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|---|---|
帕金森病@检查 脑部 MRI 检查发现脑桥和小脑萎缩证据可支持 MSA-C 诊断，但不能确诊。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "MSA-C",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑部 MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@### 腹主动脉瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常无症状，仅在动脉瘤破裂或分离时才出现腹痛/背痛、搏动性腹部包块以及低血压。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹主动脉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腹主动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腹主动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "背痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "腹主动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腹主动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "搏动性腹部包块"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性淋巴细胞白血病@再诱导经常用到，包括长春新碱、柔红霉素、皮质类固醇和左旋门冬酰胺酶（英国的克立他酶）。急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 维持治疗的目的是消除微小残留病（MRD），但最佳药物组合尚不清楚。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "长春新碱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "柔红霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左旋门冬酰胺酶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（三）其他表现 HSP可累及中枢神经系统、心血管系统以及胸膜外分泌腺等而出现相应症状。 尿液检查主要为血尿和蛋白尿，如有间质小管损害，可出现小分子蛋白如RBP、β2-微球蛋白及溶菌酶等增高。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "HSP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿液检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "HSP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中枢神经系统"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "HSP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心血管系统"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "HSP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸膜外分泌腺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
人粒细胞无形体病@第四节 人粒细胞无形体病第七篇 感染性疾病 第六章 立克次体感染【病原及流行病学】 【发病机制和病理改变】 【临床表现】 【实验室检查】 【诊断】 （1）流行病学史： （2）临床表现： （3）实验室检查： 【治疗及预防】1994年美国报告首例人粒细胞无形体病（ human granulocytic anaplasmaphagocytophilum ， HGA ）病例。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "人粒细胞无形体病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "human granulocytic anaplasmaphagocytophilum"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "人粒细胞无形体病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HGA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
但患儿常有窒息、感染或使用激素等原发病史，一般情况较差，腹部体征明显，易与新生儿出血症 鉴别。 新生儿其他出血性疾病 血小板减少性紫癜有血小板明显降低;弥散性血管内凝血（disseminated intravascular coagulation，DIC)常伴有严重的原发疾病,纤维蛋白原和血小板减少;血友病患儿以男性多见，且多有家族史’主要表现为外伤后出血不止。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "新生儿出血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板减少性紫癜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "新生儿出血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥散性血管内凝血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "新生儿出血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外伤后出血不止"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血小板减少性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板明显降低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "弥散性血管内凝血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "disseminated intravascular coagulation"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "弥散性血管内凝血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "DIC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
出生后感染性肺炎的病理改变以支气管肺炎和间质性肺炎为主，病变分散，影响一叶或数叶，有时融合成大片病灶，肺不张和肺气肿较易发生。 （三）抗病原体治疗 细菌性肺炎以早期静脉给予抗生素为宜，原则上根据病原菌选用抗生素，如金黄色葡萄球菌可用耐酶青霉素、第一代头孢菌素或阿米卡星；G-阴性菌可用第三代头孢菌素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "出生后感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗病原体治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "细菌性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "细菌性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "耐酶青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "细菌性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "第一代头孢菌素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "细菌性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿米卡星"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "细菌性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "第三代头孢菌素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "出生后感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "出生后感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "间质性肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
癫痫持续状态@如果初始剂量不能中止 SE，需要额外剂量的苯妥英或磷苯妥英。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯妥英"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "SE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磷苯妥英"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "SE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯妥英"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
消化性溃疡病@硫糖铝与H2受体阻滞剂对于促进溃疡愈合作用效果相似。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "消化性溃疡病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硫糖铝"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "消化性溃疡病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "H2受体阻滞剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【病因与发病机制】 偏头痛真正的病因与发病机制尚未明确，提出了许多学说，但偏头痛发作时颅内、外血管舒缩障碍已被证实。紧张、恐惧、激动、睡眠不足、气候变化、噪声、闪光刺激以及某些特殊食物的摄入（如奶酪和巧克力）等因素，均可诱发偏头痛发作。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "紧张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恐惧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "激动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "睡眠不足"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气候变化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "噪声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "闪光刺激"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@高血压患者使用β受体阻滞剂和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂既是为了减轻心绞痛症状，也是为了减少心血管事件的发生。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "β受体阻滞剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@尽管此前 FDA 批准其与紫杉醇联合用于未曾接受过化疗的转移性 HER2-阴性乳腺癌患者的治疗， this approval was withdrawn when 3 studies did not show a survival advantage to its use. ### 阿西替尼 阿西替尼是一种针对血管内皮生长因子受体 1 至 3、血小板源性生长因子受体 β 及 KIT 的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。转移性乳腺癌@已经发现阿西替尼加多西紫杉醇相比多西紫杉醇加安慰剂来说，提高了肿瘤疗效。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿西替尼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿西替尼加多西紫杉醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿西替尼加多西紫杉醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 隐睾常在新生儿体检时发现，一经诊断，即应随访。 2.手术治疗 隐睾经确诊后均可接受手术治疗，手术应在2岁之前进行，为睾丸下降固定术。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "隐睾",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "睾丸下降固定术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@ * 2分（可疑）：ERCP发现少于3处分支胰管异常。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ERCP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "少于3处分支胰管异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@偏头痛在儿童中患病率较高 (10%) 且是发病率的主要来源。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
【病理】 APSGN的早期肾活检主要为弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。一般不用洋地黄，心力衰竭明显时，可小剂量应用毛花甙丙每次0. 01mg/kg，一般1～2次即可，不必维持用药。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "APSGN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "毛花甙丙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "APSGN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性感染性喉炎(acute infectious laryngitis)是指喉部黏膜的急性弥漫性炎症。咽部充血,间接喉镜检查可见喉部、声带有不同程度的充血、水肿。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "急性感染性喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性感染性喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "acute infectious laryngitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性感染性喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉部黏膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
3.血红蛋白H病 是α-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血的中间型，由一条16号染色体上的一对α基因和另一条16号染色体上的一个α基因缺陷。婴儿期以后才出现症状者，出现不同程度贫血、黄疸、肝脾肿大，发作性加重（尤以感染和药物为诱因）；成熟红细胞形态改变明显；年长儿童则可出现Hb H（β4）4%～20%，而HbA2及HbF含量正常。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "血红蛋白H病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "血红蛋白H病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发作性加重"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血红蛋白H病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Hb H（β4）4%～20%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
沙眼衣原体肺炎CT肺炎主要通过母婴垂直传播而感染:①主要见于婴儿，多为1~3个月婴 儿;②起病缓慢，多不发热或仅有低热，一般状态良好;③开始可有鼻塞、流涕等上呼吸道感染症状，1/2的患儿有结膜炎;④呼吸系统主要表现为呼吸增快和具有特征性的阵发性不连贯咳嗽，一阵急促咳嗽后继以一短促的吸气，但无百日咳样回声，阵咳可引起发绀和呕吐，亦可有呼吸暂停;⑤肺部偶闻及干、湿啰音,甚至捻发音和哮鸣音;⑥胸部X线检查可显示双侧间质性或小片状浸润，双肺过度充气。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流涕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸增快"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发绀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "干、湿啰音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "捻发音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哮鸣音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双肺过度充气"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@### 不可切除肿瘤 查看全部 可行肝移植患者 首选 – 肝移植 大多数胆管癌无法切除，肿瘤不可切除的标准有以下几点： 患者相关因素：合并症；同时存在的肝硬化。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝移植"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@[ 登革热 ](/topics/zh-cn/1197) ### 寨卡病毒感染 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 居住在/来自寨卡病毒疫区，或与被感染者有过无保护性交。 疟疾感染@寨卡病毒血清学检查阳性。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "寨卡病毒感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "寨卡病毒血清学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "登革热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "寨卡病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
白内障@## 筛查 WHO报告显示，白内障是全世界 51% 可逆性失明的原因，约 2 千万人。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "可逆性失明"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
三尖瓣闭锁@在行Fontan手术前，还应通过造影明确是否存在左上腔静脉及桥静脉。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "三尖瓣闭锁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Fontan手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
肺孢子虫病@ 2.胸部影像 典型病例胸部X线可见双侧弥漫性颗粒状阴影，自肺门向周围伸展，呈毛玻璃样，伴支气管充气像，以后变成致密索条状，间杂有不规则片块状影。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肺孢子虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肺结核@影像学检查表现为肺纤维化的、萎缩：肺门提高，下叶肺气肿和支气管扩张。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管扩张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
7.黏多糖病Ⅶ型 临床表现同黏多糖病I-H型，但个体轻重程度不一，变异较大，轻者可无智能落后，本型为常染色体隐性遗传性疾病，因β-葡萄糖醛酸酶缺乏，导致4/6硫酸软骨素在体内沉积。 【诊断】 1.根据临床特殊面容和体征、X线片表现以及尿黏多糖阳性，可以作出诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "黏多糖病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X线片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
胆囊炎@建议将非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)（如双氯芬酸或吲哚美辛）作为药物治疗的一部分，因为其具有止痛效果和可阻止胆囊壁释放前列腺素。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
第三节 血友病 血友病（hemophilia）是一组遗传性凝血功能障碍的出血性疾病，包括血友病甲，即因子Ⅷ（又称抗血友病球蛋白，AHG）缺乏症；血友病乙，即因子Ⅸ（又称血浆凝血活酶成分，PTC）缺乏症；血友病丙，即因子Ⅺ（又称血浆凝血活酶前质，PTA）缺乏症。 3.轻型 因子Ⅷ或因子Ⅸ活性为6%～25%，多在2岁后发病，轻微损伤或手术后有出血不止，无自发性出血及关节出血。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "hemophilia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传性凝血功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "出血性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病乙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病丙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病甲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "抗血友病球蛋白",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AHG"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血浆凝血活酶成分",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血浆凝血活酶前质",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血友病乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "因子Ⅸ"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "因子Ⅸ",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "PTC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
(二）X线检査 本病的X线检查具有特征性表现,是目前确诊RDS的最佳手段:①两肺呈普遍性的透过度降低，可见弥漫性均匀一致的细颗粒网状影，即毛玻璃样（ground glass)改变（图6-8 );②在弥漫性不张肺泡(白色）的背景下，可见清晰充气的树枝状支气管（黑色）影，即支气管充气征（air bronchogram) ； ③双肺野均呈白色,肺肝界及肺心界均消失，即白肺(white lung)(图6-9 )。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "RDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
脑炎@[ 缺血性脑卒中 ](/topics/zh-cn/1078) ### 昏睡性脑炎（冯·埃科诺莫病） | 长期 | 低 发生于 6 个月后。脑炎@一种锥体外系综合征，表现为嗜睡、乏力、眼肌麻痹，曾见于 1918 年爆发的流行性感冒后，目前少有报道。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "昏睡性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "昏睡性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "昏睡性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼肌麻痹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "昏睡性脑炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "昏睡性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冯·埃科诺莫病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "锥体外系综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼肌麻痹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
脑炎@检查 脑电图 – 显示持续癫痫发作活动。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@因在年轻患者中，HCM常与运动员心脏混淆；在老年患者中，HCM常被误诊为高血压性心脏病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "HCM",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动员心脏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "HCM",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压性心脏病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@疑似急性冠状动脉综合征患者的高风险临床特征包括持续胸痛、重度呼吸困难、晕厥/晕厥前期或心悸。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续胸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重度呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "晕厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心悸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
川崎病@ 那些有小至中型冠状动脉瘤的患者必须每年复查心脏超声波。川崎病@在少数有严重心功能不良及不适合进行冠状动脉成形术的患者，可考虑进行心脏移植。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏移植"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "有小至中型冠状动脉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏超声波"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "小至中型冠状动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏超声波"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
自身免疫性肝炎@皮质类固醇单药治疗目前仍在使用；但是，此方案通常仅限于那些禁忌使用免疫抑制疗法的患者使用（例如血细胞减少症、活动性恶性疾病或巯嘌呤甲基转移酶缺乏症），或推测所需疗程较短时使用（即不到 6 个月）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "活动性恶性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇单药治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
胆红素脑病的辅助诊断 (1)头颅MRI扫描:胆红素的神经毒性作用部位具有高度的选择性，最常见的部位是基底神经核的苍白球;头颅MRI对胆红素脑病诊断有重要价值。 图6-12胆红素脑病头颅MRI扫描 A.双侧苍白球对称性T1高信号（生后6天）；B.双侧苍白球对称性T2高信号(生后4个月） （2）脑干听觉诱发电位（brainstem auditory evoked potential,BAEP):是指起源于耳蜗听神经和脑干听觉结构的生物电反应,常用于筛査胆红素脑病所致的听神经损伤。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "胆红素脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑干听觉诱发电位"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "胆红素脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头颅MRI扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@ 对于已使用 LABA 和 ICS 的患者，加用噻托溴铵可改善 FEV1 并减少需要急救口服皮质类固醇的急性发作，但就生活质量或哮喘控制而言，没有显著作用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘控制",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@此种红细胞酶缺乏症在西非相当普遍，此地区黑人男性的患病率为 11%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "11%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
(二）衣原体肺炎（chlamydial pneumonia) 是由衣原体引起的肺炎，包括沙眼衣原体（CT)、肺炎衣原体（CP)、鹦鹉热衣原体和家畜衣原体。 肺炎衣原体肺炎①多见于学龄儿童;②大部分为轻症,发病常隐匿;③无特异性临床表现，早期多为上呼吸道感染的症状，咽痛、声音嘶哑、发热;④呼吸系统最多见的症状是咳嗽,1 ~2周后上呼吸道感染症状逐渐消退而咳嗽逐渐加重，并出现下呼吸道感染征象,如未经有效治疗,则咳嗽可持 续1 ~2个月或更长;⑤肺部偶闻及干、湿啰音或哮鸣音;⑥胸部X线检查可见到肺炎病灶,多为单侧下叶浸润,也可为广泛单侧或双侧性病灶。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎衣原体肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "chlamydial pneumonia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "衣原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "沙眼衣原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎衣原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鹦鹉热衣原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "家畜衣原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "沙眼衣原体",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "CP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "声音嘶哑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "干、湿啰音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哮鸣音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单侧下叶浸润"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### GORD 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 胃食管反流的典型表现为胃部或胸骨后烧灼痛，放射至咽喉。 稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@检查 通常考虑经验性抑酸治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "胃食管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "经验性抑酸治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "GORD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "胃食管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "胃食管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸骨后"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "胃食管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽喉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胃食管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "烧灼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
脓毒症应与伤寒、粟粒性肺结核、恶性组织细胞病、结缔组织病，如幼年特发性关节炎（全身型）等相鉴别。抗生素宜用足量或大剂量静脉给药，无尿或少尿者不宜用对肾脏有毒副作用的药物。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伤寒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "粟粒性肺结核"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶性组织细胞病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结缔组织病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幼年特发性关节炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
2.血管源性消化道出血 （1）降低门脉压的药物： 此类药物通过降低门脉压，使出血处血流量减少，为凝血过程创造了良好的条件而止血。 硬化剂治疗：是目前已建立的最好的治疗食道静脉曲张破裂出血治疗方法，该方法的安全性及有效性已被证实，且费用低廉，适用范围广，操作简单。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "血管源性消化道出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硬化剂治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 先天性风疹综合征表现按时间分为三类：①新生儿先天性风疹综合征，包括新生儿期明显的损害；②延迟性先天性风疹综合征，包括新生儿期不明显而后来才显著的损害；③先天性风疹晚期表现，包括新出现的损害。 （三）眼损害 占78%，多为双侧性，以白内障发生率最高，常合并小眼球，其次为先天性青光眼。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性风疹综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼损害"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "先天性风疹综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性风疹晚期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
类癌综合征@奥曲肽扫描或钆-68 PET 影像学检查阳性的患者才能考虑上述治疗。类癌综合征@患者需要能够自我护理，因为他们将独自一人在放射性的房间里待 24 小时。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自我护理"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "奥曲肽扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钆-68 PET"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
脑炎@中美洲和南美洲：登革热、疟疾、西尼罗河病毒和委内瑞拉马脑炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中美洲和南美洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "疟疾",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中美洲和南美洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "委内瑞拉马脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中美洲和南美洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
脑炎@和 [ 膦甲酸 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 60 mg/kg，静脉使用，每 8 小时一次；或者 90 mg/kg，静脉使用，每 12 小时一次，持续 14-21 天 确诊为巨细胞病毒性脑炎时应用更昔洛韦加膦甲酸进行治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "巨细胞病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "更昔洛韦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "巨细胞病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "膦甲酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@本文描述的这些指南特别讨论了稳定型缺血性心脏病 (SIHD) 的临床综合征，该疾病可根据存在已确认的阻塞性冠状动脉疾病但最近（＜1 年）未发生急性冠脉综合征或接受经皮介入术而判定。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SIHD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis)是由病毒感染引起的心肌间质炎症细胞浸润和邻近的心肌细胞坏死、变性,有时病变也可累及心包或心内膜。 大剂量免疫球蛋白:通过免疫调节作用减轻心肌细胞损害。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大剂量免疫球蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌间质炎症细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "viral myocarditis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心包"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心内膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
如碘的缺乏时发生在胚胎脑组织发育的关键时期（从妊娠开始至出生后2岁），则主要影响智力发育，并有身体发育及性发育障碍，即为克汀病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "碘的缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "身体发育及性发育障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "克汀病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "身体发育及性发育障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
α地中海贫血可由于α珠蛋白基因缺失或点突变所致。 重型α地中海贫血是α0地中海贫血的纯合子状态,其4个α珠蛋白基因均缺失或缺陷，以致完全无α链生成，含有α链的HbA、HbA2和HbF的合成均减少。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "α地中海贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重型α地中海贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【病理】 亚洲小儿肾脏病研究会（Asian study of renal disease in children，ASRSC）报告儿童HBV-GN的66. 1%为膜性肾病，16. 1%为轻微病变，8. 1%为膜增殖性肾炎。 3.血尿 几乎均有镜下血尿，并持续存在，往往蛋白尿阴转后镜下血尿仍可持续一段时间。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HBV-GN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ 并且，普拉格雷不应当用于有卒中或 TIA 病史的患者。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "有卒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "普拉格雷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@ * 标准正位胸部X线是检查咳嗽、胸痛、和/或咯血的初始手段，费用便宜、操作简单。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "标准正位胸部X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咯血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【病因】 （一）感染 各种感染可导致血管内皮细胞受损，通过激活Ⅻ因子而启动内源性凝血系统，是导致DIC最常见的病因，占DIC发病的1/3以上。此外，也可由原虫感染和真菌感染引起。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原虫感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "真菌感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
腹主动脉瘤@ _葡萄球菌_ 和 _沙门氏菌_ 是最常见的病原体。腹主动脉瘤@ _肺炎衣原体_ 被假定为常规动脉瘤的感染性病因。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "腹主动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "沙门氏菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "腹主动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "葡萄球菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【预后】 未经治疗的大动脉转位患儿临床多表现危重；新生儿早期患儿常见的致死因素包括组织缺氧和酸中毒；在婴儿期为充血性心力衰竭，幼儿期则是以血栓栓塞和渐进性肺血管疾病为主。两者术后5年、10年、15年的存活率分别为95%对86%、94%对82%、94%对77%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "95%对86%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "94%对77%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "组织缺氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血栓栓塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "渐进性肺血管疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
曲霉菌病@分为急性和慢性，急性和慢性肺部曲霉菌病的发生与机体免疫状态和基础疾病有关。曲霉菌病@主要表现为发热、咳嗽，病变广泛或严重时可出现呼吸困难。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "曲霉菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "曲霉菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病变广泛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@### 其他表现 咽炎可以是病毒性上呼吸道感染的表现之一，其区别在于后者有鼻涕、鼻塞和/或咳嗽。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "病毒性上呼吸道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性上呼吸道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性上呼吸道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性膀胱炎@磷霉素单次单次已被证明具有类似的结果。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性膀胱炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磷霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@## 筛查 没有数据证实肺量计筛查在指导管理决策方面或者在出现明显症状前改善已识别患者的慢阻肺结局方面有效。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "筛查",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺量计筛查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
一、肺动脉瓣狭窄 肺动脉瓣狭窄占所有右室流出道梗阻性病变的80%～90%。心音图上示振幅呈渐强后弱的棱形振动，振幅高峰在收缩中期或更晚；频率中或高。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心音图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右室流出道梗阻性病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@### 食物中毒病例的接触史 朋友或家庭成员可能已出现相似的症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食物中毒病例的接触史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
保持头在中线位置有利于颈静脉血流畅通，预防颈静脉充血而导致颅内出血。 止血 可选择使用维生素K1、血凝酶(hemocoagulase)等止血药，酌情使用新鲜冰冻血浆。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "维生素K1"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血凝酶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "保持头在中线位置"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈静脉充血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血凝酶",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "hemocoagulase"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
LQTS的临床表现最常见的为晕厥发作，多由运动或惊吓引起。患儿也可表现为抽搐、前晕厥及心悸，约10%的患儿一开始即表现为心搏骤停。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "LQTS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抽搐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "LQTS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前晕厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "LQTS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心悸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "LQTS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心搏骤停"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "LQTS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "晕厥发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
1.手足徐动型（athetosis） 不自主运动动作在睡眠时消失。多有肌张力降低，抬头无力，喂养困难，常有舌伸出口外及流涎。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足徐动型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力降低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足徐动型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抬头无力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足徐动型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喂养困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足徐动型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "舌伸出口外"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足徐动型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流涎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（二）皮内毛细血管瘤 有3种临床变异型，出生后即有。 1.橙红色斑 是一种从橘红色到铁锈色的斑块，平坦而不高出皮肤表面。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "皮内毛细血管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "橙红色斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "橙红色斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "平坦而不高出皮肤表面"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@PCR检测狂犬病病毒RNA。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PCR检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@急性乙型和丙型肝炎的危险因素包括无保护性行为和静脉吸毒。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "急性乙型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无保护性行为"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "急性乙型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静脉吸毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "丙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无保护性行为"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "丙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静脉吸毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
心肌病@②肥厚性心肌病：先前称之为特发性肥厚性心肌病，以左心室肥厚为特征，可不对称。心肌病@收缩功能通常正常，临床表现由左心室流出道梗阻、舒张功能障碍或心律失常引起，后者可致猝死。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左心室流出道梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "舒张功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心律失常引起"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "特发性肥厚性心肌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左心室肥厚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@皮疹通常从腹股沟和腋窝开始，呈弥漫性分布，之后脱屑。急性咽喉炎@还可能见到口周苍白和草莓舌。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "皮疹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口周苍白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "皮疹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脱屑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "皮疹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹股沟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "皮疹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腋窝"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
口咽癌@ 和头颈部癌症的其他发病部位一样，口咽癌与吸烟和酒精滥用有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酒精滥用"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
新生儿狼疮综合征@ 此外，还可有肝脏肿大、转氨酶增高和胆汁淤滞性黄疸。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脏肿大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "转氨酶增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆汁淤滞性黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
泌尿道感染（urinary tract infection，UTI)是指病原体直接侵人尿路,在尿液中生长繁殖，并侵犯尿路黏膜或组织而引起损伤。 【临床表现】 急性泌尿道感染 临床症状因患儿年龄组的不同存在着较大差异。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "泌尿道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性泌尿道感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "泌尿道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "urinary tract infection"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "泌尿道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "UTI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
麻风病@### 在流行地区居住 2014 年，孟加拉共和国、巴西、刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚、印度、印度尼西亚、马达加斯加、缅甸、尼泊尔、尼日利亚、菲律宾、斯里兰卡或和坦桑尼亚联合共和国报告的麻风患者占全球所有患者 94%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "在流行地区居住"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
第六章 上呼吸道疾病 第一节 先天性喉喘鸣 先天性喉喘鸣（congenital laryngeal stridor），常发生于出生后不久，主要症状为吸气时发生喘鸣。极少数症状特别严重者可给予鼻气管插管或气管造口术。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "先天性喉喘鸣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻气管插管"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "先天性喉喘鸣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气管造口术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性喉喘鸣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸气时发生喘鸣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "先天性喉喘鸣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "congenital laryngeal stridor"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（三）迟发型 多发生于出生后1个月。 3.利用障碍 新生儿肝炎、新生儿败血症及病毒感染等任何原因引起的肝脏损害均可影响维生素K依赖因子的合成。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "迟发型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利用障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
HELLP 综合征@实施剖宫产应当按照常规的产科指证，如果尚未临产，孕龄＜32周，可以考虑剖宫产。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "剖宫产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
婴儿猝死综合征@### 产前保健水平低 与 SIDS 发生率增加相关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "产前保健水平低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@### 脓毒症的症状 意识模糊。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "意识模糊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
其他一些细菌，如空肠弯曲菌、耶尔森菌、产气单胞菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺菌、产气杆菌、嗜盐菌等也可引起新生儿腹泻。 （二）病毒 轮状病毒是引起新生儿流行性腹泻的最常见病原之一，主要经粪口途径传播，健康成人可作为带毒者，已感染的新生儿也是重要感染源。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿流行性腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "空肠弯曲菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿流行性腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轮状病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "空肠弯曲菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "耶尔森菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "产气单胞菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "铜绿假单胞菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "志贺菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "产气杆菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜盐菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@### 门体肝性脑病 肝硬化患者每年肝性脑病的发生率为2%-3%。肝硬化@其特征是意识、行为、性格发生变化且伴有定向障碍、嗜睡、健忘、意识混乱、激越并最终昏迷，导致言语不清、扑翼样震颤（肝性扑动）、肌张力升高、跖伸肌反射亢进。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "定向障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "健忘"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "意识混乱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "激越并最终昏迷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "导致言语不清"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "扑翼样震颤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "跖伸肌反射亢进"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "门体肝性脑病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "肝性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2%-3%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
隐球菌病@尽管隐球菌脑膜炎可急性发作，但更常见的是出现无症状期，病程缓慢，以后逐渐出现症状。隐球菌病@接受肾上腺皮质类固醇和化疗的恶性肿瘤患者可能病情进展较快。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "隐球菌脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾上腺皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "隐球菌脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
(3)激素治疗的副作用:长期超生理剂量使用糖皮质激素可见以下副作用:①代谢紊乱:可出现明显的库欣貌、肌肉萎缩无力、伤口愈合不良、蛋白质营养不良、高血糖、尿糖、水钠潴留、高血压、尿中失钾、高尿钙和骨质疏松;②消化性溃疡和精神欣快感、兴奋、失眠,甚至呈精神病、癫痫发作等;还可发生白内障、无菌性股骨头坏死、高凝状态、生长停滞等;③易发生感染或诱发结核灶活动;④急性肾上腺皮质功能不全、戒断综合征。 免疫抑制剂主要用于肾病综合征频繁复发，糖皮质激素依赖、耐药或出现严重副作用者。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "戒断综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
传染性肝炎或肝硬化 因HbH病贫血较轻，还伴有肝脾大、黄疸，少数病例还可有肝功能损害,故易被误诊为黄疽型肝炎或肝硬化。但通过病史询问、家族调查以及红细胞形态观察、血红蛋白电泳检査即可鉴别。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "HbH病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血红蛋白电泳检査"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HbH病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脾大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HbH病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HbH病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝功能损害"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "HbH病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝硬化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "HbH病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黄疽型肝炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@### 鼻窦炎的体征 鼻黏膜红肿。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鼻窦炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻黏膜红肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
六、幼年性纤维瘤病 幼年性纤维瘤病又称硬纤维瘤，是一种局部侵袭性纤维瘤，1838年Muller初次报道。 本瘤起源于成纤维细胞，广泛浸润肌肉，沿筋膜表面实质，边缘不清楚，切除后有强烈的复发倾向。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "幼年性纤维瘤病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "强烈的复发倾向"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "幼年性纤维瘤病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硬纤维瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
破伤风@ * 据报道，肌内注射奎宁后的死亡率为96%。破伤风@ 通常使用奎宁来“削减”或稀释海洛因，这可能会导致破伤风吸毒者出现更高的死亡率。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "96%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@当体格检查和初始病情检查不明确或者为非特异性时，血清B型利钠肽可能有助于鉴别原发性心脏病因与原发性肺部病因。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性淋巴细胞白血病@### 其他诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部 ### 视盘水肿、颈强直和假性脑膜炎 白血病细胞浸润中枢神经系统的表现为视盘水肿、颈强直和假性脑膜炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "视盘水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "假性脑膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
产后抑郁症@[ 成人双相情感障碍 ](/topics/zh-cn/488) 。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "产后抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "成人双相情感障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 由于原发性膀胱输尿管反流在许多小儿随生长发育可自然消失，而且无菌尿的反流不引起肾损害，原发性膀胱输尿管反流的治疗原则是控制感染，保护肾功能，防止并发症。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "控制感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "保护肾功能"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
膀胱癌@## 预后 ### 大部分患者为低分级非肌层浸润性膀胱癌 (non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, NMIBC)。膀胱癌@而且如果膀胱灌注治疗失败，则应接受膀胱切除术治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "肌层浸润",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "膀胱切除术治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
肾小球肾炎@已建议对传统治疗无效的狼疮肾炎使用利妥昔单抗治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "狼疮肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利妥昔单抗治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
胃炎@### 幽门螺杆菌疫苗 一项在中国江苏省进行的双盲、安慰剂对照试验把年龄在 6 至 15 岁的健康儿童随机分配接受口服重组 _幽门螺杆菌_ 疫苗 (n = 2232) 或安慰剂 (n = 2232)。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幽门螺杆菌疫苗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 （一）消除诱因 短暂性抽动障碍中，特别是抽动时间不长的患儿，在行为约见中往往不难寻找出诱因。 （二）行为矫正 鼓励患儿自行控制抽动，采用正性强化的方法如奖赏其通过努力，克服并减少抽动，并且用放松的方法减少患儿的精神紧张，这对年幼儿童较为有效。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "短暂性抽动障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "行为矫正"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "短暂性抽动障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "消除诱因"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@对于高危患者，应考虑进行早期介入治疗（在12～24 h内进行冠状动脉造影和血运重建）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冠状动脉造影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
碘缺乏病是当今世界上严重的公共卫生问题之一，全世界约有10亿人生活在缺碘地区。由于社会经济问题，目前比较严重病区主要在发展中国家。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "碘缺乏病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发展中国家"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
肾细胞癌@这些综合征的续发症因累及的器官系统而有所不同，可包括与 高钙血症、肝功能障碍（转移性疾病或 Stauffer 综合征引发的）、促肾上腺皮质激素分泌过多、贫血以及神经功能障碍（例如肌病）相关的症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高钙血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
破伤风@虽然传统上使用青霉素G， 但其结构与γ氨基丁酸 (GABA) 类似，可竞争性拮抗这种神经递质，这一作用可加强破伤风毒素抑制GABA释放进入突触间隙的作用，从而提高中枢神经系统的兴奋性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉素G"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
脑炎@### 视神经炎 见于急性播散性脑脊髓炎 (ADEM)。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "视神经炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |