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"Thornham Parva is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England. Located to the north of sister village Thornham Magna and around five miles south of Diss, in 2005 its population was 50. By the time of the 2011 Census populations of less than 100 were not maintained separately and this village was included in the population of Thornham Magna.\n",
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"The small, thatched St Mary's Church is a Grade I listed building. It has early 14th century wall paintings, on the south wall, the early years of Christ and on the north wall, the martyrdom of St Edmund. There is a circular window in the west wall of the nave that is said to be late Anglo-Saxon as well as the famous retable. \n",
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"Section::::Thornham Parva Retable.\n",
"The Thornham Parva Retable is a long medieval altarpiece, thought to have been created in the 1330s for a Dominican Priory. It is the largest surviving altarpiece from the English Middle Ages. It survived the reformers of the 16th Century, who raged against idolatry and destroyed most of England's medieval culture, by being removed from the priory. It was discovered in 1927 in a loft at Thornham Hall. The local landowner, Lord Henniker donated it to the church of Thornham Parva where his brother was parson.\n",
"The origins of the retable were a puzzle but the picture itself provided vital clues. The figures pinpointed links with the Dominican Order. At either end are St Dominic and St Peter Martyr, joint patrons of the Dominicans. St Catherine and St Margaret of Antioch were the order's mascots. The Apostles Peter and Paul, who were believed to have spoken to St Dominic, all point towards Dominican interest. The presence of St Edmund suggests an East Anglian link. John the Baptist's figure might seem more obscure, but the benefactors of the Dominican Priory at Thetford, John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey and Edmund Gonville would have expected their namesakes to be part of the finished painting.\n",
"The retable returned to Thornham Parva church in 2003, following eight years of restoration by the Hamilton Kerr Institute in Cambridge. Using sturgeon glue, applied with tiny dabs of cotton buds, inch by inch the layers of grime were removed to reveal rich gold and glowing autumnal palette of translucent reds, purples and greens which the original artist used.\n"
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"On 7 September 1942 South of the Bury Road, RAF Chedburgh opened, in No. 3 Group RAF Bomber Command. Major construction work was carried out by John Laing & Son Ltd., and built to Class A standard, the airfield had three concrete runways, 05-23 at 2,000 yards and 12-30 and 17-35 both at 1,400 yards. In October 1942 214 Squadron moved in flying Short Stirling bombers. Various squadrons followed until December 1946. The airfield site was sold in October 1952, although some hangars were still visible in the 1970s. The Bury Road Business Park is located on the former technical site.\n"
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"wikidata_label": "Chedburgh",
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"paragraph": [
"St George's School in Switzerland\n",
"St. George's International School, Switzerland (commonly referred to as St. George's) is a private, co-educational international school for boarding and day students aged 3 to 18. Its main campus is located in Clarens, Vaud, at the foot of the Alps and on the shores of Lake Geneva, approximately halfway between Vevey and Montreux.\n",
"Founded in 1927 as a traditionally British school, St. George's has evolved to become distinctly international, offering International General Certificate of Secondary Education and International Baccalaureate curricula in both French and English. The student body consists of more than 400 pupils, representing over 50 nationalities. The boarding section is available to students over the age of 9, and currently comprises about 70 students.\n",
"Section::::Accreditation.\n",
"SGIS's (upper) secondary education (\"Middle and High School\") is not approved as a Mittelschule/Collège/Liceo by the Swiss Federal State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI).\n",
"Section::::Campus.\n",
"Situated in a 45,000 square metre campus overlooking Lake Geneva/Lac Léman and the Chablais Alps, the school's main building complex houses administrative offices, an assembly hall/theatre, a library, the boarding section, and purpose-built rooms for art, music and information technology as well as general-purpose classrooms. An extension to the main building houses classrooms, laboratories for practical work in biology, physics and chemistry as well as a kitchen and dining room, in which students are served a sit-down lunch every day.\n",
"The Senior School is based exclusively in the main building, while the Junior School uses both the main complex and a restored, traditional Swiss Chalet located on campus. Sports facilities include a large multi-purpose sports hall, seven outdoor tennis courts (including clay courts), basketball courts, and playing fields.\n",
"Section::::Junior School.\n",
"The Junior School is a self-contained unit with Early Learning School and Foundation Stage to year 3 classes based in the Chalet and year 4 to 6 classes in the ground floor of the annexe in the main school building. This helps the students to integrate smoothly into the Secondary School.\n",
"The various sections of the Junior School can be referred to in the following\n",
"ways:\n",
"Early Learning School - from 1.5 years old.\n",
"Foundation Stage – Year 2 is known as Infants or Year 1 and 2 are known as Key Stage 1.\n",
"Year 3 – Year 6 are known as Juniors or Key Stage 2\n",
"Facilities include a well-stocked library, computer facilities, assembly room and kitchen. Infant children visit the library every Friday; Junior children visit the library as often as they need to change a book. Junior students share the extensive sports and dining facilities with the senior school.\n",
"Students are taught in small classes and the emphasis is on excellence in all aspects of school life.\n",
"A broad and balanced curriculum is offered in accordance with the British National Curriculum guidelines. French, English as a Foreign Language, Physical Education, Music and Information Technology are taught by specialist teachers.\n",
"From Early Learning School and Foundation Stage onwards, a multilingual approach enables students to develop their literacy skills in both English and French while maintaining their mother tongue.\n",
"Students from Year 2 have also the opportunity to be exposed to French through Music and PE, and to choose to follow their subject called “Topic“ in either English or French.\n",
"Section::::Senior School.\n",
"The Senior School classes for students in years 6-13 are housed in the main building. Facilities include science laboratories, library/media centre, computer centres,\n",
"art rooms, music rooms and an assembly hall/theatre.\n",
"Students in years 6-9 follow a broad, compulsory programme where emphasis is placed on acquiring good study habits and skills in the full range of subjects.\n",
"Our Learning Centre caters for Special Educational Needs or curricular support. Students in years 10 and 11 prepare for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE). The syllabi and examinations are set and administered by the University of Cambridge International Examinations (CIE).\n",
"Students in years 12-13 prepare for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP), IB Certificates or the High School Diploma Programme(HSDP). The IBDP is a two-year course of study for students aged 16 – 19. Administered by the International Baccalaureate Organisation (IBO) it is recognised internationally as a qualification for university entrance. The HSDP is also a two-year course. It is an accredited qualification giving students Credits which allow students to begin foundation courses in the United Kingdom or\n",
"attend colleges in North America.\n",
"The Pre-IB Diploma Programme (Pre-IBDP) is a one-year course that has been designed for students aged 15–16, entering the school in Year 11, who want to build a solid foundation before embarking on their two-year IB Diploma programme.\n",
"Section::::Boarding.\n",
"During the year girls and boys from the age of 9 are accepted as boarders on a full-boarding or weekly-boarding basis. Students up to the age of 14 are housed in our off-site boarding house, “Les Sapins”. From the age of 14, students are housed in the main building in fully separated areas, mainly in double or triple rooms. There are also single rooms available at an extra charge and some dormitories for younger students.\n",
"Houseparents live with the boarders providing full supervision. Minor health problems are dealt with in the school surgery; any more serious illness or accident is referred to the school’s doctors who have their consulting rooms nearby in Montreux and the local hospital.\n",
"A full and varied programme of activities is offered after school each weekday. Boarders in Years 5-9 are taken out once each week at that time. For the other year groups, the privilege of going out depends on age and rank.\n",
"St. George's School believes that to promote the family feel and integration in the boarding section the full-boarders should be present during the weekends. As such parents are only allowed to take their children out of school on weekends specified by the school. There are 3 exeat weekends in the Term I,two in the Term II and two during the Term III. A full programme of compulsory excursions is planned for the boarding students.\n",
"Day students may board on a temporary basis (space permitting).\n",
"Section::::Extracurricular activities.\n",
"Students are encouraged to participate fully in the wide range of extracurricular activities outside the classroom. After-school clubs in the Senior School provide an opportunity for students to participate in team sports, music, recording studio, movie editing or pursue other interests such as debating, rock climbing,combat sports and dance. After-school activities in the Junior School focus on\n",
"three strands (competitive sport, recreational sport and creative arts), and are available in French and English.\n",
"Section::::House and Tutor System.\n",
"St. George’s School has a House system, the purpose of which is to provide pastoral care, to monitor academic progress, to promote moral growth and to provide a framework for competition within the school.\n",
"There are four Houses in St. George’s School which are named after four figures from Greek and Roman mythology: Atalanta (Red), Diana (Yellow), Minerva (Blue)and Vesta (Green). All students are assigned to one of the Houses when they join the school. Siblings who join the school at a later date can expect to be placed in the same House.\n",
"The Head of House is supported by six Tutors, each of whom is responsible for 10-12 tutees. Tutors meet with their tutees twice a day and are available as the first point of contact for parents wishing to discuss matters relating to their child.\n",
"The senior students in each House are given the opportunity to organise and lead the House. Two House Captains are supported by two Sports Captains. All of the students in year 12 are encouraged to take a part in the organisation of the House Play.\n",
"The Heads of Houses are supported by class teachers. A House Captain and two Vice Captains from amongst the older students are chosen by the staff to represent each House on a yearly basis.\n",
"House points are awarded for a variety of reasons; exceptional work, improvement,trying, kindness, helpfulness etc. Each House Point is coloured in on the child’s House Point Sheet and when 15 have been reached the child receives a ‘Dragon’. Every month there is an ongoing competition to see which House has won the Dragon Cup.\n",
"Section::::Curriculum.\n",
"In the Junior Department and in the younger years of the Senior School the timetable is based upon the British National Curriculum.\n",
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"paragraph": [
"Seven Noble Houses of Brussels\n",
"The Seven noble houses of Brussels (, ) were the seven families of Brussels whose descendants formed the patrician class of that city, and to whom special privileges in the government of that city were granted until the end of the Ancien Régime.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"The seven families were first named in a document (from the year 1306) in which John II, Duke of Brabant restores and asserts the existing privileges of the seven families after the citizens of Brussels had violently demanded participation in the city's government.\n",
"The families named in the document are\n",
"BULLET::::- Sleeus\n",
"BULLET::::- Sweerts\n",
"BULLET::::- Serhuyghs\n",
"BULLET::::- Steenweeghs\n",
"BULLET::::- Coudenbergh\n",
"BULLET::::- Serroelofs\n",
"BULLET::::- Roodenbeke\n",
"All the members of the city council were exclusively recruited and elected from among those families who could prove patrilinear or matrilinear descent from the original seven families. Although tradesmen formed the guilds of Brussels to counter this oligarchical system and in 1421 after violent confrontations gained some rights to participate in the city's government, the rule of the seven houses remained predominant until the end of the Ancien Régime, when these special privileges were abolished. This meant the end of the oligarchical system of the seven noble houses of Brussels.\n",
"Section::::Membership.\n",
"Membership and descent of the seven families was carefully recorded in special registers. Applicants needed to provide genealogical evidence that they were descendants of one of the seven noble houses of Brussels. In addition they needed to be citizens of Brussels, adult, male, catholic, and not earn a living through a trade; instead they were expected to live off the interest of their wealth. Illegitimate children were excluded. Since these criteria were very stringent, few men were accepted to the ranks of this particular patrician class.\n",
"Section::::Present day.\n",
"Today some descendants of the families have formed \"L'Association des Descendants des Lignages de Bruxelles\" (French for \"The Association of Descendants of the Lineages of Brussels\"). The Association organizes certain traditional events such as the \"Ommegang\" ceremony. Descendants of the seven noble families do not enjoy special political privileges any longer.\n",
"Descendants of the seven nobles house of Brussels are entitled to place the post-nominal initials PB (Patricius Bruxellensis) or - in case he holds a title of nobility - NBP (Nobilis Patricius Bruxellensis) behind his name. This was a custom that is already found in the writings of Jan-Baptist Hauwaert, NPB (1533–1599).\n",
"Section::::Bibliography.\n",
"BULLET::::- Joseph de Roovere, NPB, \"Le manuscrit de Roovere conservé au Fonds Général du Cabinet des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique. Filiations reconnues sous l'Ancien Régime pour l'admission aux Lignages de Bruxelles\", ed. M. Paternostre de La Mairieu, avec une introduction d'Henri-Charles van Parys, Grandmetz, 2 vol., 1981-1982 (\"Tablettes du Brabant\", Recueils X et XI).\n",
"BULLET::::- N. J. Stevens, \"Recueil généalogique de la famille de Cock\", Brussels, 1855.\n",
"BULLET::::- Vicomte Terlinden, \"Coup d'oeil sur l'histoire des lignages de Bruxelles\", in \"Présence du passé\", vol. 2, 1949.\n",
"BULLET::::- Baudouin Walckiers, PB, \"Filiations lignagères contemporaines\", Brussels, 1999.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Guilds of Brussels\n",
"BULLET::::- Tribes of Galway\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Association of the 7 noble houses of Brussels\n"
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"paragraph": [
"418th Flight Test Squadron\n",
"The 418th Flight Test Squadron is a United States Air Force squadron. It is assigned to the 412th Operations Group, Air Force Materiel Command, stationed at Edwards Air Force Base, California.\n",
"The first predecessor of the squadron was activated during World War II as a heavy bomber unit. It served in combat in the European Theater of Operations, where it earned a Distinguished Unit Citation and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for its actions. After V-E Day the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated at the Port of Embarkation.\n",
"The squadron was briefly active in the reserve from 1947 to 1949, but does not appear to have been fully equipped or manned. It served from 1959 to 1962 as a Boeing B-47 Stratojet squadron in Strategic Air Command.\n",
"The second predecessor of the squadron was activated in 1989 as the 6518th Test Squadron. The two squadrons were consolidated in 1992 as the 418th Test Squadron and have served in the flight test role.\n",
"Section::::Mission.\n",
"The 418th performs flight testing on the C-5, C17, KC-10, KC-46, KC-135, KC-46, and partner nation airlift and air refueling aircraft.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Section::::History.:World War II.\n",
"Established as a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress reconnaissance squadron in January 1942; redesignated as a heavy bomber squadron in April and activated in June. Trained initially under Third Air Force in the southeast; transferring to Second Air Force in the Pacific Northwest. Operated as an Operational Training Unit in the Midwest until being deployed to the European Theater of Operations, being assigned to VIII Bomber Command in England in June 1942.\n",
"Engaged in strategic bombardment operations over Occupied Europe and Germany, sustaining very heavy losses of personnel and aircraft while conducting many unescorted missions over enemy territory attacking airfields, industries, naval facilities and transportation hubs. During the summer of 1944, aircrews bombed enemy positions at Saint-Lô, followed by similar campaigns at Brest, France in August and September. In October 1944, the squadron attacked enemy and ground defenses in the allied drive on the Siegfried Line, then bombed marshaling yards, German occupied villages, and communication targets in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge from December 1944 to January 1945. Attacked enemy targets in Germany during the spring of 1945, ending combat operations with the German Capitulation in May 1945.\n",
"Remained in Europe as part of the United States Air Forces in Europe occupation forces, dropping food to the people in the west of the Netherlands, and in June transported French Allied former prisoners of war from Austria to France. Demobilizing in England, in December 1945 the squadron inactivated as a paper unit.\n",
"Section::::History.:Air Force Reserve.\n",
"Activated in the Air Force Reserve in 1947 at Miami Airport, Florida. Unclear whether or not the unit was manned or equipped; inactivated in 1949 due to budget restrictions.\n",
"Section::::History.:Strategic Air Command.\n",
"From 1958, the Boeing B-47 Stratojet wings of Strategic Air Command (SAC) began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. The SAC alert cycle divided itself into four parts: planning, flying, alert and rest to meet General Thomas S. Power’s initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. To implement this new system B-47 wings reorganized from three to four squadrons. The 418th was activated at Pease Air Force Base as the fourth squadron of the 100th Bombardment Wing. The alert commitment was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962 and the four squadron pattern no longer met the alert cycle commitment, so the squadron was inactivated on 1 January 1962.\n",
"Section::::History.:Flight Test Squadron.\n",
"Reactivated as a flight testing squadron at Edwards Air Force Base, California. It has conducted flight testing of the MC-130H Combat Talon II and AC-130U Spooky aircraft since 1989.\n",
"Supported test programs for miscellaneous large aircraft (other than the Edwards-owned Boeing C-135 Stratolifter and Boeing C-137 Stratoliner fleets). Also managed small test programs including the Slingsby T-3 Firefly, Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, and Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules. Gained the Boeing C-17A Globemaster III program from the inactivating 417th Flight Test Squadron in 1995. Added EC-18 and Boeing NKC-135 types from the 452d Flight Test Squadron in a realignment of Edwards flight test squadrons on 1 October 2000. Ceased operating the EC-18s on 24 Aug 2001 when they were retired.\n",
"Section::::Lineage.\n",
"BULLET::::- 418th Bombardment Squadron\n",
"BULLET::::- Constituted as the 28th Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942\n",
"BULLET::::- Redesignated 418th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 13 May 1947\n",
"BULLET::::- Redesignated 418th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 1 December 1958\n",
"BULLET::::- Consolidated with the 6518th Test Squadron as the 6518th Test Squadron on 1 October 1992\n",
"BULLET::::- 418th Flight Test Squadron\n",
"BULLET::::- Designated as the 6518th Test Squadron and activated on 10 March 1989\n",
"Section::::Lineage.:Assignments.\n",
"BULLET::::- 100th Bombardment Group, 1 June 1942 – 19 December 1945\n",
"BULLET::::- 100th Bombardment Group, 29 May 1947 – 27 June 1949\n",
"BULLET::::- 100th Bombardment Wing, 1 March 1959 – 1 January 1962\n",
"BULLET::::- 6510th Test Wing (later 412th Test Wing), 10 March 1989\n",
"BULLET::::- 412th Operations Group, 1 October 1993 – present\n",
"Section::::Lineage.:Stations.\n",
"BULLET::::- Orlando Army Air Base, Florida 1 June 1942\n",
"BULLET::::- Barksdale Field, Louisiana, c. 18 June 1942\n",
"BULLET::::- Pendleton Field, Oregon c. 26 June 1942\n",
"BULLET::::- Gowen Field, Idaho, 28 August 1942\n",
"BULLET::::- Walla Walla Army Air Field, Washington, c. 1 November 1942\n",
"BULLET::::- Wendover Field, Utah, c. 30 November 1942\n",
"BULLET::::- Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa, c. 28 December 1942\n",
"BULLET::::- Kearney Army Air Field, Nebraska, c. 30 January – May 1943\n",
"BULLET::::- RAF Thorpe Abbotts (USAAF Station 139), England, 9 June 1943 – December 1945\n",
"BULLET::::- Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, c. 20–21 December 1945\n",
"BULLET::::- Miami Army Air Field, Florida, 29 May 1947 – 27 June 1949\n",
"BULLET::::- Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire, 1 March 1959 – 30 April 1966\n",
"BULLET::::- Edwards Air Force Base, California, 10 Mar 1989–Present\n",
"Section::::Lineage.:Aircraft.\n",
"BULLET::::- Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942-1945\n",
"BULLET::::- Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1959-1961\n",
"BULLET::::- Lockheed MC-130H Hercules, 1989-1994\n",
"BULLET::::- Lockheed AC-130U Hercules, 1990-1995\n",
"BULLET::::- Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, 1993-1998\n",
"BULLET::::- Short C-23 Sherpa, 1993-1997\n",
"BULLET::::- North American T-39 Sabreliner, 1993–present\n",
"BULLET::::- Boeing C-17A Globemaster III, 1995–present\n",
"BULLET::::- Lockheed NC-130H Hercules, 1995–present\n",
"BULLET::::- Beechcraft C-12 Huron, 1997–present\n",
"BULLET::::- Bell Boeing CV-22 Osprey, 2000–present\n",
"BULLET::::- EC-18B Stratoliner, Oct 2000-Aug 2001\n",
"BULLET::::- Boeing NKC-135E, 2000-2006\n",
"BULLET::::- Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker, 2000–present\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- List of United States Air Force test squadrons\n",
"Section::::References.\n",
"BULLET::::- Notes\n",
"BULLET::::- Citations\n"
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"VMB-433 was commissioned on September 15, 1943 at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina. The squadron also received initial training at Marine Corps Air Station Edenton and Marine Corps Air Facility Peterfield Point, North Carolina. Upon completion, the squadron joined MarFAirWest on 27 January 1944 and continued their training syllabus at Marine Corps Air Station El Centro, California.\n",
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"A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. VMB-433 was presented with the following awards:\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- United States Marine Corps Aviation\n",
"BULLET::::- List of active United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons\n",
"BULLET::::- List of inactive United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons\n",
"Section::::References.\n",
"BULLET::::- Bibliography\n",
"BULLET::::- Carey, Alan C. \"Leatherneck Bombers:Marine Corps B-25/PBJ Mitchell Squadrons in World War II.\" Schiffer Publishing, 2002.\n",
"BULLET::::- Rottman, Gordon L. \"U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle: Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War, 1939-1945.\" Greenwood Press, 2002. .\n",
"BULLET::::- Sherrod, Robert. \"History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II\". Washington, D.C.: Combat Forces Press, 1952. .\n",
"BULLET::::- Web\n",
"BULLET::::- Marine Bombing Squadron Four Thirty-Three\n"
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"North Top is a bump on the north ridge; it is often bypassed by walkers heading for Ysgafell Wen, Moel Druman and Allt-fawr.\n",
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"Oakwood was founded in 1998 as the \"Morgan Hill Country School\". Michelle Riches Helvey and her husband Ted Helvey purchased the school and reestablished the school as Oakwood School. In 2005, the high school grades began and in 2009, Oakwood graduated its first senior class.\n",
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"Oakwood offers Varsity and JV sports including Basketball, Volleyball, Soccer, Cross Country, Track and Field, Tennis, Golf, and Swimming, and participates in the Mission Trail Athletic League (MTAL). More than 70% of students are members of at least one sports team beginning in their freshman year. Oakwood plays competitively in several sports, and advances to the Central Coast Section (CCS) playoffs.\n",
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"BULLET::::- Romina Gupta, Team USA gold medal gymnastics champion\n",
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"The museum's permanent collection consists of the belongings of Lithuanian doctors, pharmacists and hospitals, along with medical and pharmaceutical implements and documents. Temporary exhibitions commemorate prominent doctors' and pharmacists' anniversaries. The exhibits include dental equipment along with displays of archaic medications such as “Erektosan” (an herbal version of Viagra), love potions, “Venus Hair Potion,” and “Caput Mortuum” (a medieval male vitality booster and epilepsy treatment composed of dead heads).\n",
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"Las Meninas (Spanish for \"The Maids of Honour\") is a 2008 Ukrainian film directed by Ihor Podolchak. Its title alludes to the well-known painting by Diego Velázquez, \"Las Meninas\". Ihor Podolchak was the producer, screenwriter, and director of this film. \"Las Meninas\" was produced by MF Films (a subdivision of Masoch Fund). It was the first Ukrainian film to participate in the Tiger Awards Competition of the International Film Festival Rotterdam. As of the beginning of 2011, the film has participated in 27 international film festivals, including 10 competition programs. In 2011, it was included in Top 15 Best Ukrainian films of the 20 years' Independence period.\n",
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"The film is about what the routine of everyday life can do to the human mind and psyche. It also reflects on the importance of the choices we make and how limited these choices are in the first place. The plot evolves around a family of four. They live in the suburbs, in a strange villa that appears, through a complex game of mirrors, to be more like a piece of installation art than a real house. The main character, who hardly appears on screen, is the son, a man in his thirties. Suffering from asthma and eczema since childhood, he uses his condition to manipulate his parents and his sister. Thus the existence of the terrorized family turns into an endless ritual of attempting to satisfy his whims, and always on the alert for yet another one of his \"health crises\".\n",
"\"Las Meninas\" resembles the scattered pieces of a puzzle. It is up to the viewer to assemble them in order to form his very own picture – something that makes the film itself personal and unique.\n",
"Section::::Cast.\n",
"BULLET::::- Mykola Veresen as Father, Second Father, Young Father\n",
"BULLET::::- Lyubov Tymoshevska as Mother\n",
"BULLET::::- Hanna Yarovenko as Daughter\n",
"BULLET::::- Dmytro Chernyavsky as Son\n",
"BULLET::::- Ilona Arsentyeva as Daughter (girl)\n",
"BULLET::::- Stas Arsentyev as Son (boy)\n",
"BULLET::::- Viktoriya Ulyanchenko as Young Mother\n",
"BULLET::::- Valeriya Ulyanchenko as Young Mother\n",
"Section::::Production.\n",
"The idea for the script appeared in 2004, inspired by Doctor Janos Sanocky's account of a case from his medical practice. The dialogue was co-written by the Lithuanian-Russian writer Andrey Levkin.\n",
"The shooting of the film took place between September 15 and October 24, 2006, in Kyiv. Most of the film was shot through the mirrors, which caused serious difficulties for the director of photography, since there was a permanent challenge for the crew to avoid getting into the shot.\n",
"Editing, effects, color correction, and rendering of the film took 14 months. All post-production work except for rendering was done by Ihor Podolchak himself. \"Las Meninas\" was the first feature film in Ukraine created entirely with the Digital intermediate process.\n",
"Most of the music in the film was written for cello and piano by composer Alexander Shchetynsky. Director and composer paid attention to the central role of music as a semantic counterpoint to the dialogue and visual imagery, so the sound level of the film can be viewed as an integral sound installation. American video clip director Dean Karr co-directed the music part of the film.\n",
"Section::::Releases and Reception.\n",
"\"Las Meninas\" had a world premiere at the International Film Festival Rotterdam on January 25, 2008. During 2008–2011, the film participated in competition programs of the international film festivals in Brazil, Croatia, Russia, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Romania, Italy, and Hungary; in non-competition programs in Germany, South Korea, France, Australia, Greece, UK, Colombia, Estonia, USA, Sweden, and South Africa. It was also included in the official selections of the Moscow International Film Festival and the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.\n",
"The critics noted the film's \"beautiful imagery\" and praised the camerawork of Serhiy Mykhalchuk. Ukrainian premiere of the film took place on June 9, 2009 at the Festival of the European Cinema in Kyiv. Theatrical release in Ukraine was on October 5, 2009. The film received mixed reviews in Ukraine. The critical opinions were polarized – from aversion and accusations of being \"artificial\" to apologetics and high appreciation of the film's art quality and its break with the tradition of the so-called \"Ukrainian Soviet cinema\".\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Las Meninas\" at Columbia University\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Las Meninas\" on YouTube\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Las Meninas\". Script and documentation on issuu\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Las Meninas\". Press 2008-2009 on issuu\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Las Meninas\" on Facebook\n",
"Section::::Sources.\n",
"BULLET::::- Flashback. Українське медіа-мистецтво 1990-х. Ukrainian media art of the 1990s. Catalog. Curators: Oleksandr Solovyov, Solomiya Savchuk. Київ: ДП НКММК Мистецький Арсенал, 2018. — 180 p. pp 16, 24, 40-41, 117\n",
"BULLET::::- International Film Guide 2009: the definitive annual review of world cinema, edited by Haydn Smith. 45th Edition. London & New York: Wallflower Press 2009\n",
"BULLET::::- . \"The Cinema of Sensations\". Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015, pp. 155–182, ,\n",
"BULLET::::- Бейкер Марія. \"Роттердам смотрит кино из Украины и Казахстана.\", Радіо BBC, 23 января 2008\n",
"BULLET::::- Космолінська Наталка. \"Ігор Подольчак, Ігор Дюрич: У тому, що Україну представлятимуть галичани, є історична справедливість.\", „Поступ/Брама“ — No. 28(686)\n",
"BULLET::::- Корниенко C. \"Las Meninas. Очень авторский фильм.\" svobodanews.ru, 19.02.08\n",
"BULLET::::- Куровець, О. \"Las Meninas: „Обережно, артхаус!“», «Телекритика», 15-06-2009\n",
"BULLET::::- Купінська, А. Десять українських фільмів до річниці незалежності, life.pravda.com.ua, 24.08.2011\n",
"BULLET::::- Ложкина, А. \"Я мало думаю о зрителе\" «Top10», Sep., 2009\n",
"BULLET::::- Плахов Андрій. \"Роттердамские угодники.\" «Коммерсантъ», No. 16/П(3833), 04.02.2008\n",
"BULLET::::- Шпилюк А. \"Игорь Подольчак покоряет голландские высоты.\" «Коммерсант Украина», No. 8 от 23.01.2008, СР\n"
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"Roman cavalry\n",
"Roman cavalry (Latin: \"equites I Romani\") refers to the horse-mounted forces of the Roman army throughout the Regal, Republican, and Imperial eras.\n",
"Section::::Early cavalry (to ca. 338 BC).\n",
"Romulus supposedly established a cavalry regiment of 300 men called the \"Celeres\" (\"the Swift Squadron\") to act as his personal escort, with each of the three tribes supplying a \"centuria\" (century; company of 100 men). This cavalry regiment was supposedly doubled in size to 600 men by King Tarquinius Priscus (conventional dates 616–578 BC). According to Livy, Servius Tullius also established a further 12 \"centuriae\" of cavalry. But this is unlikely, as it would have increased the cavalry to 1,800 horse, implausibly large compared to 8,400 infantry (in peninsular Italy, cavalry typically constituted about 8% of a field army). This is confirmed by the fact that in the early Republic the cavalry fielded remained 600-strong (Two legions with 300 horse each).\n",
"The royal cavalry may have been drawn exclusively from the ranks of the Patricians (\"patricii\"), the aristocracy of early Rome, which was purely hereditary, although some consider the supporting evidence tenuous.. Since the cavalry was probably a patrician preserve, it probably played a critical part in the coup [what coup?] against the monarchy. Indeed, Alfoldi suggests that the coup was carried out by the \"Celeres\" themselves. However, the patrician monopoly on the cavalry seems to have ended by around 400 BC, when the 12 \"centuriae\" of \"equites\" additional to the original 6 of regal origin were probably formed. Most likely patrician numbers were no longer sufficient to supply the ever-growing needs of the cavalry. It is widely agreed that the new \"centuriae\" were open to non-patricians, on the basis of a property rating.\n",
"According to the ancient Greek historian Polybius, whose \"Histories\" (written ca. 140s BC) are the earliest substantial extant account of the Republic, Roman cavalry was originally unarmoured, wearing only a tunic and armed with a light spear and ox-hide shield which were of low quality and quickly deteriorated in action.\n",
"As hoplite warfare was the standard early in this era, cavalry might have not played a substantial role in battle except for chasing after routed enemies.\n",
"Section::::Republican cavalry (338–88 BC).\n",
"Section::::Republican cavalry (338–88 BC).:Recruitment.\n",
"As their name implies, the \"equites\" were liable to cavalry service in the Polybian legion. \"Equites\" originally provided a legion's entire cavalry contingent, although from an early stage, when \"equites\" numbers had become insufficient, large numbers of young men from the First Class of commoners were regularly volunteering for the service, which was considered more glamorous than the infantry. By the time of the Second Punic War, it is likely that all members of the First Class served in the cavalry, since Livy states that members of Class I were required to equip themselves with a round shield (\"clipeus\"), rather than the oblong shield (\"scutum\") required of the other classes - and all images of cavalrymen of this period show round shields. It appears that \"equites equo privato\" (i.e. First Class members) were required to pay for their own equipment and horse, but that the latter would be refunded by the state if it was killed in action. Cavalrymen in service were paid a \"drachma\" per day, triple the infantry rate, and were liable to a maximum of ten campaigning seasons' military service, compared to 16 for the infantry.\n",
"Section::::Republican cavalry (338–88 BC).:Recruitment.:Unit size and structure.\n",
"Each Polybian legion contained a cavalry contingent of 300 horse, which does not appear to have been officered by an overall commander. The cavalry contingent was divided into 10 \"turmae\" (squadrons) of 30 men each. The squadron members would elect as their officers three \"decuriones\" (\"leaders of ten men\"), of whom the first to be chosen would act as the squadron's leader and the other two as his deputies. From the available evidence, the cavalry of a Polybian legion (and presumably confederate cavalry also) was armoured and specialised in the shock charge.\n",
"Section::::Republican cavalry (338–88 BC).:Recruitment.:Equipment.\n",
"The majority of pictorial evidence for the equipment of Republican cavalry is from stone monuments, such as mausoleums, columns, archs and Roman military tombstones. The earliest extant representations of Roman cavalrymen are found on a few coins dated to the era of the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). In one, the rider wears a variant of a Corinthian helmet and appears to wear greaves on the legs. His body armour is obscured by his small round shield (\"parma equestris\"). It was probably a bronze breastplate, as a coin of 197 BC shows a Roman cavalryman in Hellenistic composite cuirass and helmet. But the Roman cavalry may already have adopted mail armour (\"lorica hamata\") from the Celts, who are known to have been using it as early as ca. 300 BC. Mail had certainly been adopted by ca. 150 BC, as Polybius states that the First Class were expected to provide themselves with mail cuirasses, and the monument erected at Delphi by L. Aemilius Paullus to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Pydna (168 BC) depicts Roman cavalrymen in mail. However, a coin of 136 BC and the Lacus Curtius bas-relief of the same period show horsemen in composite bronze cuirasses. The Roman saddle was one of the earliest solid-treed saddles in the west was the \"four horn\" design, first used by the Romans as early as the 1st century BC. Neither design had stirrups.\n",
"There is similar uncertainty as to whether cavalrymen carried shields, despite the fact that many Roman military tombstones depict equites with oval shields on the left side of their horses, (not generally used by Greek cavalry until after ca. 250 BC) and the related question of whether they carried long lances or shorter spears, the \"doru\" mentioned by Polybius. Most representations show cavalrymen with the \"parma equestris\", a flat type of shield, but the Ahenobarbus monument of 122 BC and the coin of 136 BC both show cavalrymen without shields. Sidnell suggests that, since \"equites\" were expected to provide their own equipment, they may have chosen their own type and combination of armour and weapons e.g. long lance with no shield or short spear with shield. But the evidence is too scant to draw any firm conclusions. Before the invention of full plate armour in the High Middle Ages, all combatants would carry shields as a vital piece of equipment.\n",
"Pictorial evidence, such as the stele of Titus Flavius Bassus (eques of the ala Noricum) or Tomb monument of a cavalryman from 1st century AD (Romano-Germanic Museum, Cologne Germany) supports literary accounts that \"equites\" carried swords, such as the spatha which was much longer than \"gladii hispanienses\" (Spanish swords) used by the infantry. The Ahenobarbus monument also shows a cavalryman with a dagger (\"pugio\"). There is no evidence that \"equites\" carried bows and arrows and the Romans probably had no mounted archers before they came into contact with Parthian forces after 100 BC.\n",
"Section::::Republican cavalry (338–88 BC).:Recruitment.:Campaign record.\n",
"There is a conception that Roman Republican cavalry was inferior to other cavalry and that they were just to support their far superior infantry. However, Philip Sidnell argues that this view is misguided and that the cavalry was a powerful and crucial asset to the Republican army.\n",
"Sidnell argues that the record shows that Roman cavalry in Republican times were a strong force in which they bested higher reputed cavalry of the time. Examples include the Heraclea (280 BC), in where the Roman cavalry dismayed the enemy leader Pyrrhus by gaining the advantage in a bitterly contested melee against his Thessalian cavalry, then regarded as some of the finest in the Western world, and were only driven back when Pyrrhus deployed his elephants, which panicked the Roman horses. Other examples include the Equites' victory over the vaunted Gallic horse at Telamon, and Sentinum, against the Germanic cavalry of the Teutons and Cimbri at Vercellae, and even against the technologically more advanced Seleucid cavalry (including fully armored cataphracts) at Magnesia. Contrary to the popular depiction that the legionary infantry were the primary battle winning force of the Roman army, these encounters were primary decided by the success of the Roman cavalry, who crushed the enemies' mounted forces before falling on the flanks of their infantry. At the Clastidium the Roman cavalry were even able to triumph unaided against superior numbers of Gallic foot soldiers and horsemen, showing their ability when properly led.\n",
"A key reason for some historians' disparagement of the Roman cavalry were the crushing defeats, at the Trebia and at Cannae, that it suffered at the hands of the Carthaginian general Hannibal during the latter's invasion of Rome (218-6 BC) which were only rendered possible because of a powerful cavalry force. But Sidnell argues that this is only because of a consistent numerical superiority in cavalry. Another disadvantage for the Romans in the Second Punic War was that their respective cavalry were melee cavalry better suited for combating enemy melee cavalry and engaging the rear and flanks of infantry formations. This, however useful and effective against the Romans' regular opponents, failed against Hannibal's nimble Numidian light cavalry, whose use of skillful hit and run tactics exasperated the Roman cavalry who were unable to come to grips with them.\n",
"Nevertheless, on those occasions during the Second Punic War when they were deployed properly, led competently, and/or had the advantage of numbers or surprise, such as during the skirmish before Ilipa and at the pitched battles of the Great Plains and Zama, the Roman cavalry were able to best their Carthaginian counterparts, independent of the success of their own allied Numidians. On occasion, such as at Dertosa, they were able to hold their own despite being supposedly outnumbered in a skirmish with Carthaginian cavalry.\n",
"The Second Punic War placed unprecedented strains on Roman manpower, not least on the over 10,000+ \"drachmae\" First Class, which provided the cavalry. During Hannibal's march through Rome (218-6 BC), thousands of Roman cavalrymen were killed on the battlefield. The losses were especially serious for the knights properly so-called (\"equo publico\"): Livy relates how, after Cannae, the gold rings of dead Roman knights formed a pile one \"modius\" (ca. 9 litres) large. In the succeeding years 214-203 BC, the Romans kept at least 21 legions in the field at all times, in Roman territories (and 25 legions in the peak year). This would have required the knights to provide 220 senior officers (120 \"tribuni militum\", 60 \"decuriones\" and 60 \"praefecti sociorum\"). It was probably from this time that the 18 \"centuriae\" of knights became largely an officer class, while the 6,300 Roman cavalrymen required were raised from the rest of the First Class.\n",
"The cavalry of Roman armies before the Second Punic War had been exclusively Roman and allies, with each holding one wing of the battleline (the Romans usually holding the right wing). After that war, Roman cavalry was always complemented by allied native cavalry (especially Numidia), and was usually combined on just one wing. Indeed, the allied cavalry often outnumbered the combined Roman force e.g. at Zama, where the 4,000 Numidians held the right, with just 1,500 Romans on the left. One reason was the lessons learnt in the war, namely the need to complement heavy cavalry with plenty of light, faster horse, as well as increasing the cavalry share when engaging with enemies with more powerful mounted forces. It was also inevitable that, as the Roman Republic acquired an overseas empire and the Roman army now campaigned entirely outside Italian peninsula, the best allied cavalry would be enlisted in increasing numbers, including (in addition to Numidians) Gallic, Spanish and Thracian horse. Towards the end of the republic and the beginning of the Roman Republic, the Roman cavalry itself was rendered less and less of a powerful force, with Rome meeting its cavalry needs with auxiliary, allied cavalry instead.\n",
"Nevertheless, Roman and allied cavalry continued to form an essential part of a Roman army's line-up for over a century. They were again, less successful against elusive tribal cavalry, such as the Lusitanians under Viriathus in their bitter resistance to Roman rule (151-140 BC) and the Numidians themselves under king Jugurtha during the latter's rebellion (112-105 BC), when they were obliged to rely heavily on their own Numidian allied horse and the Romans were deprived of their strongest cavalry.\n",
"Section::::Republican cavalry (338–88 BC).:Recruitment.:End of the citizen cavalry.\n",
"The Jugurthine War is the last war in which Roman confederate cavalry is attested as having played a significant part. After that references to the citizen cavalry become rare and the Roman army seems to have become largely dependent on non-citizen cavalry, either recruited in the subject provinces or supplied by allied kings. As part of the army reforms of Gaius Marius around 107 BC, citizen legionary cavalry was abolished and entirely replaced by native allied cavalry. This process may have happened gradually as a result of the grant of Roman citizenship to all of Rome's allied confederates after the Social War (91-88 BC), which led to the abolition of the old allied confederate \"alae\" and the recruitment of all allies into the legions. For the cavalry, the abolition of the \"alae\" had the radical result of reducing the Roman cavalry to just a quarter of its previous size, since legions contained only a third as many horse as confederate \"alae\". Legionary cavalry was thus reduced to a fraction of a Roman army's overall cavalry complement: a consular army of two legions now contained about 20% cavalry (i.e. ca. 4,000 horse), of which, at most, only 600 were Romans. Indeed, the Roman element may now have numbered just 240, as it is possible that around this time, the legionary cavalry contingent was reduced to 120. It also appears that from this time onwards, Roman knights were no longer levied for cavalry service, which was now recruited from commoners. By the time of Gaius Julius Caesar's Gallic War (58-51 BC), it appears that legionary cavalry may have disappeared altogether, and that Caesar was entirely dependent on allied Gallic contingents for his cavalry operations. This is deduced from an incident in 58 BC when Caesar was invited to a parley with the German king Ariovistus and needed a cavalry escort. Since he didn't yet trust the allied Gallic cavalry under his command, he instructed them to lend their horses to some members of the Tenth Legion, which thereafter acquired the nickname \"equestris\" (\"mounted legion\"). (However, this incident leaves open the possibility that Roman cavalry still existed, but was not large enough to satisfy the needs of the moment).\n",
"The question arises as to why the Romans allowed their citizen cavalry to lapse in this way, given its record as a highly effective and useful force. The main reason is probably the limited pool of available \"equites\" and First Class members. The \"equites\" had long since become exclusively an officer class (a role they retained throughout the Principate), as the empire had become simply too large and complex for aristocrats to serve as ordinary troopers. At the same time, many of the First Class of commoners had developed major business interests and had little time for military service. Although commoners of the lower classes could, of course, have been recruited and trained as cavalrymen in larger numbers, that must have seemed costly and unnecessary when subject countries such as Gaul, Spain, Thrace and Numidia contained large numbers of excellent native cavalry which could be employed at much lower pay than citizens.\n",
"Section::::Republican cavalry (338–88 BC).:Recruitment.:Allied cavalry.\n",
"The Romans always relied on their allies to provide cavalry. These were known as the Foederati. A typical Consular army of the 2nd Punic War would have much more auxiliary cavalry. As the commoners gained citizenship by the time of Social War and the Legionary cavalry became less, most cavalry were provided by allied nations from Numidia, Greece, Thrace, Iberia, Gaul and Germania. Such as at the Battle of Zama where the majority of cavalry were Numidians. Most the cavalry in Caesar's campaigns were Gauls and Germans. These units were not part of the regular Roman army and were bound by treaties. These often were armed with their own native equipment and were led by native chiefs.\n",
"Section::::Imperial cavalry (30 BC – 476 AD).\n",
"When the Republic transitioned into the Empire, Augustus made a regular Auxilia corp of non-citizen soldiers. These professional Roman soldiers, like the Legions, were subjects recruited from the non-citizens in provinces controlled by Rome that had strong native cavalry traditions. These men, unlike the Allied Foederetii cavalry, were a regular part of the Roman army and were paid and trained by the Roman State. Arrian describes them as well-equipped and performing well-executed maneuvers. A typical cavalrymen of the Ala would be paid 20 percent more than a typical citizen legionary.\n",
"Roman Auxilia cavalry were usually heavily armored in mail and armed with a short lance, javelins, the Spatha long sword, and sometimes bows for specialist Horse archer units. These men primarily served as Medium missile cavalry for flanking, scouting, skirmish, and pursuit. As opposed to more modern cavalry units where the horses were kept in stables separate from the riders, Roman cavalry housed the riders and horses in the same barracks.\n",
"By the time of the 3rd century, the Constitutio Antoniniana granted all peoples citizenship rights, and citizen cavalry was in use technically. Gallienus in 260 created a mobile reserve cavalry corps to respond to the empire's threats. By the 4th century, large numbers of heavily armored cavalry units such as \"cataphractarii\", \"clibinarii\", started to appear. These units were armed with a large spear, a sword and a bow. However, the primary strength of the Roman army remained the infantry.\n",
"Although Augustus created regular Auxiliaries, irregular allied forces were still used. For example, Marcus Aurelius recruited Sarmatian allied cavalry to be stationed in Britain. By the 4th century, Romans relied heavily on irregular allies from the migrating Germanic tribes and the Huns.\n",
"Roman cavalry did not have a stirrup. The device was introduced to \"Europe\" by invading tribes after the collapse of the western Roman Empire.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n",
"BULLET::::- Roman army\n",
"BULLET::::- Roman military structure\n",
"BULLET::::- Equestrian order\n",
"BULLET::::- Ala (Roman allied military unit)\n",
"BULLET::::- Byzantine army\n",
"Section::::References.\n",
"BULLET::::- Notes\n",
"BULLET::::- Sources\n",
"BULLET::::- McCall, Jeremiah (2001). The Cavalry of the Roman Republic. London: Routledge.\n",
"Section::::External links.\n",
"BULLET::::- Ross Cowan, 'Head-Hunting Roman Cavalry', \"Military Illustrated\" 274 (March 2011), 32-39\n"
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} | Barnim,Pankow,Parks in Berlin,Protected areas established in 1998,Nature parks in Brandenburg,Märkisch-Oderland,Oberhavel | 512px-Blick_vom_Hochsitz_südlich_des_Hellsees.JPG | 20993392 | {
"paragraph": [
"Barnim Nature Park\n",
"Barnim Nature Park () is a nature park and reserve in the state of Brandenburg, and partly in Berlin, Germany. It covers an area of 750 km² (290 sq mi). It was established on September 24, 1998.\n",
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"The park is located between the northern side of Berlin and the central-north Brandenburg, between the towns of Oranienburg, Liebenwalde, Eberswalde and Bernau. Its territory is extended principally in the district of Barnim, and partly in Oberhavel and Märkisch-Oderland. It includes parts of some localities in Berliner districts of Pankow and Reinickendorf; as Buch, Blankenfelde, Karow, Französisch Buchholz, Lübars and Hermsdorf.\n",
"Covering 750 square kilometers, 55% is forest, 32% is used for agriculture and 3% is water, including the lake Arkenberger Baggersee. The remainder is settlement and land transport. It is the only natural park in Berlin. In the east there is a glacial valley.\n",
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"paragraph": [
"Märkische Schweiz Nature Park\n",
"Märkische Schweiz Nature Park is a nature park and reserve in the district Märkisch-Oderland, state Brandenburg, Germany. It covers an area of 204 km² (79 sq mi). It was established on October 1, 1990 and is located east of Berlin.\n",
"The central river of the park is the Stobber. With a surface area of 1.37 km² the Schermützelsee is its largest lake.\n"
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} | Nature parks in Brandenburg,Protected areas established in 1996 | 512px-Streuobstwiesen_Hohenleipisch_Mai_2013_2.jpg | 20993444 | {
"paragraph": [
"Lower Lusatian Heath Nature Park\n",
"The Lower Lusatian Heath Nature Park () is a nature park and reserve in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It covers an area of 490 km² (189 sq mi). It was established on May 24 1996.\n",
"In the south, where Brandenburg's oldest landscape is found, the area was formed approximately 180,000 years ago at the end of the ice age, with its glacial valley. Among the ice-age deposits are massive coal layers. After extensive mining in the last hundred years, the landscapes has developed a unique and in some parts, a bizarre appearance. In many places are valuable specialized habitats for animals and plants.\n"
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"paragraph": [
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} | Protected areas established in 1999,Nature parks in Brandenburg | 512px-Nieplitz_Zauchwitz.JPG | 20993455 | {
"paragraph": [
"Nuthe-Nieplitz Nature Park\n",
"Nuthe-Nieplitz Nature Park is a nature park and reserve in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It covers an area of 623 km² (241 sq mi). It was established on August 1999 and is located south-west of Berlin.\n"
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"wikidata_label": "Nuthe-Nieplitz Nature Park",
"wikipedia_title": "Nuthe-Nieplitz Nature Park"
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"paragraph": [
"Uckermark Lakes Nature Park\n",
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"The landscape was marked by the last ice age 15.000 years ago: pushed moraine with numerous lakes and ponds, extensive woodlands, mires, dry meadows and heaths.\n",
"Many left behind blocks of stone, called erratics, are evidence of the glaciers from Scandinavia.\n",
"The Heraldic beast of the nature park is the osprey, which lives here in an unusual density. Other rare animals such as the brown trout, the European otter, the European pond turtle and the European crayfish, are living there. One of the rare plants, the straw yellow Early Marsh Orchid (Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. ochroleuca (Europe)) based here. \n"
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} | National Register of Historic Places in Iowa City, Iowa,Houses completed in 1874,Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa,Italianate architecture in Iowa,Houses in Iowa City, Iowa | 512px-Close_house_iowa_city.jpg | 20993570 | {
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"The Close Mansion, also known as the Close House, was built in 1874 at a cost of around $15,000. It was one of the great mansions of Iowa City, Iowa and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The mansion is located at the corner of Gilbert and Bowery in Iowa City. The Close family was involved in a linseed oil company and a glove factory, both of which were located near that home.\n",
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"In 1979 the Canadian inventor Jean Saint-Germain came up with the idea of the first vertical wind tunnel for bodyflight. After accumulating investments of $450,000, he opened the first commercial wind tunnel in Saint-Simon-de-Bagot, 50 miles east of Montreal. Saint-Germain, who was a former parachutist in the army, owned two parachute schools as he came to the idea that an Aerodium would help his students to practice free falling more efficiently. \n",
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"A milestone in vertical wind tunnel history was the 'Wind Machine' at the closing ceremonies of the 2006 Torino Winter Olympics, which was a custom-built unit by Aerodium. Most viewers in the world had never seen a vertical wind tunnel before and were fascinated by the flying humans with no wires. The show included a flying snowboarder (performed by Ivars Beitāns himself) and other visual effects never seen before.\n",
"A vertical wind tunnel performance in Moscow's Red Square was shown in 2009 during the presentation of the logotype of 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.\n",
"In 2010, a vertical wind tunnel was exhibited at the Latvian pavilion of World Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China. Aerodium was the pavilion's general contractor and presented shows to the visitors every 30 minutes for 6 months. It gathered large crowds and even allowed some VIPs to train and fly in the tunnel. The tunnel was the world’s first fully transparent recirculation wind tunnel, allowing spectators to view the performances from all sides.\n",
"2013 saw the introduction of a new wind tunnel application when Aerodium built the world's first tunnel suited for indoor BASE jumping at the “Sirius Sport Resort” in Finland. Compared to other models, skydivers could now enter the wind tunnel from the ground or jump into it from a height of 15 meters, simulating jumping down from a building.\n",
"In 2016 Aerodium presented a project called “Flying Dream”, which is a unique wind tunnel-amphitheatre. It is located in Dengfeng, in the middle of the Song Mountains, near the famous Shaolin Monastery in China. The wind tunnel is part of a “flight and monks” kung fu show.\n",
"The same year Shanghai Disneyland Park, the first one in mainland China, opened in Pudong, China. Aerodium was invited to design a unique permanent wall-less wind tunnel for the live-action Pirates of the Caribbean show: \"Eye of the Storm: Captain Jack’s Stunt Spectacular\". As of 2019, it is the only recirculation type wall-less wind tunnel in the world.\n",
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"In 2017 Aerodium built the largest vertical wind tunnel in the world measuring 20 feet by 10 feet, which is four times the size of a typical wind tunnel. It was given the name Peryton and used by Tom Cruise while training for the sixth installment in the titled . To film one of the early scenes of the movie Tom Cruise had to perform over 100 HALO jumps. According to Neil Corbould, the special effects supervisor, “it was quite a lot, but you know, if he hadn’t had the time in the wind tunnel, it would’ve been 250.”\n"
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"Beginning in late July 1942, the victims were brought to the camp directly after the regular railway line linking Koło with Dąbie was restored; the bridge over the Rgilewka River had been repaired. As round-ups in Łódź normally took place in the morning, it was usually late afternoon by the time the victims arrived by rail. Therefore, they were marched to a disused mill at Zawadki some two kilometres from Powiercie where they spent the night. The mill continued to be used after the railway repairs, if transports arrived late. The following morning the Jews were transported from Zawadki by truck, in numbers which could be easily controlled at their destination point. They were \"processed\" immediately upon arrival at the manor-house camp.\n",
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