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Pope Callixtus II [SEP] Guy was later, apparently, created cardinal by Pope Paschal, though the latter does not seem to have been quite pleased with his zeal in his attacks upon Henry V. During the violent confrontations between Henry V and Paschal II's successor, Pope Gelasius II, the Pope was forced to flee from Rome, first to Gaeta, where he was crowned, then to the Abbey of Cluny, where he died on 29 January 1119.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] Archbishop Guy de Bourgogne of Vienne, France, who was not a cardinal, was elected at Cluny on 2 February 1119. Nine cardinals took part in the election. Most of the other cardinals were in Rome. He was crowned at Vienne on 9 February 1119, as Calixtus II. At the outset, it appeared that the new Pope was willing to negotiate with Henry V, who received the papal embassy at Strasbourg, and withdrew his support from the antipope he had proclaimed at Rome.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] It was agreed that pope and emperor should meet at the Château de Mousson, near Rheims, and in October the new Pope opened the council at Rheims attended by Louis VI of France with most of the barons of France and more than four hundred bishops and abbots. Henry V arrived for his personal conference at Mousson — not alone, as had been anticipated, but with an army of over thirty thousand men. Calixtus II, fearing that force was likely to be used to extract prejudicial concessions, remained at Rheims.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] There, Calixtus II busied himself ineffectively with attempting a reconciliation between the brothers Henry I of England and Robert II, Duke of Normandy, and the council dealt with disciplinary regulations and decrees against lay investiture, simony, and clerical concubines. Since there was no compromise coming from Henry V, it was determined on 30 October 1119 that the Emperor and his antipope should be solemnly excommunicated.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] Returning to Italy, where antipope Gregory VIII was supported in Rome by imperial forces and Italian allies of the emperor, Calixtus II managed to gain the upper hand amid clear demonstrations of popular support. The Imperial candidate was obliged to flee to the fortress of Sutri, where he was taken prisoner through the intervention of Norman support from the Kingdom of Naples. He was transferred from prison to prison first near Salerno, and afterwards at the fortress of Fumo. The imperial allies in Rome soon disbanded.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] In 1120 Calixtus II issued the papal bull "Sicut Judaeis" (Latin: "As the Jews") setting out the official position of the papacy regarding the treatment of Jews. It was prompted by the First Crusade, during which over five thousand Jews were slaughtered in Europe. The bull was intended to protect Jews and echoed the position of Pope Gregory I that Jews were entitled to "enjoy their lawful liberty."

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] The bull forbade Christians, on pain of excommunication, from forcing Jews to convert, from harming them, from taking their property, from disturbing the celebration of their festivals, and from interfering with their cemeteries.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] It was reaffirmed by popes Alexander III, Celestine III (1191-1198), Innocent III (1199), Honorius III (1216), Gregory IX (1235), Innocent IV (1246), Alexander IV (1255), Urban IV (1262), Gregory X (1272 & 1274), Nicholas III, Martin IV (1281), Honorius IV (1285-1287), Nicholas IV (1288–92), Clement VI (1348), Urban V (1365), Boniface IX (1389), Martin V (1422), and Nicholas V (1447).

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] Having established his power in Italy, the Pope resolved to re-open negotiations with Henry V on the question of investiture. Henry V was anxious to put an end to a controversy which had reduced imperial authority in Germany — terminally so, as it appeared in the long run.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] An embassy of three cardinals was sent by Calixtus II to Germany, and negotiations for a permanent settlement of the investiture struggle were begun in October 1121 at Würzburg, where it was agreed that a general truce should be proclaimed in Germany, that the Church should have free use of its possessions, and that the lands of those in rebellion should be restored.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] These decrees were communicated to Calixtus II, who despatched the legate Lambert to assist at the synod that had been convoked at Worms, where, on 23 September 1122, the agreement known as the Concordat of Worms was concluded. On his side the Emperor abandoned his claim to investiture with ring and crosier, and granted freedom of election to episcopal sees.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] On the papal side, it was conceded that the bishops should receive investiture with the sceptre, that the episcopal elections should be held in the presence of the Emperor or his representatives, that in case of disputed elections the Emperor should, after the decision of the metropolitan and the suffragan bishops, confirm the rightfully elected candidate, and lastly, that the imperial investiture of the temporal properties connected to the sees should take place in Germany before the consecration.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] In Burgundy and in Italy the imperial investiture would take place after the consecration ceremony, while in the Papal States the pope alone had the right of investiture, without any interference on the part of the Emperor. As a result of this Concordat, the Emperor still retained in his hands the controlling influence in the election of the bishops in Germany, though he had abandoned much in regard to episcopal elections in Italy and Burgundy.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] To secure the confirmation of this Concordat of Worms, Calixtus II convened the First Lateran Council on 18 March 1123. It solemnly confirmed the Concordat and passed several disciplinary decrees, such as those against simony and concubinage among the clergy. Decrees were also passed against violators of the Truce of God, church-robbers, and forgers of ecclesiastical documents. The indulgences already granted to the crusaders were renewed, and the jurisdiction of the bishops over the clergy, both secular and regular, was more clearly defined.

Pope Callixtus II [SEP] Calixtus II devoted his last few years to re-establishing papal control over the Roman Campagna and establishing the primacy of his See of Vienne over the See of Arles, an ancient conflict. He rebuilt the church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin in Rome. Calixtus died on 13 December 1124.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Randolph Adolphus Turpin (7 June 1928 – 17 May 1966), better known as Randolph Turpin or Randy Turpin, was an English boxer in the 1940s and 1950s. In 1951 he became world middleweight champion when he defeated Sugar Ray Robinson. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2001. Born in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, to a black father Lionel who was born in British Guyana now known as Guyana in 1896. He had come to England to fight in the First World War.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He had met Randolph's mother after coming out of hospital following treatment for his injuries sustained in the battle of the Somme. He died within a year of Randolph's birth, having never really recovered from the lung damage caused by a gas attack. Leaving his mother Beatrice (née Whitehouse, 1904–1974), to raise five children.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Being a widow with five children to look after, Beatrice struggled to make ends meet on a small war pension and had to work from morning to night as a domestic cleaner to earn money. As such she was forced to send Some of her children to live with relatives. However, she remarried in 1931 to a man named Ernest Manley who became stepfather to the children and the family were once again reunited.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Beatrice was the daughter of a former bare knuckle fighter and was by all accounts a feisty woman who would tell her children to stand up for themselves when they were subjected to racial abuse. Randolph was the youngest of the five children. Lionel Jr (commonly known as Dick) was the eldest followed by Joan, John (commonly known as Jackie) and Kathleen. Although he was born in Leamington he actually grew up and went to school in the nearby town of Warwick.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He nearly drowned when he was a child when he became trapped underwater while swimming. The accident resulted in a burst eardrum which left him deaf in one ear. He also nearly died from double pneumonia and bronchitis. Contrary to popular belief his nickname the ‘Leamington Licker’ didn’t come from the fact that he was born in Leamington and was a professional boxer. It originated from his childhood. Randolph, Jackie and Joan were all born in June.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Randolph on 7th, Jackie on the 13th and Joan on the 19th. When the month of June came around, because Randolph's birthday came first, he thought that made him the eldest of the three. Joan would tell him that he was the littlest. He would get angry and scream "I'm not the lickerest" and following a bit of goading would charge at her with both fists flailing. As a result 'Licker' became the family nickname for him.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He started boxing in the boxing booths at local fairs with his brother Jackie in a double act called Alexander and Moses. Where they fought for nobbins (money thrown into the ring by the spectators). His amateur boxing career commenced at the Leamington Boys Club and continued when he joined the Royal Navy. He actually lost his first contest by decision but then went on to only lose another two contests in a total of 100 fights.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He won three national junior titles and won the senior ABA championship in 1945 at welterweight and in 1946 at middleweight. In 1945 he won both the junior and senior ABA titles in the same season, the only person to have completed such a feat. The rules have been changed over the years meaning that junior boxers can no longer enter the senior championships. He also fought for England in the annual televised match against the USA in 1946 and scored a first round knockout in his contest.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He was approached by many top professional managers but decided to turn professional with George Middleton a local man who managed his brother Dick. He made his professional debut in London on 17 September 1946 stopping Gordon Griffiths. He scored another 14 victories before drawing over six rounds with Mark Hart in 1947. He suffered two defeats in 1948 the first a points decision to Albert Finch over eight rounds and the second a stoppage defeat to Jean Stock.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Turpin was knocked down four times and retired on his stool at the end of round five. It was said that these two defeats were as a result of marital problems that he was experiencing at that time. It was said that on the day of the Stock fight he had been notified that his wife had been given custody of his son and he had told his brother Dick that he didn't feel like fighting.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He embarked on a weight training regime designed by a man called Arthur Batty and built up his physical strength. Weight training was frowned upon in boxing circles because it was thought that it made fighters muscle bound and inflexible in their movements. Turpin proved to be the exception to this rule and many of his future opponents including Sugar Ray Robinson would comment on his immense physical strength. Turpin developed a knockout punch with either hand and became a formidable force for any fighter to deal with.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He then went on a winning streak where he avenged the two defeats that he had suffered and in the process picked up the British Middleweight Title and the vacant European Middleweight Title. Incidentally his brother Dick had been the first non-white fighter to win a British Title when he had beaten Vince Hawkins in 1948 for the British Middleweight Title, following the removal of the colour bar that had been in place.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] In 1951 Sugar Ray Robinson who is considered by many to be the greatest boxer of all time embarked on a European tour. The final leg of the tour was a fight for the world title with Randolph Turpin in London. Few people gave Turpin a chance of winning against Robinson and in fact many people thought that it was a mismatch and that Turpin could be badly hurt.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Robinson had been unbeaten as an amateur and had only lost one fight out of a total of 132 as a professional and that was to Jake LaMotta. He had subsequently avenged the loss to LaMotta beating him five times. On the 10th July 1951 a crowd of 18,000 turned up at Earls Court to watch Turpin fight Robinson. Many people listened to the fight on the wireless to see if Turpin could beat Robinson. Turpin was not overawed by the occasion and took the fight to Robinson from the first bell.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Robinson had trouble dealing with Turpin’s awkward style of fighting and was manhandled by Turpin in the clinches. By the 15th round Turpin was ahead on points and only had to survive the round to win. At the end of the fight Turpin’s glove was raised by the referee in victory. He was the first British fighter to hold the world middleweight title since Bob Fitzsimmons in 1891.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He had become an overnight sporting hero and two days later was given a civic reception before a crowd of 10,000 people in his hometown of Leamington with the mayors of both Leamington and Warwick present. Boxing in the 1950's was a mainstream sport alongside football and cricket and with the advent of television it was increasing in popularity. Britain was still recovering from the impact of the war and was a bleak place to live for a lot of people, with rationing of food still in place.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] As such, the victory of a British fighter over an American fighter who was already being regarded as a superstar in the sport of boxing, was something for the whole nation to cheer about. In order to get the fight with Robinson, Turpin had to sign a contract that contained a 90 day return clause. Meaning that if he won he had to give Robinson a return fight within 90 days of the original fight.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] The return fight took place on 12th September 1951 at the Polo Grounds, New York before a crowd of 61,370 people. Turpin again gave Robinson a hard fight and it was fairly even going into the 10th round. Robinson sustained a bad cut and in desperation went for a knockout. He managed to knock Turpin down with a big right hand punch. Turpin got up at the count of nine and was then trapped against the ropes and taking a sustained beating when the referee Ruby Goldstein stopped the fight.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Some people said that the stoppage was premature but by today’s standards it wasn’t. Turpin’s reign had lasted only 64 days. Turpin fought Don Cockell in 1952 for the British and Commonwealth Light Heavyweight Titles. He stopped Cockell in the 11th round. Cockell went on to give Rocky Marciano a good fight at heavyweight. He regained the European Middleweight Title in 1953 and was nominated to fight for the vacant world title against Carl 'Bobo' Olsen.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] The title had become vacant following the retirement of Sugar Ray Robinson. The fight against Olson took place at Madison Square Gardens in 1953. Turpin who had not trained properly for the fight won the first three rounds but then faded badly and was outpointed over 15 rounds having been floored in the ninth and tenth rounds. Turpin spent much of the fight trapped on the ropes taking punches at close quarters to the head and body.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] After the fight Turpin was urinating blood indicating that he had suffered damage to his kidneys from Olson's sustained body punches. With the benefit of hindsight the Olson fight was the turning point in Turpin's career. He was never the same fighter after the punishment he absorbed in that fight and thereafter became a diminished fighting force. In addition he was having trouble making the middleweight weight limit of 72.5 kg. Turpin suffered a first round stoppage loss to Tiberio Mitri who was not known as a big puncher.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] In Rome in 1954 when he was caught by a left hook and half punched and half pushed to the canvas. He fell heavily and hit the back of his head on the ring floor, staggering to his feet only to collapse into the ropes before again regaining his feet. The referee decided he was in no fit state to continue and stopped the fight.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Mitri had exploited a flaw in Turpin's boxing technique whereby he dropped his right hand which was supposed to protect his chin, leaving him exposed to a left hook. In his younger days his reflexes had been fast enough to prevent such a thing from happening. But as he aged his reflexes began to slow and his punch resistance diminished. In addition he was suffering from eye problems. His eyes had become unaligned and his peripheral vision was starting to deteriorate.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] The British Board of Boxing control (BBBC) made Turpin have a medical but decided that he was fit enough to continue his career. Turpin went up to light heavyweight (79.38 kg) but could no longer be considered a true world title contender in this weight division, although there was talk of matching him against Archie Moore for the world title. He was fighting bigger men, who were just as strong as him and could absorb his punches whilst punching as hard as he did.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Thus taking away some of the advantages he had enjoyed whilst boxing as a middleweight. He still dominated at a domestic level and in 1955 he beat Alex Buxton to take the British and Commonwealth Light Heavyweight Titles. However, in October of that year he was knocked out by the unheralded Canadian dock worker Gordon Wallace. Suffering four knockdowns in the process and announced his retirement. He came out of retirement in 1956 and scored two wins before losing on points to Hans Stretz in Germany.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] In November of that year he beat Alex Buxton again for the British Light Heavyweight Title. The BBBC stopped a proposed fight between Turpin and Willie Pastrano from going ahead because they thought that it was not in the best interests of boxing. In other words they thought that Turpin might get hurt, which would damage the image of boxing. He had his final fight in 1958 when he was badly knocked out by Yolande Pompey. Turpin was knocked flat on his back by a right hand punch to the side of the head.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He gamely tried to get up four times but each time stumbled whilst trying to regain his feet and fell back onto the canvas before being counted out. The BBBC stopped him acting as a sparring partner for Terry Downes in 1961 because of their fears concerning the cumulative effect of the punishment he had sustained during his boxing career on his physical health. He had two unlicensed fights (not licensed by the BBBC) in 1963 and 1964 against opponents who were making their professional debut and he stopped both opponents.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] After leaving school Randolph worked as a labourer on building sites. In 1945 he decided to join the Royal Navy and was given the title of assistant cook. However, as he was talented at boxing he was allowed to spend most of his time training for upcoming contests. He stayed in the Navy until 1948. He was charged in 1945 with trying to commit suicide following a lovers' tiff with his then girlfriend Mary Stack after swallowing disinfectant. Attempted suicide was at that time a criminal offence.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] However, the incident was investigated and was determined to be accidental. He married his first wife Mary Stack in 1947. However, the marriage wasn't a happy one and she accused him of domestic violence stating that he had attacked her and kicked her in the stomach whilst she was pregnant. Turpin denied the allegations but did admit to slapping her when she had sworn at him and called him names. They had a son together called Randolph Turpin Jr but were eventually divorced.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Following the divorce Turpin became estranged from his son. Turpin met Adele Daniels when training in America for the return fight with Robinson. They started a relationship and he promised to marry her and bring her to England. He lost touch with her when he went back home but they rekindled their relationship when he returned to America for the Olson fight. Following the fight she accused him of sexual assault and of beating her up.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Turpin was arrested but she dropped the charges during the trial and settled for an out of court payment. Turpin denied her allegations and stated that she was trying to get her revenge on him for reneging on his promise to marry her. The incident led to Randolph falling out with his brother Dick whom he blamed for telling Daniels what had happened in his first marriage.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Turpin developed a reputation for being a playboy and womanizer during his peak years and was named in a divorce action where a husband alleged that Turpin had committed adultery with his wife. Turpin met his second wife Gwyneth Price the daughter of a welsh farmer whilst training for the Robinson fight at Gwrych Castle in Wales. They married in 1953 and had four daughters, Gwyneth, Annette, Charmaine and Carmen. Carol Voderman stated in a newspaper article that her Auntie Gwen was married to Randolph Turpin.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Turpin bought The Great Ormes Head hotel with his business partner Leslie Salts. The business never made money and Salts pulled out leaving Turpin to run it on his own. It became a drain on his resources and was eventually sold in 1962 prior to Turpin being made bankrupt. Turpin had been free and easy with his money when in his prime. His attitude towards money was that it was for spending and that as he had earned it he could spend it as he pleased.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] However, he took this philosophy too far and failed to keep track of his spending. In addition, he became a soft touch for anyone with a hard luck story and gave money away or lent it to people whom he considered to be his friends. His sister Joan said that he came home one day with his pockets bulging with money. He took the money out of his pockets and threw it up into the air as you would confetti and asked the people in the room to count it.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] When they had finished it came to £17,000. The irony of the story is that it was roughly the same amount that he was said to owe the revenue when he was eventually made bankrupt. During the course of his career he is estimated to have grossed in the region of £300,000 which would be the equivalent of £4,000,000 in today’s money. He seemed to be under the impression that his manager had already deducted tax before paying his money to him.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] However, that wasn’t the case and he was held responsible for paying the tax on his earnings. Turpin kept appealing the assessments forwarded to him by the Inland Revenue (HMRC) in the belief that he had already paid the tax due.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] HMRC assessed him on what they estimated he had earned over the period and sent him a tax bill for £100,000 for unpaid tax for the years where he hadn't made a payment (bearing in mind that the highest rate of tax was a lot higher than it is now). Turpin had not kept good financial records and couldn’t prove how much money he had received or what had happened to it. He claimed to have never received much of the money that he was said to have earned.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Which could have been the case as his manager would have taken 25% under the standard BBBC boxer manager contract. Then there would have been payments to his trainer (which could have been as high as 15% under the standard BBBC boxer trainer contract). Sparring partners had to be paid for plus the cost of hiring the gym in which he trained, travelling expenses and accommodation. All of these payments would have been taken out of the gross figure before he received his payment.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] The tax bill was eventually reduced to £17,126 following an emotional appeal by his accountant Max Mitchell in which he said "As time goes on the punching power of a boxer is enfeebled. The longer he pursues his profession his brain through constant pummelling is numbed. His eyes are effected, deafness overtakes him and in effect he is lucky that in the prime of his manhood he doesn't turn into a two legged vegetable.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] And yet no allowance is given to a boxer by the Inland Revenue for the inevitable remorseless wasting away he undergoes because of the exacting nature of his profession. Is that fair? Therefore I claim that my client's expenses should be allowed although estimated, in view of the tax advantages allowed to industrialists." However, by this time Turpin only had assets worth £1,204 left and was declared bankrupt for an amount of £15,922 in 1962.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Under the bankruptcy laws of that time Turpin was ordered to pay two pounds a week towards clearing his debt and was discharged from bankruptcy in 1965. He had purchased a transport café in Leamington prior to being made bankrupt which was in his wife’s name. The building was under threat of compulsory purchase by the council when he bought it. However he still went ahead.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He put up a plaque behind the counter which said 'That which seldom comes back to him who waits is the money he lends to his friends.' He worked at a scrapyard owned by his manager and then started to make a living as a wrestler. He wrestled for a number of years but again made the mistake of not putting money aside to pay the tax bill on his wrestling earnings.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] To begin with he was billed as a boxer versus a wrestler and was paid over £100 for this type of contest. However, as time went on the novelty of seeing a former world boxing champion in the wrestling ring wore off and he was forced to actually start wrestling and accept in the region of £25 for a contest. To earn sufficient money he started going on wrestling tours throughout the country and to kill the boredom in the evenings would go out with his new wrestling pals.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] The upshot was that he would end up spending most of the money he earned on these outings. Three days before his death Turpin received a demand for unpaid tax from HMRC on his wrestling earnings for £800. However, he had already spent the money he had earned from wrestling and the prospect of being made bankrupt for a second time. Plus the fact that the council had decided to compulsory purchase the property where he lived, to turn it into a car park, may have tipped him over the edge.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He had stopped wrestling and the café provided his only source of income. Since retiring from boxing he had suffered from depression because of his money troubles. In addition his personal doctor stated that he thought Turpin had become punch-drunk from all the blows he had taken to the head during his boxing career. This had led to him becoming morose in his later years.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He had become bitter about his boxing career believing that he had been exploited and whenever strangers tried to talk to him about his time in the ring he would change the subject. He was found dead from gunshot wounds in the flat above the transport café on 17th May 1966. He had a wound to the head (the bullet lodged against his skull and didn’t enter his brain) and a second wound to his heart which killed him.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] His daughter Carmen who was 17 months old at the time, also had two bullet wounds and it was assumed that he had shot her before taking his own life. His daughter was rushed to hospital and managed to make a full recovery. People wondered how Turpin, who from all accounts had been a doting father to his daughters, could have committed such a heinous act. His death was ruled to be suicide at the inquest.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Many people wondered how a man who had shown such courage and determination in the boxing ring could have thrown the towel in, concerning his own life. However, his family believed that he had been murdered and that it had been made to look like suicide. The reason being that he had left a typed letter written in 1964 stating that attempts had been made on his life to prevent him from getting money that he was owed and from talking to the authorities about business deals in the world of boxing.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He stated that he was not scared of death but that they had now started threatening to harm his wife and children. He implied that the boxing promoter Jack Solomons was involved although there is no evidence to back up this allegation. He had also been badly beaten up by four men. He had brushed it off at the time, stating that it must have just been some of the fans who had taken a disliking to him following one of his wrestling contests.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He had drifted apart from his brothers and sisters because they didn't get on with his wife Gwyneth and in a suicide note left pinned to the door of the room where he was found. He had told her not to give anything to them and that she should go back to Wales because that was the place where they had been happiest. His death came less than a year after that of Freddie Mills who was Britain's other post-war boxing world champion.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He had also died under mysterious circumstances and was also ruled to have taken his own life, although some claimed he had been murdered by gangsters. Due to the circumstances behind his death Turpin became somewhat of a forgotten hero. Turpin was inducted as a member of the International Boxing Hall Of Fame in Canastota, New York in 2001. There is a statue of him in Market Square, Warwick. On his headstone it states that he was 38 when he died.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] He was actually 37 as he was 20 days short of his 38th birthday. At his funeral the Reverend Eugene Haselden said "Randolph was a simple man (in the sense of being down to earth) who was surrounded by friends and well-wishers, when he was at the height of his fame. But when his fame and fortune were gone, he was deserted." Following his comeback after the loss to Gordon Wallace.

Randolph Turpin [SEP] Turpin wrote a poem titled 'The comeback road' the last verse of which is as follows: "So we leave this game which was hard and cruel. And down at the show on a ringside stool. We’ll watch the next man, just one more fool."

Edith Maud Cook [SEP] Edith Maud Cook (1 September 1878 – 14 July 1910), was an early British parachutist, balloonist, and aviator, recognized as Britain's first female pilot. She was also known as Viola Spencer-Kavanagh, Viola Spencer, Viola Kavanagh, and perhaps as Viola Fleet and Elsa Spencer. Cook was born on 1 September 1878, in Ipswich, Suffolk, the daughter of James Wells Cook, a confectioner, and Mary Ann Baker.

Edith Maud Cook [SEP] Her birthplace is marked by a plaque erected by the Ipswich Society in 2007. Edith was variously known as Miss Spencer-Kavanagh, Viola Spencer-Kavanagh, Viola Spencer, and Viola Kavanagh. She is also reputed to have been known as Viola Fleet and Elsa Spencer, although another lady parachutist was using the latter name in 1919. It would seem that she used the names Viola Spencer and Viola Kavanagh when undertaking parachuting engagements, and the name Spencer-Kavanagh as an aviator.

Edith Maud Cook [SEP] She worked for the Spencer Brothers and Auguste Eugene Gaudron. In August 1908, she had a narrow escape when trying to make a parachute jump at Ilkeston, Derbyshire. On attaining the desired altitude she found that she could not detach the parachute from the balloon. Clinging on she continued to gain height and drifted during the night before she finally came down some twenty-five miles from her starting point. This event was widely reported in newspapers at the time.

Edith Maud Cook [SEP] She was reputed to have made over 300 parachute jumps in a career spanning over 10 years. She was reported in the newspapers to carry a small revolver with her as she could never be sure where she might land. Edith was a pupil at the Blériot flying school and at Claude Grahame-White's school at Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques in 1909 or early 1910, where she learnt to fly; and, according to the journals of the day, became the first British woman to pilot a plane.

Edith Maud Cook [SEP] She died from injuries sustained following a jump from a balloon at Coventry on 9 July 1910. Her parachute collapsed after a gust of wind blew her on to a factory roof. It was reported that another gust of wind caught the parachute and she fell from the factory roof sustaining serious injuries. She died on the 14th, and an inquest was held on the 16th; her death certificate states the cause of her death as "Internal injuries, broken pelvis and arm, caused by a fall from a parachute.

Edith Maud Cook [SEP] Accidental." Apparently Dolly Shepherd had been due to make the jump at Coventry but Cook took her place. In 2008 Suffolk Aviation Heritage Group launched a campaign to erect a statue to Edith Cook in her home town of Ipswich in Suffolk, but no statue had been approved.

Edwin C. Stewart [SEP] Edwin C. Stewart (March 8, 1864 in Newfield, Tompkins County, New York – June 15, 1921) was an American politician from New York. He was the son of David B. Stewart (1832–1915), the first Mayor of Ithaca. He attended the public schools in Ithaca, and then became a partner in his father's wholesale grocery business. Stewart was a member of the New York State Assembly (Tompkins Co.) in 1894 and 1895.

Edwin C. Stewart [SEP] He was a member of the New York State Senate (40th D.) from 1896 to 1898, and from 1901 to 1904; sitting in the 119th, 120th, 121st, 124th, 125th, 126th and 127th New York State Legislatures. He was Mayor of Ithaca from 1920 until his death on June 15, 1921. His widow died about half a year later, and the estate became a party in a case argued before the U.S. Supreme Court concerning the payment of estate taxes.

Edwin C. Stewart [SEP] Stewart Park in Ithaca was named in his honor.

Hermien Dommisse [SEP] Hermien Dommisse (27 October 1915 – 24 March 2010) was a South African actress. Dommise was born in 1915. She made several films in South Africa including Die Kandidaat and Jannie totsiens. She was known for appearing in the long running bi-ligual South African TV soap "". Dommisse died in South Africa at a nursing home. She received a Fleur du Cap Theatre Lifetime Award in 1999.

Arnold Marc Gorter [SEP] Arnold Marc Gorter (1866, Almelo – 1933, Amsterdam), was a 19th-century landscape painter from the Northern Netherlands. According to the RKD he was a pupil of August Allebé and Pierre Cuypers at the Rijksnormaalschool voor Teekenonderwijzers in Amsterdam in 1888, and the Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten there in (1889-1891). He was a member of the Pulchri studio and Arti et Amicitiae. A president of the artists' association Arti et Amicitiae, he was a favorite of the Dutch Queen Wilhelmina.

Arnold Marc Gorter [SEP] Gorter is known for landscapes and won a gold medal at the Paris salon in 1910. In 1922 he accompanied Wilhelmina of the Netherlands on a trip to Norway as her painting teacher. Other less famous pupils of Gorter were Marinus Bies, Carel Lodewijk Dake, his niece Hinke Gorter, Maria Elisabeth van Hengel, Albertus Gerhard Hulshoff Pol, Johan Meijer(1885-1970), Leendert Johan Muller, and Henri van Os-Delhez.

Justinian I [SEP] Justinian I (; ; ; 482 14 November 565), traditionally known as Justinian the Great and also Saint Justinian the Great in the Eastern Orthodox Church, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western-half of the historical Roman Empire.

Justinian I [SEP] Justinian's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Later Roman empire, and his reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized "renovatio imperii", or "restoration of the Empire". Because of his restoration activities, Justinian has sometimes been known as the "last Roman" in mid 20th century historiography. This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire. His general, Belisarius, swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa.

Justinian I [SEP] Subsequently, Belisarius, Narses, and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italy, and Rome to the empire after more than half a century of rule by the Ostrogoths. The prefect Liberius reclaimed the south of the Iberian peninsula, establishing the province of Spania. These campaigns re-established Roman control over the western Mediterranean, increasing the Empire's annual revenue by over a million solidi.

Justinian I [SEP] During his reign, Justinian also subdued the "Tzani", a people on the east coast of the Black Sea that had never been under Roman rule before. He engaged the Sasanian Empire in the east during Kavad I's reign, and later again during Khosrow I's; this second conflict was partially initiated due to his ambitions in the west.

Justinian I [SEP] A still more resonant aspect of his legacy was the uniform rewriting of Roman law, the "Corpus Juris Civilis", which is still the basis of civil law in many modern states. His reign also marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture, and his building program yielded such masterpieces as the church of Hagia Sophia. Justinian was born in Tauresium, Dardania, around 482.

Justinian I [SEP] A native speaker of Latin (possibly the last Roman emperor to be one), he came from a peasant family believed to have been of Illyro-Roman or Thraco-Roman origins. The cognomen "Iustinianus", which he took later, is indicative of adoption by his uncle Justin. During his reign, he founded Justiniana Prima not far from his birthplace, which today is in South East Serbia. His mother was Vigilantia, the sister of Justin.

Justinian I [SEP] Justin, who was in the imperial guard (the Excubitors) before he became emperor, adopted Justinian, brought him to Constantinople, and ensured the boy's education. As a result, Justinian was well educated in jurisprudence, theology and Roman history. Justinian served for some time with the Excubitors but the details of his early career are unknown. Chronicler John Malalas, who lived during the reign of Justinian, tells of his appearance that he was short, fair skinned, curly haired, round faced and handsome.

Justinian I [SEP] Another contemporary chronicler, Procopius, compares Justinian's appearance to that of tyrannical Emperor Domitian, although this is probably slander. When Emperor Anastasius died in 518, Justin was proclaimed the new emperor, with significant help from Justinian. During Justin's reign (518–527), Justinian was the emperor's close confidant. Justinian showed much ambition, and it has been thought that he was functioning as virtual regent long before Justin made him associate emperor on 1 April 527, although there is no conclusive evidence of this.

Justinian I [SEP] As Justin became senile near the end of his reign, Justinian became the "de facto" ruler. Justinian was appointed consul in 521 and later commander of the army of the east. Upon Justin's death on 1 August 527, Justinian became the sole sovereign. As a ruler, Justinian showed great energy. He was known as "the emperor who never sleeps" on account of his work habits. Nevertheless, he seems to have been amiable and easy to approach.

Justinian I [SEP] Around 525, he married his mistress, Theodora, in Constantinople. She was by profession a courtesan and some twenty years his junior. In earlier times, Justinian could not have married her owing to her class, but his uncle, Emperor Justin I, had passed a law allowing intermarriage between social classes. Theodora would become very influential in the politics of the Empire, and later emperors would follow Justinian's precedent in marrying outside the aristocratic class.

Justinian I [SEP] The marriage caused a scandal, but Theodora would prove to be a shrewd judge of character and Justinian's greatest supporter. Other talented individuals included Tribonian, his legal adviser; Peter the Patrician, the diplomat and longtime head of the palace bureaucracy; Justinian's finance ministers John the Cappadocian and Peter Barsymes, who managed to collect taxes more efficiently than any before, thereby funding Justinian's wars; and finally, his prodigiously talented generals, Belisarius and Narses.

Justinian I [SEP] Justinian's rule was not universally popular; early in his reign he nearly lost his throne during the Nika riots, and a conspiracy against the emperor's life by dissatisfied businessmen was discovered as late as 562. Justinian was struck by the plague in the early 540s but recovered. Theodora died in 548 at a relatively young age, possibly of cancer; Justinian outlived her by nearly twenty years.

Justinian I [SEP] Justinian, who had always had a keen interest in theological matters and actively participated in debates on Christian doctrine, became even more devoted to religion during the later years of his life. When he died on 14 November 565, he left no children, though his wife Theodora had given birth to a stillborn son several years into his reign. He was succeeded by Justin II, who was the son of his sister Vigilantia and married to Sophia, the niece of Empress Theodora.

Justinian I [SEP] Justinian's body was entombed in a specially built mausoleum in the Church of the Holy Apostles until it was desecrated and robbed during the pillage of the city in 1204 by the Latin States of the Fourth Crusade. Justinian achieved lasting fame through his judicial reforms, particularly through the complete revision of all Roman law, something that had not previously been attempted. The total of Justinian's legislation is known today as the "Corpus juris civilis".

Justinian I [SEP] It consists of the "Codex Justinianeus", the "Digesta" or "Pandectae", the "Institutiones", and the "Novellae". Early in his reign, Justinian appointed the "quaestor" Tribonian to oversee this task. The first draft of the "Codex Justinianeus", a codification of imperial constitutions from the 2nd century onward, was issued on 7 April 529. ( The final version appeared in 534.)

Justinian I [SEP] It was followed by the "Digesta" (or "Pandectae"), a compilation of older legal texts, in 533, and by the "Institutiones", a textbook explaining the principles of law. The "Novellae", a collection of new laws issued during Justinian's reign, supplements the "Corpus". As opposed to the rest of the corpus, the "Novellae" appeared in Greek, the common language of the Eastern Empire.

Justinian I [SEP] The "Corpus" forms the basis of Latin jurisprudence (including ecclesiastical Canon Law) and, for historians, provides a valuable insight into the concerns and activities of the later Roman Empire. As a collection it gathers together the many sources in which the "leges" (laws) and the other rules were expressed or published: proper laws, senatorial consults ("senatusconsulta"), imperial decrees, case law, and jurists' opinions and interpretations ("responsa prudentum").

Justinian I [SEP] Tribonian's code ensured the survival of Roman law. It formed the basis of later Byzantine law, as expressed in the "Basilika" of Basil I and Leo VI the Wise. The only western province where the Justinian code was introduced was Italy (after the conquest by the so-called Pragmatic Sanction of 554), from where it was to pass to Western Europe in the 12th century and become the basis of much European law code.

Justinian I [SEP] It eventually passed to Eastern Europe where it appeared in Slavic editions, and it also passed on to Russia. It remains influential to this day. He passed laws to protect prostitutes from exploitation and women from being forced into prostitution. Rapists were treated severely.

Justinian I [SEP] Further, by his policies: women charged with major crimes should be guarded by other women to prevent sexual abuse; if a woman was widowed, her dowry should be returned; and a husband could not take on a major debt without his wife giving her consent twice. Justinian's habit of choosing efficient, but unpopular advisers nearly cost him his throne early in his reign.