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Costa Rica | Costa Rica | Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 5 million in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles). An estimated 333,980 people live in the capital and largest city, San José, with around 2 million people in the surrounding metropolitan area. | Le Costa Rica ( ; ), en forme longue la république du Costa Rica, en espagnol, est une république constitutionnelle unitaire d'Amérique centrale ayant un régime présidentiel. | [
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Crêpe | Crêpe | A crêpe or crepe ( or,, ) is a type of very thin pancake. Crêpes are usually of two types: "sweet crêpes" ("crêpes sucrées") and "savoury galettes" ("crêpes salées"). Crêpes are served with a variety of fillings, from the simplest with only sugar to flambéed crêpes Suzette or elaborate savoury galettes. While crêpes are often associated with Brittany, a region in the northwest of France, the consumption is widespread in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada, and many parts of Europe, North Africa, North America, Lebanon, Brazil and Argentina. | La crêpe est un mets composé d'une couche plus ou moins fine de pâte, faite à base de farine (principalement de blé ou de sarrasin) et d'œufs agglomérés à un liquide (lait, parfois mélangé à de l'eau ou de la bière). Elle est généralement de forme ronde. | [
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Motherboard | Carte mère | A motherboard (also called mainboard, main circuit board, system board, baseboard, planar board, logic board, and mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds, and allows communication between, many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor, the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general use. | La carte mère est le circuit imprimé qui supporte la plupart des composants et des connecteurs nécessaires au fonctionnement d'un compatible PC. Elle est essentiellement composée de circuits imprimés et de ports de connexion qui assurent la liaison de tous les composants et périphériques propres à un micro-ordinateur (disques durs (HDD/SSD), mémoire vive (RAM "Random acces memory"), microprocesseur, cartes filles) afin qu'ils puissent être reconnus et configurés par le microprocesseur grâce au programme contenu dans le BIOS ("basic input output system") devant effectuer la configuration et le démarrage correct de tous les équipements. | [
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French cuisine | Cuisine française | French cuisine consists of the cooking traditions and practices from France. French cuisine developed throughout the centuries influenced by the many surrounding cultures of Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Belgium, in addition to its own food traditions on the long western coastlines of the Atlantic, the Channel and of course inland. In the 14th century, Guillaume Tirel, a court chef known as "Taillevent", wrote "Le Viandier", one of the earliest recipe collections of medieval France. In the 17th century, chefs François Pierre La Varenne and Marie-Antoine Carême spearheaded movements that shifted French cooking away from its foreign influences and developed France's own indigenous style. Cheese and wine are a major part of the cuisine. They play different roles regionally and nationally, with many variations and "appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC) (regulated appellation) laws. | La cuisine française fait référence à divers styles gastronomiques dérivés de la tradition française. Elle a évolué au cours des siècles, suivant ainsi les changements sociaux et politiques du pays. Le Moyen Âge a vu le développement de somptueux banquets qui ont porté la gastronomie française à un niveau supérieur, avec une nourriture décorée et fortement assaisonnée par des chefs tel Guillaume Tirel. Au, les habitudes ont changé, avec une utilisation moins systématique des épices et avec le développement de l'utilisation des herbes aromatiques et de techniques raffinées, initiées par François Pierre de La Varenne et par d'autres dignitaires de Napoléon Bonaparte, comme Marie-Antoine Carême. | [
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Capital city | Capitale | A capital or capital city is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other administrative region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the government's offices and meeting places; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution. In some jurisdictions, including several countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases, a distinction is made between the official (constitutional) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place. | Une capitale (du latin "", tête) est une ville où siègent les pouvoirs, ou une ville ayant une prééminence dans un domaine social, culturel, économique ou sportif. Dans ce cas, on parle aussi de métropole. | [
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The World Factbook | The World Factbook | The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world. The official print version is available from the Government Printing Office. Other companies—such as Skyhorse Publishing—also print a paper edition. "The Factbook" is available in the form of a website that is partially updated every week. It is also available for download for use off-line. It provides a two- to three-page summary of the demographics, geography, communications, government, economy, and military of each of 267 international entities including U.S.-recognized countries, dependencies, and other areas in the world. | "" est conçu par la pour l'usage des organisations gouvernementales, ainsi le style, la mise en page et le contenu sont principalement conçus pour répondre à leurs exigences. Cependant, il est fréquemment employé comme source d'information par les universités, les sites web et les publications non gouvernementales. En tant que produit du gouvernement des États-Unis, il fait partie du domaine public. | [
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Primary color | Couleur primaire | A set of primary colors is a set of colorants or colored lights that can be combined in varying amounts to produce a gamut of colors. This is the essential method used in applications that are intended to elicit the perception of diverse sets of color, e.g. electronic displays, color printing, and paintings. Perceptions associated with a given combination of primary colors are predicted by applying the appropriate mixing model (additive, subtractive, additive averaging, etc.) that embodies the underlying physics of how light interacts with the media and ultimately the retina. | Une couleur primaire est, dans un système de synthèse de couleurs, une couleur qui ne peut pas être reproduite par un mélange d'autres couleurs. Des couleurs sont dites "primaires entre elles" si aucune ne peut être reproduite par un mélange des autres. Quand on réalise un procédé de synthèse de couleurs, on choisit "au moins" trois primaires, en considérant les moyens techniques de les obtenir. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Candela | Candela | The candela ( or ; symbol: cd) is the base unit of luminous intensity in the International System of Units (SI); that is, luminous power per unit solid angle emitted by a point light source in a particular direction. Luminous intensity is analogous to radiant intensity, but instead of simply adding up the contributions of every wavelength of light in the source's spectrum, the contribution of each wavelength is weighted by the standard luminosity function (a model of the sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths). A common wax candle emits light with a luminous intensity of roughly one candela. If emission in some directions is blocked by an opaque barrier, the emission would still be approximately one candela in the directions that are not obscured. | La candela (symbole cd, du mot latin qui signifie « chandelle ») est l'une des sept unités de base du Système international. Elle sert à mesurer l'intensité lumineuse ou éclat perçu par l'œil humain d'une source lumineuse. Elle a remplacé l'ancienne unité d'intensité lumineuse, la bougie. | [
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2002 FIFA World Cup | Coupe du monde de football 2002 | The 2002 FIFA World Cup was the 17th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national association football teams organized by FIFA. It was held from 31 May to 30 June 2002 at sites in South Korea and Japan, with its final match hosted by Japan at International Stadium in Yokohama. | La Coupe du monde de football (nom officiel : 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan (en anglais) / Coupe du monde de la FIFA 2002 Corée/Japon) s'est déroulée du 31 mai au en Corée du Sud et au Japon. Ce sont les premiers hôtes asiatiques de la compétition. Pour la première fois, la Fédération internationale de football association en avait confié l'organisation à deux pays. L'épreuve a réuni trente-deux équipes, dont trois étaient qualifiées d'office : les deux organisateurs susnommés et le champion du monde en titre (la France). L'hymne de cette coupe du monde de football a été composé par Vangelis. | [
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Compiler | Compilateur | A compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language (the source language) into another language (the target language). The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e.g., assembly language, object code, or machine code) to create an executable program. | En informatique, un compilateur est un programme qui transforme un code source en un code objet. Généralement, le code source est écrit dans un langage de programmation (le "langage source"), il est de haut niveau d'abstraction, et facilement compréhensible par l'humain. Le code objet est généralement écrit en langage de plus bas niveau (appelé "langage cible"), par exemple un langage d'assemblage ou langage machine, afin de créer un programme exécutable par une machine. | [
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Carolingian dynasty | Carolingiens | The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family founded by Charles Martel with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The dynasty consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and "dux et princeps Francorum" hereditary, and becoming the "de facto" rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the Merovingian throne. In 751 the Merovingian dynasty which had ruled the Germanic Franks was overthrown with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy, and Pepin the Short, son of Martel, was crowned King of the Franks. The Carolingian dynasty reached its peak in 800 with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first Emperor of Romans in the West in over three centuries. His death in 814 began an extended period of fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and decline that would eventually lead to the evolution of the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire. | Les Carolingiens (ou "Carlovingiens" jusqu'à la fin du ) forment une dynastie de rois francs qui régnèrent sur l'Europe occidentale de 751 jusqu'au. | [
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Christine Hakim | Christine Hakim | Herlina Christine Natalia Hakim (born 25 December 1956) is an Indonesian actress, film producer, and activist. Born to a devout Muslim family of a mixed-race background in Jambi, she grew up in Yogyakarta, aspiring to be an architect or psychologist. This changed after she was discovered by Teguh Karya for his 1973 movie "Cinta Pertama", a role which garnered her a Citra Award for Best Actress and convinced her to follow a career in acting. Since then, she has starred in numerous films, including 1977's "Badai Pasti Berlalu" and 1988's "Tjoet Nja' Dhien"; she also had a minor role in the 2010 Hollywood movie "Eat Pray Love"., she has won six Citra Awards, received a lifetime achievement award from the Cinemanila International Film Festival, and served as a member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival | Christine Hakim est une actrice de cinéma indonésienne, née le à Kuala Tungkal (province de Jambi, Indonésie). Sa famille, musulmane, lui a donné entre autres le nom de « Christine » parce qu'elle est née le jour de Noël. Immense star dans son pays, elle a obtenu à six reprises le Piala Citra de la meilleure actrice (équivalent indonésien des Césars). | [
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Chile | Chili | Chile (, ; ), officially the Republic of Chile (), is a country in western South America. It occupies a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile covers an area of and has a population of 17.5 million as of 2017. The capital and largest city is Santiago and the national language is Spanish. | Le Chili, en forme longue république du Chili, (', ou ', est un pays d’Amérique du Sud partageant ses frontières avec le Pérou et la Bolivie au nord d'une part, et l’Argentine au nord-est, à l'est et au sud-est d'autre part, et dont le territoire forme une étroite bande allant du désert d'Atacama jusqu'au cap Horn. L'île de Pâques, située à kilomètres de Valparaíso dans l'océan Pacifique, fait partie du Chili depuis 1888. La superficie du pays est de. Le gouvernement revendique aussi une possession sur le continent Antarctique : le Territoire chilien de l'Antarctique correspond aux longitudes et et est situé au sud du soixante-cinquième parallèle sud. | [
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Château de Pierrefonds | Château de Pierrefonds | The Château de Pierrefonds () is a castle situated in the "commune" of Pierrefonds in the Oise "département" (Picardy) of France. It is on the southeast edge of the Forest of Compiègne, northeast of Paris, between Villers-Cotterêts and Compiègne. | Le château de Pierrefonds est un imposant château fort situé à Pierrefonds, dans le département de l'Oise, en région des Hauts-de-France, à la lisière sud-est de la forêt de Compiègne, au nord de Paris. Le château de Pierrefonds présente la plupart des caractéristiques de l'ouvrage défensif du Moyen Âge, en fait une interprétation du dit style troubadour du, très en vogue au Second Empire dans les classes aisées : il fut reconstruit à cette époque par Viollet-le-Duc, qui y entreprit également d'importants travaux de création de décoration et de mobilier. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Corinne Lepage | Corinne Lepage | Corinne Dominique Marguerite Lepage (born 11 May 1951) is a French politician. She served as French Minister of the Environment in the Alain Juppé cabinets 1 and II 1995–1997 and as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) 2009–2014 for the North-West constituency. | Corinne Lepage, née le à Boulogne-Billancourt, est une avocate et une femme politique française engagée dans la protection de l'environnement. | [
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Physical layer | Couche physique | In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer. This layer may be implemented by a PHY chip. | Dans le domaine des réseaux informatiques, la couche physique est la première couche du modèle OSI (de l'anglais Open Systems Interconnection, « Interconnexion de systèmes ouverts »). | [
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CAC 40 | CAC 40 | The CAC 40 ( ) ("Cotation Assistée en Continu") is a benchmark French stock market index. The index represents a capitalization-weighted measure of the 40 most significant stocks among the 100 largest market caps on the Euronext Paris (formerly the Paris Bourse). It is one of the main national indices of the pan-European stock exchange group Euronext alongside Brussels' BEL20, Lisbon's PSI-20 and Amsterdam's AEX. | Le CAC 40 est le principal indice boursier de la Bourse de Paris. Son code ISIN est FR0003500008 et son code mnémonique est « PX1 ». | [
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California | Californie | California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States. With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about, California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area, and is also the world's thirty-fourth most populous subnational entity. California is also the most populated subnational entity in North America. The state capital is Sacramento. The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second-most populous, after New York City. California also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The City and County of San Francisco is both the country's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county, behind only four of the five New York City boroughs. | La Californie (en anglais et espagnol : "California") est un État des États-Unis qui fait partie de la région de la Sun Belt dans l’Ouest américain. La Californie est l'État le plus peuplé du pays. Il est situé sur la côte ouest et bordé au sud par le désert de Sonora, à l'est par le Grand Bassin des États-Unis et au nord par les monts Klamath. La façade océanique suit entièrement le relief des chaînes côtières du Pacifique au-delà desquelles s'étend la Vallée Centrale sur les contreforts de la Sierra Nevada. | [
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Cinematography | Cinéma | Cinematography (from ancient Greek κίνημα, "kìnema" "movement" and γράφειν, "gràphein" "to write") is the art of motion-picture photography and filming either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as film stock. | Le cinéma est un art du spectacle. En français, il est couramment désigné comme le « septième art », d'après l'expression du critique Ricciotto Canudo dans les années 1920. L’art cinématographique se caractérise par le spectacle proposé au public sous la forme d’un film, c’est-à-dire d’un récit (fictionnel ou documentaire), véhiculé par un support (pellicule souple, bande magnétique, contenant numérique) qui est enregistré puis lu par un mécanisme continu ou intermittent qui crée l’illusion d’images en mouvement, ou par un enregistrement et une lecture continus de données informatiques. La communication au public du spectacle enregistré, qui se différencie ainsi du spectacle vivant, se fait à l’origine par l’éclairement à travers le support, le passage de la lumière par un jeu de miroirs ou/et des lentilles optiques, et la projection de ce faisceau lumineux sur un écran transparent (Émile Reynaud, Thomas Edison) ou opaque (frères Lumière), ou la diffusion du signal numérique sur un écran plasma ou à led. Au sens originel et limitatif, le cinéma est la projection en public d’un film sur un écran (en salle ou en plein-air). Dès Émile Reynaud, en 1892, les créateurs de films comprennent que le spectacle projeté gagne à être accompagné par une musique qui construit l’ambiance du récit, ou souligne chaque action représentée. Très rapidement, ils ajoutent des bruits provoqués par un assistant à l’occasion de chaque projection, et font commenter les actions par un bonimenteur présent lui aussi dans la salle. Depuis son invention, le cinéma est devenu à la fois un art populaire, un divertissement, une industrie et un média. Il peut aussi être utilisé à des fins publicitaires, de propagande, de pédagogie ou de recherche scientifique ou relever d'une pratique artistique personnelle et singulière. | [
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Culture of the United States | Culture des États-Unis | The culture of the United States of America is primarily of Western origin, but is influenced by a multicultural ethos that includes African, Native American, Asian, Pacific Island, and Latin American people and their cultures. It also has its own distinct social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, and folklore. The United States is ethnically and racially diverse as a result of large-scale migration throughout its history. | La culture des États-Unis tire ses origines et est principalement fondée sur la culture occidentale (européenne), mais est aussi influencée par de nombreuses autres cultures et peuples comme les Afro-Américains, les Amérindiens, les Asio-Américains, les Polynésiens et les Latino-américains. Elle possède toutefois ses propres caractéristiques sociales et culturelles, notamment sa langue (l'anglais américain), sa musique, son cinéma, ses arts, ses codes sociaux, sa cuisine et son. Les États-Unis d'Amérique sont un pays divers ethniquement et racialement en conséquence d'immigrations massives en provenance de nombreux pays tout au long de leur histoire. | [
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Cowboy Bebop | Cowboy Bebop | The series premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo from April 3 until June 26, 1998, broadcasting only twelve episodes and a special due to its controversial adult-themed content. The entire twenty-six episodes of the series were later broadcast on Wowow from October 24 until April 24, 1999. The anime was adapted into two manga series which were serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's "Asuka Fantasy DX". A was later released to theaters worldwide. | Cette série de science fiction suit les aventures d'un groupe de chasseurs de primes voyageant dans un vaisseau spatial, le Bebop, en 2071. Elle est réalisée dans un style fortement influencé par la culture cinématographique américaine et la musique jazz, en particulier le mouvement bebop des années 1940, 1950 et 1960. | [
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Karelian language | Carélien | Karelian ("karjala", "karjal" or "kariela") is a Finnic language spoken mainly in the Russian Republic of Karelia. Linguistically, Karelian is closely related to the Finnish dialects spoken in eastern Finland, and some Finnish linguists have even classified Karelian as a dialect of Finnish though in the modern day it is widely considered a separate language. Karelian is not to be confused with the Southeastern dialects of Finnish, sometimes referred to as "karjalaismurteet" ("Karelian dialects") in Finland. | Le carélien est une langue appartenant à la branche fennique de la famille des langues ouraliennes. Il est parlé par les Caréliens, habitants autochtones de la Carélie, vaste région allant du golfe de Finlande à la mer Blanche, à cheval sur la Finlande et la Russie actuelles. | [
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Communication | Communication | Communication (from Latin "communicare", meaning "to share") is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules. | La communication est l'ensemble des interactions avec autrui qui transmettent une quelconque information. On distingue la communication interpersonnelle, la communication de groupe et la communication de masse, c'est-à-dire de l'ensemble des moyens et techniques permettant la diffusion du message d'une organisation sociale auprès d'une large audience. | [
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Cadmium | Cadmium | Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it demonstrates oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds, and like mercury, it has a lower melting point than the transition metals in groups 3 through 11. Cadmium and its congeners in group 12 are often not considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled "d" or "f" electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states. The average concentration of cadmium in Earth's crust is between 0.1 and 0.5 parts per million (ppm). It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann, both in Germany, as an impurity in zinc carbonate. | Le cadmium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 48, de symbole Cd. Le corps simple cadmium est un métal. Un alliage contenant du cadmium ou un objet recouvert d'une fine couche de cadmium (métal) est dit cadmié. | [
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Halley's Comet | 1P/Halley | Halley's Comet or Comet Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–76 years. Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and the only naked-eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime. Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061 to 2062. | La comète de Halley (désignation officielle 1P/Halley) est la plus connue de toutes les comètes. Son demi grand axe est de 17,9 unités astronomiques (soit environ 2,7 milliards de kilomètres), son excentricité est de 0,97 et sa période est de 76 ans. Sa distance au périhélie est de 0,59 unité astronomique et sa distance à l'aphélie est de 35,3 unités astronomiques. Il s'agit d'une comète à courte période. | [
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Culture of Mexico | Culture du Mexique | The culture of Mexico reflects the country's complex history and is the result of the gradual blending of native culture (particularly Mesoamerican) with Spanish culture and other Mexican cultures. | La culture du Mexique, pays du sud de l'Amérique du Nord, avec façade atlantique et façade pacifique, désigne d'abord les pratiques culturelles observables de ses habitants (, estimation 2017). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Comet | Comète | A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet nuclei range from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers across and are composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. The coma may be up to 15 times Earth's diameter, while the tail may stretch one astronomical unit. If sufficiently bright, a comet may be seen from Earth without the aid of a telescope and may subtend an arc of 30° (60 Moons) across the sky. Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures. | Une comète (stylisé en symbole astronomique ) est, en astronomie, un petit corps céleste constitué d'un noyau de glace et de poussière en orbite (sauf perturbation) autour d'une étoile. Lorsque son orbite, qui a généralement la forme d'une ellipse très allongée, l'amène près de cette étoile (par exemple le Soleil dans le Système solaire), la comète est exposée à diverses forces émanant de cette dernière : vent stellaire, pression de radiation et gravitation. Le noyau s'entoure alors d'une sorte de fine atmosphère brillante constituée de gaz et de poussières, appelée chevelure ou "coma", souvent prolongée de deux traînées lumineuses composées également de gaz et de poussières, les queues (une de gaz ionisé et une de poussières), qui peuvent s'étendre sur plusieurs dizaines de millions de kilomètres. | [
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Chartres Cathedral | Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres | Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (), is a Roman Catholic church in Chartres, France, about southwest of Paris and is the seat of the Bishop of Chartres. Mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220, it stands at the site of at least five cathedrals that have occupied the site since the Diocese of Chartres was formed as an episcopal see in the 4th century. It is in the Gothic and Romanesque styles. | La cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres est une cathédrale catholique romaine située au coeur de la ville de Chartres dans le département français d'Eure-et-Loir, en région Centre-Val de Loire. Siège du diocèse de Chartres, elle est l'un des monuments emblématiques de l'architecture gothique. | [
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Central processing unit | Processeur | A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor or main processor, is the electronic circuitry within a computer that executes instructions that make up a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program. The computer industry used the term "central processing unit" as early as 1955. Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry. | Un processeur (ou unité centrale de traitement, UCT, en anglais "central processing unit", CPU) est un composant présent dans de nombreux dispositifs électroniques qui exécute les instructions machine des programmes informatiques. Avec la mémoire, c'est notamment l'un des composants qui existent depuis les premiers ordinateurs et qui sont présents dans tous les ordinateurs. Un processeur construit en un seul circuit intégré est un microprocesseur. | [
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Compact disc | Disque compact | Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings (CD-DA) but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, Compact Disc-Interactive (CD-i), and Enhanced Music CD. The first commercially available audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan. | Un CD (abréviation de « » en anglais), ou disque compact, est un disque optique utilisé pour stocker des données sous forme numérique. | [
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Korea | Corée | Korea is a region in East Asia; since 1945 it has been divided into what are now two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea") and South Korea (officially the "Republic of Korea"). Korea consists of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and several minor islands near the peninsula. It is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea). | La Corée est une région d’Asie de l’Est de située entre le Japon, la Chine et la Russie. Elle est principalement formée de la péninsule de Corée entourée de nombreuses îles ainsi que des terres situées entre l'isthme de Corée et les fleuves Yalou et Tumen. | [
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Clergy | Clergé | Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the terms used for individual clergy are "clergyman", "clergywoman", and "churchman". Less common terms are "cleric", "churchwoman", and "clergyperson", while "clerk in holy orders" has a long history but is rarely used. | « Clergé » est le terme qui désigne les différentes institutions d'une religion. Il n'y a donc pas un clergé, mais plusieurs clergés. Certains ministères chrétiens (évêque, presbytres, diacres) se sont regroupés, à l'aube du, autour d'un statut commun en un. | [
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Coaxial cable | Câble coaxial | Coaxial cable, or coax (pronounced ) is a type of electrical cable consisting of an inner conductor surrounded by a concentric conducting shield, with the two separated by a dielectric (insulating material); many coaxial cables also have a protective outer sheath or jacket. The term "coaxial" refers to the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. | Le câble coaxial ou ligne coaxiale est une ligne de transmission ou liaison asymétrique, utilisée en basses ou hautes fréquences, composée d'un câble à deux conducteurs (central et extérieur). | [
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Counter-Strike (video game) | Counter-Strike (jeu vidéo) | Counter-Strike (also known as Half-Life: Counter-Strike) is a first-person shooter video game developed by Valve. It was initially developed and released as a "Half-Life" modification by Minh "Gooseman" Le and Jess Cliffe in 1999, before Le and Cliffe were hired and the game's intellectual property acquired. "Counter-Strike" was released by Valve on the Microsoft Windows platform in 2000. The game spawned a franchise, and is the first installment in the "Counter-Strike" series. Several remakes and ports of "Counter-Strike" have been released on the Xbox console (by Microsoft Game Studios), as well as OS X and Linux. It is commonly referred to as Counter-Strike 1.6 to distinguish it from other titles of the series, 1.6 being the final major software update the game received. | Counter-Strike (du mot anglais, que l'on pourrait traduire par « contre-attaque »), ou l'abréviation CS, est un jeu de tir à la première personne multijoueur en ligne basé sur le principe du jeu en équipe. C'est une modification complète du jeu "Half-Life" de Valve, réalisée par Minh Le et Jess Cliffe, dont la première version est sortie le. Le jeu fait s'affronter une équipe de terroristes et d'antiterroristes au cours de plusieurs manches. Les joueurs marquent des points en accomplissant les objectifs de la carte de jeu et en éliminant leurs adversaires, dans le but de faire gagner leur équipe. | [
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Charlemagne | Charlemagne | Charlemagne (; ) or Charles the Great (2 April 748 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was the King of the Franks from 768, the King of the Lombards from 774, and the Emperor of the Romans from 800. During the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe. He was the first recognised emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later canonised by Antipope Paschal III. | Charlemagne, du latin "Carolus Magnus", ou Charles dit, né à une date inconnue (vraisemblablement durant l'année 742, voire 747 ou 748, peut-être le ), mort le à Aix-la-Chapelle, est un roi des Francs et empereur. Il appartient à la dynastie des Carolingiens. Fils de Pépin le Bref, il est roi des Francs à partir de 768, devient par conquête roi des Lombards en 774 et est couronné empereur à Rome par le pape le 24 ou, relevant une dignité disparue en Occident depuis la déposition, trois siècles auparavant, de Romulus Augustule en 476. | [
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Palais de la Cité | Palais de la Cité | The Palais de la Cité, located on the Île de la Cité in the Seine River in the centre of Paris, was the residence of the Kings of France from the sixth century until the 14th century. From the 14th century until the French Revolution, it was the headquarters of the French treasury, judicial system and the Parlement of Paris, an assembly of nobles. During the Revolution it served as a courthouse and prison, where Marie Antoinette and other prisoners were held and tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal. The palace was built and rebuilt over the course of six centuries; the site is now largely occupied by the buildings of the 19th-century Palais de Justice, but a few important vestiges remain: the medieval lower hall of the Conciergerie, four towers along the Seine, and, most important, the Sainte-Chapelle, the former chapel of the Palace, a masterpiece of Gothic architecture. Both parts of the Conciergerie and Saint-Chapelle are classified as national historical monuments and can be visited, though most of the Palais de Justice is closed to the public. | Le palais de la Cité était la résidence et le siège du pouvoir des rois de France, du, tout en restant le siège des principales cours de justice jusqu'à nos jours. Il s’étendait sur la partie ouest de l’île de la Cité dans le de Paris. | [
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Caduceus | Caducée | The caduceus (☤; ;, from "herald's wand, or staff") is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology and consequently by Hermes Trismegistus in Greco-Egyptian mythology. The same staff was also borne by heralds in general, for example by Iris, the messenger of Hera. It is a short staff entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by wings. In Roman iconography, it was often depicted being carried in the left hand of Mercury, the messenger of the gods, guide of the dead, and protector of merchants, shepherds, gamblers, liars, and thieves. | Le caducée est un des attributs du dieu Hermès dans la mythologie grecque, représenté comme une baguette de laurier ou d'olivier surmonté de deux ailes et entouré de deux serpents entrelacés. Le caducée sert à guérir les morsures de serpents et c'est pourquoi il en est orné. | [
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Dewey Decimal Classification | Classification décimale de Dewey | The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), colloquially the Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876. Originally described in a four-page pamphlet, it has been expanded to multiple volumes and revised through 23 major editions, the latest printed in 2011. It is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries. OCLC, a non-profit cooperative that serves libraries, currently maintains the system and licenses online access to WebDewey, a continuously updated version for catalogers. | La classification décimale de Dewey (CDD) est un système visant à classer l’ensemble du fonds documentaire d’une bibliothèque, développé en 1876 par Melvil Dewey, un bibliographe américain. Elle a été complétée et perfectionnée par la classification décimale universelle (CDU) développée par Henri La Fontaine et Paul Otlet. | [
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Confucianism | Confucianisme | Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life, Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE). | Le confucianisme, "Rújiā" (儒家) « école des lettrés » puis "Rúxué" (儒学) « enseignement des lettrés », est l'une des plus grandes écoles philosophiques, morales, politiques et dans une moindre mesure religieuses de Chine. Elle s'est développée pendant plus de deux millénaires à partir de l'œuvre attribuée au philosophe Kongfuzi, « Maître Kong » 孔夫子 (551-479 av. J.-C.), connu en Occident sous le nom latinisé de Confucius. Après avoir été confrontée aux écoles de pensée concurrentes pendant la Période des Royaumes combattants et violemment combattue sous le règne de Qin Shi Huang, fondateur du premier empire, elle fut imposée par l'empereur Han Wudi (-156 ~ -87) en tant que doctrine d'État et l'est restée jusqu'à la fondation de la République de Chine (1911). Elle a aussi pénétré au Viêt Nam, en Corée et au Japon où elle a été adaptée aux circonstances locales. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Japanese numerals | Numération japonaise | The Japanese numerals are the number names used in Japanese. In writing, they are the same as the Chinese numerals, and the grouping of large numbers follows the Chinese tradition of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the Sino-Japanese (on'yomi) readings of the Chinese characters and the Japanese yamato kotoba (native words, kun'yomi readings). | La numération japonaise est calquée sur le modèle chinois. Les sinogrammes sont d'ailleurs restés identiques dans l'écriture kanji. Le tableau ci-dessous présente les différentes façons d'écrire les nombres en japonais. | [
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Comitative case | Comitatif | The comitative case (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case that denotes accompaniment. In English, the preposition "with", in the sense of "in company with" or "together with", plays a substantially similar role (other uses of "with", like in the meaning of "using" or "by means of" (I cut bread with a knife), correspond to the instrumental case or related cases). | En linguistique, le comitatif (parfois dénommé sociatif ou associatif) est un cas grammatical exprimant l'accompagnement. Il s'exprime en français au moyen de la préposition "avec". Exemple : « Il est allé au cinéma avec son amie. » Dans certaines autres langues plus synthétiques, comme le hongrois, le finnois, l'estonien, le japonais, le mongol et beaucoup de langues australiennes, le comitatif s'exprime au moyen d'une désinence (comme "-ga" en estonien après la forme du génitif au singulier ou celle du partitif au pluriel, "-val/-vel" en hongrois) et remplit également d'autres fonctions (notamment celle de l'instrumental). | [
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Amstrad CPC | Amstrad CPC | The Amstrad CPC (short for "Colour Personal Computer") is a series of 8-bit home computers produced by Amstrad between 1984 and 1990. It was designed to compete in the mid-1980s home computer market dominated by the Commodore 64 and the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, where it successfully established itself primarily in the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and the German-speaking parts of Europe. | LAmstrad CPC est un ordinateur personnel 8 bits produit par Amstrad dans les années 1980. CPC est le sigle de "Colour Personal Computer", « ordinateur personnel couleur », même si une version dotée d'un moniteur monochrome était disponible. | [
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Greco-Roman mysteries | Culte à mystères | Mystery religions, mystery cults, sacred mysteries or simply mysteries, were religious schools of the Greco-Roman world for which participation was reserved to initiates "(mystai)". The main characterization of this religion is the secrecy associated with the particulars of the initiation and the ritual practice, which may not be revealed to outsiders. The most famous mysteries of Greco-Roman antiquity were the Eleusinian Mysteries, which were of considerable antiquity and predated the Greek Dark Ages. The mystery schools flourished in Late Antiquity; Julian the Apostate in the mid 4th century is known to have been initiated into three distinct mystery schools—most notably the mithraists. Due to the secret nature of the school, and because the mystery religions of Late Antiquity were persecuted by the Christian Roman Empire from the 4th century, the details of these religious practices are derived from descriptions, imagery and cross-cultural studies. "Because of this element of secrecy, we are ill-informed as to the beliefs and practices of the various mystery faiths. We know that they had a general likeness to one another". Much information on the Mysteries come from Marcus Terentius Varro. | Les religions ou cultes « à mystères », « initiatiques » ou « orientaux », sont des cultes ou religions apparus dans le monde gréco-romain à des dates variables, mais dont l'expansion la plus grande se situe aux premiers siècles de notre ère, coïncidant avec le développement du christianisme. | [
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Chomsky hierarchy | Hiérarchie de Chomsky | In formal language theory, computer science and linguistics, the Chomsky hierarchy (occasionally referred to as the Chomsky–Schützenberger hierarchy) is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars. | En informatique théorique, en théorie des langages, et en calculabilité, la hiérarchie de Chomsky (parfois appelée hiérarchie de Chomsky-Schützenberger) est une classification des grammaires formelles (et par extension, des langages formels respectifs engendrés par les grammaires), décrite par Noam Chomsky en 1956. | [
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Smart card | Carte à puce | A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC) is a physical electronic authorization device, used to control access to a resource. It is typically a plastic credit card-sized card with an embedded integrated circuit (IC) chip. Many smart cards include a pattern of metal contacts to electrically connect to the internal chip. Others are contactless, and some are both. Smart cards can provide personal identification, authentication, data storage, and application processing. Applications include identification, financial, mobile phones (SIM), public transit, computer security, schools, and healthcare. Smart cards may provide strong security authentication for single sign-on (SSO) within organizations. Numerous nations have deployed smart cards throughout their populations. | Une carte à puce est une carte en matière plastique, voire en papier ou en carton, de quelques centimètres de côté et moins d'un millimètre d'épaisseur, portant au moins un circuit intégré capable de contenir de l'information. Le circuit intégré (la "puce") peut contenir un microprocesseur capable de traiter cette information, ou être limité à des circuits de mémoire non volatile et, éventuellement, un composant de sécurité ("carte mémoire"). Les cartes à puce sont principalement utilisées comme moyens d'identification personnelle (carte d'identité, badge d'accès aux bâtiments, carte d'assurance maladie, carte SIM) ou de paiement (carte bancaire, porte-monnaie électronique) ou preuve d'abonnement à des services prépayés (carte de téléphone, titre de transport) ; voir ci-dessous. La carte peut comporter un hologramme de sécurité pour éviter la contrefaçon. La lecture (l'écriture) des données est réalisée par des équipements spécialisés, certaines puces nécessitant un contact physique (électrique), d'autres pouvant fonctionner à distance (communication par ondes radio). | [
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Charles-Augustin de Coulomb | Charles-Augustin Coulomb | Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (; ; 14 June 1736 – 23 August 1806) was a French military engineer and physicist. He is best known as the eponymous discoverer of what is now called Coulomb's law, the description of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion, though he also did important work on friction. | Charles-Augustin Coulomb, né le à Angoulême et mort le à Paris, est un officier, ingénieur et physicien français. Il est passé à la postérité pour la formulation précise des lois du frottement solide, et pour l'invention du pendule de torsion, dynamomètre de précision qui lui permit de formuler la loi d'attraction entre solides électrisés. | [
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Commodore 64 | Commodore 64 | The Commodore 64, also known as the C64 or the CBM 64, is an 8-bit home computer introduced in January 1982 by Commodore International (first shown at the Consumer Electronics Show, in Las Vegas, January 7–10, 1982). It has been listed in the Guinness World Records as the highest-selling single computer model of all time, with independent estimates placing the number sold between 10 and 17 million units. Volume production started in early 1982, marketing in August for. Preceded by the Commodore VIC-20 and Commodore PET, the C64 took its name from its of RAM. With support for multicolor sprites and a custom chip for waveform generation, the C64 could create superior visuals and audio compared to systems without such custom hardware. | Le Commodore 64 est un ordinateur personnel conçu par Commodore Business Machines Inc. en 1982, sous l'égide de Jack Tramiel. Il fut la première machine vendue à plusieurs millions d'exemplaires (de 17 à 25 millions selon les estimations), et il reste le modèle d'ordinateur personnel le plus vendu à ce jour, selon le Livre Guinness des records. | [
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Cyberpunk | Cyberpunk | Cyberpunk is a subgenre of science fiction in a dystopian futuristic setting that tends to focus on a "combination of low-life and high tech" featuring advanced technological and scientific achievements, such as artificial intelligence and cybernetics, juxtaposed with a degree of breakdown or radical change in the social order. Much of cyberpunk is rooted in the New Wave science fiction movement of the 1960s and 1970s, when writers like Philip K. Dick, Roger Zelazny, John Brunner, J. G. Ballard, Philip José Farmer and Harlan Ellison examined the impact of drug culture, technology, and the sexual revolution while avoiding the utopian tendencies of earlier science fiction. | Le cyberpunk (association des mots "cybernétique" et "punk") est un genre de la science-fiction très apparenté à la dystopie et à la hard science-fiction. Il met souvent en scène un futur proche, avec une société technologiquement avancée (notamment pour les technologies de l'information et la cybernétique). | [
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Cecil B. DeMille | Cecil B. DeMille | Cecil Blount DeMille (; August 12, 1881 – January 21, 1959) was an American filmmaker. Between 1914 and 1958, he made a total of 70 features, both silent and sound films. He is acknowledged as a founding father of the American cinema and the most commercially successful producer-director in film history. His films were distinguished by their epic scale and by his cinematic showmanship. His silent films included social dramas, comedies, Westerns, farces, morality plays, and historical pageants. | Cecil Blount DeMille, plus couramment appelé Cecil B. DeMille, est un réalisateur et producteur américain, né le à Ashfield (Massachusetts) et mort le à Los Angeles (Californie). | [
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Public-key cryptography | Cryptographie asymétrique | Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is a cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys: "public keys", which may be disseminated widely, and "private keys", which are known only to the owner. The generation of such keys depends on cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems to produce one-way functions. Effective security only requires keeping the private key private; the public key can be openly distributed without compromising security. | La cryptographie asymétrique est un domaine de la cryptographie où il existe une distinction entre des données "publiques" et "privées", en opposition à la cryptographie symétrique où la fonctionnalité est atteinte par la possession d'une donnée secrète commune entre les différents participants. | [
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Commodore 128 | Commodore 128 | The Commodore 128, also known as the C128, C-128, C= 128, is the last 8-bit home computer that was commercially released by Commodore Business Machines (CBM). Introduced in January 1985 at the CES in Las Vegas, it appeared three years after its predecessor, the bestselling Commodore 64. | Le Commodore 128 est un ordinateur personnel familial, aussi connu sous le nom de C128, présenté lors du "Consumer Electronics Show" (CES) de janvier 1985. | [
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Korean language | Coréen | The Korean language ( / "hanguk-eo"; / "chosŏn-mal") is an East Asian language spoken by about 77 million people. It is a member of the Koreanic language family and is the official and national language of both Koreas: North Korea and South Korea, with different standardized official forms used in each country. It is a recognised minority language in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of Jilin province, China. It is also spoken in parts of Sakhalin, Russia, and Central Asia. | Le coréen est une langue parlée en Corée, dans les districts frontaliers de la République populaire de Chine (Yanbian) et dans les communautés émigrées (notamment au Japon, en Chine (Pékin, Shandong), en Russie, en Australie, aux États-Unis, en France, etc.), et est la langue officielle de la Corée du Nord et de la Corée du Sud. | [
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Distributed computing | Calcul distribué | Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems. A "distributed system" is a system whose components are located on different networked computers, which communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages to one another. The components interact with one another in order to achieve a common goal. Three significant characteristics of distributed systems are: concurrency of components, lack of a global clock, and independent failure of components. Examples of distributed systems vary from SOA-based systems to massively multiplayer online games to peer-to-peer applications. | Un calcul distribué, ou réparti ou encore partagé, est un calcul ou un traitement réparti sur plusieurs microprocesseurs et plus généralement toute unité centrale informatique. Le calcul distribué est souvent réalisé sur des clusters de calcul spécialisés, mais peut aussi être réalisé sur des stations informatiques individuelles à plusieurs cœurs. La distribution d'un calcul est un domaine de recherche des sciences mathématiques et informatiques. Elle implique notamment la notion de calcul parallèle. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Chlorine | Chlore | Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the Pauling scale, behind only oxygen and fluorine. | Le chlore est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 17, de symbole Cl. C'est le plus commun des halogènes. Le chlore est abondant dans la nature, son dérivé le plus important est le sel de table ou chlorure de sodium (NaCl). Ce dernier est nécessaire à de nombreuses formes de vie. | [
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CLIÉ | Clié | The Sony CLIÉ is a series of personal digital assistants running the Palm Operating System developed and marketed by Sony from 2000 to 2005. The devices introduced many new features to the PDA market, such as a jog-wheel interface, high-resolution displays, and Sony technologies like Memory Stick slots and ATRAC3 audio playback. Most models were designed and manufactured in Japan. The name is an acronym for "creativity, lifestyle, innovation, emotion" though formerly "communication, link, information and entertainment". It was initially an attempt at a new coinage term, though it means "tool" in the Jèrriais language. | Le Clié (acronyme de "") est un assistant personnel de marque Sony. Il utilise une version modifiée du système Palm OS permettant d'utiliser des fonctions multimédia (telles que "jog-wheel", slot Memory-Stick, lecture MP3, vidéo, affichage haute résolution...). | [
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Counterculture | Contre-culture | A counterculture is a culture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores. A countercultural movement expresses the ethos and aspirations of a specific population during a well-defined era. When oppositional forces reach critical mass, countercultures can trigger dramatic cultural changes. Prominent examples of Late Modern countercultures in the Western world include Romanticism (1790–1840), Bohemianism (1850–1910), the "Jazz Age" of the Roaring Twenties, the Non-conformists of the 1930s, the more fragmentary counterculture of the Beat Generation (1944–1964), followed by the globalized counterculture of the 1960s (1964–1974), usually associated with the hippie subculture as well as the diversified punk subculture of the 1970s and 1980s. | Une contre-culture ou contreculture est un mouvement culturel contestataire. Il peut en exister plusieurs simultanément au sein d'une même société<ref name="www.futura-sciences.com/philosophie/la-culture-reflet-dun-monde-polymorphe_227">. | [
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Cameroon | Cameroun | Cameroon (; ), officially the Republic of Cameroon (), is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state, it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Nord-Ouest and Sud-Ouest Regions having a strong West African history. However, since 2017, elements within the "Sud-Ouest" and "Nord-Ouest" regions have since declared an independent (yet internationally unrecognized) state called Ambazonia. The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa. Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people. | Le Cameroun ( ou ), en forme longue la république du Cameroun (en anglais : et ), est un pays d'Afrique centrale, situé entre le Nigéria au nord-nord-ouest, le Tchad au nord-nord-est, la République centrafricaine à l'est, la république du Congo au sud-est, le Gabon au sud, la Guinée équatoriale au sud-ouest et le golfe de Guinée au sud-ouest. Les langues officielles sont le français et l'anglais pour un pays qui compte une multitude de langues locales. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Carbon | Carbone | Carbon (from "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Three isotopes occur naturally, C and C being stable, while C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. | Le carbone est l'élément chimique de et de Il possède trois isotopes naturels : Le carbone est l'élément le plus léger du groupe 14 du tableau périodique. Le corps simple carbone présente plusieurs formes allotropiques dont principalement le graphite et le diamant. L'élément carbone forme divers composés inorganiques comme le dioxyde de carbone, et une grande variété de composés organiques et de polymères. C'est l'élément de base de toutes les formes de vie connues. | [
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Comoro Islands | Archipel des Comores | The Comoro Islands or Comoros (Shikomori "Komori";, "Juzur al-Qomor"; ) form an archipelago of volcanic islands situated off the south-east coast of Africa, to the east of Mozambique and north-west of Madagascar. The islands are politically divided between Union of the Comoros (pop. 850,688) and two territories of France: the department of Mayotte (pop. 270,372) and the Glorioso Islands, a part of the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, the 5th district of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. | L'archipel des Comores est un ensemble d'îles de l'océan Indien situées au sud-est de l'Afrique, entre le littoral nord mozambicain et à la pointe nord de Madagascar. Il est constitué principalement de quatre îles: Grande Comore, Anjouan, Mohéli et Mayotte. Les trois premières forment l'Union des Comores, pays indépendant, tandis que Mayotte (composé des îles Grande-Terre et Petite-Terre), île la plus au sud-est et les quelques îles environnantes sont un département français. Selon les sources, l'îlot du banc du Geyser et les îles Glorieuses peuvent ou non être rattachées à l'archipel. | [
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Chronobiology | Chronobiologie | Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms. These cycles are known as biological rhythms. Chronobiology comes from the ancient Greek χρόνος ("chrónos", meaning "time"), and biology, which pertains to the study, or science, of life. The related terms "chronomics" and "chronome" have been used in some cases to describe either the molecular mechanisms involved in chronobiological phenomena or the more quantitative aspects of chronobiology, particularly where comparison of cycles between organisms is required. | La chronobiologie est une discipline scientifique étudiant l’organisation temporelle des êtres vivants, des mécanismes qui en assurent la régulation (contrôle, maintien) et de ses altérations. Cette discipline traite essentiellement de l’étude des rythmes biologiques. | [
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Spoonerism | Contrepèterie | A spoonerism is an error in speech in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched (see metathesis) between two words in a phrase. These are named after the Oxford don and ordained minister William Archibald Spooner, who reputedly did this. | La contrepèterie ou abusivement le contrepet est un jeu de mots consistant à permuter certains phonèmes ou syllabes d'une phrase afin d'en obtenir une nouvelle, présentant souvent un sens indécent masqué par l'apparente innocence de la phrase initiale. Jusqu'au début du, les termes "antistrophe" et "équivoque" étaient également employés comme synonymes. Joël Martin se plaît à définir le contrepet comme, cette définition étant elle-même une contrepèterie (« L'art de délasser les cons que débouche notre bite »). | [
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Common Era | Ère commune | Common Era (CE) is one of the notation systems for the world's most widely used calendar era. BCE (Before the Common Era or Before the Current Era) is the era before CE. BCE and CE are alternatives to the Dionysian BC and AD system respectively. The Dionysian era distinguishes eras using BC ("before Christ") and AD (", "in [the] year of [the] Lord"). The two notation systems are numerically equivalent: " CE" and "AD " each describe the current year; "400 BCE" and "400 BC" are each the same year. Both notations refer to the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar). The year-numbering system used by the Gregorian calendar is used throughout the world today, and is an international standard for civil calendars. | Ère commune (abrégée par son sigle EC ou è.c.) est une locution destinée à remplacer « après Jésus-Christ » (« »), de même qu’avant l'ère commune (AEC ou av. è. c.) remplace « avant Jésus-Christ » (« »). Elle est décalquée de l'anglais '. En français, on dit historiquement et plus couramment « de/avant l'ère chrétienne », avec les mêmes sigles, ou « de/avant notre ère » (abrégées « de/av. n.è. »). Il peut aussi se dire « de/avant l'ère actuelle » et parfois « de/avant l'ère vulgaire » (en latin,'ou'contre '), mais ces locutions sont moins usitées. | [
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Mexican cuisine | Cuisine mexicaine | Mexican cuisine began about 9,000 years ago, when agricultural communities such as the Maya formed, domesticating maize, creating the standard process of maize nixtamalization, and establishing their foodways. Successive waves of other Mesoamerican groups brought with them their own cooking methods. These included the Olmec, Teotihuacanos, Toltec, Huastec, Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomi, Purépecha, Totonac, Mazatec, and Mazahua. | La cuisine mexicaine est considérée comme très variée de par son héritage préhispanique (des indigènes de Mésoamérique) et européen (principalement espagnol), conséquence de la conquête espagnole de l'empire Aztèque au cours du. Elle a aussi connu l'influence des cuisines africaines, caraïbéennes, asiatiques et moyen-orientales. La base traditionnelle de cette cuisine est le maïs, ainsi que d'autres aliments d'origine autochtone comme le haricot, l'avocat, la tomate, la dinde, les cacahuètes, la vanille et le piment, accompagnés de riz, transporté par les Espagnols. Les Européens ont amené avec eux un grand nombre d'aliments parmi lesquels les plus importants sont les viandes d'animaux domestiqués (bœuf, porc, poulet, chèvre et mouton), les produits laitiers (en particulier le fromage), et diverses herbes et épices. | [
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Croatia | Croatie | Croatia (, ;, ), officially the Republic of Croatia (, ), is a country in Southeast Europe. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the southeast, sharing a maritime border with Italy. Its capital, Zagreb, forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, along with twenty counties. Croatia has an area of and a population of 4.07 million, most of whom are Roman Catholics. | La Croatie, en forme longue la république de Croatie, et, est un pays d'Europe centrale et du Sud, indépendant depuis 1991 lors de la dislocation violente de la Yougoslavie. Il s'étend depuis les confins de l'extrémité orientale des Alpes au nord-ouest et depuis les plaines pannoniennes au nord-est, jusqu'au littoral de la mer Adriatique au sud-sud-ouest, en passant par le massif montagneux des Alpes dinariques au centre. Elle est entourée par la Slovénie, la Hongrie, la Serbie, la Bosnie-Herzégovine et le Monténégro. Sa capitale est Zagreb et elle est membre de l'Union européenne depuis le, de l'OMC depuis 2000 et de l'OTAN depuis 2009. | [
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Republic of the Congo | République du Congo | The Republic of the Congo (, ), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic, RotC, or simply the Congo, is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to its west; Cameroon to its northwest and the Central African Republic to its northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southeast and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to its south; and the Atlantic Ocean to its southwest. The official language is French. | Le Congo, aussi appelé de manière informelle Congo-Brazzaville, en forme longue la république du Congo, est un pays d'Afrique centrale, situé de part et d'autre de l'équateur. Ses voisins sont le Gabon à l'ouest, le Cameroun au nord-nord-ouest, la République centrafricaine au nord-nord-est, la république démocratique du Congo au nord-est, au sud-est et au sud — de laquelle il est séparé, en partie, par le fleuve Congo puis l'Oubangui — et Cabinda (Angola) au sud-ouest. Le pays s’étend sur du nord au sud et d'est en ouest. La république du Congo est fréquemment appelée « Congo-Brazzaville » pour la distinguer de l’autre Congo, officiellement nommé « république démocratique du Congo », aussi appelé « Congo-Kinshasa ». Elle a également porté le nom de république populaire du Congo de 1969 à 1992. | [
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Carole Lombard | Carole Lombard | Carole Lombard (born Jane Alice Peters; October 6, 1908 – January 16, 1942) was an American actress, particularly noted for her energetic, often off-beat roles in screwball comedies. She was the highest-paid star in Hollywood in the late 1930s and in 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Lombard 23rd on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema. | Carole Lombard (née Jane Alice Peters le à Fort Wayne, Indiana, États-Unis – morte le ) est une actrice américaine de la première moitié du. Elle est surtout connue pour ses rôles dans des comédies des années 1930 devenues des classiques. Elle commence sa carrière à la fin des années 1920 dans la troupe des "Bathing Beauties" de Mack Sennett. Mariée à l'acteur Clark Gable, elle meurt dans un accident d'avion. | [
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Charles Péguy | Charles Péguy | Charles Pierre Péguy (; 7 January 1873 – 5 September 1914) was a noted French poet, essayist, and editor. His two main philosophies were socialism and nationalism, but by 1908 at the latest, after years of uneasy agnosticism, he had become a believing but non-practicing Roman Catholic. From that time, Catholicism strongly influenced his works. | Charles Pierre Péguy, né le à Orléans (Loiret) et mort pour la France le à Villeroy (Seine-et-Marne), est un écrivain, poète, essayiste et officier de réserve français. Il est également connu sous les noms de plume de Pierre Deloire et Pierre Baudouin. | [
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Carnivora | Carnivora | Carnivora is an order of placental mammals that have specialized in primarily eating flesh. Its members are formally referred to as carnivorans, though some species are omnivorous, like raccoons and bears, and quite a few species like pandas are specialized herbivores. The word 'carnivore' is derived from Latin "carō" (stem "carn-") "flesh" and "vorāre" "to devour", it refers to any meat-eating organism. The order Carnivora is the fifth largest order of mammals and one of the more successful members of the group; it comprises at least 279 species living on every major landmass and in a variety of habitats, ranging the cold polar regions to the hyper-arid region of the Sahara Desert to the open seas. They come in a huge array of different body plans in contrasting shapes and sizes. The smallest carnivoran is the least weasel ("Mustela nivalis") with a body length of about and a weight of about. The largest is the southern elephant seal ("Mirounga leonina"), with adult males weighing up to and measuring up to. All species of carnivorans are descended from a group of mammals which were related to today's pangolins, having appeared in North America 6 million years after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. These early ancestors of carnivorans would have resembled small weasel or genet-like mammals, occupying a nocturnal shift on the forest floor or in the trees, as other groups of mammals like the mesonychians and creodonts were occupying the top faunivorous niche. However, by the time Miocene epoch appeared, most if not all of the major lineages and families of carnivorans had diversified and took over this niche. | Les Carnivores (Carnivora) sont un ordre de mammifères placentaires du super-ordre des Laurasiathériens. Ils se distinguent par une mâchoire et une denture qui leur permet de chasser et de manger d'autres animaux. Une des synapomorphies qui caractérisent les Carnivores est la présence d'une carnassière. Les canines sont transformées en crocs. Leur cerveau est de type gyrencéphale. | [
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CNN | Cable News Network | CNN (Cable News Network) is an American news-based pay television channel owned by CNN Worldwide, a unit of the WarnerMedia News & Sports division of AT&T's WarnerMedia. CNN was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel. Upon its launch in 1980, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. | La chaîne est connue pour sa couverture en direct dramatique (et parfois sensationnaliste) de "breaking news", ou édition spéciale en français, qui peut durer des jours voire des semaines; ce qui l'a conduite à des accusations de faux équilibre médiatique. | [
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Cape Verde | Cap-Vert | Cape Verde () or Cabo Verde (, ) (, ), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country in the central Atlantic Ocean. The ten volcanic islands in the archipelago have a combined land area of about. The capital Praia, on the southern coast of Santiago island, is approximately west of Dakar, Senegal on the Cape Verde Peninsula, the westernmost point of continental Africa. Cape Verde forms part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles. | Le Cap-Vert, en forme longue la République du Cap-Vert, en portugais : ', ou ', est un État insulaire, composé d'un archipel de dix îles volcaniques. Situé dans l'océan Atlantique, au large des côtes du Sénégal, il couvre une superficie d'environ. Praia, la capitale, se trouve à de la presqu'île du Cap-Vert, au Sénégal. L'archipel se divise en deux séries d'îles : au sud les îles de Sotavento (Brava, Fogo, Santiago et Maio) et au nord les îles de Barlavento (Boa Vista, Sal, São Nicolau, Santa Luzia, São Vicente et Santo Antão). Santiago comprend à elle seule plus de la moitié de la population du pays, dont la capitale Praia. | [
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Chris Blackwell | Chris Blackwell | Christopher Percy Gordon Blackwell (born 22 June 1937) is an English businessman and former record producer, and the founder of Island Records, which has been called "one of Britain's great independent labels". According to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, to which Blackwell was inducted in 2001, he is “the single person most responsible for turning the world on to reggae music." | Chris Blackwell, né le à Londres (Angleterre), est un producteur de musique anglais, fondateur du label Island Records. Il compte parmi les fondateurs de l'industrie musicale jamaïcaine et participe à l'expansion internationale du reggae, notamment grâce à Bob Marley, qu'il engage sur son label au début des années 1970 et qui connaît un succès planétaire. | [
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Ozone layer | Couche d'ozone | The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains high concentration of ozone (O) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically. | La couche d'ozone ou ozonosphère désigne la partie de la stratosphère contenant une quantité relativement importante d'ozone (concentration de l'ordre de un pour cent mille). À haute altitude la couche d'ozone est utile : elle absorbe la plus grande partie du rayonnement solaire ultraviolet dangereux pour les organismes. Elle a donc un rôle protecteur pour les êtres vivants et les écosystèmes. | [
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Clifford Geertz | Clifford Geertz | Clifford James Geertz (; August 23, 1926 – October 30, 2006) was an American anthropologist who is remembered mostly for his strong support for and influence on the practice of symbolic anthropology, and who was considered "for three decades...the single most influential cultural anthropologist in the United States." He served until his death as professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. | Clifford Geertz ( à San Francisco - à Philadelphie) est un anthropologue américain. Il est présenté comme un anthropologue postmoderne, mais il préférait se présenter comme un réformateur du culturalisme américain, qu'il souhaitait débarrasser de toute forme d'explication causale, qu'elle soit psychologique, structurale ou sociale. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Molar concentration | Concentration molaire | Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution. In chemistry, the most commonly used unit for molarity is the number of moles per litre, having the unit symbol mol/L or mol⋅dm in SI unit. A solution with a concentration of 1 mol/L is said to be 1-molar, commonly designated as 1 M. To avoid confusion with SI prefix mega, which has the same abbreviation, small caps ᴍ or italicized "M" are also used in journals and textbooks. | La concentration molaire ou molarité, ou parfois taux molaire, d'une espèce chimique est sa quantité rapportée au volume total du mélange qui contient cette espèce. Elle est exprimée en moles par unité de volume. | [
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Potsdam Conference | Conférence de Potsdam | The Potsdam Conference () was held in Potsdam, Germany, from 17 July to 2 August 1945. (In some older documents, it is also referred to as the Berlin Conference of the Three Heads of Government of the USSR, the USA, and the UK.) The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, represented respectively by Premier Joseph Stalin, Prime Ministers Winston Churchill and Clement Attlee, and President Harry S. Truman. | La conférence de Potsdam est une conférence organisée par trois des puissances alliées victorieuses de la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour fixer le sort des nations ennemies. Les États-Unis sont représentés par le président Harry Truman, l'URSS par le secrétaire général et dirigeant Joseph Staline et le Royaume-Uni par ses premiers ministres successifs Winston Churchill et Clement Attlee. | [
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Childeric I | Childéric Ier | Childeric I (; ; ; reconstructed Frankish: "*Hildirīk"; – 481 AD) was a Frankish leader in the northern part of imperial Roman Gaul and a member of the Merovingian dynasty, described as a King (Latin "Rex"), both on his Roman-style seal ring, which was buried with him, and in fragmentary later records of his life. He was father of Clovis I, who acquired effective control over all or most Frankish kingdoms, and a significant part of Roman Gaul. | Childéric, né vers 436 et mort en 481, est roi des Francs saliens à partir de 457 ou 458. Son nom, constitué des éléments franciques "hild-" « combat » et "-rīk" « puissant », est attesté sous la forme latinisée "Childericus". Il est le père de. | [
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Roman numerals | Numération romaine | Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Modern usage employs seven symbols, each with a fixed integer value: | La numération romaine est un système de numération additive utilisé par les anciens Romains. Les nombres sont représentés à l'aide de symboles combinés entre eux, notamment par les signes,,,,, et, appelés chiffres romains, qui représentent respectivement les nombres 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 et. Ces ne permettaient pas à leurs utilisateurs de faire des calculs, qui étaient effectués au moyen d'abaques. | [
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Belief | Croyance | Belief is the attitude that something is the case or true. In epistemology, philosophers use the term "belief" to refer to personal attitudes associated with true or false ideas and concepts. However, "belief" does not require active introspection and circumspection. For example, few ponder whether the sun will rise, just assume it will. Since "belief" is an important aspect of mundane life, according to Eric Schwitzgebel in the "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", a related question asks: "how a physical organism can have beliefs?" | La croyance est le processus mental expérimenté par une personne qui adhère à une thèse ou une hypothèse, de façon qu’elle les considère comme vérité, indépendamment des faits, ou de l'absence de faits, confirmant ou infirmant cette thèse ou cette hypothèse. Ainsi, les croyances sont souvent des certitudes sans preuve. | [
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Créteil | Créteil | Créteil () is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris. Créteil is the "préfecture" (capital) of the Val-de-Marne department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Créteil. The city is, moreover, the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese and of one of France's 30 nationwide "académies" (districts) of the Ministry of National Education. | Créteil ( ) est une ville de la banlieue sud-est de Paris, préfecture du département du Val-de-Marne en région Île-de-France. | [
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Charles Baudelaire | Charles Baudelaire | Charles Pierre Baudelaire (, ; ; 9 April 1821 – 31 August 1867) was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe. | Charles Baudelaire est un poète français. Né à Paris le, il meurt dans la même ville le. Au cœur des débats sur la fonction de la littérature de son époque, Baudelaire détache la poésie de la morale, la proclame tout entière destinée au Beau et non à la Vérité. Comme le suggère le titre de son recueil, il a tenté de tisser des liens entre le mal et la beauté, le bonheur fugitif et l’idéal inaccessible ("À une Passante"), la violence et la volupté ("Une martyre"), mais aussi entre le poète et son lecteur () et même entre les artistes à travers les âges ("Les Phares")"". Outre des poèmes graves ("Semper Eadem") ou scandaleux ("Delphine et Hippolyte"), il a exprimé la mélancolie ("Mœsta et errabunda"), l’horreur ("Une charogne") et l’envie d’ailleurs ("L’Invitation au voyage") à travers l’exotisme. | [
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Yalta Conference | Conférence de Yalta | The Yalta Conference, also known as the Crimea Conference and code-named Argonaut and Magneto, held 4-11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe. The three states were represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively. The conference was held near Yalta in Crimea, Soviet Union, within the Livadia, Yusupov, and Vorontsov Palaces. | La conférence de Yalta est une réunion des principaux responsables de l'Union soviétique (Joseph Staline), du Royaume-Uni (Winston Churchill) et des États-Unis (Franklin D. Roosevelt). Elle s'est tenue du 4 au dans le palais de Livadia, situé dans les environs de la station balnéaire de Yalta en Crimée. Elle a été préparée par la conférence de Malte du 31 janvier au, où les Etats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni se sont concertés pour présenter un front uni à Staline sur la planification de la campagne finale contre les troupes allemandes et japonaises et sur la limitation de la progression de l'Armée rouge en Europe centrale. Les buts de la conférence de Yalta sont les suivants : | [
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Binary search algorithm | Recherche dichotomique | In computer science, binary search, also known as half-interval search, logarithmic search, or binary chop, is a search algorithm that finds the position of a target value within a sorted array. Binary search compares the target value to the middle element of the array. If they are not equal, the half in which the target cannot lie is eliminated and the search continues on the remaining half, again taking the middle element to compare to the target value, and repeating this until the target value is found. If the search ends with the remaining half being empty, the target is not in the array. | La recherche dichotomique, ou recherche par dichotomie (), est un algorithme de recherche pour trouver la position d'un élément dans un tableau trié. Le principe est le suivant : comparer l'élément avec la valeur de la case au milieu du tableau ; si les valeurs sont égales, la tâche est accomplie, sinon on recommence dans la moitié du tableau pertinente. | [
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Palace of Fontainebleau | Château de Fontainebleau | The Palace of Fontainebleau (; ) or Château de Fontainebleau, located southeast of the center of Paris, in the commune of Fontainebleau, is one of the largest French royal châteaux. The medieval castle and subsequent palace served as a residence for the French monarchs from Louis VII to Napoleon III. Francis I and Napoleon were the monarchs who had the most influence on the Palace as it stands today. It became a national museum in 1927 and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. | Le château de Fontainebleau est un château royal de styles principalement Renaissance et classique, près du centre-ville de Fontainebleau (Seine-et-Marne), à une soixantaine de kilomètres au sud-est de Paris, en France. Les premières traces d'un château à Fontainebleau remontent au. Les derniers travaux sont effectués au. | [
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Italian cuisine | Cuisine italienne | Italian cuisine is a Mediterranean cuisine consisting of the ingredients, recipes and cooking techniques developed across the Italian Peninsula since the antiquity, and later spread around the world together with waves of Italian diaspora. | La cuisine italienne se caractérise par la variété des produits utilisés, ainsi que par une grande diversité régionale. Elle repose essentiellement sur le régime méditerranéen fait de produits frais, mais est aussi renommée pour sa production d'huile d'olive, de fromages, de charcuterie, de vins, de fruits et de desserts qui font partie des plus de 5300 produits traditionnels régionaux. | [
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Shamanism | Chamanisme | Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner, a shaman, who is believed to interact with a spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct these spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world, for healing or some other purpose. | Le chamanisme se présente comme une pratique centrée sur la médiation entre les êtres humains et les esprits. C'est le chaman qui incarne cette fonction, dans le cadre d'une interdépendance étroite avec la communauté qui le reconnaît comme tel et pour laquelle il intercède auprès des esprits. | [
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Doubs | Doubs (département) | Doubs (; ) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France. Named after the Doubs River, it had a population of 538,549 in 2016. Its prefecture is Besançon and subprefectures are Montbéliard and Pontarlier. | Le Doubs () est un département français de la région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté qui tient son nom de la rivière Doubs. Il fait partie de la région historique et culturelle de Franche-Comté. Son chef-lieu est la ville de Besançon, qui est également la préfecture. Il dispose aussi de deux sous-préfectures, les villes de Montbéliard et de Pontarlier. | [
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Dagobert I | Dagobert Ier | Dagobert I (; 603 – 19 January 639 AD) was the king of Austrasia (623–634), king of all the Franks (629–634), and king of Neustria and Burgundy (629–639). He was the last king of the Merovingian dynasty to wield any real royal power. Dagobert was the first of the Frankish kings to be buried in the royal tombs at Saint Denis Basilica. | , né vers 602/605, mort le ou 639, est un roi des Francs de la dynastie mérovingienne. Fils de (584-629), arrière-arrière-petit-fils de Clovis, il règne sur l'Austrasie de 623 à 632 et est roi des Francs de 629 à 639. Durant cette période, il a sa résidence le plus souvent autour de Paris, notamment à Clichy (actuel département des Hauts-de-Seine). Déjà affaibli sous Dagobert, le pouvoir monarchique passe entre les mains des maires du palais à partir de sa mort. | [
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Dragon Quest | Dragon Quest | Dragon Quest, formally published as Dragon Warrior in North America until 2005, is a series of Japanese role-playing video games created by Yuji Horii and his studio Armor Project. The games are published by Square Enix (formerly Enix), with localized remakes and ports of later installments for the Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, and Nintendo Switch being published by Nintendo outside of Japan. With its first game published in 1986, there are eleven main-series games, along with numerous spin-off games. In addition, there have been numerous manga, anime and novels published under the franchise, with nearly every game in the main series having a related adaptation. | , aussi connu sous le nom de Dragon Warrior aux États-Unis, est une série de jeux vidéo créée en 1986 par le concepteur Yuji Horii. Pour chacun des épisodes, Horii tient la place de directeur ou de producteur, Akira Toriyama supervise l'environnement graphique puis se concentre sur la création des personnages et Kōichi Sugiyama compose les musiques. | [
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Deux-Sèvres | Deux-Sèvres | Deux-Sèvres () is a French department. "Deux-Sèvres" literally means "two Sèvres": the Sèvre Nantaise and the Sèvre Niortaise are two rivers which have their sources in the department. | Les Deux-Sèvres sont un département du Centre-Ouest de la France, situé en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Il doit son nom à la Sèvre Nantaise, dernier grand affluent de la Loire, et à la Sèvre Niortaise, fleuve côtier qui se jette dans l'océan Atlantique au niveau de l'anse de l'Aiguillon. | [
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Debian | Debian | Debian (), also known as Debian GNU/Linux, is a Linux distribution composed of free and open-source software, developed by the community-supported Debian Project, which was established by Ian Murdock on August 16, 1993. The first version of Debian (0.01) was released on September 15, 1993, and its first stable version (1.1) was released on June 17, 1996. The Debian Stable branch is the most popular edition for personal computers and servers. Debian is also the basis for many other distributions, most notably Ubuntu. | Debian (//) est une organisation communautaire et démocratique, dont le but est le développement de systèmes d'exploitation basés exclusivement sur des logiciels libres. | [
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Dendrochronology | Dendrochronologie | Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed. As well as dating them this can give data for dendroclimatology, the study of climate and atmospheric conditions during different periods in history from wood. Dendrochronology derives from Ancient Greek (), meaning "tree", (), meaning "time", and (), "the study of". | La dendrochronologie (du grec ancien, "dendron", « arbre »,, "khronos", « temps » et, "-logie", « discours ») est une méthode scientifique permettant en particulier d'obtenir des datations de pièces de bois à l’année près en comptant et en analysant la morphologie des anneaux de croissance (ou "cernes") des arbres. Elle permet également de reconstituer les changements climatiques et environnementaux. | [
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Ivory Coast | Côte d'Ivoire | Ivory Coast, also The Ivory Coast and formally Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located on the south coast of West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south. The official language of the republic is French, with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has large populations of Muslims, Christians (primarily Roman Catholics) and various indigenous religions. | La Côte d’Ivoire, en forme longue république de Côte d’Ivoire (RCI), est un pays situé en Afrique, sur l'océan Atlantique, dans la partie occidentale du golfe de Guinée. D’une superficie de, elle est bordée au nord-nord-ouest par le Mali, au nord-est par le Burkina Faso, à l'est par le Ghana, au sud-ouest par le Liberia, à l'ouest-nord-ouest par la Guinée et au sud par l’océan Atlantique. La population est estimée à en 2020. La Côte d’Ivoire a pour capitale politique et administrative Yamoussoukro bien que la quasi-totalité des institutions se trouvent à Abidjan, son principal centre économique. Ayant pour langue officielle le français, il existe plus de 60 autres dialectes parlés au quotidien. Elle a pour monnaie, le franc CFA. Le pays fait partie de la CEDEAO, de l’Union africaine et de l'Organisation de la coopération islamique. | [
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Departments of France | Département français | In the administrative divisions of France, the department (, ) is one of the three levels of government under the national level ("territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the communes. Ninety-six departments are in metropolitan France, and five are overseas departments, which are also classified as overseas regions. Departments are further subdivided into 334 arrondissements, themselves divided into cantons; the last two have no autonomy, and are used for the organisation of police, fire departments, and sometimes, elections. | En France, le département est à la fois une division territoriale de l'État et une collectivité territoriale dotée de compétences particulières. | [
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Dejima | Dejima | Dejima was a small fan-shaped artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki covering an area of or, and is listed in old Western documents Latinised as "Deshima", "Decima", "Decuma", "Desjima", "Dezima", "Disma", or "Disima". Dejima was built in 1634 to house Portuguese traders and separate them from Japanese society by digging a canal through a small peninsula. The Dutch were moved to Dejima in 1641 and during most of the Edo period the island was the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world. Dejima was abolished after the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 and the island was later integrated into Nagasaki city through land reclamation. In 1922, the "Dejima Dutch Trading Post" was designated a Japanese national historic site. | Pendant cette période, les étrangers autres que les Néerlandais de la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales ("" ou VOC) n'avaient pas le droit de commercer avec l'archipel nippon. Ces derniers n'avaient pas le droit de quitter l'île artificielle sur laquelle ils étaient installés. | [
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Dennis Ritchie | Dennis Ritchie | Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941 – October 12, 2011) was an American computer scientist. He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the Unix operating system and B programming language. Ritchie and Thompson were awarded the Turing Award from the ACM in 1983, the Hamming Medal from the IEEE in 1990 and the National Medal of Technology from President Bill Clinton in 1999. Ritchie was the head of Lucent Technologies System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007. He was the "R" in K&R C, and commonly known by his username dmr. | Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie, né le à Bronxville dans l'État de New York et mort le à Berkeley Heights dans le New Jersey, est un des pionniers de l'informatique moderne, inventeur du langage C et codéveloppeur de Unix. Il est parfois désigné par "dmr", son adresse électronique aux Laboratoires Bell. | [
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Liberal democracy | Démocratie libérale | Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism. Also referred to as Western democracy, it is characterised by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, a market economy with private property, and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties and political freedoms for all people. To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution, either codified, (such as in the United States of America), or uncodified, (such as in the United Kingdom) to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract. After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century, liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world. | La démocratie libérale, parfois appelée démocratie occidentale, est une idéologie politique et une forme de gouvernement dans laquelle la démocratie représentative fonctionne selon les principes du libéralisme, à savoir la protection des droits des minorités et, en particulier, l'individu. Elle est caractérisée par des élections justes, libres et concurrentielles entre plusieurs partis politiques distincts, une séparation des pouvoirs dans différentes branches du gouvernement, la primauté du droit dans la vie quotidienne dans le cadre d'une société ouverte, et la protection égale des droits de l'homme, des droits et libertés civils, et des libertés politiques pour tous les hommes. En pratique, les démocraties libérales sont souvent basées sur une constitution, formellement écrite ou non codifiée, afin de définir les pouvoirs du gouvernement et de consacrer le contrat social. Après une période d'expansion soutenue tout au long du, la démocratie libérale est devenu le système politique de la majorité des pays développés. | [
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Entertainment | Divertissement | Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience's attention. Although people's attention is held by different things, because individuals have different preferences in entertainment, most forms are recognisable and familiar. Storytelling, music, drama, dance, and different kinds of performance exist in all cultures, were supported in royal courts, developed into sophisticated forms and over time became available to all citizens. The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products. Entertainment evolves and can be adapted to suit any scale, ranging from an individual who chooses a private entertainment from a now enormous array of pre-recorded products; to a banquet adapted for two; to any size or type of party, with appropriate music and dance; to performances intended for thousands; and even for a global audience. | Un divertissement est une activité qui permet aux êtres humains d'occuper leur temps libre en s'amusant et de se détourner ainsi de leurs préoccupations. Les divertissements forment l'essentiel de la famille plus large des loisirs : par exemple, une conversation, amicale et plutôt inattendue, entre anciens collaborateurs sera un loisir notable dans l'entreprise sans être un divertissement. | [
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1236,
82,
8,
40,
3402,
28889,
1679,
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8,
14723,
7442,
167618,
7,
5,
1734,
106173,
2619,
9035,
100,
674,
96,
25,
113291,
8,
21,
27348,
1001,
21334,
224,
232005,
152,
366,
18632,
4,
773,
77104,
4,
5263,
57965,
82,
46785,
23,
68918,
13388,
4,
1148,
142,
67109,
57119,
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7561,
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37135,
12915,
135818,
807,
96,
25,
49801,
5736,
4385,
51,
45,
11549,
51539,
5,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Subsets and Splits