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RickBrannan

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categorize_bib_lang_grammar

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{ "label": 1, "text": "Sometimes a singular noun can refer to an entire kind of item rather than an individual entity." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "For example, the noun עַם \"(people\") is singular and refers to an entire group of people as a single unit." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "With some nouns, the singular form can be used as either a common singular or a collective singular." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "For example, the noun עוֹף֙ can mean \"bird\" or \"birds\"." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "An adjective (also active and passive adjectival participles) in singular form describes a singular noun (either common or collective)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A finite verb (and/or verbal participle) in singular form indicates that the subject of the verb is singular (either common or collective)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Generally, all nominal and adjectival participles in plural form use the common singular." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A verbal participle in plural form indicates that the subject of the participle is plural." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "An \"adjectival participle\" immediately follows the noun it describes, and matches that noun in gender, number, and definiteness." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "An adjectival participle can either function as an adjective by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as an adjective (either attributive or predicative)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Participles are non-finite verbal forms that can change their form based on stem formation (like verbs) as well as person, gender, state, and definiteness (like both adjectives and nouns)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Participles are very flexible in their grammatical use and can function as a verbal complement, a finite main verb, an adjective, or a noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In most cases, the context will clearly show how the participle is being used in the sentence." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The meaning of a participle is usually clear, even in cases where its specific grammatical function cannot be determined precisely." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A \"nominal participle\" often takes the definite article (but not always), and can either function as a noun by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as a noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A nominal participle will appear in the construct state either when it takes a pronominal suffix or when it is in a construct relationship with another noun in the absolute state." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "When functioning as a main verb, the participle is governed by the context and has the potential to be translated as past time, present time, future time, or even without a specified timeframe." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A verbal participle can express continuous, imminent, habitual, or even stative action as determined by the context." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "When functioning as a verbal complement, the participle is governed by the main verb of the sentence and has potential to be translated as past time, present time, or future time." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A verbal participle can express continuous, imminent, habitual, or even stative action as determined by the context." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Active participles express verbal action in active voice, meaning that the person/thing described by the participle performs the action expressed by the participle itself." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "It is helpful to classify participles according to their function in the sentence as a whole: as a verb (or verbal complement); as an adjective; or as a noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Participles can function independently as their own grammatical entity, but they often introduce entire clauses that function either as adjectives or nouns." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "An \"active participle\" is a non-finite verbal form with active voice that can function as a verb (either a main verb or a verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "When used verbally, an active participle most often expresses continuous or imminent action." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical Hebrew." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "An adjectival passive participle can function as either an attributive adjective or a predicative adjective." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning as a predicative adjective or as a main verb, because both appear the same in many instances." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Passive participles express verbal action in either passive voice or reflexive voice." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Passive voice means that the person/thing described by the participle receives the action expressed by the participle itself." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Reflexive voice means that the person/thing described by the participle both performs and receives the action expressed by the participle itself." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A passive/reflexive participle is often used as an independent grammatical entity, although it can introduce entire clauses similar to the active participle." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Passive participles are generally more limited in meaning than active participles." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Passive participles are governed either by the main verb of a sentence or by the context." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "They can express action in past time, present time, future time, or without any specified timeframe." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A passive participle is a non-finite verbal form with passive or reflexive voice that can function as a verb (or verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Passive participles most often function as either an attributive adjective or a predicative adjective." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning as a main verb or as a predicative adjective, because both appear the same in many instances." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The following example shows a passive participle functioning as an attributive adjective." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The following example shows a passive participle functioning as a predicative adjective." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicative adjective." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, the participle is in the first position, which is the normal Hebrew word order for finite verbs but not for participles." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "These particles usually convey a sense of \"affirmation of\" or \"addition to\" some idea within the sentence." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Particles are auxiliary words in a language that do not describe or refer to a specific object or action." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Rather, particles often mark grammatical structures and/or show how other words within a sentence relate to each other." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Many particles are closely related to adverbs or conjunctions." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Particles are sometimes paired together (or with conjunctions) to form compound conjunctions." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Compound conjunctions are best understood as a single unit with its own range of meanings which may or may not overlap with the meanings of the individual particles themselves." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "When in doubt, it is recommended to consult and dictionary or lexicon to determine whether any particular occurrence of a particle stands alone or as part of a compound conjunction." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "These particles focus the attention of the reader/listener to the word, phrase, or sentence that immediately follows." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This particle precedes the direct object in a sentence." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Exhortation particles are used to emphasize or strengthen a request or command." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "They are often left untranslated in English." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Interjections usually appear at the beginning of a sentence or clause and are grammatically disconnected from the rest of the sentence." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "As in many languages, interjections are often \"natural sounds\", that is, vocal gestures or sounds that a person utters when experiencing certain emotions." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Interjections can be used to express both positive and negative emotions." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "An interjection is a word that expresses strong emotion." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "These particles are exclamations of emotion." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This prefix indicates that the sentence is a question and not a statement." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "These particles negate some word in the sentnce, usually a verb or adjective." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "These particles introduce a relative clause or phrase, often more fully describing a preceding noun or verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Affirmation particles express a sense of \"addition to\" or \"affirmation of\" something in a text." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Biblical Hebrew contains three major particles that, used either individually or in combination, express an \"affirmation of\" or \"addition to\" some aspect of the text." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "These particles can have a scope as narrow as a single word or phrase, or as broad as an entire sentence or paragraph." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This word is flexible in meaning; sometimes it appears to function more like a conjunction and sometimes more like an adverb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This word does not have a single translation value, but must be translated with great sensitivity to its context." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "In English, אַף is often translated with a family of different words, including \"also\", \"even\", \"only\", \"truly\", and/or other terms that can convey the general concepts of affirmation or addition." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "Sometimes it is left untranslated, in instances where there is no satisfactory way to communicate the sense of the word as used in its specific context." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Like אַף, this word appears to function sometimes more like a conjunction and sometimes more like an adverb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This word does not have a single translation value, but must be translated with great sensitivity to its context." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In English, גַּם is often translated with a family of different words, including \"also\", \"indeed\", \"even\", and/or other terms that can convey the general concepts of affirmation or addition." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "When paired together, these two particles function as a single unit, expressing a strong sense of affirmation or addition." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Again, this compound particle must be translated with extreme sensitivity to the context in order to convey its precise nuance." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "When the word אִם follows oath formulas, it functions as an affirmation particle to strengthen the force of the oath, either negatively (as אִם alone) or positively (as אִם־לֹא)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, the definite article (the prefix הַ) is added to a term either to make that term definite, or to match that term to the noun it describes, or both." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The use of the definite article is one of the ways that a word can be made definite in Biblical Hebrew." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The definite article is not an independent word but the prefix הַ (he with pathah), usually accompanied by a daghesh in the next consonant." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The definite article normally takes the pathah vowel, but that vowel can shift (usually either lengthening to qamets or shortening to seghol) depending on the placement of the accent and/or gutteral consonants within the word." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The definite article serves an additional function to match a noun, adjective or participle the word it describes." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The definite article is usually translated as \"the\" in English." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, the rules governing the definiteness of words vary in different languages, so this particle must always be translated according to the conventions of the target language." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This may have been done for the sake of rhythmic meter, since the article almost always adds a syllable to a word." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "In Hebrew poetry, words can be in the determined state even without the definite article." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Therefore, in Hebrew poetry, often the state (construct, absolute, or determined) of a particular word must be determined by the context." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "One way that a term can be made definite in Biblical Hebrew is to add the definite article prefix." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, when a definite common noun is followed by a definite attributive adjective, an adjectival participle, or a noun in apposition, the definite article on both terms shows that they belong together." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In other words, that particular adjective is describing that particular noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Demonstrative particles function to direct the attention of a listener or reader." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Biblical Hebrew has only a few demonstrative particles, with the two most common ones being הִנֵּה and הֵ֣ן." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The specific function of a demonstrative particle is to draw attention to whatever immediately follows the particle, either a single word or an entire phrase." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Similar to the exhortation particle, demonstrative particles are sometimes left untranslated." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Demonstrative particles can stand alone or take a pronominal suffix and/or a prefixed conjunction." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "When used in direct speech, the demonstrative particle functions to direct the attention of the person listening to the speech." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This function of the demonstrative particle also serves to make a presentation of a person/thing from one person to another (see GEN 12:19 below)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "When used in narrative or poetry (not in direct speech), the demonstrative particles functions to direct the attention of the person reading the text." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This function of the demonstrative particle often directs the attention of the reader to a scene that a person within the narrative is observing at that moment (see GEN 1:31 and GEN 8:13 below)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This particle immediately precedes the term that functions as the direct object of a verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "As the name suggests, the direct object marker indicates the direct object of some verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "It does this by directly preceding the noun or phrase that functions as the direct object of a verb (either finite or non-finite)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The direct object marker does not occur before every direct object, but it usually appears in places where there might be confusion." }