Datasets:

PrimeIntellect

/

fineweb-edu

like 2

Follow

Prime Intellect 80

Like gyms, yoga studios, pools, and parks, home can also be a place where we exercise. Research appears to support the notion that our homes can be locations that we leverage to improve our health and well-being through exercise. People living with specific health conditions that negatively impact their quality of life and older adults living in the community are a few examples of populations that may benefit from home-based exercise (1-4). Click on the links below to learn more. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) falls under the umbrella of cardiovascular diseases. It is a condition that causes the arteritis to narrow from plaque build-up, leading to decreased blood flow in areas of the body that are impacted (5). PAD frequently occurs in the legs (1;5). Research shows that structured home-based exercise programs can boost walking distance and physical activity levels in people with PAD in their legs (1). Parkinson’s disease falls under the umbrella of neurological disorders. It impacts the central nervous system, resulting in issues related to balance, movement, and posture, among many others (2;6). Research shows that home-based exercise programs can enhance walking speed and balance-related activities in people with Parkinson’s by a small amount. What is more, when it comes to balance-related activities and quality of life, home-based exercise programs may be just as effective as those taking place outside of the home (2). Urinary incontinence is a condition marked by the involuntary loss of bladder control (7;8). Research shows that pelvic floor muscle training can improve urinary incontinence in women living with various forms of the condition, and in some cases even cure it (3). On an even brighter note, these exercises can be done from the comfort of home, as one option. They require little to no equipment, and folks can lean on guidance and support from multiple sources—such as a physiotherapist or other healthcare professional that provides them with at-home exercises, and reputable instructional videos or mobile apps. Phone calls, videogames, websites, DVDs, mobile apps, videoconferencing tools, and the list goes on. Digital technologies and the rate at which they are evolving are helping to make exercising at home easier than ever. Research shows that home-based exercise programs delivered via digital technologies can improve physical function and health-related quality of life and reduce falls in older adults living in the community (4). Interested in exercising at home? First, consult your healthcare team to see if this strategy is appropriate for you and how to engage in it safely. Through conversation you can identify preferences, determine whether supervision or adaptations are needed, and if instructions can be provided or recommendations for additional supports made.

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 |Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965| |United States Congress| |Citation||79 Stat. 451| |Passed||10 August 1965| |Enacted||10 August 1965| |Bill citation||Pub.L. 89–117| The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 (Pub.L. 89–117, 79 Stat. 451) is a major revision to federal housing policy in the United States which instituted several major expansions in federal housing programs. The United States Congress passed and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the legislation on August 10, 1965. Johnson called it "the single most important breakthrough" in federal housing policy since the 1920s. The legislation greatly expanded funding for existing federal housing programs, and added new programs to provide rent subsidies for the elderly and disabled; housing rehabilitation grants to poor homeowners; provisions for veterans to make very low down-payments to obtain mortgages; new authority for families qualifying for public housing to be placed in empty private housing (along with subsidies to landlords); and matching grants to localities for the construction of water and sewer facilities, construction of community centers in low-income areas, and urban beautification. Four weeks later, on September 9, President Johnson signed legislation establishing the Department of Housing and Urban Development (Pub.L. 89–174, 79 Stat. 667). - Semple, Robert (August 11, 1965). "$7.5 Billion Bill, With a Rent Subsidy Proviso, Signed by Johnson". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times. - Pritchett, Wendell A. (2008). Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer. University of Chicago Press. pp. 256–259. ISBN 0-226-68448-2. - Pritchett, Wendell A. (2008). Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer. University of Chicago Press. p. 262. ISBN 0-226-68448-2. |This United States federal legislation article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

Articles of agreement made and concluded this eighteenth day of February, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, between the United States, represented by Lewis V. Bogy, Commissioner of Indian Affairs; William H. Watson, special commissioner; Thomas Murphy, superintendent of Indian Affairs for Kansas; and Henry W. Martin, United States Indian agent, duly authorized, and the tribes of Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi, represented by Keokuk, Che-kus-kuk, Uc-quaw-ho-ko, Mut-tut-tah, and Man-ah-to-wah, chiefs of said tribes. Article 1.The Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi cede to the Government of the United States all the lands, with the improvements thereon, contained in their unsold portion of their diminished reserve defined in the first article of their treaty ratified July ninth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty, (the said tract containing about eighty-six thousand and four hundred acres, and being more particularly described by the survey and plats on file in the Department of the Interior,) except as reserved in previous treaties, or in this treaty. Article 2.The said Indians also cede to the United States a full and complete title to the land, with the improvements thereon, now remaining unsold in that portion of their old reservation provided by article four of the treaty of July ninth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty, to be sold by the Government for their benefit, the cession herein made being subject to the exceptions defined in this treaty. Article 3.The United States agree to pay to the Sac and Fox Indians, parties to this treaty, at the rate of one dollar an acre for the whole of the land ceded in the two preceding sections, being about one hundred and fifty-seven thousand acres of land, less the amount of land set apart for individuals; and further agree to pay the outstanding indebtedness of the said tribe, now represented by scrip issued under the provisions of previous treaties, and amounting, on the first of November, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, to twenty-six thousand five hundred and seventy-four dollars, besides the interest thereon: out of the proceeds of the sale of lands ceded in this treaty, and the amount herein provided to be paid to said Indians, after deducting such sums as, under the provisions of this treaty, are to be expended for their removal, subsistence, and establishing them in their new country, shall be added to their invested funds, and five per cent. interest paid thereon in the same manner as the interest of their present funds is now paid. Article 4.At any time after the ratification of this treaty, the lands ceded in the first article shall be held and considered at the disposal of the United States, except that, until the time for the removal of the Indians is fixed by public notice, under the provisions of this treaty, no interference shall be made with the rights of the Indians as the occupants of the lands, but they shall remain in all respects without molestation, in the same manner as if this treaty had not been made: And provided further, That inasmuch as there are valuable improvements upon said reservation, such improvements shall be appraised under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, and the appraised value of the same shall be paid to the United States, before title is given to any individual or corporation for the lands upon which such improvements are situated. Article 5.The lands ceded in the second article of this treaty, being the unsold remainder of the lands provided in the fourth article of the treaty of July ninth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty, to be sold in trust for said Indians, shall, immediately upon the ratification of this treaty, become the property of the United States, and shall be open to entry and settlement, and the lands in the second article ceded, as well as those ceded in the first article, shall be subject to all the laws and regulations of the General Land-Office the same as other public lands, except as relates to the provisions in the next preceding article relating to the time when they shall be open for settlement, and the requirement of payment for the improvements; and should there be any improvements upon the land ceded in the second article, they shall be appraised, and payment shall be required therefor: Provided, That such lands shall be subject to sale, in tracts of not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres to any one person, and at a price not less than one dollar and fifty cents per acre. Article 6.The United States agree, in consideration of the improvements upon the said reservation, to give to the Sacs and Foxes for their future home a tract of land in the Indian country south of Kansas, and south of the Cherokee lands, not exceeding seven hundred and fifty square miles in extent. The selection of such new reservation shall be made under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, and with his approval, by commissioners appointed by the said Secretary, who shall visit the Indian country, with delegations from all the tribes proposing to remove thereto, as soon as practicable after the ratification of this treaty; and said reservation shall be surveyed as to its exterior lines, at the cost of the United States, under the direction of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, not to exceed three thousand dollars: Provided, That if it shall be found impracticable to select a suitable home for the tribe except by purchase from the Cherokees, the United States will pay toward the said purchase the same amount that would have been payable to the Creeks if the reservation had been selected upon the former Creek lands; and in that case the balance of the money payable to the Cherokees shall be deducted from the amount due the Sacs and Foxes under this treaty. Article 7.As soon as practicable after the selection of the new reservation herein provided for, there shall be erected thereon, at the cost of the United States, a dwelling-house for the agent of the tribe, a house and shop for a blacksmith, and dwelling-house for a physician, the aggregate cost of which shall not exceed ten thousand dollars; and also, at the expense of the tribe, five dwelling-houses for the chiefs, to cost in all not more than five thousand dollars. As soon as practicable after such selection of a reservation as it may, in the discretion of the Secretary of the Interior, be deemed advisable for the Indians to remove thereto, regard being had to the proper season of the year for such removal, notice shall be given to their agent, directing such removal; and whenever such time shall be fixed, public notice thereof shall be given in three leading newspapers of Kansas, and thereafter the land ceded to the United States by the first article of this treaty, shall be open to entry and settlement under the provisions of the fourth article. Article 8.No part of the invested funds of the tribe, or of any moneys which may be due to them under the provisions of previous treaties, nor of any moneys provided to be paid to them by this treaty, shall be used in payment of any claims against the tribe accruing previous to the ratification of this treaty unless herein expressly provided for. Article 9.In order to promote the civilization of the tribe, one section of land, convenient to the residence of the agent, shall be selected by said agent, with the approval of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and set apart for a manual-labor school; and there shall also be set apart, from the money to be paid to the tribe under this treaty, the sum of ten thousand dollars for the erection of the necessary school-building and dwelling for teacher, and the annual amount of five thousand dollars shall be set apart from the income of their funds after the erection of such school-buildings, for the support of the school; and after settlement of the tribe upon their new reservation, the sum of five thousand dollars of the income of their funds may be annually used, under the direction of the chiefs, in the support of their national government, out of which last-mentioned amount the sum of five hundred dollars shall be annually paid to each of the chiefs. Article 10.The United States agree to pay annually, for five years after the removal of the tribe, the sum of fifteen hundred dollars for the support of a physician and purchase of medicines, and also the sum of three hundred and fifty dollars annually for the same time, in order that the tribe may provide itself with tobacco and salt. Article 11.In consideration of certain improvements made by John Goodell upon the lands of the nation within their present reservation, and of his services as their interpreter, he shall be allowed to select there from a half section of land; and it is further provided that of said land, Sarah A. Whistler and Pash-e-ca-cah, or Amelia Mitchell, shall each be allowed to select a half section of land, the latter selection to include the house in which she lives; and Julia A. Goodell one quarter section, besides the land, not exceeding eight acres, upon which her house and improvements are situated; and Mary A. Means, one quarter section, to include[e] the improvements occupied by her; and there shall also be allowed to Antoine Gokey and William Avery, each one hundred and sixty acres, to Leo Whistler and Gertrude Whistler, each three hundred and twenty acres, and to James Thorpe, Virginia Thorpe, and Cassandra Thorpe, Thomas J. Miles, Hattie Miles, Ema-Ke-O-Kuck, Hannie Ke-O-Kuck, Mo-Co-P-quah, each eighty acres; Man-a-tah, Pah-me-che-kaw-paw, Henry Jones, Wilson McKinney, and Carrie C. Capper, each one hundred and sixty acres, to be selected from unimproved lands: Provided, That the parties herein named shall pay to the Secretary of the Interior, within three months after the ratification of this treaty, the sum of one dollar per acre for said lands, the avails of which shall be used for the benefit of the Sacs and Foxes in the same manner as the other funds arising from the sales of their lands: Provided also, That George Powers, the present Government interpreter, for valuable services rendered and uniform kindness toward the nation, shall have patented to him, in fee-simple, three hundred and twenty acres of land, to be located by the agent: Provided also, That they may select from land upon which improvements exist, by paying the appraised value of such improvements; but no selection shall include the agency, mission, or mill buildings; and upon the approval by the Secretary of the Interior of such selections, and on payment therefore as hereinbefore provided, patents in fee-simple shall be issued to the respective parties, their heirs or assigns. Article 12.In consideration of the faithful services of Samuel Black in protecting their houses and timber from trespass and depredation, there shall be patented to him in fee-simple the tract of land upon which he lives, being the west half of the northwest quarter-section four, town[ship] seventeen, range sixteen. Article 13.John K. Rankin, licensed traders, having erected valuable building at the agency, it is agreed that [he] may have a patent for the land, not exceeding eight acres, upon which such improvements are built, and not to include any other improvements, on the payment of two dollars and fifty cents per acre. Article 14.The Sacs and Foxes, parties to this treaty, agree that the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, if they shall so elect, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, may unite with them and become a part of their people, upon their contributing to the common fund such a portion of their funds as will place them on an equal footing in regard to annuities. Article 15.The claims of the Sacs and Foxes against the United States for stealing of stock, which have heretofore been adjusted, amounting to sixteen thousand four hundred dollars, shall be paid by the United States, and the amount disbursed and expended for the benefit of the tribe in such objects for their improvement and comfort upon the new reservation as the chiefs, through their agent, shall desire; and whereas the Indians claim that one full payment due under previous treaty has never been made to them, it is agreed that a careful examination of the books of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs shall be made, and if any sum is found to be still due and unpaid, the same shall be paid to them per capita in the same manner as their annuities are paid. Article 16.The United States will advance to the said tribe of Indians the sum of twenty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to pay the expenses of their subsistence for the first year after their arrival at their new home in the Indian country, and to pay the necessary expenses of removal, and furnish necessary rations for the journey during such removal; said removal to be made under direction of the superintendent or agent, to be designated by the Secretary of the Interior; the moneys thus expended to be deducted from the whole amount provided to be paid for their lands herein ceded. Article 17.It is hereby provided that the half-breeds and full-bloods of the tribe, who were entitled to selections of land under the Sac and Fox treaty, ratified July ninth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty, and which selections have been approved by the Secretary of the Interior, shall be entitled to patents in fee-simple for the lands heretofore selected, according to the schedule annexed to this treaty: Provided, That where such selections have been made and the allottees have sold their lands for a valuable consideration, not less than one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, the Secretary of the Interior shall, upon full proof being made, cause patents to issue to the purchasers or their assigns. Article 18.All sales hereafter made by or on behalf of persons to whom lands are assigned in this treaty shall receive the approval of the Secretary of the Interior before taking effect in conveying titles to lands so sold. Article 19.The United States agree to pay the expenses of negotiating this treaty, not to exceed the sum of fifteen hundred dollars. Article 20.The chiefs and head-men of the Sacs and Foxes having permitted their employees to cultivate farms, which, together with the farms of Ke-o-kuck and other chiefs, are embraced within an area two miles by four, and the said Sacs and Foxes believing that the lands comprising the said area having been made valuable by reason of said occupancy, and in order that they may receive a fair compensation for said area of land, bounded and described as follows, except as heretofore specially excepted, and the mill and mission building, to wit: commencing at the northwest corner of section thirty-three, township sixteen, range seventeen, thence east two and a quarter (2 ¼) miles to the reservation line; thence south along said line four miles; thence west two and a fourth (2 ¼) miles to the southwest corner of section sixteen, township seventeen, range seventeen; thence north along the section line to the place of beginning, are hereby withdrawn from sale, as is provided for the sale of their lands in this treaty, and the said area of land, as above described, shall be sold by the chiefs and agent for the tribe at the best price obtainable; and they are hereby empowered to make warrantee deeds for the same, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, at not less than two dollars per acre in addition to the appraised value of the improvements. The avails of said lands shall be expended by the agent, under the direction of the chiefs, for the benefit of the nation. Article 21.The Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi, parties to this agreement, being anxious that all the members of their tribe shall participate in the advantages to be derived from the investment of their national funds, sales of lands, and so forth, it is therefore agreed that, as soon as practicable, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs shall cause the necessary proceedings to be adopted, to have such members of the tribe as may be absent notified of this agreement and its advantages, and to induce them to come in and permanently unite with their brethren; and that no part of the funds arising from or due the nation under this or previous treaty stipulations shall be paid to any bands or parts of bands who do not permanently reside on the reservation set apart to them by the Government in the Indian Territory, as provided in this treaty, except those residing in the State of Iowa; and it is further agreed that all money accruing from this or former tribes, [treaties,] now due or to become due said nation, shall be paid them on their reservation in Kansas; and after their removal, as provided in this treaty, payments shall be made at their agency, on their lands as then located. List of Sac and Fox lands selected for individuals referred to in Article XVII of the above treaty, selected by Perry Fuller, agent. Names of persons Description of land Section Alvira Connolly S. ½ NW. ¼ 5 17 Alvira Connolly SW. ¼ 5 17 Alvira Connolly N. ½ NW.¼ 8 17 Alexander Connolly E. ½ 4 17 Cordelia Connolly E. ½ 35 16 Isaac Goodell W. ½ 3 17 Kish-Kah-Iwah S. ½ 16 17 Mary I. Thorp E. ½ 12 17 Hiram P. Thorp E. ½ 1 17 Francis A. Thorp W. ½ 6 17 Amelia McPherson W. ½ 1 17 Sarah A. Whistler SW. ¼ 34 16 Sarah A. Whistler SW. ¼ SW. ¼ 35 16 Sarah A. Whistler W. ½ NW. ¼ 2 17 Sarah A. Whistler NW. ¼ SW. ¼ 2 17 Julia A. Goodell N. ½ 21 17 Susan J. Goodell E. ½ 3 17 John Goodell, jr E. ½ 17 17 Jane Goodell NE. ¼ 10 17 Jane Goodell NW. ¼ NW. ¼ 10 17 Jane Goodell E. ½ NW. ¼ 10 17 Jane Goodell NW. ¼ NW. ¼ 11 17 Mary A. Byington E. ½ NE. ¼ 9 17 Mary A. Byington E. ½ SE. ¼ 9 17 Mary A. Byington W. ½ SW. ¼ 10 17 Mary A. Byington SW. ¼ NW. ¼ 10 17 Mary A. Byington NE. ¼ NE. ¼ 16 17 Margaret Miles W. ½ 4 17 Thomas J. Connolly SW. ¼ SE. ¼ 9 17 Thomas J. Connolly SE. ¼ NE. ¼ 16 17 Thomas J. Connolly W. ½ NE. ¼ 16 17 Thomas J. Connolly NW. ¼ 16 17 Charles T. Connolly E. ½ NW. ¼ 9 17 Charles T. Connolly W. ½ NE. ¼ 9 17 Charles T. Connolly NW. ¼ SE. ¼ 9 17 Charles T. Connolly SE. ¼ SW. ¼ 9 17 Charles T. Connolly S. ½ SW. ¼ 9 17 The following were selected by C. C. Hutchinson: Names of persons. Description. Sec[tion.] Town[ship.] Range. Kaw-Kol-we-nah E. ½ 2 17 17 George Powers NE. ¼ 8 17 18 George Powers S. ½ NW. ¼ 8 17 18 George Powers N. ½ SW. ¼ 8 17 18 Joseph Gokey W. ½ SE. ¼ 21 17 18 Joseph Gokey N. ½ NW. ¼ 28 17 18 Joseph Gokey SW. ¼ NW. ¼ 28 17 18 Joseph Gokey NW. ½ NE. ¼ 28 17 18 Joseph Gokey W. ½ SE. ¼ 29 17 18 Met-tach-ah-pack-o tah E. ½ 7 17 18 Mack-oh-tach-o-quit W. ½ 7 17 18 In testimony whereof, the parties hereinbefore named have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above mentioned. Lewis V. Bogy, Commissioner of Indian Affairs W. H. Watson, Special Commissioner Thos. Murphy, Superintendent of Indian Affairs Henry W. Martin, United States Indian agent Keokuk, his x mark Chekuskuk, his x mark Uc-quaw-ho-ko, his x mark Mut-tut-tah, his x mark Man-ah-to-wah, his x mark In presence of Antoine Gokey, his x mark, United States Interpreter Charles E. Mix Thos. E. McGraw C. H. Norris G. P. Beauvais H. W. Farnsworth

The inner disk can be irradiated by the Compton tail. This can substantially change the inner disk temperature structure from that expected from an unilluminated disk in the limit where the ratio of luminosity in the tail to that in the disk, Lc/Ld>>1. This is generally the case in the low/hard state of accreting black holes, and neglecting this effect leads to an underestimate of the inner disk radius (Gierlinski, Done & Page 2008a MNRAS, 388, 753). The irradiated inner disk and Compton tail can illuminate the rest of the disk, and a fraction f_out of the bolometric flux is thermalized to the local blackbody temperature at each radius. This reprocessed flux generally dominates the optical and UV bandpass of LMXBs (Gierlinski, Done & Page 2008b MNRAS, submitted). par1 = kT_disk, innermost temperature of the UNILLUMINATED disk par2 = Gamma, asymptotic power-law photon index par3 = kT_e, electon temperature (high energy rollover) par4 = Lc/Ld, ratio of luminosity in the Compton tail to that of the UNILLUMINATED disk par5 = fin, fraction of luminosity in the Compton tail which is thermalized in the inner disk (generally fix at 0.1 as appropriate for an albedo of 0.3 and solid angle of 0.3) par6 = rirr, radius of the Compton illuminated disk in terms of the inner disk radius par7 = fout, fraction of bolometric flux which is thermalized in the outer disk par8 = logrout, log10 of the outer disk radius in terms of the inner disk radius K = normalization, as in diskbb

We were so inspired by Saint Kentigern College student Ada Chan and her award winning Wearable Arts design that we thought we would share some pointers on how she made the beautiful creation. We hope it inspires you to give it a go and make your own piece of wearable art. Cardboard tubes (from toilet paper or paper towel rolls). Ada collected more than 500 tubes for her design, but for a much more simple design you can of course, use less. Use the scissors to cut the cardboard tubes lengthways. Paint each of split tubes with the colours of your choice. Allow the tubes to dry. On the cardboard tubes, use a ruler to measure the width of the strips you would like to cut. These will all need to be even. Cut the painted tubes into strips. Secure three strips together with hot glue and iron wire in the centre of each. Shape each lot of three strips like Ada has done (above) and secure using hot glue and iron wire. Assemble the shaped pieces together using iron wire and put on top of the fabric/clothing of your choice. Feathers from Ada’s hat were also made using the cardboard tubes. Glue 2-3 whole cardboard tubes together (split lengthways) and fix iron wire at the middle. Glue glitter paper on both sides of the cardboard. Cut into the shape of a feather using the scissors. The final product - Ada in her wearable arts design.NOTE: Kids please ask your parents first, they may want to join in this fun activity with you.

f = ma f = force m = mass a = acceleration These three laws along with gravity form the cornerstone of modern physics. Not much outside quantum mechanics makes since with out them. They affect every aspect of our lives and are involved in some way with every thing we do. The three laws are most evident in space flight. The 3rd law provides force to move a rocket, the 2nd law turns that force into acceleration and the 1st law keeps a space craft in obit or moving through deep space.

Energy storage is a "stretch" resource that allows excess energy to be stored until it is needed. It helps bridge the gaps inherent in the output from variable resources like wind and solar, and it can also stretch the number of hours that are powered by clean, affordable renewable energy. There are many forms of energy storage such as: pumped hydroelectric, thermal energy, compressed air, and flywheel storage. The most common form of energy storage being pursued today, and the one we are most familiar with, is battery storage -- most commonly, lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are used at large scale battery storage plants to save large amounts of energy that otherwise would have gone unused. Top 5 Benefits of Energy Storage: - Increases Reliability and Resilience of the Grid - Saves Consumers Money - Integrates More Renewables - Reduces the Amount of Wasted Energy - Reduces Negative Environmental Impacts Learn more about energy storage in our blogs:

The history of what is now Berkhamsted’s Ashlyns School can be traced back to the early 18th century. In those dark days, child poverty in England was very high and many children struggled to reach the age of seven years. Retired sea captain Thomas Coram was appalled at the number of abandoned babies he saw on the streets of London and campaigned for a foundling hospital where unwanted children could live and grow up in a safe, secure environment. Coram was eventually granted a Royal Charter to allow a hospital to be set up and the first children were admitted on March 25, 1741, into a temporary house located in Hatton Garden, London. In time, work started on building the first permanent Foundling Hospital in Lamb’s Conduit Fields in Bloomsbury. Three years of work saw the first part of the hospital complete, and another wing was added in 1752 to keep girls separate from boys. The hospital was described as ‘the most imposing single monument erected by 18th century benevolence’ and soon became London’s most popular charity. Parliament concluded in 1756 that all the children offered should be received at the hospital. Before that, children were chosen by chance – their hopeful mothers had to draw a coloured ball from a closed bag. White meant that the child would be admitted if healthy, red meant that they would be put on a waiting list and black meant that they were turned away. In the space of four years, 14,934 children were presented. Of these, only 4,400 survived to be apprenticed. The total expense of this was around £500,000 – a large sum in those times. In 1928, the London site was sold for £2 million after the governors had realised the value of the estate, and the building was demolished. A new site was sought and the estate of Ashlyns Hall in Berkhamsted was purchased. The children were sent to a temporary hospital at Redhill until 1935 while the new site was prepared. By 1951 Berkhamsted was short of accommodation for local children and a new policy of moving foundling children out of institutions meant that the number of foundlings had fallen. A secondary modern school was established with foundling children being educated alongside local children. In 1955 Herts County Council bought the building from the Foundling Hospital and Ashlyns School opened as a bi-lateral school with both grammar and secondary Modern sections. In 1972 Ashlyns became the comprehensive upper school of the three-tier system of education that operated in Berkhamsted. In 1993 there was further change as Ashlyns became a self-governing state school. Today, Ashlyns is still the upper school of the three-tier system, although there is further change in store soon, and specialises in teaching languages. When the school celebrated its 60th anniversary last year more than 500 people visited during a celebration weekend, including former foundlings. Artefacts from the past were on show, such as old uniforms and the punishment book. Ashlyns also does work in the community, including hosting a musical concert every term, music productions – the most recent being Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dream Coat – and an annual summer concert, a huge performance involving all musical students. by Ashlyns student Joseph Grego, during work experience at the Dacorum Heritage Trust Ltd. Our October 24 report by Andrew Macgregor was originally published for St. Mary Magdalene, Flaunden, Hertfordshire - A Short History of the Church and Village.

Saho, people of the coastal plains of southern Eritrea. Traditional Saho culture involved considerable mobility, because people needed to move their herds of camels, sheep, goats, and, more recently, cattle from summer pasture to winter pasture each year. However, the Saho have become increasingly settled since the mid-20th century. Most of the Saho are Muslims who practice Ṣūfism, or Islamic mysticism, but some groups, including the Minifere and the Debri-Mela, include both Muslims and Christians. The Saho numbered some 250,000 in the early 21st century.

Some Doctors are of the belief that Shingles does not recur. The reality is that it can and does recur, in fact it is recurring in more people than ever before across the world. Why are more and more people getting Shingles and Recurrent Shingles than ever before? This could be due to a number of reasons such as: - Poor Diet & Lifestyle - Stress – Financial worries – Relationship - Major surgery –Trauma - Alcohol Abuse - Hormonal Changes All of which can have an adverse effect on the Immune System no matter what age you are. Who can get Recurrent Shingles? Both men and women can experience Recurrent Shingles although it is more common in women. There are some rare cases of children experiencing this too. Women often report that Shingles recurs around the time of Menstruation and Menopause. This would point to the system lowering its immunity during this hormonal period. Some suffer minimal with outbreaks just several times a year whereas others report outbreaks every month or cycle. Shingles can also reoccur with stress at work, relationships, family life or due to financial worries. Men show similar patterns with the exception of the menstrual cycle/hormonal involvement. In a recent study out of 1,700 people with a confirmed shingles attack only 8% had compromised immune systems thus finding that most Recurrent Shingles attacks were occurring in people with healthy immune systems. - 60% more likely in women than men - 40% more likely in people who were 50 or older when they had their initial attack - Most recurrences occurred in people with healthy immune systems If not caught and dealt with early, over time Recurring Shingles could lead to more serious complications although this is very rare. Recurrent Shingles, although painful and debilitating, can usually be managed well in a much younger person but with time can become more difficult to deal with as that person ages. This is where a better and healthier lifestyle due to diet and exercise should be maintained at an earlier age. This may not cure Herpes Zoster but would most certainly lower or contain the virus and help the individual to manage the problem as time goes by.

Knowledge and Belief Rabbi Israel Chait We have shown in our last article that the notion of religious faith is not Biblical, that is, it is not found in the Jewish Bible the Torah. It is Christian, and on a larger scale belongs to the pagan, primitive, and idolatrous modes of worship which the Torah proscribes and abhors. The Torah demands knowledge not faith. Verses such as, "You have been shown so that you may know that the Lord, He is God; there is none other besides Him (Deut. 4:35)," and, "And you shall know this day and return (those ideas) to your heart that the Lord, He is God... (ibid:39)" make this clear. When Moses appointed the leaders of Israel he stated, "Get yourselves men of knowledge and depth of understanding who are known (as such) to your tribes... (ibid. 1:13)." Moses did not request "men of great piety and religiosity," rather, men of "knowledge and depth of understanding." Ever since the time of Moses the religion of Israel has been guided and directed by the scholars of Israel, the great intellectual giants of the nation. The religion of Israel is not democratic nor is it prejudicial. It is not democratic in that it does not permit the ignorant to voice an opinion on religious matters; he who cannot follow the complex and abstract arguments of the Talmud has no right to arrive at decisions in religious matters. On the other hand the religion of Israel is not prejudicial; it recognizes and reveres anyone who has the knowledge of Torah, young or old, male or female, black or white, proselyte or prince, a high priest or an illegitimate offspring. The religion of Israel is best described as an intellectual aristocracy; it centers around knowledge. This being the case we may ask "is there any place in Judaism for something other than knowledge?" We may also ask "what is the difference between 'emmunah,' (roughly translated as belief) and 'yediah,' (knowledge)?" Also, what is meant by the verse in Genesis 15:6, roughly translated, "And he (Abraham) believed in God and He counted it to him for righteousness"? Let us examine the chapter in which the above verse is found. Here we find Abraham in a prophetic vision discussing with God the future prospects of his holy work. His main concern was that he was childless. This is expressed in Genesis 15:2,3. Abraham was convinced that in order for his work to continue after his death the successor to his position would have to be his own offspring. Eliezer, his faithful servant, would not have the kind of credibility necessary to continue the work successfully. God agreed with Abraham and promised him a successor from his own loins (verse 4). At this point Abraham inquires no further, as is stated in verse 6, "and he believed in God, and this was considered righteousness." In verse 7 God continues to tell Abraham that his offspring will inherit the land in which he was then dwelling. Suddenly Abraham changes his tactic and he inquires of God, and here we must be accurate in our translation, "with what shall I know that I will inherit it?" It should be noted that he does not say "how" shall I know that I will inherit, but rather "with what" shall I know that I will inherit it. This distinction, as we shall see, is of extreme importance. Every word in Torah counts. Let us search out where the answer to Abraham' questions lies in the text. The semantics of the verse show us the way. Abraham asked "bamah aida," "with what shall I know;" God answered "yadoah taida," knowing you shall surely know (verse 13). Here we are dealing with knowledge, "yediah," not "emmunah," belief or trust. Abraham's question was an intellectual one. God had promised him the land; this implied that a whole nation would one day be established that would follow his ideational system of knowledge of God. Abraham knew how difficult it was to get people to embrace the ideas of the true religion. After years of expounding his philosophy and in spite of the divine assistance Abraham received in making him a famous figure, he was only able to win over 318 people. Even his nephew Lot departed from him to obtain residence in Sodom. Abraham was intrigued by the sociological vision God presented to him. How could an entire nation be brought to embrace the true religion? He inquired of God, "bamah," with what, meaning, through what means can such a fact be accomplished? God answered him that it would take place through the medium of slavery (15:13). The slave, the lowly individual who has no status would listen to the ideas set forth by God's messenger, Moses, and then respond appropriately. It is paradoxical yet true that man is more prone to see truth precisely when he is in the lowest ebb of human existence. God taught Abraham this truth concerning the human personality and with it He explained how a nation would be founded with the ideas of the true religion. Abraham never asked God "how do I know?" Such a question would be absurd, for "God Is not a man that He should lie."(Numbers 23:14) Abraham never doubted the veracity of God's statement. But God is first and foremost for man, a teacher. In the prophetic vision man the student has the opportunity to gain knowledge from God the teacher. Abraham asked God an intellectual question "with what" or through what means can such a prophecy come into being? He was perplexed and intrigued by the sociological phenomenon God presented to him. Similarly, when God told Abraham he would have a child, Abraham never asked God how He would bring this about. The particular details of how God would accomplish this were unimportant to Abraham. Interest in such details is idle speculation and curiosity. In God's presence one does not seek idle speculation but instead one seeks knowledge. Abraham was praised for not asking God how He would bring about the birth of his offspring. Instead he trusted in God. He knew that how God does things, how He brings His plans into action, is not an area for human speculation. Here man should not attempt to use his reasoning powers. Here he must withdraw and trust totally in God. Here one uses "emmunah," trust and belief in God's reliability to bring His word into actuality. In these few verses the Torah narrative sets forth one of the basic principles of the religion of Israel. It teaches us when to use knowledge and when to abstain from using knowledge. Stated briefly, the eleventh principle of our faith, that is, the principle of God's system of reward and punishment, is not subject to human scrutiny. Nay, it is arrogant and preposterous for man to think he can understand God's plan; "for my thoughts are not your thoughts nor my ways your ways, saith the Lord." (Isaiah 55:8 ) Man can only state humbly, as did Moses, "and you shall know that the Lord your God He is God, the Almighty and the Trustworthy ("ne'eman" from the word "emmunah") who keeps the covenant and the kindness to those who love Him ."(Deut. 6:9,10) Our knowledge in this instance is limited to the fact the Almighty is trustworthy; we cannot have knowledge of the particulars of God's judgments. We must engage rigorously in knowledge of God's Torah even knowledge of His existence (for those who have risen to the level where they are capable of doing so) but we are never to think that we know God's plans. Our father Abraham taught us this profound lesson and Moses and the prophets reiterated it. The Rabbis of the Talmud, the true heirs to Torah knowledge, have stated this in expounding the verse of Hosea 2:22, "And I will betroth thee with 'emmunah,' trust." This, they said, refers to the trust the people of Israel have throughout the lengthy days of the Diaspora that the redemption spoken of by the prophets will come true. We do not know how or when this will happen but we know it will happen. As the angel said to Daniel, "because these things are closed and sealed till the time of the end." (Daniel 12:9) There are always those that defy this teaching of Abraham. Instead of spending their lives in pursuit of knowledge of God's Torah they are preoccupied with God's plan, In every turn of current events they see the specter of God's miraculous intervention which they believe will be carried out according to ideas that appeal to their infantile minds. Such are the groups of messianics who rise up again and again in every generation in a futile attempt to predict God's plans. They set up for themselves messianic figures, and when these fail they either set up others, or, refusing to accept reality, maintain that their proclaimed messiahs will return from the dead. They are usually outsiders who come to the religion of Israel with ideas they have absorbed from their pagan heritage. Sometimes they are even to be found among the people of Israel. This is stated in Daniel 11:14, "and the evil doers of your nation will rise up to establish the vision but they shall stumble." The Rabbis have identified such groups as the "calculators of the end of time," and have stated unequivocally that "their spirit should decay." They attempt to find God not through knowledge but through their imagination. Since they search for God they feel close to Him but their method excludes them from having any part in the true religion of Israel. They are near to God in their mouths, but distant in their thoughts (Jerimiah 12:2). They have certain characteristics. They harbor a hatred for the scholars of Israel from whom they sense censure for their goals and motives. Their ideas of God are always tainted with the idolatrous which is the fullest expression of the seeking God through the imagination. In summation, the word "emmunah" has no counterpart in the English language. Words are representations of ideas; the ideas of Torah are unique and are often incapable of translation. We may interpret them through many words or phrases. the objective of Torah is to activate the divine element in man, which according to our scholars is the intellectual faculty. "Emmunah" is not a breach in the function of this faculty but rather a specific case. The same marvelous faculty which gives man knowledge also dictates to him that certain things are intrinsically unknowable. In "Emmunah" knowledge leads us to certain conclusions although we can have no first hand knowledge of the specifics of these conclusions. "Emmunah" is verification from an external source, indirect knowledge. There is no leap of faith in Judaism. We call God the God of " Emmunah" because although man can know that He is just he cannot know how He is just. Through "emmunah" man reaches the highest plateau of self-knowledge, knowledge of his own limitations.

Descriptive (nonfiction), 60 words, Level C (Grade K), Lexile 100L Shadows provides several examples of shadows that are different sizes and shapes. Detailed photographs and repetitive sentence structure support early emergent readers. The book can also be used to teach students how to connect to prior knowledge while reading as well as to compare and contrast. More Book Options Kurzweil 3000 Format Use of Kurzweil 3000® formatted books requires the purchase of Kurzweil 3000 software at www.kurzweiledu.com. Teach the Objectives Connect to prior knowledge Compare and Contrast : Compare and contrast Word Awareness : Identify words Consonants : Identify Initial consonant Ll Grammar and Mechanics Complete Sentences : Recognize and use complete sentences Antonyms : Identify and use antonyms Think, Collaborate, Discuss Promote higher-order thinking for small groups or whole class

Approximately 1,400 Australian women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer each year. Sadly, the death rate for ovarian cancer is relatively high – 2 out of 3 Australian women diagnosed with ovarian cancer will die, and around 75% of women are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Breast and gynaecological cancers unfortunately touch everyone’s life in some way, either directly or through the experience of family and friends. The Cancer Council is asking everyone to unite in pink to help them beat women’s cancers. The Cancer Council’s Pink Ribbon Day helps raises funds to support the many thousands of women affected by breast and gynaecological cancers and aims to minimise the threat of women's cancers through successful prevention, best treatment, support and world-class cancer research. Key factors which can affect fertility include age, weight, smoking, alcohol use, and timing. A decision has not yet been made whether the company would apply to register the once-a-day pill with Australia's drug regulator, the Therapeutic Goods Administration. TGA registration is a necessary step for Australian doctors to prescribe the drug. Approximately 1400 Australian women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer each year. Sadly, the mortality rate for ovarian cancer is relatively high – 2 out of 3 Australian women diagnosed with ovarian cancer will die, compared with 2 out of 10 women with breast cancer. Key lifestyle factors which can affect fertility include age, weight, smoking, alcohol use and timing of sex. Knowledge about key fertility factors can mean a huge difference to conceiving or not. Breastfeeding - A winning goal for life. With International Women's Day coming soon in March, now is the time to be more aware of how to improve your general health. We don't know yet the causes of most Ovarian cancer but we do know that early detection and treatment is vital. Ovarian Cancer awareness month is in February and Australian women are being asked to host an "Afternoon Teal" to raise money and awareness. Breast cancer cases are up 20% in four years.

For this assignment, you will complete a graphic organizer. Download the PDF document entitled that is attached to this assignment. This organizer is a fillable pdf that you can type directly into. You will use this to answer questions about atoms, chemical bonds, the properties of water, and the four classes of macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). Submission of the assignment During completion of the assignment in WORD, please type answers in blue bold to help distinguish your answers from the questions. Grading for this assignment is based on the completion and accuracy of your responses. To submit the assignment, save the completed WORD document on your computer. Upload it as a WORD (.docx) document to the assignment folder titled “Cell Chemistry.” If you are using a MAC submit a PDF since a PAGES document will not be viewable. Only WORD or PDFs can earn assignment points. For this assignment, you will complete a graphic organizer. Download the PDF document entitled that is attached to this assignment. This organizer is a fillable pdf that you can type directly into. Yo Cell Chemistry Organizer Complete the charts below to organize your understanding of inorganic & organic chemistry of the cell. Type all answers in bold blue. Subatomic Particles -List the 3 subatomic particles, describe where they are located, what is the charge. Subatomic Particle Location Charge Chemical Bonding –# electrons in each of the 3 electron shells. Shell Electrons List and describe the 3 bond types. Bond Description Water Properties -List and describe the 4 water properties Water Property Description pH -Define each of the following terms. Term Definition Acid Base Buffer Carbohydrates -List the monomer for carbohydrates.monosaccharideList the elements that make up carbohydrates and the ratio. Element Ratio List and define 3 complex carbohydrates important for plants & animals. Complex Carbohydrate Definition Lipids –List the 4 different lipid groups presented in the course notes. Lipid Group List the 6 elements that can make up lipids. Element Define the terms below. Term Definition Saturated Unsaturated Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Proteins -List the monomer for proteins.List the 5 elements that make up proteins. Element Define the 4 protein structures. Structure Definition Nucleic Acids -List the monomer for nucleic acids.List the 5 elements that make up nucleic acids. Elements List 3 nucleic acids and list the key characteristics that differentiate them from each other. Nucleic Acid Key Characteristics that Differentiate Them From Each Other.

In the tropical northeastern city of Natal, a new smartphone application could allow residents to alert authorities about the location of concentrations of mosquitos and cases of dengue with the touch of a finger. The app was developed by university researcher Ricardo Valentim in collaboration with epidemiologist Ion de Andrade, who works for the Natal city council. "If someone identifies dengue, they pinpoint it on the (application's) map and that allows us to see where it is developing and to react immediately to stop it spreading," Andrade said. The "Dengue Observatory" app is in beta mode for now but is expected to come online this month. Once up and running, it will allow authorities to know exactly where to act. "If it's mosquitos, we can locate and treat the water source. If a suspected case is confirmed, we can treat the victim," Andrade said. There is no cure for the mosquito-borne disease. Brazil has been hit harder than any other country this century, with seven million cases reported since 2000, including 800 fatalities in the last five years. In the Sao Paulo state city of Campinas, where Portugal's team and star Cristiano Ronaldo are based, three women aged 27, 69 and 81 died of dengue this year. World Cup plan The World Cup's northeastern host cities of Natal, Recife and Fortaleza were flagged as danger zones in a paper published by European and Brazilian scientists in The Lancet Infectious Diseases last month. Natal has recorded 3,000 cases this year, and the city has endured torrential rain since the World Cup started last Thursday. Sitting at the local hospital, Joana was waiting to undergo a blood analysis. "I have a sore head, my joints are sore and I'm feverish. On Sunday, I had pain in my eyes," she complained. Although all are symptoms of dengue, she may be suffering from a simple virus. "We've seen several cases of dengue recently, but we're nowhere near epidemic levels," said local doctor Mario Toscano. The poorer neighborhoods of Natal often do not have ready access to running water, never mind computers or telephones with mobile applications. So in some of the city's favelas, where the children run barefoot and waste water runs in open gutters, the risk of dengue is potentially greater. "This is exactly the kind of place that would attract mosquitos," said Aberdal Varela Da Fe, pointing at a concrete bath of stagnant water used by several families for cooking and washing in their tiny, one-room concrete shacks. In stagnant water, female mosquitos can lay eggs which grow into the larvae which can then become disease-carrying mosquitoes. After visiting another house nearby, Varela Da Fe, one of 380 health inspectors employed by the city to control dengue, received better news. "Your house is very well kept," he told the elderly occupant Iivanilda Firmino. "All the water receptacles are covered." Firmino has reason to be very vigilant. "I'm really careful, because my son has had dengue four times already," said Firmino. With hundreds of thousands of foreign visitors travelling across Brazil until the World Cup final on July 13, authorities are being careful. "There's always a risk, but this year it's not so big," said Alessandre de Medeiros Tavares, the chief doctor in Natal city council's dengue task force. "Thanks to our work on the ground, we've had less cases. But if we do have more, we have a 'World Cup' plan ready to go into action," he said. "But according to our analyses, it is likely we won't have to."

The hip joint is a deep ball and socket joint surrounded by multiple layers of muscle and ligaments that move the leg in different directions allowing us to walk, run, jump and hop. When the muscles surrounding the joint are not working efficiently or as optimally as they should be, it can create issues with the joints above and below the hip. Quite often, lower back pain is associated with issues in either the hip joint itself or in the muscles that cross the joints. So what happens when the pain is in the joint itself? Pain within the joint is generally associated with conditions including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis or tears within the joint cartilage. When the pain becomes too unbearable or there is a fracture a total hip replacement occurs. Have you had or do you require a hip replacement? TWO TYPES OF SURGERIES: 1. Total Hip Replacement (THR) A THR is a surgical removal of the head and neck of the femur and replacement of the acetabulum. A prosthetic replica of the head of the femur will be attached to the body of the femur and a plate will be attached to the acetabulum. 2. Partial Hip Replacement (PHR) Focuses on the replacement of the neck of the femur that has been fractured and self-healing is not an option. Who can have a THR? · Severe Osteoarthrits · Severe Hip Fracture · Damage to the Acetabulum · Avascular Necrosis · Rheumatoid Arthritis There are THREE different approaches to performing a THR: anterior, lateral and posterior. The biggest difference between the three approaches are the amount of soft tissue (muscle/ligament) damage occurring during the surgery. The anterior approach is where the surgeon goes through the front part of the body. This method is considered least invasive and damaging for the soft tissue surrounding the joint. The posterior approach on the other hand is the most preferred method as it provides the best view of the joint itself. To ensure the best possible outcome for rehabilitation, it is important to be as strong as possible prior to surgery. If you would like to know more about how you can become stronger, we advise contacting your local Exercise Physiologist for helpful tips and tricks.

Researching Australian military service: Second World War, Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) The World War 2 Nominal Roll was created by the Department of Veterans' Affairs. The Nominal Roll provides the following details: - Service number - Full name - Place of enlistment - Date of enlistment/attestation - Place of birth - Date of birth - Unit/ship/squadron at discharge - Date of death or discharge - Substantive rank on discharge - Prisoner of war status (yes or no) - Next of kin name - Honours and gallantry awards The Research Centre also holds a number of nominal rolls in the official records collection. You are welcome to visit the Research Centre to view these records. Title of list Official record number |Those serving with the RAF|| |India & Burma|| |Prisoners of war|| |RAAF Nursing Service|| - Australian forces: Service records of members of Australian forces are held by the National Archives of Australia. You can apply to the National Archives for copies of personal service records. - Other countries: If your individual served with the air force of another country during the Second World War please see the information sheet Personal service records - countries other than Australia for further information. The Roll of Honour records the names of servicemen and servicewomen who died during or as a result of service with Australian military forces. The Roll of Honour introduction provides detailed information about Roll of Honour eligibility. The Commemorative Roll lists Australians who died during or as a result of wars or warlike operations in which Australians have been on active service but who were not eligible for inclusion on the Roll of Honour. The Commemorative Roll introduction provides detailed information about Commemorative Roll eligibility. Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Debt of Honour Register lists all British Commonwealth soldiers who died in the First and Second World Wars only. The Register provides details about where the individual is buried or commemorated, includes plans of cemeteries and photographs of the cemetery or memorial. - Royal Australia Air Force (RAAF) casualty files (NAA series A705). Casualty files were created for every member of the RAAF who was killed or severely wounded. As well as details of the incident, the files may contain reports from war graves investigators, eye-witnesses, survivors, the Red Cross and Squadron personnel. For further information see the National Archives Fact Sheet 32 'RAAF service records' - RAAF aircraft crash reports (NAA series 9845). Reports were produced whenever an aircraft was involved in an accident. Details were given on the type of aircraft including registration number, crew numbers, their names and rank, injuries and fatalities. In some serious accident cases courts of inquiry were convened, files were raised for these cases. The majority of the records (which may not be a complete set) are World War II era. - Alan Storr, RAAF World War 2 fatalities (Canberra: Kwik Kopy Canberra, 2009-2010) Series of 38 volumes containing summaries of RAAF fatalities in date of death order. Included are the mission details, the names, ranks and musterings of crew members, and the known circumstances of the failure of aircraft to return. - W.R. Chorley, Royal Air Force Bomber Command losses of the Second World War (Earl Shilton, Leicester: the author & Midland County Publishers, 1992–2002) Chronological listing with brief details of the circumstances of the loss. RAAF formation and unit records (AWM64) were kept to record operations and activities of RAAF units. The records are available for viewing on microfilm in the Research Centre. The original records have been withdrawn from public access due to their fragile nature. Original records are only issued when no microfilm copy is available. The National Archives of Australia has a duplicate series A9186, many records of which have been digitised and are available online through the RecordSearch database. Enter the name of the unit as keywords (e.g. 453 Squadron) and A9186 as the series number. Many of those who enlisted in the RAAF served in Royal Air Force (RAF) squadrons. The Memorial does not hold official records of RAF squadrons, only some published information. The National Archives in the United Kingdom hold operational records for the RAF. Official histories are a detailed chronological record of all services and all theatres of conflict. The official histories for the Second World War, Australia in the War of 1939–1945, have been digitised and are available for viewing on the Memorial's website. There are a limited number of unit profiles for RAAF squadrons available on the Memorial's website. The profiles include a short history of the unit, details of its casualties, decorations, battle honours, commanding officers and aircraft. For further guidance please refer to the information sheet, Researching the history of a unit. Refer to our information sheets: - Collections Search provides access to digitised images of photographs held by the Memorial. - PhotoSearch is the online photographic catalogue of the National Archives of Australia, and contains digital images of photographs from the collections in all state and territory offices of the archives. The collection includes a series of photographs of RAAF funerals held in Europe during the Second World War. Enter the serviceman's surname and the word 'funeral' as a keyword search, for example: Cheatle funeral. - Trove includes photographs and other images held by a range of major Australian libraries, archives and other cultural institutions.

- Athlete's Foot: A fungus infection on the skin of feet. Green-colored pigments that plants use to help make their own food. - Environment: A surrounding that affects the development of a living organism. - Kingdom: The highest grouping of living things. - Mold: A furry growth on the surface of objects such as food products and other living plants. Grows in the presence of dampness or decay. - Nutrients: A nourishing ingredient in food that causes growth, development or good - Plant Kingdom: The common grouping of the plant species. - Ringworm: A contagious skin disease caused by fungus. Causes itching and ring-shaped patches covered with scales. - Yeast: A single-celled fungus used in making bread, beer and other products. Return to Page Last update: 30 Mar 99. Preparation of this page by Erika Quinn and Robert Fogel was supported in part by the University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program.

Snobs vs Nerds In every school there is a seemingly endless rivalry of snobs verses nerds. These two clashing social groups have both likeness and differences. The two groups may seem polar opposites because of their extreme differences, but some of the similarities may surprise you. Snobs. These people are generally the ones that have money, play sports, are very popular, and try to tell the world they are oozing with self confidence. Snobs depend on people believing the image they set for themselves, and having others constantly reassure them that they are wonderful. They set their lives around what people think. Snobs, unlike nerds, usually have better clothes, and go out to the movies, or have parties more than the nerds group. The snob's group is very exclusive. Their rejection of others is a desperate attempt to not be rejected themselves. They rely on always wearing, doing, and saying what is “in,” to stay “in.” Mostly this group of people all try to act exactly the same to prevent their differences being exiled. Snobs like to let others think they are superior, and feel threatened by those with natural talent, or those who don't buy into their ordeals. Due to a lack of self confidence, they make others feel inferior with verbal attacks and rumors. These people feeling smaller makes the snobs feel big inside. Nerds. These people are generally the ones with less money, lacking in coordination, not popular, but have enough confidence so they don't have to announce it to the world. They usually have good grades, or are in advanced classes. Nerds typically have an underlying talent, which is why they are in advanced classes or are in the band, chorus, math club, or drama club. These people don't have all the fashioned clothes, but unlike the snobs, like to express their own personalities. Nerds can, but usually don't play sports, because they have a lack of coordination, and usually fall or get hurt. They have quirkiness, and generally more positive attitudes and more kind personalities than the snobs. Just like snobs, nerds care about what people think. However, they don't let it affect how they act by changing themselves to fit in. They love to have fun, and be themselves. Some nerds try to go against the flow, and be way “out there.” Nerds love to strive to be there best, are usually perfectionists, and usually take pride in their achievements. They do not need their peers to continuously reassure them of how amazing they are, because they generally have more self confidence than the snobs. Nerds can sometimes be too wrapped up in their work however, and do occasionally snort when they laugh. Both of these groups are in fact, despite popular belief, from the same planet, (hopefully.) They are both humans, and both make humanly mistakes. The similarities between these groups, are that they both have their group of friends which they feel comfortable with, and both have the people they would rather push into a hole full of bunnies. Each of these groups tend to be biased towards themselves, and slightly resentful of the other. Though they show their emotions in different ways, (Snobs love to be overly dramatic, while nerds may keep to themselves,) they still have and live with the same ones. Though the rivalry will never end, it won't matter when they get out of school, and out of these silly cliques. © Copyright 2016 gigglemybagel. All rights reserved. Paste the link to picture in the entry below: Paste the link to Youtube video in the following entry: Cannot annotate a non-flat selection. Make sure your selection starts and ends within the same node. An annotation cannot contain another annotation. There was an error uploading your file.

Since its discovery almost 25 years ago, researchers have been working to try to understand the DNA mutation causing myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). The mutation is known by many names, including “CTG repeat,” “triplet repeat,” “trinucleotide repeat,” “expansion mutation” and many more. Over the years researchers have determined that the mutation is unstable, and most often grows larger in size. Not only does the repeat usually get larger each time it is passed on to children, it can also get larger inside an individual person. For example, a common blood test for DM1 taken from the same person several times over many years reveals that the repeat grows slowly over time. It is important to note that a repeat size reported on a genetic test most often reflects an average size, or the most commonly found size of the repeat, it does not represent the size found in every single blood cell. Furthermore, the repeat size in the muscles of an individual with DM1 will often be many times bigger than the repeat size found in their blood, making the study of DM1 repeat size a very complicated research field. Researchers have puzzled over why the repeat is so unstable, and what drives the repeat to expand so much in some types of cells, and in some people more than others. In order to understand this better, researchers from the University of Costa Rica and the University of Glasgow teamed up to examine the DNA from 199 individuals with DM1 in order to determine what might be driving the repeat to grow. This team had previously developed a way to mathematically predict the original repeat size found in an embryo at the time of fertilization, and determined that this predicted repeat size could more accurately predict the age someone with DM1 would first experience any symptoms. In fact, this predicted repeat size was calculated to be responsible for 89% of the variability seen in blood over time. However the remaining forces driving repeat instability were unknown. In this recent publication, the same team explored whether there were other genetic factors aside from the repeat that might be inherited, and driving instability. They found that one variation in the genome, inside a gene called MSH3, was strongly connected to an increased amount of instability. This gene has previously been connected to the instability of DNA repeats, however this is the first time a naturally occurring variation has been connected to driving instability in people with DM1. Researchers call this variation a “modifier,” because it modifies how the DNA repeat behaves over time. Since larger DNA repeats have been previously associated with more severe symptoms, it is possible that future research might show that symptoms can be worse or better depending on which of the two variations of the MSH3 gene you inherit from each of your parents. However, that type of study would likely require many more patient samples than this preliminary study of 199 individuals. Interestingly, a study on cancer risk found that this same variation was linked with an altered predisposition to cancer, but the variant that had negative consequences when it came to cancer risk was the variant that saw less instability in DM1. Therefore, this variant can have both positive and negative consequences in humans. A polymorphism in the MSH3 mismatch repair gene is associated with the levels of somatic instability of the expanded CTG repeat in the blood DNA of myotonic dystrophy type 1 patients. Morales F, Vasquez M, Santamaria C, Cuenca P, Monckton DG. DNA Repair (Amst). 2016 Mar 8.

Are there any records of WWI trench tactics involving shield formations similar to the example below of the ancient Testudo formation? I imagine that it could have been successful if used to get within range to throw grenades. Shields for soldiers were tried during the First World War. In order to stop high power rifle rounds, they had to be rather heavy weight steel plate. This made them difficult to move and carry. One French design made a wheeled shield known as the Mobile Personnel Shield. This proved too heavy and cumbersome to use in combat. However, it may have played a role in inspiring the first tanks. The Canadians also developed the MacAdam Shield Shovel which doubled both as a digging tool and as protection when firing. It was made of three-sixteenths of an inch thick steel. There was a hole in the blade for sighting when used as a shield and the handle was detachable. Some 25,000 were produced but soldiers found them to be poor for digging, being to heavy, and ineffective at stopping bullets. An additional problem for shields was that protection was not only required to the front. Shells and shrapnel would come from all directions when out of the trench. Thus a shield would be of little use unless completely covering the whole body. If so done, it would be to heavy to move by one soldier. Mechanising the shield would lead directly to the tank. Not all shields proved useless. During WWI, shields were mounted on machine guns to protect the operator, who is generally more exposed than other soldiers and less required to move at speed. Such shields continue to be used to this day. Look at USA troops in Iraq or Afghanistan who are manning machine gun positions or using the mobile machine guns on the back of a truck, and you will see they have a shield in front of them that can turn with the gun. I strongly suspect that it is due to technical limitations: Rifle bullets travel at very, very high velocity, and thus even a steel shield would be unlikely to stop them. I recall hearing that the metal helmets they wore would not stop a direct hit, so I don't think a shield would either, at least not when limited by the amount a human can support. If you think about it, a tank or APC is really just a mechanical phalanx, providing armour on all sides. Also supporting this is an issue that the Canadian's had: A rather incompetent defence minister spent a ton of money on shovels with a hole in them, so you could peek up over the edge of a trench. The problem was bullets would go right through the shovel. Even if you had a magic shield that stopped rifle and machine gun bullets you'd quickly lose formation as you walked over shell craters and whatnot: WWI battlefeilds were notorious for chopped up ground. Couple this with the fact that such a formation would quickly attract huge volumes of rife and machine gun fire, any hole in it would quickly be filled with bullets, and as soon as one person fell the whole formation would be chopped apart, as that would provide the machine guns with an opening. Mines could also be used to open up this type of hole. Finally: Artillery and explosives: Even if you got around the first two issues, such a formation would have to move rather slowly, leaving it open to artillery fire. You'd also need a giant gap in barbed wire to move it through, so the enemy could just set up a large row of barbed wire, several layers deep, and aim their artillary at that. When you stop to cut through it, boom.

Authored by United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College The Chadian government is fragile as a result of social, political, economic, and military instability. All of these internal matters present major challenges for Chadian citizens, regional alliances, and international organizations. The Chadian government does not have the resources to address these problems without internal change, support from African institutions and significant contribution from the international community. Chad’s problems consist of tribal and class cleavages, poor economic growth and development, poor military organization and lack of professionalism, political fragility, and corruption. Chad’s problems compound because of external factors such as the Darfur crisis in Sudan and regional conflicts. Chadian government efforts to deal with social, political, economic, and military problems lack resources and a coordinated strategy. A comprehensive strategy encompassing the national, regional, and international dimensions of the crisis will allow Chad to move toward peace and stability both within Chad and between Chad and its neighbors. Apr 08 2015 1511635657 / 9781511635653 US Trade Paper 8.5″ x 11″ Black and White Political Science / World / African

Wireless sensor network monitors microclimate in the forest During a forest monitoring operation, forestry scientists measure various environmental values. This is how they obtain indications about how the forests are changing and what can be done to preserve them. However, installing and maintaining the wired measuring stations is complex: Researchers developed a wireless alternative. What effect does climate change have on our local forests? What types of trees will be suitable for which geographic location? And how great is the pollution level here? Forestry scientists are conducting „forest monitoring” procedures: They continuously record parameters such as soil humidity or pollutant penetration at permanently installed monitoring stations. The results of such examinations contribute to maintaining the ecological stability of the forests over the long term. The problem: Not only are the wired measuring devices complex to install and maintain, they also hinder silvicultural work in the forest. In the future, technologies from the Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS could enable differentiated analysis without any bothersome cables. Scientist from the institute in Duisburg installed a new type of system for microclimatic monitoring on the grounds of the Northwest German Forestry Testing Facility in Göttingen, Germany. “We are using a wireless sensor network so we can measure relevant parameters within an area at many sites simultaneously,” explains Hans-Christian Müller, group manager at the IMS. This way, we receive a very detailed picture about the environmental conditions on site, without much installation effort. Depending on which values they are to measure – for example, soil moisture content, air temperature or the moisture in the leaves – different sensor nodes are inserted into the soil or affixed to branches. If required, the measuring positions can be changed without much effort. The intelligent mini-computers automatically form a network and control the transmission of measurement data within this network. The results are transmitted by cellular radio to a central tree stock database. To facilitate this, a mobile cellular modem is connected directly to the sensor network. Providing power to the sensor nodes poses a particular challenge. Mounting solar cells to the sensors – a favored solution in other agrarian and forestry applications – is not an option due to the low penetration of sunlight under the leafy canopy of the trees. That‘s why, to date, there has been no alternative to batteries that have to be replaced regularly. Researchers, however, managed to significantly increase battery life, keeping maintenance requirements within reasonable limits: “We adapted the software design accordingly and now have operating times of 12 months,“ says Müller. A software solution integrated into the sensors ensures that the radio nodes are for the most part in an energy-saving sleep mode. They are active only during the measurement and data transmission process. The measurement intervals can be set to be variable. Parameters that change slowly such assoil moisture need not be measured as often as air temperature, for example, which is subject to larger variations. Since data transmission requires the most energy, the measurement values are calculated as early as the sensor node. This reduces the data volume. The new technology is already in use in Göttingen as part of the joint project "Smart Forest". The project aims to optimize forestry processes with the aid of microelectronic components. The researchers from IZM will be introducing their results on the “Smart Forests” as well as other developments on the industrial application of wireless sensor networks at the Messe Sensor + Test tradeshow from June 7 – 9 in Nuremberg, Germany, in Hall 12, Booth 231.

1. The Constitution only authorized the federal government to issue coins, not paper money. Article One of the Constitution granted the federal government the sole power “to coin money” and “regulate the value thereof.” However, it said nothing about paper money. This was largely because the founding fathers had seen the bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the American Revolution—called “continentals”—become virtually worthless by the end of the war. The implosion of the continental eroded faith in paper currency to such an extent that the Constitutional Convention delegates decided to remain silent on the issue. 2. Prior to the Civil War, banks printed paper money. For America’s first 70 years, private entities, and not the federal government, issued paper money. Notes printed by state-chartered banks, which could be exchanged for gold and silver, were the most common form of paper currency in circulation. From the founding of the United States to the passage of the National Banking Act, some 8,000 different entities issued currency, which created an unwieldy money supply and facilitated rampant counterfeiting. By establishing a single national currency, the National Banking Act eliminated the overwhelming variety of paper money circulating throughout the country and created a system of banks chartered by the federal government rather than by the states. The law also assisted the federal government in financing the Civil War. 3. Foreign coins were once acceptable legal tender in the United States. Before gold and silver were discovered in the West in the mid-1800s, the United States lacked a sufficient quantity of precious metals for minting coins. Thus, a 1793 law permitted Spanish dollars and other foreign coins to be part of the American monetary system. Foreign coins were not banned as legal tender until 1857. 4. The highest-denomination note ever printed was worth $100,000. The largest bill ever produced by the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing was the $100,000 gold certificate. The currency notes were printed between December 18, 1934, and January 9, 1935, with the portrait of President Woodrow Wilson on the front. Don’t ask your bank teller for a $100,000 bill, though. The notes were never circulated to the public and were used solely for transactions among Federal Reserve banks. 5. You won’t find a president on the highest-denomination bill ever issued to the public. The $10,000 bill is the highest denomination ever circulated by the federal government. In spite of its value, it is adorned not with a portrait of a president but with that of Salmon P. Chase, treasury secretary at the time of the passage of the National Banking Act. Chase later served as chief justice of the Supreme Court. The federal government stopped producing the $10,000 bill in 1969 along with these other high-end denominations: $5,000 (fronted by James Madison), $1,000 (fronted by Grover Cleveland) and $500 (fronted by William McKinley). (Although rare to find in your wallet, $2 bills are still printed periodically.) 6. Two American presidents appeared on Confederate dollars. The Confederacy issued paper money worth approximately $1 billion during the Civil War—more than twice the amount circulated by the United States. While it’s not surprising that Confederate President Jefferson Davis and depictions of slaves at work in fields appeared on some dollar bills, so too did two Southern slave-holding presidents whom Confederates claimed as their own: George Washington (on a $50 and $100 bill) and Andrew Jackson (on a $1,000 bill). 7. Your house may literally have been built with old money. When dollar bills are taken out of circulation or become worn, they are shredded by Federal Reserve banks. In some cases, the federal government has sold the shredded currency to companies that can recycle it and use it for the production of building materials such as roofing shingles or insulation. (The Bureau of Engraving and Printing also sells small souvenir bags of shredded currency that was destroyed during the printing process.) 8. The $10 bill has the shortest lifespan of any denomination. According to the Federal Reserve, the estimated lifespan of a $10 bill is 3.6 years. The estimated lifespans of a $5 and $1 bill are 3.8 years and 4.8 years, respectively. The highest estimated lifespan is for a $100 bill at nearly 18 years. The federal government reports that approximately 4,000 double folds (forward, then backward) are required to tear a note.

The area of administration was constituted by taking a large market town as a nucleus and attaching to it the surrounding rural district with an approximate radius of ten miles. Since such had been the rationale behind the establishment of market towns here following the Plantation, it resulted in a much more stable and homogonous Union than the average Poor Law Union over England and Wales. Indeed our local government ever since has been based on similar regions. Newry Union was one of the most populous. It stretched from Rathfriland to Jonesborough to Mountnorris. It ranked as thirty fourth in Ireland and was declared on May 3 1839. It encompassed an area of 138,000 acres which in 1831 had a population of 88,181 (incidentally close to today’s population of Newry & Mourne District Council). Its electoral divisions then, with their respective populations were: In County Down : – Newry, 10,004: Ouley 2,974: Crobane 3,601: Donaghmore 2,378: Glen 2,985: Warrenpoint 4,125: Upper Clonallan 4,053: Rathfriland 4,419: Drumgath 2,683: Hilltown 2,457: and Clonduff 3,320. County Armagh : – Ballybot 5,831: Mullaghglass 2,294: Poyntzpass 5,311: Mountnorris 3,276: Belleeks 3,193: Tullyhappy 3,133: Ballymoyer 2,729: Jonesborough 3,972: Killeavey 4,199: Camlough 4,572: Forkhill 3,851 and Latbirget 2,921. The number of ex-officio guardians was ten, and of elected guardians thirty one. Of these, four were elected by the division of Newry, two each by Ballybot, Warrenpoint, Rathfriland, Poyntzpass and Camlough, and one each by the other divisions. Ballybot division was in the borough of Newry and the baronies of Upper and Lower Orior. The number of tenements valued for poor law rates was as follows: in the borough of Newry, 2,745: in Newry Lordship, exclusive of the borough, 1,794: in Upper Iveagh 5,542: in Lower Fews 361: Upper Fews 530: Lower Orior 2,330: Upper Orior , exclusive of the borough 5,255: and in the whole Union 18,557. Of this total, the numbers with their values were as follows: Of rateable value less than (

You are here November 1, 2010 Gene Variants Tied to Poor Outcomes with Heart Drug Heart patients taking a widely used anti-clotting drug are at increased risk for serious cardiovascular problems if they have 1 or 2 copies of a common gene variant. The finding adds critical information for personalizing medications based on genetic makeup. The clot-busting drug clopidogrel (Plavix) is often prescribed for people at risk for heart attack or stroke. The drug is also used to prevent clot-related complications after coronary stenting, a procedure that opens blocked arteries in the heart. However, clopidogrel doesn't work for everyone. Recent studies suggest that it's less effective in people who have specific variants of the CYP2C19 gene. These "reduced-function" variants make it difficult or impossible to convert clopidogrel to its active form. A warning label on clopidogrel’s packaging notes that patients who inherited variant versions of CYP2C19 from both parents might not get the full benefits of the drug. However, it's been unclear how having a single copy of a reduced-function variant affects patient outcome. About one-third of the population carries at least 1 reduced-function variant. To learn more, Dr. Jessica Mega of Brigham and Women’s Hospital headed a research team that involved scientists from 9 earlier studies. In an approach called a meta-analysis, the investigators pooled and reanalyzed their previously collected data on 9,685 patients at high risk for heart attack or stroke. All participants had been taking clopidogrel, and their CYP2C19 genes had been analyzed. The new analysis was supported in part by NIH's National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). The researchers found that patients who had just 1 copy of a CYP2C19 reduced-function variant—as well as those with 2 copies—were at a significantly increased risk of heart attack, stroke or cardiovascular-related death. The results were reported in the October 27, 2010, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. The researchers also took a separate look at 5,894 patients who had a coronary stent. Once again, patients with either 1 or 2 copies of reduced-function variants had a substantially greater risk of major cardiovascular complications than those who lacked the variants. This included a 3-fold increased risk for stent thrombosis—a potentially dangerous blood clot that forms inside the metal stent. These findings suggest that the impact of genetics on clopidogrel response may be greater than initially realized. The drug's warning label addresses only the 2% to 4% of the population that carries 2 copies of reduced-function CYP2C19 variants. However, an additional 26% of the population with just 1 variant may also be at risk. These patients might benefit from taking higher doses of clopidogrel, or they might need to take a different anti-clotting medication. Several studies are now under way to determine the best strategy for using genetics to tailor clopidogrel therapy for each patient. "As we move forward, integrating genetic information will be one way to ensure that all patients are on the right drug for them," says Mega. —by Vicki Contie

Juno was Jupiter's wife and sister for the Romans, the way Hera was Zeus's wife for the Greeks. Because the Romans and the Greeks were both descended from Central Asian Indo-Europeans, Hera and Juno probably started out as the same goddess. But the Romans thought of Juno a little differently from Hera. Juno was mainly a goddess of marriage, like Hera, but she also protected towns and villages. Many towns in Italy had temples to Juno in order to get her protection. Sometimes Juno was a war goddess, ready to fight to protect the towns. The Romans often thought of Juno as part of a group of three gods, Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. They seem to have gotten this idea from the Etruscans. Many Etruscan and Roman temples were dedicated to all three of these gods together. To find out more about Roman religion, check out these books from Amazon or from your library:

Under the microscopic observation, the length of the wool fiber shows a scale structure. The size of the scale varies from very small to comparatively broad and large. As many as 700 scales are found in 1 cm of fine wool, whereas coarse wool may have as few as 275 per cm. Fine wool does not have as clear and distinct scales as coarse wool, but they can be identified under high magnification. A cross section of wool shows three distinct parts to the fiber. The outer layer, called cuticle, is composed of the scales. These scales are somewhat horny and irregular in shape, and they overlap, with the top pointing towards the tip of the fiber; they are similar to fish scales. The major portion of the fiber is the cortex (composed of cortical cells ); this extends toward the center from the cuticle layer. Cortical cells are long and spindle-shaped and provide fiber strength and elasticity. The cortex accounts for approximately 90 percent of the fiber mass. In the center of the fiber is the medulla. The size of the medulla varies and in fine fibers may be invisible. This is the area through which food reached the fiber during growth, and it contains pigment that gives color to fibers. Wool fibers vary in length from 3.8 to about 38 cm. Most authorities have determined that fine cools are usually from 3.8 to 12.7 cm; medium wool from 6.4 to 15.2 cm; and long (coarse) cools from 12.7 to 38 cm. The width of wool also varies considerably. Fine fibers such as Merino have an average width of about 15 to 17 microns; whereas medium wool averages 24 to 34 microns and coarse wool about 40 microns. Some wool fibers are exceptionally stiff and coarse; these are called Kemp and average about 70 microns in diameter. The wool fiber cross section may be nearly circular, but most wool fibers tend to be slightly elliptical or oval in shape. Wool fibers have a natural crimp, a built-in waviness. The crimp increases the elasticity and elongation properties of the fiber and also aids in yarn manufacturing. It is three-dimensional in character; in other words, it not only moves above and below a central axis but also moves to the right and left of the axis. There is some luster to wool fibers. Fine and medium wool tends to have more luster than very coarse fibers. Fibers with a high degree of luster are silky in appearance. The color of the natural wool fiber depends on the breed of sheep. Most wool, after scouring, is a yellowish-white or ivory color. Some fibers may be gray, black, tan or brown. The tenacity of wool is 1.0 to 1.7 grams per denier when dry; when wet, it drops to 0.7 to 1.5 g/d. Compared with many other fibers, wool is weak, and this weakness restricts the kinds of yarns and fabric constructions that can be used satisfactorily. However, if yarns and fabrics of optimum weight and type are produced, the end-use product will give commendable wear and retain shape and appearance. Fiber properties such as resiliency, elongation, and elastic recovery compensate for the low strength. Wool has excellent elasticity and extensibility. At standard conditions the fiber will extend between 20 and 40 percent. It may extend more than 70 percent when wet. Recovery is superior. After a 2 percent elongation the fiber has an immediate regain or recovery of 99 percent. Even at 10 percent extension, it has a recovery of well over 50 percent, which is higher than for any other fiber except nylon. The resiliency of wool is exceptionally good. It will readily spring back into shape after crushing or creasing. However, through the application of heat, moisture and pressure, durable creases or pleats can be put into wool fabrics. This crease or press retention is the result of molecular adjustment and the formation of new cross-linkages in the polymer. Besides resistance to crushing and wrinkling, the excellent resilience of wool fiber gives the fabric its loft, which produces open, porous fabrics with good covering power, or thick, warm fabrics that are light in weight. Wool is very flexible and pliable, so it combines ease of handling and comfort with good shape retention. The standard moisture regain of wool is 13.6 to 16.0 percent. Under saturation conditions, wool will absorb more than 29 percent of its weight in moisture. This ability to absorb is responsible for the comfort of wool in humid, cold atmospheres. As part of the moisture absorption function, wool produces or liberates heat. However, as wet wool begins to dry, the evaporation causes heat to be absorbed by the fiber, and “chilling” may be experienced, though the chilling factor is slowed down as the evaporation rate is reduced. The property of moisture absorption and desorption peculiar to wool and similar hair fibers is called hygroscopic behavior. Wool accepts colors and finishes easily because of its moisture absorption properties. Despite the absorption properties of wool, it has an unusual property of exhibiting hydrophobic characteristics. That is, it tends to shed liquid easily and appears not to absorb moisture. The cause is a combination of factors: interfacial surface tension, uniform distribution of pores, and low bulk density. These moisture properties help make wool very desirable for use in a variety of situations where moisture can be a problem to comfort. Wool fibers are not dimensionally stable. The structure of the fiber contributes to a shrinking and felting reaction during processing, use and care. This is due, in part, to the scale structure of the fiber. When subjected to heat, moisture, and agitation, the scales tend to pull together and move toward the fiber tip. This property is noticeable in yarns and fabrics and is responsible for both felting and relaxation shrinkage. Did this article help you? Click on a star to rate it! Average rating / 5. Vote count:

9/26/2019 - #7060: Water: What Will Our Children Inherit? Clarion Hotel at Exton Operators have an extensive assortment of tools to help during operations and maintenance. However, we can have all the tools in the world, but if we don’t understand the value and know how to use them properly, they will do us little good. Adequate supplies of safe water is far from natural. The operators tool box that has been built over the last 1,000 years requires knowledge, skill, ability and desire. The most effective way to manage drinking water systems and reduce risks to public health is to implement a multi-barrier approach. Nature’s refreshment needs our help. Keep learning, building and working to provide the public with a safe, adequate supply of water. Find every tool, compartmentalize it appropriately, and use it effectively. Supplies, materials and lunch is included with registration.

Traditionally made in England during the 14th century to be served during Christmas, this dessert was originally prepared as porridge with a pudding-like consistency that was thickened with bits of dried fruits, spices, meat (beef or veal), wine or sherry, eggs, and breadcrumbs. As the years passed and the ingredients changed, it became more like a cake than what is typically considered to be a soft, gel-like pudding. Commonly referred to as a Christmas pudding, Plum Pudding received its name from the dried plums or raisins added to the porridge that now is a cake, which may also include dried suet, currants, orange peel, nuts, spices, and various other desired ingredients. Plum Pudding is baked initially and then is reheated with steam or boiled just before being served. After reheating, it is topped with brandy or rum that is ignited so the Plum Pudding is in flames when served. In addition, a white hard sauce that is thick and somewhat creamy is added to enhance the various flavors within this sweet dessert. Similar to fruit cake, Plum Pudding improves with age as the ingredients become more flavorful and are enhanced throughout over time. The thick, dense crumb of this cake makes it a versatile dessert that can be served simply as a holiday treat or it can be broken into pieces and used as an ingredient to be added to other desserts such as trifles, cheesecakes, pancakes, yogurt, and parfaits. After being baked, if kept properly refrigerated and sealed in an airtight bag or container, Plum Pudding can be stored for 6 months to a year.

Tornadogenesis is a process that is currently poorly understood. Tornado warnings have notorious high false alarm rates and short lead times. Recent observations of descending cores of high radar reflectivity, also known as “blobs”, prior to tornadogenesis suggest there may be an association with the development of tornadoes. Using WSR-88D Doppler radar data, we examined the region of the storm known as the hook-echo for “blob” signatures. To test our hypothesis we will be using a data set of both tornadic and non-tornadic Supercell thunderstorms which have passed within 50 km to Doppler radar sites, to ensure the best possible spatial resolution of the radar. The timing of tornadogensis relative to the descent of the “blob” will be presented. |Presenter:||Jennifer Belge (Undergraduate Student)| |Time:||9:15 am (Session I)|

Published in 2009 These are the most recent volumes in the History of Parliament series to be available on The History of Parliament Online. They provide the most comprehensive study ever compiled on Parliament between 1820 and 1832, the period of Catholic Emancipation, the trial of Queen Caroline, the pursuit of ‘Old Corruption’ and the Great Reform Act, when the United Kingdom came as close to revolution as it has been in modern times, and began its long transition to democracy. The seven volumes researched and published by the History of the Parliament Trust include biographies of the 1367 members of the House of Commons and accounts of politics and elections in each constituency during the period. The constituency articles provide a catalogue of what the journalist William Cobbett called ‘old corruption’ in operation. Gatton in Surrey, for example, one of the most notorious rotten boroughs, had been owned since 1801 by a man who had made a fortune in India and sold the right to represent it to Tory supporters. The seat was sold after his death in 1829 to the Tory Baron Monson for the phenomenal sum of £170,000. Orford in Surrey, with an electorate of around 22, was the pocket borough of the marquesses of Hertford, who in 1822 added neighbouring Aldeburgh to his portfolio of seats, running elections in both boroughs through his political secretary, John Croker, whose day job was secretary to the admiralty. In 1831, the earl of Radnor claimed to be as confident that he could determine the way electors cast their votes at his family’s seat at Downton as ‘of my footman’s answering the bell when I ring’. Collectively, the articles show that there was a natural expansion of the electorate before the Reform Act. From 1820-31 almost 60% of the 202 English borough constituencies experienced some form of growth. Freeman admissions by corporation boroughs to enhance their control, for example, increased the electorate at Bewdley three times – showing how electoral expansion was not always the same as the process of opening boroughs to more general election. Altogether, the unreformed English borough electorate expanded from 123,000 in 1820 to 168,000 in 1831. This, a rate of growth of 37%, compares with the 16% expansion of the electorate after the Reform Act.

This is some information about Costal Redwoods I dug up. Coast redwoods are truly amazing features. They grow only in California due to glacial activity. A redwood tree is considered an adult when it has lived a millennia! People come from the other side of the world to see them. Coast redwoods do not die of old age. In fact, they may produce 600,000,000 seeds per year! Coast redwoods grow in a narrow strip on the coast of California, 150 miles north of San Francisco. The strip is 500 miles long, and 20 to 50 miles wide, but the conditions have to be perfect for a coast redwood to survive. There needs to be frequent summer fog, and considerable rainfall. Redwoods usually grow with Douglas fir, Tan oak, Madrone, Grand oak, and Bay lourel. However, there can be redwoods that grow by themselves. Some animals that live near redwoods are: raccoons, skunks, elk, deer, squirrels, and birds. No wonder birds live near redwoods, because they are huge.Redwoods grow up to 360 feet tall in good conditions. They can be easily named the tallest tree species on Earth. Redwoods grow so big, because they grow very fast. A 20 year old tree grows 50 feet tall and 8 inches thick! The average size for mature redwood tree is 200-275 feet tall. The biggest trees are 200-275 feet tall. The tallest tree on Earth is named Hyperion and is 370.1 feet tall. However, in order to succeed these massive things need to reproduce.

- In the UK it is still too cold to start most seeds and plants. Leave those tempting seedlings in the garden centres and wait until at least the end of the month to sow broad beans, early peas, leeks and sweetpeas. - On a fine February morning you can improve your garden with a spring clean. Cut down old annuals that you left in place for the seed heads, edge the lawn if it looks forlorn, and tidy up loose leaves. - Treat paths that have moss and algae built up and repair any raised or misplace paving stones. - Spread well rotted manure or compost on the top of your vegetable patch and around hungry shrubs like roses. - Review seed and plant catalogues and decide what you want to grow and where. If you are going to give each plant enough space you do not need as many plants as you expect so buy fewer good quality seeds and stock. - Keep feeding the birds, they will soon have young to feed - If you left your soil turned over in large clumps for the frost to break them down too a fine tilth, then wait a bit longer as February can have some terrific frosts. - With a heated propagator you can start fuchsia cuttings with a bit of bottom heat. - Remember all the early plants you start now will need space and protection from frost for quite a while yet. I always grow more than I can protect. - Look after your quality tools. Give them a clean and sharpen before they are pressed into really active service. Prepare an oily sand plunge pit so you can quickly oil and clean them in busy period. - Prune and reshape fruit trees but not stone fruit which need to wait until summer. - Check over and do any preventative maintenance jobs now so you can concentrate your efforts on growing show stopping plants later on.

You are a junior doctor working in General Practice. Your next patient, Mrs Sarah Peters, is a 28-year-old nulliparous lady who is struggling to cope with heavy menstrual bleeding and wants something to be done to help reduce the amount of blood loss. “Doctor, I’m really struggling with how heavy my periods are. It’s reached a point where I can’t even leave the house for the first 2 days, and I can’t afford to be taking so much time off work! And worse yet, the rest of the time I feel like I have no energy.” How long has this been going on for? Were your periods previously normal? “This has been going on since I first started my periods – but it’s just been getting worse and worse. I can’t cope with this anymore.” How many pads/tampons do you use in a day? Do you wear both at the same time? “I’m using 35 sanitary towels for each period.” What colour is the blood? Have you noticed any clots? Any flooding or leaking? “The blood is of a normal colour, and I have noticed clots during the first 3 days of getting my period.” What triggered you to come in about this today? “I feel that my heavy periods have caused me to have no energy and it’s really getting me down!” ICE – How is it affecting your life? Your job? Time off work? Is anything concerning you in particular? “I’m worried about leaking into my clothes and so I take 2 days off work when the period first begins, so that I can deal with it safely at home.” The answers to the first set of questions form the basis of the diagnosis, as although menorrhagia is defined as >80ml of blood loss (1), this is rarely measured – thus, menorrhagia is diagnosed when both the patient and doctor agree the amount of blood loss is significant enough to affect the woman’s life. Take a full menstrual history At what age did you begin to have your periods? (Menarche) “I started my periods when I was 14.” Do you remember the first day of your last menstrual period (LMP)? “I’ve just finished my period, so probably about 7 days ago.” Are your cycles regular? After how many days do you get your next period? How long does the bleeding last? “My menstrual cycle occurs every 29 days and my periods last for 6 days, with the presence of clots during the first 3 days.” Other problems to consider asking about, depending on the history given so far, such as: - Painful periods (dysmenorrhoea)? - Bleeding between cycles (intermenstrual bleeding)? - Bleeding after sex (postcoital bleeding)? - Ever not had periods for some time (amenorrhoea)? - “I wouldn’t say my periods are painful, nor do I have bleeding between cycles or after sex.” Sexual and contraception history: - Are you sexually active? Do you have a regular partner? - Any problems with sex (e.g. dyspareunia)? - Have you ever been treated for an STI? - Any other sexual partners in the past 3, 6 or 12 months? - Are you using contraception at the moment? What contraception did you last use? OR Any problems with your current contraception? - When was your last cervical smear? - Have you been attending regularly? - Any abnormal smears? - Any treatment required? - Any problems with your waterworks? - Are you passing urine more often (frequency)? - Pain on passing urine (dysuria)? - Any dragging sensation or mass in/at the vagina (prolapse)? Brief obstetric history: - Do you have any children? Are you currently trying for a child? - Ascertain woman’s need for contraception or if trying for a child (determines subsequent management) - Have you ever been pregnant? Any miscarriages or terminations? “I am married to my husband of 3 years. I am sexually active and have not had any other partners since I was married. I’ve never been treated for an STI. I stopped using the oral contraceptive pill about 9 months ago as I wanted to fall pregnant. My most recent cervical smear was 2 and a half years ago, and this was normal but I do have a reminder letter that I’m due another shortly as part of the 3-yearly screening. I have no problems with my waterworks. I do not have any children and really would like to fall pregnant in the next few months if possible.” Systems review (to rule out any pathology that may cause menorrhagia): - And how are you otherwise? Are you in good health? - Any fever, lethargy, weight loss, night sweats? (malignancy) - Are you more tired than usual, short of breath, noticeable heartbeats/palpitations, pale? (anaemia) - Any excessive tiredness, weight gain, dry hair/hair loss, feeling cold when others are not? (hypothyroidism) “Apart from feeling tired all the time, my husband does say I look quite pale. My weight hasn’t changed, and I haven’t had any fevers or night sweats. I wouldn’t say I’m particularly sensitive to the cold. I am otherwise well and haven’t had to see a doctor for any reason. I’m not on any medications, and I have no allergies. My family are well. I don’t smoke or drink alcohol.” Don’t forget the usual past medical, drug, family and social history. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB): - No histological abnormality - The menorrhagia is likely due to subtle abnormalities of endometrial haemostasis and/or uterine prostaglandin levels. - Uterine fibroids - Cervical or endometrial polyps - Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - Endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma - Bleeding disorders (e.g. von Willebrand’s disease) - Anticoagulant treatment (uncommon) - Climacteric (perimenopausal women) Examination and Investigations You have now performed a pelvic examination on Mrs Sarah Peters and the findings are shown below. - No uterine tenderness or masses, with a normal anteverted uterus that is not enlarged. - No adnexal masses or tenderness noted. - Cervix feels normal on palpation. - No masses apparent on the cervix. - No discharge or bleeding is noted from the cervical os. - Check FBC and ferritin levels for iron deficiency anaemia. - Mrs Peters has a low Hb of 10.5 g/dL and also a low ferritin level. - Refer for a transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) to exclude local organic causes (e.g. fibroids, polyps or adnexal masses). - Mrs Peters TVUS results show a normal endometrial thickness and no abnormal masses. Consider if appropriate based on the history (these investigations were not performed in this case): - Clotting tests (bleeding disorder e.g. vWD) - TFTs (hypothyroidism) - Endometrial biopsy for histological examination (if worrying features e.g. endometrial thickness > 10mm on TVUS if premenopausal or intermenstrual bleeding) - Triple swabs (if considering STI) Diagnosis and Management The examination and investigations confirm your diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). Dysfunctional uterine bleeding can be managed in primary care if there are no concerning features in the history, clinical examination and initial investigations (e.g. FBC, USS). Referral to secondary care would be advised if two types of treatment were to fail in primary care. First line treatment - Tranexamic acid (anti-fibrinolytic) – ~50% reduction in blood loss and is used during or just before the period. - Mefenamic acid (NSAID) – ~30% reduction in blood loss and is used during or just before the period; it is particularly useful if dysmenorrhea is also present (not in this case), and it may be taken with the tranexamic acid. First line treatment - Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (e.g. Mirena coil) provided long-term (at least 12 months) use is anticipated (this would not be appropriate for Mrs Peters as she is trying to conceive). - Combined oral contraceptive (COCP) is often used for women who are unable to take an NSAID (this would not be appropriate for Mrs Peters as she is trying to conceive). - Norethisterone (15 mg) daily from days 5 to 26 of the menstrual cycle (affects ovulation and has a contraceptive effect, so not appropriate for Mrs Peters) Surgical treatment of DUB None of the following treatments would be appropriate for Mrs Peters, as she wants to maintain her fertility. - Transcervical resection of the endometrium (TCRE): uses monopolar diathermy or microwave balloons to ablate the endometrium and superficial myometrium of the uterus, allowing amenorrhoea or lighter periods to follow. - Uterine artery embolisation (UAE): suitable for women who want to retain their uterus and avoid surgery. - Hysterectomy: often a last resort used for women who do not want further children. 1. Munro, Malcolm G.; Critchley, Hilary O. D.; Broder, Michael S.; Fraser, Ian S. (2011-04-01). “FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age”. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2. CG44 Heavy menstrual bleeding: Understanding NICE guidance” (PDF). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK). 24 January 2007.

The young man could hardly contain his excitement. He was sure the invention he had just seen could change the world. It would usher in a new era of personal computing. No longer would a businessman or trader have to rely on a member of the select brotherhood of computing professionals to crunch the numbers. He could do it himself. The people who showed him the invention were fascinated by how it worked, but they clearly did not see what the young man could: its huge commercial potential. As so often happens in history, the right person was in the right place at the right time. Not only had the young man shown mathematical talent at an early age, he had grown up in what was then the acknowledged world capital for innovation, particularly in the business world. He also had the savvy to know how to make the invention available to ordinary citizens. The trick was to package and market it to them directly, in a way that they could at once appreciate and understand. Within a few years, the young man had succeeded beyond all expectations - save perhaps for his own far-sighted vision. The personal computing revolution was underway, new businesses were being created, new ways of carrying out international trade and commerce were developing, new financial institutions were being established, and new fortunes were being made. The world would never be the same again. To readers familiar with the story behind the development of the Macintosh computer, the above sounds like a description of Steve Jobs' legendary visit to the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in December 1979. Working in secret for several years, PARC's hundred or so computer engineers and designers had been developing most of the components of modern personal computing, including the windows-mouse-pointer system for displaying files and navigating through the computer's memory, the Ethernet, the laser printer, and a concept called object-oriented programming that made such systems possible. Although Xerox, the parent company, was unable to see the commercial value of what their money had bought, Jobs certainly did. Four years later, Apple released the Macintosh computer, a consumer implementation of PARC's system, followed soon afterwards by the Apple LaserWriter, that made another PARC invention, the laser printer, into a successful consumer product. The modern era of easy-to-use, personal computing was born. But the young man I was referring to lived eight hundred years earlier, in medieval Italy. The personal computing revolution that began in Silicon Valley in the 1970s and 80s was actually the second the world had seen. The man who started the world's first personal computing revolution lived in the Italian city of Pisa from around 1170 to maybe 1250. His name was Leonardo Pisano (Leonardo of Pisa), but he is better known today by a nickname given to him by a historian in the early nineteenth century: Fibonacci, a name derived from the Latin filius Bonacci, which translates literally as "son of Bonacci". Most people associate his name with the "Fibonacci numbers," a sequence generated by starting with the pair 1, 1 and obtaining each successive number by adding together the previous two: 1, 1, 2 (=1+1), 3 (=1+2), 5 (=2+3), 8, 13, 21, 34, 53, 87, etc. These numbers arise frequently when you count things in plants (such as leaves, petals, spirals), for which there is a scientific explanation, and are believed by some to be of use predicting the behavior of the financial markets (which you have to take as a matter of faith). The sequence's connection with Leonardo is tenuous to say the least. It was known long before he was born, and there is no evidence Leonardo had any interest in it whatsoever. In his arithmetic book Liber abbaci, published in 1202, one of the many hundreds of problems he gave required the reader to generate the sequence to get the answer, and that one connection led a French mathematician to name them the Fibonacci numbers in the 1870s. That is all there is to it. But Leonardo has a far more substantial claim to fame than the number sequence now named after him: he started the first personal computing revolution and thereby launched the modern financial and commercial world. "Ah," I can almost hear you sigh, "Devlin is going to describe how Leonardo's Liber abbaci introduced Hindu-Arabic arithmetic into Western Europe." Well, sort of. But the story is far more complex than you may have heard. We know from the introduction Leonardo wrote in Liber abbaci that, as a young man, he traveled to the North African trading port of Bugia, where he saw Arabic speaking traders using a strange new method to carry out the calculations to complete their trades. We also know that upon his return to Pisa he did write his book Liber abbaci (the double-b indicating that it was the "Book of Calculating", not the "book of the abacus"). Moreover, the book did describe the powerful and efficient Hindu-Arabic arithmetic. So far, this sounds just like the Steve Jobs - Xerox PARC episode, with Leonardo's Liber abbaci playing the role Apple's Macintosh computer subsequently would. But then the story becomes murky. Though Liber abbaci was undoubtedly one of the first descriptions of Hindu-Arabic arithmetic in western Europe, and though the decades that followed saw the fairly rapid dissemination of the new methods, with hundreds of supposedly derivative arithmetic texts being written, the problem that always faced anyone tempted to read causality into this sequence of events was that there were no records showing how the material passed from the parchment leaves of Leonardo's manuscript onto the pages of those subsequent texts. In fact, there is good reason to believe that hardly anyone ever read Liber abbaci. For, though writers of the subsequent texts copied passages (and often entire books) from one another, virtually none of those texts had any passages in common with Leonardo's much more scholarly tome - that in an era where all books were handwritten and where it was accepted practice for writers to copy freely from the works of others. That tantalizing (and frustrating) puzzle was finally solved in 2003, when the close examination of a hitherto ignored thirteenth century manuscript in a library in Florence provided the final, crucial step of a two-hundred-year train of painstaking archival forensics work that stretched back to the end of the eighteenth century. As a result, we now know that Leonardo of Pisa played a role in the development of today's world every bit as great as Copernicus or Galileo. Indeed, it turns out that the parallels between the introduction of Hindu-Arabic arithmetic to western Europe in thirteenth century Italy and the introduction of modern personal computing (as an easy-to-use consumer product) in 1980s California are remarkable, down to fine details. I'll give you one of those fine details. When Jobs left PARC, the first computer he developed having a windows-mouse-pointer interface was called the Lisa, but it was too large and too expensive to be a successful consumer product, and he abandoned it for the smaller, cheaper Macintosh he developed next. Likewise, Leonardo realized that Liber abbaci was too big and contained too much heavy-duty mathematics to be useful to the commercial men in Italy, and so he wrote a smaller, cheaper, simpler version. Unfortunately, though copies of Liber abbaci survived, there were no known extant copies of his smaller book. Until, that is, the start of the twenty-first century, when University of Siena mathematical historian Rafaella Franci opened the pages of Codex 2404 in the Riccardiana Library in Florence. Next month, I'll tell you about (and show you some pages from) that recently discovered manuscript, and explain how it allowed historians to piece together what is probably the greatest episode in the development of modern society you never heard of. This month's column is adapted from the introduction to my recent e-book Leonardo and Steve: The Young Genius Who Beat Apple to Market by 800 Years. In that book (known in the publishing world as a "short" - it's under 15,000 words) I draw out the many parallels, some of them uncanny, between the two personal computing revolutions. NOTE: The above collage (which I put together myself from publicly available sources) includes a page from a thirteenth century manuscript copy of Liber abbaci, courtesy of the Siena Public Library in Italy. The line drawing, from an etching of unknown but relatively recent origin, is purportedly of Leonardo, but widely believed to be a work of fiction.

Matching family tree profiles for Jean Bouchillon About Jean Bouchillon On July 18, 1764, in the Council Hall of Charleston, South Carolina, Jean Bouchillon made his oath of allegiance to the English Crown. In return, he received his individual land grant for the new town the British were calling Hillsboro, after Lord Hillsboro, Secretary of State. Jean's grant was for 100 acres - 50 acres for each person in the family. By July 17, the colonists were ready to set out for New Bordeaux. They quickly were mired in the muddy roads and became stranded for a week. Two days later, a second party set out and were stranded as well. The remaining colonists, mainly women and children, remained in Charleston until the roads were passable.

Vision and Pedagogy – Free This resource provides the background of the GrandPals program… This resource provides the background of the GrandPals program, a vision of what it looks like in the classroom, and the pedagogical approach that makes the project so effective. In it you can discover: - What is GrandPals? - Why do we need this program? - How it incorporates historical thinking concepts - Why we learn best through storytelling - Understanding by design, or deeper learning experiences - The impact of Project-based and Service learning

The Law Workbook: Developing Skills for Legal Research and Writing [2nd Edition] Available in the Osgoode Hall Law School Library The new edition of The Law Workbook includes exercises that show students how to read, research, and analyze problems like a lawyer. Authors Shelley Kierstead, Suzanne Gordon, and Sherifa Elkhadem have framed the exercises to focus students' attention on the skills used to discern relevant information, to identify legal questions, to research effectively, and to resolve legal problems. Intended as an introduction to legal research methodology, The Law Workbook uses plain language to introduce legal terminology and concepts. It offers an overview of the various methods of solving legal problems, the research sources available, and how to use research effectively. The Workbook begins at a basic level and gradually introduces students to the more difficult task of using legal source material to solve problems and answer questions. The authors' objective is to allow students to develop and hone a reliable methodology to use when tackling legal queries. The second edition has been updated to reflect changes to the Canadian legal system since the previous edition, and includes key information about online research, publicly accessible sources, online official and unofficial sources of legislation, citation, legislative interpretation, and a revised chapter on analytical skills. Emond Montgomery Publications Legal research; Legal composition; Canada Kierstead, Shelley M.; Elkhadem, Sherifa; and Gordon, Suzanne, "The Law Workbook: Developing Skills for Legal Research and Writing [2nd Edition]" (2012). Books. 88.

At 5 A.M. the following morning Andrews and 19 of his volunteers boarded the passenger cars behind the steam engine General. (For whatever reason two of the volunteers failed to meet their train.) It was April 12th, one year to the day after the opening shots of the Civil War had been fired at Fort Sumter. A short time after the train left Marietta it pulled into the small stop at Big Shanty where the passengers and crew dismounted for breakfast at the Lacey Hotel. Andrews and his 19 men stayed aboard, prepared to make their move. There was no telegraph office at the stop in Big Shanty to broadcast news of what the raiders were about to do, the very reason Andrews had selected this site to begin his operation. When the passengers and crew were out of sight Andrews and his men calmly but quickly separated the General, its coal tender and three box cars from the rest of the train, all without arousing the suspicion of the soldiers at nearby Camp McDonald. It was a simple but audacious act. Their work done, sixteen of the commandos boarded the three box cars. Andrews entered the engine with Privates Wilson Brown and William Knight, both engineers in their own right. The final soldier assumed the role of fireman and the legitimate crew of the General looked up from their breakfast to the startling sight of the General leaving Big Shanty without them. The courage of Andrews and his men this day would, however, be challenged by the courage of their enemy as well. The General's engineer Jeff Cain was joined by two of his crew Anthony Murphy and William Fuller in a desperate effort to recover their train. The three ran after the train on foot, pursuing it for two miles to Moon's Station where they found a hand-propelled cart to continue their pursuit. Over the first twenty miles of their journey north from Big Shanty, Andrews and his men took time to pull up rail behind them and drop timbers across the tracks to discourage any possible pursuit, as well as cutting telegraph lines that might have sent news of their desperate mission ahead to waiting Confederate troops. As they passed the Etowah River however, they made a fatal mistake, ignoring the presence of the old steam engine Yonah as they continued on towards Kingston. Cain and his crew didn't overlook this more appropriate pursuit vehicle, and quickly traded their hand car for the aging mechanical one. At Kingston the raiders had faced a frustrating delay caused by other train traffic. Confident that the cut telegraph lines had prevented news of their raid from reaching Kingston they patiently but nervously paced the siding as the flow of south-bound trains held them in place. They were still not aware that Cain was pursuing them and gaining mileage with each minute of delay. Finally, after more than an hour, Andrews and his men continued their journey north, just as Cain was arriving at the rail yard. The two groups were only ten minutes apart. At Kingston Cain, Fuller and Murphy traded the aging Yonah for the William R. Smith to continue their pursuit. Four miles north of Kingston however, they had to abandon the William R. Smith when they encountered track that had been taken up by Andrews' Raiders shortly after they had departed the city. Refusing to give up, Murphy and Fuller ran on foot the 3 miles to Adairsville where they encountered a southbound train pulled by The Texas. Releasing the cars, the two continued their pursuit, The Texas running in reverse but gaining on the raiders. Two miles north of Calhoon Andrews halted the trek of the General long enough to again attempt to damage the track to foil any possible pursuit. As the dismounted raiders were going about their work they became aware for the first time that the pursuit was real. Quickly the men reboarded and Brown and Knight opened the General's throttle to the maximum. Still running backwards The Texas continued, also running at full steam in what would ever after become known as the GREAT LOCOMOTIVE CHASE. Through the towns of Resaca and then Dalton the two engines raced. The raiders dropped timbers behind them but they failed to slow The Texas. In desperation the raiders cut loose two of the three box cars, but even these failed to halt the determined pursuit. Just south of the covered bridge over the Oostanaula River the 21 raiders crowded onto the General and its coal tender and set fire to and released the remaining box car in an attempt to burn the wooden bridge. Still soggy from the rains that had earlier delayed the raiders initial journey into Georgia, the bridge refused to ignite and the chase continued. As it became increasingly more obvious that The General would not make Chatanooga the raiders began to jump one by one from the train and race for the shelter of the woods. Then, two miles north of Ringgold and just five miles from Tennessee, The General gasped its last puff of steam and the remaining raiders ran in desperation to avoid capture. The Great Locomotive Chase was over and the flight for life had begun. Within a week Andrews and all 21 raiders, including the two who had failed to board the train for its 87 mile race into history, were captured. In Atlanta James Andrews was tried and convicted as a spy. On June 7th he was hanged. Eleven days later on June 18th seven more raiders including the civilian William Campbell and his friend Private Shadrach and two of the three NCOs were also hanged as spies. The remaining 14 young soldiers were placed in prison camps to await what they assumed would be a similar fate. Bold, courageous and with nothing to loose they engineered a daring escape four months later in which eight of them reached safety. The other six were recaptured and brutally punished. It was these six young men, recently released in exchange for Confederate prisoners, who now stood before the Secretary of War to recount the tale of their ordeal. The Secretary was moved by the story. Then a thought crossed his mind and he stepped briefly into an adjoining room at the War Department, returning momentarily with something in his hand. "Congress," he told the young men, "has by recent law ordered medals to be prepared on this model. Your party shall have the first; they will be the first that have been given to private soldiers in this war." Then he stepped before the youngest of the group, Private Jacob Parrott and presented the FIRST Medal of Honor ever awarded. When he had followed suit with the remaining five he walked them to the White House to meet the President, setting the stage for a tradition that would dominate similar presentations beginning some half century later. The following September, 9 more of the raiders were presented Medals of Honor for their participation in the raid. Jamed (Ovid) Smith Eventually 19 of the 24 men including four of those hanged as spies were awarded Medals of Honor. These four heroes are remembered as they rest in honor at the National Cemetery in Chattanooga, Tennessee. They are buried in a semi-circle behind this monument. (Doug Sterner visiting the memorial with Desmond Doss, MOH) As civilians neither James J. Andrews or William Campbell were eligible for the award. Below are the names of the 19....Private Philip Schadrach not among them. Private Schadrach had served, been tried and hanged...under an assumed name. (Click on any of their names to read their citation) Unit Date of Award 1 Co K, 33d Ohio Infantry March 25, 1863 2 Co G, 21st Ohio Infantry March 25, 1863 3 Co H, 21st Ohio Infantry March 25, 1863 4 Co K, 21st Ohio Infantry March 25, 1863 5 Co G, 2d Ohio Infantry March 25, 1863 6 Co B, 33d Ohio Infantry March 25, 1863 Cpl Daniel Allen Dorsey Co H, 33d Ohio Infantry September 17, 1863 **SgtMaj Marion A. Ross 2d Ohio Infantry September, 1863 Pvt Mark Wood Co C, 21st Ohio Infantry September, 1863 Pvt John Reed Porter Co G, 21st Ohio Infantry September, 1863 Pvt Wilson W. Brown Co F, 21st Ohio Infantry September, 1863 Pvt William J. Knight Co E, 21st Ohio Infantry September, 1863 Pvt John Alfred Wilson Co C, 21st Ohio Infantry September, 1863 Co G, 33d Ohio Infantry September, 1863 Co A, 33d Ohio Infantry September, 1863 Co I, 2d Ohio Infantry July 6, 1864 Co C, 33d Ohio Infantry July 20, 1864 Co F, 21st Ohio Infantry August 4, 1866 Co E, 33d Ohio Infantry July 28, 1883 - Following the war, many of the surviving raiders remained close friends and visited each other often. Raider Jacob Parrott's only son John Marion Parrott married Edith Gertrude Brown, one of Wilson Brown's eight children. Their children had the unique distinction of being the grandchildren of TWO Medal of Honor recipients. - Raider William Pittenger went on to become a minister after his war service and published the story of the raiders in 1863's DARING AND SUFFERING: A HISTORY OF THE GREAT RAILROAD ADVENTURE. This historical account was reprinted by Golden West Books in 1966 under the title IN PURSUIT OF THE GENERAL. - The surviving raiders held periodic gatherings, including a reunion in 1906 that included William Fuller who, on behalf of the Confederacy, pursued the stolen General in its mission north from Big Shanty, GA. You can click on the photo at right for a larger image of this gathering. - In 1914 Buster Keaton attempted to make a movie about the Andrews Raid titled "The General" but was denied permission by officials of the NC&StL (the railroad that owned the locomotive) because they objected to the historic event being presented as a comedy. - In the 1950s Walt Disney produced the classic black & white tale of "The Great Locomotive Chase", staring Fess Parker, immortalizing the historic adventure of Andrew's Raiders in a serious and moving tale. - In 1961 The General was restored and the following year made a centennial run to commemorate the event that made it the most famous train in history. Following that tour, it was placed on public display at The Kennesaw Civil War Museum in Kennesaw, Georgia. FOR THE CLASSROOM: You can click on the thumbnail at right for a page from our Medal of Honor Coloring Book showing President Lincoln meeting with six members of the Andrews Raid. For more on Andrew's Raiders visit the excellent site at http://ngeorgia.com/history/raiders.shtml Sources Include ABOVE AND BEYOND, Boston Publishing (Available from CMOH Society) [History of the Medal of Honor] [[The First Presentation] [Development of the Medal in Appearance] [Time Line of MOH History] [MOH Statistics] [Interesting Facts about the Medal] [MOH Museum] [National Medal of Honor Day] [Links] [Medal of Honor -- BLESSING or BURDEN] Copyright © 1999-2014 by HomeOfHeroes.com 2115 West 13th Street - Pueblo, CO 81003 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Unless otherwise noted, all materials by C. Douglas Sterner Click on Superman To Find out Looking for a Hero or trying to verify awards? We have posted the names of more than 120,000 recipients of the highest awards in a BRAND NEW FREE SECTION DECORATIONS 1862 - Present Military Medals & Awards Honor Roll of America's Military Heroes U.S. History and Information The History Room | U.S. Flag History | History of the Flag | How to Display the Flag | The National Anthem | The Pledge of Allegiance The American Creed | The Seal of our Nation | Our National Symbol Arthur MacArthur's Flag | William Carney's Flag | FDR's Flag of Liberation] FLAG DAY STATE FLAGS U.S. Presidents | Inaugural Addresses | MY HERO Web Page Creator (Create a Tribute to the Hero in Your Own Life) HomeOfHeroes.com now has more than 25,000 pages of US History for you to view.

Introduction to Ban Thale Noi Ban Thale Noi was formerly known as Ban Noen Sa, but later, the name was changed to Thale Noi Village. The surrounding area of the village is hilly; there is a pond where the villagers use the water from, for consumption. The villagers dug up shells over the years and in some years the sea looked like a smaller sea so they named the village "Baan Talay Noi". Now Ban Thale Noi is a historical tourism village that adopts the Sufficiency Economy Principle. Following in their father’s footsteps they look to King Rama IX as a guide to improve the quality of life for people within the community. The Little sea people have a way of doing agriculture, rubber plantations, orchards and fishing. Because the area of the sea is adjacent to the Prasae River it is rich in marine resources. They seek to have a better standard of living by bringing valuable local wisdom, maintaining good produce and creating a sustainable, community way of life. Together the locals of Ban Thale Noi Village have organised many great activities and promote an impressive tourist route for everyone. During the Songkran Festival, there will be merit-making and pouring water on the heads of the elderly. There is also a Sand pagoda building contest in the area in front of the old ordination hall, Wat Ratchabarnphadittharam. In addition, after the Songkran Festival, Thale Noi villagers will have a Boon Song tradition, which is a tradition and ritual that has been inherited from their ancestors. There appears to be evidence of historical traces for future generations to study a large number of artifacts at the Royal Palace Temple or what the villagers call Wat Thale Noi, such as the royal throne Rattan Buddha statue. There are also ancient sites and many antiques such as pagodas, churches, lacquered cabinets, thrones, knives, swords, and other antiques.

William Shakespeare, Born on 23 april 1564 in Stratford upon Avon, was an English poet and writer. Shakespeare is the greatest writer that England has ever had. Not only because of his literary works, but also by his influence on the English language. Shakespeare wrote 38 tragedies, historic plays and comedies. He also wrote 154 sonnets and a couple longer poems. When he was six Shakespeare went to school. He was very lucky, because Stratford had one of the best grammar schools in England. When he left school, his father just lost his function as town mayor and was a master craftsman again. Shakespeare helped his father making fancy gloves of leather and silk, because there was nothing else for him to do in Stratford and there was no money to spare to send William to school again. On 23 november 1582, William married Anne Hathaway. They had three kids.

3D printing is set to revolutionize the healthcare industry. The technology that has been around since the 80s, has finally been developed to a point where it will change the way we handle medicine. This means opportunities not only for advances in clinical treatment, but also for solutions providers working with the technology itself. Uses In Healthcare 3D printing brings one huge and needed value to the healthcare industry…customization. While procedures around knee replacements used to involve six different options, with different bone cutting procedures required for each, now, a knee can be designed to whatever specifications the patient needs, saving inches of bone. You may have even heard of the recent skull printed for a 22-year old woman. Hearing aids and dental implants have always been 3D printed, but what used to take weeks can now be done in the matter of a day — or even an hour. Edible meat has already been printed, and functional organs are finally possible with the help of 3D printing. Functioning pieces of liver tissue are currently in use for drug testing and surgical practice. Opportunities For Solutions Providers What does this mean for VARs and ISVs? It means that there are multiple, growing areas, where opportunities in healthcare will be cropping up. There will be limitations though. While it’s expected that 3D printers will soon become a norm in homes around the world, not everyone can just whip up a kidney. Also, while printing is much faster than it used to be, production times still run around 30 minutes, meaning that the technology is still not particularly useful on the battlefield or at the scenes of accidents. On top of that, healthcare is a highly regulated industry and we have yet to see how agencies will respond to safety and use questions around the innovation. Still though, the developments around 3D printing show no sign of slowing up and only indicate new and growing businesses opportunities around the advancement.

Careers in medicine Becoming a doctor isn’t an easy option – it takes years of study and hard work. Medicine offers the opportunity to improve people’s health and ultimately save lives. As well as being interested in working with people you’ll need strong ability in science subjects including chemistry and biology. Whether you're considering applying for medical school, or you’re a qualified doctor in foundation or specialist training, this website has all the information you need to help you take your next step. Your career as a doctor If you have a passion for improving people’s lives and the determination to reach the highest standards, there's a wide range of career opportunities open to you. There really is something for everyone and you can follow a path to one of many specialties - from working in a hospital as a specialist doctor or surgeon, to being based in the community as a GP. You’ll be part of a team of professional medical and non-medical staff delivering care to the highest standards as part of a modern healthcare service. Although some medical roles can involve working 9-5, evening and weekend work isn’t unusual. You’ll need to be prepared to work really hard, even once all your training is completed. The training and support available to you in the NHS can help you get to the very top of your chosen career and, as you develop the skills you need, you’ll also learn a great deal about yourself. Changes to the healthcare system in England means that the NHS will need more GPs in the future and the number of training places is increasing. It is anticipated that up to 50% of all specialty training places in the future will be in general practice. Find out more at the links below:

As long as there have been alcohol and cars, there has been drunk driving. Fermented, alcoholic beverages were first produced by humans around 7000 BC. They were used to celebrate a myriad of occasions, as well as for religious purposes. Even when the colonists first came to America, they brought beer with them on the boat. In fact, many believed alcohol was safer than water, mainly because water could be contaminated, while the process of creating alcohol made the beverage safer to drink. While fermented beverages have played a role in human history throughout time, Americans have had a particularly difficult time dealing with its effect on the population and controlling how it is consumed. In Colonial times, it was acceptable to drink alcohol, but it was considered a moral weakness and a sin to become intoxicated. It was believed that by having enough willpower, a person would find their path back to sobriety. In the 1700s, a Philadelphia physician named Benjamin Rush proposed the idea that alcoholism was a disease that couldn’t be cured by willpower. At the time, his ideas didn’t have a huge impact, but today, we use his theory to help individuals who have problems with alcohol. How alcohol is viewed and controlled in the U.S. has taken wild swings, including being completely outlawed during Prohibition. However, as history has revealed, this didn’t stop people from consuming alcohol. It just drove them underground. Knowing they couldn’t win, lawmakers repealed Prohibition laws and taxed alcohol so that they could at least benefit from its sale. The U.S. and Drinking The U.S. has a conservative view of alcohol. Since the early days when religious groups dictated how and when someone could drink, there have also been those who have bent and broken the rules when it came to drinking. Being intoxicated may have been a sin, but that didn’t stop people from drinking to get drunk. To this day, how people view and consume alcohol is problematic. Countries that allow teens 18 years old or younger to drink have fewer occasions of dangerous drinking as compared to the U.S. That’s not to say that teens don’t consume alcohol in these countries. They do. They just consume it in a way that doesn’t result in intoxication. Stricter alcohol laws don’t stop the consumption of alcohol, though. It just drives secrecy. If Prohibition taught us anything, it’s that people will find a way to drink no matter what the law says — and that is still evident with U.S. teens and those under 21. They still drink. They just do so where it’s harder to get caught. And that isn’t just confined to clandestine binge drinking at college parties. One in 10 high school students drink and drive, and statistics have shown that teens are beginning to drink at younger and younger ages. The History of Drinking and Driving New York was the first state to pass laws against drinking and driving — and that happened in 1910. Other states soon followed. The early laws forbade driving while intoxicated, but they didn’t set any standards of what qualified as being drunk. Those weren’t decided until 1938 when the American Medical Association and the National Safety Council through research found that 0.15 percent should be the legal limit for blood alcohol concentration. In 2000, the blood alcohol concertation percentage was changed to 0.08. In 1980, Mothers Against Drunk Driving was established after the founder’s 13-year-old daughter was killed by a repeat-offender drunk driver. The group was incredibly successful in raising awareness about drunk driving and getting the drinking age increased to 21. However, it hasn’t completely rid the U.S. of drunk driving. In 2014, for instance, 31 percent of all driving fatalities were caused by alcohol, and approximately 88,000 people die per year from alcohol-related causes that are not driving related. Different states have different laws when it comes to determining if a driver is operating a vehicle while intoxicated. Some states allow sobriety checkpoints to be set up, while others don’t, and the decision came to pass after the 1990 court case of Michigan vs. Sitz 496 U.S. 444. There are also a variety of other court cases that have changed how blood tests and breathalyzers are handled by law enforcement or what evidence is permissible in court, and each state has their own rules. Getting a DUI can have major effects on a person’s life — impacting their jobs, family and social life. Drinking and driving is life-changing — and that’s assuming no one is killed during the accident. It only takes a split second. Alcohol is a legal drug, which means that as long as the person is of age, they have the opportunity and ability to partake in drinking. However, teens are still able to get access to alcohol. Our systems need to stop relying on telling people not to drink and drive — it’s really just not working. Instead, some have offered up the idea of a stronger prevention and rewards system, like making transportation more accessible and having companies offer incentives for groups of partiers to either designate a driver or call a taxi. Additionally, lowering the drinking age could certainly help, the way it has in other countries. America’s history with alcohol is a complex one, and there doesn’t seem to be an easy answer to the question of how to stop drinking and driving and underage consumption. Stricter laws probably aren’t the solution — and history has revealed that they often do little to stop drinking anyway. Regardless, the next time you’re out enjoying a cold one, consider calling an Uber (or Lyft, if you’re feeling hipster). Drinking can be fun, but when you do so in at least a reasonably smart way, your country, loved ones and liver will thank you in the end. Latest posts by Kate Harveston (see all) - Drones Are Changing Our World - Aug 11, 2017 - An American History: On Drinking, Driving, and the Law - Aug 3, 2017 - Obamacare vs. Trumpcare: Taking an Honest Look at the Differences - Jul 28, 2017

There is a global crisis in education. This is a crisis that can be and must be averted, because education is a human right and the keystone of development. This Thursday is the first ever International Day of the Girl Child, a day we at Plan International lobbied for to focus the world's attention on girls' rights. On the same day, Plan will launch a worldwide campaign, Because I am a Girl, to directly support four million girls, and indirectly millions more, to get the education, skills and support they need to move from poverty to opportunity. To mark the launch, we are turning monuments across the world pink, from the London Eye to the Empire State Building, a colourful metaphor for a moment which I believe can and should be a tipping point in alerting the world that we are failing to deliver on girls' fundamental rights to have access to a quality education. Globally, one in three girls around the world is denied an education by the daily realities of poverty, discrimination and violence. Every day, young girls are missing out on school, forced into marriage and subjected to violence. Millions are not successfully transitioning to a quality, lower secondary education. In fact, 75 million girls around the world of a lower secondary school age are currently out of school, at a time when it has the potential to transform their own lives and the communities around them. If the figures seem unmanageable, let me give you an example I hope you can relate to. In South Sudan (the world's newest country and one of its poorest) there are only 400 girls aged 14 to 15 in school, when there should be some 100,000 - only one in 250 are being given the chance to realise their potential. That means that there are more girls in three secondary schools in my hometown of Oxford, UK - which has 130,000 people - than in the whole of South Sudan, which has a population of 10 million people. I find it almost impossible to comprehend the scale of that gap! I travel often to meet the children being supported by Plan projects in 50 developing countries around the world. Invariably, the girls talk articulately about the problems they face and what can be done about them. Many of the girls want to be doctors, lawyers, nurses or teachers. But amidst their dreams, they and their friends are being married off to older men and their brothers put through school while they are made to stay at home. A girl is being married off every three seconds around the world. That's why reducing the barriers that girls face to education is the central goal of our campaign. Our wider ambition is to combine programming and advocacy to help millions of girls achieve their ambitions. We will do this by direct programme work with the girls themselves and their communities and governments, including working to end child marriage, gender-based violence and discrimination. But also by lobbying hard to change legislation to enforce laws to improve their lives. We will align our Because I am a Girl campaign with the Education First initiative which the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has just announced, creating a powerful force for change. According to the UN, education can radically mitigate other risks. Each additional year of education received by a mother is estimated to reduce the risk of child death by up to nine per cent. A UN survey across 16 countries in sub-Saharan Africa found that 81 per cent of women who had completed their secondary education knew that condoms could help reduce the spread of HIV - while for uneducated women, the figure was just 59 per cent. In Indonesia, child vaccination rates are only 19 per cent for illiterate mothers, leaping to 68 per cent for those mothers who have attended secondary school. The facts speak for themselves. Improving education for girls reflects in a better quality of life for her, her children, and her family. And she will be economically advantaged as well; if a girl goes to secondary school for an extra year, she will increase her future income by 15 to 20 per cent, according to the World Bank. Our campaign is ambitious but very necessary. Supported by film and digital campaigns by the UK's leading advertising agency AMV BBDO, we are already asking people to raise their hand to show support for girls' education. I would ask everyone who cares about this subject to do the same. The key to eliminating cyclical poverty is education and girls. Please visit raiseyourhandnow.com to support the rights of all girls to a quality education, or tweet @PlanGlobal, #bcimagirl. To watch the films by AMV BBDO, which feature our ambassador Freida Pinto (film one) and Sunshine, a young girl who was living with her family in the street slums of the Philippines' capital of Manila* (film 2), please click on the links provided. * Subsequent to the filming of the ad, Sunshine and her family were rehoused and provided with financial support for food and education by a local government agency. Follow Nigel Chapman on Twitter: www.twitter.com/@planglobal

The safest strategy, both from an engineering and environmental viewpoint, is not to fill a sinkhole. If the sinkhole is a hazard to livestock, put a fence around it. If filling the sinkhole is essential to your project or the sinkhole is a danger to people, there is a right way to do it. The sinkhole can be filled using a graded-filter technique (Reitz and Eskridge, 1977; Sowers, 1996). The purpose of the graded filter is to allow water to seep into the ground while the soil is held back. Always consult a professional geologist who is experienced in identifying karst subsidence and an engineer experienced in sinkhole remediation when dealing with any structure threatened by a cover-collapse sinkhole. - Reitz, H.M., and Eskridge, D.S., 1977, Construction methods which recognize the mechanics of sinkhole development, in Dilamarter, R.R., and Csallany, S.C., eds., Hydrologic problems in karst regions: Bowling Green, Western Kentucky University, Department of Geology and Geography, p. 432-438. - Sowers, G.F., 1996, Building on sinkholes: Design and construction of foundations in karst terrain: American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 115.

The beauty of mutual benefits A MINIATURE DRAMA unfolds in the Ecuadorian Amazon as a stingless bee flaps its wings to warn a parade of treehopper nymphs of potential danger (in this case, nearby photographer Javier Aznar González de Rueda). The bee is protective for good reason: After feeding on the sap of plant stems, the nymphs excrete honeydew, a sugary liquid rich in carbohydrates. The bees eat this high-energy fluid, so they carefully protect its source—a beautiful example of mutualism from which both species benefit. A biologist by training, Javier now photographs insects and other creatures the world over. “When people see this image, and I explain what’s going on,” he says, “they are amazed at how incredible the insect world is.” His hope is to inspire appreciation for lesser-loved animals such as insects, reptiles and amphibians. “They are often misunderstood and hated by people, but they’re some of the most important animals for the healthy functioning of ecosystems,” he says. “I try to change people’s point of view, hoping that some may do some small thing in their daily lives that can help the planet.” A new storymap connects the dots between extreme weather and climate change and illustrates the harm these disasters inflict on communities and wildlife.Learn More Take the Clean Earth Challenge and help make the planet a happier, healthier place.Learn More Promoting more-inclusive outdoor experiences for allRead More A groundbreaking bipartisan bill aims to address the looming wildlife crisis before it's too late, while creating sorely needed jobs.Read More More than one-third of U.S. fish and wildlife species are at risk of extinction in the coming decades. We're on the ground in seven regions across the country, collaborating with 52 state and territory affiliates to reverse the crisis and ensure wildlife thrive.

The Colorado River Aqueduct is a 242 mi (389 km) water conveyance in Southern California in the United States, operated by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD). The aqueduct impounds water from the Colorado River at Lake Havasu on the California-Arizona border west across the Mojave and Colorado deserts to the east side of the Santa Ana Mountains. It is one of the primary sources of drinking water for Southern California. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado River Aqueduct The ranking score is used to determine how "popular" a trip or location is. It is calculated based off of a weighted average of the number of reviews and the user ratings. For example, a location with 2 reviews and an average rating of 5 will have a lower "ranking score" than one with 10 reviews and an average rating of 4. This is because even though the first location has a better average rating, it has not been reviewed as much as the second location, so it is not as "popular". In the future we may modify the ranking score to take in additional factors, such as the number of views, comments, and photos.

Raw meat and poultry packages must carry nutrition labels just like other grocery store items, according to a new rule from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The rule took effect Thursday after USDA announced the change in December 2010. Before Thursday, the USDA only required nutrition labels on meats with added ingredients such as marinades or stuffing. The new rule requires all ground meat and ground poultry and 40 popular cuts of meat such as porterhouse steaks, chicken breasts and pork chops have nutrition labels on the packaging or easily visible near the point of sale. The labels will include the total calories, calories from fat, saturated fat, protein, cholesterol, sodium and iron levels in each piece of meat. In addition, meats including a lean percentage on the package, such as 85 percent lean will be required to include fat content as well. Providing nutrition information on meat and poultry products in the store gives shoppers a clearer sense of the options available, allowing them to purchase items that are most appropriate for their families' needs, Dr. Elisabeth Hagen, undersecretary for food safety at the USDA, said in a statement. These new labels mark a significant step in the agency's efforts to help consumers make more informed food purchase decisions. We don't want to tell people what to decide, Hagen told WebMD. It is a matter of going into the store and thinking, 'How many calories will I consume today?' 'What is my target for fat grams?' 'How does this purchase fit into my own and my family's diet?' The information can also be used to comparison shop among products, she said. If a consumer is concerned about total calories or saturated fat, for example, they can compare and contrast products and possibly make a selection based on the nutrient content of the food. The new labels are expected to add a half-penny per pound to the cost a meat, a price increase not likely to be noticed, according to USDA officials. The USDA recommends eating between 5 and 6.5 ounces (142 and 170 grams) of protein a day, depending on age. However, protein doesn't have to mean meat. Beans, eggs, peanut butter and nuts all count as well and should be incorporated into your diet, according to the USDA.

A gas furnace uses a negligible amount of electricity for lighting the flame. The major amount of electricity used with gas heating is in connection with the blower, and the watts required depends on the type of blower. Older gas furnaces may use one-speed fan motors, and they use approximately 400 watts per hour of activity. More recent technology has led to the development of variable-speed blowers that use as little as 75 watts per hour when operated at the lowest speeds. The watts required to operate an electric furnace vary based on the age, design and heating capacity of the unit.

Last week, we included Global.health in our featured sources section. The initiative aims to document 10 million plus cases in one source. Instead of just listing numbers of positive cases and deaths, they collect individual cases and gather information about said case. What was their age range? Gender? When did symptoms develop? The dataset has room for more than 40 variables aside from just “tested positive.” While there are lots of dashboards and tracking sources, none collect detailed data about (anonymized!) individual cases. Collecting data like this is critical for understanding how epidemics spread, and an open repository could help researchers determine what the actual infection rate is or divine more information about lasting immunity. The set has been available to researchers for a while, but now it’s been released to the public. It might seem strange to release it now as it looks like cases are finally sustainably declining, but we’re still going to have to track COVID-19 even as everyone gets vaccinated. As one of the founders, Samuel Scarpino says, “COVID-19 is gonna become rare. It will fall back into the milieu of things that cause respiratory illness. As a result, we’re going to need higher-fidelity systems that are capturing lots of information and informing rapid public health response, identifying new variants and capturing information on their spread.” Since the data are now public,let’s take a look at what’s possible with this source. The first thing I discovered is that, predictably, the full dataset is just too big for Excel to open. I recently switched computers and I’m pretty sure this file was the death knell for my old one. You’re gonna need to either stick with their website or use something like Python or R to really sink your teeth in. Even just the website slowed down my new computer a lot, so beware. Elderly computers should probably be spared. Still, the website is very well designed and easy to navigate. You can have your data two ways: as a table with, at time of writing, more than 200,000 pages, or as a map where you can click on the country or region you want to look at, which will then direct you to a much smaller table. (All roads lead to tables, but the map function does make it a lot easier to navigate.) The country map is fairly self-explanatory—a deeper shade of blue means more cases— but the regional map also just looks very cool: You can of course zoom in to your region of choice. My one quibble with the display is that I wish you could rotate your field of view, as sometimes the region behind a particularly tall spike can literally be overshadowed and thus be a little harder to access. Going through every part of this giant resource would take days, so I’m going to be focusing on the United States data. Here’s what I got when I clicked on it on the map: It should be understood that this is a sample of the U.S. data (same presumably goes for data in other countries.) Because this is line-list data, it’s supposed to be very granular—recent travel history, when a case became symptomatic, and so on. Data at this level of detail just aren’t available or possible to get for every case in the country (and even less so for the rest of the world.) So that should be remembered when working with this dataset. It’s extremely comprehensive, but not all-encompassing. (That being said, it is strange that there are P.1 cases recorded, but no B.1.1.7, which is much more common here.) So how granular are the data? When you’re directed to the table for that country, the table on the website has columns for: - Case Identification Number - Confirmation date (I assume this is confirmation that yes, this person is infected) - “Admin 1, Admin 2, and Admin 3” (short for “administrative areas” – for example, for a U.S. patient, 1 would be country, 2 would be state, and 3 would be county) - Latitude and longitude (I assume of the hospital or of the lab where the case was identified) - Hospitalization date/period - Symptom onset - URL for the source Which is indeed pretty granular! It should be noted, however, that there are a lot of blank spots in the database. It has the capacity to be extremely comprehensive, but don’t go in expecting every single line item to have every detail. I’m not sure if this is going to improve as records are updated, but I suppose we’ll see. What can you do with these data? I loaded the full dataset into R to mess around with the data a bit. The disclaimer here is that I am by no means an R wizard. Another fair warning is that R will take a hot second to load everything up, but when you load up the full dataset there are a ton more columns for more data categories, like preexisting conditions. (That one seems important, why is it not on the more accessible website?) I found that making some frequency tables was a good way to assess just how complete the data was for certain variables. Here’s a frequency table I made with the outcome values: The first thing I notice is just how many lines have a blank value for the outcome. (65% of them.) Again, a lot of these data are incomplete. The second thing is that there are a ton of synonyms for the same thing. A capitalization change will shunt a number to a completely different category, making it a little annoying to compile results, so you’ll have to tinker with it a little bit to make a clear graphic/graph/etc. The bar graph R spit out for this was unreadable because of all the categories. I tried another one for the gender demographics and the bar graph was actually readable this time. As expected, the percentage of lines with no data available was lower this time (19%) but still sizable. As I should have expected, I got a gigantic table when I tried it for ethnicity. But 75.49% of the lines were blank. 99.6568% were blank for occupation, which I was inspired to look at because occupational data are similarly barren for vaccination data as well. Somewhat predictably, and just as a check, cases by country had much fewer blank cells.Overall this is a really interesting resource, but there are a lot of blank spots that keep it from being the god of all datasets. I think asking any source to be 100% complete is a tall order given the circumstances, and this is still the only source out there of its kind and of its scale. I look forward to checking in again and seeing if those blank cells drop in number.

Custodial Issues: Safety and Health Not only must custodians maintain schools' physical facilities, but they are often responsible for school security as well. At the same time, custodians are exposed to many occupational hazards, from working on ladders and staging to dealing with hazardous chemicals and contagious diseases. In some school districts budget pressures have led to cuts in custodial staff. These cuts are short-sighted for at least two reasons — they lead to the physical deterioration of facilities, and expose custodians to greater safety risks, as jobs which should be done by at least two people are attempted by custodians working alone. Building Maintenance and Indoor Air Quality Deferred maintenance in the past can cause problems in the present, problems that custodians and other support staff must contend with. Among the findings of American School and University (AS&U) magazine's 27th annual M&O (maintenance and operations) cost study: "..decades of deferred maintenance, insufficient building upkeep procedures, and years of siphoning dollars from maintenance budgets have significantly contributed to the current condition of our nation's schools." Inadequate maintenance is one of the contributing causes of poor indoor air quality (IAQ), a serious problem in many schools. For more information: - Read AS&U's 31st maintenance and operations cost study. (In PDF format ) Cleaning for Health "Custodians are the first line of defense of public health in our schools," according to school custodian and 2009 C.L.E.A.N. Award winner Pat Nicholson. By cleaning for health, not for appearance, custodians can have a big impact on student and staff health and stduent achievement. - Custodian Pat Nicholson of Washington State Wins First CLEAN Award - NEA Health Information Network CLEAN Award program Occupational Safety and Health Here are several places to start for information on occupational safety and health issues: - The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a good source of information on safety on the job, including in schools. - The Material Safety Data Sheet Web page, and the Vermont SIRI Web site have links to hundreds of thousands of MSDs's, both in print and on the Internet. - The Red Book -- Exposure to Blood on the Job: What School Employees Need to Know, a booklet from NEA's Health Information Network, contains basic information that every school employee should know about dealing with the hazards of blood-borne diseases, including Hepatitis B and C, and HIV. Security of buildings, other staff, and students Whether or not a school district has its own security staff, custodians bear a large responsibility for building security. Custodians are also often in a position to observe student behavior and spot potential problems settings where there are no teachers. Here are two links for more information: - NEA's School Safety page contains information about how NEA is working for safe schools. - The U.S. Department of Education's Safe and Drug-free Schools Program Web site features publications, funding opportunities, and organizations that can help keep our schools and communities safe.

Access Issues and Public Lands Rights-Of-Way Public lands constitute 29% of the 2.271 billion acres comprising the United States. Federal agencies are responsible for managing 657 million acres. The Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”) manages 264 million acres (33% in Alaska), the U.S. Forest Service (“USFS”) manages 191 million acres (12% in Alaska), the National Park Service (“NPS”) manages 76 million acres (71% in Alaska) and the Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”) manages 91 million acres (84% in Alaska).2 The vast expanse of public lands naturally gives rise to the need for rights-of-way (“ROW”) and access rights across such land. Rights-of-way and access rights across public lands can be obtained under two primary statutory authorities. Two secondary authorities are also available which involve implied rights of access.3 Section 28 of the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 (the “MLA”)4 grants authority to the Secretary of the Department of the Interior (“DOI”) to issue ROWs for pipeline purposes in connection with the transportation of oil, natural gas, synthetic liquid or gaseous fuels, or any refined product produced therefrom. Section 29 of the MLA reserves to the Secretary the right to permit easements or ROWs upon, through or in lands leased, occupied, or used under the MLA. This content is available from the following sources Already a Subscriber? Sign In Over 60 years of scholarship at your fingertips. Buy the Publication The book containing this article may be available in hard copy, or the article may be available individually. Please contact the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation at email@example.com or 303-321-8100.

Throughout the country, people in five thousand election centers will place their ballots for president, congress, and municipal mayor in three separate ballot boxes. What happens then? What ensures that the ballot cast is counted and reported accurately? How reliable should we expect the numbers to be? In part, what you think the answer is depends on how you assess the procedures set in place by the Tribunal Supremo Electoral. Each individual ballot for president has a Mesa Electoral Receptora number, the name of the voting center, and the department printed on it. Each of these ballots also has a unique number, with the name of the municipio preprinted on it. The Presidential Ballot looks like this: Each Mesa Electoral Receptora has a custodian. In previous elections the churches, through the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church Association, supplied the custodians. Most of the custodians this time around are students from the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras (UNAH). Each Mesa Electoral Receptora has one representative, and an alternate, from each political party. Each has a president, secretary, watcher, and members, all appointed to office by the TSE. All procedural votes are by simple majority, with the president of the Mesa abstaining unless there is a tie. The charge to the MER technical custodians is - to make sure there is adequate access by voters from the starting hour to the ending hour of voting. - to observe the rights of the citizens - to maintain order in the voting centers - to be yourself transparent and responsible, absent of any authoritarianism. - to respect the popular will when counting the votes and inscribing the results on the tally sheet - to return the voting boxes with the tally sheets to the TSE. Those tally sheets are key to linking the count made at the Mesa and the outcome the TSE reports. A separate manual for each department of Honduras has detailed instructions including how to count and record the votes from each of the ballot boxes. Observers, both national and international, may be present but must not reveal any results nor advocate for any candidate. The members of each Mesa fill out and sign an opening form that records how many ballots they have for each office (in numbers and written out in words). To prevent voters selling their vote, cell phones and cameras are newly banned from voting booths. The voter is given a ballot for the presidential vote, congress, and municipal mayoral election, signed on the back by members of the Mesa. The voter folds each of the three ballots in half to obscure their vote, then brings them back to the Mesa where members verify they have the required signatures on the back. Counting of the votes begins with checking the ballot for the required signatures and stamp, then the voter's markings are evaluated. Each ballot has a photo of the candidate, the party flag, and a space to mark the vote. But a mark anywhere on the candidate or the flag counts, as long as most of the mark is in the space of a single candidate. Vote counting is done in public. Anyone can watch, but must remain silent. First the President takes an inventory of the leftover supplies, stamps each as "left over" and records the counts on the Accounting form. The president then hands the sealed ballot box to the Examiner who opens it and extracts a vote. The examiner qualifies the vote as valid, null, or blank and indicates to which party (if valid) it belongs. It is shown to the members of the Mesa, then passed to the President, who ratifies it. The secretary records it on the appropriate tally sheet with a tick mark for the party, null, or blank. The president sorts ballots into piles by party, null, or blank, then gives each pile to the Secretary who seals them in plastic bags and puts them back in the voting place briefcase. Once all the votes are counted, the Secretary fills out the vote count section for each candidate as well as tallying the number of citizens, and Mesa members, who voted. This, along with the annotation of the number of blank ballots received, plus those left over, finalizes the form. The numbers are then transferred to the Closing Tally form which is signed by the Mesa members. Getting the vote tallies to the TSE in Tegucigalpa has been a point of potential weakness in the whole process. In 2009, the tallies were read over cell phones, and entered into the computer in Tegucigalpa based on the phoned-in counts. The results were, to be charitable, incredibly inaccurate. This year, the TSE is trying a new approach, used successfully in Guatemala and the Dominican Republic. Completed Closing Forms for president, congress, and the municipal election will be scanned, and sent to the TSE either through a wired internet connection or through a wireless modem across the cell phone network. 500 voting centers lack electricity or an internet connection, so those votes will not be counted until opened more than a week later in Tegucigalpa. In addition to scanning and transmitting the Closing Form, each custodian will print out a copy for the representative of each political party, and for any member of the Mesa that desires a copy. Once sent, the original Closing Form will be stamped by the custodian with a stamp indicating it has been transmitted (all copies will be stamped). The president of the Mesa will then aggregate all the oficial forms into an envelope to close out the polling place. All papers will be returned to the briefcase, sealed for return to the TSE. In the past, the TSE then recounted every ballot box, and entered the data into a new computer file. The TSE has said it will not announce results the night of the election, only "trends". Meanwhile, Hagamos Democracía, an NGO that produced exit polling that was more accurate than the TSE in 2009, will be operating again this year. A fairly fragile system for such a consequential election.

While visiting an automobile assembly plant, I came to an area in which cars often were turned around. They were backed into a small space that had no apparent ventilation and then driven out again. I asked my guide, who was in charge of plant safety, about the possible excess carbon monoxide (CO) in that area. He informed me he had taken readings for CO in the area numerous times and had never found a measurable quantity. I was sure there was an excessive amount of CO at the location and requested he sample for CO while I was there. He assured me there was no CO, but got out his equipment to take another sample. The equipment consisted of sealed glass tubes containing a chemical that would change color if any CO was in the air drawn through the tubes by a calibrated squeeze bulb. He put a tube in its bracket, connected the tube to the bulb, and squeezed the bulb the recommended number of times. After disconnecting the tube from the bulb, he showed me the tube and explained that the chemical's color did not change. Therefore, as he had said, there could not be any CO in the area. I looked closely at the tube and then asked if he had broken off its ends before connecting it to the squeeze bulb. He seemed surprised at my question. “Am I supposed to?” he asked. The moral of this story: Be sure a person is trained and understands how to use an instrument before you accept his or her findings. Kenneth E. Robinson, CIH Send “war stories” of 400 or fewer words to the attention of Scott Arnold, executive editor, at email@example.com. Authors are paid $50 per published war story.

THE PURPOSE OF BAPTISM A Sermon by Rev. Coleman S. Glenn March 25, 2012 Dawson Creek, BC Readings: Isaiah 1:9-20; Matthew 3:1-17; True Christian Religion 685 We just heard the story of John the Baptist, who called all of Judah to himself to be baptized in the Jordan River. In that story, we heard John say that one would come after him who would baptize with the Holy Spirit and with fire. He later told his followers that the one he had spoken about was the Lord, Jesus. And when Jesus was resurrected, He appeared to His disciples and told them to go forth and baptize all nations into the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. From the very beginning, baptism has been a key part of Christianity. In the New Church, we tend not to focus much on ritual. We put a lot of emphasis on life – the way we live by our religion. And that’s as it should be – internal worship involves loving the Lord and loving our neighbour. But there is a value and strength in the external rituals of worship, because they represent those internal things, and actually serve to strengthen those internal things. And the two most important rituals – the two sacraments in the New Church – are baptism and the Holy Supper. Without a knowledge of correspondences, it’s hard to understand how there could be a value in the external ritual of baptism. But the Writings for the New Church describe a deeper meaning within this ritual that show how something as seemingly mundane as dipping someone under water can have profound spiritual influences. And the Writings for the New Church reveal a purpose in baptism that is unknown to many in the world. True Christian Religion describes the three primary uses of baptism: introduction into the church, getting to know the Lord, and being regenerated. Baptism alone does not accomplish these things, but it serves as an external sign of them, and helps bring them about. These three all involve each other and are tied together – each one is an integral part of what it means to be baptized. The first use of baptism is that it is an introduction into the church – a sign and a symbol that a person is a Christian. This morning we read the story of John the Baptist baptizing people in the River Jordan. The Jordan River marked the boundary and the entrance to the land of Canaan. The reason that John baptized there was that it represented an entrance into the church. What does it mean to be introduced to the church? It means that a person is first beginning to learn the truths of the Lord’s words. These are the simple, basic teachings – that the Lord Jesus Christ is God, that evils are to be shunned as sins against Him, that His Word is truth. When a person first begins to learn these truths – and to live by them – it is as if he is being washed in the Jordan River. Now again, this may seem like it wouldn’t have much power. Doesn’t everyone know that it’s wrong to lie, to steal, to commit adultery, and so on? They’re such simple teachings, it seems, that a person might scoff at the idea that they have to be bathed by these things. But until we actually try to shun evils because they are sins, we don’t know how strong or weak a hold they have on us. We might think, “OK, yes, I tell lies, but it’s not that big a deal – I don’t think there would be some profound spiritual change in me if I stopped.” But it’s not until we do try to stop because it is a sin against God that we realize how deeply that deceit may or may not be ingrained in us. When we try to stop, and pray for the Lord’s help, we do notice a change. Being introduced into the church does not just mean introduction into the truth, though. It also means introduction to the people of the church, and introduction among angelic spirits who make up the church. That’s why we can perform infant baptisms – because even though the baby is not yet able to learn the truth of the church, there is a promise that they will, and there is also a sign made that they will be raised as Christians. And it actually changes the spirits who are around that child. Now, again, this might seem abstract and like it has nothing to do with real life – but that’s only because we don’t realize how huge an influence the spirits around us have. Every single thought we have flows into us from the spirits around us, as hard as that is to believe. And so changing our spirits changes the way we are even able to think. Now, a person’s decisions throughout their lives also affect what spirits are around, and so baptism or non-baptism doesn’t determine a person’s spiritual home, the spirits he will live with forever. But it does make a difference, because the washing of baptism and the sign of the cross is a physical manifestation and sign that actually brings the person among Christian spirits and angels. So that first use of baptism is being introduced into the truth of the church, and also coming into the company of Christian people, spirits and angels. But in itself, being brought among Christians is meaningless – being influenced by Christians is not actually what makes a person Christian. True Christianity – the kind of Christianity described in the book The True Christian Religion – means getting to know the Lord Jesus Christ. And this is the second purpose of baptism – that a person may know and acknowledge the Lord Jesus Christ, the Redeemer and Saviour, and to follow Him. There would be no point in introducing someone into the church without introducing them to the source of all the good and truth in the church. And we can’t really get to know who He is except by following His commandments. That source is the Lord. True Christian Religion asks, What would be the use of being called a Christian without this second use, the acknowledgment of Christ, and especially of following His commandments? We read, “Is it not really like a subject who attaches himself to a king, and yet repudiates the king’s laws or those of the country, and yields allegiance to a foreign king and serves him?” (True Christian Religion 681). To be called a Christian and yet not to follow the Lord would be an empty thing, and worthless. This second purpose of baptism – coming to know the Lord – comes from the first – being introduced to the church. A person learns to follow the Lord by being brought up, supported, and encouraged by Christians. And here’s another area where baptism becomes relevant for our daily lives. When we attend a child’s baptism, we attend a ceremony that introduces the child to the church – and we here help make up that church. In that ceremony, the parents specifically promise to raise the child to follow the Lord – but we all share that responsibility, to support everyone who comes to the church and who is baptized in their path of following the Lord. It is our responsibility to encourage each other to do what is right and good, and to look to the Lord together. The second use of baptism is that we may know and acknowledge the Lord Jesus Christ, and follow Him. It might seem like this purpose would be the final use and goal of baptism. But from the Lord’s perspective, the one remaining use is actually the most important. That final use of baptism is that a person be regenerated. The Lord spoke of the importance of a person being born again. He said, “Unless someone be born anew, he cannot see the kingdom of God.” When we talk about regeneration, we are talking about re-birth. But we use the word regeneration because it is not referring to one moment in time, as “birth” implies, but a process and progression over time. The Lord’s purpose in baptism – and even the reason that He wants us to know Him and follow Him – is so that he can create us anew, and give us the blessedness of heaven. Think about that. The Lord did not create humanity was for the sake of His own glory, so that He could be worshipped. The Lord created the world for the sake of blessing the world, not being blessed Himself And so this final use of baptism – that a person be regenerated – follows from the prior two uses, and it could be said to be its primary end in view. And it is the use that is most clearly seen in the representation of baptism itself as a washing. Because the way that a person is regenerated is by spiritual washing, that is, by removing the evil lusts and desires that cling to him. The way a person does this is by repentance. And repentance is the common thread that runs through all the different uses of baptism. A person is truly introduced into Christianity by repenting; he learns to acknowledge the Lord and follow Him by repenting; and he is regenerated by means of repentance. This is not always an easy process. And in some ways, baptism is presented as a painful thing. It is used as an image of death. Speaking of His crucifixion, Jesus said, “But I have a baptism to be baptized with, and how distressed I am till it is accomplished!” The image of baptism is one of washing, but it is also an image of being buried – the apostle Paul would later compare Jesus burial and resurrection to the experience of being submerged under the water in baptism and then rising up out of it. In our reading this morning, John the Baptist warned the Sadducees and Pharisees, the religious leaders at the time, that the Lord’s baptism would be like a consuming fire. And when we repent, there are parts of ourselves – the merely natural parts – where we feel like we are dying. Baptism is a symbol of putting to death the parts of us that rebel against the Lord’s love, so that we can be purified. The prophet Malachi compared it to a refiner’s fire: “But who may sustain the day of His coming? And who shall stand when He is seen? For He is as a refiner’s fire, and as washer’s soap.” That refiner’s fire burned away all the impurities in a precious metal. For us to be purified, we have to endure the pain of fighting against the evil cravings that give us pleasure. But that fire that burns away impurities is also a warming fire of love. The purpose of baptism and of washing is not simply so that evil can be taken away, but so that something new from the Lord can come in and take its place. It is so that the Holy Spirit can flow into a person, giving them a new spirit. It is so that the fire of the Lord’s love can flow into a person, giving them a new heart. There is a progression there. That progression is described in John the Baptist’s words: “I indeed baptize you with water, but one comes after me Who will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with Fire.” That first kind of baptism is a baptism of water. The Lord did not only baptize with the Holy Spirit and fire; He also baptized in the waters of the Jordan river, just as John had. The water of Jordan is a picture of the simple, straightforward truths in the letter of the Word. We start out by following them, by repenting on the very basic, literal level – stopping our stealing, stopping lying, shunning adultery. As we progress, though, the Lord gives us the opportunity to be baptized with the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit represents the Lord’s Divine Truth. This is contained within the teachings of the Lord’s Word, but cannot really be expressed in words. It’s a sight we have of the truth. We learn to see things in ourselves that are sins against the Lord, even if we can’t describe exactly what they are – attitudes or intentions that on a deeper level steal from the Lord. There’s the love of self, and the raising up of ourselves above others; and when we realize this, and shun these deeper evils because we know they are sins, we are being baptized with the Holy Spirit. Being baptized by the Holy Spirit means being regenerated by truth. We come to love the truth, and to love treating our neighbours well because we know it is right. There is love in the Holy Spirit – but it’s primarily a love for acting by the truth, not simply a love for goodness itself. That is the next level, the celestial level; and to be regenerated by this love is what it means to be baptized by fire. A person first becomes spiritual before becoming celestial. But a person can become celestial. The way this happens is that gradually the Lord transforms their love for acting by what is true into a genuine love for the Love that comes from Him. It is love for love’s sake, and when a person reaches this state, they act primarily from love to the Lord. This washes a person on an even deeper level than that love for truth does. Those who reach this level are said to be baptized with fire. These are the people who come into a genuine love for the Lord and love for their neighbour, who love to love others. The external act of baptism does not accomplish any of these things. But when a person has these internal elements – a desire to learn truth, to fight against evil with it, to come to know the Lord and be regenerated – then the external ritual actually makes these things happen more fully and more completely. Through the internal washing of repentance and regeneration, a person is made clean, and made ready for heaven, which is the Lord’s greatest desire. By the first use of baptism, a person is introduced among Christians; by the second use, he comes to know and acknowledge the Lord Jesus Christ as God, and follow Him; and by the third use, He is regenerated and born again, in accordance with the Lord’s words in the gospel of John: “But as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God, to those who believe in His name: who were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God.” (John 1:12,13) Amen.

When the U.S. suffered a severe economic depression in 1873, did politicians try the same remedies that are being tried today? No! In 1873, the railroad industry was booming just as the housing industry boomed 10 years ago. And like housing, much of the railroad boom was due to excessive government subsidies, which made the boom much larger than it should have been. Investors, speculators, and bankers hurried to get in on the riches by investing millions in railroads, and soon railroad supply exceeded consumer demand. The railroad bubble was bound to bust. The bust came when the nation’s biggest bank went under due to heavy overinvestment in railroads. This crash sparked a chain reaction among other leading U.S. banks in the new national banking system (forerunner to the Federal Reserve). This caused a stock market crash, massive business insolvency, unemployment, and poverty. In fact, this was called the “Great Depression” until a bigger one happened in the 1930s. Like today, politicians scrambled to save their careers with a quick fix to the problem. They came up with the Inflation Bill, in which $18 million in paper money would be printed to stimulate the economy. This was the 19th century version of the “stimulus” championed by President Obama in 2009, which redistributed nearly $1 trillion of borrowed, printed, and taxpayer money. But in 1873, President Ulysses S. Grant knew what Obama hasn’t learned: borrowing, printing, and redistributing tax dollars cannot stimulate an economy. Grant vetoed the bill. Grant was harshly criticized for his so-called “laissez faire” approach, but the veto kept the crisis from getting worse by allowing the free market to correct itself. While inflation may have helped in the short term and secured many politicians’ reelections, it would have been highly damaging in the long term by increasing the cost of living through higher prices. Compare this to Obama’s “stimulus,” in which prices are now rising and unemployment has actually gotten higher since its inception. Grant angered opponents even further by approving a bill that stopped any further printing of paper money and required the money in circulation to be backed by gold. Opponents argued that more money needed to be created to restore prosperity. However, creating more money only devalues the money already in existence, which harms everybody. It also gives more power to manage the economy to the same politicians that had bungled things in the first place through shady subsidies and nationalized banking. Grant’s decisions to curb inflation and stabilize the currency were a painful but necessary correction to an economy that had been poisoned by bad investments, excessive paper money with little worth, and a corrupt alliance between government and business. This reduced the long-term pain, and as a result this severe depression was over within six years. In 1873, banks were forced to either cut back or go under. In 2008, they were bailed out by taxpayers under TARP (Troubled Asset Relief Program) because they were “too big to fail.” Thus, an economic crisis caused by a corrupt government/business alliance was “solved” by an even stronger alliance among those who caused the problem in the first place. To restore the U.S. economy today, individuals and businesses must do as they did in the 1870s: work harder, spend less, save more, and reduce dependence on government. Also, government must reduce borrowing, pay down debt, eliminate needless departments and bureaucracies, and end frivolous taxpayer-funded subsidies. If this is not done, then any perceived “recovery” will only be another bubble just waiting to burst once more.

Carbon, the building block of life, is thought to have formed mainly inside the cores of stars. But a new experiment is testing another idea: some of it may have been forged during supernova blasts or the collisions of neutron stars. To make a nucleus of carbon-12—the most common form of the element, with six protons and six neutrons—a rare process must occur: three helium-4 nuclei (also called alpha particles and containing two protons and two neutrons each) need to come together, reach a unique excited state and combine to form carbon. Scientists estimate that stable carbon atoms result only about four out of every 10,000 times three helium-4 isotopes unite. Traditionally, this “triple-alpha” process of carbon formation is thought to play out inside stellar cores, but a new particle accelerator experiment at Ohio University aims to test a different scenario where the element can be produced more efficiently with the help of neutrons, which are present when stars explode and collide. Our current understanding of the triple-alpha process largely came from astronomer Fred Hoyle, who famously predicted, in 1954, that a special excited state of carbon-12 must arise during synthesis. Later scientists observed this so-called Hoyle state and confirmed that the carbon then emitted gamma rays to de-excite down to its ground, or stable, state. Scientists have long suspected that other particles might play a role in that de-excitation, especially neutrons, which carry no electrical charge and can penetrate nuclei and take away extra energy. Measuring neutron energies has been difficult, however. A few years ago, physicist Lee Sobotka of Washington University in St. Louis decided the time was right to develop an experiment to test this idea. He read a paper in Physics Review Letters that predicted neutrons could enhance the triple-alpha process by a factor of more than 100. And he thought a technology called a time projection chamber (TPC), which was relatively new to nuclear physics, could be the right tool for the job. The fully realized experiment began at the Edwards Accelerator Laboratory at Ohio University on March 10. It features a TPC-type detector called the Texas Active Target, or TexAT, which was developed by Sobotka’s collaborators at Texas A&M University. The detector looks like a microwave oven with a front window, and it is installed at the near end of a 30-meter-long, two-meter-wide underground tunnel that was originally designed for neutron measurements. A 50-year-old, school-bus-sized on-site particle accelerator creates a beam of neutrons, then shoots them into the detector, where they bombard a sample of carbon dioxide gas. “What we are doing here is to measure the cross section, or probability, of an inverse reaction of the original triple-alpha process,” Sobotka says. Because the Hoyle state can exist for only a blink of an eye, it is almost impossible to directly measure it. In the reverse reaction, neutrons will hit carbon nuclei, excite them to the Hoyle state, produce alpha particles and then leave the scene with a lower energy. “It’s a clever approach to measuring the probability that the Hoyle state is de-excited in a collision with the neutron by performing the inverse measurement,” says Martin Freer of the University of Birmingham in England, who is not involved in the experiment. Measuring the reverse reaction is reasonable because there is a statistical relationship between the probabilities of that reaction and the original, says Grigory Rogachev of Texas A&M University, who is head of the TexAT team. TexAT, which took scientists six years to develop, can take photographs of charged particles inside the detector, he says. In this experiment, when alpha particles are knocked out and scatter off in different directions, they ionize the gas and set electrons free along the way. These electrons, in turn, yield to an electrical field in the detector and drift upward to the top detection panel, where their spatial positions are immediately marked down. Combining this information with their time of arrival, scientists can easily reconstruct the 3-D tracks of alpha-particles in a visual way. Identifying the so-called alpha decay of the Hoyle state is a hard thing to do at the low energy relevant to this measurement, says Hans Fynbo of Aarhus University in Denmark, who is not involved in the study. The novelty of TexAT, he says, is that it’s “both the detector and the target,” which is a relatively new concept in experimental nuclear physics. On the first day of the experiment, about 5,000 neutrons were fed into the detector each second. Only about one out of a million of them triggered the reverse triple-alpha process. Most of them just passed through the detector to the depth of the tunnel and into the hillside housing the accelerator lab. The researchers were collecting about one event every five minutes, which was quite successful, according to Freer and Fynbo. The experiment was planned to run for two weeks, but the team had to abandon the detector in the tunnel after the first week when the campus was evacuated for the coronavirus. The researchers plan to return as soon as they can to collect their data and analyze the findings. If the results prove the predicted enhancement factor of 100, “it will be something quite significant,” Fynbo says. Once the data are available, the next step will be to invite astrophysicists to join the conversation and interpret the cosmic environment needed for such neutron-induced carbon formation, Sobokta says. The scenario could be quite different from the quiet burning processes in a star. It may be “a supernova or a neutron-star merger,” in which not only the density of particles is higher but more neutrons can be present, Freer says. Yet carbon created in such cataclysmic processes may not necessarily increase the total amount of carbon in the universe significantly because they act “as seeds for the synthesis of heavier elements produced in these explosions,” he notes. In other words, these carbon atoms may get absorbed in creating other members of the periodic table.

A Brief History Of Women In Combat Traditions break down fast during times of war, and history is full of examples where women assumed dramatic new roles that never would have been possible in times of peace. As this photo gallery shows, the pressing demands of World War II led many countries to call on women to bolster their armed forces, in jobs ranging from nurse to front-line soldier. Hundreds of thousands of American women served in the U.S. military during that war, and U.S. women were allowed to fly military aircraft for the first time. Some countries desperate for fighters, like the Soviet Union, put women in combat roles. When wars end, old rules can often return. The U.S. Congress mandated in 1948 that women should be limited to 2 percent of the force. Women have managed to steadily expand their role in the military since then, and they now make up 15 percent of the military. But they were barred from combat positions until Defense Secretary Leon Panetta announced Thursday that he was ending that policy. The U.S. has plenty of examples to learn from. Many European countries, along with Canada and Israel, have permitted women in combat roles for years, citing gender equality. Some Communist countries have also turned to female soldiers for reasons of ideology or propaganda.

This story was originally published by Inside Science News Service. (Inside Science) -- Quantum mechanics governs the quirky, counterintuitive way the world works at the small scales of atoms and subatomic particles. It might also be important for helping animals understand their place in their surroundings. New research suggests that wood mice, commonly found in Europe, have a built-in compass that exploits quantum processes, the first seen in a wild mammal. According to a study in Scientific Reports published on April 29, wood mice placed in a container prefer to build their nests in the parts of the container closest to magnetic north and south. When researchers created an artificial magnetic field, the mice nested in line with the new north-south orientation. Scientists suspect that this compass sense comes from electrons dancing around in the mice's eyes. This represents the first evidence found in a wild mammal for a magnetic sense that relies on effects at the quantum level. Previous research hinted at the presence of such a sense in lab mice, but that didn't necessarily indicate the same process would happen in wild animals. When it comes to the magnetic sense, "we know next to nothing about mammals," said Thorsten Ritz, a biophysicist at the University of California, Irvine, who wasn't involved with the study, "so this is something new here." From birds to bees to bacteria, many life forms can sense Earth's weak magnetic field, helping them navigate their environments. Among mammals, however, researchers had found magnetic senses only in mole rats, bats and similar creatures specialized for navigating in the dark. "It makes sense that [those animals] use a magnetic compass to navigate," said Pascal Malkemper, a zoologist at Germany's University of Duisburg-Essen and the study's lead author. But it was an open question whether or not mammals that live in the light also had this ability, leading Malkemper to test an everyday European furball:Apodemus sylvaticus, the wood mouse. In the summer and fall of 2013, Malkemper exiled himself to a horse stable in the Czech Republic's Bohemian Forest, far from technology that could potentially throw off his sensitive measurements. He caught 45 mice one by one and placed each one overnight in its own cylindrical container filled with materials such as sawdust and hay, which the mice used to build bed-like nests against the container's rounded walls. After releasing a given mouse the next day, Malkemper measured the compass direction of the nest each mouse left behind relative to the center of the container's circular floor. When he did, he found that the mice had spontaneously snuggled up against the walls that corresponded to magnetic north and south. When he used electromagnetic coils to artificially change the magnetic field's orientation, they moved their nests. But how does the mouse's compass actually work? In some organisms, such bacteria, trout and mole rats, magnetic compasses seem to work like the ones Girl and Boy Scouts carry around, relaying direction via magnetic iron crystals that twist and turn like compass needles. But in other creatures, such as birds, there's evidence for a totally different compass that relies on quantum processes. According to theoretical models and computer simulations, light entering the eye activates certain proteins in the retina, temporarily ripping apart a pair of electrons in those proteins. Separating the electrons makes them sensitive to magnetic fields, which "sets up a particular chemical reaction [that's] essentially a switch," said Ritz. The electrons wobble like spinning tops. Changes in the magnetic field's direction affect each electron's wobble slightly differently, influencing their orientation relative to each other. This change in relative alignment determines whether the electrons will reunite quickly or slowly, flipping the switch toward one of two different sets of chemical products. By tracking the ratio of these different products, an organism can use these proteins as little quantum compasses. This exotic compass has its quirks. Place a bird in a magnetic field that's flipping its north and south poles millions of times per second, and the electrons in the animal's compass get thrown off, like disturbing a spinning top by repeatedly banging on the table beneath it. This magnetic drumbeat dramatically impacts where the compass points -- or if it works at all. Animals with iron compasses don't seem to have this problem. It's thought that the iron crystals involved are too tied down to the surrounding tissue to detect these split-second 180s. This difference made oscillating magnetic fields the perfect tool for figuring out which kind of compass the mice were using. Malkemper caught more mice and repeated his experiments, adding a second, low-intensity magnetic field that alternated its direction about as often as AM radio signals wiggle back and forth. The results were significant: When exposed to the oscillating magnetic field—which was about 300 times weaker than Earth's natural one -- 17 wood mice preferred to build nests toward magnetic west-northwest and east-southeast, as if the oscillating magnetic field was throwing off the mice's compass. Malkemper thinks the oscillations change how the mice "see" the magnetic field. "If [the magnetic sense] is based in the eye," he said, "we're thinking that it's an aid to see a magnetic field [as] a pattern in a specific direction." When the oscillating field gets added, this familiar visual pattern might shift, causing the mouse to orient differently. Theorists see the study as a solid, early step toward a better understanding of the quantum compass, which has also been observed in amphibians. In fact, Klaus Schulten—the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign biophysicist who first hypothesized this compass setup -- said that "there is no element of surprise" to Malkemper's discovery, given what's been found already in non-mammals. Researchers aren't completely sure how sensing magnetic fields benefits mice, but John Phillips, a biologist at Virginia Tech and one of the study's coauthors, thinks it helps the mice assemble their everyday movements into "a coherent map of the world they know," he said. "Nothing that we know about spatial processing in rodents has provided the global reference system [they] need," he said, suggesting that the poorly understood magnetic sense might be involved. The discovery underscores that animals' compasses aren't just used for large-scale navigation. Unlike migratory birds and sea turtles -- which seemingly use their magnetic senses to migrate thousands of miles -- the average wood mouse lives in a home range about 500 feet across. "The idea that the magnetic sense is…unique to animals that travel long distances is unambiguously wrong," said Phillips. "This is pioneering work, and it just opens up a raft of new research." Questions remain. For one, the mice kept orienting toward magnetic north and south when exposed to a magnetic field oscillating about 1.3 million times per second, but this same field disoriented birds in previous experiments. Researchers won't know precisely why until they nail down the mouse's specific pathway for sensing magnetic fields—a bit of biological detective work that hasn't been completed in any animal.

Helicopter-assisted Data Collection Between Glen Canyon Dam and Lees Ferry Helicopter-assisted Data Collection The U.S. Geological Survey’s Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center (GCMRC) will conduct the overflight mission as a part of the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program. Aerial images and topographic data will be collected to help monitor the effect of Glen Canyon Dam on downstream resources. Black and white panels (approximately 5 x 5 feet) which allow the data to be accurately positioned and adjusted, may be seen on the ground during this time. If you encounter any of the panels, please leave them undisturbed.

View Full Version : Math behind gluLookAt 04-26-2000, 04:44 PM Does anyone know how to convert a forward vector from the camera to angles? By that i mean, the camera is looking in the direction of a normalized vector. Instead of using gluLookAt, how can i convert this vector to angles. Project the vector to each plane and work out the angle to the axis. for ex. if you have the vector (1,2,3), then consider the angle of the vector (1,2) on the Z plane (ie. theta1=arctan(0.5)). this is the rotation about the y-axis. Similarly, projecting the vector onto the X plane gives theta2=arctan(2/3); Thus, the requried rotation is glRot(arctan(2/3), 1.0, 0.0, 0.0); glRot(arctan(0.5), 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); you can't recover z rotation (since it isn't specified). I hope the maths is right. ;-) but the idea should be sound: projection to recover one angle. Hope this helps, 04-27-2000, 04:14 PM Thanks, ill give it a go asap Powered by vBulletin® Version 4.2.3 Copyright © 2016 vBulletin Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved.

- Thematic Notation - Zack Brown's LN text 1.3 Thematic indications state what aspect(s) of movement(s) stand out over time. [Thematic indications are discussed in detail in Moving About: CapturingMovement Highlights Using Motif Notation, by Charlotte Wile with Ray Cook. See Chapter XVII, "Themes." 3.3 Hannah said the resolution and other aspects of iPad will make the app very versatile. The group agreed that the app will be extremely useful for students and practitioners. 3.4 In the second part of Video 3 the group discusses a Labanotation textbook that Zack is writing. The purpose of the book is to answer problems that Zack has encountered in his study of LN. 3.6 In his text Zack addresses this issue by changing the way notation is taught. For instance, he deviates from standard texts by first teaching the concept of “Front” and how it can be applied to notating gestures. In contrast, in the standard LN texts stepping is taught before gestures. 3.9 Zack said a primary purpose of his text is to identify and begin with the “elementary” parts of LN (i.e., the elementary aspects of LN, rather than the elementary aspects of dance.) Summary of Issues Discussed.

Small bowel cancer This page tells you about small bowel cancer. There is information about The small bowel makes up most of the digestive tract. It is actually about 6 metres long, but it is folded up so that it fits inside the abdomen. It has 3 sections, which are the - Duodenum (dew-oh-dean-um) – the top part of the small bowel, which connects to the stomach - Jejunum (jej-you-num) – the middle part - Ileum (ill-ee-um) – the lower part, which connects to the large bowel (colon) Right at the end of the ileum, just before it joins to the colon, is a small pouch called the appendix. Tumours of the small bowel may be either non cancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Benign tumours include polyps and lipomas. Cancers of the small bowel are rare, with just under 1,300 people diagnosed in the UK each year. If you compare this to around 41,600 large bowel (colon) and rectal cancers diagnosed each year, you can see how rare it is. Most cases of small bowel cancer are found in the duodenum. There are several different types of malignant small bowel tumour - Adenocarcinoma – around 4 out of 10 small bowel cancers (40%) are adenocarcinomas, making it the most common type. It starts in cells that line the bowel (epithelial cells) and develops most often in the duodenum - Neuroendocrine tumours – around 4 out of 10 small bowel tumours (40%) are neuroendocrine which includes carcinoid tumours. These develop from cells that produce hormones, most commonly in the appendix or the ileum - Lymphoma – 1 out of 10 small bowel cancers (10%) are lymphomas, usually found in the jejunum - Sarcomas – can develop in the soft tissues anywhere in the small bowel, but most often grow in the ileum. There are different types and the most common is a cancer of smooth muscle (leiomyosarcoma) - Secondary cancers – these are tumours that have started somewhere else in the body and have spread to the small bowel We have separate sections about carcinoid tumours, lymphomas and sarcomas. And a page explaining what a neuroendocrine tumour (NET) is. If you have any of these types of small bowel tumour, it may be helpful to look at the section about that cancer type. If you have a secondary cancer in your small bowel, it may help to look at the section about your type of primary cancer. Cancer cells from your primary tumour have broken away and spread to your small bowel. So these cancer cells have to be treated in the same way as your primary cancer type. We don’t know what causes most small bowel cancers. But there are a number of factors that may increase your risk. These include having - Age - Small bowel cancer is generally diagnosed in older people. The average age of diagnosis is 66 years - Familial adenomatous polyposis – a rare condition where an inherited faulty gene makes many polyps develop on the bowel lining - Lynch syndrome (Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer or HNPCC) - a rare gene fault that increases the risk of several different types of cancer - Peutz Jeghers syndrome – an inherited condition where benign (non cancerous) polyps form in the bowel. - Crohn’s disease – cancers related to Crohn’s disease are usually adenocarcinomas of the ileum. Only 2 out of 100 people with Crohn's disease (2%) will develop cancer in the small bowel - Coeliac disease – may slightly increase your risk of developing lymphoma or adenocarcinoma of the small bowel. Sticking to a gluten free diet reduces the risk - A diet rich in red meat or smoked foods, or a high fat diet Smoking and drinking alcohol has also been linked to the risk of small bowel cancer, but we need further research to confirm this. Small bowel cancer symptoms include - Pain in your abdomen - Weight loss - Feeling and being sick Other possible symptoms may include bleeding and a blockage in the bowel but these are rare. Other conditions that affect the bowel can cause all these symptoms too. Many of these are less serious than cancer, such as irritable bowel disease or inflammatory bowel disease. It is also possible to have cancer of the small bowel and not have these symptoms. If you are worried about any symptoms you have you should see your doctor. It can be difficult to diagnose small bowel cancer because the bowel is folded up so much inside the body. And because it is the middle part of the digestive tract, it can be hard for the doctor to examine and take a biopsy. But if you have symptoms that suggest small bowel cancer, your doctor will probably arrange for you to have a number of tests. The tests will help the doctor see any lump or growth in the bowel. Often doctors won’t be able to make a firm diagnosis until you have surgery to remove a lump. Tests you might have include - Barium X-ray – you drink a white liquid called barium (that shows up on X-rays) and then have X-rays to see how it moves through your bowel - Blood tests to check for a low red cell count (anaemia) and see how well your liver is working - Endoscopy or colonoscopy – the doctor looks inside your bowel through a flexible tube and can take a biopsy of abnormal areas - CT scan – this can show where the tumour is and whether there are signs that the cancer has spread to anywhere else in the body - Capsule endoscopy – you swallow a small capsule, which contains a camera and light source and takes pictures of the bowel as it travels through Treatment for small bowel cancer depends on the type of cancer, and where in the small bowel it is. Treatment can include Surgery is the main treatment for cancer of the small bowel. During surgery, the doctor will remove the tumour, as well as a border of healthy tissue surrounding it. The amount of bowel you need to have removed will depend on the size and the position of your cancer. Sometimes the surgeon may have to remove other organs as well. If the cancer is at the top end of your small bowel, the surgeon may remove your pancreas. If the cancer is at the lower end of your small bowel, your surgeon may remove part of your large bowel. Your surgeon will remove any lymph nodes nearby in case any cancer cells have spread there. After removing the bit of bowel with the tumour, your surgeon will join the two ends of the remaining bowel together. If this is not possible, you may need an ileostomy. This is when part of the small bowel is brought up onto the surface of the abdomen to form a stoma. You will need to wear a special bag over the stoma to collect your bowel movements (faeces). We have information about coping with a stoma in the bowel cancer section. If your cancer is advanced, surgery to remove the cancer is not always possible. Any surgery you have will be to help relieve symptoms. You might be able to have an operation to free a blockage in your bowel. Radiotherapy is mainly used to treat more advanced small bowel cancers. Advanced cancer means that the cancer has spread to another part of the body. Small bowel cancer may be advanced when it is diagnosed. Or it may be advanced if it comes back after treatment. Radiotherapy can help to control symptoms you have because of advanced cancer, such as pain. You might have chemotherapy to treat lymphomas of the small bowel. The drugs you have depends on which type of non Hodgkin lymphoma it is. For other small bowel cancers, such as adenocarcinoma, you may have chemotherapy after surgery for cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes. Doctors are more likely to use chemotherapy for small bowel cancer that has spread to other areas of the body (metastatic disease). You usually have a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including oxaliplatin or irinotecan, such as FOLFOX or FOLFIRI. These combinations of drugs are commonly used to treat cancer of the large bowel. Doctors sometimes use the chemotherapy drug fluorouracil with radiotherapy, to help it work better. This is called radiosensitising. You might have this treatment after surgery if your cancer comes back. Doctors are still trying to find out the value of chemotherapy for small bowel cancer and which drugs will work best. Finding out how well treatments work when a cancer is rare is difficult. It is harder to organise trials because there are fewer people who can take part. This means it takes longer to get meaningful results. The BALLAD trial is comparing different types of chemotherapy with no chemotherapy after surgery for small bowel cancer. The researchers want to find out if having chemotherapy reduces the risk of the cancer coming back, if adding oxaliplatin to fluorouracil or capecitabine is useful, and to learn more about the side effects. Biological therapy uses proteins produced in the body or proteins that change how cells signal to each other to grow. If your cancer of the small bowel is a type of sarcoma called a GIST (gastro intestinal stromal tumour), you may have imatinib (Glivec). Imatinib works by blocking chemicals that the cancer needs to grow. Sunitinib is another type of biological therapy that is sometimes used for GIST when imatinib is no longer working or causes bad side effects. We have more information about GIST. Rated 4 out of 5 based on 17 votes Question about cancer? Contact our information nurse team

Eco-friendly building materials on the rise as tall wood buildings regain popularity. The rise of tall wood buildings across the world reflects more than an aesthetic shift in architecture. As wood buildings rise in cities from London to Minneapolis, the surge of these structures reflects the commercial possibilities of eco-friendly building materials. While there are a number of sustainable building products that are shaking up the industry, the technologies incorporated in the construction of tall wood buildings could be considered some of the most disruptive products in the industry. For the first time in the modern history of tall buildings and skyscrapers, concrete and steel could be made secondary to more eco-friendly building materials like cross-laminated timber. At 18 stories and over 170 feet tall, Brock Commons, a student residence for the University of British Columbia campus in Vancouver, is the tallest wood building in the world. Considered an economic and environmental triumph, Brock Commons, according to UBC President Santa J. Ono, reflects the school’s leadership in sustainable construction. Completed in September of 2016, Brock Commons exemplifies just how relevant eco-friendly building materials are for massive construction projects. What may not remain relevant is Brock Commons placement as the world’s tallest wood building. One month later in Vienna, Austria, construction began on an urban redevelopment project that is expected to stand over 100 feet taller than the Commons. In November 2016, the seven-story commercial building in Minneapolis opened, touting itself as the largest modern mass timber building in the United States. Named T3, which stands for Timber, Technology and Transit, the building was built with over 180,000 cubic feet of sustainably forested wood. The use of these eco-friendly building materials has helped to halt over 1,400 tons of CO2 emissions. The architectural firm behind T3 considers the building to be a gamechanger that will provide modern, clean, energy-efficient systems and eco-friendly building materials designed to reduce its carbon footprint. While only in the conceptual stages, the proposed Oakwood Tower of London promises to be the world’s tallest wood building and London’s second tallest. Upon completion, the 80-story structure will reach nearly 1,000 feet in height. Designed to generate 1,000 new housing units, the Oakwood also promises to completely transform the way we approach mass construction utilizing eco-friendly building materials. The success of the Oakwood Tower could not only change the way tall buildings are considered, but could represent the environmental sustainability of large urban centers. This growth of eco-friendly materials usage in massive commercial projects like the Oakwood Tower represent a rise in the need for products once considered to be more novelty than necessity. This is especially relevant to the timber industry. While the ubiquity of concrete and steel are far from feeling the pressure of a change in approach, the demand for the eco-friendly building materials like cross-laminated timber are likely to result in rapid growth for those industries associated with such materials. At Davalyn Corporation we have nearly 30 years of experience with helping companies within the building materials industry meet the talent demands of an evolving landscape. As the industry grows and transforms, we are growing with it and preparing for the future. Check out our latest video Exploring our target industries At Davalyn, our tenured team of niche-focused talent acquisition experts takes on the hiring challenges of a diverse and growing set of industries. Make our perspectives your most powerful recruitment and retention resource.

Are Hernias Hernias Heriditary? Hernias develop when tissue in a certain part of your body, such as your groin or intestine, pushes through muscle. Although this condition isn’t always serious, it can put you at risk of complications, such as intestinal obstruction or enlargement that causes pain and other symptoms. If you have family members who have had hernias, do you face a higher risk of having one? Hernia Risk Factors Hernias have been shown to occur more often in those who have a family history of this condition, although the underlying reason for this isn’t fully understood. If you have a parent who has had hernias, your risk of getting one is higher. Your risk of developing a hernia at some point in your life is also higher if you have a congenital defect that makes muscles in the affected area weaker. Keep in mind that there are other factors that could also increase your risk of having a hernia. These include: - Gender, since hernias occur more often in men; - Old age as your muscles grow weaker; - Previous hernias; - A chronic cough can develop into an inguinal hernia: - History of chronic constipation that puts more pressure on your bowels. Signs of a Hernia If you have a family history of hernias or other risk factors for this condition, it’s important to recognize the signs. You might experience any of the following symptoms if you develop a hernia: - Swelling or bulging in the affected area - Mild soreness or tenderness - Pain or soreness when moving certain ways, such as leaning over - A feeling of heaviness in the affected area If you suspect that you have a hernia, you should seek medical attention. This helps determine if you do have a hernia and whether or not you need treatment for it. Although hernias don’t always cause symptoms or discomfort, they can lead to life-threatening complications, such as a strangulated hernia, which requires emergency care. Although you can’t do much about congenital defects or hereditary factors that increase your risk of hernias, there are steps you can take to lower it. These include the following: - Lose excess weight: Staying at a healthy weight reduces strain on your muscles and tissue. - Eat foods that are high in fiber: Including plenty of these foods, such as vegetables, in your diet helps keep your digestive system regular and lowers your risk of constipation. - Give up smoking: Smoking on a regular basis can cause you to develop a chronic cough, which raises your risk of having a hernia. - Lift with care: Avoid picking up heavy objects, or lift with your knees rather than your back. This places less strain on your abdominal area. If you have signs or symptoms of a hernia, please contact Dr. Mark Reiner to schedule an appointment. Dr. Reiner is nationally and internationally recognized as an expert in minimally invasive surgery and is one of the leaders in the field of minimally invasive hernia repair. Fill out the form on this page to request an appointment or call 212.879.6677 to learn more.

There are many factors that affect people's physical, mental, social and financial well-being, which in turn affects their health. Having access to the following things helps make a community healthy: With these things in place, people that live in the community will be likely to live healthier lives. Learn more about: Walking With a Purpose   is available to assist communities as they assess walkability. The tool was developed for community members to help make routes to community destinations more walkable. The tool gives ideas on where to complete the assessment, community members to invite to the assessment, a walkability checklist, discussion questions, what to do after the walk, and resources. During 2011, nine YMCAs and BASICS contractors utilized the Iowans Fit for Life Walking with a Purpose walkability assessment tool. Read their success stories below. |Ankeny YMCA||Louisa County| |Des Moines, Grubb YMCA||Monroe County| |Forest City YMCA||Polk County| |Scott County YMCA||Pottawattamie County| Read the six-month follow up report   for these projects to see what has changed. In the spring of 2010, 15 community wellness grantees and BASICS contractors utilized the Iowans Fit for Life Walking with a Purpose walkability assessment tool. Read their success stories! |Mills County||Cerro Gordo County| |Sioux County||Hancock County| |Dallas County||Jefferson County| |Decatur County||Van Buren County| |Adams County||Poweshiek County| |Cass County||Ringgold County| |Washington County||Eastern Iowa Community College| Walking with a Purpose for Schools is now available to help schools and children identify ways that their route to school could be more walkable. The tool gives ideas on where to complete the assessment, community members to invite to the assessment, a walkability checklist, discussion questions, what to do after the walk, potential class projects to consider, and resources. In the Spring of 2012, eight local public health agencies utilized Walking with a Purpose. Read the six-month follow up report   on what has happened in their communities since the assessments. Nutrition and Physical Activity Asset Mapping can be used to help your community identify strengths and areas for improvement for nutrition and physical activity. Community Action Plan   - a sample action plan for your community to use for putting together action steps for nutrition and physical activity Policy Ideas for your community   - make your community projects stronger and more sustainable by adding policy components. Complete Streets are designed with all users (pedestrians, cyclists, transit users, vehicles), ages and abilities in mind. The Iowa Bicycle Coalition has developed an Iowa specific guide on complete streets strategies. There is a growing international movement to improve safe routes to school. These routes increase safety and promote walking and bicycling to school through the "5Es: engineering, education, enforcement, encouragement, and evaluation." In addition there are also lots of no-cost or low-cost Safe Routes to School projects your community can do to improve the walking and biking environment. Visit the Upper Explorerland Regional Planning Commission's site for a printable version of the no-cost or low-cost projects or other safe routes to school resources. We want to know about upcoming activities or steps your community is taking towards health to share on our website. Please contact Sarah Taylor Watts from Iowa Department of Public Health at 515-242-6709. We look forward to hearing how you are getting your community to be active and to eat smart.

Camus' Stance On Algeria Still Stokes Debate In France A hundred years after his birth, French writer-philosopher Albert Camus is perhaps best-remembered for novels like The Stranger and The Plague, and for his philosophy of absurdism. But it's another aspect of his intellectual body of work that's under scrutiny as France marks the Camus centennial: his views about his native Algeria. Camus was born on Nov. 7, 1913, to a poor family that had settled generations earlier in French Algeria. His father died a year after his birth, and Camus' illiterate and deaf mother, who worked as a cleaning lady, raised him. His brilliance would deliver him from that world of poverty. Camus is regarded as a giant of French literature. But according to Smithsonian contributor Joshua Hammer, it's Camus' North African birthplace that permeated his thoughts and shaped his writing. "His two greatest novels, The Stranger and The Plague, were both set there, in Oran and Algiers. He wrote incredible lyrical essays about his life there," Hammer says. "So he's extraordinarily Algerian ... down to the core." But Algeria has never reciprocated that love, says Hammer, who recently traced the writer's roots there. That's because Camus' French Algeria, much like apartheid South Africa, was divided into two worlds: an Arab world and the world of the pieds-noirs, or black feet, the name given to the million-plus Europeans who lived there. "He represents an Algeria that essentially is banished from the map, an Algeria of the pieds-noirs. So this was the world that Camus knew. It was a very segregated society, he really didn't know the Arab world," Hammer says. "So that's what you saw reflected in his work." During World War II, Camus joined the French Resistance against the Nazis and published an underground newspaper. It was his novel The Stranger, published in 1942, that brought him instant international acclaim. In 1947 came The Plague, a novel seen as a classic of existentialism. In 1957, at the age of 43, Camus won the Nobel Prize for literature. But it's Camus' politics, not his philosophy, that still makes waves in France. Though he hailed from the left, today he's embraced by conservatives. In the 1950s, Camus fell out with philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and the Paris left bank literary scene after he denounced communism. Camus' stance on the Algerian war infuriated both the left and right at the time. He supported Arab aspirations for political rights, but he couldn't imagine an independent Algeria. The topic remains sensitive in France, where 1 million pieds-noirs fled after the war ended in 1962. One Camus exhibit was canceled and two historians fired, reportedly to appease the sensitivities of the local pieds-noirs community. Biographer Elizabeth Hawes says Camus was always more simple, seen from the U.S. "Americans in general don't know anything about Algeria and they know very little about French intellectual politics. And so Camus was always just sort of a hero," Hawes says. "There was a lot of the mythic to Camus. He was great looking, and he was heroic, and there was the resistance, he was the outsider." Camus' life was cut tragically short at the height of his career in a car accident in 1960. He was only 46. France is still grappling with his legacy.

Separation of Air Components by Countercurrent and Co-Current Gas Permeation This Demonstration studies enriching the oxygen content of air with a single-stage membrane module. This problem was first treated in and later in [2 and 3]. The binary mixture, (oxygen) and (nitrogen), has an ideal separation factor , the ratio of the permeabilities of the two species. The permeability of oxygen is ). The membrane is more permeable to oxygen and has a thickness . The stage cut, , is set by the user. The values of the pressures in the feed and permeate sides are chosen equal to cmHg and cmHg, respectively, which give a ratio of pressures, , equal to 10. The feed rate and composition are given by , , and . This Demonstration computes the reject and permeate compositions as well as the membrane area for the countercurrent and co-current flow cases. . W. P. Walawender and S. A. Stern, "Analysis of Membrane Separation Parameters. II. Counter-Current and Cocurrent Flow in a Single Permeation Stage," Separation Science and Technology, 7(5), 1972 pp. 553–584. C. J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit Operation, 3rd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall, 1993. H. Binous, "Gas Permeation Computations with Mathematica," Chemical Engineering Education, 40(2), 2006 pp. 140–144.

Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide Melissa D. Mirosh Ectopic pregnancy in the adolescent population is fortunately uncommon. Teens usually have not had sufficient time to establish enough exposures to infection or other intraabdominal pathologies to acquire tubal damage and then conceive with resultant ectopic pregnancy. However, in managing ectopic pregnancies in teens, one must remember that access to care may be limited before or after the diagnosis, confidentiality must be respected, future fertility should be protected, and reliable and acceptable contraception should be offered and encouraged during and after treatment. Ectopic pregnancy should be a consideration when any pregnant adolescent presents for an office visit with new onset of abnormal uterine vaginal bleeding or abdominal/pelvic pain. Incidence and Prevalence The risk of ectopic pregnancy in United States is approximately 19 per 1,000 pregnancies, which has remained stable for several years (MMWR, 1995). This is only an approximation because there are many miscarriages, abortions, and medically treated ectopic pregnancies that are not reported. - Trends: From 1991 to 1999, ectopic pregnancies were responsible for 6% of all pregnancy-related deaths in the United States, of which 93% were due to hemorrhage (Chang et al., 2003). This represents an overall decrease of 13% since 1992, most likely due to increased detection of early pregnancy. The risk of death from ectopic pregnancy in the United Kingdom fell from 16 to 4 per 10,000 ectopic pregnancies during the nearly 30 years spanning 1973 to 2002 (Lewis, 2004), although mortality still remains high in developing countries (Igberase et al., 2005). - Ectopic pregnancy occurs throughout the reproductive age spectrum. A review from California found a low rate of 12.5 per 1,000 reported pregnancies in women aged 15 to 19 to a high rate of 42.5 per 1,000 pregnancies in women aged 40 to 49 (Van Den Eeden et al., 2005). - Ectopic pregnancies occur more frequently in black women (8%) than in white women (4%). This demographic trend is also seen with respect to overall maternal mortality. This discrepancy is unexplained at present, although it is consistent with the higher sexually transmitted disease (STD) rate and lower socioeconomic status seen in the black population in United States (Anderson et al., 2004; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, 2006; MMWR, 1995). - Location: Ectopic pregnancies occur almost exclusively in the oviduct (95.5%), while 1.3% are abdominal, and approximately 3% are cervical or ovarian. Within the tube itself, most ectopic pregnancies (70%) are located in the ampullary region, 12% are isthmic, 11% are fimbrial, and 2.4% are interstitial (Bouyer et al., 2002). Etiology and Risk Factors There are many factors associated with an increased risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy. (Table 56.1) - Tubal abnormalities: The most common predisposing factor for adolescents is a previous episode of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This is more likely in females with a previous chlamydial infection because Chlamydia infections tend to be less symptomatic than gonorrhea and therefore may go untreated for longer, causing significant pelvic organ damage. The resulting salpingitis is responsible for approximately 45% of initial ectopic pregnancies (Westrom et al., 1981). Scarring of the tubes impairs the ability of the tube to permit normal motility within its lumen. Histopathological study of excised tubes previously involved with PID has shown multiple pockets and tortuous pathways that may also trap embryos (Green and Kott, 1989). Other tubal pathology associated with ectopic pregnancy includes damage or adhesions from previous pelvic surgery (previous tubal surgery for an ectopic pregnancy, ruptured appendix, trauma, inflammatory bowel disease, endometriosis, tubal ligation, or tubal reanastomosis). Adhesions outside the tube to nearby structures such as bowel or other pelvic organs may also cause distortion of the tube. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure (extremely unlikely in this generation of adolescents) and other reproductive congenital anomalies may contribute to abnormal anatomy as well. - Tubal pregnancy with the intrauterine contraceptive device Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUD): The IUD has long been erroneously associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. In fact, the absolute risk of ectopic pregnancy is significantly reduced in women with an IUD compared with women who use no method of contraception. The current copper IUDs are no longer considered to increase the absolute risk of ectopic pregnancy (Xiong et al., 1995). However, if a patient becomes pregnant with an IUD in situ, the chance that the fetus will implant outside of the uterus is 15% to 20% (Weir, 2003). Progestin-releasing IUDs are associated with an even lower pregnancy rate than nonhormonal IUDs and thereby further reduce the chance of an ectopic pregnancy when compared with sexually active women who are not using contraception (French et al., 2004). - Other factors: Other factors that increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy include smoking, infertility, in vitrofertilization, and prior ectopic pregnancy. In the adolescent population, smoking is the most common risk factor. The differential diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and those teens presenting with acute abdominal or pelvic pain is best divided into obstetrical, gynecological, and nongynecological categories. - Normal intrauterine pregnancy - Hemorrhagic corpus luteum - Spontaneous or threatened abortion - Ovarian torsion - Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst - Symptomatic or ruptured ovarian cyst - Pelvic inflammatory disease - Renal colic - Inflammatory bowel disease - Severe constipation The range of symptoms depends on the integrity of the teen's fallopian tube and can range from mild cramping and vaginal spotting to frank hemorrhagic shock. However, the classic triad of vaginal bleeding, delayed menses, and severe lower abdominal pain is associated with tubal rupture and is now a fairly infrequent presentation, because early diagnosis is more routine. In general, there are two distinctly different constellations of signs and symptoms that are expressed by women with ectopic pregnancies, each of which dictates different action plans. Acute Presentation: Classic, Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy - Symptoms: The patient who presents with an acutely ruptured ectopic pregnancy would typically exhibit the following symptoms: - Sudden onset of extreme, sharp, or stabbing unilateral pelvic pain, as well as shoulder pain. The shoulder pain is referred pain resulting from subdiaphragmatic irritation caused by hemoperitoneum. - Dizziness, lightheadedness, or loss of consciousness from acute intraperitoneal hemorrhage leading to hypotension. - Abnormal menses: The patient may have missed her menses and/or experienced several days of abnormal vaginal spotting or bleeding, as well as vague pelvic pain before the onset of her acute symptoms. Teens often have irregular bleeding, and may not have noticed any difference from their “routine” menstrual pattern. - Pregnancy symptoms: The patient may also have noticed nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, or other symptoms of early pregnancy. Statistically, the teen who presents with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy is more likely to have had a previous pregnancy and therefore usually does not suspect a problem (Saxon et al., 1997). Generally, gestational age at the time of active symptom development varies by the implantation site. For example, ampullary implantations are more likely to rupture at 6 to 8 weeks of gestation, but cornual implantations may not rupture until near the end of the first trimester. - Classic signs of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy: - Vital signs: the patient may be in shock with rapid thready pulse, hypotension, and change in mental status. - Abdomen will be tender to palpation, possibly even rigid, with marked rebound tenderness. - Bimanual examination: Cervical motion tenderness is apparent with a slightly enlarged and globular uterus. Often a pelvic mass is not palpable, either because of guarding or because the rupture has eliminated the bulging mass in the fallopian tube. - Laboratory tests: Laboratory testing requirements are minimal and are necessary only to prepare for surgery and to rule out other pathologies. - Pregnancy testing: Sensitive urine pregnancy test results should be positive. A baseline quantitative serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) will allow monitoring of pregnancy resolution. - The “Three C's of hemorrhage:” - Complete blood cell (CBC) count—including hemoglobin and hematocrit. - Cross-match—blood group and screen to prepare for possible transfusion as well as Rh typing to determine the need for Rh immunoglobulin. - Coagulation factors—if the blood loss has been significant, patients may have evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and consideration should be given to appropriate laboratory testing. - Ultrasonography: If the patient is hemodynamically unstable, an ultrasonography is not indicated and should not delay a patient from getting into surgery. If an ultrasonography is performed, however, the most remarkable finding will be free fluid and clots in the pelvis; blood may fill the entire abdominal cavity. If there is a positive pregnancy test result, a corpus luteum cyst may be seen and the endometrium may be thickened with decidual material. In fact, a hemorrhagic corpus luteum cyst is the other main consideration in the differential diagnosis. The presence of an intrauterine pregnancy essentially rules out ectopic pregnancy in an adolescent because heterotopic pregnancy is extremely rare without assisted reproductive technologies. It is not necessary to visualize the pregnancy in the tube, although the absence of a uterine pregnancy seen on ultrasonography is not diagnostic of an ectopic pregnancy. In the context of an acute and unstable presentation, the final diagnosis will usually be confirmed at the time of surgery. - Fluids: The patient requires intravenous access in the form of at least one (preferably two) large-bore intravenous line(s). Fluid resuscitation should start immediately. Blood transfusion may be started if clinically indicated (and with informed consent whenever possible), but surgery should not be delayed by the need to give the patient a transfusion to some arbitrary hemoglobin level; the patient may be losing blood internally at a rate faster than can be replaced by transfusion. - Emergency surgery is required: At surgery, every effort should be made in an adolescent to preserve the fallopian tube if possible, performing a salpingostomy as opposed to salpingectomy. If a hemorrhagic corpus luteum is determined to be the cause of the bleeding then every effort should be made to preserve the ovary. If an oophorectomy is required, progesterone supplementation should be instituted until 10- to 12-weeks gestation if the patient wishes to continue the pregnancy. - The patient's Rh status must be confirmed and Rh immunoglobulin given if she is Rh negative. Subacute Presentations: Probable Ectopic Pregnancy and Possible Ectopic Pregnancy A woman with a positive pregnancy test result who presents with cramping, abnormal vaginal spotting or bleeding, and lower abdominal/adnexal pain should be suspected of having an ectopic pregnancy, particularly if the diagnosis is supported by physical findings of cervical motion tenderness, a closed cervix, adnexal tenderness, and (possibly) an adnexal mass. Women who present in early pregnancy with complaints of vaginal spotting or bleeding and cramping without those suspicious physical findings must also be evaluated to rule out an ectopic pregnancy, although their diagnosis is more likely to be threatened abortion. The work-up and treatment depend on the woman's risk factors and her pregnancy intentions. The initial diagnosis of a clinically suspected ectopic pregnancy in the hemodynamically stable patient begins with a complete history and physical examination, lab work, and transvaginal ultrasound imaging. If the patient has a regular menstrual cycle, her last menstrual period may be helpful in establishing correct pregnancy dates. Other history that may assist in establishing gestational age includes the date of the first positive pregnancy test result and findings from any previous ultrasonography. The reason for established gestational age is that some authors have recommended using this as a starting point for the diagnostic work-up. In this approach, the first step in the evaluation is an ultrasonography if the gestational age is at least 6 weeks. However, the last menstrual period is often not a reliable or secure data point, particularly in adolescents who may have irregular cycles or imprecise recollections of their menstrual dates. Mol et al. (1998) reviewed 354 patients evaluated for ectopic pregnancy and found that gestational age did not discriminate between intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy. Quantitative β-hCG levels have more reproducibility and, therefore, are used as the basis of most management protocols. The lab work should include CBC count (for white blood cell [WBC], hemoglobin [Hgb], and hematocrit), blood typing, and screening to determine Rh status, and a serum quantitative β-hCG. The adolescent patient may need an explanation for the role of transvaginal ultrasonography as she may be hesitant to have a probe inserted vaginally. Laboratory and Imaging Evaluation The properties and limitations of each diagnostic test should be recognized to appropriately use each of them in the work-up. - β-hCG: Typically, β-hCG levels will double every 2 days in a normal first trimester intrauterine gestation. Only 15% of normal pregnancies will fail to have this appropriate increase in β-hCG levels. The smallest increase over 48 hours that can still be associated with a continuing intrauterine pregnancy is 53% (Barnhart et al., 2004). If β-hCG measurements are unchanged or increasing abnormally, the pregnancy is nonviable; it may be an abnormal intrauterine pregnancy (destined to abort), or it may be an ectopic pregnancy. Pregnancies that have inappropriately low β-hCG levels are more likely to be ectopic. Serial β-hCG measurements can be extremely helpful in determining the fate of these pregnancies. - Ultrasonography: Ultrasound studies at appropriate β-hCG levels are usually diagnostic, and often the definitive method of pregnancy dating in adolescents. Although ectopic pregnancies can have characteristic appearances on ultrasonography (Frates and Laing, 1995), ultrasound is not used to visualize the tubal pregnancy, but to identify a pregnancy within the uterine cavity. There is still debate over what β-hCG cutoff should be used as the discriminatory level (the lowest concentration of β-hCG that is associated with a visible normal intrauterine gestation), but this level is generally considered to be above 1,500 to 2,000 IU/L when using a transvaginal ultrasound probe. Above this level of serum β-hCG, a normal intrauterine gestational sac should be seen (Condous et al., 2005; Mehta et al., 1997). Although an intrauterine pregnancy may be detected at lower levels, the possibility that the pregnancy in question is intrauterine cannot be excluded until the β-hCG levels reach the discriminatory range. If no intrauterine gestation is seen, then an ectopic pregnancy should be strongly suspected. One must also keep in mind that multiple gestation pregnancies will not be visible until the β-hCG concentration is above 2,000 IU/L (Mol et al., 1998). If transabdominal scanning is the only method available, the β-hCG cutoff should be 6,500 IU/L (Kadar et al., 1994). Outpatient Follow-up—Using Serial β-hCG Levels: - Declining β-hCG levels: If the β-hCG levels are declining by 50% to 66% every 3 days, it is likely that the patient has experienced a complete resolution of the pregnancy. The β-hCG levels must be followed up until they are undetectable (based on local laboratory values). - Increasing β-hCG levels: If the β-hCG levels are increasing by at least 66% every 2 to 3 days, they should be followed up in a mildly symptomatic patient until they reach the discriminatory zone and the diagnosis can be made ultrasonographically. If the patient becomes increasingly symptomatic before reaching the discriminatory zone, laparoscopic investigation may be considered. It is useful to discuss with the patient whether the pregnancy is wanted. A dilation and curettage (D&C) can be performed at the time of laparoscopy if the pregnancy is discovered to be intrauterine. If the pregnancy is wanted, consider delaying insertion of the uterine manipulator until an ectopic gestation is confirmed. - Abnormally changing β-hCG levels: If the β-hCG levels are declining or rising at an inappropriate rate, the pregnancy (either intrauterine or ectopic) is likely nonviable. - If her β-hCG levels are above the discriminatory level, an ultrasonography should be obtained to localize the pregnancy. If it is not within the endometrial cavity, the pregnancy is presumed to be ectopic. - If her β-hCG levels are less than the discriminatory range, it is important to assess the patient's desire for pregnancy. If she does not wish to continue with the pregnancy, the presence of an abnormal uterine pregnancy can be ruled out by performing a D&C. A β-hCG level, obtained 12 to 24 hours after the procedure, should be compared with a preprocedure level (Lipscomb et al., 2000). If levels drop by 50% in that time, an ectopic pregnancy can be ruled out. If time allows, the histopathology from the D&C specimen will usually confirm trophoblastic tissue and villi. Otherwise, the asymptomatic patient who is well-informed and compliant can be followed up expectantly until the β-hCG levels either fall, plateau, or reach the discriminatory zone and the ultrasonography can be performed. At this point, decisions about laparoscopy, D&C, and conservative or medical therapy can be made. - Methotrexate may be therapeutic for both abnormal intrauterine pregnancies and ectopic pregnancies. Therefore, some investigators have suggested forgoing the D&C and immediately using the methotrexate therapy (see later discussion) to treat the abnormal pregnancy (Tulandi and Saleh, 1999). Misoprostol can be used orally or intravaginally for treatment of an abnormal intrauterine pregnancy. Other Diagnostic Modalities - Serum progesterone levels: A meta-analysis done by Mol et al., in 1998 looked at the use of a single serum progesterone level for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy. A progesterone level <5 ng/mL is associated with a failing pregnancy (in any location) whereas levels >25 ng/mL are diagnostic of normal intrauterine pregnancies in 98% of cases. Most women presenting with a possible ectopic pregnancy had progesterone levels that fell within this range, therefore it did not appear to be helpful in determining either the potential for viability or the location of the pregnancy (Mol et al., 1998). - Culdocentesis to determine if there is blood in the cul-de-sac is rarely used today. It has been replaced by ultrasonic imaging. Issues Unique to Adolescents - Access to care and follow-up: There are several factors in the evaluation and treatment of ectopic pregnancy that are unique to, or should be emphasized in, adolescents. These patients may present later in gestation because of denial of pregnancy or fear of consequences. They may have trouble accessing the medical system, or be unable to seek help due to lack of transportation or money. Once in your office, establishing an accurate history is often difficult as menstrual cycles can be irregular and teens may be poor historians. - Confidentiality and consent for treatment: One must be aware of the local legislation with respect to informed consent for minors. Fortunately, in most states and provinces, health care providers can use clinical judgment and provide medical care to an adolescent who understands the nature of the diagnosis and/or treatment, without necessarily involving a parent or guardian. Teens may have a particular need for confidentiality and this must be respected. On the other hand, health care providers should make every effort to negotiate with the teen to involve a parent or a guardian in such an important issue as the diagnosis and treatment of an ectopic pregnancy. Approaches to Management In the adolescent with an ectopic pregnancy, treatment should generally be fertility-sparing and should take into account that adolescents may have difficulty complying with follow-up recommendations. - Surgical approach: Most women diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy will be treated surgically through laparoscopy or laparotomy. Open surgery is the method of choice for hemodynamically unstable patients, surgeons with little laparoscopic experience, or both. Some surgeons may consider laparoscopic treatment of their hemodynamically unstable patients, depending on their surgical experience and available equipment (Sagiv et al., 2001). A recent Cochrane review concluded that although the laparoscopic route was less successful than a laparotomy for complete resolution of trophoblastic tissue, it remains the cornerstone of treatment in hemodynamically stable patients owing to its decreased operative time, hospital stay, and recovery times (Hajenius et al., 2000). Finally, laparoscopy has also been shown to have equivalent success when compared with laparotomy in obese patients (Hsu et al., 2004). Conservative or radical treatment? The most common surgical procedures are salpingostomy and salpingectomy. Unfortunately, there are no randomized controlled studies that directly compare the two. In theory, the benefit of removing the affected tube is an almost guaranteed resolution of the ectopic pregnancy, while treating conservatively preserves the potential for fertility with that tube (which is crucial in adolescents). Five nonrandomized studies have been published that observed the outcomes of conservative versus radical therapy (Bangsgaard et al., 2003; Bouyer et al., 2000; Job-Spira et al., 1996; Mol et al., 1998; Silva et al., 1993). Three of them showed a significant difference in future fertility, but the two more recent studies have implied that conservative surgery may be advantageous with respect to subsequent fertility (Bangsgaard et al., 2003; Bouyer et al., 2000). A randomized controlled trial will likely be needed to complete the debate. Two studies have confirmed that it is not necessary to close the tubal defect after salpingostomy (Fujishita et al., 2004; Tulandi and Saleh, 1999). There are some patients in whom salpingectomy is the preferred method of treatment. These would include cases of intractable hemorrhage, three recurrent ectopic pregnancies in the same tube, or in women who have completed childbearing. The latter two scenarios seldom occur in the adolescent. One aspect to consider before removing the affected tube is the state of the contralateral tube. If the patient wishes to conserve her chances for spontaneous conception, the unaffected tube must appear normal. If it is abnormal or damaged, salpingostomy for the ectopic pregnancy would be recommended. - Medical therapy: Early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy using laboratory tests and sensitive imaging techniques has significantly reduced the mortality and morbidity of this condition. It has also enabled the use of outpatient medical therapy in lieu of surgical intervention, which in time has reduced hospitalization costs and surgical complications. Methotrexate: Methotrexate has become an established method of treatment for patients diagnosed with an unruptured ectopic pregnancy. The main advantage of medical therapy over surgical therapy is that it is less invasive and less expensive. - Modality of action: Methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist and therefore exerts its effect on rapidly dividing cells. The medication disrupts cytotrophoblast syncytialization and blunts β-hCG production, thereby decreasing support for progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum (Creinin et al., 1998). - Success rate: Meta-analysis of outpatient methotrexate treatment for appropriate candidates demonstrated a cure rate of 92% (Slaughter and Grimes, 1995). At least 85% of those women successfully completed therapy, although 5% to 16% required a second dose of methotrexate (Henry and Gentry, 1994). Only 2.7% required three or more doses. Failure rates are higher with higher initial β-hCG levels. One study found that the failure rate was 32% when the presenting β-hCG levels were more than 15,000, but was 6% when the pretreatment β-hCG level was less than 10,000 (Lipscomb et al., 1999). There are no randomized controlled trials comparing single dose to multi-dose treatment. However a meta-analysis found that although a multi-dose regimen is more successful (92.7% versus 88.1%), the overall success of medically treating an ectopic pregnancy with any method of methotrexate is 89% (Barnhart et al., 2003). Often one dose is sufficient (Lipscomb et al., 1998). One study reviewed a group of 55 adolescents who had successfully used the single-dose method and were able to follow the strict follow-up protocols. In this group of teens, the success rate of methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy resolution was 85% (McCord et al., 1996). Efforts to determine factors that argue favorably for methotrexate therapy identified an initial β-hCG level of <4,000 and lack of fetal cardiac activity as strong predictors of success. Indicators predictive of failure included visible extrauterine yolk sac on ultrasonography and previous ectopic pregnancy (Lipscomb et al., 2004). Patients must be counseled about the possibility of treatment failure (and possible tubal rupture) and the signs and symptoms that may indicate complications and necessitate return to hospital. Because it is common for abdominal pain to occur as the ectopic pregnancy resolves 24 to 48 hours after administration of methotrexate, the differentiation of “normal” from “abnormal” pain can be challenging and may result in additional emergency room visits for reassessment and reassurance. Gazvani et al., examined the addition of mifepristone to any outpatient regimen of methotrexate and found no benefit (Gazvani et al., 1998). - Dose: The dose used for treating ectopic pregnancy, usually 50 mg/m2, is much lower than that used for cancer chemotherapy. Many different regimens of methotrexate delivery have been employed for treatment of ectopic pregnancy, including oral, intramuscular, and local injection (under laparoscopic or ultrasound guidance). Tables 56.2 and56.3 list exclusion criteria and logarithm for using methotrexate. - Side effects: Because the doses are so much lower than chemotherapy, the common side effects of methotrexate at higher dosages including nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, and diarrhea are rarely seen with the doses used to treat ectopic pregnancies. Rarely, a reversible leukopenia or transient hair loss may be seen. Other medical modalities: Other medical interventions have included injecting the embryo with methotrexate, hypertonic saline, or prostaglandins. Although successful, these methods are more cumbersome and invasive compared to oral or intramuscular methotrexate, and therefore are much less frequently used (Hajenius et al., 2000; Yao et al., 1996). - Treatment of unusual ectopic pregnancy sites: As mentioned previously, ectopic pregnancies are rarely located outside the fallopian tubes. There are a number of individual case reports documenting surgical and medical management of pregnancies located on ovaries, surgical scars, omentum, and the cervix. The method of treatment for pregnancies in these sites is usually systemic or local methotrexate under ultrasound guidance (Doubilet et al., 2004), as treating them surgically would be technically difficult or dangerous due to uncontrollable bleeding or poor surgical access. - Expectant management: Expectant management is reasonable for a certain subset of women presenting with ectopic pregnancy. These patients are asymptomatic and generally have a β-hCG level below 1,000 IU/L (Trio et al., 1995). They also need to be reliable, as losing a woman to follow-up could be disastrous. Under these circumstances, Pisarska showed that 68% of women had complete resolution of their ectopic pregnancy without intervention (Pisarska et al., 1998). Patients who have spontaneous resolution of their ectopic pregnancies also tend to have a good chance of return to normal fertility. Rantala et al., found that 93% of their study patients had patent tubes on a subsequent hysterosalpingogram and did not have an increased rate of second ectopic pregnancy when compared to the general population (Rantala and Makinen, 1997). Unfortunately, the need to carefully assess these patients over the course of several weeks, especially if they develop pain, may result in the need for repeated clinical visits. Adolescents should be considered on an individual basis as candidates for conservative management because for many teens the follow-up and surveillance requirements will be too compliance demanding. Complete resolution of the ectopic pregnancy must be documented because residual trophoblastic tissue proliferation can cause clinical problems. Overall, with salpingostomy, almost 5% of women undergoing laparotomy and 8% to 15% of women who are treated laparoscopically will develop persistent trophoblastic tissue (Seifer et al., 1993). In this situation, it is prudent to ensure that the β-hCG levels return to normal, and another pregnancy should be prevented until that time. β-hCG levels should be measured 6 days postoperatively. If the sixth day value is greater than 15% of the baseline value obtained at the time of surgery, persistent disease is presumed. Some have suggested that postoperative day 1 determinations replace the more delayed follow-up measurements; if day 1 serum β-hCG levels are decreased by 50%, there is an 85% probability that persistent trophoblastic tissue will not occur, and that the patient has been adequately treated (Spandorfer et al., 1997). Expression of ectopic tissue from the end of the fallopian tube (i.e., milking the tube) has been associated with residual disease in up to 25% of cases. Careful postoperative monitoring in these cases is critical. Obviously, women treated with methotrexate or expectant management will require weekly (or more frequent) quantitative β-hCG determinations until the levels of that hormone become undetectable. Table 56.4 outlines specific guidelines for following up a patient treated with methotrexate. If persistent disease is diagnosed, further treatment is necessary. If surgical treatment was used initially, methotrexate should probably be used as second line as long as the patient is not continuing to bleed from the ectopic pregnancy. If methotrexate was used initially, options include surgical treatment or repeat methotrexate (Graczykowski and Mishell, 1997). Very occasionally, expectant management can be considered but would again require a well-informed, compliant patient. It is important to provide your patient effective contraception during her recovery period, not only to prevent a second pregnancy from complicating the β-hCG results, but also to allow the tubal tissue time to heal, thereby presumably reducing the risk of a second ectopic pregnancy in rapid succession. Waiting until the β-hCG levels “zero out” before starting contraception puts a woman in jeopardy for pregnancy because ovulation often precedes complete β-hCG clearance. Assuming the adolescent is not seeking to conceive, every effort should be made to offer and provide reliable and acceptable contraception to the teen who has had a failed pregnancy (intrauterine or ectopic) or any pregnancy for that matter. Unsensitized Rh-negative women should be given an appropriate dose of Rh immunoglobulin (50–120 µg if gestational age <12 weeks; 300 µg if >12 weeks) promptly (ACOG, 1999; Fung Kee Fung et al., 2003). Although very occasionally the blood type of the “father” is used to determine whether an Rh-negative woman receives immunoglobulin, it is always prudent to treat the Rh-negative adolescent anyway, because of the uncertainty that may exist with respect to paternity. Fertility after Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy Several studies have looked at ectopic pregnancy recurrence rates and the rates of subsequent intrauterine gestations. On an average, ectopic pregnancies recur in 10% of patients (Bouyer et al., 2002; Pouly et al., 1991). In women seeking pregnancy, reproductive success varies between 50% and 88% within 2 years of the initial ectopic pregnancy (Bangsgaard et al., 2003; Bouyer et al., 2002; Fernandez et al., 1998). There is no consensus in the literature about the preferred method of surgical treatment with respect to subsequent fertility (Hajenius et al., 2000). Two recent studies suggest that conservative (tube sparing) surgery may lead to a higher intrauterine conception rate than radical (salpingectomy) surgery (Bangsgaard et al., 2003; Fernandez et al., 1998). Studies looking at fertility after medical treatment of an ectopic pregnancy are also reassuring. Gervaise et al., showed that 64 of 81 women had spontaneous intrauterine pregnancies after local or systemic methotrexate (Gervaise et al., 2004). Fifty-two of these were intrauterine (with 12 spontaneous abortions), and 12 (18%) were recurrent ectopic pregnancies. Regardless of the method of treatment, adolescent patients who have had only one ectopic pregnancy can be reassured that their chances of having an intrauterine pregnancy in the future are excellent. The method of treatment can therefore be tailored to the needs of the individual patient. For Teenagers and Parents http://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b1.illness/b1.illness.html. RxMed Web site providing basic information on ectopic pregnancy. For Health Professionals http://emedicine.com/emerg/topic478.htm. eMedicine Web site on ectopic pregnancy. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051101/1719ph.html. American Academy of Family Physicians article on ectopic pregnancy. http://www2.mc.duke.edu/depts/obgyn/ivf/ectopic.htm. Information on ectopic pregnancy from Duke University. http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/173/8/905. Review article on diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy from the Canadian Medical Association Journal. References and Additional Readings American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Prevention of Rh D alloimmunization. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999;66:63. Anderson FW, Hogan JG, Ansbacher R. Sudden death: ectopic pregnancy mortality. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:1218. Bangsgaard N, Lund CO, Ottesen B, et al. Improved fertility following conservative surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;110(8):765. Barnhart KT, Gosman G, Ashby R, et al. The medical management of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis comparing “single dose” and “multidose” regimens. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101:778. Barnhart K, Sammel MD, Chung K, et al. Decline of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and spontaneous complete abortion: defining the normal curve. Obstet Gynecol2004;104: 975. Bouyer J, Coste J, Fernandez H, et al. Sites of ectopic pregnancy: a 10 year population-based study of 1800 cases. Hum Reprod 2002;17:3224. Bouyer J, Job-Spira N, Pouly JL, et al. Fertility following radical, conservative-surgical or medical treatment for tubal pregnancy: a population-based study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol2000;107:714. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006;4;55(RR-11):1. Chang SC, O'Brien KO, Nathanson MS, et al. Characteristics and risk factors for adverse birth outcomes in pregnant black adolescents. J Pediatr 2003;143:250. Condous G, Okaro E, Khalid A, et al. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy prior to surgery. Hum Reprod 2005;20:1404. Creinin MD, Stewart-Akers AM, DeLoia JA. Methotrexate effects on trophoblast and the corpus luteum in early pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:604–9. Doubilet PM, Benson CB, Frates MC, et al. Sonographically guided minimally invasive treatment of unusual ectopic pregnancies. J Ultrasound Med 2004;23:359. Fernandez H, Yves Vincent SC, Pauthier S, et al. Randomized trial of conservative laparoscopic treatment and methotrexate administration in ectopic pregnancy and subsequent fertility. Hum Reprod 1998;13:3239. Frates MC and Laing FC. Sonographic evaluation of ectopic pregnancy: an update. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:251. French R, Van Vliet H, Cowan F, et al. Hormonally impregnated intrauterine systems (IUSs) versus other forms of reversible contraceptives as effective methods of preventing pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(3)CD001776. Fujishita A, Masuzaki H, Khan KN, et al. Laparoscopic salpingotomy for tubal pregnancy: comparison of linear salpingotomy with and without suturing. Hum Reprod 2004;19:1195. Fung Kee Fung K, Eason E, Crane J, et al. Prevention of Rh alloimmunization. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2003;25:765. Gazvani MR, Baruah DN, Alfirevic Z, et al. Mifepristone in combination with methotrexate for the medical treatment of tubal pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Hum Reprod 1998; 13:1987. Gervaise A, Masson L, de Tayrac R, et al. Reproductive outcome after methotrexate treatment of tubal pregnancies. Fertil Steril 2004;82:304. Graczykowski JW, Mishell DR Jr. Methotrexate prophylaxis for persistent ectopic pregnancy after conservative treatment by salpingostomy. Obstet Gynecol 1997;89:118. Green LK, Kott ML. Histopathologic findings in ectopic tubal pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1989;8:255. Hajenius PJ, Mol BW, Bossuyt PM, et al. Interventions for tubal ectopic pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2)CD000324. Henry MA, Gentry WL. Success rates of methotrexate in ectopic pregnancy? Fertil Steril 1998;70:595. Hsu S, Mitwally MF, Aly A, et al. Laparoscopic management of tubal ectopic pregnancy in obese women. Fertil Steril 2004; 81:198. Igberase GO, Ebeigbe PN, Igbekoyi OF, et al. Ectopic pregnancy: an 11-year review in a tertiary centre in the Niger Delta. Trop Doct 2005;35:175. Job-Spira N, Bouyer J, Pouly JL, et al. Fertility after ectopic pregnancy: first results of a population-based cohort study in France. Hum Reprod 1996;11:99. Jolly MC, Sebire N, Harris J, et al. Obstetric risks of pregnancy in women less than 18 years old. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:962. Kadar N, Bohrer M, Kemmann E, et al. The discriminatory human chorionic gonadotropin zone for endovaginal sonography: a prospective, randomized study. Fertil Seril 1994;61: 1016. Lewis G. RCOG. Why Mothers Die 2000–2002. London: RCOG Press, 2004. Lipscomb GH, Bran D, McCord ML, et al. Analysis of three hundred fifteen ectopic pregnancies treated with single-dose methotrexate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:1354. Lipscomb GH, Givens VA, Meyer NL, et al. Previous ectopic pregnancy as a predictor of failure of systemic methotrexate therapy. Fertil Steril 2004;81:1221. Lipscomb GH, Stovall TG, Ling FW. Nonsurgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1325. Lipscomb GH, McCord ML, Stovall TG, et al. Predictors of success of methotrexate treatment in women with tubal ectopic pregnancies. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1974. McCord ML, Muram D, Lipscomb GH, et al. Methotrexate therapy for ectopic pregnancy in adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 1996;9:71. Mehta TS, Levine D, Beckwith B. Treatment of ectopic pregnancy: is a human chorionic gonadotropin level of 2,000 mIU/mL a reasonable threshold? Radiology 1997;205:569. MMWR. Ectopic pregnancy–United States, 1990–1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995;44:46. Mol BW, Hajenius PJ, Engelsbel S, et al. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin measurement in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy when transvaginal sonography is inconclusive.Fertil Steril 1998;70:972. Mol BW, Lijmer JG, Ankum WM, et al. The accuracy of single serum progesterone measurement in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 1998;13:3220. Mol BW, Matthijsse HC, Tinga DJ, et al. Fertility after conservative and radical surgery for tubal pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1804. Murray H. Baakdah H. Bardell T, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy. CMAJ Canadian Med Assoc J 2005;173(8):905. Pisarska MD, Carson SA, Buster JE. Ectopic pregnancy. Lancet 1998;351:1115. Pouly JL, Chapron C, Manhes H, et al. Multifactorial analysis of fertility after conservative laparoscopic treatment of ectopic pregnancy in a series of 223 patients. Fertil Steril1991;56: 453. Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC. Ectopic pregnancy: expectant management of immediate surgery? J Fam Pract 2006; 55(6):517. Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC. Ectopic pregnancy: forget the “classic presentation” if you want to catch it sooner. J Fam Pract 2006;55(5):388. Rantala M, Makinen J. Tubal patency and fertility outcome after expectant management of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1997;68:1043. Sagiv R, Debby A, Sadan O, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for extrauterine pregnancy in hemodynamically unstable patients. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2001;8:529. Saxon D, Falcone T, Mascha EJ, et al. A study of ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90:46. Seeber BE, Barnhart KT. Suspected ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107(2 Pt 1):399. Seifer DB, Gutmann JN, Grant WD, et al. Comparison of persistent ectopic pregnancy after laparoscopic salpingostomy versus salpingostomy at laparotomy for ectopic pregnancy.Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:378. Silva PD, Schaper AM, Rooney B. Reproductive outcome after 143 laparoscopic procedures for ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:710. Slaughter JL, and Grimes DA. Methotrexate therapy. Nonsurgical management of ectopic pregnancy. West J Med 1995;162:225. Spandorfer SD, Sawin SW, Benjamin I, et al. Postoperative day 1 serum human chorionic gonadotropin level as a predictor of persistent ectopic pregnancy after conservative surgical management. Fertil Steril 1997;68:430. Trio D, Strobelt N, Picciolo C, et al. Prognostic factors for successful expectant management of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1995;63:469. Tulandi T, Saleh A. Surgical management of ectopic pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1999;42:31. Van Den Eeden SK, Shan J, Bruce C, et al. Ectopic pregnancy rate and treatment utilization in a large managed care organization. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:1052. Weir E. Preventing pregnancy: a fresh look at the IUD. Can Med Assoc J 2003;169:585. Westrom L, Bengtsson LP, Mardh PA. Incidence, trends, and risks of ectopic pregnancy in a population of women. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981;282:15. Xiong X, Buekens P, Wollast E. IUD use and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Contraception 1995;52:23. Yao M, Tulandi T, Falcone T. Treatment of ectopic pregnancy by systemic methotrexate, transvaginal methotrexate, and operative laparoscopy. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud1996; 41(5):470. Zhang J, Meikle S, Trumble A. Severe maternal morbidity associated with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in the United States. Hypertens Pregnancy 2003;22:203.

What Causes Multiple Sclerosis? The protective myelin covering of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is damaged in people with multiple sclerosis. Myelin is a fatty material that forms a sheath around a nerve and permits electrical impulses to be conducted along the nerve fiber with speed and accuracy, much like the insulation around an electrical wire does. When myelin is damaged, the nerves do not conduct the nerve impulses properly, which may lead to various bodily dysfunction. The precise causes of multiple sclerosis (MS) are not yet known, however, scientific research indicates that that a number of factors in combination are probably involved. It is now generally accepted that MS involves an auto-immune process—an abnormal response by the immune system directed against the central nervous system (CNS). In patients with MS, the body's immune system cannot differentiate between virus proteins and its own myelin and therefore launches an attack against itself. The exact target (antigen) the immune cells are sensitized to attack remains unknown. However, researchers have recently been able to identify which immune cells are mounting the attack; how they are activated to attack; and some of the sites, or receptors, on the attacking cells that appear to be attracted to the myelin to begin the destructive process. The destruction of myelin (the fatty sheath that surrounds and insulates the nerve fibers) causes the nerve impulses to be slowed or halted and produces the symptoms of MS. Researchers are looking for highly specific immune modulating therapies to stop this abnormal immune response without harming normal immune cells. Studies of MS have taken into account variations in geography, socioeconomics, genetics, and other factors (epidemiology) and migration patterns. These studies have shown that people who are born in an area of the world with a high risk of MS and move to an area with a lower risk, acquire the risk of their new home, if the move occurs before the age of 15 years. Such data suggest that exposure to some environmental agent that occurs before puberty may predispose a person to develop MS in later years. In the U.S., multiple sclerosis occurs more frequently in states that are above the 37th parallel than in states below it. From east to west, the 37th parallel extends from Newport News, Virginia, to Santa Cruz, California and runs along the northern border of North Carolina to the northern border of Arizona and including most of California. The MS prevalence rate for the region below the 37th parallel is 57 to 78 cases per 100,000 people. The prevalence rate for those above the 37th parallel is almost double that of those below the 37th parallel: 110 to 140 cases per 100,000 people. Initial exposure to numerous viruses occurs during childhood. Since viruses are well recognized as causes of demyelination and inflammation, it is possible that a virus is the triggering factor in MS. More than a dozen viruses including measles, canine distemper, and herpes (HHV-6) have been investigated to determine if they are involved in the development of MS. Researchers have also discovered epidemics of MS. For example, four epidemics of MS have occurred in the Faroe Islands (between Iceland and Scandinavia) between 1943 and 1989. This region was occupied by British troops during World War II. Since the incidence of MS has increased each year for 20 years after World War II in this region, researchers believe the British troops unknowingly brought a disease-causing agent with them during their occupation. However, it has not yet been definitively proven that any one virus triggers MS. Multiple sclerosis is not directly hereditary. However, having a first-degree relative such as a parent or sibling with MS increases a person's risk of developing the disease many times above the risk for the general population. Studies show there is a higher prevalence of certain genes in populations with high rates of MS. Common genetic factors have also been found in some families where there is more than one person with MS. Some neurologists theorize that MS develops because a person is born with a genetic predisposition to react to some environmental agent, which, upon exposure, triggers an autoimmune response. Sophisticated new techniques for identifying and mapping genes may help answer questions about the role of genetics in the development of multiple sclerosis. The role of trauma in causing multiple sclerosis or in triggering subsequent MS exacerbation (also referred to as attacks, relapses or flares) has been a controversial subject for many years. Until recently, opinion on this issue was based upon anecdotal reports or retrospective information that relied on the memories of patients. A prospective study, conducted by researchers at the University of Arizona, followed 170 MS patients and 134 control subjects, over a period of eight years. Prospective studies follow a group of people with a given disorder over a specific period of time, beginning before the occurrence of the events being studied. The results of this study, published in 1991 (Sibley, WA et al, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 54:584-9), concluded that except for electrical injuries, there was no evidence of a direct relationship between traumatic injury and an MS exacerbation. A second study, performed at the Mayo Clinic, supported the Sibley group's findings that traumatic injury is not related to exacerbation of MS. The Mayo study also indicated there is no relationship between traumatic injury and the onset of MS. Although the Mayo study, published in 1993 (Siva, A et al, Neurology 43:1878-82) was retrospective, it was based upon the detailed clinical records of 164 long term patients with definite MS, actively followed at the Mayo Clinic. Both studies showed that there are more traumatic events among people with MS than in the healthy control group. Many traumas were caused by symptoms such as lack of coordination, impaired balance, or abnormalities of gait or vision. These events, however, were not precipitating factors in the disease. For additional information on what causes multiple sclerosis, please visit the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.

Follow us:Follow Us on Twitter Like Us on Facebook Follow Us on Google+ Watch videos on our Youtube channel A prosthetic ear can be created to look very similar to a normal ear for a microtia patient by a specialist called a prosthetist or anaplastologist. Two types of silicone prostheses may be created. One, a prosthesis that "sticks" on to the skin. The other is an osseointegrated prosthesis that requires surgery to place two or three titanium implants into bone around the ear as a special metallic fixation device onto which the prosthetic ear can be "snapped" into place. Advantages of Prosthetic Ear Reconstruction The advantages of prosthetic ear reconstruction for microtia patients are: - The ear can be made to look very realistic - A prosthetic ear is a simpler process with less risk than surgical reconstruction - It provides an option for patients who are not candidates for surgery Disadvantages of Prosthetic Ear Reconstruction The disadvantages of prosthetic ear reconstruction for microtia patients are: - It is hard to hide the seam where the silicone is next to normal skin. Matching skin color, which changes throughout the year, may be difficult. - Repeatedly removing and replacing the device may cause breakage or the need for it to be readjusted - Children and adults may lose the device while engaged in sports or through any rigorous activity or it may just fall off - A prosthesis requires frequent care and periodic replacement

Economic Models: Simulations of Reality Finance & Development Economists build simplified descriptions to enhance their understanding of how things work The modern economy is a complex machine. Its job is to allocate limited resources and distribute output among a large number of agents—mainly individuals, firms, and governments—allowing for the possibility that each agent’s action can directly (or indirectly) affect other agents’ actions. Adam Smith labeled the machine the “invisible hand.” In The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, Smith, widely considered the father of economics, emphasized the economy’s self-regulating nature—that agents independently seeking their own gain may produce the best overall result for society as well. Today’s economists build models—road maps of reality, if you will—to enhance our understanding of the invisible hand. As economies allocate goods and services, they emit measurable signals that suggest there is order driving the complexity. For example, the annual output of advanced economies oscillates around an upward trend. There also seems to be a negative relationship between inflation and the rate of unemployment in the short term. At the other extreme, equity prices seem to be stubbornly unpredictable. Economists call such empirical regularities “stylized facts.” Given the complexity of the economy, each stylized fact is a pleasant surprise that invites a formal explanation. Learning more about the process that generates these stylized facts should help economists and policymakers understand the inner workings of the economy. They may then be able to use this knowledge to nudge the economy toward a more desired outcome (for example, avoiding a global financial crisis). An economic model is a simplified description of reality, designed to yield hypotheses about economic behavior that can be tested. An important feature of an economic model is that it is necessarily subjective in design because there are no objective measures of economic outcomes. Different economists will make different judgments about what is needed to explain their interpretations of reality. There are two broad classes of economic models—theoretical and empirical. Theoretical models seek to derive verifiable implications about economic behavior under the assumption that agents maximize specific objectives subject to constraints that are well defined in the model (for example, an agent’s budget). They provide qualitative answers to specific questions—such as the implications of asymmetric information (when one side to a transaction knows more than the other) or how best to handle market failures. In contrast, empirical models aim to verify the qualitative predictions of theoretical models and convert these predictions to precise, numerical outcomes. For example, a theoretical model of an agent’s consumption behavior would generally suggest a positive relationship between expenditure and income. The empirical adaptation of the theoretical model would attempt to assign a numerical value to the average amount expenditure increases when income increases. Economic models generally consist of a set of mathematical equations that describe a theory of economic behavior. The aim of model builders is to include enough equations to provide useful clues about how rational agents behave or how an economy works (see box). The structure of the equations reflects the model builder’s attempt to simplify reality—for example, by assuming an infinite number of competitors and market participants with perfect foresight. Economic models can be quite simple in practice: the demand for apples, for example, is inversely related to price if all other influences remain constant. The less expensive the apples, the more are demanded. Or models can be rather complex: some models that seek to predict the real level of output of an economy use thousands of complex formulations that go by such names as “nonlinear, interconnected differential equations.” A useful model The standard model of supply and demand taught in introductory economics is a good example of a useful economic model. Its basic purpose is to explain and analyze prices and quantities traded in a competitive market. The model’s equations determine the level of supply and demand as a function of price and other variables (for example, income). The market-clearing price is determined by the requirement that supply equal demand at that price. Demand is usually set to decline and supply to increase with price, yielding a system that moves toward the market-clearing price—that is, equilibrium—without intervention. The supply-demand model can explain changes, for example, in the global equilibrium price of gold. Did the gold price change because demand changed or because of a one-time increase in supply, such as an exceptional sale of central bank gold stockpiles? Economic models can also be classified in terms of the regularities they are designed to explain or the questions they seek to answer. For example, some models explain the economy’s ups and downs around an evolving long-run path, focusing on the demand for goods and services without being too exact about the sources of growth in the long run. Other models are designed to focus on structural issues, such as the impact of trade reforms on long-term production levels, ignoring short-term oscillations. Economists also build models to study “what-if” scenarios, such as the impact on the overall economy of introducing a value-added tax. How economists build empirical models Despite their diversity, empirical economic models have features in common. Each will allow for inputs, or exogenous variables, which do not need to be explained by the model. These include policy variables, such as government spending and tax rates, or nonpolicy variables, like the weather. Then there are the outputs, called dependent variables (for example, the inflation rate), which the model will seek to explain when some or all of the exogenous variables come into play. Every empirical model will also have coefficients that determine how a dependent variable changes when an input changes (for example, the responsiveness of household consumption to a $100 decrease in income tax). Such coefficients are usually estimated (assigned numbers) based on historical data. Last, empirical model builders add a catchall variable to each behavioral equation to account for idiosyncrasies of economic behavior at the individual level. (In the example above, agents will not respond identically to a $100 tax rebate.) There are, however, fundamental differences among economists regarding how an empirical model’s equations should be derived. Some economists insist that the equations must assume maximizing behavior (for example, an agent chooses its future consumption to maximize its level of satisfaction subject to its budget), efficient markets, and forward-looking behavior. Agents’ expectations and how they react to policy changes play a vital role in the resulting equations. Consequently, users of the model should be able to track the effect of specific policy changes without having to worry about whether the change itself alters agents’ behavior. Other economists favor a more nuanced approach. Their preferred equations reflect, in part, what their own experience has taught them about observed data. Economists that build models this way are, in essence, questioning the realism of the behavioral constructs in the more formally derived models. Incorporating experience, however, often means it’s impossible to untangle the effect of specific shocks or predict the impact of a policy change because the underlying equations do not explicitly account for changes in agent behavior. The gain, these same economists would argue, is that they do a better job of prediction (especially for the near term). What makes a good economic model? Irrespective of the approach, the scientific method (lots of sciences, such as physics and meteorology, create models) requires that every model yield precise and verifiable implications about the economic phenomena it is trying to explain. Formal evaluation involves testing the model’s key implications and assessing its ability to reproduce stylized facts. Economists use many tools to test their models, including case studies, lab-based experimental studies, and statistics. Still, the randomness of economic data often gets in the way, so economists must be precise when saying that a model “successfully explains” something. From a forecasting perspective that means errors are unpredictable and irrelevant (zero) on average. When two or more models satisfy this condition, economists generally use the volatility of the forecast errors to break the tie—smaller volatility is generally preferred. An objective signal that an empirical model needs to be revised is if it produces systematic forecasting errors. Systematic errors imply that one or more equations of the model are incorrect. Understanding why such errors arise is an important part of the regular assessment economists make of models. Why models fail All economic models, no matter how complicated, are subjective approximations of reality designed to explain observed phenomena. It follows that the model’s predictions must be tempered by the randomness of the underlying data it seeks to explain and by the validity of the theories used to derive its equations. A good example is the ongoing debate over existing models’ failure to predict or untangle the reasons for the global financial crisis that began in 2008. Insufficient attention to the links between overall demand, wealth, and—in particular—excessive financial risk taking has been blamed. In the next few years there will be considerable research into uncovering and understanding the lessons from the crisis. This research will add new behavioral equations to current economic models. It will also entail modifying existing equations (for example, those that deal with household saving behavior) to link them to the new equations modeling the financial sector. The true test of the enhanced model will be its ability to consistently flag levels of financial risk that require a preemptive policy response. No economic model can be a perfect description of reality. But the very process of constructing, testing, and revising models forces economists and policymakers to tighten their views about how an economy works. This in turn promotes scientific debate over what drives economic behavior and what should (or should not) be done to deal with market failures. Adam Smith would probably approve. Sam Ouliaris is a Senior Economist in the IMF Institute. Updated: March 28, 2012

A trademark is an intellectual property right issued by the USPTO, according to whom a trademark “is generally a word, phrase, symbol, or design, or a combination thereof, that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods of one party from those of others.” A service mark is the same as a trademark, but applies to services rather than goods. A trademark right gives the right holder the exclusive right to sell or market under that mark within a geographic territory, offering consumers a way to differentiate between products. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office provides a concise introductory guide to trademarks and trademark law. Trademarked brands may be associated with quality and therefore have value (known as goodwill). As such, a trademark or service mark holder may license another producer of goods or provider of services to market under her mark, provided that the licensee meets quality standards associated with the trademark. This provides the licensee with instant name recognition and an established market. Trademark royalty rates may be assessed in a variety of ways, typically on the basis of the additional profit the licensee will make from increased sales and higher prices achieved by use of the mark. If a trademark is licensed along with know-how and supervising of the licensee, it may constitute a franchise agreement.

Montessori is an approach to education with the fundamental belief that a child learns best within a social environment which supports and respects each individual’s unique development. Dr. Maria Montessori, the creator of the “The Montessori Method of Education”, based this approach on her scientific observations of young children’s behavior. She was one of the first female physicians to graduate from the University of Rome. She opened her first school based on her observations that young children learn best in a homelike setting, filled with developmentally appropriate materials that provide experiences contributing to the growth of self-motivated, independent learners. She carried her message throughout the world, including the United States, as early as 1912. Montessori is not a franchise, each school is independently owned and operated. It is important to choose a school that has Montessori teacher credentials from a MACTE accredited program. These programs are well respected and are recognized by the American Montessori Society. Schools that are affiliated with the American Montessori Society have to meet certain criteria. Since Montessori is not a franchise and is a word in the public domain, it is possible for any individual or institution to claim to be Montessori. An authentic Montessori school must have these basic characteristics at all levels: - Teachers credentialed from a MACTE accredited Montessori Program. - Authentic Montessori does not mix with other philosophies. - Classrooms must have multi-aged (3 year) groupings. Kindergarten is not a separate program, rather the most important year of the 3 year cycle in the Primary Program. - A diverse set of Montessori materials, activities and experiences designed to foster physical, intellectual, creative and social independence. - A schedule which allows large blocks of time to problem-solve, to see connections in knowledge and to create new ideas. - A classroom atmosphere which encourages social interaction for cooperative learning, peer teaching and emotional development. All children handle transitions differently. We are committed in supporting your child’s needs as they normalize into or out of a program. The multi-year (3 yr) span in each class is a very important part of the Montessori philosophy. Experienced children share what they have learned while reinforcing their own learning and leadership skills. Younger children learn from their older peers by observation. Our School requires the Head Teacher in each classroom to hold a MACTE Montessori Diploma (Montessori Diploma accepted by the American Montessori Society) as well as a 4 yr Bachelor’s Degree. Some classrooms have a second Montessori certified teacher or a Montessori intern as a Co-Teacher or Assistant.

Published by Thomas Schöps in 2012 Download here! Updated on Feb. 19th 2012: fixes a few bugs and optimizes contour calculation. The Laserscan tool processes point clouds and generates those nice looking images :) Binaries are provided only for Windows, but the source can also be compiled to run on Linux. In its current form, this is a very basic command line tool without many options. When it is run on an input file, it will just generate all possible outputs and save them as images. But as it is open source, you are invited to extend it and add your visualization ideas to it! Currently, the tool only processes classified point clouds which contain ground points and other (object) points. This is because I suppose that there are more than enough programs which handle the ground part alone. Extending the program to support this also would be trivial, though. The program generates the following visualizations: Here are example pictures for the most useful visualizations: The images are generated from the Trondheim dataset using a pixel distance of 1 meter.

The Cree Indians are a vast tribe of Native Americans who reside in various parts of North America. These locations include the Rocky Mountain and areas along the Atlantic Coast. In Canada, the Cree Indians heavily populate Quebec and Saskatchewan. Similar to other Indian tribes, there are several bands of Cree Indians. These bands consist of the James Bay Cree, Woodland Cree, Plain Cree Indians, etc. Within Canada, there are over 135 different bands of Cree Indians. Between Canada and the United States, there are approximately 200,000 Cree Indians. Of course, this number is only equivalent to the amount of registered Cree Indians. Hence, the number may be slightly larger. Cree Indians were a first nation of Canada. Today, several members of the Cree tribes reside on reservations. Within the reservation, each Cree Indian tribe governs themselves separately from the rest of the nation. In other words, the Cree Indians have their own political system, schools, government, police, and so forth. Members of the Cree tribe that choose to remain on the reservation must abide by the Cree laws. In some instances, the Cree nation has some influence on the decisions made by those who live outside the reservation. Cree Indians language is French and English. Bands that reside in Canada primarily rely on French. However, there is a Cree language that continues to be spoken by a small percentage of the natives. Because of the complexity of the Cree language, it’s difficult to master. With this said, the majority of the Cree Indians choose to speak more popular languages like French and English. Cree Indians are much like us today. Adults who live on the reservation work, whereas children are required to attend school and obtain a basic education. In addition, parents work very hard to teach and instill in their children the values and traditions of the Cree Indians. More on this subject: Cree Indians Related Article Links Disclaimer: The American Indian Heritage Foundation or Indians.org do not personally endorse or support any of the comments made within the writings of this article.

By: Arnold Keyserling & R.C.L. Dimensions, Mandelbrot, Chaos, 4 Attractors, Music and Color The Enneagram and The Wheel are the bridge between awareness and consciousness, sense and meaning. They constitute the original Cabala. Out of the nine parts of speech, and twelve components of the mind, all possible meaning arises. The structure of the inner world of mind and language mirrors that of the outer world of matter and vibration. The outer world, including music and color, follows the same laws of number which govern the inner world. The laws of number bridge the inner and outer worlds. By understanding number we understand ourself. We gain a powerful Wisdom tool with which we can make sense of our world. Pythagoras discovered long ago that number leads to structure, and that the structure of the mind is also the structure of the world. In essence all is number. If you truly understand number you will have the key to all Wisdom. Number is composed of the nine numerals, basic to all information, uniting geometry and arithmetic, space and time. This may seem difficult, but its really as simple as: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. It becomes complicated when you begin to consider the reciprocal relations of the nine numerals. These relations are clarified in the following chart which shows the circle of 5 dimensions, based on the relation of infinity to one. The circle of dimensions summarizes the basic laws of number and mathematics. The eight points shown on the dimension circle (0 - 7) correspond to the eight directions on the outside of the Wheel discussed further in Chapter Eight. THE FIVE DIMENSIONS Including the zero dimension there are five dimensions: 0 - 4. The zero, first second and third dimensions have long been accepted as true, but the reality of the fourth dimension was questioned. Since Einstein, however, the existence of the fourth dimension is now an accepted fact. The first, second and third dimensions are now understood as imaginary. We live only in the fourth dimension, but in order to understand our dimension, our reality, we must also understand each of the other imaginary dimensions. Moreover we must realize how infinity permeates each dimension, including the fourth. So we begin our exploration of Number as a Wisdom tool by understanding the dimensions and their relation to the infinite. (0) - The Zero Dimension is the POINT, the infinitely small place holder. • (1) - The First Dimension is the LINE, which consists of an infinite number of points. -------------------------------------------- (2) - The Second Dimension is the PLANE, such as a square. It contains an infinite number of straight lines. (3) - The Third Dimension is the SOLID, such as a cube. It contains an infinite number of planes or squares. (4) - The Fourth Dimension, SPACE-TIME CONTINUUM, is reality. In the fourth dimension the infinite number of solids in the Universe are in relationship with each other through time and energy. The Fourth Dimension is portrayed geometrically by fractals and by the Hypercube. The Hypercube is the symbol used in mathematics to try and represent the fourth dimension in two dimensions (a drawing on a piece of paper - a plane). From the center of the Hypercube through its 8 diagonals the Hypercube is related to everything in the Universe. The infinity in the Fourth Dimension lies in the infinity of relations. This can be expressed in terms of "fractal scaling", from the infinite small to the infinite big, perpendicular to the other dimensions and including the intervals or fractal dimensions between them. The meaning of fractal scaling is explained later in this Chapter, for now it is sufficient to understand this as scales of magnitude, as for instance from the size of the atom to the size of a galaxy. The Hypercube is cut by 4 diagonals constituting the central point. In consciousness this center point represents the identity or the Self. According to the Pythagorean theorem, the number of the diagonals - four - times the square root of three, equals nine (4 * 3 = 9). The four diagonals on the Hypercube are 5-1, 6-2, 7-3 and 0-4. 5 - 1: Matter 6 - 2: Consciousness 7 - 3: Energy 0 - 4: Self organization The Hypercube and its diagonals are shown in the diagram. METHODS/EXPERIMENTS: Try to think about the concept of infinity, from infinitely small, to large, to never ending. Try to visualize and imagine each of the five dimensions, starting with the infinitely small point, on up. Try to visualize simple geometric figures, see them in your minds eye. After you have practiced with and mastered the simple forms, circle, triangle, square and pentagram, move them around at will and view them from all different perspectives. Then try to visualize a hypercube and see it from different angles. Try to visualize, imagine and feel the interrelatedness of all matter which Science has discovered as a cold fact. Sense and feel how your body, like all matter in the Universe, is in energy interchange with all other bodies in the Universe. Start off with the physical objects immediately around you, and then expand outward in ever larger vistas, to finally include the whole Universe. Then when you are ready try the Meditation of the Hypercube exercise created by Wilhelmine Keyserling. She is a teacher of Yoga and philosophy in Vienna, Austria who is the author of many books on these subjects. She also happens to be Arnold Keyserling's wife. MEDITATION OF THE HYPERCUBE Sit comfortably on the floor in an erect position. Take your time and visually build a Hypercube all around you. Imagine the corners with three, four, five and six in front of you, and with one, two, seven and zero behind you. You are sitting right in the middle and your heart is in the center of the cube, the point where all four diagonals intersect. Focus you attention on the center, the inner Self. Then visualize the 0 point - Awareness behind and to the right going up. Then go there mentally while inhaling very slowly. When exhaling draw a diagonal through your center to 4 - Willing in front of you to the left going down. Repeat this a few times if necessary. Inhale going out to the zero point, exhale going down through the center to the 4 point. Then return to your center and simultaneously expand to the two points (0-4) at once - inhaling your breath while you do this, then exhale and come back to the center. Do it a second time. The third time, if you wish, you can pierce through the Will-point into the Earth and through the Awareness point towards the infinite. Then follow the same process with 7 - 3, 6 - 2, 5 - 1. End by remaining in your center, in your Whole Self which includes all numerals and the Zero Awareness. THE DIMENSIONS AND TIME (0) - Zero dimension, a single point, exists not in space, but in time only. It is the moment in the present between past and future, the subject, zero. It constitutes potentiality, the four space dimensions constitutes actuality. ï (1) - Future. The moments create the future, forming a trajectory. Trajectory (2) - Present. The trajectory is seen like a disc, or revolution. (3) - Past. The disc turns one half time around its axis and fills out the sphere of the past. (4) - Wave. The movement continues to form a wave, constituting fractally the space-time continuum. THE DIMENSIONS AND MATHEMATICS (0) - The Zero Dimension is the home of Natural numbers. The subject point, the moment, is Zero, pure Awareness. Its numbers are the natural numerals: Zero The nine natural numbers are the basis of quality and invariance. All numbers can be reduced to the nine: for example by addition: 365 = 14 = 5. Becoming aware therefore means deducing or abstracting to the nine fundamental criteria. In the Jewish Cabala this is the nine names of the divine, in Chinese it is the nine forms of the Tao. (1) - The first dimension is the home of the Whole or Integer numbers. The points, natural numbers, have no extension. Integer numbers unite positive and negative up to ten and create the number line. -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10 The Whole numbers are created through addition, basic to sensing, and through subtraction, basic to the spirit, the path in the unknown future. (2) - In the second dimension we have the Rational numbers, based on three points, are visualized on the plane with a vertical and horizontal axis. The number plane was known to the Pythagoreans and called the Chi: Rational numbers are produced by division in the positive field - FRACTIONS - and multiplication in the negative field - PRODUCTS. Zero is the center of the CHI, which for Pythagoras and Plato was the tool of the Demiurge, the Creator. The fields contain only the fractions and products inside the ten numbers. Division is the basis of thinking, multiplication the synergy of the soul. (3) - The third dimension brings out the Real numbers. Real numbers start from zero and connect fractions of the same numerical value, leading to the proportions and functions. The proportions are the basis of continuity and harmony. They connect fractions of the same value to zero. The functions are the basis of discontinuity. They connect products by which bodies are in relation, as for instance in the atom, where the distances of the electron shells follow the numbers of the central diagonal 1 - 4 - 9 - 16, and the possible number of electrons in each shell, the capacity, follow the diagonal 2 - 8 - 18 - 32. The rational numbers of the second dimension, and the whole and natural numbers of the first and zero dimension, all have a fixed place on the number line. The real numbers in the third dimension are, however, fundamentally different. Although they are located somewhere on the number line, they have no fixed place there. To the ancient Greeks who first developed mathematics to a high art in the West, all numbers had to have a fixed location somewhere on the number line. The existence of the Real numbers, with no fixed location, was known only to a few high initiates in the Pythagorean brotherhood who swore to keep it secret. It can be easily understood today by way of the Pythagorean theorem illustrated here: The Pythagorean Theorem exemplifies the rational numbers. But what happens if A and B both equal 1? In this case C must equal the square root of 2. But 2 is an irrational Real Number. It is a number which goes on and on with no repetition into infinity. 1.41421... It is a never ending number and has no fixed place on the number line. Unlike an infinite rational number which goes on and on, but repeats, such as a third (.3333333...), where we can know the exact location on the number line, with a Real Number, we can only know its approximate location. There are other examples of Real Numbers, such as Pi (the ratio of a circumference of a circle to its diameter), the square root of any prime number, e, . etc. These Real Numbers never end and never repeat. (4) - The fourth dimension is the home of the Complex numbers and Fractal geometry. Unlike the other dimensions, the fourth is the real world in which we live, the meso-cosmic world. It is the space time continuum of Man and Nature where there is constant change based on feedback. As Mandelbrot recently discovered the fourth dimension includes not only the first three dimensions, but also the gaps or intervals between them, the fractal dimensions. MANDELBROT'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE WISDOM OF THE DIMENSIONS Complex numbers and fractal geometry are the most important to Man, yet they were the last to be discovered by reason, and the most difficult to grasp. The full significance of the mathematics of the fourth dimension could not be realized until the downfall of the Newtonian-Euclidian mind-set and its replacement in the 1970's and 1980's with the Science of Chaos. The Chaos insights were led by Benoit Mandelbrot, an IBM scientist and Professor of Mathematics at Yale, with many other scientists close behind. Computers helped Mandelbrot realize the full significance of the formula which now bears his name. The Mandelbrot set is a dynamic calculation based on the iteration (calculation based on constant feedback) of complex numbers with zero as the starting point. The order behind the chaotic production of numbers created by the formula z -> z2 + c can only be seen by the computer calculation and graphic portrayal of these numbers. Otherwise the formula appears to generate a totally random and meaningless set of numbers. It is only when millions of calculations are mechanically performed and plotted on a two dimensional plane (the computer screen), that the hidden geometric order of the Mandelbrot set is revealed. The order is of a strange and beautiful kind, containing self similar recursiveness over an infinite scale. See the graphic below of the Mandelbrot set, and the others which follow in this chapter. These graphics provide an accurate right brain glimpse into this world. Mandelbrot's formula summarizes many of the insights he gained into the fractal geometry of nature, the real world of the fourth dimension. This contrasts markedly with the idealized world of Euclidian forms of the first, second and third dimensions. These forms had preoccupied almost all mathematicians before Mandelbrot. Euclidian geometry was concerned with abstract perfection almost non-existent in nature. It could not describe the shape of a cloud, a mountain, a coastline or a tree. As Mandelbrot said in his book The Fractal Geometry of Nature: "Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line." Before Mandelbrot mathematicians believed that most of the patterns of nature were far too complex, irregular, fragmented and amorphous to be described mathematically. But Mandelbrot conceived and developed a new fractal geometry of nature based on the fourth dimension and Complex numbers. The fractal geometry can mathematically describe the most amorphous and chaotic forms of the real world. As Mandelbrot said: "Fractal geometry is not just a chapter of mathematics, but one that helps Everyman to see the same world differently." Mandelbrot discovered that the fourth dimension of fractal forms includes an infinite set of fractional dimensions which lie between the zero and first dimension, the first and second dimension and the second and third dimension. He proved that the fourth dimension includes the fractional dimensions which lie between the first three. He calls the in between or interval dimensions the "fractal dimensions". He has shown mathematically and graphically how nature uses the fractal dimensions and what he calls "self constrained chance" to create the complex and irregular forms of the real world. Thanks to Mandelbrot and the recent insights of the science of chaos we now have a mathematical understanding of some of the heretofore secret workings of Nature. We understand for the first time why two trees growing next to each other in the forest at the same time, from the same stock, with the same genes, will still end up unique. They will be similar to be sure, but not identical. Just so every snow flake falling from the same cloud at the same time under identical conditions is still unique, different from all of the rest. This is only possible because of the infinity which lies in the dimensions and the interplay of chance - the unpredictable chaos. METHODS/EXPERIMENTS: An understanding of how the fourth dimension includes the infinity of intervals between the other dimensions can be gained by visualizing a few of the better known fractal dimensions (sometimes called Hausdorff dimensions by mathematicians). One of the most famous fractal dimensions lies between the zero dimension and the first dimension, the point and the line. It is created by "middle third erasing" where you start with a line and remove the middle third; two lines remain from which you again remove the middle third; then remove the middle third of the remaining segments; and so on into infinity. What remains after all of the middle third removals is called by Mandelbrot "Cantor's Dust". It consists of an infinite number of points, but no length. An example of the process (not exactly to proportion) is shown here. The Cantor's Dust which remains is not quite a line, but is more than a point. The dimension is calculated to have a numerical value of .63 and was discovered by mathematician George Cantor in the beginning of the Twentieth Century. It was considered an anomaly and was avoided by most mathematicians as a "useless monstrosity". In fact this fractal dimension is a part of the real world of the fourth dimension and corresponds to many phenomena of Man and Nature. For instance, Mandelbrot cracked a serious problem for IBM by discovering that the seemingly random errors which always appeared in data transmission lines in fact occurred in time according to the fractal dimension illustrated by Cantor's Dust. Knowing the hidden and mathematically precise order behind the apparently random errors allowed IBM to easily overcome this natural phenomena of data transmission by simple redundancies in the transmission. Another well known fractal dimension lies between a line and a plane, the first and second dimension. It is called the Sierpiniski Gasket after mathematician Waclaw Sierpiniski and has a fractal dimension of 1.58. Create it by starting with an equilateral triangle and remove the open central upside down equilateral triangle with half the side length of the starting triangle. This leaves three half size triangles. Then repeat the process on the remaining half size triangles, and so forth ad infinitum. The remaining form has infinite lines but is less than a plane. There are many other illustrations given of fractal dimensions in most of the Chaos references mentioned in this book, particularly in Mandelbrot's books. An excellent reference in this area is Michael McGuire's book An Eye For Fractals containing both computer graphics and photographs of nature. McGuire's photographs show the fractals all around us in Nature, the trees, clouds, mountains, rivers, stones and kelp. Another helpful albeit very technical reference is Manfred Schroeder's Fractals, Chaos, Power Laws which shows how even noises follow the fractal laws. Try to visualize the many different fractal forms given above and in these books to get a feel for the infinity which lies in between the first three dimensions and is thus part of the fourth. The computer program and manual which goes with Gleick's book called Chaos the Software is also very helpful for it contains a section which allows you to create fractal forgeries of nature such as a cloud, a mountain or even an entire planet. Think about one of the questions which led Mandelbrot to his discoveries: how long is the coastline of England? The closer you look at the coast line, the closer you measure, the longer it gets, and then some! Fractal forms are also found in the body. The best known example are the arteries and veins in mammalian vascular systems. The bronchi of the human lung are self similar over 15 successive bifurcations. This area of biological research is just beginning. McGuire refers to recent discoveries in brain research which suggests that a fractal structure based on hexagons may be how the receptive fields of the visual cortex are organized. Fractal geometry and the insights of the science of Chaos are based on Complex Numbers - the numbers of the fourth dimension which are capable of modeling the dynamics of chaotic systems. Unlike all other numbers, the Complex Numbers do not exist on the number line at all, even with an approximate location like the Real Numbers. The Complex Numbers only exist on an x-y time plane involving the so called Imaginary Numbers. They have only indirect reference to the number line. To understand Complex Numbers you must first understand Imaginary Numbers with which they combine. Imaginary Numbers can be understood with the simple formula: X2 + 1 = 0. The only solution to this formula is that X equals the square root of negative one: X = -1. X in this formula is an Imaginary Number, because according to convention governing all other numbers, a negative number times a negative number produces a positive number. The square root of a negative number is therefore an impossibility, yet nevertheless it exists (ie. x2 + 1 = 0), and mathematicians routinely use and refer to such numbers as Imaginary.(1) With Imaginary numbers a negative times a negatives creates a negative, not a positive. Is that so illogical? Without Imaginary numbers the complex dynamics and turbulence of the real space/time world could not be described mathematically. Imaginary numbers combine with real numbers to create Complex numbers. Complex numbers are the basis of much of higher math. They allow mathematicians to see many essential connections and relationships in mathematics which would not otherwise be possible. Complex numbers allow an algebraic understanding of the hidden unity in the ideal world of numbers. They also provide a geometric description of the fractal beauty of the real world, the zig-zag world of nature and other very complicated systems. This is not possible with the other, non-complex numbers, that exist alone without Imaginary numbers. For more on imaginary numbers see the Appendix section "The Mathematics of the Mandelbrot Formula and the Workings of Numbers and Vectors in the Complex Plane". Complex Numbers are a combination of Imaginary numbers which have no place on the number line, and any other type of number which does have a place on the number line - like the real, rational and natural numbers. Mathematics symbolizes the Complex Numbers with a letter z and defines a Complex Number as follows: z = a + bi a = real number, and bi = imaginary number Both the real and imaginary parts of the complex number can be either positive or negative and either whole numbers or decimals. The complex numbers can be easily added and subtracted, and almost as easily multiplied and divided. For examples of how the Mandelbrot formula works showing the mathematics of complex numbers see the Appendix section on the math. The interested reader will there find a more complete, but still simple introduction to this mathematics. The alternative symbols x and y are also sometimes used instead of a and b to symbolize a complex number. The use of x and y provides reference to a familiar grid of a plane and so facilitates a geometric understanding of complex numbers. The x axis stands for the regular number line, shown horizontally. The y axis stands for the imaginary number line of negative square roots. The y axis is shown vertically to create a plane of complex numbers. z = x + yi x = real number, and yi = imaginary number Every non-complex number has its place on the one dimensional number line. But every complex number has a place on a vast two dimensional plane of numbers called the complex plane. Thus to locate a particular complex number you have to refer to both a horizontal axis of real numbers and a vertical axis of imaginary numbers. This contrasts with all other numbers which can be located as a point on a one dimensional line. The line of real numbers shown on the x axis combine at a right angle with a line of imaginary numbers on the y axis to form the complex plane. This is further explained in the Appendix section "The Mathematics of the Mandelbrot Formula and the Workings of Numbers and Vectors in the Complex Plane". As shown above z = 2 can be anywhere on the circle. The point for the complex number 2 -3i is also shown. The Complex Numbers when iterated - subject to constant feedback - produce Fractal Scaling as is shown by the Mandelbrot set: z -> z2 + c c = any complex number. Written out this formula is equivalent to: z -> (x + yi) + (x + yi) -> means iteration, the feedback process where the end result of the last calculation becomes the beginning constant of the next: z2 + c becomes the z in the next repetition. Like life it is a dynamic equation, existing in time, not a static equation. When iteration of a squaring process is applied to non-complex numbers the results are always known and predictable. For instance when any non-complex number greater than one is repeatedly squared, it quickly approaches infinity: 1.1 * 1.1 = 1.21 * 1.21 = 1.4641 * 1.4641 = 2.14358 and after ten iterations the number created is 2.43... * 10 to the 42nd power which written out is 2,430,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000. A number so large as to dwarf even the national debt. Mathematicians say of this size number that it is approaching infinity. The same is true for any non-complex number which is less than one, but in reverse; it quickly goes to the infinitely small, the zero. For example with .9: .9.9=.81; .81.81=.6561; .6561.6561=.43046 and after only ten iterations it becomes 1.39...10 to the negative 47th power, which written out is .000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000139..., a very small number indeed. With real, rational or natural numbers the squaring iteration must always go to infinity unless the starting number is one. No matter how many times you square one, it will still equal one. But just the slightest bit more or less than one and the iteration of squaring will attract it to the infinitely large or small. The same behavior holds true for complex numbers: numbers just outside of the circle z = 1 on the complex plane will jump off into the infinitely large, complex numbers just inside z = 1 will quickly square into zero. But the magic comes by adding the constant c (a complex number) to the squaring process and starting from z at zero: z -> z2 + c. Then stable iterations - a set attracted to neither the infinitely small or infinitely large - become possible. The potentially stable Complex numbers lie both outside and inside of the circle of z = 1; specifically on the complex plane they lie between -2.4 and .8 on the real number line, the horizontal x grid, and between -1.2 and +1.2 on the imaginary line, the vertical y grid. These complex numbers in effect stay within the meso-cosmic realm, the world of Man, even if the z -> z2 + c iteration process goes on forever. These numbers are contained within the black of the Mandelbrot fractal. MANDELBROT SET SHOWN ON THE COMPLEX PLANE In the Mandelbrot formula z -> z2 + c, where you always start the iterative process with z equals zero, and c equaling any complex number, an endless series of seemingly random or chaotic numbers are produced. Like the weather, the stock market and other chaotic systems, negligible changes in quantities, coupled with feedback, can produce unexpected chaotic effects. The behavior of the complex numbers thus mirrors the behavior of the fourth dimension, the real world where chaos is obvious or lurks behind the most ordered of systems. With some values of c the iterative process immediately begins to exponentially increase or fall into infinity. These numbers are completely outside of the Mandelbrot set of "meso-cosmic" dynamics. With other values of c the iterative process is stable for a number of repetitions, and only later in the dynamic process are they attracted to infinity. These are the unstable strange attractor numbers just on the outside edge of the Mandelbrot set. They are shown on computer graphics with colors or shades of grey according to the number of stable iterations. The values of c which remain stable, repeating as a finite number forever, never attracted to infinity, and thus within the mesocosmic set -- the Mandelbrot set -- are plotted as black. Illustrations of how the calculation of z -> z2 + c works with simple values for c are contained within the Appendix section "The Mathematics of the Mandelbrot Formula and the Workings of Numbers and Vectors in the Complex Plane". There you will see how some iterations of complex numbers like 1 -1i run off into infinity from the start, just like all of the real numbers. Other complex numbers are always stable like -1 +0i. Other complex numbers stay stable for many iterations, and then only further into the process do they unpredictably begin to start to increase or decrease exponentially (eg. .37 +4i stays stable for 12 iterations). These are the numbers on the edge of inclusion of the stable numbers shown in black. Chaos enters into the iteration because out of the potentially infinite number of complex numbers in the window of -2.4 to .8 along the horizontal real number axis, and -1.2 to 1.2 along the vertical imaginary number axis, there are an infinite subset on the edge which are subject to the unpredictable strange attractor. All that we know about these edge numbers is that if the z produced by any iteration lies outside of a circle with a radius of 2 on the complex plane, then the subsequent z values will go to infinity, and there is no need to continue the process. This is further explained in the Appendix section on the math. By using a computer you can escape the normal limitations of human time. You can try a very large number of different complex numbers and iterate them to see what kind they may be. Under the Mandelbrot formula you start with z equals zero and then try different values for c. When a particular value of c is attracted to infinity - produces a value for z greater than 2 - then you stop that iteration, go back to z equals zero again, and try another c, and so on, over and over again, millions and millions of times as only a computer can do. Mandelbrot was the first to discover that by using zero as the base z for each iteration, and trying a large number of the possible complex numbers with a computer on a trial and error basis, that he could define the set of stable complex numbers graphically by plotting their location on the complex plane. This is exactly what the Mandelbrot figure is. Along with this discovery came the surprise realization of the beauty and fractal recursive nature of these numbers when displayed graphically. The black parts of the Mandelbrot fractal plot the stable iterations on the complex plane. When a complex number is attracted to infinity, small or large, it is either not plotted on the graph or is shown as a color or shade of grey according to the number of iterations it takes before the complex number begins its exponential spiral into infinity. Every point in the plane of complex numbers is either outside the Mandelbrot set, infinite, or inside of it, finite. The Mandelbrot fractal thus portrays two-dimensionally the infinity between the whole numbers zero and one, the potential and the actual. This is the meso-cosmic world of Man and the basis of all computer operations. The border which defines our area between the finite and the infinite - where our potential can come into actuality - is impossible to determine exactly. It is subject to the strange attractor. You never know when you may fall into or out of it, or how. The closer you look, the more you magnify by choosing a new c close to the last one chosen, the more the fractal complexities repeat with recognizable patterns - but rarely identical - to define an infinitely irregular border. Only by plotting these numbers in time using an iterative process and two-dimensional representation is the hidden order and great beauty of the fourth dimensional complex numbers revealed. The infinitely recursive nature of the Mandelbrot fractal is the truly astonishing feature of the Mandelbrot and other fractal sets. Infinitely recursive means that the basic shapes of the overall form repeat themselves, but with variations, no matter how close you look at the detail. There is self similarity or self affinity from one scale to the next. As you magnify and look deeper and deeper into the microcosm of the figure, you find the same basic forms are repeated, but are still different and unique. At each scale the fractal is viewed there is a consonance of similarity with the original form, a repeating self similarity. The primary shape of the Mandelbrot fractal are the two black blobs or warts, called "atoms" by Mandelbrot. The large kind of heart shaped black blob on the right is called a "cardioid", and the smaller black figure on its left is "disk" like. Both the cardioid and the disk each have an infinity of smaller black disk like shapes surrounding them, and each of these smaller black disks in turn has an infinity of similar and still smaller black disks around it, and so forth ad infinitum. To the left of the large atom, extending from a line to the left of the large sphere you will find another smaller cardioid; magnifying you will see more and more cardioids radiating out all over the large atom, and out again from each of the smaller atoms, and so forth, again to infinity. The black atoms, which plot the complex numbers within the stable set, are infinitely recursive, or self similar. So too are the colored shapes next to the black atoms. The geometric shapes repeat with slight variations in various sizes approaching the infinitely small as the details of the edge of the set are magnified. Study of the images makes this all clear. Pictures of the Mandelbrot set and others fractals can now be found in many books and videos. We suggest you seek them out and immerse yourself in this beautiful geometric worlds. To provide some immediate, direct visual input we include here a few of our favorite images of the Mandelbrot fractal. These are just a few out of the billions of different Mandelbrot shapes, but they show some of its beauty, and illustrate fractal recursiveness. The colors on these illustrations help us to appreciate the beauty and magnificence of the Mandelbrot. The sequences on the next two pages show a zoom into the depth of infinite detail of the Mandelbrot. The Mandelbrot set is holistic and continuous. All of the black atoms of the Mandelbrot fractal are touching and connected. Most of the connections are too small to be visible. They are connected by extremely thin lines or filaments that require millions of scales of magnification to become visible. Mandelbrot contains an infinite number of these black cardioid atoms connected by filaments. Other sets of complex numbers use the same iterative formula z -> z2 + c to produce sets of static complex numbers and fractals, but they do so without falling back to zero. In other words, the iteration does not start with z = 0 after the complex vector falls into infinity. Instead, the formula keeps the same value for c and uses a new value for the beginning z. These other sets and fractals not using zero are called Julia sets. They are named after the French mathematician Gaston Julia. He was the first person to begin studying iteration with complex numbers in the 1920's. Unlike the Mandelbrot set which samples all values of c to test whether they are attracted to infinity or not, the Julia sets are based on a fixed value for c and the value of the beginning z less than 2 is varied over time. There are an infinite number of different Julia sets possible. But unlike the Mandelbrot atoms which are all grounded in zero and connected with each other in the Complex Plane, the different Julia sets are disconnected with each other. Further, some of the Julia sets are internally disconnected, falling apart like Cantor's dust. For that reason the internally disconnected Julias are sometimes called Cantor sets. Here is an example of an internally connected Julia set. Again, there are many good books on fractals available with beautiful illustrations of Cantor and Julia sets. The following is another of the better known Julia sets, called the "Dragon". It is accompanied with a close up of the basic fractal pattern. Again, the branching swirls shown in the close up are infinitely recursive. The deeper and closer you look, the more swirls you will find. This same pattern repeats forever over infinite scales of magnitude. It goes on and on forever. You can see this recursive self similarity throughout the designs of all fractal patterns. Even without the advantage of computer plotting Julia and a few other mathematicians in the 1920's knew that iteration of complex numbers produced fractals with recursive features. They did not, however, comprehend the full significance of the process, nor did they think to stabilize the dynamics in zero. Mandelbrot was the first to realize that this was the geometry of nature, the reality of the fourth dimension, and not just some meaningless bizarre fluke of mathematics. His discovery was based on the eighth criteria - ZERO - AWARENESS - tying all of the finite complex numbers together by grounding the z in zero and floating the c. Mandelbrot discovered that his holistic fractal governs and defines all of the Julia sets. Julia sets whose value of c lie within the set of the Mandelbrot fractal, within the black atoms, are internally connected, holistic. But Julia sets whose value of c lies outside of the Mandelbrot fractal on the plane of complex numbers are fragmented into infinitely many pieces. The further from the black edge, the quicker the Julia sets break up and fall into dust. The Julia sets with a value of c near the inside and outside of the black border, the edge of the Mandelbrot set, are the most complex and beautiful of all. The next diagram shows where several different connected Julia sets are located just inside the black zero of the Mandelbrot. Yes, as shown, Julia sets include a straight line, as well as a circle. METHODS/EXPERIMENTS: Many computer programs exist today to create a variety of different fractals, including the Mandelbrot set. This is a popular topic on the Internet. For instance, the School of Wisdom websites contain more information and pictures on fractals, including animated zooms of the Mandelbrot set. Many fractal generating programs can be obtained for free, or a modest charge. Just run an Internet search of "fractals" for the latest webs. One popular program you will probably find is "Fractint" by a team of programmers available on the Net. A book with great pictures Fractals: The Patterns of Chaos by John Briggs references several more programs for different computers. The catalogue Media Magic contains a complete selection of Chaos books, software, calendars, videos, etc. from Nicasio, California, 800-882-8284. By experimenting with fractals, and magnification over scales, you gain a firsthand experience of fractal scaling, self similarity, recursiveness and infinity. The great beauty and infinite complexity of the Mandelbrot set and the Julia sets are intriguing to all who see them, even if they are not aware of their philosophic significance. It is also important to see many of the computer fractals and the fractals in the world of Nature. This will provide a deeper understanding and intuitive sense of what is meant by fractal recursiveness. This is a key to understanding the hidden order which appears out of the Chaos of our everyday lives. Think about events which have happened in your life where seemingly random events later took on meaning, or situations where order appeared out of chaos, or the reverse, where a hidden chaos appeared out of what seemed to be perfect order. Read some of the many books out on the Chaos Theories, and study the color pictures of fractals included in most of these books. Good books to start with are: The Turbulent Mirror by John Briggs and F. David Peat, and CHAOS: Making A New Science by James Glick. When you are ready try the beautiful, important, but difficult books by Benoit B. Mandelbrot himself: the book written for the "general reader" The Fractal Geometry of Nature, or his even more technical work Fractals, Form, Chance and Dimension. Mandelbrot has also contributed essays to An Eye For Fractals by Michael McGuire, and The Beauty of Fractals by H.-O. Peitgen and P.H. Richter, which has the best color prints now available of the Mandelbrot and Julia fractals. Video tapes of fractals are also helpful. There are many available, for instance Fractals: An Animated Discussion with computer graphics and interviews of Mandelbrot and Edward Lorenz. The Fractal Universe video has excellent animations from a variety of scientists and video artists. The recent breakthroughs in the new interdisciplinary science of Chaos, and its discovery of the four "Attractors" (formerly called forces) which make sense of the Chaos, help us to understand the basic criteria of Wisdom and make sense of our world. The hidden order and similarity over scales revealed graphically in the otherwise random collection of numbers in the Mandelbrot and Julia sets is based on one of these four Attractors, the Strange Attractor. The other three attractors, which likewise bring hidden order out of chaos, follow the first, second and third dimensions. They are called the Point Attractor, the Circuit (or sometimes Cycle) Attractor and the Torus Attractor. As humans living in the fourth dimension we are at our best when we avoid their influences and follow only the spontaneity and freedom of the Strange Attractor. Only in this way can we live autonomously in the moment, in tune with what the Chinese call the Tao, the Way, the flow of forces in the fourth dimension. The four attractors act on all levels of reality to form cosmos out of chaos. By understanding these attractors, and how they work, we can more easily make sense of what is happening in the real world. The world is not really ordered as previously believed, it is fundamentally disordered - chaotic, but it contains forces or attractors of cosmos that create patterns of order over time. The four attractors correspond to the four basic ordering principals of reality: Energy, Consciousness, Matter and Self Organization. The four fundamentals can in turn be understood as summations of the eight criteria: Energy as Feeling and Spirit; Consciousness as Thinking and Soul; Matter as Sensing and Body; and, Self Organization as Willing and Awareness. This knowledge is summarized in the following chart. To really understand the Attractors we have to have a spiritual understanding of space and time. As to space, we must understand how space is the original force - in Sanskrit called Brahman, in Chinese Wu Chi, in Peruvian and Japanese Ki - which creates the world through the point. Real spiritual insight into this can only come from direct experience of CHI. The rest of this book, particularly in Chapter Four, contains information on CHI, sometimes called kinesthetic body in psychology. A few methods and exercises from psychology and the martial arts are also provided to allow a direct experience of CHI. Try these experiments to gain an experiential understanding of space as original force. Then your understanding of the attractors will improve. A spiritual understanding of time entails realization that time is rhythmical. It is the connections or order you make in the fields of the four attractors: Point attractor - Energy - Feeling/Spirit; Cycle attractor -Consciousness - Thinking/Soul; Torus attractor - Matter - Sensing/Body; Strange attractor - Self Organization - Willing/Awareness. In the computer the electric current automatically creates the iteration. With Man it is not so easy. We ourselves have to return to Zero - Awareness - to start a new iteration. Awareness is sacred space (called "Wakan" by the Native American Lakota tribe; "Mana" by the Polynesians). You connect with as soon as you attain the center of your true Self, called by the Japanese - Hara. Cosmologically Hara corresponds to the center of the Earth. That is why traditional initiations awaken the force of gravity. Gravity, according to Newton's law, is the result of reciprocal mass attraction. The nearer you get to the center, the weaker the force will be. At the very center it will be nil. But if the light touches from outside the Self, then the center - Self - will radiate. The Other sees the Self, but the Time-Ego does not, because the Self is hidden from the Ego behind dream and sleep. Only in yoga and meditation with PrimaSounds and the like can this be overcome and the immortal Being be energized. Thus the difficulty which many scientists have in understanding Chaos is not mental, but existential. Their consciousness (Cycle attractor) refuses the Strange attractor, which means total individual responsibility. They cannot ground themselves in Zero and experience the true meaning of space and time. As they cannot find their inner core - Awareness/God - they can only see Chaos from the outside. They cannot make the jump from knowledge to Wisdom, to inside the black. Without this anchor they lack the experiential insight - and the confidence and Wisdom this brings - needed to live on the edge where great discoveries are made. They only see isolated Julia and Cantor sets. They miss the pattern which only comes from awareness of the whole, the Mandelbrot fractal. The Point Like attractor corresponds to Energy, the function of Feeling and the realm of Spirit. With this attractor in play a person is invariably drawn to one particular activity, or repelled from another, like the positive or negative poles of electromagnetic energy. There is also sometimes a point just in between attraction and repulsion, the saddle point, when the energies are in balance, just before one force becomes stronger than the other. With the Point attractor there is typically a fixation on one desire, or revulsion, and all else is put aside until it is satisfied or destroyed. With the positive attraction force all roads seem to lead to the same destination. With the negative repelling, all lead from the same place. A positive magnet drawn to negative, a pendulum slowing down with friction and air resistance, or more graphically, a young male dog around a bitch in heat, all demonstrate the workings of the point attractor. It is a black-white, good-bad, single minded attractor, except in the rare instances of the saddle point. The Circuit or Cycle attractor corresponds to Consciousness, the function of Thinking and realm of Soul. With this attractor a person is drawn first to one thing and then to another, like a circling magnet, first attracting then repelling then attracting again. Here there is a cycling back and forth from a set of two or more activities. There is some regularity and simplicity to the cyclic events. An example is a desire to sleep at the end of a day, which when gratified naturally leads to a desire for activity at the beginning of a new day, followed much later by a desire to sleep again, etc. In Nature it can be seen in many ways; for instance, the predator prey systems where the respective predator prey populations cycle up and down in relation to the other. The Cycle attractor is more complex than the simple attraction or repulsion type point attractor. Like thinking it sees both sides and tends to include a third; for example, the synthesis coming out of the thesis and anti-thesis. The Torus attractor corresponds to three-dimensional Matter, the function of Sensing and the realm of Body. This is a more complex cycling which moves forward and so is different while it repeats itself. There is a high degree of irregularity and complexity in the pattern of the Torus attractor, particularly when compared to the Circuit or Point attractors. But unlike the Strange attractor, a pattern can still be found and predictions made. Mathematically the Torus is three dimensional and is shaped like a large donut or bagel. It is made up of a spiraling circle on many planes which may, or may not, eventually hook up with itself after completing one or more full revolutions. An example would be the more complex set of attracting events which occur to a person on many levels over a course of a year, and repeat again, year in and year out, like the desire to swim each summer, hike each fall, and eat and drink too much on holidays. In Nature it is shown for instance by the complex interaction of a number of interdependent species: the population of one predator species relates to that of the prey of its prey. For example, the size of the insect population effects the size of the frog population, which effects the size of one of their predators, the trout, which in turn effects their predators, the pike. Unfortunately, most humans are also subject to the complex but predictable influences of the Torus attractor, or the even more simplistic influences of the cycle or point attractor. We need to escape from the deterministic influence of the point, circuit and torus attractors into the freedom and spontaneity inherent in the Strange Attractor. The Mandelbrot fractal is one of an infinite number of forms which the Strange Attractors assumes. The Feigenbaum fractal shown above is another geometric form found hidden in time throughout nature which is based on the Strange Attractor. Being fractal, all of these geometric forms are recursively self similar over infinte scales of magnitude. There is no apparent order at all to the actions of the Strange attractor. On the surface it appears to be pure chaos, but nevertheless there is order of a subtle kind which only appears over time when looked at in the right perspective. It is an order of self similarity, sometimes even idenity, where a geometric shape allows for comprehension. It is an order where infinity is constrained, but never contained. The Strange Attractors correspond to Self Organization, Willing, Awareness and the fourth dimension of fractal forms where chance is inherent. Feigenbaum and Mandelbrot Although these Strange Attractors may look very different from each other, they frequently have a hidden relationship with each other. This is shown for instance, in the diagram to the left, comparing the Feigenbaum and Mandelbrot fractals. The relationships can take near infinite forms and are not always as obvious as the proportional one shown here. Chaos, with a subtle unpredictable order by the Strange Attractor, is also called "turbulence". One of its important characteristics is great sensitivity to initial conditions. This is exemplified by the famous example of Edward Lorenz: the wing movements of a butterfly in Peru may later through an extremely complex series of unpredictably linked events magnify air movements and ultimately cause a hurricane in Texas. The so called "Butterfly Effect" has been proven to apply in many dynamic systems, including the weather, where even the smallest of changes can trigger a chain reaction of unexpected exponential consequences. In our world, the fourth dimension of complex dynamics, there is extreme sensitivity to initial conditions. This means that even the smallest effort can unexpectedly multiply and have a great impact. It is beyond our capacity to predict what will happen, what little action might, or might not, lead to profound change. The insights of Chaos, where it has been proven that negligible changes in chaotic systems can produce significant unexpected results, stands as a new inspiration to all individuals. If you are in the world starting something new, you might make a big difference. No one can know for sure - their straw, no matter how small, might just be the one to break the camel's back. Your beginning efforts of personal transformation may be important to the entire world - like the butterfly's wings. If the timing and connections are just right, your new little work may well lead to a hurricane of change. History is replete with examples of this, both for good and bad. When we are subject to the first three attractors we are manipulated; only in the Strange attractors can we be free. So we all have to become Strange attractors as shown for instance by the Lorenz fractal below. Here a point cycles back and forth in the figure eight shape of infinity, but it never repeats its tracks. Even if the process were to go on to infinity, the lines would never cross over or repeat each other. There is always a new path to reach the other side. The Lorenz fractal is a geometric depiction of a spiral loop into infinity, the never ending cycle back and forth, yet forward and different. This is the back and forth cycle between Yang and Yin, left and right brain, the real and the possible. We must learn to exist at the meeting point between the real and the possible, or as Don Juan explained to Castenada "the crack between the worlds". We are then within the force of the Strange attractor and can see the hidden order behind the seeming chaos. It is a time of no time, a flowing peak experience where all seems to go right by itself, effortlessly. It is a time when dreams and wishes are fulfilled that you didn't even know you had. The Feigenbaum, Lorenz, Mandelbrot and other fractals portray in two dimensions the infinity between zero and one, the potential and the actual. Mandelbrot's formula goes even further to provide a mathematical map to navigate in the crack between the worlds, to cope with Chaos and bring our potential into actuality. Mandelbrot's inspiration 0 : z -> z2+ c brings order from chaos in the fourth-dimensional world of Complex numbers in time, in iteration. We too live in the complex world of the fourth dimension, in a space-time continuum of turbulence and chance. Thus Mandelbrot's discovery should also apply in a fractal recursive manner to provide us with the formula for coherent living in a chaotic world. The philosophy suggested is a dynamic and pragmatic process of feedback, experimentation, detachment and grounding in Awareness for constant renewal. If an action - Will - goes astray, does not work, falls off into infinity, then stop that activity. Once the mistake is obvious and certain, choose to let go of the failure. Then choose again to take a chance - to return to Zero, pure Awareness - God - where inspiration for a new action will come again. When the idea comes, go for it, don't wait for certainty or you may never act at all and life will surely pass you by. Seldom does inspiration come with the certainty of a burning bush. Choose to take a chance, try it without attachment, just for the hell of it. Then travel the new vector - the new complex number - the new activity - to see whether or not it is part of a larger order, or part of chaos - whether or not it is within the black of the Mandelbrot fractal. Only time - constant iterations - will tell. You can only discover the force of the Strange attractor by doing -- trial and error with feedback - learning from your mistakes and always beginning anew from Awareness. If the new action is successful - leads to greater order and coherence - continue to follow it. It may be perfectly stable, well within the black, and like a successful business after it is well started, the activity can eventually go on with others, or by itself, without your attending to it. So again the activity may be finished for you. There are probably many other things remaining for you to do. Keep experimenting, changing, try many things at once. Otherwise you may stagnate in success - drown in black ink - and never see the big picture, or again experience the fractal beauty and excitement of living on the edge. Thus an established success, like failure, should lead to freedom, to a new activity into the unknown future. It is the destiny of actualizing Man to pioneer the frontiers of cosmos in the midst of chaos. Sometimes a new activity starts off ordered and successful, but later falls apart and iterates into chaos. Don't give up at the first sign of difficulty, because the beginnings are always hard. But when you are sure that it will not work, that it is definitely on its way to nowhere, then leave it. Re-center yourself in Awareness to find a new direction, and try again with something different. Don't be frustrated, eventually even Edison found the light. Even when a person is not consciously participating in this process, is uncentered and unaware, the actions of the Strange attractor can still manifest in the desire to do the unexpected - the wild hair, fluke decision. When under its influence the pull seems to be towards disorder and serendipity. The hidden order lurking behind the Strange attractor may only appear much later, or through synchronicity with other events. An example might be a desire to make a career change which makes no sense at the time, but later in life is recognized as an essential step to a larger order; or perhaps you are seized by a sudden eccentric desire to go to a place never seen before and there meet your future wife who is also there by chance. Examples of this hidden order in chaos abound in life and nature, and even in manmade things such as fluctuations in the price of cotton as the research of Mandelbrot, Lorenz and others has shown. In addition to fractals, the other symbol of the fourth dimension - the Chaotic real world where we all live and take chances - is the Hypercube which we first discussed. It uses the Euclidian forms to bridge the third dimension with the fourth. The full meaning of the hypercube can now be shown. The four diagonals of the Hypercube represent the four attractors (Point, Circuit, Torus, Strange) and four basic Elements (Energy, Consciousness, Matter, Self Organization). The eight directions created by the four diagonals represent the seven basic functions and realms (sensing, thinking, feeling, willing, body, soul, spirit), plus the zero dimension of Awareness. Another alignment of the directions created by the Native Americans will be discussed in Chapter Eight. The Native Americans and others think in terms of ten directions, adding up and down, and for that and other reasons the alignment with the function and realms is different. The chart below shows the Eight Directions of the hypercude. METHODS/EXPERIMENTS: Think of all of the chaos in your world today, in your past. Is your life too ordered and rigid, or too chaotic? Which do you think you need more of now? Which do you think the world needs more of now? Look back on your life and recognize how the four different attractors were in effect at various times to bring order out of the chaos. Then examine your current life situations and analyze how each type of attractor is working to bring order to your life. Is any attractor prevalent, are any missing? How can you recognize when a strange attractor is at work? Does it have a special signature, or pattern, or sense, which can allow you to recognize it when it first appears? Do any of the other attractors? A word of warning here about the superstition trap. Attractors are real and can be experienced directly. This is scientific fact. Chaos is ordered by the attractors. When we act with the attractors to bring order, even with the Strange attractor, we are, like Nature herself, using constrained chance, structured chance. There is a fundamental and important difference between the reliance upon constrained chance and Strange attractors and reliance upon blind luck and superstition. The lazy will take the latter course and convince themselves they are living on a higher plane. These same people will complain to God when their luck turns. Do not confuse Chance and Choice with chance and more chance. There is a fine line here; gambling and superstition are a real danger for some and must be avoided. We are not advocating gambling in any form, nor chaos for the hell of it, nor silly superstitions. Strange attractors are very real phenomena; they can be observed over time and are precisely, mathematically calculable. We are pointing to an open door, but counseling a philosophy of direct perception and verification for yourself. Make your own luck. Work to be prepared to take advantage of the chances when they come. Look for the chances, know where and how to look. Know how to make a choice. This is a philosophy of self reliance and inner coherence based on reason, but it goes beyond the limits of reason to embrace the whole world, to know Chaos. The full dynamics and meaning of the fourth dimensional numbers, the complex and fractal numbers, was only recently discovered with the Science of Chaos. The Chaos theories in turn did not come about until man had the ability to create computerized graphic representations. These graphics revealed the geometric scaling inherent in Complex Numbers. But even before computers and the Chaos discoveries, Nature had shown its fractal character to Man. We discovered it through sound and music. It has to do with the phenomena of overtones and undertones and the octave. A string (1 dimension) in vibrating will form a series of sub-vibrations, called overtones 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c c g c e g x c d e The overtones are the places on the string where the nodes and sub-waves or harmonics naturally form. In other words, the sounding of any one tone will naturally create certain fractal tones as shown above with the overtones. The fractal tones follow the fractions of the rational numbers. For example, when the tone C is played all of the overtones of C are also created. The string vibrating at the frequency called C includes fractal waves such as a third that of C - called G or a fifth, and a fifth that of C - called E or a major third. Third |____|___|____| (called "fifth" in music) Fifth |_1/5 _2/5_3/5 _4/5__| (called "major third") The animated graphic should help non-musicians get a better feel for this phenomena by showing the movements on a string: The undertones are harmonics that appear if the string is lengthened: c c f c a f x c b a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The tones are vibrations and intervals. The intervals are based on scaling. Between the first nine tones the following intervals occur: 0 - 1 Original Tone Octave 1 - 2 Fifth 2 - 3 Fourth 3 - 4 Major Third 4 - 5 Minor Third 5 - 6 6 - 7 (within hearing limits of major third) 7 - 8 (within hearing limits of major second) Major Second 8 - 9 The vibrations of sound creating the octave and consonant notes exemplify aurally the fourth-dimensional fractal laws of scaling and self similarity. The Major Second, Major and Minor Third reach the identity of the octave inside of one span. The cycle of fifths reaches identity after 12 steps covering 84 half tones; the cycle of fourths with the same tone values covers 60 half tones. But in order to reach the octave exactly, this interval having no tolerance, the musical scale of 12 tones has to be tempered adding the triton 2: 1, and the minor second 12 2: 1. The twelve tone circle has its center in the 1/1 diagonal, and its beginning in the zero point of CHI. The 12 notes and intervals are used on any modern piano keyboard. This is shown on the Music Wheel which follows: The second law of music is the physical scale, based on the major second. The tolerance of resonance is 9/8 + 10/9. They are experienced as the same interval. Based on this hearing tolerance the musical scale is made up of seven whole tones. Hearing is experiencing our world: the lowest tone, 16 hertz (low C), has a length of 22 meters; middle C with 512 hertz has a length of .69 of a meter; and the highest perceptible tone of around 20,000 hertz has a length of about one half of a millimeter. TONE SCALE (hertz) . . . Tone 16 Beta range Waking 12 Alpha range Reflection 4 Theta range Dream 2 Delta range Deep Sleep METHODS/EXPERIMENTS: Try making and hearing the lowest and highest tones you can perceive. Try listening as hard and deep as you can; how many sounds can you hear; what is the source of each. With a metronome or timepiece try drumming at the beta, alpha, theta and delta rates and see if continual drumming at one rhythm induces the state of consciousness associated with the rate. See Chapter Four for information on these brain wave states of consciousness. Play with a piano keyboard and hear the seven and twelve tone scales. One interval does not fit in the 12 tone system, the natural seventh. Its frequency and harmonics are dissonant with all of the other basic fractions. For this reason it is said to have no place in Music and is either excluded completely, or when rarely used it is called the "leading tone" and sets up dissonant tension. When the natural seventh is taken as the basic interval, to the exclusion of the others which normally make up our musical scale, a completely new scale is created whereby the octave is divided into five intervals. The new tone frequencies and intervals created thereby we call PrimaSounds. This new pentatonic scale opens hearing to the inner Universe and in most ancient civilizations this music was held sacred. This type of music is fractal, based on zero, the fourth dimension and the Strange attractor. It has no melodies, rhythms or other forms or order found in other music. It sounds almost completely chaotic, unpredictable, yet there is a fractal order with the link to your own being which makes the sounds soothing and leaves you serene. Being attuned to the primal energies of the soul it has the power to throw you into the zero dimension, to open you to the healing influences of the Strange attractor. PrimaSounds are able to unite all dimensions and states of consciousness through opening the being to Awareness, the Zero dimension. The five notes in the PrimaSounds scale are named after the vowels: A E I O U. (Note that the vowel scale designation is arbitrary. This designation was made by Keyserling in 1971 before the discoveries of Tomatis, and does not correspond with Tomatis vowel/chakra alignments.) This new/ancient music is the tonal key to becoming human, to the realization of our full potential in all dimensions. More information on PrimaSounds and its discovery can be found in Chakra Music: the story of PrimaSounds (Keyserling-Losey) (School of Wisdom, Volume 4). PrimaSounds work in the element of Energy. Our center of attention normally exists in another element, in Consciousness. In Consciousness the seven basic components are the four functions and three realms. These seven have a natural internal relationship whereby Sensing corresponds with Body, Thinking with Soul, and Feeling with Mind. Willing stands on its own in the center, connected with Zero, Awareness. For example, the senses are sharpest when perceiving the physical world, as compared to sensing other people (soul) or an idea (spirit). Conversely the Body is most directly apprehended by sensing. Thinking is most acute when in dialogue with other people, as opposed to thinking with a thing or abstraction. Conversely the Soul is understood best by thinking. Feeling, and its twin sister imagination, are at home in the Spirit, where free reign is given to it. Feeling in the body or soul is more limited and often negative. Conversely the Spirit is most easily accessed by the Feelings. Thinking about the Spirit frequently leads to erudite nonsense. Spirit must first be felt before it can be seen or put into words. When these seven components are moved from the scale of Consciousness to the scale of Energy, there is a fractal variation in the internal alignment. In the world of Energy where PrimaSounds vibrate in accord with the seven energy centers, or chakras, there is a new alignment of the original seven. Now Sensing corresponds with Soul, not Body, and Thinking corresponds with Spirit, not Soul. Feeling now acts on Body, instead of Spirit. Only Willing remains the same, in the center related to Awareness, the Zero outside of and underlying the seven. As a consequence of this fractal variation, PrimaSounds should be listened to by Feeling the effects of the vibrations on the body, Sensing the energy of soul stimulation, and Thinking of the Spirit, a holistic idea of a concept, of infinity, or no-thinking. This realignment is shown on the following chart. METHODS/EXPERIMENTS: Try experiencing this now by listening to one of the School of Wisdom PrimaSounds CDs. Detailed listening instructions are included with the music, and with the book Chakra Music (vol.4). For more guidance on PrimaSounds see the PrimaSounds webs and Chapter 7 of Chance and Choice. The most reliable way we know to directly experience the four chaos attractors - as opposed to just understanding them - is through sound. The attractors are perceived as forming order out of chaos in the following manner: - Body-Sensing. Torus. RHYTHM. Based on 9 Rhythms. - Soul-Thinking. Circuit. HARMONY. Based on the tenfold and sevenfold overtone and undertone scale. - Spirit-Feeling. Point. MELODY. Based on the temperated cycle of fifths. - Awareness-Willing. Strange. FRACTAL. Based on the nodes of the natural seventh. (1) - RHYTHM. Rhythm follows the law of the octave so that there are 9 fundamental rhythms, including their squares, ie: 2 - 4 - 8 - 16 - 32 3 - 6 - 12 - 24 - 48 5 - 10 - 20 - 40 - 80 Listening to good rhythms, as in Africa, your body yearns to participate and all tiredness goes away. You move into the sway of the Torus attractor and naturally invigorate the body, matter. (2)- HARMONY. The intervals of harmony are heard "in tune" or "out of tune"; it hurts the ears if somebody plays false. Its basis is the overtone and undertone scales. Undertones 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Overtones a b c x f a c f c c c g c e g x c d e The ninth tone is the whole tone. Thus from the interval point of view the harmonic scale is visualized in the Enneagram shown below in the inside of the Wheel. The two angles of the triangle in the Enneagram constitute halftones - in Gurdjieff terms the change of direction. The physiological scale thus has seven tones, starting and ending with c. Major c d e (f) (g) a b c Minor Undertones are space like chords, overtones are time like sequences. According to great Austrian composer Joseph Matthias Hauer, one of Keyserling's primary teachers, each person has their own fundamental harmonic - bass, baritone, tenor or soprano. For this reason in 12 tone music there are four "voices". By tuning into your inner harmonic, which is in one of these four voices, you can reach the Cycle attractor. Your inner harmonic tunes you into the Cycle attractor. If you awake to its influences, you can sublimate your natural instincts. In this way you can escape from manipulation by the instincts and associative thinking. You can instead find your inner centeredness and autonomous thinking. The instincts are sublimated by being made conscious and harnessed to the will. The stream of associative ego thinking, which is normally driven by the instincts, can then come to an end. When it does, real thinking can take over. Thinking controlled from a harmonic center - the Self in the center rather than the ego on the periphery. The complementary nature of polar opposites can then be realized. Once we are freed from enslavement to unconscious instincts -- the ego and the stream of egocentric mental chatter that goes with it - the Cycle attractor can be used to clarify and integrate Consciousness with insightful, holistic thinking. All this can be aided by the harmonics of music with which you can awaken to the Cycle attractor. (3) - MELODY. In traditional European music theory, major and minor scale, the overtones and undertones, are the basic foundation of music. For instance, a particular symphony is identified as being in D minor. Joseph Hauer showed that this was wrong, that the real basis of music is in Melody - not melody as mere thinking combinations, but Melody as inspired "tone gestalts". This Melody is heard all at once as inspiration, an event with which every good composer is familiar. Thus with Melody you can reach the Point Attractor, truly feeling the spirit. You thereby open up to inspiration, drawn to the zero point of Awareness - the formless infinite, from which new form emerges. With melody and the Point attractor your Energy can be strengthened and tuned. Taking the twelve tone scale, and without regard to the tone values, Hauer discovered that there are 479,000,000 possible melodies in time. The melodies can be harmonized because of the "diatonic comma", 81/80, in the tempered scale. This scale was first invented in China 4,000 years ago, and in Europe for keyboard instruments by Werckmeister in the Seventeenth century. Bach explained that he created the well tempered piano as a basis for future spiritual democracy. He wanted to show that there are only melodical voices and no accompaniment. Thus the whole melodic structure is shown on the outside of the Wheel as the cycle of fifths. Each of the twelve tones has seven parts - the seven octaves. The melodies which can be produced by these tones in time are the doorway to the Point attractor. (4) - FRACTAL MUSIC: 7th HARMONIC/PRIMA SOUNDS. The natural seventh interval, excluded in the diatonic and twelve tone scales, is the secret basis of Esoteric Music. This was described but not explained by Keyserling's teacher, George Gurdjieff. The quintessence of true fractal Music lies in its attunement to the seventh harmonic. The seventh overtone, when tuned to alpha, and played next to a human, produces longitudinal sound energies which interface with transversal energies of the human energy field. The result is the creation of standing wave patterns - a sound vortex around a point of transversal energy vibration. Resonance with the seventh harmonic sounds can tune you into the Strange attractor. The point and hypercube - the zero dimension and the fourth dimension - originate the geometry of the Strange attractor. Together as previously shown they fill out the intervals between the dimensions, the fractal dimensions between 0 and 1, 1 and 2, 2 and 3, and 3 and 4. The tones which are based exclusively on the natural seventh - the pentatonic scale of Prima Sounds - can be combined spontaneously from out of Awareness to create pure Fractal Music. Fractal Music, previously known as Esoteric Music, when so created can then relate the being living in the fourth dimension with the infinity in the zero dimension and the fractal dimensions. Listening to such music invokes the Strange attractor. This experience can liberate you from past habits and the other attractors. Then you can self organize autonomously, in tune with the entire Universe and the spirit of the times. With Prima Sounds and the Strange attractor that comes with it, the entire Mind can be cleansed. All centers - sensing, thinking, feeling, willing, body, soul, spirit - can be changed from dependence on the existing cosmos, to ordering the chaos. The chakras are then opened, re-tuned and integrated as is further explained in Chapter 7 and in Chakra Music (Vol. 4 School of Wisdom). Then you can participate in the emerging Cosmic Humanity where there are no elites, no sacred way, but only different styles of being, living and working: the polyphony of the rainbow civilization. Fractal scaling is not only revealed in Sound and Music, but also in Light and Color. The transversal waves of light have three systems. They can be visualized in the rainbow, the globe of the Earth, and the primary colors. The primary colors in pigments are red, blue and yellow. Out of these all other colors can be mixed. The rainbow consists of seven colors between 3,800 and 7,600 Angstrom and the reciprocal vibrations. The synthesis is visualized in the globe. Between north and south of the color globe is the grey axis. The center is grey in matter. In light opposing colors make white. The clear colors are on the surface. The unclear ones are underneath towards to the center. Every possible color can thus be defined by its location on the color globe. The Eye follows the parameters of black and white (focus), and of red and green, violet and yellow (peripheral vision). Some people have a red-green blindness, or a blue-yellow blindness. Purple is absent in the spectrum, but the purple body is the basis of color vision. Thus the structure and systemics of the senses constitute the phenomenological truth, the sole experienced reality. Goethe said correctly: "The highest Wisdom would be to grasp that facts are the theory. Don't look beyond the phenomena, they are the teaching." METHODS/EXPERIMENTS: Try some experiments with color and quartz crystals. View the splitting of the colors from white light as a crystal is held in the sun. Try gazing at crystals and other gems. You may not see the future, but some subtle inner changes frequently occur. Beyond the ordered world of crystals and gems, look afresh at the natural world - vegetation and weather - and see the fractals, the interplay between cosmos and chaos. As another experiment create the blackest most perfectly dark room you can one night. Then look hard into the darkness for an extended period of time. Do you see the sparkling red and other colored points of light. It looks something like dust particles, or like what you see when you rub your eyes. It is easiest seen in total darkness, but after you learn to recognize it, you can see it in semidarkness or even in the light. Watch what it does, the hallucinatory shape-shifting qualities. What are you seeing? Do not take any of your senses for granted, including seeing, and assume that they can not be improved and refined. In reality very few people have fully developed their senses. With some effort and appropriate exercises most of us could perceive the world far better than we do now. Try for instance the yogic "tratak" meditation exercise where you practice silent meditation with the eyes open. Your gaze is fixed on the single point of an external object, such as a flower. You stare silently at the flower, focusing all of your attention on truly seeing it, putting all else aside. Slowly you become one with the flower and see it in a new way. Also recall the way of "seeing" described by Carlos Castenada in his books on Don Juan. When you shift into the Zero/Fourth dimension it is possible to see energies, the otherwise invisible forces existing in the space time continuum. For instance there are the "luminous egg and fibers" described by Don Juan which surround all humans. Don Juan said that the luminous fibers of some people are strong and bright, others are dark and weak. In Western esotericism we refer to this as seeing auras. In science we refer to this, if at all, as bioenergies or brain waves. "Kirlean" photography developed by East European scientists in the 1970's appears to be able to photograph this energy. In India this energy is called the Chakras, in Japan, Ki. In China it is called Chi and is the basis of all oriental medicine. Many practitioners of Oriental medicine claim that they can see Chi and so diagnose illness. Acupuncture manipulates the flow of Chi by sticking tiny needles in key points in the body where the flow of Chi tends to get blocked. A few specialist in China can not only perceive the Chi of another, they can touch the other's Chi with their own Chi . By infusing their Chi in this way they can cure serious illnesses and disease without any physical contact with the patient at all. Western doctors who have recently been allowed to study oriental medicine in China confirm these incredible reports. The use of Chi is also the basis of the martial arts. We will explore this further in Chapter Five. Can you sense your own Chi, or the Chi of another? Use PrimaSounds and try to see it, to touch it, to move with it. You may also want to try experimenting with some of the new technologies in the area of vision and consciousness alteration such as Mind Machines, Color Goggles and Ganzfield Effect Glasses. There are many books on the subject and catalogues offering some of the equipment, ranging in price from $50 to $5,000. The best known book is Michael Hutchison's Mega Brain, also try Would The Buddha Wear A Walkman? by Hooper and Teresi. Do not forget the ancient visual technologies used by the Buddha and others, such as Mandalas. Remnants of Mandalas are found in almost all ancient cultures. Mandalas are geometric patterns, frequently painted with many colors. They are designed to be stared at - contemplated - so as to effect subtle inner changes. They use color and form to directly impact the psyche. Some of the most spectacular Mandalas were created in Tibet where this type of consciousness tool was refined to a high art. There are many books on the subject. The best have many color pictures so that you can try it out yourself.

Australia 1750-1918 Resource Book AUSTRALIA 1750-1918 Resource Book This Unit “Australia 1750-1918” is designed for students in the early to middle years of High School. It reflects the Australian Curriculum (History) units Making a Nation and Australia 1750-1918 It contains informational outlines, word finds, glossary lists, vocabulary, crosswords, mind-maps, cloze passages, true/false activities and extended writing or research tasks. It has been written for the Australian Curriculum (History Course) It is a supplementary educational resource for junior high school courses on Australian History and Colonial History. It is written in a “dot point” or summary style with activities following each section. Many answers are contained on the next page. It is formatted in a “Blackline Master” PDF format, which facilitates printing. It is relevant to high school teachers or students studying alone. Pre-Contact Aboriginal Culture Key Events for Aboriginal Peoples How People Lived Working Conditions Circa 1900 Reasons for Federation The Australian Constitution The Australian Parliament The Immigration Restriction Act CHECK OUT AND LIKE "History Teaching Resources" on Facebook. Updates on new releases and other materials to add to your teaching. TERMS AND CONDITIONS. Devine Educational Consultancy Services does not permit any digital products purchased from the business to be used on multiple computers or a school network without purchasing a multi-user license. Purchase and use of digital products is guided by Copyright Laws or by permissible/allowable copying rights as determined by Devine Educational Consultancy Services. The product purchased does not include a Word Version of the same product. Any use other than as prescribed will be deemed unlawful and could result in legal penalties.

MACBETH by William Shakespeare Edited by the Folger Shakespeare Library Adapted by Carolyn Silverberg This year marks the 400th anniversary of the First Folio, which was a publication that had all of Shakespeare's plays in one place, many of them appearing in print for the very first time. If we didn't have the First Folio, we likely would have lost 18 of Shakespeare's plays forever, including Macbeth. So let's give a round of applause to the unsung heroes -- Shakespeare's friends and former colleagues John Heminge and Henry Condell, who had the foresight to put these plays together. Macbeth interestingly is also the shortest of all of Shakespeare's tragedies (at 2,477 lines versus Hamlet's 4,030 lines). Don't worry, you won't be sitting through an uncut version tonight. But it is interesting to note the severe difference between these two tragedies. Why is Macbeth so drastically short compared to Hamlet? I think the answer is simple: Hamlet thinks while Macbeth acts. Time is a constant in this play. We're reminded of it throughout. Because the Macbeth's take matters into their own hands, time is thrown out of whack. Not only is it dark when it's the middle of the day, but things move fast. Their desire to make their "future in the instant" is the catalyst for the speed of which the events of the play unfold. But now, what would have happened if Macbeth had taken a page out of Hamlet's book and just taken a little bit more time to think instead of rushing into action? It's something we can probably all apply to our own lives as well. How many of us have heard a rumor or misinterpreted someone's Facebook post or decided to confront someone after one too many glasses of wine, and acted immediately out of pure gut and emotion instead of first taking time to think or ask questions to get clarity and understanding? We too often, like Macbeth, make the very firstlings of our hearts be the firstlings of our hands. At the core, Shakespeare's characters are some of the most beautiful examples of what it means to be human. And Macbeth, in his hastiness, paranoia, guilt, ambition, love, and fallibility, has a magnifying glass on him with Shakespeare essentially telling us, "we all possess these traits because we're all human, but it's how we choose to act that either make these traits a blessing or a curse." This is why Shakespeare's plays and characters still endure today -- because we can see part of ourselves in them, and we continue to learn from them. CAST (in alphabetical order) Lennox JERAH DOXTATOR Porter/Siward MIKE ESERKALN Banquo ERIC WESTPHAL Lady Macduff/Angus RACHEL ZIOLKOWSKI Director Carolyn Silverberg | Assistant Director Teresa Aportela Sergott | Stage Manager Elizabeth Jolly Assistant Stage Manager Maggie Sergott | Costumes Debra Jolly | Fight Choreographer Curt Christnot Fight Captain Grace Sergott | Artistic Director Mary Ehlinger JERAH DOXTATOR (Lennox) is a Midwest based actor, musician, and singer. Previous credits include Lloyd Sidwell in Deadly Games at the Hotel Excelsior (Cardboard Theater), Egeus/Moondust in A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Play-by-Play Theatre), and Don Pedro (Much Ado About Nothing (Play-by-Play Theatre). He would like to thank Play-by-Play for creating such a wonderful and enriching opportunity to perform Shakespeare in Green Bay. MIKE ESERKALN (Porter/Lord) owns and produces ComedyCity and Cardboard Theatre. He also makes art www.eserkaln.com CAITLYN GILLMAN (Fleance/Macduff's Son/Messenger) is very excited to be part of the Macbeth cast. Macbeth is Caitlyn’s Shakespeare debut. Her favorite past performances include The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe (Aslan) and The Jungle Book (Gamma). She is grateful for director Carolyn Silverberg and her faith in Caitlyn’s skills. She'd like to thank her friends and family for their endless support and chauffeur service. ELIZABETH JOLLY (Stage Manager) hails from Abrams, WI where she is very involved as an actor and director in her local community theater, Abrams Spotlight Productions, Inc. She graduated from St. Norbert College in 2012 with a bachelor’s degree in Theatre Studies and Classical Studies and following that completed a conservatory program in acting at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in NYC. Recent Play-by-Play credits include Stage Managing for Lincoln & Liberty Too, Much Ado About Nothing, Romeo and Juliet, and performing inWords, Words, Words (Kafka). She also recently appeared in Theatre Z's production of The Father. HANNA JORGENSEN (Witch/Gentlewoman) is so happy and honored to be performing Shakespeare again with Play-by-Play. This her second show with them, her last role was Lady Capulet in Romeo & Juliet. She is truly blown away by the talent and dedication of this cast and can’t wait to show Green Bay this wonderful production! JOSIAH KALIQ (Macbeth) This is Josiah’s first foray into the illustrious world of Shakespeare, and he is honored to be taking the journey with the amazing cast of Macbethin his first Play-by-Play Theatre production. When he is not acting, Josiah enjoys spending time with his family, reading, and eating french fries. Josiah would like to thank his fiancé Morgan, his mother Keziah, and the rest of his family for their encouragement, the community of Green Bay for its continued support of the arts, and Willow Zee for showing him how to, once again, use his imagination! WILL KNAAPEN (Macduff) s a Green Bay local who has been involved in theater in the area for the past five years, including several Shakespeare productions. This summer has been especially busy, with three different shows in two months! Thanks to everyone involved for their hard work and talent in bringing Macbeth to life! SUSAN MCALLISTER (Doctor/Old Woman/Lord) After a 35 year career as a music educator in the Green Bay Area Public Schools teaching young singers/performers and directing musicals, Susan is enjoying having the opportunity to be the one being taught and directed! She enjoyed every moment with Evergreen Theatre as Yente in Fiddler on the Roof and Mrs. Armstrong in The Best Christmas Pageant Ever. Being a part of Play-By Play Theatre’s production ofMacbeth solidifies her love of Shakespeare and her respect for the dedicated professionals and community volunteers who bring the magic of live theater to our community. Thanks to everyone involved in this production (Huzzah!), the encouragement and support of friends and family, and especially to her husband Mac. TRAVIS MEYER (Captain/Young Siward/Murderer/Messenger) is thrilled and honored to be a part of not only his first production with Play-by-Play Theatre, but also his first Shakespeare play. Travis has previously performed in several productions with Theatre on the Bay, most notably as Reuben Soady in Escanaba in Da Moonlight, Peachy Weil in The Last Night at Ballyhoo, and Robbie the Stockfish in Urinetown the Musical. Travis is thankful to the cast and crew of Macbeth for making this an enjoyable and unforgettable experience. MAGGIE MONTE (Witch/Seyton) an avid theater and music lover who has acted in multiple community theater shows in the area. She was a fairy in the online production of A Midsummer Night's Dream and Verges in Much Ado About Nothing with Play-by-Play. The Witches in Macbeth are some of her favorite Shakespeare characters, and she is very excited to be playing the part. GRACE SERGOTT (Malcolm) is thrilled to be a part of her third show with Play-by-Play, after being seen onstage previously in Much Ado About Nothing and Romeo and Juliet. Grace graduated from Bradley University in ‘21 with her degree in Theatre with a concentration on Performance. As always, she would like to thank her family, her partner, and her cat for their endless support and love. You give me courage every day. Dedicated to Uncle Raúl. Enjoy the show! MAGGIE SERGOTT (Donalbain/Assistant Stage Manager) is excited and honored to be working with Play-by-Play once again! She was assistant stage manager as well for Romeo and Juliet. Theater has been a big part of her life since she was little and she is so excited to share the experience with you all! She wants to thank her cat, Prudence, for not throwing too many things around while she was at rehearsal. Enjoy the show! TERESA APORTELA SERGOTT (Witch/Siward/Asst. Director) Teresa’s love of Shakespeare and live theatre began when she watched her brother perform as Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing decades ago with the Atlanta Shakespeare Company. She has had the opportunity to be cast in Play-by-Play’s Romeo + Juliet (Nurse), Taming of the Shrew (Baptista), and A Midsummer Night's Dream (Peter Quince). She was most recently seen in Gypsy (Rose) with Abrams Spotlight Productions. She has also acted and directed locallywith Theatre Z and Evergreen Theatre. She dedicates this performance to her family and her brother, Raul. CAROLYN SILVERBERG (Lady Macbeth/Director) Carolyn's love for Shakespeare began in 5th grade when her class performed Macbeth and it brought her all the way to England where she got her M.A. in Shakespeare from the University of London. Recently, she enjoyed brushing up on her violin skills for the world premiere of the original musical Lincoln & Liberty Too. In addition to her involvement with PbP, she has also performed with Abrams Spotlight Productions & Evergreen Productions and directed with Evergreen Young Actors, Studio 12, and Camp Watitoh in the Berkshires. Additionally, Carolyn has been a Shakespearean guest speaker at St. Norbert College, The Monday Shakespeare Club, Ashwaubenon High School, Preble High School, and Kimberly High School. Proud Cat-Mom to Tybalt. For Dad, always. MARY SPENCER (Ross) is thrilled for the opportunity to once again perform Shakespeare with a tremendously talented Play-by-Play cast and crew. Recent acting credits include The Watch/ Messenger in Play-By-Play’s Much Ado About Nothing, Helen in Evergreen Theater’s Good Benches, Good Neighbors, and Jackie Cochran in Evergreen’s Fly Babies. Mary looks forward to sharing a passion for Shakespeare first sparked playing Ophelia in Southwest High School’s When Shakespeare’s Ladies Meet. Mary thanks her friends and family, Carolyn, Mary, and all who helped bring this production to life; and greater Green Bay for supporting local arts. MIKE THOMPSON (King Duncan) After a 40 year break from live theater, Mike returns to the stage as King Duncan. He is constantly inspired by his wife, Jami, who herself is an active actress with local Green Bay community theater companies. A former pro hockey executive, Mike keeps himself busy with hockey as a coach, player, and as a long-suffering Maple Leafs fan. Now in the wine business, he enjoys spending time with his children (Sam & Kennally), family and friends, sampling as many local breweries and wineries as possible. Mike would like to thank his family and friends for their encouragement and support, and Play-by-Play for this incredible experience! ERIC WESTPHAL (Banquo) This is Eric's third outing with Play-by-Play's Theatre in the Park and he is always excited to work with them! His previous roles were as chaos creators in Oberon and Don John so it's a nice change to play one of Shakespeare's most honorable characters. Since last year's outing in the park Eric got to do a bucket list role as Adult Ralph/Narrator in A Christmas Story with Evergreen Theater. Most recently he was part of World Premiere Wisconsin, making his Forst Inn debut in area playwright Martin Prevost's Deeper Meaning. Eric has a BA in Theatre and Education from Lawrence University and can be heard weekday afternoons on 103.1 WOGB from 2-7pm RACHEL ZIOLKOWSKI (Lady Macduff/Angus) is happily spending her fourth consecutive summer with Shakespeare! Her last Play-by-Play appearance was as Friar Lawrence in Romeo & Juliet,last Shakespeare performances was Titania and Hippolyta in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and last stage performances was Chris Hargenson in Carrie: The Musical. Rachel spends the rest of the year teaching elementary music, working on various music projects, practicing pointed pen calligraphy, and avidly knitting. Thank you, Carolyn and Mary, for bringing Shakespeare to Green Bay year after year! The play begins with the brief appearance of a trio of witches and then moves to a military camp, where the Scottish King Duncan hears the news that his generals, Macbeth and Banquo, have defeated two separate invading armies—one from Ireland, led by the rebel Macdonwald, and one from Norway. On a bleak Scottish moorland, Macbeth and Banquo, discover the three witches from before. The witches prophesy that Macbeth will be promoted twice: to Thane of Cawdor (a rank of the aristocracy bestowed by grateful kings) and King of Scotland. Banquo's descendants will be kings, but Banquo isn't promised any kingdom himself. The generals want to hear more, but the "weird sisters" disappear. Soon afterwards, King Duncan names Macbeth Thane of Cawdor as a reward for his success in the recent battles. The promotion seems to support the prophecy. The King then proposes to make a brief visit that night to Macbeth's castle at Inverness. Lady Macbeth receives news from her husband about the prophecy and his new title. She vows to help him become king by whatever means are necessary. Macbeth returns to his castle, followed almost immediately by King Duncan. The Macbeths plot together to kill Duncan and wait until everyone is asleep. At the appointed time, Lady Macbeth gives the guards drugged wine so Macbeth can enter and kill the King. He regrets this almost immediately, but his wife reassures him. She leaves the bloody daggers by the dead king just before Macduff, a nobleman, arrives. When Macduff discovers the murder, Macbeth kills the drunken guards in a show of rage and retribution. Duncan's sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, flee, fearing for their own lives; but they are, nevertheless, blamed for the murder. Macbeth becomes King of Scotland but is plagued by feelings of insecurity. He remembers the prophecy that Banquo's descendants will inherit the throne and arranges for Banquo and his son Fleance to be killed. In the darkness, Banquo is murdered, but his son escapes the assassins. At his state banquet that night, Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo and worries the courtiers with his mad response. Lady Macbeth dismisses the court and unsuccessfully tries to calm her husband. Macbeth seeks out the witches who say that he will be safe until a local forest, Birnam Wood, marches into battle against him. He also need not fear anyone born of woman. Macbeth embarks on a reign of terror, slaughtering many, including Macduff's family. Macduff had gone to seek Malcolm (one of Duncan's sons who fled) at the court of the English king. Malcolm is young and unsure of himself, but Macduff, pained with grief, persuades him to lead an army against Macbeth. The thane of Ross arrives to tell Macduff the news of the death of his family. Macbeth feels safe in his remote castle at Dunsinane until he is told that Birnam Wood is moving towards him. Malcolm's army is carrying branches from the forest as camouflage for their assault on Macbeth's stronghold. Meanwhile, an overwrought and conscience-ridden Lady Macbeth walks in her sleep and tells her secrets to her doctor and waiting gentlewoman. As the final battle commences, Macbeth hears of Lady Macbeth's death (likely suicide) and mourns. In the midst of a losing battle, Macduff challenges Macbeth. Macbeth learns Macduff is the child of a caesarean birth (ie, not born of woman), realizes he is doomed, and fights to the death. Macduff triumphs. Malcolm declares peace and goes to Scone to be crowned king. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE was a renowned English poet, playwright, and actor born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. His birthday is most commonly celebrated on April 23rd which is also believed to be the date he died in 1616. Shakespeare was a prolific writer during the Elizabethan and Jacobean ages of British theatre. Shakespeare's work includes 38 plays, 2 narrative poems, 154 sonnets, and a variety of other poems. Shakespeare’s legacy is as rich and diverse as his work; his plays have spawned countless adaptations across multiple genres and cultures. His plays have had an enduring presence on stage and film. William Shakespeare continues to be one of the most important literary figures of the English language. MACBETH cannot be precisely dated, but scholars tend to agree that it was not written earlier than 1603 as the play is widely seen to celebrate King James I and the Stuart accession to the throne following the death of Queen Elizabeth I. King James I (also King James VI of Scotland) had a grand fascination with magic and witchcraft (having written a book called Daemonologie) and was himself believed to be a descendant of Banquo. SPIRITUALISM has roots in Scotland that can be traced back to the mid-19th century. The movement gained momentum through mediums who claimed to communicate with the spirit world. The Spiritualist movement also left its mark on literature and culture in Scotland, such as with Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, known for creating Sherlock Holmes, who was famously drawn to Spiritualism. Outside of Scotland, the movement gained momentum with the infamous Fox Sisters, three sisters from New York who claimed to communicate with spirits through mysterious knocks. Spiritualism saw a resurgence in popularity after WW1 and again in 2020 during the Covid pandemic as people sought to connect with their departed loved ones.

[The following is an exact transcript of this podcast.] We might think perfect pitch is an innate talent. Well, a study in the American Journal of Human Genetics is providing some evidence for that. Perfect pitch, aka absolute pitch, is the rare ability to name or recreate musical notes like A or middle C without using any comparable reference. Researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, studied the results from an online test taken by over ten thousand people. Not surprisingly, individuals tended to either have perfect pitch or not. But in a closer study of 73 families researchers found a region of genes on chromosome eight in those with perfect pitch and from European ancestry. More study is needed to zero in on just which gene or multiple genes might be responsible. And for comparison they intend to study individuals without perfect pitch but with equivalent musical training. There is some evidence that babies have the ability for absolute pitch, so researchers for this study theorize that maybe most lose this ability with age, but that what a so-called pitch gene does is extend this talent through a crucial period in childhood.

“No man ever steps into the same river twice, for it’s not the same river and he’s not the same man.” –Heraclitus (534-474 B.C.E.) Watching the Dungeness People began keeping occasional records of the Dungeness River’s flow in the early 1900s. Since 1938 continuous records have been kept from a monitoring station (currently at the Schoolhouse Bridge on Anderson Road). The information collected is used to keep track of daily mean flows and to compare changes in the river from year to year. Since the 1920s the river’s average yearly flow has been about 380 cubic feet per second (cfs), but the flow isn’t consistent. The average Dungeness flow has been less in some years (197 cfs in 1978) and higher in others (697 cfs in 1999). And during one flood in 2002, the flow reached 7,610 cfs. The river’s variations stem from weather patterns, ocean temperature and human use of water from the river. Over the course of a Dungeness river water year, measured from October 1 to September 30, the area experiences rainstorms and snow from October to December. The months of January through March usually see additional snow in the mountains but fewer rainstorms. In April the winter’s snowpack in the mountains begins to melt, and the runoff increases during May and June. Runoff eases in July. In most years the river has its lowest flow in late summer and early fall. Northwest weather also cycles through changes on an irregular schedule. Roughly every three to seven years, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation pattern of warmer surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean brings warmer and dryer periods with less buildup of snowpack in the mountains. In other years La Niña brings cooler, wetter periods. The occasional warm and wet flow of atmospheric moisture called the Pineapple Express yields heavy rains; these can cause higher rates of snowpack melt and flooding downstream. Oceanographers study an even longer cycle (20-30 years) of surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, that seems to accompany shifts between warmer/dryer and cooler/wetter years for the river. Other scientists, who study long-term climate change, expect more winter rain-on-snow storms to the area, with more winter flooding but less summer runoff from the reduced snowpack. Irrigation and the river In 1896 Dungeness Valley farmers began to divert water from the Dungeness River to irrigate farmland. A system of irrigation ditches was part of the process. (The first irrigation ditch, the Sequim Prairie ditch, remains to this day. It crosses under the big bump in Priest Road east of Railroad Bridge Park.) As irrigation increased, downstream river flows lessened, so farmers and conservationists have taken measures to decrease the diversion of water for irrigation. They have replaced open ditches with covered pipe to cut back on evaporation, for example, and they have decreased the amount of cropland to be irrigated. Studies of the Dungeness River are now more important than ever, not only to farmers in the area but also for preserving wildlife. Native salmon, for example, need enough river flow to be able to swim upriver to spawn. NOTE: Much of the material in this article is adapted from Chapter 5 of “Keys to an understanding of the natural history of the Dungeness River System” (1996, Welden & Virginia Clark) and later updates.

The effect of insect populations on sour cherries in the absence of insecticide sprays was studied in a Montmorency cherry orchard from 1959 through 1962. Fruit from trees sprayed only with a fungicide (dodine) was examined for insect injury at harvest. Results for 1961 and 1962 are given in detail. Seventeen percent were injured in 1961 and 20% in 1962 with the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), causing 14 and 17%, respectively. The remaining 3% injury was due primarily to lepidopterous larvae, including internal injury by the cherry fruitworm, Grapholitha packardi Zeller, and the destructive pruneworm, Mineola scitulella Hulst, and external feeding by the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller), and fruit-tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), The plum curculio was responsible for additional losses of 9 and 6% owing to fruit “drop” prior to harvest in 1961 and 1962, respectively. The total crop loss caused by insect injury was 26%. Document Type: Research Article Publication date: February 1, 1966 More about this publication? Journal of Economic Entomology is published bimonthly in February, April, June, August, October, and December. The journal publishes articles on the economic significance of insects and is divided into the following sections: apiculture & social insects; arthropods in relation to plant disease; forum; insecticide resistance and resistance management; ecotoxicology; biological and microbial control; ecology and behavior; sampling and biostatistics; household and structural insects; medical entomology; molecular entomology; veterinary entomology; forest entomology; horticultural entomology; field and forage crops, and small grains; stored-product; commodity treatment and quarantine entomology; and plant resistance. In addition to research papers, Journal of Economic Entomology publishes Letters to the Editor, interpretive articles in a Forum section, Short Communications, Rapid Communications, and Book Reviews.

This year marks the anniversary of a serendipitous discovery made by Victor Hess in his 1912 balloon flight: the discovery of what later was called the cosmic radiation. Attempts to understand this enigmatic phenomenon provided the motivation for developments that greatly affected the course of physics and astronomy through the following century. First, early studies of cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere laid the foundations of high-energy particlephysics, before accelerator laboratories entered this field in the mid-1900's. Subsequently, stratospheric balloons and space probes begun to make possible direct observations of cosmic rays above the atmosphere. These observations led to other entirely new areas of research: particle astrophysics, astronomy with gamma-rays and x-rays, and space plasma physics. Among the numerous institutions involved in cosmic-ray research world-wide, the University of Chicago played a major role from the 1920's to the present time. We shall review some of these activities, from the emotional battles about the nature of the cosmic rays in the early times, to particle physics experiments in the 1930's and 1940's, to in-situ studies in space and on balloons since the 1960's, and to the return to ground-based installations at present. Argonne Physics Division Colloquium Schedule

When Rahm Emanuel assumed office as Mayor of Chicago, he inherited very tough challenges — heavier than the politics-as-usual passing of the baton from one administration to the next. He inherited a legacy of violence that had been generations in the making. That legacy can make the violence seem intractable, but it isn’t. (MORE: Read this week’s TIME Magazine cover story “Chicago Bull,” available to subscribers here) I grew up in Chicago, but I spent much of my professional career working to control epidemics in Africa and Asia for the World Health Organization and others. When I returned home in 1995, I saw violence in Chicago spreading in the exact same patterns as diseases like tuberculosis and HIV. At the time, people used the term “violence epidemic” as a metaphor, but I and others saw parallels that could be scientifically documented. Maps and graphs that chart the spread of violence look almost identical to those that chart infectious diseases with maps showing clusters and graphs showing waves upon wave. Properties of transmission, though just as invisible as microbial counterparts, can be witnessed spreading from one individual to another, one community to the next. It has taken years of investigation to validate these observations. For example, brain research tells us that brain cortical patterns are involved in copying behavior, and that damage to the limbic system can occur by victimization. These are some of the ways in which the contagion occurs. Some of these effects can make someone lose their temper quickly and respond to a situation aggressively. They turn yesterday’s victim or witness into tomorrow’s aggressor. The good news is once we recognize violence as a contagious process, we can treat it accordingly, using the same methods that successfully contain other epidemic processes – interrupting transmission, and behavior and normative change. Cure Violence and its partners have been putting this public health approach to violence into practice in Chicago, Baltimore, New York, Philadelphia, New Orleans and more than 15 cities and 8 countries by putting specially selected workers into communities to interrupt violence and encourage behavior change through outreach. Research conducted by the U.S. Justice Department, Centers for Disease Control, Johns Hopkins University and others have credited this approach with dramatically reducing shootings and killings in neighborhoods where violence had been epidemic. The Institutes of Medicine —the health arm of the National Academy of Sciences — and the U.S. Conference of Mayors have recognized the importance of using this public health model to prevent the spread of violence. Mayor Emanuel comes from a family of doctors. He understands health very well and he values the role that the public health sector — working alongside law enforcement — can play in reducing shootings and killings, not just to help individuals but to reduce violence across an entire community. He also wants results. And we’re beginning to see them. Woodlawn is one of the communities hit hardest by violence last year. It is also one of the communities where Mayor Emanuel invested in a comprehensive anti-violence strategy that includes law enforcement and public health. We have already seen a 100 percent reduction in homicides there this year. Based on data from the Chicago Police Department from January to April 2013, there has been a 40 percent reduction in shootings and killings across the 14 communities where both law enforcement and public health strategies are being used. Every shooting that does not happen helps to create a new legacy for Chicago and for every community that is plagued by violence. Perceptions are hard to change. But we can save lives. And because we can, we must. Gary Slutkin is a physician and founder and executive director of Cure Violence. The views expressed are solely his own. Click here to read editor-at-large David Von Drehle’s full magazine story on Chicago and Mayor Rahm Emanuel available exclusively for TIME subscribers. Not a subscriber? Subscribe now or purchase a digital access pass.

According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, most Americans eat more protein than is necessary. This is particularly true if you lead a sedentary lifestyle, as your protein needs are lower than those of a more active person. Numerous health risks are associated with regularly eating excessive amounts of protein. By carefully monitoring your diet, you can ensure that you eat the ideal amount of protein for your sedentary lifestyle. People who lead sedentary lifestyles regularly engage in little to no physical activity, typically less than 30 minutes of moderately intense exercise per day. This type of lifestyle is associated with numerous ill health effects, including a shorter lifespan and an increased risk of heart disease and Type 2 diabetes. If you are physically able to exercise regularly, try to lead a more active lifestyle to avoid these risks. However, if you are physically unable to meet the CDC's guidelines, monitoring your diet is a great way to ensure your long-term health. According to "Discovering Nutrition," a textbook published in cooperation with the American Dietetic Association, a sedentary person should consume no more than 0.36 grams of protein per pound of body weight each day. For example, you should eat no more than 57.6 grams of protein if you weigh 160 pounds and lead a sedentary lifestyle. Although you can calculate your needs based on these recommendations, you should consult with your doctor to ensure that you are consuming the ideal amount of protein for your body weight and lifestyle. Excessive Protein Risks There are approximately 4 calories in each gram of protein. Since weight gain occurs when you consume more calories than you burn, excess protein can lead to unwanted weight gain. If you are leading a sedentary lifestyle, this weight gain will primarily come in the form of excess body fat. In addition, excess protein leads to dehydration, places strain on your kidneys, interferes with neurotransmitter function and may increase your risk of heart disease, osteoporosis and cancer. Cutting Your Protein Intake Protein is found in a variety of foods, including grains, beans, legumes, dairy products and eggs. The pervasiveness of protein makes it somewhat difficult to restrict your daily intake. However, as meat and animal products are among the highest sources of protein, an easy way to cut your protein intake is to limit your daily consumption of meat and meat alternatives. Try to adhere to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPyramid guidelines of 5 to 6 ounces of high protein foods per day. According to the USDA, one ounce may be 1 tablespoon of peanut butter, 1 ounce of meat, one egg, 1/2 ounce of nuts or 1/4 cup of cooked beans. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Protein - CBS News; Sedentary Lifestyle Tied to Diabetes, Heart Disease, Premature Death: Is TV to Blame?; Ryan Jaslow - U.S. Department of Agriculture: Choose MyPlate: What Are Protein Foods? - Discovering Nutrition: Fourth Edition; Paul Insel, Ph.D., et al.

Knowing Your Blood Pressure Many people don't have regular checkups or measure their own blood pressure accurately. An estimated 67 million Americans have high blood pressure, yet almost 25% do not know it. Unfortunately, many people do not have their blood pressure checked regularly. Others measure their blood pressure themselves at home but do not measure it accurately. Left untreated, high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, can pose serious health risks including heart attack, stroke and kidney failure. With medication, diet and other lifestyle changes, the majority of people with high blood pressure can keep it under control. Adults should have their blood pressure checked at least every two years. People at higher risk, including those with a family history of hypertension, African-Americans, overweight people, and people with diabetes, should have their blood pressure checked more often. A blood-pressure reading consists of two measurements, the systolic blood-pressure reading and the diastolic pressure reading. The systolic reading indicates the force the heart must exert to pump blood to the arteries in order to supply blood to the rest of the body. The diastolic reading is the resting pressure inside the arteries when the heart muscle relaxes. Hypertension is usually defined as a systolic pressure of 140 or more and a diastolic reading of 90 or more. The traditional method of taking blood pressure requires one person to check your pressure using an inflatable arm cuff above the elbow, a stethoscope and a monitor with a mercury scale called a sphygmomanometer. Today, many people measure their own blood pressure at home with equipment purchased at drugstores, medical supply houses or discount stores. Both electronic and manual devices are available. Electronic devices are much easier to use and also more expensive. Devices equipped with an arm cuff are more accurate than devices that measure blood pressure in the finger. If you monitor your blood pressure at home, take steps to make the readings as accurate as possible. Taking three readings at each sitting works well for many people. Discard the first reading, then record the second and third reading. Take your blood pressure at different times throughout the day and mark the date and time next to each reading. Record any notable circumstances, for example, poor sleep during the previous night or recent return from a brisk walk. Today more people with high blood pressure are aware of it. And more are getting it treated. But more than 40% still don't have their blood pressure under good control. To help identify people at risk of hypertension, there is a new category called "pre-hypertension." It's defined as systolic blood pressures from 120 to 139, or diastolic pressures from 80 to 89. Identifying pre-hypertension as a risk factor for the development of hypertension allows these people to monitor their blood pressure more closely and to modify their lifestyle so they may delay their need for medications. Many people can lower blood pressure with lifestyle changes only, such as controlling weight and increasing physical activity, and may not need medication. Reducing salt in the diet and decreasing alcohol consumption also can help bring blood pressure down. The most important thing is to know your blood pressure and, when it's too high, be willing to do something about it.

Oops – you’ve stumbled on a website section that was archived in October 2017 when we developed the ‘Best Places to see Scotland’s Geology’ section. Please go there for up-to-date information. In 1811, John MacCulloch (1773 – 1835) began a tour of Scotland to investigate its geological history, a tour which culminated in his book ‘A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland’, published in 1819. As part of this tour he visited the Isle of Mull where he identified the coniferous tree, now known as MacCulloch’s Tree. This fossilised tree stands within columnar basalt and is the largest and most famous of several trees to be found in the area of Ardmeanach. The tree exists as a pipe-like cast (1m x 12m), surrounded by columnar basalt of the Staffa Magma Type lavas. The cast contains some carbonised woody remains and volcanic debris, and at the base of the lava pile there is a layer of mud, coal and volcanic ash. Unfortunately, collectors have stripped most of the black woody remains since the tree’s discovery. The tree has been assigned to the genus Cupressinoxylon. It and the others in the area probably represent the last remains of a forest that was covered by a lava flow approximately 60 million years ago, during eruptions from the Palaeogene Mull volcanic centre. Note: The Mull volcanic centre forms part of the North Atlantic Palaeogene Igneous Province, along with the other centres of Skye, Arran, Ardnamurchan, Rum and St. Kilda. Bailey, E.B. & Anderson, E.M. 1925. The Geology of Staffa, Iona & Western Mull (Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Scotland). His Majesty’s Stationery Office, Edinburgh. Emeleus, C.H. & Gyopari, M.C. 1992. British Tertiary Volcanic Province, Geological Conservation Review, Series No. 4. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, 259 pp. Emeleus, C.H & Bell, B.R. 2005. British regional geology: the Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland (Fourth edition). (British Geological Survey, Nottingham. Stephenson, D. 2005. Mull and Iona – A Landscape Fashioned by Geology. Produced by: Scottish Natural Heritage & British Geological Survey.

Native American Authors Billie Jane McIntosh According to David Kane, Billie Jane's publisher, "As elected Chief of his tribal township, [Chilly McIntosh] made efforts to straddle the divide between both the traditional and progressive factions, while at the same time performing duties as Clerk of the Creek Tribal Council. Finally accepting the inevitable fact that his people were being displaced from their long-established lands, he made every effort to see that they were treated fairly and respectively during their journey west. " Books by Billie Jane McIntosh:McIntosh, Billie Jane. From Georgia Tragedy to Oklahoma Frontier, ABiography of Scots Creek Indian Chief Chilly McIntosh Franklin, TN : American History Imprints, 2008. Audience: All Ages Return to Native American Authors Home

Tens of thousands of years before Tutankhamen was buried in his pyramid, the Yorta-Yorta people -- one of Australia's aboriginal tribes -- told the stories in this volume beside the campfires and waterholes of the Australian desert. Here readers discover how Great Mother Snake created the world and filled it with plants and creatures, what makes Frog croak, why Kangaroo has a pouch, and just what it is that makes Platypus so special. Aboriginal artist and storyteller Francis Firebrace provides the evocative art that has made him known throughout Australia and beyond. Back to top Rent Stories from the Billabong 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by James V. Marshall. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Frances Lincoln.

They See What's On The Inside Under that layer of the epidermis lies a collection of bones and organs and seeing what’s inside- what makes the human body work -has been a challenge of healers throughout time. If you are unfortunate enough to have an “oops” while skiing or putting on your sock or are waiting to find out if “it’s a boy or a girl,” you are fortunate to live in a time where health care professionals, more specifically, radiological technologists, can see “what’s underneath.” With the discovery of x-rays, by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physics professor in 1895, medicine changed. Along with this technology came the people who perform the diagnostic imaging exams and administer the radiation therapy and operated the machines- the radiological technologists (RT). Radiologic Technologists work with the Radiologists and are the medical personnel who perform diagnostic imaging examinations and administer radiation therapy treatments. In Salem, you can find RT’s at both hospitals and independent clinics. Bobbi Guzman, RT(R)(MR), the state president for the Oregon Society of Radiologic Technologists (OSRT) works at Mission Medical Imaging in Salem. “We work with some of the most innovative equipment in the medical field to help identify and treat diseases,” she said. “We specialize in mammography, CAT scans (computed tomography), MRI’s (magnetic resonance imaging) and general diagnostic radiology (X-ray) and so much more.” The challenge, she adds, is that “each piece of equipment acquires images of the body in a different manner -- some use radiation, some use sonar waves, others use magnetism and radio frequency pulses. The equipment used by technologists is phenomenal! I am in awe of the complexities of these machines, the science behind the technology and the professionals who dedicate their time and effort to providing for societal health.” Guzman is clearly passionate about her work. “Fortune has smiled on me when it comes to my profession. Not only have I found an ideal career as a Radiologic Technologist, but I am blessed beyond measure to know so many other dedicated, caring and educated technologists who are just as passionate as I am. Providing patients with safe medical imaging examinations and radiation therapy treatments is the prime goal for RTs,” she said. Her experience in her work seems to reflect the occupational trends. A career in Radiologic Technology (RT) can be a satisfying one. Per the Bureau of Labor Statistics Outlook (BLSO) the field is projected to grow faster than average at 9 percent for all employment, with Oregon itself having higher than average wages. The Bureau attributes this to the fact that as the population ages “there will be an increase in medical conditions that require imaging as a tool for making diagnoses.” (BLSO) Most RTs attend a two or four-year program, ending up with either an associate's or a bachelor's degree. After graduation, there is a national board exam administered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) for licensing and credentials. In Oregon, all RTs must also be licensed through the Oregon Board of Medical Imaging (OBMI). The career can be a challenging one, as the RT’s often see people during some of the most difficult times in their life. Twenty-eight year veteran of the profession, Susan Putnam-Hopkins is an MRI technologist at Salem Health and twice president of the OSRT. Hospital RT’s interact with admitted and out-patients from the hospital. “Being an MRI technologist allows me to see people through these steps of their battle with cancer or other major disease processes. Not all outcomes are the best but if I can make one patient feel better for just one moment, laugh or smile, I have done my job.” “Rad techs are the kind of people who really care about what’s on the inside,” Guzman adds.

Date of this Version Cremins, Elizabeth A. (2023). Project Avatar: Utilizing the Power of Social-Media to Share Stories of Hope. Undergraduate Honors Thesis. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Addiction affects everyone and the stigma around addiction and its’ recovery makes it exponentially harder for individuals to heal. Today, adolescents are exposed to drugs, alcohol, and related substances from younger ages than ever before and the age of first consumption of these substances is continually decreasing. Further, social media makes it easier than ever for these young people to see substance-related content. Most teens and young adults today check their social media daily—if not hourly. Due to the young age of first exposure to substances coupled with the near-constant exposure that social media provides, addiction is an ever-present problem in college communities. Rather than only see the negative effects that social media has, we wanted to utilize its ability to spread information quickly to a large audience. With research highlighting that personalized avatars are an effective way to connect with viewers, we are working on a social media initiative to spread hopeful stories of recovery to encourage young people to seek necessary help in times of trouble.

Building a more just society is not merely a worthwhile or admirable thing to do; it’s an essential component of both our Baptismal Covenant and our Marks of Mission. By Irene Moore Davis Еvery year on February 20, the World Day of Social Justice is observed. This international day is an opportunity to promote social justice while encouraging everyone to look with fresh eyes at issues such as poverty, unemployment and underemployment, gender inequality, discrimination, and other forms of inequity. The World Day of Social Justice is an opportunity to uplift the dignity of all human beings, the concept of the common good, workers’ rights, justice for everyone including those living on the margins, opportunities for full and productive employment, poverty reduction strategies, peace and security, and respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms. Despite the progress that has been made in Canada’s laws and human rights codes protecting 2SLGBTQ+ people, many continue to experience marginalization in real terms. Members of queer and trans* communities consistently face lower incomes, less secure employment, and less financial security, and are more susceptible to homelessness and insecure housing. Rates of unemployment, underemployment, and poverty are especially high among trans+ community members. There is growing evidence that inequities faced by queer and trans* Canadians in the pre-pandemic area have been exacerbated in this time of COVID-19. For example, Egale Canada has estimated that one half of 2SLGBTQ+ households experienced lay-offs or reduced employment in the first wave, as compared to 39% of all Canadian households. Isolation at home, a challenge for most of us during the pandemic, has compelled many 2SLGBTQ+ youth to choose between living in unsupportive, hostile households or pursuing less secure housing where they can (perhaps) live authentically. For 2SLGBTQ+ Canadians who have intersecting identities, complex layers of inequality have created even greater challenges. Building a more just society is not merely a worthwhile or admirable thing to do; it’s an essential component of both our Baptismal Covenant and our Marks of Mission. On this World Day of Social Justice, consider how we, as people of faith, can move towards truly loving our neighbours as ourselves by continuously striving to overcome unconscious bias. Think about how transforming unjust structures and challenging violence of every kind could be implemented on a personal level: might they mean deeper, more intentional efforts to avoid language that renders 2SLGBTQ+ people invisible within our faith communities and beyond, casting aside heteronormative language that reinforces gender binaries and fosters exclusion in favour of inclusive language that reflects diverse identities and promotes inclusion? Reflect on the ways we can strive for justice and peace among all people, all week long, by creating and supporting inclusive cultures in our workplaces and communities. Consider how our commitment to doing justice, loving kindness, and walking humbly with God might lead us to demonstrate humility and sincerity in our tone and approach when interacting with members of marginalized populations, including those excluded from positions of power or privilege because of sexual orientation, sex assigned at birth, gender identity or expression. When endeavouring to respect the dignity of every human being, evaluate the degree to which we practice active allyship on a day-to-day basis, and what our daily actions say about who we value and care about in society. Let streams of living justice flow down upon the earth. Irene Moore Davis (she/her/hers, ally) is an educator, historian, and activist, a member of All Saints’ Windsor, a lay representative on the Proud Anglicans of Huron Committee, and an appointee to the Dismantling Racism Task Force.

I was looking for information on how the photo electrons are emitted when under X-ray radiation. In this ancient review paper here http://journals.aps.org/pr/pdf/10.1103/PhysRev.30.488 they state that the most common angles for non polarized X-ray beams (of various energies) range roughly at around 70-80 degrees with the beam. It is unclear to me, whether the photo electrons are moving towards the source of the X-ray beam or away from it ? Undergrad texts do not seem to shed light on this matter, the best one gets is pictures with emitted electrons being at a 90 degree angle to the incoming photon. Also, I assume this angle is given for a cone, i.e. it's 70-80 w.r.t. the beam, but with 2pi angle around the beam ?

Movements and mortality of two commercially exploited carcharhinid sharks following longline capture and release off eastern Australia Barnes, CJ, Butcher, PA, Macbeth, WG, Mandelman, JW, Smith, SDA & Peddemors, VM 2016, 'Movements and mortality of two commercially exploited carcharhinid sharks following longline capture and release off eastern Australia', Endangered Species Research, vol. 30, pp. 193-208. Carcharhinus plumbeus (sandbar shark) and C. obscurus (dusky shark) occur in many global fisheries as targeted species and/or by catch. However, little is known about their movement and the possible fate of discards. We redressed this lack of knowledge using pop-up satellite archival tags (PSAT) and acoustic tagging technologies off the eastern coast of Australia. Eight sharks of each species were caught by demersal longline, fitted with both types of tag and then released. PSATs indicated that 2 C. plumbeus and 1 C. obscurus died within 8 h of release, while tracks over periods of 1 to 60 d were obtained for 13 sharks. All surviving sharks first swam in an easterly, offshore direction to outer-shelf waters during the first 24 h. All C. plumbeus then moved approximately south (i.e. increasing latitude) by distances of up to ~350 km. In contrast, most C. obscurus moved approximately north by distances between 212 and 606 km. Over an 18 mo period following release, acoustic tag detections occurred for 4 C. plumbeus (mostly within 30 km of release, suggesting some philopatry) and 6 C. obscurus (~515 km south and ~310 km north). Both species spent ~85% of their time in waters <100 m deep. Diel patterns in vertical movements of C. plumbeus were detected, with a preference for deeper water during daylight hours. Both species mainly utilised water temperatures between 22 and 26°C. Information from this study can be used for the effective management of commercially exploited stocks of both species.

Of particular interest is the mention by Diodorus Siculus in the 1st century B.C. of the "Pretanic" islands (i.e. Britain), deriving from a tribal name of *Pritani or *Preteni. (Wainwright p.135) Although the name itself appears to be Celtic, this tribal name was later closely associated with the Picts. In medieval times, the Welsh used "Prydain" to name Britain and "Prydyn" for "Pict" or "Pictland". The medieval Irish borrowed the word and adapted it to their own sound-system, using "Cruithin" (plural "Cruithni") to refer not only to the Picts but to British immigrants in Ireland. See the discussion in section II.B.1. for further aspects. One of the things strongly suggested by the early data is that, whether or not a non-Celtic Pictish language still flourished by the 1st century A.D., place names and personal names of people associated with the Pictish strongholds show a mixture of Celtic and non-Celtic elements at this time. From a practical point of view for the purposes of naming, this means that a Celtic name would be appropriate for a Pict to bear. It probably means that a Celtic language context would be appropriate for a Pictish name at this time. And we have evidence, at least from the 3rd century, of a "Caledonian" name using native elements (and probably a native relationship formula) being rendered in Latin in a memorial inscription. The primary comparison I will make is with an Irish translation of the "Historia Britonum" that was made in the 11th century (attributed to a man named Gillacaemhin), with the earliest copy appearing in the "Leabhar na h-uidhre" compiled by Maelmure who died in 1106. Only a fragment of this is preserved, however, and the earliest complete copy is found in the late 14th century "Book of Ballimote", where the Pictish material is found. Curiously, in many cases, this Irish manuscript appears to preserve older forms of the names than the Scottish one. A great deal of confusion is introduced in the Irish manuscripts because they evidently were copied from an original containing two columns -- the list of "Brude"s and the remainder of the text -- and this was not understood by the copyist who treated the whole as a single column. Fortunately, other sources make this fairly easy to untangle, however it shows how easily data can be mangled beyond recognition when copied by someone who does not understand the original material. (Skene p.xxxiff) Unless otherwise specified, names will be presented in two columns with the Colbertine form first and the Irish form second. The Chronicle contains a preface that contains passages extracted from the 7th century "Origines" of Isidore of Seville mentioned earlier, a list of Pictish kings that can be divided roughly into "the eponymous kings", "the Brudes", and "the historical kings", and a third section concerning the Scottish kings from Kenneth MacAlpin onward. The original probably had an additional section before this last describing the destruction of the Picts and the "treacherous slaughter of their nobles at a meeting with the Scots", for a summary of these events is found in that place in Ranulph Higden's 14th century "Polichronicon" in a section clearly derived from the Pictish Chronicle. (Skene p.xixf) The date of this slaughter is placed around 850 (Skene p.cxci) which pretty much marks the close of the Picts as a documented ethnic or political entity. The second and third sections of the chronicle give evidence of having been translated from Gaelic into Latin by someone not entirely comfortable with Gaelic. For example, the phrase "Dadrest" has in one case been interpreted as a personal name, while the context (and a knowledge of Gaelic) clearly shows it as the phrase "two Drests". There are other similar occurances. As discussed below, there appear to be several other layers of misunderstanding that have been incorporated into the king-lists themselves, with the result of greatly confusing an understanding of the names involved. (Skene p.xxif) The name "Cruithne" demonstrates one of the major strains of difficulty in interpreting the written evidence. It is a Q-Celtic (Gaelic) version of the tribal name "Pritani" mentioned above. Up until the period of massive change in the P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages that occurred around the 6th century, there is evidence that people were widely aware of the major sound-correspondences between the two languages, and that words and names were often "translated" between them as if producing a cognate derived from an earlier common root. Thus the Latin name "Patricius" (Patick) appears in some cases in Ireland as "Cothric", substituting "c" for "p" as if "Patrick" had been a Brythonic name for which there might reasonably be a Goidelic cognate. Similarly, if we assume "Pritani" (or something similar) as the original tribal name involved here, we can understand "Cruithne" as a Gaelic "translation" of the name. A comparison of Scottish and Irish versions of the Pictish king-lists shows many other examples of this sort of "translation" and points out the difficulty in taking manuscripts at face value. The names beginning in "f" also show evidence of having Q-Celtic origins. (Original Celtic initial "U-" became "F-" in Q-Celtic and "Gw- in P-Celtic, whereas P-Celtic has no native words beginning with the sound [f].) While it is possible to entertain an explanation that these names represent non-Celtic Pictish forms, a far more likely answer is that they are Q-Celtic placenames, dating from after the Gaelic influx, that have had a false antiquity lent to them through this origin myth. Alternately, they may be Gaelicizations of names that _do_ belong to some valid early tradition. "Fib" may correspond to the "Uip" found in the list of Brudes and possibly also to the "Uepo-" in "Uepogenus". All of these factors lead one to the conclusion that the development of the "origin-legend" of the Picts involving Cruithne and his sons did not occur until the region was primarily Goedelic rather than Brythonic-speaking. And this, in turn, brings one to the conclusion that these figures are fictional and that their names do not necessarily reflect actual naming practices. Cruithne is given only a father in the Colbertine MS (Cruidne filius Cinge), but in the Irish version of the "Historia Britonum" he is given the following pedigree, tracing all the way back to the Biblical Noah: Cruithne mac Cinge mic Luchtain mic Parrthalan mic Agnoinn mic Buain mic Mais mic Fathecht mic Jafeth mic Noe. The majority of the names of the seven "sons" can be identified with the names of known regions in Scotland, as indicated below. Jackson, disapointingly, makes no comment on the phenomenon, confining himself to discussing the linguistic forms and not their functions. There is a temptation to conclude that if thirty (or twenty-eight) Pictish kings in a row are identified with the word "Brude", that perhaps "brude" is simply the word for king in Pictish. There is a hint that Chadwick agrees with this theory, for discussions of the "thirty Brudes" are referenced in the index under "Brude, as a title" -- but the text itself makes no explicit commentary on the subject that I can find. The word also appears as a name later in the lists (as "Bridei", et al.), but this would not argue conclusively against the previous theory. There are numerous examples in early Welsh genealogies of previous "titles" (usually Latin ones) being used as given names. This may be a misinterpretation by later copyists, or it may have been the actual adoption of the element as a personal name. The use of "Brendan" as a given name in Irish is a more certain parallel. It was borrowed from a Brythonic word for king ("brigantinos") and its removal from the context in which it was used as an ordinary word no doubt made it easier for it to be used as a personal name. Similarly, if "brude" were a common noun in Pictish, but knowledge of that language were being lost, it might contribute both to the reinterpretation of the early king- lists as using it as a personal name, but perhaps also to the adoption of it _as_ a personal name by later generations. Whatever the true explanation, there is reason to be suspicious of considering "Brude" as a personal name for the alleged era of this part of the list. The second phenomenon we see can be interpreted with with a bit more certainty. Sequences of personal names doubled with the same name prefixed by "Ur-" or "Gwor-" (a later version of the same element) can be seen in at least one early Welsh genealogy. Bartrum (p.125 note) points out a similar pattern in the genealogy of the kings of Gwynedd given in Harleian MS 3859: "... Cein map Guorcein map Doli map Guordoli map Dumn map Guordumn ...." Chadwick (pp.3-5) discusses the phenomenon in depth, also pointing out Irish parallels, but fails to draw any clear conclusions other than that something suspicious is going on. I have a memory of reading one promising hypothesis on the subject (which follows), but unfortunately can no longer remember or relocate the source. So the following will have to be put forth on my own with appropriate credit to the unknown source. Although the element is unquestionably found in personal names, from Gaulish "Vercingetorix", to Welsh "Gwrgant", to Irish "Fergus", it is also a preposition meaning "over, above, on". The name "ghosts" that appear in the Pictish and Welsh genealogies seem likely to be remnants of an oral formula where the preposition is used to mean "after" (or possibly "before", in which case the interpreted order may be erroneous). Thus, removing the "Brude"s and interpreting the "ur" in this light, we get "Pant, after Pant, Leo, after Leo, Gant, after Gant, Gnith, after Gnith, Fecir, etc." If the name begins with a liquid sound, as in "Leo" and "Ru", the "r" of the preposition is assimilated to the following sound: "Uleo", "Eru". This is a fairly common linguistic phenomenon and presents no problems in interpretation. (Compare, in English, with the fate of the prefix "in-" meaning "not" in "illegal" and "irregular".) If the preposition should instead be read as "before", we get instead, "Pant, before Pant, Leo, before Leo, Gant, etc." If this were a common formula at some point for reciting genealogies or regnal lists, it might have continued to exist either in oral or written form past when the formula was understood, and then was reinterpreted as including the "ghost" duplicate names. The strongest argument against this theory is that nowhere else in Celtic languages do we find clear evidence of a cognate of "Ver-" being used to describe relative position in time, rather than space. While the earlier lists simply gave single names or genealogies containing only given names, this section begins to contain more constructions that appear to be bynames. Six entries (most of them toward the end) contain a patronym (using "filius" in the Scottish version and "mac" in the Irish -- both, perhaps, translations of whatever was in everyday use). One gives the relationship to a brother, particularly interesting because the brother himself is not listed as having ruled. (In the historic list, there are kings who succeed their brothers are are listed after them as "X frater eius" (X, his brother). Several names appear to have personal bynames. When none of the elements are familiar, as in "Deo ardivois" (which appears in the Irish records as "Deordiuois"), we have to wonder how certain we can be even of the division. (Compare, for example, to "Deocilunon" earlier on the list.) But when one element is known from other names, as in the case of "Gartnaith loc", "Gartnaich diuberr" (probably a scribal error for "Gartnaith"), "Wradech uecla", and "Necton morbet", we can be more confident that we are seeing two separate name elements. Of these, we only have a clue to the meaning of two of them. One of the manuscripts translates "diuperr" as "rich" (Wainwright p.146), and in ColMS, "Necton morbet filius Erop" is referred to in the text subsequently as "Nectonius magnus filius Wirp". The Celtic element "mor" means "large, great", so "magnus" may be only a partial translation of whatever the full meaning of "morbet" was. The name found variously as "Vipoig namet" and "Uipo ignaviet" may also contain a given name - byname combination, but it is hard to tell anything for certain when the sources can't even agree where to break the phrase. If Jackson is correct in connecting the given name with "Vepogenos", then possibly neither is correct. As usual, the names are adapted to the language in which the record is being made. Just as Brude's name is recorded in the Latin-language Pictish Chronicle as "Bridei filius Mailcon", so he is recorded in the Irish-language version as "Bruide mac Melcon". It should be needless to say that in everyday use we can be as certain that he was not using "mac" as we can be that he was not using "filius". What would he have been using? Either some Pictish word for "son" or a P-Celtic term, either "map" or a more archaic version of the word. One source alone may preserve a Pictish patronym using "map", an 8th century entry in the Annals of Ulster recorded as "Tolarggan Maphan". But, in general, the manuscripts that appear to reproduce the original forms of the names most closely use Latin relationship terms. (For that matter, the Irish chronicle I am using uses "filius" far more often than "mac".) So while we can have a high degree of confidence that the everyday form of the name would _not_ have been any of the recorded versions -- because those languages would not have been in common use among the Picts at that time -- we have extremely little direct evidence for what they _would_ have used. Continuing with the historical correlations, several names in the middle of the list have connections with Anglo-Saxon royalty of the north. One Talorcan is the son of Enfret (Anglo-Saxon "Eanfrith", a king of Bernicia), the brother of Oswy (a king of Northumberland). Brude, son of Bile, found several names further down the list, is described as "fratruele" to Oswy's son Ecgfrith, suggesting that Brude's mother may have been a close relative of Talorcan. Skene (p.cxxi) suggests a daughter, based on the generations involved, but if the characteristic Pictish succession through the female line was still in effect this would seem unlikely and a niece could be a strong possibility. This list is followed by the introduction of Kenneth MacAlpin, whose reign belongs to the mid-9th century, marking the end of the rule of Pictish kings. The nature of the name structures has shifted. The vast majority of the names bear a patronym, or some other relationship (one nephew using "nepos", two brothers, although these do not contain the brother's name, but simply refer back to a previous entry, "frater eius"). Four names have no modifier at all, three have what appear to be personal bynames, although none is immediately interpretable. The list of kings is as follows: "Eddarrnonn" (doubling of letters seems common in Pictish inscriptions), or "Idarnoin" in one of the Roman-letter inscriptions, seems to correspond to "Ethernan" or "Ithernan", the first bishop of Rathin and with the entry for "Itharnan" in the Ulster Annals (669). It does not appear to be a Celtic name. "Drosten" appears in one of the Roman-letter inscriptions. "Uoret", also from a Roman-letter inscription, corresponds with the Old Breton name "Uuoret" and perhaps with the Pictish king listed as "Uurad" in manuscript. The Gaelic "Forcus" also appears in a Roman-letter inscription, cognate with "Uurguist" appearing in manuscript. "Nehhton" appears in Ogham, corresponding to the "Nechton" of the manuscripts, and is almost certainly Celtic. Other than these names, the only identifiable elements in the inscriptions are the word "crroscc" (from the Gaelic for "cross"), and a number of instances of Gaelic "maqq" or "meqq", the usual Ogham form of "mac" (son) and possibly its genitive "meic". The unintelligibility of the remainder of the inscriptions -- even when the legibility is perfect -- lends a great deal of support to the thesis that some non-Celtic Pictish language was still in common use at this point. (This makes it all the more maddening that it could survive so late, and yet not be recorded in sufficient quantity that we could know anything about it.) The use of Gaelic "maqq" in these inscriptions does not contradict that theory any more than the use of Latin "filius" in, for example, English documentary forms denies the existence and use of the English language. (Jackson suggests another possibility -- that the Pictish culture may originally have been so lacking in the concept of fatherhood that they had to borrow a foreign word for "son".) Adamnan (in his 7th century biography of the 6th century St. Columba) mentions the names of several people who were, or may have been, Picts. "Emcat" or "Emchat" appears in Pictish country, although he is not identified as a Pict. The name is Celtic, appearing as Gaulish "Ambicatos" and Irish "Imchath". The son of this man is named "Uirolec", which again appears to be Celtic, or at least have a Celtic protheme. "Broichan" is the name of a Pictish king's "druid", and would be cognate with Irish "Froichan", although a more expected Pictish form might be *Uroican. "Brude" or "Bruide" is found in Adamnan as well as in the annals and is discussed in more detail above. Another Celtic name "Artbranan" probably belongs to a Pict. One man specifically identified as a Pict, although living in Ireland, is given the name "Iogenan", which elsewhere is used to Gaelicize the Pictish name "Uuen" (of P-Celtic origin). (Wainwright pp.142-3) The Annals of Ulster include the 8th century "Tolarggan Maphan", identified as a Pict, which appears to be "Talorcan map Layout, editting, and publishing by Analyzing and Using the Data Index of Name Elements Layout, editting, and publishing by Arval Benicoeur.

Physiology and Behavior Vendelphasiuns are medium-sized Neopterons, about the same size as a Daimyo Hermitaur. Their abdomens, thoraxes, and legs are coated in golden hairs. Their claws are dark red. There is a thicker coating of golden hairs on their abdomens, which they can scratch off to poison the hunter if he/she touches one of the hairs. Their eyes are dull grey, their wings are dull grey, and their antennae are completely black. Their carapaces are completely black when without hairs. Extremely protective of their territory, they kill whatever loiters for too long in their territory. They have a very wide range of territory once it has established one, and their territories are littered with the carcasses of what it has killed. Surprisingly, they don't kill for food. They instead kill to impress a mate. The more carcasses in a Vendelphasiun's territory, the better. These Neopterons are strict herbivores, and eat just about anything poisonous that grows. These Neopterons can be infected with the Frenzy Virus. The color of their carapaces, claws and antennae don't change, but their hairs change to grayish-purple, their eyes change to a darker shade of grey, and their wings get a purple tint. The noises they make are now lower in pitch. The existence of an Apex Vendelphasiun has not been confirmed. A Vendelphasiun can be carved four times, have its wings, head, and abdomen broken, and drop an item. Note: Items are listed in order from most common to least common. |Vendelphasiun Shell||The shell of a Vendelphasiun. Covered in golden hairs that come in different sizes.| |Vendelphasiun Wing||The wing of a Vendelphasiun. Light shone through the wing barely comes out the other side.| |Vendelphasiun Hair||A hair from a Vendelphasiun's abdomen. The monster's diet of poisonous materials has made this hair toxic. Handle with extreme care.| |Vendelphasiun Blood||The fluid that courses through a Vendelphasiun's body. Commonly used for making poisons that cities use for fending off attacks.| |Vendelphasiun Eye||The eye of a Vendelphasiun. Very strong and flexible. Those who look through the eye claim they have seen another world.| |Vendelphasiun Carapace||A hard piece of exoskeleton that once served as the walls of a living fortress. Covered in golden hairs.| |Vendelphasiun Innerwing||A vital organ that helps Vendelphasiuns fly. Absorbs light shone on it, leaving only darkness.| |Vendelphasiun Hair+||A hair from a Vendelphasiun's abdomen. The monster's diet of poisonous materials has made this hair extremely toxic. Danger!| |Vendelphasiun Claw||The claw of a Vendelphasiun. It has small holes on the sharp tip that inject toxins. Victims attacked by this claw never survive.| |Vendelphasiun Broth||The fluid that courses through a Vendelphasiun's body. This sample is extremely volatile, so it is kept in a glass container.| |Vendelphasiun Eye+||The eye of a Vendelphasiun. Oddly strong and flexible. Those who look through it will never forget what they saw through it.| |Vendelphasiun F. Hair||A Vendelphasiun's hair that has been afflicted with the Frenzy. Deadly poison still drips from it. Use extreme care!| |Vendelphasiun Iolite||A stunningly beautiful purple gem found inside a Vendelphasiun. Almost too beautiful to not believe that it came from a Neopteron.| |Vendelphasiun Cortex||The rock-hard shell of a Vendelphasiun. Craft it, smelt it and smash it all you want, because this shell will always retain its strength.| |Vendelphasiun Razorwing||A wing that once belonged to a formidable Vendelphasiun. Light shone on it is only absorbed, making the wing similar to a void.| |Vendelphasiun Follicle||A hair from a Vendelphasiun's abdomen. The monster's diet of poisonous materials has made this hair contain a potent toxin. Just touching it is dangerous.| |Vendelphasiun Hardclaw||The claw of a Vendelphasiun. Years of hunting and gathering has made this claw extremely sharp.| |Vendelphasiun Essence||The fluid that courses through a Vendelphasiun's body. This sample is so volatile that it must be kept in a metal container at all times.| |Vendelphasiun Optic||The eye of a Vendelphasiun. Weirdly strong and flexible. Those who look through it will never be the same.| |Vendelphasiun F. Follicle||A Vendelphasiun's hair that has been afflicted with the Frenzy. Extremely deadly poison still drips from it. Extremely dangerous!| |Vendelphasiun Mantle||A stunningly beautiful mantle found inside a Vendelphasiun. The source of all beauty in ugliness.|

Easter: Part Two What does Easter mean? Easter means that mourning and crying and pain do not and will not have the final word. Easter means that the powers of death and domination, of mockery and might, of the endless cycle of intimidation, torture, scapegoats, violence, and victims – are on the wrong side of history. They will not prevail, no matter how much it looks like they already have. Easter means that even when we reach the very end of our rope, the very limits of what is possible, we still have cause for hope, and resistance, and graceful poise. Easter means that no matter what we have done, we can trust in God’s mercy. Forgiveness is real, and God calls us home to new life. Easter means that though the world is full of crosses and cruelty, though it seems that humanity has given up on God – God has not and will not give up on us. Easter is the mystery of resurrection, of revolution, of renaissance – which does not mean mere resuscitation. As the Easter stories make clear, Jesus’ risen body is a mystery. He appears – and disappears. He has breakfast. He says, “do not hold on to me.” He says, “Touch me.” Easter means all these things and more, like a field of spring wildflowers. Check in tomorrow for more Easter blooms...

I firmly believe that to achieve a high degree of control in blood sugar level there has to be a continuous feedback device to alert the individual of current blood sugar levels. Once this is established, an alert would dictate whether to add or decrease insulin requirements. In short, a continuous monitoring device that indirectly monitors sugar, via body temperature, blood pressure or heart palpitations. The incidence of hypoglycemia is probably associated with a drop in body temperature, or blood pressure, or some other variable that can be monitored indirectly through a wrist watch type of device. Please advise if you have anything in this spectrum of diagnostic tools. Several year ago Teledyne Avionics came out with a wristwatch-like device called the "Sleep Sentry" that continuously monitored for low blood sugars by sensing changes in skin temperature and conductivity associated with low blood sugar. Unfortunately, normal sweating also set off the alarm and was particularly a problem during sleep. At the present time, Cygnus, Inc. is developing another watch-like device which measures blood glucose every 30 minutes and stores the readings which can be downloaded and analyzed later on. An alarm for hypo- and hyperglycemia is planned by Cygnus for its GlucoWatch. Original posting 8 May 96 Last Updated: Tuesday April 06, 2010 15:08:52 This Internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. If you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional. This site is published by T-1 Today, Inc. (d/b/a Children with Diabetes), a 501c3 not-for-profit organization, which is responsible for its contents. © Children with Diabetes, Inc. 1995-2016. Comments and Feedback.