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第九章 横纹肌肉瘤及其他软组织肉瘤 第一节 横纹肌肉瘤 横纹肌肉瘤（rhadomyosarcoma）是发生自胚胎间叶组织的恶性肿瘤。其发病率白人儿童为每年4. 3/百万，黑人为3. 3/百万。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "4. 3/百万"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "3. 3/百万"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "rhadomyosarcoma"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胚胎间叶组织"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@### 病毒性胃肠炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 儿童常见，由病毒、细菌或毒素引起。 急性阑尾炎@如果是由伤寒引起的肠穿孔，可能导致局限性腹痛和/或弥漫性反跳痛。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性胃肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "局限性腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性胃肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥漫性反跳痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "病毒性胃肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病毒性胃肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病毒性胃肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病毒性胃肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "毒素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥漫性反跳痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第四脑室扩大明显时，可出现小脑或脑干受累的表现，也可出现两眼上视障碍及锥体束损害等症状。脑积水晚期或病情严重时，则出现生长发育障碍、智力减退、肢体痉挛性瘫痪及意识障碍等，最终往往是由于营养不良、全身衰竭及合并呼吸道感染等并发症而死亡。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "两眼上视障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "锥体束损害"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长发育障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "智力减退"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肢体痉挛性瘫痪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "意识障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "营养不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸道感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
目前多主张二联或三联用药，如选用干扰素、胸腺素、乙肝疫苗三联用药。 【预防】 1.乙肝疫苗 出生时、1个月末、6个月末各接种一次，剂量根据不同产品而定。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "乙肝",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乙肝疫苗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
脑面血管瘤病@血管痣亦可见于口腔黏膜或颈部、躯干或四肢皮肤。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "脑面血管瘤病@血管痣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口腔黏膜或颈部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "脑面血管瘤病@血管痣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "躯干"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "脑面血管瘤病@血管痣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "四肢皮肤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@检查 活检提示黑素细胞肿瘤 [ 无色素黑色素瘤 ](/topics/zh-cn/268) 。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "黑素细胞肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
会阴和肛周横纹肌肉瘤少见，通常为腺泡型，对放疗和化疗反应极差，存活率大约为20%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "会阴和肛周横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "20%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
骨性关节炎@脊柱骨性关节炎伴有神经功能障碍的患者应行磁共振成像检查，用以鉴定评价椎管狭窄或神经根受压迫的范围和严重程度。 骨性关节炎@结果 软骨丢失、骨髓损伤、半月板撕裂 。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "软骨丢失"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨髓损伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "半月板撕裂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "脊柱骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磁共振成像检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "神经功能障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磁共振成像检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "椎管狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磁共振成像检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脊柱骨性关节炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
有癫痫发作者，给予抗癫痫药物治疗。 【预后】 脑积水的预后差别较大，主要取决于治疗的及时与否和引起脑积水的病因及病变程度。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗癫痫药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
第四章 高血压及高血压危象 【概述】 高血压（hypertension）是严重危害人类健康的常见病、多发病，是引起成人心脑血管疾病的主要危险因素之一。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "心脑血管疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
（三）四肢和躯干 肢体和躯干部肿瘤表现为肿块，一些患者则先出现淋巴结转移的症状（占12%）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肢体和躯干部肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肿块"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "肢体和躯干部肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴结转移"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
食管癌@此外，食管远端的小病变，可以用左侧经胸入路手术。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "食管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左侧经胸入路手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
尘肺@对于具有如下表现的所有患者，均应进行肺功能检查（肺量测定法、肺容量和肺弥散功能）： * 影像学改变 * 明显的二氧化硅、煤或铍暴露 * 呼吸短促症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "尘肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺量测定法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "尘肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺容量"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "尘肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺弥散功能"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
妊娠胆汁淤积@曾经使用冷水澡、风扇和冰袋缓解瘙痒症状。妊娠胆汁淤积@诸如芦荟和酸奶之类的冷却物质可短暂缓解瘙痒，皮肤保湿霜、加湿器及凉爽、宽松的衣着能使孕妇身体感觉更为舒适。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瘙痒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "芦荟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酸奶之类的冷却物质"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
中耳炎@结果 因设备而异 ### 细菌培养 检查 结果 检查 进行鼓膜穿刺术或存在化脓性耳漏时，可能需要进行此程序。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "中耳炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细菌培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@对于冠心病患者，HbA1c 可以维持在＜64 mmol/mol（＜8%）。ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 应积极鼓励戒烟。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "戒烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@### 皮疹和炎症后瘢痕 在 HIV 感染的整个病程中都有可能出现皮疹，所以应该密切关注皮肤情况。HIV 感染@皮疹是 WHO 2 期疾病的最常见体征：包括带状疱疹、脂溢性皮炎、瘙痒性丘疹以及真菌性皮肤和指甲感染（体癣或灰指甲）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "带状疱疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脂溢性皮炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瘙痒性丘疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "真菌性皮肤和指甲感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "炎症后瘢痕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第四节 哮喘持续状态第八篇 呼吸系统疾病 第十一章 支气管哮喘【诱发因素】 【临床表现】 【治疗】 1.吸氧 2.保持呼吸道湿润 3.支气管扩张药 4.应用糖皮质激素 5.控制感染 6.观察和监护 7.机械通气哮喘持续状态是指对常规哮喘治疗反应差，呈急性进行性加重的严重发作，如不及时处理会发展成呼吸衰竭。疾病初期气道阻力非匀称增加， V/Q比例失调引起低氧血症，并代偿性出现PaCO2下降。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低氧血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "支气管哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "支气管哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "控制感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "支气管哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管扩张药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "支气管哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "观察和监护"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "呼吸衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "机械通气哮喘持续状态"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "支气管哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖皮质激素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@### 腺上皮增生 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可能是没有症状患者巴氏涂片的一个发现。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腺上皮增生"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肾小球肾炎@[ 高血压评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/1071) ### 心血管疾病 | 长期 | 高 更易出现，可能与高血压、高容量和高脂血症或潜在的疾病独立影响冠状动脉相关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心血管疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@附加 – 钙替代疗法 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 葡萄糖酸钙 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每日 2-15 g，静脉注射或分次给药，或参考当地治疗方案进行给药指导；500-1000 mg，口服，每日 4 次 在重症胰腺炎病例中，应识别低钙血症，并进行相应治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钙替代疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "葡萄糖酸钙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（三）提高体循环压力 PPHN的右向左分流程度取决于体循环与肺循环压力差，提高体循环压有利于减少右向左分流。必要时用肌松剂，如潘可龙（pancuronium）每次0. 1mg/kg，维持量为0. 04～0. 1mg/kg，每1～4小时一次。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "PPHN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "潘可龙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "潘可龙",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "pancuronium"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@以超声为基础的弹性成像是一种有用的工具，无需肝活检就可以检查肝纤维化和肝硬化。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弹性成像"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
第十三章 硬皮病 【概述】 硬皮病（scleroderma）是儿童时期少见的慢性结缔组织病。 （八）肾脏 约17%受累，蛋白尿、血尿，有时出现硬皮病危象（急进性高血压及进行性肾衰竭），是重要死因之一。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "硬皮病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蛋白尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "硬皮病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "硬皮病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硬皮病危象"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "硬皮病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "scleroderma"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
病毒性脑膜炎@建议对所有脑膜炎病例进行 HIV 检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HIV 检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis)是由病毒感染引起的心肌间质炎症细胞浸润和邻近的心肌细胞坏死、变性,有时病变也可累及心包或心内膜。 心电图 缺乏特异性,应强调动态观察的重要性。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌间质炎症细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "viral myocarditis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心包"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心内膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎可按以下情况进行分型： 1.按临床表现程度 轻度、中度、重度和极重度。暴发型症状严重伴全身中毒性症状，可伴中毒性结肠扩张、肠穿孔及败血症等并发症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中毒性结肠扩张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠穿孔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "败血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "极重度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@ ### 症状波动 | 长期 | 高 疾病进展以及无法对外源性多巴胺进行缓冲可以解释这一并发症。帕金森病@长效卡比多巴/左旋多巴可以有效延长应答时间。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "症状波动",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "长效卡比多巴/左旋多巴"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "症状波动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@或 [ 纳多洛尔 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 起始剂量40mg口服，每日1次，每3-7d根据反应增加40-80mg/d，最大剂量240mg/d。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纳多洛尔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
自1969年首次证实本病系麻疹病毒所致以来，经大量研究目前临床表现也已得到充分的认识，已经确定麻疹病毒是SSPE的病原，但麻疹病毒在脑内持续存在的原因尚不完全清楚。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "SSPE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "麻疹病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
以下是几种常用NSAIDs的临床循证医学证据评价： 1.布洛芬 92例JIA（所有类型）使用布洛芬30～40mg/ （kg•d）或阿司匹林60～80mg/（kg•d）12周，结果证明两组疗效相似，阿司匹林的副作用更大。一组2～16岁，225例少关节型和多关节型病例入选的多中心、随机、双盲，美洛昔康与萘普生对照临床研究结果为：分3个月和12个月两个观察时点；美洛昔康两种剂量：0. 125mg/（kg•d）和0. 25mg/（kg•d），每天1次。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "JIA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "美洛昔康"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
癫痫（epilepsy )是一种以具有持久性的产生癫痫发作的倾向为特征的慢性脑疾病，可由遗传、代谢、结构、免疫等不同病因所导致。常见全面性发作分述如下： 强直-阵挛发作:发作包括强直期、阵挛期及发作后状态。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "强直-阵挛发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "epilepsy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
婴儿猝死综合征@## 监测 在家发现呼吸暂停或心动过缓事件有助于提前发现可能的明显威胁生命事件 (ALTE)，从而阻止其进展为心脏停搏。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸暂停"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心动过缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏停搏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ * 一项系统评价发现，与无锻炼相比，冠心病患者的心脏康复可降低心血管死亡风险但不会降低总死亡率。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "冠心病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "锻炼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
肛门癌@必须强调：即使采用适当剂量和技术对骨盆进行放疗，几乎所有接受肛门癌综合治疗 (CMT) 的患者都会出现 3 度以上的毒性反应，并且在其疗程的某些时刻需要间断治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
早产@[ 卵巢扭转 ](/topics/zh-cn/792) ### 阑尾炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 腹痛的位置可能更高，也更弥漫，同时伴有恶心、呕吐、食欲不振等症状。 早产@检查 腹部B超：可能发现阑尾区包块。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部B超"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲不振"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@已经证明，在临床心力衰竭患者中，伊伐布雷定能够减少因心力衰竭加重而导致的住院治疗和心血管原因导致的死亡。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伊伐布雷定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
1994年美国疾病控制中心根据临床表现和免疫状态将HIV感染进行分类,根据临床表现分为:无临床表现 (N)，轻度临床表现(A)，中度临床表现(B)和严重临床表现（C)。 隐球菌感染伴持续腹泻1个月以上。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "HIV感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "隐球菌感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
登革热@联合 – 口服补液 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 应鼓励患者休息并进行口服补液（例如，成人补液约2500mL/24小时，儿童根据不同年龄给予维持剂量补液）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口服补液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
消化性溃疡病@少见，幽门梗阻的患者可有振水音（由胃流出道梗阻引起）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "胃流出道梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幽门梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性膀胱炎@结果 存在红细胞、白细胞和细菌 ### 尿液培养及药敏 检查 结果 检查 利用清洁中段尿标本检测 尿细菌数大于 10^6 CFU/L (10^3 CFU/mL) 是诊断的金标准。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "急性膀胱炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿液培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "急性膀胱炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药敏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
AVP基因结构异常、下丘脑及神经垂体发育缺陷，或下丘脑-神经束-神经垂体区域受到炎症、肿瘤、外伤、手术、自身免疫损伤等均能产生中枢性尿崩症。 其他:如Langerhans细胞组织细胞增生症或白血病细胞浸润等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "Langerhans细胞组织细胞增生症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中枢性尿崩症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白血病细胞浸润"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AVP基因结构异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
（五）疾病 肝、肾疾病及胃肠道疾病影响维生素D、钙、磷的吸收和利用。小儿胆汁淤积、胆总管扩张、先天性胆道狭窄或闭锁、脂肪泻、胰腺炎、难治性腹泻等疾病均可影响维生素D、钙、磷的吸收而患佝偻病。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆汁淤积"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆总管扩张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性胆道狭窄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "闭锁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脂肪泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "难治性腹泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
新生儿黄疸@迟发型被认为是由于胆红素肝肠循环增加引起的。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "迟发型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆红素肝肠循环"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@附加 – 吸氧 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 仅当氧饱和度＜94% 时才需要补充氧气。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
尘肺@### 咳嗽 非排痰性干咳；通常会随着疾病进展而加重。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "尘肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非排痰性干咳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
严重者可因高钙血症导致主动脉瓣钙化及狭窄、肾钙化及肾衰竭而致死。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "高钙血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "主动脉瓣钙化及狭窄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "高钙血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾钙化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "高钙血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@改善儿童和成人患者FEV1、症状和急性发作水平：有高质量的证据表明，二丙酸倍氯米松优于安慰剂。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二丙酸倍氯米松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
2.颅外疾病 （1）代谢异常： 如低血钙、低血糖、低血镁、低血钠、高血钠、维生素B1和维生素B6缺乏症，均是引起代谢紊乱的病因并有原发疾病表现。 （2）遗传代谢疾病： 如苯丙酮尿症、半乳糖血症、肝豆状核变性以及黏多糖病等，较为少见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "颅外疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传代谢疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "代谢异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血钙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "代谢异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "代谢异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血镁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "代谢异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血钠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "代谢异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血钠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "代谢异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "维生素B1和维生素B6缺乏症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "颅外疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "代谢异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "遗传代谢疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯丙酮尿症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "遗传代谢疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "半乳糖血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "遗传代谢疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝豆状核变性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "遗传代谢疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏多糖病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@对每个以腹痛到急诊室就诊、考虑是阑尾炎的患者，尤其是在美国，行腹部和盆腔 CT 扫描已经成为常规，除非患者是孕妇。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "就诊科室",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急诊室"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第四章 遗传代谢病 第一节 遗传代谢病概述 【概述】 遗传代谢病（inborn error of metabolism）又称先天性代谢缺陷病，是遗传性生化代谢缺陷的总称。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性代谢缺陷病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "inborn error of metabolism"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
血吸虫病@检查 结肠镜检查是鉴别血吸虫病和克罗恩病恰当的检查方法。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "克罗恩病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@### 胰腺癌 最常见的原发性胰腺恶性肿瘤是腺癌。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰腺癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
癫痫持续状态@同时，在个别案例中一些处方药（比如茶碱、丁胺苯丙酮、曲马多或异烟肼）也会导致 SE。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "处方药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "茶碱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丁胺苯丙酮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "曲马多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "异烟肼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
可用西咪替丁,每日10~15mg/kg,分4次于饭前 10~30分钟口服,或每日分1~2次静脉滴注;雷尼替丁，每日3 ~ 5mg/kg，每12小时1次,或每晚1次口服，或每日分2 ~3次静脉滴注，疗程均为4 ~8周。 3.消化性溃疡一般不需手术治疗 但如有以下情况，应根据个体情况考虑手术治疗:①溃疡合并穿孔;②难以控制的出血，失血量大,48小时内失血量超过血容量的30% ;③瘢痕性幽门梗阻，经胃肠减压等保守治疗72小时仍无改善;④慢性难治性疼痛。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "雷尼替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "西咪替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
严重颅内出血死亡率高达27% ~50%。幸存者常留有不同程度的神经系统后遗症，如脑瘫、癫痫、感觉运动障碍以及行为、认知障碍等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "严重颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑瘫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "严重颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癫痫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "严重颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感觉运动障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "严重颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "行为、认知障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "严重颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "27% ~50%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@在放疗期使用阴道扩张器保持阴道开放非常重要，不仅可以保留性功能而且还能保证随访盆腔检查。宫颈癌@药物治疗包括局部外用雌激素和经皮睾酮。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "雌激素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "经皮睾酮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
腺样体肥大（adenoidal hypertrophy）是指腺样体由于受鼻咽部炎症的反复刺激而发生的病理性增生。全身发育和营养状况较差，并有夜惊，遗尿、反应迟钝、注意力不集中等神经症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腺样体肥大",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "夜惊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腺样体肥大",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腺样体肥大",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反应迟钝"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腺样体肥大",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "注意力不集中"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肛门癌@全血细胞计数 (FBC) 正常。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞计数 (FBC)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。 （四）各种引起 RPGN的原发病表现 如由过敏性紫癜所致者，可出现双下肢伸侧对称性紫癜、腹痛、便血及关节痛等症状；由系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）所致者，可出现多种SLE的表现；由Goodpasture综合征所致者，可出现咯血等症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "系统性红斑狼疮",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "Goodpasture综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "RPGN"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "急进性肾炎综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双下肢"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "对称性紫癜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "便血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "系统性红斑狼疮",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SLE"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Goodpasture综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咯血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
GSDⅠa型（Von Gierke病）葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶缺陷。受累组织为肝、肾和小肠。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "GSDⅠa型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "GSDⅠa型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "GSDⅠa型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小肠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "GSDⅠa型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Von Gierke病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【流行病学】 肺吸虫病分布甚广，亚洲、非洲，北美洲、拉丁美洲及欧洲均有发生。 2.吡喹酮（praziquantel） 总剂量210mg/kg，3天疗法，每天剂量分3次口服，每次服药间隔时间不超过4小时。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吡喹酮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "分布甚广"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "亚洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "北美洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拉丁美洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "欧洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "吡喹酮",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "praziquantel"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 原发感染灶 多数脓毒症患者都有轻重不等的原发感染灶。少数患者可有恶心、呕吐、腹痛、 腹泻等胃肠道症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原发感染灶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肛门癌@结果 可能提示肺部转移性病变 ### PET 扫描 检查 结果 检查 在显现未切除的原发病灶和受累的腹股沟淋巴结方面，PET 比单独行 CT 更有效。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部转移性病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PET"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
1型糖尿病起病多数较急骤，几天内可突然表现明显多饮、多尿，每天饮水量和尿量可达3～5L，易饿多食，但体重下降，称为“三多一少”。 2.糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）是血中葡萄糖与血红蛋白非酶性结合而产生，其寿命周期与红细胞相同，反映过去3个月的血糖平均水平。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖化血红蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "起病多数较急骤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多饮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "易饿多食"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "糖化血红蛋白",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "HbA1c"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
心房扑动@ 当检查颈静脉搏动 (jugular venous pulsation, JVP)时，可及快速的心房扑动波。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "心房扑动",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈静脉搏动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@7%-8%的患者是由于遗传因素发生胰腺癌。 慢性胰腺炎@对于早期发现的患者，治疗方法为治愈性切除及辅助性放化疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "治愈性切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "辅助性放化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传因素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传因素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
室性心动过速（ventricular tachycardia)是指起源于希氏束分叉处以下的3 ~5个宽大畸形QRS波组成的心动过速。年长儿可主诉心悸、心前区疼痛，严重病例可有晕厥、休克、充血性心力衰竭等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "室性心动过速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心悸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "室性心动过速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心前区疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "室性心动过速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "晕厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "室性心动过速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "室性心动过速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "室性心动过速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ventricular tachycardia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
脑炎@丙球蛋白贫乏症患者和有败血症侯群的新生儿可使用免疫球蛋白进行治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "丙球蛋白贫乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫球蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
尘肺@戒烟对降低肺癌风险和减缓慢性阻塞性肺疾病发展非常重要。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "尘肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "戒烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 已明确的冠状动脉疾病 18%发生冠状动脉事件的患者在前期有持续性心绞痛发作。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "已明确的冠状动脉疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "冠状动脉事件",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续性心绞痛发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
磨牙症@ 中度的白天嗜睡的相对危险度（OR 值）是 1.3。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "磨牙症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中度的白天嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
肥厚性心肌病@ 【实验室检查】 （一）胸部 X线检查 心影扩大，但如无合并心力衰竭则肺纹理都正常。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部 X线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心影扩大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（二）中型至大型缺损 患儿常在生后1～2个月肺循环阻力下降时出现临床表现。因左心室超容，心前区搏动明显，年长儿可看到明显心前区隆起和哈里森（Harrison）沟。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "中型至大型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心前区隆起和哈里森（Harrison）沟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "中型至大型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺循环阻力下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@急性冠状动脉综合征的诊断和管理需要对死亡或复发性心肌梗死进行持续风险分层。非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@初始风险评估包括病史、体格检查、心电图和心脏生物标志物，可使用 TIMI 风险评分、GRACE 风险模型或 Killip 分级来汇总所有这些因素以估计风险。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏生物标志物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
婴儿胆汁淤积症(infantile cholestasis)是指1岁以内婴儿（包括新生儿）由各种原因引起的肝细胞和（或）毛细胆管分泌功能障碍，或胆管病变导致胆汁排泄减少或缺乏。可以应用促进肝细胞增生的肝细胞生长因子、保肝解毒的葡醛内酯、促进肝脏解毒与合成功能的还原型谷胱甘肽、降酶作用显著的联苯双酯、甘草酸二铵及补充微生态制剂等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝细胞生长因子"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "葡醛内酯"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "还原型谷胱甘肽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "联苯双酯"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甘草酸二铵"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "补充微生态制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "infantile cholestasis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
麻风病@有助于诊断瘤型麻风 (LL)，但对结核样麻风 (TT) 或界线类偏结核样麻风 (BT) 的敏感性略差，后两型麻风的诊断更困难。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瘤型麻风"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "界线类偏结核样麻风"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结核样麻风"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
人蛔虫病是世界上流行最广的人类蠕虫病,据世界卫生组织（WHO)估计全球有13亿患者，儿童，特别是学龄前儿童感染率高。若出现上述并发症时,需与其他外科急腹症鉴别。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外科急腹症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童，特别是学龄前儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "学龄前儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
表5-14 新生儿硬肿症诊断分度评分标准 注： （1）体温、硬肿范围和器官功能改变分别评分，总分为0分属轻度，1～3分为中度，4分及以上为重度 （2）硬肿范围计算：头颈部20%，双上肢18%，前胸及腹部14%，背部及腰骶部14%，臀部8%，双下肢26% （3）器官功能低下，包括不吃、不哭、反应低下、心率慢或心电图、血生化异常；器官功能衰竭指休克、心力衰竭、DIC、肺出血、肾衰竭等 （4）体温＜35℃时，腋-肛温差负值提示机体产热衰竭，0或正值为未衰竭 4.感染并存者常并发肺炎、败血症。新生女婴可有暂时性局部阴唇水肿。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "新生儿硬肿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "暂时性局部阴唇水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "新生儿硬肿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "新生儿硬肿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "败血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
病毒性脑膜炎@脑膜炎是腮腺炎的常见表现，发生于多达 10% 的病例。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腮腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
五、幕上高度恶性胶质瘤 幕上高度恶性胶质瘤相当于Kernohan分类中的Ⅲ、Ⅳ级，属于恶性程度很高的一类肿瘤。术后辅以放疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@ ### 运动障碍协会 (Movement Disorder Society) 帕金森病临床诊断标准 2015 年运动障碍协会 (Movement Disorders Society, MDS) PD 诊断标准将“帕金森症”定义为存在运动徐缓并伴有静止性震颤和强直两者中至少一项。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "帕金森症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动徐缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "帕金森症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静止性震颤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "帕金森症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肾小球肾炎@### 影像学 超声可用来评价肾脏的大小，发现引起肾功能减退的其他因素，比如梗阻。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@结果 胆道扩张提示原发性硬化性胆管炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性硬化性胆管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆道扩张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
白内障@有外伤性破裂 – 首选 – 皮质类固醇滴眼液 #### 第一选择 [ 醋酸泼尼松龙眼药 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每 2 小时滴 1 滴（1%）于受伤眼睛内 或 [ 二氟泼尼酯眼药 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每 6 小时滴 1 滴 (0.05%) 于受伤眼睛内 在眼球钝挫伤或穿透伤之后，晶状体囊可能破裂，从而导致晶状体皮质暴露于房水。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "外伤性破裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇滴眼液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "外伤性破裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "醋酸泼尼松龙眼药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "外伤性破裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二氟泼尼酯眼药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@### 弱 查看全部 ### 药物及毒素 过敏性心肌炎与很多药物相关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药物及毒素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
乙型肝炎@ * HBeAg 阴性慢性 HBV 感染：抗 HBe 阳性；ALT 水平正常；HBV DNA 低或检测不到；肝脏活检显示轻微坏死性炎症和低度纤维化；先前称为“非活动性携带者”阶段。乙型肝炎@ * HBeAg 阴性慢性乙型肝炎：可检测到抗 HBe；HBV DNA 中至高水平；ALT 升高（持续或间断性）；中至重度坏死性炎症和纤维化。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脏活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
前列腺癌@ * 如果选择根治性前列腺切除术，可以根据列线表的评估结果决定是否进行盆腔淋巴结清扫术。前列腺癌@如果手术期间出现切缘为阳性（无阳性淋巴结），则治疗选择包括辅助放疗 或者期待治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "前列腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "盆腔淋巴结清扫术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
3.心力衰竭的治疗 ①给氧。④利尿：常用呋塞米（速尿）每次1mg/kg。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呋塞米"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "给氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
消化性溃疡病@对于由 _幽门螺杆菌_ 感染引起的消化性溃疡患者，根治 _幽门螺杆菌_ 后的预后良好：低于 20% 的患者会复发，十二指肠溃疡的复发比例比胃溃疡低。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "_幽门螺杆菌_ 感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "良好"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
5.耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎 多发生于冬春季节，以婴幼儿多见。本病可并发肠系膜淋巴结炎、结节性红斑、反应性关节炎、败血症、心肌炎、急性肝炎、肝脓肿、结膜炎、脑膜炎、尿道炎或急性肾炎等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠系膜淋巴结炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结节性红斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "败血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性肝炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脓肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "、脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "结膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "尿道炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发季节",
"subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冬春季节"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴幼儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
【病理】 过敏性紫癜的病理变化为广泛的白细胞碎裂性小血管炎，以毛细血管炎为主，亦可波及小静脉和小动脉。起病前1〜3周常有上呼吸道感染史,可伴有低热、食欲缺乏、乏力等全身症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上呼吸道感染史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@## 案例 ### 案例 #1 一名7岁女孩表现为急性发热、恶心、呕吐和咽痛，否认咳嗽、鼻涕和鼻塞。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
小儿多由于免疫系统尚未成熟，往往成为慢性乙肝和慢性HBV携带者。 （一）退黄治疗 退黄主要用茵栀黄。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "乙肝",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "茵栀黄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
百日咳@[ 癫痫症的概述 ](/topics/zh-cn/112) ### 呼吸暂停/心动过缓 | 短期 | 低 但病情恶化时，需要机械通气。百日咳@ ### 肋骨骨折 | 短期 | 低 1岁以上患儿约有4%均发生过肋骨骨折 治疗包括休息、镇痛和深呼吸锻炼以预防并发肺炎。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "百日咳",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肋骨骨折"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "百日咳",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸暂停/心动过缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
毛细胞白血病@嘌呤类似物治疗是标准治疗，作为 HCL 患者的一线治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HCL",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嘌呤类似物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
脑炎@结果 用于全身性细菌感染和大多数虫媒感染的检测和确诊 ### 咽拭子 检查 结果 检查 通过咽拭子标本培养（以及一些抗原检测）来检测肠病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、巨细胞病毒、腺病毒、腮腺炎、麻疹、流感和副流感病毒。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽拭子"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽拭子标本培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽拭子标本培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@相反，在吸烟患者中，饮用咖啡可以降低酒精性慢性胰腺炎的风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "酒精性慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "饮用咖啡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@被患病动物咬伤后，预防性伤口清洗、免疫接种，及时注射狂犬病免疫球蛋白可有效地预防疾病发生。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "预防性伤口清洗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫接种"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "狂犬病免疫球蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【诊断和鉴别诊断】 中枢性尿崩症需与其他原因引起的多饮、多尿相鉴别： 高渗性利尿 如糖尿病、肾小管酸中毒等,根据血糖、尿比重、尿渗透压及其他临床表现即可鉴别。 低钾血症 见于原发性醛固酮增多症、慢性腹泻、Bartter综合征等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低钾血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多饮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高渗性利尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肾小管酸中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高渗性利尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿比重"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿渗透压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖尿病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾小管酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "原发性醛固酮增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低钾血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "慢性腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低钾血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "Bartter综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低钾血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |