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RickBrannan

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categorize_bib_lang_grammar

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{ "label": 1, "text": "In other words, conjunctions are grammatical connectors." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Conjunctions are closely related to both sentential adverbs and particles." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Biblical Hebrew contains only one primary conjunction (the prefix וְ), but a whole family of other words also function as conjunctions." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, particles and conjunctions are often combined with each other to form compound conjunctions." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Compound conjunctions should not be considered merely as the sum of the components, but rather as a single grammatical entity with its own range of meanings which may or may not be different than the individual component words." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Sentences in Biblical Hebrew often begin with the conjunction ו (as either a consonant or a shureq vowel)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This conjunction וְ (\"and\") cannot stand alone as an independent word but must be connected to another word as a prefix." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This can be added to a noun, a verb, a pronoun, or a particle." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The shewa in וְ can lengthen to a vowel, usually pathah (when paired with the definite article) or qamets (when paired with both the article and a ה prefix), but others are also possible." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Also, the conjunction is often added between every item of a list in Biblical Hebrew; but in English the וְ is not translated for each item." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The conjunction וְ can appear either as a prefix to a word or particle, or as part of a sequential verbal form." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The word אוֹ is the standard alternative conjunction in Biblical Hebrew, usually translated as \"or\" in English." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The word כִּי is the standard causal conjunction in Biblical Hebrew, and is usually translated as \"for\" in English." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, it is also commonly used as a conditional conjunction (usually translated, \"if\")." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Often,כִּי is conditional when it occurs at the beginning of a sentence and causal when it occurs in the middle (or toward the end) of a sentence, but there are notable exceptions to this general rule." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The word כִּי can also express other conjunctive meanings, often as an contrastive following a negated statement." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "If in doubt, it is recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact meaning of the word in any specific instance." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "If in doubt, it is recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact meaning of the word in any specific instance." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The word אִם is the standard \"conditional\" conjunction in Biblical Hebrew." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "It is most often used to describe a hypothetical condition and translated as \"if\" in English." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "However, this term can can be nuanced and translated in a variety of specific ways, and it can be joined with various other particles to form different compound conjunctions." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "Therefore, this word must be translated always with senstivity to the context to express the correct nuance." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The following example is a hypothetical condition as an affirmation of an actual condition." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This use of the conjunction אִם is often found in a question and is usually translated as \"or\" in English." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The word עַתָּה (\"now\") in Biblical Hebrew often functions as a temporal adverb, and sometimes as a sentential adverb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, when עַתָּה appears at the beginning of a sentence or clause, it usually functions not as an adverb but as a conjunction, either standing alone or as a compound conjunction (when paired with the prefix וְ or with particles such as גַּם or כִּי)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In either case, the term functions as a type of causal conjunction, indicating that what follows is based upon what has come before." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "This conjunction must be translated always with great sensitivity to the context to express the correct nuance; in English, this conjunction can be translated as \"now\", \"so\", \"so now\", \"and now\", \"therefore\", and others." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the specific nuance of this term in individual contexts." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This term is a conditional conjunction, similar to אִם but used only to express hypothetical conditions." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "The word can also appear in the alternate forms לוּא and לֻא." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This term is also a conditional conjunction, and it expresses a certain kind of hypothetical condition." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "The word can be used in two different ways: either 1) in warnings to express a potential condition that will take place if the warning is not heeded, usually translated \"lest\" in English; or 2) to express the reason for a certain action to prevent a possible condition from taking place, usually translated as \"so that...not\" (or similar phrasing) in English." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Sometimes the words כִּי and אִם are paired together to form a compound conjunction that functions most often as a strong contrastive or a strong concessive (\"except\")." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "In English, it is usually translated as \"but\", \"but if\", or \"except\"." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "It is recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact meaning of any specific occurrence of this compound conjunction." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Sometimes the words אַף and כִּי are paired together to form a compound conjunction that functions as a strong affirmative (similar to an affirmation particle)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This compound conjunction can appear with or without the prefix conjunction וְ (\"and\")." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "The concept of definiteness in Biblical Hebrew is a way of referring to a person(s) or thing(s)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and participles can be either definite or indefinite, depending on several factors." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, nouns and pronouns either can be definite on the basis of their own intrinsic nature or can be made definite by some linguistic marking or grammatical construction." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Generally speaking, adjectives and participles (both active and passive) are always intrinsically indefinite, but they can be made definite by an attached definite article or pronominal suffix, or by being connected to a definite noun in a construct relationship." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "However, these are only general designations and do not represent a comprehesive list." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "There are three types of terms that are intrinsically definite: proper nouns, personal pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Biblical Hebrew has three ways to make a term definite: by adding the definite article, by adding a pronominal suffix, or by connecting it to a definite term in a construct relationship." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the example below, \"the heavens and the earth\" are made definite by the definite article, and \"account\" or \"events\" is therefore also definite." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the example below, \"Egypt\" is an intrinsically definite word and \"land\" is therefore also definite." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Sometimes the definite article can indicate a demonstrative unit of time." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Sometimes a definite adjective can indicate a superlative member of a group." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Sometimes a definite term refers to an item that has been mentioned previously in some way, either directly or indirectly." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Sometimes a definite term refers to an unidentified item with the assumption that the reader already understands the referent, either from the context of the narrative or from simple knowledge of the world." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Sometimes a definite term refers to a general class or category instead to referring to a specific item." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "Usually the meaning is clear from the context." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the example below, the definite article is incorporated in the prepositions כַ and כָּ (like)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Sometimes the definite article is used in this way when a person directly addresses another person." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, when a definite common noun is followed by a definite attributive adjective, an adjectival participle, or a noun in apposition, the definite article on both terms shows that they belong together." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In other words, that particular adjective is describing that particular noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "When the definite article is used in front of a verb, it refers to the person(s) doing the action described by the verb and is translated very much like a :ref:`particle_relative`." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The definite article is used in this way usually with infinitives (construct or absolute) or participles (active or passive), and only rarely with finite verbal forms." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The definite article is used very rarely in Hebrew poetry." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In poetry, therefore, definite terms and indefinite terms often look exactly alike and must be recognized based on other indicators or discerned simply from the context." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Some words appear in both a masculine and a feminine form." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Other words have only one form, but that single form can be either grammatically-masculine or grammatically-feminine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "These kinds of words are classified as \"gender both\", and they are usually nouns or adjectives." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A word is classified as \"both gender\" if it contains both a masculine and a feminine form, or if a single form is masculine in some contexts and feminine in other contexts." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, the noun אוֹר (light) is masculine in form and takes grammatically-masculine verbs (יְהִ֣י and וַֽיְהִי)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, the noun אוֹרָה (light) is feminine in form and takes a grammatically-feminine verb (הָֽיְתָ֥ה)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, the noun שֶׁמֶשׁ (sun) is grammatically feminine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, the noun שֶׁמֶשׁ (sun) is grammatically masculine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, the noun נֹגַהּ (brightness) could be either masculine or feminine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In both Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic, 1st person personal pronouns are \"gender common\"." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In both Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic, finite verbs in 1st person conjugation are \"gender common\"." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A word is parsed as \"common\" (in other systems sometimes \"unmarked\"), when it has potential to refer to either a masculine or a feminine person or thing." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Words classified as \"common gender\" are usually pronouns or verbs." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A word is classified as \"common gender\" if it can refer to either a grammatically-masculine or a grammatically-feminine person/thing." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, the plural demonstrative pronoun is \"gender common\"." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Nouns, adjectives, finite verbs, participles, pronouns, pronominal suffixes, and some particles change their form is according to their grammatical gender, either masculine or feminine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, nouns are classified according to gender, either masculine, feminine, or sometimes both." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Grammatical modifiers (such as adjectives, active and passive participles, pronouns, pronominal suffixes) change their endings in order to agree with the gender of the term they refer to." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A finite verb with feminine gender indicates a feminine subject." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "All references to female persons in Biblical Hebrew are feminine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, other entities apart from people can also be classified as feminine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Some particles are also marked for gender in Biblical Hebrew." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "They appear to be masculine nouns, but they are actually feminine nouns." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the proper gender for each word." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Feminine singular nouns and adjectives usually end in either ־ָה (qamets-he) or ־ֶת (seghol-taw, for participles)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Feminine dual terms end in ־ַיִם (patach-yod-hireq-final mem), as in יָדַיִם (hands)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Feminine plural terms usually end in וֹת- (holem-taw), as in תּוֹרוֹת (laws)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "There is a whole family of verbal prefixes and suffixes that indicate feminine gender for finite verbs." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Nouns, adjectives, finite verbs, participles, pronouns, pronominal suffixes, and some particles change their form according to grammatical gender, either masculine or feminine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The masculine gender is usually indicated by the absence of any prefix or suffix." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, various prefixes and suffixes can indicate masculine gender." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, nouns are classified according to gender, either masculine, feminine, or sometimes both." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Grammatical modifiers (such as adjectives, active and passive participles, pronouns, pronominal suffixes) change their endings in order to agree with the gender of the term they refer to." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A finite verb with masculine gender indicates a masculine subject." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "All references to male persons in Biblical Hebrew are masculine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, other entities apart from people can also be classified as maculine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "For example, the proper names of nations and tribes are often masculine in Biblical Hebrew." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Some particles are also marked for gender in Biblical Hebrew." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "These nouns are feminine even though they do NOT take feminine endings." }