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Laozi [SEP] The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the "Tao Te Ching", although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.

Laozi [SEP] In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama, the Buddha. Others say he was the Buddha himself. A seventh-century work, the "Sandong Zhunang" ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by Yinxi, who asked to be taught by the great master.

Laozi [SEP] Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the "Tao" and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted.

Laozi [SEP] A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the "Tao". The "Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns" continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the "Tao Te Ching", along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination.

Laozi [SEP] This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals.

Laozi [SEP] The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student.

Laozi [SEP] Laozi is presented as the "Tao" personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment. The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the Han dynasty. As Taoism took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the "Tao" from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the Way of the Celestial Masters, the first organized religious Taoist sect.

Laozi [SEP] In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the "Tao". He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the "Tao Te Ching" but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the "Tao". Taoist myths state that Laozi was conceived when his mother gazed upon a falling star.

Laozi [SEP] He supposedly remained in her womb for 62 years before being born while his mother was leaning against a plum tree. ( The Chinese surname Li shares its character with "plum".) Laozi was said to have emerged as a grown man with a full grey beard and long earlobes, both symbols of wisdom and long life. Other myths state that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi.

Laozi [SEP] In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the "Tao". Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the "Tao Te Ching" ("Daodejing"), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history. It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese cosmogony.

Laozi [SEP] As with most other ancient Chinese philosophers, Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.

Laozi [SEP] The "Tao Te Ching", often called simply "Laozi" after its reputed author, describes the "Dao" (or "Tao") as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao.

Laozi [SEP] The "Tao Te Ching" intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao. Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point. Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress.

Laozi [SEP] The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of "wu wei", free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "ignorance", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an apologetic of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant.

Laozi [SEP] However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" ("gushen") and "soul" ("po"), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work. "Wu wei" (無爲), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the "Tao Te Ching".

Laozi [SEP] The concept of "wu wei" is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment". It is a concept used to explain "ziran" (自然), or harmony with the "Tao".

Laozi [SEP] It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between "wu wei" and esoteric practices, such as "zuowang" "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.

Laozi [SEP] Laozi is traditionally regarded as the founder of Taoism, intimately connected with the "Tao Te Ching" and "primordial" (or "original") Taoism. Popular ("religious") Taoism typically presents the Jade Emperor as the official head deity. Intellectual ("elite") Taoists, such as the Celestial Masters sect, usually present Laozi ("Laojun", "Lord Lao") and the Three Pure Ones at the top of the pantheon of deities.

Laozi [SEP] Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends.

Laozi [SEP] In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak. Laozi was a proponent of limited government. Left-libertarians in particular have been influenced by Laozi – in his 1937 book "Nationalism and Culture", the anarcho-syndicalist writer and activist Rudolf Rocker praised Laozi's "gentle wisdom" and understanding of the opposition between political power and the cultural activities of the people and community.

Laozi [SEP] In his 1910 article for the "Encyclopædia Britannica", Peter Kropotkin also noted that Laozi was among the earliest proponents of essentially anarchist concepts. More recently, anarchists such as John P. Clark and Ursula K. Le Guin have written about the conjunction between anarchism and Taoism in various ways, highlighting the teachings of Laozi in particular. In her rendition of the Tao Te Ching, Le Guin writes that Laozi "does not see political power as magic.

Laozi [SEP] He sees rightful power as earned and wrongful power as usurped... He sees sacrifice of self or others as a corruption of power, and power as available to anyone who follows the Way. No wonder anarchists and Taoists make good friends." The right-libertarian economist Murray Rothbard suggested that Laozi was the first libertarian, likening Laozi's ideas on government to Friedrich Hayek's theory of spontaneous order.

Laozi [SEP] James A. Dorn agreed, writing that Laozi, like many 18th-century liberals, "argued that minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony." Similarly, the Cato Institute's David Boaz includes passages from the "Tao Te Ching"' in his 1997 book "The Libertarian Reader". Philosopher Roderick Long, however, argues that libertarian themes in Taoist thought are actually borrowed from earlier Confucian writers.

James M. Slattery [SEP] James Michael Slattery (July 29, 1878 – August 28, 1948) was a United States Senator from Illinois. Born in Chicago, he attended parochial schools and St. Ignatius College (now known as Loyola University Chicago). He was employed as a secretary with the building departments of the city of Chicago in 1905, and graduated from Illinois College of Law at Chicago in 1908.

James M. Slattery [SEP] He was admitted to the bar that year and commenced practice in Chicago, and was a member of the Illinois College of Law faculty from 1909 to 1912. He was superintendent of public service of Cook County, Illinois from 1910 to 1912 and was secretary of Webster College of Law in Chicago from 1912 to 1914. He was counsel for the Lincoln Park Commission in 1933 and 1934 and for the Chicago Park District, 1934 to 1936.

James M. Slattery [SEP] He was chairman of the Illinois Commerce Commission from 1936 to 1939, and was appointed on April 14, 1939 as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James Hamilton Lewis and served from April 14, 1939, to November 21, 1940, when a duly elected successor qualified. Slattery was an unsuccessful candidate for election to fill the vacancy, and resumed the practice of law in Chicago.

James M. Slattery [SEP] He died at his summer home at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin and was interred in Calvary Cemetery, Evanston, Illinois.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] Lino Lacedelli (4 December 1925 – 20 November 2009) was an Italian mountaineer. Together with Achille Compagnoni, on 31 July 1954 he was the first man to reach the summit of K2. He is also noted for leaving his teammates Amir Mehdi and Walter Bonatti in a life-threatening situation in order to ensure that he reached the summit first. Lacedelli was born in Cortina d'Ampezzo. His climbing career began as a young teenager when he followed a mountain guide up a local summit.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] He soon came under the tutelage of Luigi 'Bibi' Ghedina, one of the best Dolomite rock climbers of the age. In 1946 he was accepted into the prestigious "Cortina Squirrels" club.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] Lacedelli was known for fast ascents of difficult routes, including: the "Constantini-Apollonio South Face Direct" (500 m V+ A2) on the Pilastro di Rozes (repeat with Ghedina); the first ascent of the "Southwest Face" of Cima Scotoni (Fanis Group) with Guido Lorenzi; first one-day ascent of the "Solda Route" on the SW Face of the Marmolada di Penia (with Lorenzi); and the fourth ascent of the "Gabriel-Livanos Diedre" on the Cima su Alto with Beniamino Franceschi.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] In 1951, he achieved international recognition by completing, in the Mont Blanc massif, the second ascent of the "Bonatti-Ghigo" on the east face of the Grand Capucin with Bibi Ghendina in 18-hours, just weeks after the four-day first ascent. Despite his claims, Lino Lacedelli never made the second ascent of the Bonatti-Ghigo road on the Grand Capuchin. The team formed by Robert Paragot and Lucien Berardini made the second climb in 1953.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] The French mountaineers did not find the equipment supposedly left in place by the repeaters - Lacedelli and Ghedina - to abseil. He became an obvious choice for the 1954 Italian Karakoram expedition to K2 led by Ardito Desio. With the older and more experienced Achille Compagnoni, Lacedelli was selected for the summit team. They reached the summit to claim the first ascent via the "Abruzzi Ridge" on 31 July 1954. The summit was not reached again until 1977.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] Lacedelli ran the outdoor shop "K2 Sports" in Cortina, trekked to K2 Base Camp in 2004. In 2005, he was awarded Italy's highest honour, Knight of the Grand Cross. He died aged 83 on 20 November 2009 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, in the house he had lived his entire life.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] For appreciation of Italian Expedition and Delegates he arrived Pakistan for participation in celebration of K2 Golden Jubilee ceremony, Alpine Club of Pakistan Islamabad marked a friendship expedition headed by Hayatullah Khan Durrani founder of Chiltan Adventurers Association Balochistan as chief of the Pakistan National mountaineering team to represent Pakistan in Golden Jubilee ceremony of k2 mount at Concordia and K2 base camp on 30.31 July 2004 organized by the Government of Italy under the leadership of Gianni Alemanno Italian Minister of Agriculture Gerygory Alemano and Lino Lacedelli, on the eve of this great ceremony Mehar Dill Khan Baabai of Chiltan Adventurers was world's first 12-year mountaineer who reached to the K2 base.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] While Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni were celebrated as national heroes, Walter Bonatti accused Lacedelli and Compagnoni of having abandoned him and Amir Mehdi to an open bivouac just below high camp. In 1954, Bonatti was an ambitious 24-year-old member of the expedition. Bonatti and local porter Amir Mehdi, were carrying spare oxygen bottles up to Lacedelli and Compagnoni for a summit push from Camp IX, the final camp.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] The high camp was further away than Bonatti and Mehdi had expected and night fell before they reached it. Bonatti and Mehdi survived a bivouac at 8100 m, but Mehdi lost all toes on both feet to frostbite. Back at home, the summit team not only denied all charges, but Compagnoni counter-attacked Bonatti, accusing him of trying to sabotage their summit push and steal the top for himself.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] Bonatti, who made the first ascent of Gasherbrum IV in 1958, was ostracised from the climbing community and in 1965 gave up mountaineering. In 1995, Bonatti published "The Mountains of My Life", an autobiography with stories about the expedition of 1954. Bonatti displays proof of his innocence, including a photograph of Lacedelli and Compagnoni wearing oxygen masks on the summit. Lacedelli remained silent about the K2 events until 2004, when he published his book "K2: The Price of Conquest".

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] His version was as follows: on the night before the first ascent of K2, Bonatti and Mehdi had to endure a freezing, storm-swept bivouac high on the Shoulder of K2, while their companions Achille Compagnoni and Lino Lacedelli spent the night in a tent literally within hailing distance. As agreed beforehand, Bonatti and Mehdi had carried the oxygen bottles for the summit team who were waiting for them in Camp IX.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] But the top camp was placed in a higher location than Bonatti had expected, and when they couldn’t find the tent, they were forced to bivouac at 8100 meters. Ten years after the ascent, mountaineering journalist Nino Giglio published newspaper articles based on interviews with Compagnoni and the expedition’s Pakistani liaison officer Colonel Ata-Ullah.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] It was claimed that Bonatti had tried to beat Lacedelli and Compagnoni to the summit, that he used oxygen during his bivouac that caused the summiteers supply to run out early, and that Bonatti had deserted Mehdi and so was responsible for his frostbite and subsequent amputations. These accusations prompted Bonatti to file and win a libel suit against Giglio and the newspaper (the damages were donated to an orphanage).

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] Bonatti easily proved that he couldn’t have used the oxygen, as he didn’t have the masks or tubing, just the bottles. One aspect of the libel case was embarrassing to Bonatti: his lawyer tracked down Amir Mehdi in Hunza, bringing him to Gilgit District Court for deposition.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] Mehdi was asked about the bivouac and his testimony supported at least one of Compagnoni's assertions – Bonatti had been scheming to supplant Compagnoni on the summit team, and had promised Mehdi they would spend the night in Camp 9's tent and continue to the summit, regardless of Compagnoni's objections. Bonatti wanted to try to summit K2 without the use of supplemental oxygen. However, Mehdi denied that Bonatti abandoned him or used the summit team's oxygen.

Lino Lacedelli [SEP] He also believed that if they had used oxygen during the bivouac, he could have saved his toes.

Torchitorio V of Cagliari [SEP] Torchitorio V (died 1256), born John and known as Chiano or Chianni, was the "Giudice" (Judge) of Cagliari from 1250 to his death. His reign was brief but transformative in the history of Sardinia. He may have been the son of his predecessor William II. All that is certain about his family is that he was himself a Massa and that his mother was a Serra. His birthplace and date are unknown and he had no wife or children.

Torchitorio V of Cagliari [SEP] The date of his succession is also presumptive, as there is a silence in the sources between the last mention of William II and the first of Torchitorio V. When he first appeared as Judge in 1254, he was ruling in name only; the real power in Cagliari was in the hands of the families of the Gherardeschi, Visconti, and Capraia. Chiano did homage to the Republic of Pisa for Cagliari. In 1254, he took over the palace in Cagliari, though probably not by force.

Torchitorio V of Cagliari [SEP] On 23 September, he drew up a will, declaring his heirs to be his cousins William III and Rinaldo Cepolla. Frustrated by the increasing interference of Pisa in his "giudicato", Chiano cautiously turned to the Republic of Genoa for allies. In February 1256, he sent two envoys ("procuratores") to Genoa to sign a pact on 20 April. On 25 May, Chiano affirmed it in the cathedral chapel of his castle in the presence of Malocello and Percivalle Doria.

Torchitorio V of Cagliari [SEP] By the terms of the treaty, both allies owed the other military assistance in all their wars. Chiano became a Genoese citizen and rendered homage to the two representatives of the Republic. Cagliari granted Genoa the tax-free export of salt. All Cagliaritan castles were to be shared between the alliance, but in reality Genoa controlled them.

Torchitorio V of Cagliari [SEP] Chiano was left with only a house in Cagliari, but he was offered a palace in Genoa and the hand in marriage of daughter of Malocello's family, which he was constrained by the treaty to accept. Meanwhile, Ogerio Scoto and Giovanni Pontano were sent to Cagliari as "podestà" and castellan respectively. Chiano then expelled the Pisans from the Castel di Castro and granted it to the Genoese.

Torchitorio V of Cagliari [SEP] Following this, the "filopisani" judges of Gallura and Arborea, John Visconti and William of Capraia, invaded Cagliari and besieged the eponymous chief city. Gherardo and Ugolino della Gherardesca brought eight ships to the siege on behalf of Pisa. Chiano, then in Genoa, left that city with twenty four galleys and followed the Tuscan coast, capturing some Pisan vessels along the way. He arrived at Cagliari too late, was defeated and captured. He was quickly assassinated by a Pisan at Santa Igia later that year.

Torchitorio V of Cagliari [SEP] The battle and his death occurred sometime between 17 July and 15 October. He was succeeded on the throne by his cousin William III, in accordance with his will of 1254. There is a street named Via Giudice Chiano in Cagliari today. br

John Champneys [SEP] Sir John Champneys (1495–1556) was City of London Sheriff in 1522 and Lord Mayor of London in 1534, when he was knighted. A merchant, Champneys began the building of Hall Place, Bexley, in about 1537. The son of Robert Champneys of Chew Magna, Somerset, he was a member of the Worshipful Company of Skinners.

John Champneys [SEP] A contemporary chronicler, John Stow, noted that he was blind in later life: a divine judgment for having added 'a high tower of brick' to his house in Mincing Lane, 'the first that I ever heard of in any private man's house, to overlook his neighbours in this city.' He was buried on 8 October 1556 at St Mary the Virgin, Bexley.

Daniel Greig [SEP] Daniel Greig (born 13 March 1991) is an Australian speed skater. He was selected for Australia as a speed skater during the 2014 Winter Olympics for the men's 500, 1000 and 1500 m events. During the 2014 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships he won a bronze medal. Greig is Australia's best speed skater, currently holding records in the 500m, 1000m and 1500m events. Greig's formative years were spent as a world class inline skater.

Daniel Greig [SEP] At age 17 he began taking the steps to make the Olympics and moved to the Netherlands to learn how to skate on ice. In 2013 Greig showed his rapid progression in the sport with a strong series of finishes before capping it off in 2014 with a bronze medal at the World Championships in Nagano and competing in the Sochi Winter Olympics. He currently holds the Australian national record for the 500 and 1000 m.

Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz [SEP] Judge Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz was a member of the Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in Poland () upon the conclusion of World War II. The Commission has been replaced, upon the collapse of the Soviet-imposed communism in Poland, with the government-affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) serving similar purpose at present. Łukaszkiewicz was the author of the first historical research into the Nazi German extermination camps including Majdanek and Treblinka, on the territory of occupied Poland during the genocidal Operation Reinhard of the Holocaust.

Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz [SEP] Łukaszkiewicz conducted his research at the time when virtually nothing was known about the scale and the exact way in which these atrocities were committed. He published his first findings already in 1946 along with the results of legal and medical inquiries, sworn affidavits of land surveyor T. Trautsolt, Dr H. Wakulicz, the evidence collected by railway workers but most importantly, the testimonies of former prisoners of Treblinka extermination camp who managed to survive the revolt and took part in the Commission's forensic work.

Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz [SEP] Łukaszkiewicz examined the selected graves exhumed at Treblinka I "Arbeitslager". His estimate of the total number of the victims of gassing was based on the already proven record of 156 transports with an average of 5,000 prisoners each. Many published results of his enquiries are still considered paramount to the understanding of the Final Solution, even though some specifics have also been revised by modern science. Łukaszkiewicz is being quoted by the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, the Britannica Polish edition, and the Polish Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN among others.

Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz [SEP] Also, many professional historians including Wolfgang Scheffler and Czesław Rajca used his publications as the source of pertinent data. Łukaszkiewicz was the first Polish researcher to study the 1943 massacre committed at the Majdanek concentration camp under the codename Operation Erntefest. The more substantial revisions to his early research (published in 1948) have been made only in the 1960s and 1970s, when the first testimonies of the Holocaust perpetrators appeared in German court documents during trials.

Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz [SEP] Although his research was further revised by Holocaust scholars, Łukaszkiewicz was the first Polish scientist to challenge the evidence for the prosecution submitted in 1946 by the Soviets at the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg. The completely unrealistic estimate of 1.5 million people murdered at the Majdanek concentration camp was based on the theoretical capacity of Majdanek coke-fueled crematoria.

Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz [SEP] This number claimed by the Soviet-led Special Commission was lowered by Łukaszkiewicz by over one million victims based on his own evidence, down to 360,000 which – at that particular time – constituted a challenge requiring a substantial amount of personal integrity.

Krishna Hutheesing [SEP] Krishna Nehru Hutheesing (1907–1967) was an Indian writer, the youngest sister of Jawaharlal Nehru and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, and part of the Nehru-Gandhi family. Born Krishna Nehru, in Mirganj, Allahabad to Motilal Nehru, an Indian independence activist and leader of the Indian National Congress, and Swarup Rani, she was married to Gunottam (Raja) Hutheesing, who belonged to a prominent Ahmedabad jain family that built the Hutheesing Jain Temple.

Krishna Hutheesing [SEP] Gunottam Hutheesing was well known in India's elite social circles during the 20th century. During the later 1950s, he became critic of Nehru and in 1959, supported former Governor General C. Rajagopalachari, to form a conservative market liberal political party known as the Swatantra Party. She and her husband fought for India's independence and spent a great deal of time in jail while raising their two young sons, Harsha Hutheesing and Ajit Hutheesing.

Krishna Hutheesing [SEP] Ajit, a leading Wall Street venture capitalist, was married to the American violinist Helen Armstrong from 1996 till her demise in 2006. Indira's older son, Rajiv Gandhi, was born in Bombay in the household of the Hutheesings at 20 Carmichael Road. In late May 1958 she spent three days in Israel.

Krishna Hutheesing [SEP] Her host was Yigal Alon, who a year earlier founded 'The Israel-India Friendship League' as a tool to circumvent the then Indian government policy to avoid direct diplomatic relations between the two states. Mrs. Hutheesing documented her life as well as the lives of her brother, Jawaharlal and her niece, Indira Gandhi, in a series of books that intertwine history with personal anecdotes including "We Nehrus," "With No Regrets," "Nehru's letters to his sister" and "Dear to Behold."

Krishna Hutheesing [SEP] Her husband, Raja Hutheesing, also wrote books: "The Great Peace: An Asian's Candid Report on Red China" (1953), "Window on China" (1953), and "Tibet fights for freedom : the story of the March 1959 uprising" (1960). She was associated with the 'Voice of America' and gave several talks. She died in Washington D.C. in 1967.

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] Nebuchadnezzar II (; from Akkadian "Nabû-kudurri-uṣur", meaning "O god Nabu, preserve/defend my firstborn son"; Biblical Hebrew: – "Nəḇūḵaḏreʾṣṣar" or – "Nəḇūḵaḏneʾṣṣar"; Biblical Aramaic: – "Nəḇūḵaḏneṣṣar"), king of Babylon c. 605 BC – c. 562 BC, was the longest-reigning and most powerful monarch of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] His father Nabopolassar was an official of the Neo-Assyrian Empire who rebelled in 620 BCE and established himself as the king of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar ascended the throne in 605 BCE and subsequently fought several campaigns in the West, where Egypt was trying to organise a coalition against him. His conquest of Judah is described in the Bible's Books of Kings and Book of Jeremiah. His capital, Babylon, is the largest archaeological site in the Middle East.

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] The Bible remembers him as the destroyer of Solomon's Temple and the initiator of the Babylonian captivity. He is an important character in the Book of Daniel, a collection of legendary tales and visions dating from the 2nd century BC. Nebuchadnezzar was the eldest son and successor of Nabopolassar, an Assyrian official who rebelled against the Assyrian Empire and established himself as the king of Babylon in 620 BC.

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] Nebuchadnezzar is first mentioned in 607 BC, during the destruction of Babylon's arch-enemy Assyria, at which point he was already crown prince. In 605 BC he and his ally Cyaxares, ruler of the Medes, led an army against the Assyrians and Egyptians, who were then occupying Syria, and in the ensuing Battle of Carchemish, Pharaoh Necho II was defeated and Syria and Phoenicia were brought under the control of Babylon.

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] Nabopolassar died in August 605 BC, and Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon to ascend the throne. For the next few years, his attention was devoted to subduing his eastern and northern borders, and in 595/4 BC there was a serious but brief rebellion in Babylon itself. In 594/3 BC, the army was sent again to the west, possibly in reaction to the elevation of Psamtik II to the throne of Egypt.

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] King Zedekiah of Judah attempted to organize opposition among the small states in the region but his capital, Jerusalem, was taken in 587 BC (the events are described in the Bible's Books of Kings and Book of Jeremiah). In the following years, Nebuchadnezzar incorporated Phoenicia and the former Assyrian provinces of Cilicia (southwestern Anatolia) into his empire and may have campaigned in Egypt.

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] In his last years he seems to have begun behaving irrationally, "pay[ing] no heed to son or daughter," and was deeply suspicious of his sons. The kings who came after him ruled only briefly and Nabonidus, apparently not of the royal family, was overthrown by the Persian conqueror Cyrus the Great less than twenty-five years after Nebuchadnezzar's death. The ruins of Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon are spread over two thousand acres, forming the largest archaeological site in the Middle East.

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] He enlarged the royal palace (including in it a public museum, possibly the world's first), built and repaired temples, built a bridge over the Euphrates, and constructed a grand processional boulevard (the Processional Way) and gateway (the Ishtar Gate) lavishly decorated with glazed brick.

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] Each spring equinox (the start of the New Year), the god Marduk would leave his city temple for a temple outside the walls, returning through the Ishtar Gate and down the Processional Way, paved with colored stone and lined with molded lions, amidst rejoicing crowds. The Babylonian king's two sieges of Jerusalem (in 597 and 587 BCE) are depicted in .

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] The Book of Jeremiah calls Nebuchadnezzar the "destroyer of nations" () and gives an account of the second siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) and the looting and destruction of the First Temple (Book of Jeremiah ; ). Nebuchadnezzar is an important character in the Old Testament Book of Daniel. Daniel 1 introduces Nebuchadnezzar as the king who takes Daniel and other Hebrew youths into captivity in Babylon, to be trained in "the learning and the tongue of the Chaldeans".

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] In Nebuchadnezzar's second year, Daniel interprets the king's dream of a huge image as God's prediction of the rise and fall of world powers, starting with Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom (Daniel 2). Nebuchadnezzar twice admits the power of the God of the Hebrews: first, after God saves three of Daniel's companions from a fiery furnace (Daniel 3); and secondly, after Nebuchadnezzar himself suffers a humiliating period of madness, as Daniel predicted (Daniel 4).

Nebuchadnezzar II [SEP] The consensus among critical scholars is that the book of Daniel is historical fiction. His name is often recorded in the Bible as "Nebuchad"r"ezzar" (in Ezekiel and parts of Jeremiah), but more commonly as "Nebuchad"n"ezzar". The form "Nebuchadrezzar" is more consistent with the original Akkadian, and some scholars believe that "Nebuchadnezzar" may be a derogatory pun used by the Israelites, meaning "Nabu, protect my "jackass"".

Petar of Serbia [SEP] Petar Gojniković or Peter of Serbia (, ; 870 – 917) was Prince of the Serbs from 892 to 917. He ruled and expanded the First Serbian Principality ("Rascia"), and won several wars against other family members that sought the crown. He was the first Serbian monarch with a Christian (non-Slavic) name. Petar was the son of Gojnik, the youngest son of Vlastimir (r. 831–851) of the first Serbian dynasty (ruling since the early 7th century).

Petar of Serbia [SEP] Petar was born between 870 and 874, as the son of the "Prince" Gojnik, the youngest son of dynastic founding father Vlastimir. His Byzantine Christian name, in relation to the previous generation of pagan names, shows the spread Christianization among the Serbs. At the time of his birth, Serbia was ruled as an Oligarchy of the three brothers Mutimir, Gojnik and Strojimir, although Mutimir, the oldest, had supreme rule.

Petar of Serbia [SEP] In the 880s, Mutimir seized the throne, exiling his younger brothers and Klonimir, Strojimir's son to the Bulgarian Khanate; the court of Boris I of Bulgaria. This was most likely due to treachery. Young Petar was kept at the Serbian court of Mutimir for political reasons, but he soon fled to Branimir of Croatia. Mutimir died in 890 or 891, leaving the throne to his oldest son, Pribislav.

Petar of Serbia [SEP] Pribislav only ruled for a year when Petar returned in 892, defeating him in battle and seizing the throne, Pribislav fled to Croatia with his brothers Bran and Stefan. Bran later returned and led an unsuccessful rebellion against Petar in 894. Bran was defeated, captured and blinded (blinding was a Byzantine tradition that meant to disqualify a person to take the throne).

Petar of Serbia [SEP] In 896, Klonimir returned from Bulgaria, backed by Tsar Boris, and invaded Serbia, taking the important stronghold Dostinika ("Drsnik", in Klina). Klonimir was defeated and killed. After several failures to capture the throne by other Vlastimirovićs, including the one backed by the Bulgarians, tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria recognized Petar as ruler. He was put under the protection of Simeon I, resulting in a twenty-year peace and Serbian-Bulgarian alliance (897–917).

Petar of Serbia [SEP] Petar was probably not happy with his subordinate position, and may have dreamed of reasserting his independence, his situation and the succession wars of the three branches of Vlastimir's sons was to play a key part in the coming Bulgarian-Byzantine War. Christianity presumably was spreading in his time, also since Serbia bordered Bulgaria, Christian influences and perhaps missionaries came from there. This would increase in the twenty-year peace.

Petar of Serbia [SEP] According to De Administrando Imperio, Constantine VII's own work, Petar ruled under the suzerainty of Leo VI and at peace with Bulgaria for twenty years. On May 11, 912, Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise dies, his brother Alexander III succeeds him. The unpopular, inexperienced, ill and possibly drunk Emperor Alexander ruled until his death on June 6, 913. This was ideal to Symeon, who had his troops waiting in Thrace, to attack Byzantium.

Petar of Serbia [SEP] In August 913, Symeon appeared at the walls of Constantinople, seeking no plundering, only the crown. Symeon had, in contrast to Tsar Boris, been schooled in Constantinople and had the Byzantine ideology, and wanted to rule a joint Roman-Bulgarian Empire as Roman Emperor. Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos recognized Symeon as Emperor of Bulgaria, and married his daughter to Constantine VII.

Petar of Serbia [SEP] In February 914, Zoe Karbonopsina, the mother of Constantine, quickly ousted Nicholas as regent (although letting him remain the Patriarch), and she, as regent, nullified the title given to Symeon, as well as the marriage plans. Zoe's acts enraged Symeon, who went on to conquer Thrace. The Byzantines had no choice but to look for allies; sending envoys to the Magyars, Pechenegs and Serbs.

Petar of Serbia [SEP] As Peter had secured the eastern border, he had turned to the west, where he sought to strengthen his grip of the local Slavic principalities. He defeated Tišemir of Bosnia, annexing the valley of Bosna. He then expands along the Neretva, annexing the Narentines, where he seems to have come into conflict with Michael Višević, the ruler of Zahumlje (with Travunija and most of Duklja), who was an important Bulgarian ally.

Petar of Serbia [SEP] Petar (since 897 theoretically a Bulgarian vassal, though not necessarily a willing one) met with "strategos" of Dyrrhachium Leo Rhabduchus in Neretva, where he was offered money and greater independence in exchange of leading an army (also containing "Tourkoi", Magyars) against Symeon. It seems that Petar had now agreed to join the Byzantines, but this has not been fully determined. Michael Višević heard of the possible alliance between Serbia and the Byzantines, and warned Symeon.

Petar of Serbia [SEP] In 917, a Byzantine army led by Leo Phokas the Younger invaded Bulgaria, but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Achelous on 20 August 917. After Achelous, Symeon sends an army led by Pavle (the son of Bran), to take the Serbian throne, however, unsuccessfully as Petar proved a good opponent.

Petar of Serbia [SEP] Symeon sent generals Marmaim and Theodore Sigritzes, persuading Petar (through an oath) to come out and meet them, then captured and took him to Bulgaria where he was put in prison, dying within a year. His remains are entombed in the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in Stari Ras, the capital. Symeon put Pavle, the son of Bran, on the Serbian throne.

Paper Tiger (hip hop producer) [SEP] John Samels, better known by his stage name Paper Tiger, is a hip hop producer and DJ from Minneapolis, Minnesota, who is currently based in Brooklyn, New York. He is a founding member of the indie hip hop collective Doomtree. Paper Tiger released the 7-inch vinyl single, "Cloquet", in December 2009. His first solo album, "Made Like Us", was released in July 2010. It features vocal contributions from Dessa of Doomtree and Maggie Morrison of Digitata.

Paper Tiger (hip hop producer) [SEP] Chris Riemenschneider of "Star Tribune" described the album as "a moody, sometimes dark but also surprisingly elegant and cinematic collection, recalling DJ Shadow's best stuff." He released "Summer EP" in August 2012 and "Beat Tape" the next month. " Prefix" premiered the track "Gold Pass" and "89.3 The Current" premiered a video for the track "The Fortunate Wayfarer."

Paper Tiger (hip hop producer) [SEP] In 2016, Paper Tiger released "In Other Words Part One" in April and "In Other Words Part Two" in July, with each containing four songs. It features vocals from Dessa and Aby Wolf. Besides producing, Samels also works as a Designer / Art Director in Brooklyn, New York.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] Pope Callixtus II or Callistus II (c. 1065 – 13 December 1124), born Guy of Burgundy, was pope of the western Christian church from 1 February 1119 to his death in 1124. His pontificate was shaped by the Investiture Controversy, which he was able to settle through the Concordat of Worms in 1122. As son of William I, Count of Burgundy, Guy was a member of and connected to the highest nobility in Europe. He became Archbishop of Vienne and served as papal legate to France.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] He attended the Lateran Synod of 1112. He was elected pope at Cluny in 1119. The following year, prompted by attacks on Jews, he issued the bull "Sicut Judaeis" which forbade Christians, on pain of excommunication, from forcing Jews to convert, from harming them, from taking their property, from disturbing the celebration of their festivals, and from interfering with their cemeteries.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] In March 1123, Calixtus II convened the First Lateran Council which passed several disciplinary decrees, such as those against simony and concubinage among the clergy, and violators of the Truce of God. Born the fourth son of William I, Count of Burgundy, one of the wealthiest rulers in Europe, Guy was a member of the highest aristocracy in Europe. His family was part of a network of noble alliances. He was a cousin of Arduin of Ivrea, the King of Italy.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] One sister, Gisela, was married to Humbert II, Count of Savoy, and then to Renier I of Montferrat; another sister, Maud, was the wife of Odo I, Duke of Burgundy. A further sister Clementia married Robert II Count of Flanders. His brother Raymond was married to Urraca, the heiress of León, and fathered the future King Alfonso VII of León. His brother Hugh was an Archbishop of Besançon. Guy first appears in contemporary records when he became the Archbishop of Vienne in 1088.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] He held strong pro-Papal views about the Investiture Controversy. As archbishop, he was appointed papal legate to France by Pope Paschal II during the time that Paschal was induced under pressure from Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to issue the "Privilegium" of 1111, by which he yielded much of the papal prerogatives that had been so forcefully claimed by Pope Gregory VII in the Gregorian Reforms.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] These concessions were received with violent opposition and nowhere more so than in France, where the opposition was led by Guy, who was present at the Lateran Synod of 1112. On his return to France, he immediately convened an assembly of French and Burgundian bishops at Vienne, where the imperial claim to a traditional lay investiture of the clergy was denounced as heretical and a sentence of excommunication was now pronounced against Henry V on the grounds that he had extorted the "Privilegium" from Paschal II by means of violence.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] These decrees were sent to Paschal II with a request for a confirmation, which they received on 20 October 1112.