\n",
"The Chapel of Saint-Christau at Aület was rebuilt in the 17th century near three miraculous fountains. Only the first remains, on the east side, consisting of a medieval stone basin and cover. Bathing there permits the casting away of evil spells and to cure fevers, sciatica and epilepsy. It has been renovated.\n",
"Section::::Sights.:Environmental heritage.\n",
"Some peaks in the commune are:\n",
"BULLET::::- Isabe peak 2463 m\n",
"BULLET::::- Permayou peak: 2344 m\n",
"BULLET::::- Mardas 2188 m\n",
"BULLET::::- Montagne de Isaye 2173 m\n",
"BULLET::::- Montagne de Liard 2169 m\n",
"BULLET::::- Bergon peak: 2148 m\n",
"BULLET::::- Montagne de Ponce 2028 m\n",
"Section::::Facilities.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.:Education.\n",
"The town has a primary school, the \"école du bourg\".\n",
"Section::::Facilities.:Sport and sports structures.\n",
"Accous is a famous spot for paragliding in the Pyrenees. There are two paragliding schools in the commune:\n",
"BULLET::::- Ascendance and\n",
"BULLET::::- Air attitude\n",
"Section::::Facilities.:Accommodations.\n",
"Accous also has communal lodgings.\n",
"Section::::Notable People linked to the common.\n",
"BULLET::::- Cyprien Despourrins was born and died in Accous (1698-1759). He was a Béarnais poet using the Occitan language and author of famous and iconic songs of Béarn.\n",
"BULLET::::- Bernard Lacoarret (early 18th century), a native of Accous, a lawyer at the Parliament of Navarre.\n",
"BULLET::::- Henri Lillaz, born in 1881 in Sainte-Colombe-lès-Vienne and died in 1949 in Paris. He was a politician and general counsel for Accous from 1919 to 1937\n",
"BULLET::::- Bertrand Lacaste (1897-1994), was born and died in Accous. He was Bishop of Oran from 1946 to 1972.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::See also.:External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Accous on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Acous\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Accous on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"paragraph": [
"Abitain\n",
"Abitain is a French commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.\n",
"The inhabitants are known as \"Abitainois\", or \"Abitaonoises\".\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Location.\n",
"Abitain is bordered on the eastern side by the Gave d'Oloron about 20 km southeast of Peyrehorade and 11 km southwest of Salies-de-Béarn. Access to the commune is by road D936 from Escos in the north, passing south down the eastern side of the commune through the village and continuing to Autevielle-Saint-Martin-Bideren in the south.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Hydrography.\n",
"Located in the Drainage basin of the Adour, the commune's eastern border is the Gave d'Oloron, which joins the Gave de Pau at Peyrehorade which flows a further 10 km as the Gaves Réunis before joining the Adour river. A number of small streams flow in the commune including Le Crabé which flows into the Gave d'Oloron at the northern border of the commune and the Arrioutèque creek.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Localities and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Aunès\n",
"BULLET::::- Benes\n",
"BULLET::::- Le Bois\n",
"BULLET::::- Bonnefont\n",
"BULLET::::- la Bordenave\n",
"BULLET::::- Constantine\n",
"BULLET::::- Coustalat\n",
"BULLET::::- Couyoula\n",
"BULLET::::- Dupont\n",
"BULLET::::- Etchebarne\n",
"BULLET::::- Labie\n",
"BULLET::::- Lafite\n",
"BULLET::::- Lartigue\n",
"BULLET::::- Latéoulère\n",
"BULLET::::- le Lot\n",
"BULLET::::- Peyre\n",
"BULLET::::- Plain\n",
"BULLET::::- Pouey\n",
"BULLET::::- Reyen\n",
"BULLET::::- Richard\n",
"BULLET::::- Ségabache\n",
"BULLET::::- Treyture\n",
"BULLET::::- La Tuilerie\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"The commune's name in Béarnais is \"Avitenh\".\n",
"Michel Grosclaude proposed a Latin etymology of \"Avitus\" (name of a man called \"Avit\") plus the Gascon suffix \"-enh\".\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Grosclaude: \"Toponymic Dictionary of communes, Béarn\", 2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Bayonne: Cartulary of Bayonne or \"Livre d'Or\" (Book of Gold)\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Notaries: Notaries of Labastide-Villefranche\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Insinuations: Insinuations of the Diocese of Oloron\n",
"BULLET::::- Regulations: Regulations of the States of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- Denombrement: Denombremont\n",
"BULLET::::- Terrier: Terrier of Abitain.\n",
"BULLET::::- Chapter: Titles of the Chapter of Bayonne\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"The village of Abitain formed on the left bank of the Gave d'Oloron around its Lay Abbey, vassal of the Viscounts of Bearn, a building which still remains. The families of Belloc then Claverie were the abbot patrons of the parish. The tomb of the last lay abbot of Abitain, who died in 1785, is in the church of Saint-Pierre.\n",
"Paul Raymond, on page 2 of his 1863 dictionary, noted that in 1385 the town had 15 fires and depended on the bailiwick of Sauveterre.\n",
"In 1648 the barony of Lons became a marquisate, which included Abitain, Anoye, Baleix, Castillon, Juillacq, Le Leu (hamlet Oraàs), Samsons-Lion, Lons, Maspie, Oraàs, Peyrède (fief Oraàs), Sauvagnon, and Viellepinte.\n",
"The village had two mills: one at Leü (which actually depended on Oraàs) and one at Séguabache - now a sawmill.\n",
"In 1856, Ferdinand Carrère, heir to the last Lay Abbey demolished the old abbey castle to build Carrère castle in Escos.\n",
"In February 1814, the town was occupied by the troops of General Morillo and by the English, facing the French entrenched in Oraàs.\n",
"A famous ferry - where there was a tragic accident in 1845 - has long been in service between Moliède and Athos.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors of Abitain\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Intercommunality.\n",
"The town is a member of seven inter-communal organisations:\n",
"BULLET::::- the community of communes of Sauveterre-de-Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- the Public agency for local management\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal centre for social action of Sauveterre-de-Béarn;\n",
"BULLET::::- the intercommunal union of communal associations of Gave d'Oloron and Mauléon-Licharre\n",
"BULLET::::- the inter-communal union for Rivers and Lakes\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP Union of Sauveterre-de-Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- the Energy Union of Pyrénées-Atlantiques\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The activity of the commune is mainly agricultural. A sawmill is also in operation.\n",
"The town is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone designation of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"There are only the ruins of the Leu mill which have been the subject of numerous lawsuits. Another mill, called Séguabache, is the current sawmill and is easily visible in the commune.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious Heritage.\n",
"During the construction of the clock tower in 1926 what remained of the old lay abbey was destroyed. In the old abbey there was a special room where the Lord of the Manor could overlook the church choir and follow the Mass without being in the crowd. The abbey enclosure can still be seen.\n",
"The Tombstone of the last lord of Abitain was discovered during the restoration of the church. It was marked on the wall of the church to preserve its memory.\n",
"The Parish Church of Saint Pierre (19th century), of Romanesque origin, still has the arms of the Abitain abbots (Blason: Azure, with two stars Or in chief) from the burial of the last abbot. There is a 16th-century window of Germanic origin. Also in the church (in the attic) is an altarpiece from the 17th century.\n",
"The Cemetery contains the graves of priests and that of Father Joffre, Capuchin missionary in Canada who died at Abitain in 1909. There is also the tomb of Colonel Count Pierre de Chevigne, Companion of the Liberation, one of the greats of béarnaise politics and a strong and faithful supporter of General de Gaulle. The coat of arms of Chevigne are engraved on his tomb with the motto \"Quod decet\". He donated land and equipment to the communes of Abitain and Escos.\n",
"Section::::Notable People linked to the Commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Pierre de Chevigné, born in Toulon in 1909 and died in Biarritz in 2004 was a colonel and French politician, a Minister in the Fourth Republic and a companion of the Liberation. He was mayor of Abitain from 1935 to 1940 and from 1945 to 1965.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n"
]
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"paragraph": [
"Abidos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques\n",
"Abidos is a French commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Abidos is a Béarnais commune located some 13 km south-east of Orthez and 4 km north of Mourenx on the south side of the Gave de Pau. Access to the commune is by the D31 road from Le Bourguet in the north turning west in the commune to access the village and continuing southwest to join the D9. The D33 road from Noguères in the southeast passes through the commune east of the village and joins the D31 as it turns west. The commune has an industrial area in the southwest with the rest of the commune mainly farmland.\n",
"The Gave de Pau forms the north-eastern border of the commune and also passes through the northern corner of the commune as it flows north-west to join the Gave d'Oloron at Peyrehorade. The Baïse river flows through the centre of the commune from the southeast and joins the Gave de Pau in the commune. The Luzoué also flows from the southeast through the west of the commune to join the Gave de Pau.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Places and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Bastia\n",
"BULLET::::- Bernacheyre\n",
"BULLET::::- Chalosse\n",
"BULLET::::- Joanlong\n",
"BULLET::::- Pleasure\n",
"BULLET::::- Us\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Toponymy.\n",
"The name \"Abidos\" appears in the forms:\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Avitos\" in the 11th century, Pierre de Marca and around 1100 and in the Cartulary of the Abbey of Lucq.\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Avitoss\" was another form around 1100, Cartulary of the Abbey of Lucq-de-Béarn. *\"Avezos\" also appeared around 1100 in the Cartulary of the Abbey of Lucq-de-Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Avidoos\" in the 13th century in the Fors de Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Sent-Sadarnii of Abidos\" in 1344 Notaries of Pardies\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Bidos\" and \"Bydos\" in 1548, Reformation of Béarn\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Abidos\" on the Cassini Map of 1750\n",
"Michel Grosclaude offers a Latin etymology of \"Avitus\" plus the Aquitaine suffix \"-ossum\" \"domain of Avitus\".\n",
"Its name in Béarnais is \"Avidos\" (according to the classical norm).\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond notes that in 1385, Abidos had 18 fires and depended on the bailiwicks of Lagor and Pardies. Abidos had a castle with an attached door across the Pau river.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors of Abidos\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Inter-communality.\n",
"Abidos is a member of seven inter-communal organisations:\n",
"BULLET::::- the community of communes of Lacq\n",
"BULLET::::- SIVU for the development and management of the river basin of Baïses\n",
"BULLET::::- AEP union for water and Baise;\n",
"BULLET::::- sanitation union of the communes of the Juscle and Baise valleys\n",
"BULLET::::- Energy Union of Pyrenees-Atlantiques\n",
"BULLET::::- Intercommunal Union for defence against floods of the Gave de Pau\n",
"BULLET::::- Intercommunal Union for educational regrouping in the communes of Os-Marsillon and Abidos.\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The 2006 classification by INSEE, indicated that the median household incomes for each municipality with more than 50 households (30,687 communes out of the 36,681 communes identified) classed Abidos to rank at No. 10,338, with an average income of €17,174.\n",
"The town is part of the zone designation of Ossau-iraty.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Religious Heritage.\n",
"There is an old chapel at Abidos castle.\n",
"Section::::Culture and heritage.:Environmental heritage.\n",
"An arboretum created by the community of communes of Lacq and the Abengoa BioEnergy France company, is located behind the village hall.\n",
"Also found in Abydos, a mill with its canal. The path of Naöu means an unencumbered way along the Pau river (phonetic transcription of \"nau\" is \"bateau\" in Béarnais).\n",
"Section::::Facilities.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.:Education.\n",
"The commune has a school with two classrooms for primary school, a school canteen, and a library.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.:Sports and sports equipment.\n",
"The town has a sports field in the centre with a football field, basketball court, volleyball court, and tennis courts. There is also a sports hall equipped for basketball, tennis and Basque pelota. Lastly there is a roller skate park for BMX edge of the Baise.\n",
"Section::::Facilities.:Notable People linked to the commune.\n",
"BULLET::::- Raoul Vergez was born in Abidos on 3 August 1908 and died in Senlis (Oise) on 7 July 1977. He was a \"companion carpenter\", writer and journalist. Known by the name of \"Béarnais, the friend of the Tour de France\", he left an important mark on the work of the Companions in France. He reported from the United States during a trip in 1952, some special techniques for companion carpenters.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Abidos on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Abidos\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Abidos on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Abère\n",
"Abère is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Location.\n",
"Abère is located some 22 km northeast of Pau and some 9 km northeast of Morlaas. The D7 road (Route de Vic) heading east from Saint-Jammes passes through the southern portion of the commune and continues to Baleix. Access to the village is by the Chemin de Lapoutge going north from the D7 for about 6 km. The Highway D207 coming south from Simacourbe forms the eastern boundary of the commune. The commune is mostly farmland with forests in the north and east\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Hydrography.\n",
"Located in the watershed of the Adour, the Grand Léez river forms the western border of the commune, with the Arriutort joining it at the northern tip of the commune and forming the northeastern border of the commune.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Localities and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Bartot\n",
"BULLET::::- Berducq\n",
"BULLET::::- Bordenave\n",
"BULLET::::- Briscoulet\n",
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"BULLET::::- Hourcade\n",
"BULLET::::- Labat\n",
"BULLET::::- Larré\n",
"BULLET::::- Piarrette\n",
"BULLET::::- Salabert\n",
"BULLET::::- La Teulère\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Toponymy.\n",
"The name \"Abère\" was mentioned in the tenth century (according to Pierre de Marca) and appeared in the forms:\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Oere\" and \"Bere\" (1385 Census of Béarn),\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Vere\" and \"Avere\" (1385 Census of Morlaàs, but uncertain if it is the same locality),\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Oeyre\" was mentioned in 1487 Registry of Béarnais businesses.\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Abere\" appears on the Cassini Map of 1750 and in the 1790 map, Bulletin of Laws.\n",
"Michel Grosclaude proposed a Latin etymology of \"abellana\" or \"abella\", derived from the Béarnais \"abera\" (according to Brigitte Jobbé-Duval.), which means \"hazelnut\" and by extension \"the hazel copse\"\n",
"The commune's name in Béarnais is \"Avera\".\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Paul Raymond noted that in 1385, there were 8 fires in Abère and that it depended on the bailiwick of Pau. A barony was created in 1672, a vassal of the Viscounts of Béarn. The commune was part of the Archdiocese of Vic-Bihl, which in turn depended on the Diocese of Lescar of which Lembeye was the capital.\n",
"Its Lay Abbey, the house of \"Bosom d'Abadie\" is mentioned in 1385.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors of Abère\n",
"Section::::Administration.:Intercommunality.\n",
"Abère is a member of three inter-communal organisations:\n",
"BULLET::::- the community of communes of the Pays de Morlaàs\n",
"BULLET::::- the AEP Union for the Luy and Gabas Regions\n",
"BULLET::::- the energy Union of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"Several structures are listed as historical monuments in the commune. These are:\n",
"BULLET::::- Tile factory at \"la Teulère\"\n",
"BULLET::::- Former Lay Abbey: the Bosom d'Abadie\n",
"BULLET::::- Town Hall (former Presbytery) (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Chateau of Bordenave d'Abère (1732)\n",
"BULLET::::- Menyucq House farm (1841)\n",
"BULLET::::- Houses and Farms (19th century)\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious Heritage.\n",
"BULLET::::- The Church of St. John the Baptist (16th century) The church contains several historical objects. These are:\n",
"BULLET::::- Processional Cross (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Altar Cross\n",
"BULLET::::- Painting: Christ on the Cross with Saint John, the Virgin, and Saint John the Baptist (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Baptismal Fonts (12th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 4 Altar Candlesticks\n",
"BULLET::::- 2 statues: Angels holding a column and a scale\n",
"BULLET::::- Tabernacle\n",
"BULLET::::- Altar (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Altar, Tabernacle, and 4 Candlesticks at the secondary altar\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"BULLET::::- Abère on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Abere\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Abère on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Withered\n",
"Withered is an American extreme metal band from Atlanta, Georgia, founded by Mike Thompson and Chris Freeman. Both members also participate in a crust punk/grindcore band Social Infestation, which also features Mastodon bassist Troy Sanders.\n",
"Section::::Overview.\n",
"Withered, formed in 2003, have released three full-length albums, \"Memento Mori\" (2005 - Lifeforce), \"Folie Circulaire\" (2008 - Prosthetic) and \"Dualitas\" (2010 - Prosthetic).\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Withered was formed as a concept by Mike Thompson and Chris Freeman in 2003. They brought in Wes Kever (drums) and Greg Hess (bass) to complete the lineup and to create Withered’s rhythm section. They immediately wrote 5 songs that were recorded (3 of which were released on their self-titled demo).\n",
"In 2004, they began performing live and toured the U.S. East Coast extensively.\n",
"Withered was signed to Lifeforce Records in 2005 and released \"Memento Mori\" in September, which was well received by critics and fans. It also placed fourth on \"Decibel magazine's\" top 40 list as well as many other year end-lists. The release was followed up with a UK tour supporting Mastodon, High on Fire and Bloodsimple in December.\n",
"The 2006 U.S. touring cycle began with a string of East Coast and Midwest tours supporting Dismember, Grave and Vital Remains in October. Immediately following the tour, Wes and Greg both left the band since they had both started new families.\n",
"Early in 2007, Withered’s rhythm section was replaced with Mike Longoria (bass/noise/atmosphere) and Beau Brandon (drums), who had both collaborated on numerous projects for over a decade in the past. Regional touring began almost immediately, and the band started work on their second full-length album between tours with Skeletonwitch and Zoroaster.\n",
"Withered entered the studio in February 2008 to record \"Folie Circulaire\" with producer Phillip Cope. The album was released in late June to high praise. Withered once again was cited on many year-end lists. They followed up the release with a full U.S. tour as direct support for Sweden’s Watain.\n",
"Touring continued through 2009 and Withered was featured at the first Scion Festival, the New England hardcore and metal festival, and also at Maryland's Deathfest. Withered supported Mayhem, Cephalic Carnage and Cattle Decapitation in June on a full U.S. tour. In August, they were offered a special mini-tour as direct support for Sweden’s Marduk in the Northeast USA. They spent the rest of the year writing their third full-length album that was to be released in the fall of 2010.\n",
"Writing continued in early 2010 began for \"Dualitas\", and Withered was showcased at SXSW in Austin, TX in March. They entered The Jam Room studio with producer Phillip Cope in May/June to record \"Dualitas\" for a Fall release. At the end of October, they toured six weeks throughout North America to support the album's release. Part of this tour was with Danzig's Blackest Of The Black tour with Danzig, Possessed, Marduk and Toxic Holocaust. That tour was immediately followed up by touring with label mates Skeletonwitch and Landmine Marathon.\n",
"In 2012, following a summer tour with Marduk & 1349, Dylan Kilgore left the band to focus on family. 6 months later, Mike Longoria also left the band, moving back home to TX. Thompson and Brandon were joined by Ethan McCarthy (Primitive Man, Clinging to the trees of a forest fire) on guitar & vocal duties in mid 2013. Bass duties on tour were delivered by Zach Harlan (Clinging to the trees of a forest fire) in 2013 on a mini tour with Goatwhore and 3 inches of blood. Following the tour, Thompson and Brandon finished roughing in 8 songs for a new album. Bass was written/recorded by Colin Marston (Dysrhythmia, Krallice, Gorguts) in early 2014. They are finishing up the recording for a 2015 release.\n",
"Section::::Reviews.\n",
"\"These tracks contain a vast, roaring sea of guitar, and after a while you stop thinking about the artists' hands; it sounds as if it's not made by pale, bearded guys from Atlanta but by forces of weather.\" - Ben Ratliff for \"The New York Times\"\n",
"\"5.4 of 6 - \"Folie Circulaire\" had me riveted from its opening strains to the last moments of its closing Necrophobic cover. . . .Withered are the future of heavy metal.\" - Doug Moore for MetalReview.com\n",
"\"4 of 5 stars - [Withered] mixes dense, lurching doom with pummeling blast beats, crafting songs that are as bleak and fraught with palpable tension as a blackened tornado funnel cloud on a distant horizon. The 10 tracks link together seamlessly in a 45-minute-long lesson in abject human misery.\" - Adem Tepedelen for \"Revolver magazine\"\n",
"\"If you can envision a soundtrack befitting a soul’s slow descent into madness, Withered’s \"Folie Circulaire\" would be about as close as you can get.\" - Alxs Ness for \"Abort Magazine\"\n",
"\"In the very capable hands of Withered, the possibilities for sonic destruction seem limitless and ultimately, a formality.\" - David E. Gehlke for Blistering.com\n",
"\"9 out of 10 - \"Folie Circulaire\" sounds like a blackened cross between My Bloody Valentine and Morbid Angel.\" - Rod Smith for \"Decibel\" magazine\n",
"\"With \"Folie Circulaire\", black-metal underdogs WITHERED unleashed the bleakest, most constrictive metal opus Atlanta has seen since Mastodon's Leviathan. Every time the group takes the stage, slow, pulverizing grooves grind, bash and build to a climax of machine gun drums, helicopter head-banging and a bestial growl. While Mastodon was busy cracking the Skye, Withered punched a hole through the earth and reached deep into the bowels of hell to summon an epic, labyrinthine roar.\" - Creative Loafing Best of 2009\n",
"Section::::Lyrical influences.\n",
"Withered has cited Friedrich Nietzsche, C.G. Jung, Georges Bataille, The Marquis de Sade, Arthur Machen and Aleister Crowley as influential thinkers on the group, conceptually.\n",
"Section::::Members.\n",
"Section::::Members.:Current members.\n",
"BULLET::::- Mike Thompson - guitars, vocals (2003-present)\n",
"BULLET::::- Beau Brandon - drums (2007-present)\n",
"BULLET::::- Dan Cayedo - guitars, vocals (2018-present)\n",
"BULLET::::- Rafay Nabeel - bass (2018-present)\n",
"Section::::Members.:Former members.\n",
"BULLET::::- Chris Freeman - guitars, vocals (2003-2009)\n",
"BULLET::::- Greg Hess - bass (2003-2006)\n",
"BULLET::::- Wes Kever - drums (2003-2006)\n",
"BULLET::::- Zach Harlan - bass (2013-2014)\n",
"BULLET::::- Dylan Kilgore - guitars, vocals (2009-2013)\n",
"BULLET::::- Mike Longoria - bass (2007-2013)\n",
"BULLET::::- Ethan McCarthy - guitars, vocals (2013-2018)\n",
"BULLET::::- Colin Marston - bass (2014-2018)\n",
"Section::::Discography.\n",
"BULLET::::- \"2004 Demo\" (2004)\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Memento Mori\" (2005)\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Folie Circulaire\" (2008)\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Dualitas\" (2010)\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Grief Relic\" (2016)\n",
"Section::::Discography.:Other appearances.\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Metal Swim\" - Adult Swim compilation album (2010)\n"
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"Aast, Pyrénées-Atlantiques\n",
"Aast is a French commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.\n",
"The inhabitants are known as \"Aastais\".\n",
"The local pronunciation is aas with a highly nasalised 'a' and a silent 't'.\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Location.\n",
"The village is situated on the plateau of Ger and is composed of a dozen scattered houses. Aast is 20 km east of Pau and 20 km north of Lourdes. Access to the commune is by road D70 then D311 north-east from Gardères, road D64 north-west from Ger, and road D311 when coming south from Ponson-Dessus. Other country roads can also be used to access the commune.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Hydrography.\n",
"Located in the Drainage basin of the Adour, Aast is traversed by the \"Carbouère\" stream, a tributary of the \"Louet\" river.\n",
"Section::::Geography.:Localities and hamlets.\n",
"BULLET::::- Aast\n",
"BULLET::::- Bayet\n",
"BULLET::::- Bidou\n",
"BULLET::::- Cadet\n",
"BULLET::::- France\n",
"BULLET::::- Gachau\n",
"BULLET::::- Hourcade\n",
"BULLET::::- Lasbordes\n",
"BULLET::::- Lasserre\n",
"BULLET::::- Lassus\n",
"BULLET::::- Lescloupe\n",
"BULLET::::- Mouly\n",
"BULLET::::- Pouquet\n",
"BULLET::::- Rémy\n",
"BULLET::::- Toulou\n",
"Section::::Toponymy.\n",
"\"Aast\" is the first French commune in alphabetical order. Previously, \"Aas\", another commune in the Lower Pyrenees, came first until 1861, when it merged with the commune of Assouste to form the new commune of Eaux-Bonnes.\n",
"The commune's Béarnais name is also \"Aast\".\n",
"According to Dauzat and Rostaing \"Aast\" comes from the Basque \"ast\" (\"rock\"). This seems unlikely given the physical setting. Michel Grosclaude suggests that the name of the town derives from an anthroponym composed of \"Aner\" + \"Aster\". Brigitte Jobbé-Duval recalls that in 1429, \"Aast\" appeared as \"Hast\", which means \"lance\", and therefore advanced the theory that \"Aast\" could refer to a battle that occurred there.\n",
"The following table details the origins of the commune name.\n",
"Sources:\n",
"BULLET::::- Raymond: \"Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees\", 1863, on the page numbers indicated in the table.\n",
"BULLET::::- Cassini: Cassini Map from 1750\n",
"Origins:\n",
"BULLET::::- Census: Census of Montaner\n",
"BULLET::::- Reformation: Reformation of Béarn\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"There was a Lay Abbey in Aast which was abolished in 1791. The Lordship of Aast was owned by the Day family from 1674 until the French Revolution. In 1678, Jérome de Day, adviser to the king, bought the abbey and tithes with rights of patronage: he was to provide a priest and entitled to receive a portion of the tithe, to sit in the choir, to be first to receive the blessed bread, and to be buried in the church.\n",
"Section::::Administration.\n",
"List of Successive Mayors of Aast\n",
"BULLET::::- Mayors from 1942\n",
"Section::::Economy.\n",
"The 2006 classification by INSEE, indicating the median household incomes for each commune with more than 50 households (30,687 out of the total of 36,681 communes identified) ranked Aast at 5274, with an average annual income of €18,858.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Civil heritage.\n",
"The town has a number of old farmhouses:\n",
"BULLET::::- The Fray Farmhouse (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Farmhouse at Bayet (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Houses and Farms (18th and 19th century)\n",
"Section::::Culture and Heritage.:Religious Heritage.\n",
"The Church of Saint Martin (1854) dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours was built under Napoleon III during the administration of Mayor Bartholomew Lassus. Recently renovated by the artist Villarubias, there are many objects in the church registered as historical objects:\n",
"BULLET::::- A Processional Lantern (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Thurible (17th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Pail for holy water (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Painting: Christ on the cross with the Virgin, Saint Madeleine and Saint Martin (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 2 Paintings: Saint Martin Bishop, and the Charity of St. Martin (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Statue: Saint Joseph (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- Altar Pulpit (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- A Pulpit (18th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 2 Altars and Tabernacles (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Main Altar (19th century)\n",
"BULLET::::- 5 stained glass windows by Henri Gesta (1927)\n",
"BULLET::::- The Furniture in the Church\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Aast on Lion1906\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Aast\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n",
"BULLET::::- Aast on the INSEE website\n",
"BULLET::::- INSEE\n"
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"Preformationism\n",
"In the history of biology, preformationism (or preformism) is a formerly-popular theory that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves. Instead of assembly from parts, preformationists believed that the form of living things exist, in real terms, prior to their development. It suggests that all organisms were created at the same time, and that succeeding generations grow from homunculi, or animalcules, that have existed since the beginning of creation.\n",
"Epigenesis (or neoformism), then, in this context, is the denial of preformationism: the idea that, in some sense, the form of living things comes into existence. As opposed to \"strict\" preformationism, it is the notion that \"each embryo or organism is gradually produced from an undifferentiated mass by a series of steps and stages during which new parts are added\" (Magner 2002, p. 154). This word is still used, on the other hand, in a more modern sense, to refer to those aspects of the generation of form during ontogeny that are not strictly genetic, or, in other words, \"epigenetic\".\n",
"Furthermore, apart from those distinctions (preformationism-epigenesis and genetic-epigenetic), the terms \"preformistic development\", \"epigenetic development\" and \"somatic embryogenesis\" are also used in another context, in relation to the differentiation of a distinct germ cell line. In preformistic development, the germ line is present since early development. In epigenetic development, the germ line is present, but it appears late. In somatic embryogenesis, a distinct germ line is lacking. Some authors call Weismannist development (either preformistic or epigenetic) that in which there is a distinct germ line.\n",
"The historical ideas of preformationism and epigenesis, and the rivalry between them, are obviated by our contemporary understanding of the genetic code and its molecular basis together with developmental biology and epigenetics.\n",
"Section::::Philosophical development.\n",
"Pythagoras is one of the earliest thinkers credited with ideas about the origin of form in the biological production of offspring. It is said that he originated \"spermism\", the doctrine that fathers contribute the essential characteristics of their offspring while mothers contribute only a material substrate. Aristotle accepted and elaborated this idea, and his writings are the vector that transmitted it to later Europeans. Aristotle purported to analyse ontogeny in terms of the material, formal, efficient, and teleological causes (as they are usually named by later anglophone philosophy) – a view that, though more complex than some subsequent ones, is essentially more epigenetic than preformationist. Later, European physicians such as Galen, Realdo Colombo and Girolamo Fabrici would build upon Aristotle's theories, which were prevalent well into the 17th century.\n",
"In 1651, William Harvey published \"On the Generation of Animals\" (\"Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium\"), a seminal work on embryology that contradicted many of Aristotle's fundamental ideas on the matter. Harvey famously asserted, for example, that \"ex ovo omnia\"—all animals come from eggs. Because of this assertion in particular, Harvey is often credited with being the father of ovist preformationism. However, Harvey's ideas about the process of development were fundamentally epigenesist. As gametes (male sperm and female ova) were too small to be seen under the best magnification at the time, Harvey's account of fertilization was theoretical rather than descriptive. Although he once postulated a \"spiritous substance\" that exerted its effect on the female body, he later rejected it as superfluous and thus unscientific. He guessed instead that fertilization occurred through a mysterious transference by contact, or contagion.\n",
"Harvey's epigenesis, more mechanistic and less vitalist than the Aristotelian version, was, thus, more compatible with the natural philosophy of the time. Still, the idea that unorganized matter could ultimately self-organize into life challenged the mechanistic framework of Cartesianism, which had become dominant in the Scientific Revolution. Because of technological limitations, there was no available mechanical explanation for epigenesis. It was simpler and more convenient to postulate preformed miniature organisms that expanded in accordance with mechanical laws. So convincing was this explanation that some naturalists claimed to actually see miniature preformed animals (animalcules) in eggs and miniature plants in seeds. In the case of humans, the term homunculus was used.\n",
"Section::::Elaboration.\n",
"After the discovery of spermatozoa in 1677 by Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the epigenist theory proved more difficult to defend: How could complex organisms such as human beings develop from such simple organisms? Thereafter, Joseph de Aromatari and then Marcello Malpighi and Jan Swammerdam made observations using microscopes in the late 17th century, and interpreted their findings to develop the preformationist theory. For two centuries, until the development of cell theory, preformationists would oppose epigenicists, and, inside the preformationist camp, spermists (who claimed the homunculus must come from the man) to ovists, who located the homunculus in the ova.\n",
"Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first to observe spermatozoa. He described the spermatozoa of about 30 species, and thought he saw in semen \"all manner of great and small vessels, so various and so numerous that I do not doubt that they be nerves, arteries and veins...And when I saw them, I felt convinced that, in no full grown body, are there any vessels which may not be found likewise in semen.\" (Friedman 76-7)\n",
"Leeuwenhoek discovered that the origin of semen was the testicles and was a committed preformationist and spermist. He reasoned that the movement of spermatozoa was evidence of animal life, which presumed a complex structure and, for human sperm, a soul. (Friedman 79)\n",
"In 1694, Nicolaas Hartsoeker, in his \"Essai de Dioptrique\" concerning things large and small that could be seen with optical lenses, produced an image of a tiny human form curled up inside the sperm, which he referred to in the French as \"petit l'infant\" and \"le petit animal\". This image, depicting what historians now refer to as the homunculus, has become iconic of the theory of preformationism, and appears in almost every textbook concerning the history of embryological science.\n",
"Philosopher Nicolas Malebranche was the first to advance the hypothesis that each embryo could contain even smaller embryos ad infinitum, like a Matryoshka doll. According to Malebranche, \"an infinite series of plants and animals were contained within the seed or the egg, but only naturalists with sufficient skill and experience could detect their presence.\" (Magner 158-9) In fact, Malebranche only alleged this, observing that if microscopes enabled us to see very little animals and plants, maybe even smaller creatures could exist. He claimed that it was not unreasonable to believe that \"they are infinite trees in only one seed,\" as he stated that we could already see chickens in eggs, tulips in bulbs, frogs in eggs. From this, he hypothesized that \"all the bodies of humans and animals,\" already born and yet to be born, \"were perhaps produced as soon as the creation of the world.\" \n",
"Ova were known in some non-mammalian species, and semen was thought to spur the development of the preformed organism contained therein. The theory that located the homonculus in the egg was called ovism. But, when spermatozoa were discovered, a rival camp of spermists sprang up, claiming that the homunculus must come from the male. In fact, the term \"spermatozoon,\" coined by Karl Ernst von Baer, means \"seed animals.\"\n",
"With the discovery of sperm and the concept of spermism came a religious quandary. Why would so many little animals be wasted with each ejaculation of semen? Pierre Lyonet said the wastage proved that sperm could not be the seeds of life. Leibniz supported a theory called panspermism that the wasted sperm might actually be scattered (for example, by the wind) and generate life wherever they found a suitable host.\n",
"Leibniz also believed that “death is only a transformation enveloped through diminution,” meaning that not only have organisms always existed in their living form, but that they will always exist, body united to soul, even past apparent death.\n",
"In the 18th century, some animalculists thought that an animal's sperm behaved like the adult animal, and recorded such observations. Some, but not all, preformationists at this time claimed to see miniature organisms inside the sex cells. But, about this time, spermists began to use more abstract arguments to support their theories.\n",
"Jean Astruc, noting that parents of both sexes seemed to influence the characteristics of their offspring, suggested that the animalcule came from the sperm and was then shaped as it passed into the egg. Buffon and Pierre Louis Moreau also advocated theories to explain this phenomenon.\n",
"Preformationism, especially ovism, was the dominant theory of generation during the 18th century. It competed with spontaneous generation and epigenesis, but those two theories were often rejected on the grounds that inert matter could not produce life without God's intervention.\n",
"Some animals' regenerative capabilities challenged preformationism, and Abraham Trembley's studies of the hydra convinced various authorities to reject their former views.\n",
"Lazaro Spallanzani, Trembley's nephew, experimented with regeneration and semen, but failed to discern the importance of spermatozoa, dismissing them as parasitic worms and concluding instead that it was the liquid portion of semen that caused the preformed organism in the ovum to develop.\n",
"Section::::Criticisms and cell theory.\n",
"Caspar Friedrich Wolff, an epigenicist, was an 18th-century exception who argued for objectivity and freedom from religious influence on scientific questions.\n",
"Despite careful observation of developing embryos, epigenesis suffered from a lack of a theoretical mechanism of generation. Wolff proposed an \"essential force\" as the agent of change, and Immanuel Kant with Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed a \"developing drive\" or \"\", a concept related to self-organization.\n",
"Naturalists of the late 18th century and the 19th century embraced Wolff's philosophy, but primarily because they rejected the application of mechanistic development, as seen in the expansion of miniature organisms. It was not until the late 19th century that preformationism was discarded in the face of cell theory. Now, scientists \"realized that they need not treat living organisms as machines, nor give up all hope of ever explaining the mechanisms that govern living beings.\" (Magner 173)\n",
"When John Dalton's atomic theory of matter superseded Descartes' philosophy of infinite divisibility at the beginning of the 19th century, preformationism was struck a further blow. There was not enough space at the bottom of the spectrum to accommodate infinitely stacked animalcules, without bumping into the constituent parts of matter. (Gee 43)\n",
"Section::::Roux and Driesch.\n",
"Near the end of the 19th century, the most prominent advocates of preformationatism and epigenesis were Wilhelm Roux and Hans Driesch. Driesch's experiments on the development of the embryos of sea urchins are considered as deciding the case in favor of epigenesis.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Biogenesis\n",
"Section::::Bibliography.\n",
"BULLET::::- Elizabeth B. Gasking, \"Investigations Into Generation 1651-1828\", Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966\n",
"BULLET::::- Shirley A. Roe, \"Biology, Atheism, and Politics in 18th-century France,\" Chapter 2 pp. 36–60, in Alexander & Numbers, 2010\n",
"BULLET::::- Denis R. Alexander and Ronald L. Numbers (Eds), \"Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins,\" Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010,\n"
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"Schneckenhausen\n",
"Schneckenhausen is a municipality in the district of Kaiserslautern, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.\n",
"Section::::Geography.\n",
"Schneckenhausen lies 11 km (7 mi) north of Kaiserslautern at the spring of the Odenbach, which flows for around 22 km (14 mi) before joining the Glan River. The community belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde (regional administrative body) Otterbach-Otterberg, which has its administrative offices in Otterberg. Along its outer borders lie the Wickelhof and Creutzhof farmsteads.\n",
"Section::::Politics.\n",
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"Section::::Economy and infrastructure.\n",
"Section::::Economy and infrastructure.:Transportation.\n",
"The public transportation is integrated into the Rhein-Neckar Transit Network. Two lines of the regional bus system connect the municipality to Kaiserslautern. The nearest train station is located in Katzweiler roughly 7 km (4 mi) southwest. The nearest Bundesstraße (Federal Highway) is B270, which runs parallel to the train tracks.\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Ortsgemeinde Schneckenhausen (\"German\")\n",
"BULLET::::- Area portrait of Schneckenhausen (\"German\")\n"
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"wikidata_label": "Schneckenhausen",
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} | http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2013-09-26_Steinwenden_ev_Kirche_K5-096066.jpg | {
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"wikidata_id": "Q630105",
"wikidata_label": "Steinwenden",
"wikipedia_title": "Steinwenden"
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"paragraph": [
"Queidersbach\n",
"Queidersbach is a municipality in the district of Kaiserslautern, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.\n",
"Section::::Vicinity.\n",
"The municipality is located 10 km southwest of Kaiserslautern in a natural meadow valley on the western edge of the Palatinate Forest, which merges in this area in the Sickinger height. Almost two-thirds of the 1500 hectare district is covered with forest. Queidersbach includes the areas Forsthaus Stempelberg, Schweinstal and Zuckerhof.\n",
"Through Queidersbach flows the eponymous creek, which is popularly referred to as Steinalb. The neighboring communities are - clockwise - Bann, Kaiserslautern, Krickenbach, Linden, Weselberg and Obernheim-Kirchenarnbach.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"The community was first documented in 976, when Emperor Otto II gave his vassal Biso Land on the Queidersbach.\n",
"The village Queidersbach belonged until the end of the 18th century to the so-called Grand Court of the rule Landstuhl, which was owned by the barons of Sickingen the line to Hohenburg. In 1794, the left bank of the Rhine was occupied in the First Coalition War.\n",
"From 1798 to 1814, when the Palatinate was part of the French Republic (until 1804) and then part of the Napoleonic Empire, Queidersbach was incorporated into the canton of Landstuhl in the department of Donnersberg and was the seat of a Mairie, which also included Linden. Due to the agreements made at the Congress of Vienna, the area first came to Austria in June 1815 and was ceded to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1816 on the basis of the Treaty of Munich. Under the Bavarian administration Queidersbach belonged from 1817 to the Landeskommissariat Homburg in the Rhine district, which was converted in 1862 into a district office\n",
"From 1929 Queidersbach belonged to the district office Kaiserslautern. Since 1939, the community is part of the district of Kaiserslautern. After the Second World War Trippstadt was within the French occupation zone part of the then newly formed state Rhineland-Palatinate and the administrative district Pfalz. In the course of the first Rhineland-Palatinate administrative reform, the place was incorporated in 1972 in the newly created collective municipality Kaiserslautern -South. \n"
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} | http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Queidersbach-10-St_Antonius-gje.jpg | {
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"wikidata_id": "Q23018",
"wikidata_label": "Queidersbach",
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} | Tool manufacturing companies of Germany,Manufacturing companies of Germany,Tool manufacturing companies of the United States,Engineering companies of Germany | 512px-SCHUNK_Firmensitz_in_Lauffen.jpg | 12934327 | {
"paragraph": [
"SCHUNK\n",
"SCHUNK GmbH & Co. KG is a multinational manufacturing company, based principally in Germany and in the United States. The company operates worldwide in more than 50 countries with wholly owned subsidiaries, including manufacturing locations in Germany, USA, Italy and Switzerland as well as distribution partners all over the world.\n",
"Section::::Company profile.\n",
"SCHUNK GmbH & Co. KG of Lauffen/Neckar is a German family-owned company and global player in one. The company was founded in 1945 by Friedrich Schunk as a mechanical workshop and has developed under the leadership of Heinz-Dieter Schunk to a competence and world market leader for gripping systems and clamping technology. Today, the company is run by the third generation siblings Henrik A. Schunk and Kristina I. Schunk. More than 3,000 employees in 9 plants and 33 directly owned subsidiaries and distribution partners in more than 50 countries throughout the world ensure an intensive market presence. With 11,000 standard components SCHUNK offers the world's largest assortment of gripping systems and clamping technology from one source, and with 2,550 SCHUNK grippers the largest product range of standard grippers. The complete program of gripping systems comprises more than 4,000 components. The main customers are all manufacturing companies with assembly, handling and metal-cutting processes. The customer base includes the Who's Who of mechanical engineering, robotics, automation and assembly handling, and all the renowned automotive brands and their suppliers. Since 2012, goalkeeper legend Jens Lehmann has acted as brand ambassador for safe, precise gripping and holding in the SCHUNK team.\n",
"Section::::Products.\n",
"BULLET::::- Lathe chucks and chuck jaws\n",
"BULLET::::- Stationary workholding\n",
"BULLET::::- Magnetic workholding devices\n",
"BULLET::::- Toolholding systems\n",
"BULLET::::- Special hydraulic expansion technology\n",
"BULLET::::- Pneumatic gripping systems (also wireless with EnOcean-technology)\n",
"BULLET::::- Rotary pneumaticmodules\n",
"BULLET::::- Magnetic handling devices\n",
"BULLET::::- Robot accessories\n",
"BULLET::::- Linear modules\n",
"BULLET::::- Mechatronic modules\n",
"BULLET::::- Special automation\n",
"BULLET::::- Industry solutions\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- www.schunk.com\n",
"BULLET::::- www.schunk.de\n",
"BULLET::::- www.in.schunk.com\n"
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} | http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SCHUNK_Firmensitz_in_Lauffen.jpg | {
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} | Kaiserslautern (district),Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate,Palatinate Forest | 512px-Dorfbrunnen_Stelzenberg.jpg | 12934330 | {
"paragraph": [
"Stelzenberg\n",
"Stelzenberg is a municipality in the district of Kaiserslautern, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.\n"
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} | http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dorfbrunnen_Stelzenberg.jpg | {
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"wikidata_label": "Stelzenberg",
"wikipedia_title": "Stelzenberg"
} | 12934330 | Stelzenberg |
Subsets and Splits