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Symato Team 5

Re: Fly the Confederate Flag High and with Pride You are correct, they do have the right to fly their confederate flag. What does it symbolize though? Southern history? Perhaps. One must then ponder why the KKK marches around with the Confederate flag "Flying high with Pride". Maybe it's because this flag has become, over time, a symbol of white supremacy? A symbol of the racist beliefs held by southern slave owners during the war? You say the war was "all about economic issues", heh. I'll give you two guesses as to what minority was a major part of the southern economy at the time. Yes, the flag is just a piece of fabric...and the Nazi swastika is just a design. I do agree that it should not be illegal...and it never will be. Making it so would be unconstitutional.

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Special Discounts for Newly Called & Students Browse Secondhand Online International institutions are powerful players on the world stage, and every student of international law requires a clear understanding of the forces that shape them. For example, with increasing global influence comes the need for internal control and accountability. This thought-provoking overview considers these and other forces that govern international institutions such as the UN, EU and WTO, and the complex relationship that exists between international organizations and their member states. Covering recent scholarly developments, such as the rise of constitutionalism and global administrative law, and analysing the impact of important cases, such as the ICJ’s Genocide case (2007) and the Behrami judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (2007), its clarity of explanation and analytical approach allow students to understand and think critically about a complex subject.

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Galaxy groups and clusters are cosmic giants. They are the largest observable virialised objects that have materialised from the initial perturbations in the early Universe. These systems comprise of not only galaxies, but also hot gas and dark matter. They are ideal astrophysical laboratories to study the matter distribution of the Universe and cluster physics whilst their distribution and evolution can be used constrain cosmological parameters. Clusters are the ultimate test for the structure formation paradigm. However, for this to be achieved requires knowledge of their mass which is a particularly challenging task since there are no ‘cosmic scales’ to directly measure the masses of these objects. Groups and clusters are massive enough to gravitationally influence light emitted from background galaxies, an effect known as gravitational lensing. Its mass can be inferred from the strength of the weak lensing signal and is only dependent on the gravitational potential well depth. However, its limitations arise from systematic uncertainties of shape measurement, photometric redshift and shallow survey depth. This thesis concerns constraining accurate and precise cluster mass estimates of low mass groups and poor clusters, and testing the limits that can be achieved with current noisy, ground-based data.

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Driving up the street in the morning or coming home after work. A small white flash set against the dark green of the well-kept lawn a few houses up. A furry blur shooting into the shrubbery or up the opposite side of a giant oak tree. The first few times I saw him, I wasn't even sure it was real. A trick of the lighting perhaps. Maybe just a piece of litter or debris blowing in the wind. But I kept watching. I kept looking each time I drove by the house near the top of the hill until I was sure I saw him. The white squirrel. I'd never seen a white squirrel before. I named him Moby. Yes, you're correct, a reference to the squirrely white 1990s-era techno music artist. I vowed to capture the white squirrel no matter what it took. But first I hit up the internet for a bit of research on my quarry. It turns out that, while rare and uncommon, white squirrels aren't unknown in North America. Although these squirrels are commonly referred to as albinos, most of them are likely non-albino squirrels that exhibit a rare white fur coloration known as leucism that is as a result of a recessive gene found within certain Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) populations, and so technically they ought to be referred to as white squirrels, instead of albino.Armed with this information, I set about my hunt. I kept my camera in my car, a 200 mm lens attached. And as I passed by the yard each day, I kept my eye out for the opportunity to finally take a shot at the elusive prey. Dr. Michael Stokes, a biology professor at Western Kentucky University, commented that the probable cause for the abundance of white squirrels on university campuses was due to them being originally introduced by someone:We're not sure how they got here, but I'll tell you how it usually happens...When you see them, especially around a college campus or parks, somebody brought them in because they thought it would be neat to have white squirrels around.Dr. Albert Meier, another biology professor at Western Kentucky University, added that:…white squirrels rarely survive in the wild because they can't easily hide. But on a college campus, they are less likely to be consumed by other animals. Finally, my patience was paid off. Here you can clearly see Moby's fluffy tail as he flees for cover in the shrubs at the side of the house. Okay, as I look at that picture now, I can see that it might not be as clear to everyone where Moby is. Let me zoom it in a little for you... There. See the tail sticking out from behind a branch? No? Still having trouble? Let me try this... Okay. Perhaps the photographic evidence isn't yet as clear as I had thought. But believe me, this isn't over. I shall not give up my hunt for the White Squirrel. I'll follow him into the neighbor's back yard if I have to. I'll follow him around the Horn, and around the Norway maelstrom, and around perdition's flames before I give him up. tagged: white, squirrel, Moby, suburban, wildlife, animals, Johnson County, Kansas

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Einstein: His Life and Universe (Compact Disc) How did Einstein's mind work? What made him a genius? Isaacson's biography shows how his scientific imagination sprang from the rebellious nature of his personality. His fascinating story is a testament to the connection between creativity and freedom. Based on the newly released personal letters of Albert Einstein, Walter Isaacson explores how an imaginative, impertinent patent clerk -- a struggling father in a difficult marriage who couldn't get a teaching job or a doctorate -- became the mind reader of the creator of the cosmos, the locksmith of the mysteries of the atom and the universe. His success came from questioning conventional wisdom and marveling at mysteries that struck others as mundane. This led him to embrace a morality and politics based on respect for free minds, free spirits, and free individuals. These traits are just as vital for this new century of globalization, in which our success will depend on our creativity, as they were for the beginning of the last century, when Einstein helped usher in the modern age. About the Author Walter Isaacson, the CEO of the Aspen Institute, has been chairman of CNN and the managing editor of Time magazine. He is the author of Einstein: His Life and Universe; Benjamin Franklin: An American Life; and Kissinger: A Biography, and the coauthor of The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made. He lives in Washington, DC. Praise for Einstein: His Life and Universe… "Isaacson has managed the extraordinary feat of preserving Einstein's monumental stature while at the same time bringing him to such vivid life that we come to feel as if he could be walking in our midst." -- Doris Kearns Goodwin, author of Team of Rivals

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The reason why impair computing is just about the most chosen method for corporations to reach applications is due to its performance. This type of processing is based on a distributed, virtual platform just where different types of machines can be put together and connected by using a network. Zero individual computer hardware is needed. Rather, it is comprised of servers linked through a network. These hosting space are known as processing centers. During a period, the primary concentrate of the cloud processing is within the availability of info and applications that are efficiently shared among servers. No matter how many computing centers are owned by different companies or what types of applications are being used. It all depends on the concept of the cloud. Big data is actually a term used to summarize a large number of items of information. It may include video, audio, text, and even photos. However , it can possibly refer to the capability to connect computer systems, networks, and other devices throughout the Internet. They have texaswaterconservationnews.com as been founded that big data are changing. In this regard, the resources available on the Internet have grown. Therefore, to manage the best data cloud, organizations have to ensure that the resources are always available. Is it doesn’t next most sensible thing to having on-site power. This way, organizations may more easily method and examine big data. Therefore , today, businesses are spending a great deal of money on installing new computing devices and hard disk drives so that they can collect all the big data in a particular environment. The computing center which is used by these firms usually includes a large number of hosting space that each possess dedicated processing power. It is the circumstance of providing a electronic platform exactly where big data can be stored. The big info is displayed by various elements. A variety of them may be exterior and some inside to the corporation. Some of them can be stored in the same location as the users. In most cases, the computing centers will use the Hadoop platform to host the big data. It also uses storage area technology that is maximized for tempo. However , it has to be taken into account that there are various other methods applied such as data-centric computing. The main reason whiy it is recognized cloud computer is because by using a central resource, known as the cloud, to provide computing resources. The resources will be furnished to the computing centers. Although the storage and computing information happen to be paid, they are paid towards a more efficient fashion. The computer resources supplied to the computer centers is called the compute capacity. It can be unlimited, because it will be shared by many users at the same time. Also, it is managed on the impair and is therefore scalable. The next benefit is that the computing methods will be shared among many users. Users can gain access to the resources plus the different aspects in the big info. Because of the flexibility in the information, they can be upgraded when there exists a need. Therefore , big data impair computing is mostly a method to retail store and analyze big info at a low expense. Most companies that are looking to provide the resources are willing to share the resources plus the costs while using users. Naturally , a certain percentage of users will own the resources. Before you choose a computing center, it is important to take into consideration the normal factors. In the first place, it is important to discover the level of technology that the enterprise uses. It is necessary to know if the computing assets are suited for the type of business that you have. In the event that youare able to get the information you need, then you definitely will have more success.

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The formation of a simple boil, or furuncle, is caused by the invasion into the deeper layers of the skin of germs which are constantly present on the surface of the skin, and the accumulation of white blood cells brought to the spot to destroy these germs and wall them off to prevent their further spread. This accumulation of white cells is the pus, which constitutes the core of the boil. The question arises in what way and under what circumstances do the germs invade the lower layers of the skin? This question is easier to ask than it is to answer. It is possible the answer is that the germs which cause boils, although they look exactly like the germs which are constantly present on the surface of the skin, are, in reality, a different and special kind. And when these special germs get into contact with the skin a furuncle results. Or it may be that under certain circumstances the body is run down and the normal resistance to germs is lessened and in that way the infection gets a foothold. We know that this is true, for instance, in diabetes, and that it is not at all uncommon to see people who have diabetes with crops of boils. In fact, it is a regular rule for a physician who finds a patient with many crops of boils, to make an examination to see whether or not there is any diabetes present. All simple or single boils should be treated as early as possible, because there is a tendency once the skin is invaded for a number of boils to form in the same spot. This is particularly true in the familiar case of boils on the back of the neck. In the treatment of boils, the old fundamental rule of surgery always is invoked”Ubi pus, ubi evacuo””Wherever there is pus, there it must be evacuated.” As a matter of fundamental common experience it is wiser to allow the boil to ripen and to open it when the pus has been definitely formed. The reason for this is that at that time there is usually a sort of protective wall formed by nature around the pus so that an incision into it at that time will not open up channels of spread through the rest of the body. In the treatment of recurrent crops of boils, or several at one time, besides this principle of evacuation there must be attempts to raise the general resistance of the body to prevent re-infection. This can be done in various ways. Sometimes a poultice, or better, an ice pack, is placed over the affected region. Sometimes a method suggested by a German surgeon several years ago called, “Bier’s hyperemia,” in which the suction is made by cups with air bulb attachments, on the affected area. Sometimes the use of vaccines made from the germs causing the boils will bring the patient’s resistance up so that the invasion is halted.

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5 Ways to Develop Your Digital Literacy Skills There was a time when having a MySpace account automatically put you in the computer-literate category. That was when clouds only existed in the sky and “electronic mail” was a newfangled way to stay in touch. But the digital dictionary is one that never stays static for long. Even your great aunt Edna is on Facebook now, and your kid nephew can run a tablet better than you ... and he's only 3. So, those “skills” are no longer very valuable in a society that demands some level of digital savvy. We get it. With so many new devices, systems and programs, it’s incredibly hard to even know where to start. If digital technology began as a snowflake, it’s now an avalanche, and it’s really hard not to get confused in the flurries. That’s why we’ve created this guide to re-vamping your digital literacy and moving yourself forward to digital fluency. "Technology may feel like it’s constantly changing, but we shouldn’t be overwhelmed by this,” says Brooks Doherty, general education dean at Rasmussen College. Doherty points out that confidence comes with practice and fluency with accepting we have to be part of the creation of digital content and not just users. “The best way to evolve from a digitally literate learner to a digitally fluent learner is to push yourself to create projects and express ideas through digital tools." Honing the skills Just like learning a spoken language, one of the best ways to become fluent is to immerse yourself in it. Start by reading through our guide of digital tutorials, tips and tools for each skill set. 1. Basic computer skills You’re probably not typing one finger at a time anymore, but what’s considered “basic” today is much different than only a few years ago. - Writing emails is expected; doing it well is an art. Check out this ultimate guide to email etiquette - Maybe it’s not essential, but knowing your keyboard commands definitely helps you come across as digitally-literate. Check out these commands for Macs and these if you use a PC. - Still using PowerPoint for presentations at work or school? Vamp up your performance and impress professors and peers by using Prezi. 2. Advanced computer/tech skills The words “advanced” and “computer skills” don’t have to be synonymous with “impossible.” Like any other skills, advanced skills are acquired with the right tools, education and will to learn. - Ready to get with the program? Check out this free online course on computer science and programming. - Curious about coding? Get your feet wet with codecademy, a free interactive website dedicated to teaching the basics of coding. - Is your laptop lulling? Is your tablet too slow? Computers don’t have brains, but they do have memory … and that’s what allows them to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. It’s extremely valuable to know how to upgrade random access memory (RAM). 3. Online safety You probably wouldn’t leave your car door unlocked on purpose, so be purposeful in protecting your computer and keeping your personal information private. - Gadgets need vaccines too. Learn about virus protection with this video tutorial. - It sounds like black magic, but encrypting your hard drive can be pretty simple with a simple how-to video to help you out. 4. Content evaluation You’ve got to know how to determine whether an article or site is trustworthy, for your own sake and for that of your friends, who receive all those forwarded emails. (It gets even more serious if you’re using bogus content for an academic paper or work-related duty! - Wondering if a website is safe? Run a Google SafeBrowse report. Enter “http://google.com/safebrowsing/diagnostic?site=” before the site address. - How do you know if an article or webpage is credible? Look for these six credibility indicators. 5. Online job search Anyone can search for anything and come up with something. But smart job searching takes a bit of know-how and the right resources. - Use job-posting websites such as Indeed, SimplyHired and Monster, and be sure you check out a potential employer’s credibility before you offer up any of your personal information to a job posting. - Use common sense. Search for businesses in your area of interest and check for job postings on their website. - Don’t forget to network. Connect with potential employers on LinkedIn and follow like-minded companies to show your interest. You’re not done quite yet Now that you’ve taken a step forward, don’t take two back. Stay on your toes, work smart, and be a life-long learner of digital skills. While you’re at it, don’t forget to self-evaluate just to be sure you’re on the right track. “Frequent evaluation is important because it keeps us abreast of our ability to use digital tools to express ourselves,” Doherty says. Why not take a moment right now to see where you stand? Go through our brief digital literacy assessment and see how you rank today. Then it’s up to you if you want to be a life-long digital learner or you’re happy with being left behind.

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Despite its solid and impressive appearance, the urban Bay Area landscape remains a thin, freshly-constructed veneer over the native landscape. This underlying legacy of forests, marshlands, and shorelines still largely shapes the region, defining the physical spaces we experience each day and the potential future scenarios of construction, destruction, and restoration. Yet it remains mostly invisible, obscured by the complicated layers of history. The BayBoards project utilizes billboards and bus-shelters as signpost reminders of this forgotten landscape. BayBoards explores ways to visualize the entangled relationship between past and present landscapes. Visit the BayBoards Website San Francisco Public Library Lawrence Hall of Science Viacom Outdoor Media The Bancroft Library at UC Berkeley Programs and Focus Areas: Resilient Landscapes Program

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In The Craftsman, Richard Sennett "gathers case after case in which we see how the work of the hand can inform the work of the mind," writes Lewis Hyde in a New York Times book review (4/6/08). In one such example of the notion that "making is thinking," Richard tells the story of philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, who in the late 1920s, "designed and built a house in Vienna for his sister. He spared no expense, but the project wasn’t about the gold-plated faucets: "I am not interested in erecting a building … but in … presenting to myself the foundations of all possible buildings," Ludwig once wrote. This exercise included tearing out the drawing room ceiling and rebuilding it "three centimeters higher … to better satisfy his sense of proportion." In the end, Ludwig said the building had "good manners" but lacked "primordial life" and "health." Richard Sennett’s point is that building the house changed Ludwig’s philosophy "away from rigorous logic and toward a playful engagement with common speech, paradox and parable." Hm. So, this is a book for intellectuals, premised on Immanuel Kant ("The Hand is the window on to the mind") and The Enlightenment. Richard’s assumption is that we all have abilities as "craftsmen" and that pursuing those abilities "enables people to govern themselves and so become good citizens." In so doing, we can learn "how to negotiate between autonomy and authority (as one must in any workshop); how to work not against resistant forces but with them (as did the engineers who first drilled tunnels beneath the Thames); how to complete tasks using ‘minimum force’ (as do all chefs who must chop vegetables) … and above all … how to play, for it is in play that we find ‘the origin of the dialogue that the craftsman conducts with materials like clay and glass’." ~ Tim Manners, editor

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This is the book on domestic and ornamental breeds for the beginner. Full of practical tips, it provides information on how to set up a small unit, managing ponds and streams. Covers all aspects of keeping, breeding and rearing ducks. List of Contents About the duck Origin, classification and types Access to water Housing, fencing and predators Breeds domestic and ornamental Illustrated description of breeds Breeding, rearing and sexing Daily and seasonal care References and further information Product Category: Poultry Equipent > Books This item can be shipped to Worldwide and is normally despatched within 1-3 days People who bought this item also bought:

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Engineers work hard to improve how people live. They design, maintain, repair, and build almost everything we need in our daily lives. This week we celebrate National Engineers Week, a time to highlight how engineers make a difference, increase awareness about the need for more engineers, and bring engineering to life for children, educators, and families. This year’s theme is “Engineers Dream Big” and a fitting one at that. Engineers design our nation’s infrastructure, which is the most reliable in the world — delivering water, electricity and gas, transporting wastewater away from our homes and excess stormwater from roadways, and providing safe roads and bridges to get from one place to another. Infrastructure provides the foundation of our economic viability, is essential for living our day-to-day lives and is important for the safety and well-being our residents. Locally, structural engineers helped design the CRST Center, a vibrant new addition to downtown Cedar Rapids that also added a major flood wall to help prevent any future flooding. City utility engineers work tirelessly to operate, maintain, and improve the drinking water system providing millions of gallons of safe, clean water every day. Engineers designed and developed the Resource Recovery Center, which manages trash and discarded materials in a cost-effective and environmentally sound way. The Paving For Progress program continues to improve the street system. Even with these great projects, our aging infrastructure still is at a critical point. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) evaluates the condition and performance of our nation’s infrastructure, assigning letter grades based on the physical condition and the dollars needed to invest in improvements. The 2015 Report Card for Iowa’s Infrastructure assigned a C- grade for the state. Solid waste received the highest grade (B+) and bridges received the lowest grade (D+). According to the report card, Iowa has $5.9 billion in drinking water infrastructure needs over the next 20 years; $935 million a year in costs to motorists driving on roads in need of repair, which is $422 per year per motorist; $4.7 billion in estimated school infrastructure funding needs; and $3.4 billion in wastewater infrastructure needs over the next 20 years. Local, state, and federal governments will need to look closely at this need to maintain our existing infrastructure. In addition to prioritizing infrastructure, the state and country also will need more engineers who will be called upon to upgrade and replace the aging infrastructure. The impact engineers have on infrastructure projects is vital — as seen in past and current projects. But what does our future hold? There is a shortage of engineers in the United States in all areas. There are many reasons for this, but at the heart we need to do a better job encouraging our young people who are naturally curious toward engineering. It makes sense to direct them toward engineering since curiosity and solving problems are at the heart of an engineer. We need to continue to encourage our young people to dream big and look at life as a constant thing to be explored and in which to be engaged, and find ways to leave the world better than when we found it. ASCE has supported the production of a new IMAX movie highlighting the amazing feats of engineers around the world. The movie, called “DREAM BIG — Engineering Our World” opens this month in limited theatres throughout the country, including the Putnam Museum and Science Center in Davenport on February 24th. The current schedule can be viewed at asce.org/dream-big. I encourage teachers to continue to find ways to explore science, technology, engineering, and math curriculum which inspire children to be the next generation of dreamers and doers. We need to continue to develop problem-solvers in our country as our population and infrastructure demands continue to grow. If we identify our curious children and push them to explore that curiosity through engineering, we will ensure our future needs here in the State of Iowa and beyond. ARTICLE CONTINUES BELOW ADVERTISEMENT Thank you for signing up for our e-newsletter! You should start receiving the e-newsletters within a couple days. • Nathan Kass, a licenced professional engineer and professional land surveyor, is branch manager of Fehr Graham in Cedar Rapids

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Although conventional wisdom states that non-native invasive species are detrimental to ecosystems, recent studies have shown that their impact is in fact extremely complex and includes both direct and indirect effects with either positive or negative implications for other species in the community. Invasive plants have direct impacts on the composition of insect communities through provision of resources, and on plant communities through competition. They also have indirect impacts on other plants, mediated by pollinators and consumers. Indirect effects mediated by pollinators are especially important because they directly relate to the seed set of the plant, a measure of fitness. However, competing hypotheses surround the magnitude of this indirect impact: an invasive species might be a “magnet” species and facilitate pollinator attraction to the patch, or it may compete for pollinators, drawing them away from other plants in the patch. The same conflicting hypotheses can be applied to the attraction of herbivorous insects. We conduct an experiment to quantify the positive and negative impacts of Carduus acanthoides, a non-native invasive thistle species, on the existing community. We describe how the insect communities differ between plots with and without thistles, using network theory. The comparison between these networks will provide support for either the magnet or competition hypothesis. Preliminary results show that insects, mostly pollinators, from more than 16 families representing 4 orders are associated with the flowers of C. acanthoides. Other observed insects include herbivores, parasitoids, and predators of herbivores, indicating that a complex community of insects with multiple levels of trophic interactions associates with C. acanthoides. Thus, the thistle has the potential to dramatically affect the structure of the community of plants and insects in areas where it has invaded.

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With the U.S. East Coast blanketed in snow once again, it’s hard to imagine that climate scientists and environmentalists predicted years ago that the “end of snow” was nigh and that the Arctic would soon be “ice-free.” The U.S. East Coast got pounded by yet another winter storm on Monday that brought to temperatures to a 141-year record low in the Baltimore-Washington, D.C. metro area. The rash of cold weather and snowstorms have put environmentalists and climate scientists on the defensive, as they explain that one exceptionally cold and snowy winter does not disprove global warming. New York Times writer Peter Fox took to the editorial pages to pen an op-ed called the “End of Snow” which argued that global warming meant that there could be no more snowy areas to hold future Winter Olympic games. But past predictions of “snow free” winters and even an “ice-free” Arctic have failed to materialize. Here are some past predictions that winter as we know it would become a thing of the past. 1.) Scientists predicted in 2000 that kids would grow up without snow. It was 14 years ago now when UK climate scientists argued that global warming would make snowfall a “a very rare and exciting event”. “Children just aren’t going to know what snow is,” Dr. David Viner, a scientist with the climatic research unit at the University of East Anglia, told the UK Independent in 2000. After the wettest winter in 248 years, the UK was hit with snowstorms last week. Last year, the UK’s climate authority predicted that this winter would be drier than usual, with only a 15 percent chance of being wet. They were very wrong. 2.) It’s been 10 years since scientists predicted the “end of skiing” in Scotland. An article from the UK’s Guardian in 2004 quoted scientists and environmentalists predicting the demise of Scotland’s winter sports industry, including more remarks from Dr. David Viner, who had already predicted the end of snow in Britain. “Unfortunately, it’s just getting too hot for the Scottish ski industry,” said Dr. Viner. “It is very vulnerable to climate change; the resorts have always been marginal in terms of snow and, as the rate of climate change increases, it is hard to see a long-term future.” “Adam Watson, from the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Banchory, Aberdeenshire, believes the industry has no more than 20 years left,” the Guardian reported. Viner and Watson must have been surprised to see the BBC report that Scottish mountains may be their snowiest since 1945. 3.) The Arctic would be “ice-free” by now. “Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap, during some of the summer months, could be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,” Gore said in 2008. Gore was echoing the predictions made by American scientist Wieslaw Maslowsk in 2007, who said that “you can argue that may be our projection of [an ice-free Arctic by 2013] is already too conservative.” But in 2013, Arctic sea ice coverage was up 50 percent from 2012 levels. Data from Europe’s Cryosat spacecraft showed that Arctic sea ice coverage was nearly 2,100 cubic miles by the end of this year’s melting season, up from about 1,400 cubic miles during the same time last year. 4.) Environmentalists predicted the end of spring snowfall. In March 2013, the Union of Concerned Scientists predicted that warmer springs would mean declines in snow cover. “Warmer, earlier springs are a clear signal of a changing climate,” the group said. “March temperatures have grown 2.1 degrees (F) hotter, on average, in the United States since reliable record-keeping began in 1880s. Similarly, the first leaves have started appearing on plants several days earlier than they used to across the country.” But the record levels of snowfall to hit this year may have caught UCS off guard. On Monday, the U.S. east coast was hit with a massive snowstorm that stretched for 1,300 miles and those in the Baltimore-D.C. area were hit with a 141-year record cold of 4 degrees Fahrenheit on Tuesday morning. “Many places tied or broke record lows all over the Eastern half of the U.S.,” reported CBS Baltimore.

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|Description: A portion of Young's map of Florida showing the extent of Leon County in 1827. Digitization provided by the USF Libraries Digitization Center. Rare Maps. This is a hand-colored map of Leon County showing the cities and towns, inland waters, railroads, etc, circa 1827. Scale [ca. 1:3,168,000].| Place Names: Leon, Ocklockonne River, Ochlockonee River, Appalachie Bay, Tallahassee, Fort St. Marks, Tallahassee ISO Topic Categories: inlandWaters, boundaries, transportation, oceans Keywords: Leon County, physical, historical, political, transportation, physical features, county borders, railroads, inlandWaters, boundaries, transportation, oceans, Unknown,1827 Source: J. H. Young, (Philadelphia, PA: A. Finley, 1827) Map Credit: Courtesy of the Special Collections Department, University of South Florida.

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Our friends at Quest4Earth wrapped up their spring season last week as they shared with their families a series of multimedia projects that capture what they’ve been learning about birds, habitat restoration, and environmental stewardship. In his presentation, Therry says: “Making bird feeders, bird houses—that shows a lot of respect for the environment . . . Right now, it’s kind of like the earth is suffering because of what we’re doing to the environment. This program is showing us it doesn’t take one little person—all of us could join and try to help the earth become the way it always should have been.” Nick’s haiku captures a similar idea some may know from an African story about a hummingbird’s heroic effort to put out a forest fire as other animals look on, frozen into inaction. “I am doing the best I can,” the hummingbird says to the other animals. In her retelling of the story, Wangari Maathai says: “That, to me, is what all of us should do. We should always feel like a hummingbird.” Quest4Earth is a hands-on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) program developed by the Tiz Media Foundation, a nonprofit educational organization that is dedicated to bringing environmental science awareness and stewardship to students and communities. As Nyel says in her slideshow: “We use different material, we read for information, we build things, we learn from others—and we make beats just like this one!” The program is part of EvanSTEM, District 65’s collaborative network of in- and out-of-school STEM providers, which seeks to improve access and engagement for students who have traditionally underperformed or been underrepresented in STEM programs. Quest4Earth sessions take place in the Y.O.U. Makerspace at 1911 Church Street. Some of the participants’ displays are in the window. We are grateful for the partnership and look forward to continuing our collaboration. — Wendy Pollock

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Beyond Traditional Phonics In recent years, our understanding of how children learn to read has undergone monumental change. Looking beyond the "visible" (print) system involved in learning to read, researchers have made exciting discoveries about the critical role of "invisible" (linguistic and cognitive) systems. Although the instructional implications of these discoveries are extraordinary, these research findings have not yet become part of our general cultural knowledge. And, as inevitabordinary, these research findings have not yet become part of our general cultural knowledge. And, as inevitably happens when deeply-rooted, traditional belief systems are challenged, the backlash has begun.In Beyond Traditional Phonics, Margaret Moustafa fills you in on these exciting new research discoveries of how children learn to read and relates them to reading instruction. This book gives a comprehensive yet accessible picture of how children learn to read, describing: the origins of our traditional assumptions about beginning reading and problems research has uncovered about these assumptions discoveries about the linguistic processes children use to figure out unfamiliar print words discoveries about how children learn letter-sound correspondencesdiscoveries about how children begin their journey into literacya new method of teaching phonics based on children's natural learning strategiessuggestions on creating a research-based infrastructure to support reading instruction. Moustafa maintains that learning to read doesn't have to be hard or frustrating. It can and should be a joyous adventure. The key is to make that journey a happy and successful one.… read more Having trouble picking out toys that your kids will love and you can feel good about buying? Let us help you with this guide to our favorite natural, sustainable, environmentally friendly toys. Your child is always studying the world around them. Nurture that desire to learn by exposing them to toys that teach and encourage their rapid growth! Check out these 12 playroom essentials that prove having fun and learning go hand in hand. Modern design is all about practicing the less-is-more approach. If you're able to resist the many cute toys, accessories and decorations available today, you'll reap the rewards of a long-lasting nursery that's comfortable, practical and beautiful. Prioritize the 10 essentials below to build a foundation for a modern sanctuary for your little one. You signed your aspiring wide receiver up for football. Now what? Finding the best football cleat that's touchdown-worthy—no pressure. Don't worry, Nike has you covered when it comes to providing a reliable cleat and safety gear that you'll need to get your little athlete's football career started. Choosing a reliable football cleat for your child can help prevent injuries and further their ability to achieve their goals at such a young age. Whether your active kiddo dreams of being the next Carson Wentz or Rob Gronkowski, start from the ground up. Be sure to choose a cleat that gives their ankles the support they need, helping them look and feel good on and off the field. Not only will you find your child in the end zone quite frequently while wearing the Nike Vapor Untouchable Pro 3 Football Cleat, but you'll also feel like a true winner knowing your player is safe and secure breaking through tackles and jumping for interceptions. Your kids will love this wearable tech, and you'll love that they're able to build healthier habits with these fun fitness and activity trackers. Selecting an educational toy for children that keeps them engaged can be challenging. With the right tools, you can make the toy shopping experience a lot less stressful. Acquiring all the products needed to care for your children can be expensive and overwhelming. But you can make the experience a lot less stressful for yourself and your family with quality tools and toys that can be used for all your children. Give them the best snow day ever with winter weather toys that spark their creativity, equip them for snow battles, and captivate their imaginations. Raising kids in today's world poses numerous different challenges for parents. When should your child be introduced to TV? What about the iPad or the family computer? We've rounded up safe technology products you can feel good about giving to your children. When it comes to baby shower gifts, experienced moms know that onesies are a dime a dozen. So instead of the traditional blankets or boppys, check out these unique gifts that stand out and really make a difference. Pleasing teenage girls can often be a challenge, especially when it comes to helping them pick out clothes or room decor. If you have a teenager who loves boho style and is in need of a little bedroom revamp, look no further. Your teen will be shocked at how well you know the boho trend when she sees these gypsy-inspired bedroom picks. Your little baby isn't a baby anymore! Make sure you're prepared for the toddler years with gear and toys you didn't realize you needed for children aged one to three. Subscription boxes are the perfect gift for the fun-loving kiddos in your life. With options including everything from science to cooking, kids will love receiving their very own monthly packages filled with fun activities and toys. Don't know which subscription to choose? Read on to discover 12 of our favorites. Turn the organized chaos that is your child's playroom into a serene spot of tidiness with systematic shelving to ease your days. Though we may not be able to control how the play area will look post-nap time, we can ensure we have a toy organizer (or two!) to hold the goods once bedtime rolls around. FIRST BIG BOOK OF THE OCEAN Kids do it yourself painting book setPackage Quantity : 1 The Story of David and Goliath: Reading with Children (Russian) (Russian) JUST REALLY JOSEPH This portion of puzzle fun features syllables, sounds, and words such as long A in wave, the SK in skeleton, and the short U in pu...ppy. read more Players compete with themselves and each other in this fast-paced word-building game. Kids hurry to build words using all sides of... the Reading Rods within the two-minute time limit. Game can be played at multiple levels and can be customized to... read more This Step into Reading boxed set includes 12 full-color phonics readers featuring the pups of Nickelodeon's PAW Patrol! Each book ...features a specific phonics concept that will give boys and girls ages 3 to 7 the tools they need to begin reading on... read more A sturdy book with split pages that gives children hands-on practice in making lots and lots of words. Designed with spiral bound ...binding, the pages are split into two sets of flip over pages, allowing the children to flip the pages over and discover new words. Flip Flap Phonics is designed to develop skills in blending sounds together to make words and to help children identify rhyming patterns in real and nonsense words. It can also be used as a valuable teaching aid and a focus point for blending sounds and reading words in small groups. read more Books : Frozen: Phonics Flash Cards (Disney Learning) (Paperback) Working With Blends Has Never Been This Much Fun! Two letters that come together and keep their own sounds are taught in primary s...chools as letter blends. Meet the Blends DVDs and books make learning to identify and use blends fun and easy! Meet the Blends teaches 20 basic blends. Preschool Prep Series products have won over 25 national awards and are used in thousands of schools across the country. You will be amazed at what your little one can learn! Includes: bl, br, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr, pl, pr, sc, sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, sw & tr writing blends blend recognition mazes puzzles trace & circle thinking skills Other Preschool Prep Series Workbooks include: Meet the Phonics Digraphs Workbook Meet the Phonics Letter Sounds Workbook Meet the Sight Words Workbook Preschool Prep Company Basic Skills Workbook (letters, numbers, shapes & colors) read more "This double-sided learning placemat helps promote reading readiness with simple illustrations that will help your child learn let...ters and their sounds. Use a #2 pencil or our write-on/wipe-off crayons on this double-sided learning placemat. Not for... read more Practicing Digraphs Has Never Been This Much Fun! Meet the Phonics - Digraphs flashcards feature all of the adorable characters th...at you know and love from the award winning Meet the Digraphs DVD. These cards feature a memorable digraph character on one side with the digraph as seen in printed text on the other. Cards also include fill-in-the-blank words with colorful images where children can practice their digraph skills. Preschool Prep Series products have won over 25 national awards and are used in thousands of schools across the country! You will be amazed at how easily your little one can learn digraphs!TM Featuring: ch, ck, gl, gn, kn, ng, ph, qu, sh, th, wh, wr & tch (trigraph) 40 flashcards Other Preschool Prep Series Flashcards include: Meet the Letters Meet the Shapes Meet the Colors Meet the Sight Words Meet the Phonics Letter Sounds Meet the Phonics Digraphs Meet the Phonics Blends read more Working With Digraphs Has Never Been This Much Fun! Two letters that come together and form a single sound are taught in primary s...chools as letter digraphs. Meet the Digraphs DVDs and books make learning to identify and use digraphs fun and easy! Meet the Digraphs teaches 13 basic consonant digraphs. Preschool Prep Series products have won over 25 national awards and are used in thousands of schools across the country. You will be amazed at what your little one can learn! Includes: ch, ck, gh, gn, kn, ng, h, qu, sh, tch (trigraph), th, wh & wr writing digraphs digraph recognition mazes puzzles trace & circle thinking skills Other Preschool Prep Series Workbooks include: Meet the Phonics Blends Workbook Meet the Phonics Letter Sounds Workbook Meet the Sight Words Workbook Preschool Prep Company Basic Skills Workbook (letters, numbers, shapes & colors) read more All aboard for games that put phonics learning on the right track! Games focus on key phonics skills. The Phonics Fun Animal Bus by Leapfrog is a one-stop activity toy to enhance your child's learning. With 26 colorful letter button...s, each with a character voice and animal sound effect, this activity bus is sure to help build fine motor skills. read more Word Ladder Phonics from Educational Insights is a fun classroom activity that reinforce word-building, spelling, and phonics skil...ls. Students will get a kick out of climbing the ladder to success as they choose and adjust letters to build words. read more Melissa and Doug Phonics Write-A-Mat Placemat MD5030 Features: Gender: -Boy/Girl. Category: -Early Development Toys. Dimensions: Overall Product Weight: -1.48 Pounds. Practicing Blends Has Never Been This Much Fun! Meet the Phonics - Blends flashcards feature 20 basic letter blends from the award... winning Meet the Blends DVD. Each card features a memorable blend character on one side with the blend as seen in printed text on the other. Cards also include fill-in-the-blank words with colorful images where children can practice their blend skills. Preschool Prep Series products have won over 25 national awards and are used in thousands of schools across the country! You will be amazed at how easily your little one can learn blends!TM Featuring: Bl, br, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr, pl, pr, sc, sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, sw & tr 40 flashcards Other Preschool Prep Series Flashcards include: Meet the Letters Meet the Shapes Meet the Colors Meet the Sight Words Meet the Phonics Letter Sounds Meet the Phonics Digraphs Meet the Phonics Blends read more Phonics is one of the best paths to reading successand these word searches, with their appealing design, are a great way to begin...! The categories include Long A words, such as flake and halo; BL” blends like blue and bloom; and NG” combinations that include bang, gong, and song. Each one will help kids recognize the sound and letter combinations that form the building blocks of our language. read more Lauri Math Discovery Educational Kit focuses on skills children need to learn at an early age. The kit combines quality materials ...with an organized and convenient storage box that provides easy access and keeps everything together when not in use.... read more Books : Phonics Box Set (LEGO Star Wars) (Paperback) Discover the magic of reading with the Care Bears!Join the Care Bears on ten magical reading adventures. Each story highlights a s...pecific long- or short-vowel sound, enhancing phonemic awareness, decoding skills, fluency and comprehension. Colorful art and favorite characters encourage repeated readings. Two fun activity books reinforce new skills. read more

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Belize Sweet Potato vs Irish Potato Production Industries “Potato (Solanum tuberosum) originated some 8,000 years ago in high-altitude tropical areas of Peru, where a staggering 5,500 cultivated varieties have been developed by generations of farmers. Taken by the Spanish to Europe in the 16th century, the tuber quickly adapted to northern growing conditions and soon became a staple food at a time of rapid population growth. From Europe it spread further across the globe: today potatoes are grown on an estimated 180,000 sq km of farmland, ranging from China’s Yunnan plateau and the subtropical lowlands of India, to Java’s equatorial highlands and the steppes of the Ukraine. Potatoes are also crucial to the food security of hundreds of millions of people in the developing world, where annual consumption has risen from 9 kg/capita in 1961-63 to around 21kg today. While potato output has declined in Europe, growth is so strong in developing countries – notably China and India – that global production has nearly doubled over the last 20 years. Since the early 1960s, FAO says, the increase in the production area dedicated to potatoes in the developing world has outstripped that of all other food commodities, and by 2020 demand for potato is expected to be double that of 1993. Under temperate and subtropical conditions, an irrigated crop of about 120 days can yield from 25 to 35 tonnes/ha of fresh tubers, while farmers in the tropics can harvest between 15 and 25 tonnes within 90 days of planting. In Belize, an ongoing FAO project is helping farmers’ cooperatives reduce losses of both stored seed potatoes and harvested potatoes, which run up to 20 percent a year. The project aims at cutting those losses to 3 percent by building at strategic locations bamboo-floored cooling stores for demonstration to farmers.” ~ FAO, 2006 “Based on the FAO Statistics, the total consumption of sweet potato in CARICOM was estimated at about 31,000 tonnes, estimated from production values less extra-regional exports. The major consuming countries were Jamaica (20,379 tonnes) and Barbados (2,369 tonnes). In the non-CARICOM countries, an estimated 599,379 tonnes were consumed annually. Cuba and Haiti represented the largest market in the Caribbean at a consumption of 389,613 tonnes and 176,000 tonnes respectively. Per capita consumption in the Caribbean ranges from “very high” at greater than 20 kg per capita for Cuba, Haiti and Dominica, to “very low” at less than 2 kg per capita for Belize, Trinidad & Tobago and Puerto Rico. We note that the USA has an embargo against all imports of Sweet Potato to the mainland from CARICOM countries on account of SPS concerns. Nonetheless we review the USA situation to get an insight into that market given that it is an exporter of Sweet Potato and therefore could potentially enter the CARICOM market as a competitor. Sweet potato is commonly referred to as yams in the USA. The USA produces an estimated 687,273 tons of Sweet Potato annually (1999/2001) of which about 97% are utilized within the country. Export in 2002 was USD 15.0 million whereas imports were negligible and primarily restricted to Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. Canada remains the major export market for U.S. sweet potatoes, but substantial inroads have been made in the United Kingdom.” ~ CARICOM “During the period 1994-96, Mexico imported 31,000 tons, Cuba imported 32,000 tons, Trinidad & Tobago 29,000 tons and Venezuela 72,000 tons annually of “table and seed potatoes”. During that period, Belize imported less than 5,000 tons annually. In that same period, Mexico’s percentage of potato imports were 25% fresh, 39% frozen, 18% chips and 18% other. In 1994/95, Central America and Caribbean region imported 31,959 tons of frozen French fries. “ ~ FAO According to FAO, in 2012 Belize planted 85 hectares of irish potato, producing 2,300,000 pounds with a yield of 135,294 hectograms per hectare, ranking 110 in the world in terms of yield. That same year, it planted 3 hectares of sweet potato, producing 80,000 pounds with a yield of 133,333 hectograms per hectare, ranking 28 in the world in terms of yield. We are obviously more competitive in the world in sweet potato production than we are in irish potato production. The price of sweet potato in Belize currently is $2.50/pound, while the price of irish potato is $1.50/pound….all of which are locally produced. When irish potato is imported, it sells for $1.00 – $1.25/pound. This means that the local production is being subsidized by protection from import competition through licensing arrangements of Belize’s agricultural policy. Belize’s strategy for potato has been based on import substitution of irish potato….with an initiative to introduce Irish potato production within the country during the period November to March when the climatic conditions are most suitable. This production is fully protected by government policy, which limits importation of potato during this production window. Belize’s strategy for potato needs to be enhanced. It should be more ambitious, and take in considerations for exploiting opportunities for sweet potato as a substitute for irish potato. This would likely involve: 1. Improving the agronomics of sweet potato farming, so that sweet potato can be produced efficiently and effectively….and so that the price of sweet potato be consistent year-round at $1.00/pound. Note that sweet potato can be produced year-round, while irish potato can only be produced between November and March. The Taiwan technical mission had done a lot of work on this, so am sure this knowledge is already available and may need to be put into a tech-pak for farmers to use. The current price of sweet potato reflects a poor strategic choice of small-volume production and super-normal profit-margin per unit. The aim should be to increase Belize’s sweet potato consumption to 15 kg per capita within five years, which would increase domestic demand to around 12,000,000 pounds per annum….which if sold wholesale at $0.75/pound would bring $9,000,000 to these villages….they would be rich. 2. Improving the organization of sweet potato farming….preferably in clusters, in the north, central and southern regions to benefit from the varying longitudinal production dynamics and proximity to markets. Six large villages (two adjacent villages in each region) can become rich by focusing on meeting the entire domestic market demand. 3. Active agricultural marketing….advertising and promotion of the use of sweet potato in restaurants for potato wedges as a substitute for frozen potato fries. This is baked, instead of fried, and the much more healthy benefits need to be more valued by chefs and consumers. The tourism industry would gladly cooperate, especially if #1 is achieved. Active TV advertising should continuously promote sweet potato consumption by households…in soups, in stews, in fries, mashed potato, baked potato, desserts, etc. 4. Value adding – by producing sweet potato wedges and packaging in a form for easy distribution to restaurants. Also by developing sweet potato flour suitable for making pastries like sweet potato pudding and “mashed” potato…..and by developing sweet potato chips as a snack. This article was written by Richard Harrison, Belizean investor in production and services businesses in Belize. He holds a Masters in Business Administration degree from Lancaster University. Looking for Internet marketing, social media presence and direct email exposure to a Belizean oriented market of over 500,000 individuals every month? Breaking Belize News is able to offer a marketing package that uses internet, social media and email to reach over 500,000 Belizean-centric potential customers each month. Email us at firstname.lastname@example.org for more information.

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Recommendations for Overcoming Challenges of Affordable Housing As demand continues to rise and the supply of affordable housing remains a challenge for the government, the price of existing units has greatly increased, leading to inequality in wealth generation. Owning a house can significantly contribute to the level of wealth an individual will accumulate over their lifetime. Demand-side challenges of affordable housing primarily concern the ability of city residents to rent a home or access credit and purchase a home. They include determining the eligibility of affordable housing subsidies, grants or exemptions according to income brackets, securing funds, mitigating risks of default, and most importantly, assessing the importance of rental versus ownership for long term affordability. Among the supply-side challenges, land acquisition is perhaps the most important and complicated piece of the affordable housing puzzle. The process starts with confirming the ownership, carrying out a survey that defines the dimensions of the land to be acquired, determination of fair market value, and procurement through a transparent and fair process. In a country like Pakistan, where land records are poorly managed and lack transparency, it becomes increasingly difficult to ascertain the true ownership of any land. The demarcation of land is also a difficult process as the whole exercise depends on a single officer due to a lack of digital mapping. Determination of fair market value is mostly challenging due to a large amount of speculation in the real estate market. While a lack of regulation in price-setting means that most of the land is either overpriced or not worth its demanded value. All these aspects, discussed in this blog by the Iqbal Institute of Policy Studies (IIPS), are considered the most basic supply-side challenges associated with providing affordable housing in urban centres. Starting from land acquisition, the process should be made transparent and fair so as to protect landowners from exploitation. In this regard, statutory rights must be given in cases of land expropriation after exhaustion of voluntary methods such as land pooling and negotiated settlement. This can only be done by emphasizing on property rights over property titles. Cities should also explore the transition from conventional segregation of single-use land to more mixed-use cases, including inclusionary zoning to prevent low-income households from gentrification. By outlining a research-based, long term vision of anticipated growth over the next 20-25 years, a plan to phase housing development in important areas can be made. By creating a flexible and transparent land policy, different forms of development that create avenues for affordable housing can be encouraged. Financing models should go beyond meeting initial costs and seek to ensure long term affordability. Tax credits are also not a viable solution in the long term. The true potential of real estate developers can be unleashed by relaxing laws and regulations related to development controls, providing bonus systems, fast track approvals, and reduction, exemption, or refund of application fees. But while relaxing restrictions, cities need to account for the environmental impacts on the overall infrastructure. Sound urban planning and an integrated urban development framework is needed to boost affordable housing on greenfield sites. Cities should also explore tools to generate funds for infrastructure development. Taxation can also be used to raise funds for infrastructural development and optimize land use by disincentivizing lands or properties that are left vacant. Cities with informal settlements should identify mechanisms to provide alternative housing to improve living conditions. Smart grids can help alleviate pressure on energy in cities with a growing population. Lastly, to address labour shortages, cities need to work with the construction industry to identify skills gaps and develop strategies to encourage training. Cities can also encourage large, medium, and small real estate developers to participate collectively in large-scale affordable housing projects. Role of Private Sector and Non-Profit Sector The role of the private sector and the non-profit sector in land development cannot be understated. The private sector should embrace innovative technologies to finance land acquisition, secure titles, develop urban infrastructure, and manage subsequent operation and maintenance of affordable housing. Crowdfunding and blockchain hold huge potential, as do Islamic bonds (Sukuk). Developing countries can encourage their private sectors to work with national or state governments to set up mortgage liquidity facilities as it is complex to raise funds from capital markets. The private sector can also develop Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), which can become a useful tool in scaling the supply of rental units. Impact investing in affordable, energy-efficient housing can help bring positive social change along with real estate investment returns. Moreover, investments in sustainable design concepts and energy-efficient housing can help optimise can optimise and reduce energy costs. Also, housing providers can work with city governments and the private sector to offer alternative tenure models for those unable to access private rental housing. Lastly, by using advocacy and support, help can be given to homeowners and self-builders to access information on issues of land regulation, legislative instruments, property rights, acquisition mechanisms etc. Demand-side problems of affordable housing can be alleviated by clear and transparent rules that determine the eligibility of beneficiaries for affordable housing. Accounting for characteristics such as occupation, years of residency, income, household size, age, health risks, and productivity. There should also be policy intervention towards encouraging a balanced tenure model which ranges from rental housing to long term leases. Developing a regulatory framework that protects tenants without distorting supply, and protects landlords from unfair effects of rental controls is also of vital importance. In the case of the private sector, innovative ways should be developed to establish the creditworthiness of low-income households to improve their informal housing. By exploring the potential of diversifying tenure structures, such as build-to-rent and long-term rentals, informal housing can be transformed into formal housing. Lastly, the non-private sector can explore innovative methods to provide financial assistance to the informal sector by working along with the private sector and the city government. By providing education to improve the literacy of borrowers, their ability to plan expenses and minimise the cost of construction or home improvement can be increased.

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Geographical features info – Collaborative Activity Duration: 3 hours Groups structure: the groups are composed by 4 studens of different countries and with differents abilities. ICT: Google Drive - Locate the most important geographical features of the world and its main characteristics. - Be aware of the climatic changes impact at local level in differents places. - It is provided to each group a set of 10 geographical features that belong to the same geographical area. For example: Drankenberg Mountains, Zambezi River, Orange River, Cape of Good Hope, Kalahari Desert, Victoria Falls, Okavango Delta, Mozambique Channel, Limpopo River and Namibia Desert. - Students watch a tutorial made by the teachers where is explain the use of google drive and how to work on it in a collaborative way. - Teachers create a template in google drive. - Groups must search information about each of them and complete the template. Assesment: the assesment is made through this rubric.

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We need a seal around every ballot or a warning on every voting machine. It should be like the seal that comes around a medicine bottle or the warning label on an electrical appliance. You must read it before use. A ballot is the most important tool a citizen has at his or her disposal, but, when it is used incorrectly, the results can be disastrous. There should be some education involved. It is this lack of instruction that has left this country on the brink of economic collapse. - Do I have to vote for every office or every ballot measure? No. If you are unfamiliar with the candidates for a particular office or the implications of a ballot measure, just leave those boxes blank. The majority of voters are unsure about this. They are invested in the candidates they come to the polls to support, but they know little or nothing about the rest. However, they are afraid that if they do not check at least one box for every office, their ballot will be thrown out, so they go down the ballot and vote for any name that sounds the least bit familiar or simply check the boxes beside “incumbent.” That is why most officeholders stay in office for life, no matter how poorly those officeholders perform. - Who are my key representatives at the various levels of government? There are 16 in all: - The U.S. government five: president, vice president, two senators and a congressional representative. - The state government five: governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, state senator, state assemblyman or representative. - The local government six: mayor, city councilman, school-board member, county supervisor, district attorney and sheriff. Seriously, how can you possibly cast an intelligent vote on these offices if you don’t know who the present officeholders are? We need voting machines that ask voters to identify their current representatives before they can go to the next step. For example, if a voter can only name the current governor and the mayor, those are the offices that show up on his or her ballot. - How can I find the names of all the people who represent me? Call the office of your local registrar of voters. It’s in the “County” listings in the front of the white pages of your phone book. Give the person who answers the phone your zip code. He or she will be happy to give you a list of your key representatives. - How can I contact each one? Their offices are listed in the front of the white pages of your phone book under federal, state, county and city listings. A simple way to call your representatives in Washington, D.C., is to use the Capitol switchboard. The number is 202-224-3121. Ask for your congressional representative or your senators by name. - Who do I hold accountable for the growing national debt? Your congressman is primarily responsible. Our Founding Fathers knew how important it was to keep a tight rein on the nation’s purse strings. That’s why they gave the 435 members of the House of Representatives, who are equally divided among the people, the ability to tax and spend. That is why they made them stand for re-election every other year, so we could hold them accountable. All tax-and-spend bills must originate in the House of Representatives. Your senators and the president bear some degree of responsibility. The Senate must concur with each tax or spending measure. Then, the president can either sign or veto (send back) the bill. However, it is important to remember that, although the president can submit a budget and suggest, he does not have the power to spend one dime that is not authorized and appropriated by Congress. Your congressman is your closest link to Washington and is the chief culprit when it comes to the national debt. Unfortunately, most voters do not even know his name. - How can I tell if my congressman and senators are doing a good job? There are a number of good organizations that make this task easy for you. The nonpartisan National Taxpayer’s Union Foundation issues a report card on the House of Representatives and the Senate each and every year. If you can read down and across, you will know instantly if your congressman and senators are “keepers” or should be replaced. However, it is important to remember that the foundation grades on the curve. With the amount of our national debt, anyone who scores less than an “A” should be dumped.

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Minerals In Radishes Radishes are a very low-calorie root vegetable and a common ingredient in salads. They are well known for a strong, peppery taste that can clear out your sinuses. Radishes are a good source of some vitamins, dietary fiber and antioxidants, but not a great source of most minerals. However, the mineral content of radishes and all other vegetables and fruits is dependent on the quality of soil. Furthermore, different varieties of radish contain slightly different ratios of minerals. The radish, or Raphanus sativus, is a member of the Brassicaceae family along with broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and turnips. The word raphanus is Greek for “fast growing,” whereas the word radish is derived from Latin and means root. The radish is a fast-growing root vegetable. The radish was domesticated in Europe in ancient times, but they are now grown and eaten throughout the world. Most types of radish are red on the outside and off-white on the inside, but not all varieties. Radishes contain many minerals, but they are not a rich source of any in particular. Potassium is the most prevalent mineral in radish; one cup of raw radish contains about 230 milligrams of potassium, which is about 7 percent of the recommended daily amount for adults. Potassium becomes an electrolyte in your body when you consume it, which means it dissolves in water and can conduct electricity. Calcium, magnesium, copper, manganese, phosphorus and sodium can all be found in radishes in smaller amounts, while iron, selenium, zinc and molybdenum are present in trace amounts. The red globe variety of radish is higher in molybdenum, whereas the daikon type provides a little more potassium and copper. Fresh, raw radish is a good source of vitamin C; one cup of radish contains about 15 milligrams of vitamin C, which is 25 percent of the recommended daily amount for adults. Radish is a reasonable source of many B vitamins, especially folic acid, riboflavin, thiamin and B6. Furthermore, radishes are fairly high in fiber and phytochemicals that display antioxidant behavior, especially indoles and flavonoids. It’s interesting to note that radish greens contain far more vitamin C, calcium and protein than the root portion, according to the book “Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine." Potential Health Benefits Potassium is a primary electrolyte in your body, along with sodium. Potassium is essential for fluid movement and distribution in the body. Profuse sweating and excessive vomiting or diarrhea can deplete your body of electrolytes. Radishes contain some sodium also, but are much better sources of potassium. - The Nutribase Complete Book of Food Counts; Art Ulene - Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine; Simon Mills, et al. Sirah Dubois is currently a PhD student in food science after having completed her master's degree in nutrition at the University of Alberta. She has worked in private practice as a dietitian in Edmonton, Canada and her nutrition-related articles have appeared in The Edmonton Journal newspaper.

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General Kearny's bloodless conquest of New Mexico in 1846 opened the era of military freighting on the Santa Fe Trail. Throughout the Mexican War, 1846 to 1848, the supply trains ate into the immense store of provisions on the wharf at Fort Leavenworth and, winter and summer, made their way across the plains to Santa Fe. Thereafter, with a sizable army retained in New Mexico to fight Indians, military freighting grew to impressive proportions. The need for a depot on the eastern frontier of New Mexico to receive and distribute these goods among the scattered outposts seemed evident to the military authorities. Partly for this reason, Colonel Sumner chose a site near the junction of the two branches of the Santa Fe Trail to found the first fort in his program of revising the frontier defense system. His order of July 16, 1851, establishing Fort Union also designated it the principal supply depot for the department. But the big campaigns of the 1850's, those that required elaborate logistical support, were conducted in the southern and western reaches of the territory. The Fort Union depot therefore proved less satisfactory than hoped, and throughout the 1850's the chief quartermaster kept busy shifting his headquarters and supply stores between Fort Union and Albuquerque. Nevertheless, plans for the new fort begun by General Carleton in 1863 provided for a sprawling quartermaster depot, complete with commodious warehouses and well-stocked repair and maintenance facilities. Fort Union became and remained the supply center of the Army in New Mexico. Not until the arrival of the Santa Fe Railroad in 1879 did its supply functions begin to diminish. A large force of civilian employees and quartermaster personnel staffed the installation. Indeed, they often outnumbered the garrison of the adjacent post of Fort Union, and the chief quartermaster often ranked the post commander. Friction between the two officers seems no have been a permanent condition of life at Fort Union. Many items the quartermaster obtained locally, but the bulk of goodsfood, clothing, arms and ammunition, tools and building materialscame over the Santa Fe Trail. At the Fort Union depot, the wagons were unloaded and the freight repacked and assigned as needed to posts to the south and west. Sometimes, when wagons or entire trains contained shipments for one fort only, they continued directly to the destination without unloading at Fort Union. The Army did little of its own hauling. Virtually all military freighting was performed under contract by civilian companies. Waste and inefficiency had characterized the Quartermaster Department's logistical support of Kearny's Army of the West, and in 1848 the Government turned to the contract system. For $11.75 per hundred, James Browne of Independence agreed to transport 200,000 pounds of supplies to New Mexico. The next year, in partnership with William H. Russell, he contracted to haul all government stores over the Santa Fe Trail for $9.88 per hundred. In 1850, 278 wagons laden with military freight passed over the trail. In 1853 another freighter made his appearance. Alexander Majors made two round trips to New Mexico, one with a consignment of goods from Independence to Santa Fe, the other under government contract from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Union. In 1854 he sent 100 wagons in 4 trains from Leavenworth to Union. In 1855 Majors went into partnership with Russell, and the following year the new firm had 350 wagons on the trail to Fort Union. The company prospered and in 1858 added a third partner, William B. Waddell. Thus was born the most famous freighting concern in the history of the West. In this year, the firm of Russell, Majors, and Waddell contracted to deliver all freight turned over to it by the Government and by 1860 and 1861 was the biggest company operating between Fort Leavenworth and Fort Union. The trains left Fort Leavenworth early in the spring, in order to take advantage of the spring grasses. A typical train, according to Majors, consisted of 25 wagons, and the company ran as many trains as necessary to haul the amount of freight under contract. Each wagon carried 3 to 3-1/2 tons of merchandise. Although mules were occasionally used to draw the wagons, Russell, Majors, and Waddell preferred oxen. They were cheap, reliable, and, properly managed, could make the trip to New Mexico and back in one season. Four oxen were required for each wagon, but for a time in the 1850's eight were used and four left in New Mexico to furnish beef for the soldiers' rations. Skilled wagon masters, capable of maintaining discipline among the teamsters, were a necessity. Majors chose them carefully, paying particular attention to the candidate's reputation for sobriety and morality. To them, he attributed much of his success as a freighter. Large-scale military freighting, dominated by Russell, Majors, and Waddell, continued until 1866, when the railroad moved west into Kansas. Each railhead town served briefly as the port of embarkation for freight wagons. After the rails reached Denver in 1870, wagons continued to move supplies over the Mountain Branch of the trail between Pueblo and Fort Union, but after 1879 the great freight wagons ceased to creep across the rutted plains to Fort Union, and military freight now arrived at Watrous in railroad boxcars. Supervised by Captain Shoemaker, the Fort Union Arsenal took care of the ordnance needs of the department. The large arsenals in the East, such as Frankfort and Springfield, sent weapons, ammunition, and related accoutrements to the Fort Union arsenal for distribution no field units. Old or damaged weapons were returned to the arsenal for repair or condemnation and disposal. During his long service at Fort Union, Captain Shoemaker saw a striking transition in the firearms serviced by his staff. When he first came to the fort in the 1850's the dragoons were armed with the Hall breech-loading percussion-cap carbine and were just replacing the old Asron single-shot "horse pistol" (so-called because in was carried in a holster slung on the saddle pommel) with the new Colt's revolving pistol. Infantrymen carried heavy, muzzle-loading rifled muskets. All these weapons fired a paper or cloth cartridge, usually .58 or .69 caliber for shoulder weapons and .44 or .38 caliber for pistols. When Captain Shoemaker retired in 1882, the ordnance had changed drastically. Now the troops carried breech-loading Springfield rifles and carbines, caliber .4570, and Colt's or Remington revolvers, caliber .45 or .44, all firing fixed metallic ammunition with greater accuracy, velocity, and speed. As artillery often did good service in the Indian wars, the arsenal also serviced cannon. Light 6-pounder field guns and stubby 12-pounder howitzers, the latter with pack carriages for mountain use and high-wheeled "prairie carriages" for plains use, found great favor with Indian fighters throughout the period of Fort Union's active service. But, as a sign of progress, Captain Shoemaker on the eve of his retirement displayed to a delegation of Las Vegas citizens touring the arsenal two shiny new Gatling guns, forerunner of the modern machine gun.

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I agree that fruit is a healthier alternative to many desserts and junk foods, but if fruit is a staple item at every meal and snack, you may simply be eating too many. Fruits are very nutritious and contain lots of fiber and antioxidants. Everyone knows that fruits are healthy they are the default "health foods. Eating whole fruit, it is almost impossible to consume enough fructose to cause. Vegetables and fruits are an important part of a healthy diet, and variety is as Eat a variety of types and colors of produce in order to give your body the mix of men and women with the highest intake of fruits and vegetables (8+ servings a. Healthy fruit and vegetables is eating a lot of fruit healthy - collegePlus there are many studies showing that soluble fiber can contribute to weight loss 789 Most of my diet is protein-heavy stuff like Quorn, tofu and other soya products. Yeah the fruit-only diets can be a metabolism nightmare. Healthy fruit and vegetables is eating a lot of fruit healthy - collegeHowever, it sounds like moderation is best with everything you intake. Nancy a yusuf January 16,6: They are highly nutritious and so fulfilling that eating them can help you feel more satisfied with less food. College: Healthy fruit and vegetables is eating a lot of fruit healthy |FRUITS AND VEGETABLES LIST FRUIT NINJA ONLINE||For those with fructose malabsorption or sensitivity, that digestive upset can be quite uncomfortable! I wondered if I was because a few months ago I radically changed my lifestyle eating habits and whilst I feel as though my middle is a bit slimmer, I thought I would have lost more weight by. This is also why berries are recommended. Well, not only did I have WAAAY TOO much fruit, but I also learned that I could have easily misprepared the fruit salad juicy fruit song dried fruits healthy not washing the rind of the cantaloupe and using the same knife to cut the rind off as I did to cut it up, without so much as washing in. No problems at all after eating fruit. Here are some common misunderstandings:. Our 11 Favorite Holiday Cooking Videos These top holiday cooking videos have got you covered for everything from appetizers to dessert!| |Fruit smoothie recipe healthy prickly pear fruit||263| |HOW TO GET RID OF FRUIT FLIES IN THE HOUSE HEALTHY RECIPES WITH FRUIT||316|

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Airway management with an algorithmic approach EMS providers need to use a systematic method for airway assessment and management By definition, an algorithm provides a step-by-step approach to solving a problem. Many tasks in EMS are managed using an algorithmic approach, and many local protocols are formatted in an algorithmic, "if you find this, then you do that" fashion. Airway management is a task well suited to an algorithmic approach, as there are many options, maneuvers, and tools available for use by prehospital providers. The following factors, from simplest to most complex, may be helpful to consider when developing an algorithm for airway management. First things first The starting point for any airway management algorithm is an accurate assessment of the patient’s airway status and the identification of any potential airway complications. Identifying current and potential causes of airway compromise allows the provider to select the appropriate positioning, devices, and approach to managing the airway. The assessment of the airway in a responsive patient can be as simple as listening to the patient speak. A patient who speaks with ease, in a normal sounding voice has an adequate airway. A patient who is conscious, but unable to speak may be choking and require immediate intervention to clear the airway of a foreign body. For a patient who is conscious, but has a decreased mental status or respiratory difficulty, listen for abnormal sounds as the patient breathes. Stridor, gurgling, and a hoarse voice all indicate potential airway compromise. Unresponsive patients can be evaluated in a similar manner, by listening for any abnormal airway sounds as the patient breathes. Factors to consider in airway management decisions Another component of the initial airway assessment is the identification of potential airway management challenges. A quick assessment of the patient’s age, body size, and any special circumstances can allow for quicker management of life threatening airway issues. For example, patients who are obese are significantly more difficult to ventilate, and may require different positioning and equipment than a normal-sized adult. Pediatric patients require special positioning as well to ensure alignment of airway structures. Special circumstances such as the presence of dentures, facial and oral trauma, stoma, or potential cervical spine injuries will also influence airway management techniques. Identifying factors that may complicate airway management allows the provider to be adequately prepared to effectively manage the airway. The final component of the primary assessment is gathering and preparing appropriate equipment for airway management. Often this can be as simple as ensuring the airway bag is nearby. Oxygen delivery equipment, suction, simple adjuncts, and advanced airway equipment should all be quickly gathered and placed close to the patient. This task can often be delegated to another provider, allowing the EMT or paramedic to continue down the airway algorithm. Identifying and correcting hypoxia Occurring concurrently with the assessment of airway status is the evaluation of the need for supplemental oxygenation. Hypoxia must be identified quickly and steps taken to adequately oxygenate the patient. The assessment of hypoxia and administration of oxygen can occur in a fluid and often-simultaneous fashion. For instance, during the initial assessment of the airway the provider may identify the need for supplemental oxygen and delegate the task of administering oxygen to another provider. If the patient is in respiratory failure and requires ventilation with a bag-mask device, or has other signs of airway compromise, the provider can quickly continue the algorithm as another responder is managing oxygen administration. Positioning and manual maneuvers Patient positioning is the most basic but perhaps the most important aspect of effective airway management. A properly positioned airway allows for maximum airflow into the lungs, while a poorly positioned airway can inhibit or completely obstruct air movement. Many conscious patients will automatically assume the most efficient airway positioning on their own. For these patients, providing padding and support to maintain their position of best breathing can ease their work of breathing and keep an adequate airway for as long as possible. Unresponsive patients require a more thoughtful approach when it comes to positioning. Often BLS providers are taught two options for a manual maneuver to open the airway; the head-tilt chin-lift and the jaw-thrust. Although these maneuvers are considered effective, providers should consider adding other maneuvers to their airway algorithm. Since the 1940’s, the sniffing position has been considered the ideal position for advanced airway management in the unresponsive patient. Studies have shown that the sniffing position also improves the ease of bag mask ventilations, especially when combined with a jaw thrust maneuver. By bringing the chin forward and tilting the head slightly back, the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal axes align to maximize airflow through the upper airway. The jaw thrust maneuver then lifts the tissue of the tongue and soft palate up and away from the back of the throat, providing an unobstructed path through the glottis and into the trachea. Managing an airway in an obese patient While the sniffing position aligns the airway structures in a patient of average size, its effectiveness for heavier patients is limited, especially ones who are supine. Patients who are obese may have an excess of soft tissue in the airway and anatomical airway obstruction becomes more likely. The ramp position may be more successful when positioning the airway of heavier patients in the supine position. Placing padding under the shoulders and head of an obese patient can achieve the same airway alignment as the sniffing position does for a person of average size. The ideal position when using the ramp technique brings the outside of the ear canal forward to the level of the sternal notch. The amount of padding needed and exact angle of the ramp will vary depending on the size of the patient. For all patients, taking a moment to consider patient positioning and manual maneuvers before beginning more active airway management can help ensure the best possible conditions to maintain the patency of every airway. Fluid, blood, and mucous The next step in airway management is identifying the need for suctioning by listening for gurgling sounds during breathing. Fluid, emesis, blood, and mucous are all possible causes of gurgling and should be suctioned from the airway when found. Oral suctioning can be accomplished using a Yankauer rigid catheter. Suctioning the nasopahrynx is accomplished in a similar fashion but is done using a French soft-tip catheter. Any special circumstances identified in the initial airway assessment should be considered prior to selecting the appropriate suctioning device and technique. Facial trauma, septal defects, and the patient’s age may all influence suctioning decision-making. Significant facial trauma may cause bleeding into the airway, requiring repeated suctioning until an advanced airway is in place. The presence of a perforated or deviated septum may influence the decision to suction the nasal passages. Pediatric patients, especially infants, are at risk for vagal stimulation during oral suctioning, so episodes of suctioning should be performed as quickly and gently as possible. Fluid, blood, or mucus in the airway may prompt the paramedic to consider placing an advanced airway. BLS providers may wish to request an ALS resource when suctioning is required, as bag mask ventilations are difficult when fluid is present in the airway and the risk of aspiration is significant. BLS airway adjuncts Once the patient is positioned appropriately and a patent airway has been achieved, a BLS airway adjunct can be inserted. Oropharyngeal airways (OPA) and nasopharyngeal airways (NPA) help maintain a passage for airflow through an airway opened by manual airway maneuvers. Insertion of an OPA or NPA is especially effective in keeping the tongue and soft tissues from completely obstructing the airway. OPAs and NPAs are particularly well suited to certain airway scenarios. OPAs work well for patients who are unresponsive with no gag reflex, particularly those who require positive pressure ventilation. When used in combination with positioning and manual maneuvers OPAs increase the ease of bag mask ventilation in unresponsive patients. An NPA performs a similar function as the oropharyngeal airway, but is designed for use in patients with an intact gag reflex. When inserted into the nare, an NPA creates a small passage for air to move past the tongue and any soft tissue that may be occluding the airway. NPAs must be measured prior to insertion to avoid stimulating a gag reflex or causing trauma to the nasal passages. NPAs can be used in either nare, or both simultaneously. NPAs may also be an advisable choice in situations where the patient’s mental status is likely to improve quickly, as with diabetic emergencies and narcotic overdoses who receive dextrose or naloxone, respectively. Considering an advanced airway The placement of an advanced airway can occur after a BLS airway is established. Supraglottic devices do not require direct laryngoscopy. Endotracheal intubation continues to be the standard when a long-term airway is needed. Other procedures such as nasal intubation and rapid sequence induction (RSI) also have their place in advanced airway management. Regardless of the advanced airway under consideration, establishing a viable BLS airway using an algorithmic approach ensures the best possible outcome for every patient. Making an appropriate transport decision is critical when treating a patient with airway compromise. If initial attempts at establishing an airway have failed, the provider must immediately seek advanced resources. Emergent transport of a patient is necessary if an airway cannot be acquired or maintained and a more advanced provider is not immediately available to assist. If an adequate airway has been achieved, either through BLS or ALS procedures, it may be appropriate to transport the patient at a lower priority, assuming that the patient’s vital signs remain within acceptable limits. Continued reassessment and evaluation The final step in an airway management algorithm is continued reassessment and evaluation. Recognizing changes in airway status allows the provider to adapt and respond quickly and effectively to new airway challenges. This reassessment may be as simple as using continuous waveform capnography to monitor the placement of an endotracheal tube, or as complex as continually adjusting a mask seal, suctioning the airway, and adjusting patient positioning. Managing an airway can be a complex and challenging process. Developing an algorithmic approach to airway management allows providers to move smoothly through the decision making process with each and every patient. 1. Kristensen, Michael S. "Airway management and morbid obesity." European Journal of Anaesthesiology (EJA) 27.11 (2010): 923-927. 2. Cattano, Davide. "Airway Management and Patient Positioning: A Clinical Perspective." Anesthesiology News (2011): 17-23. Anesthesiology News. Web. 10 July 2015. 3. Adnet F, Borron SW, Lapostolle F, Lapandry C. “The three axis alignment theory and the “sniffing position”: perpetuation of an anatomic myth?” Anesthesiology. 1999;91(6):1964-1965 4. Cattano D, Melnikov V, Khalil Y, Sridhar S, Hagberg CA. An evaluation of the Rapid Airway Management Positioner in obese patients undergoing gastric bypass or laparoscopic gastric banding surgery. Obes Surg. 2010;Oct20(10):1436-1441. 5. Walsh, Brian K., Kristen Hood, and Greg Merritt. "Pediatric airway maintenance and clearance in the acute care setting: how to stay out of trouble." Respiratory care 56.9 (2011): 1424-1444. 6. Nagao, Tomoyuki, et al. "Effects of bag-mask versus advanced airway ventilation for patients undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pre-hospital setting." The Journal of emergency medicine 42.2 (2012): 162-170.

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Thanks to nanostructures that scatter and channel light, University of California, San Diego electrical engineers are working toward thin-film single junction solar cells with the potential for nearly 45 percent sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiencies. This UC San Diego effort to break the theoretical limit of 31 percent efficiency for conventional single junction cells recently received a big funding boost from the U.S. Department of Energys Solar America program. In November 2007, a team of Jacobs School electrical engineers led by professor Edward Yu won an $885,000 grant from the U.S. DOE to further develop their thin-film and nanowire solar cell devices that incorporate nanostructures, including semiconductor quantum wells and photon-scattering nanoparticles. The new devices could lead to big gains in thin-film solar cell efficiency by increasing both the number of photons thin-film solar cells absorb and the number of excited electrons the same devices collect. The most recent estimate of the maximum power conversion efficiency under normal illumination conditions that one can expect with our new thin-film solar cell approach is approximately 45 percent. This is a very large improvement over the 31 percent maximum theoretical efficiency for todays solar cells with classic p-n junctions, said Edward Yu, the Principal Investigator on the three-year DOE grant. Electrical engineering professors Paul Yu and Deli Wang are co-PIs on the project. From the outside, the optimized devices behave just like traditional thin-film solar cells. But inside, the nanostructures enable the solar cells to circumvent an important tradeoff that has stymied past attempts to incorporate quantum wells into thin-film solar cells in order to boost device efficiency. Quantum wells can increase solar cell efficiency by raising photon absorption by lowering the energy band gap. In the past, engineers have tried to add quantum wells to thin-film solar cell devices by stacking several quantum-well layers to achieve a high probability of absorption of low-energy photons. This approach, however, can be counter productive because electron-hole pairs get stuck in the quantum wells, making it impossible for them to generate current for the device. The UC San Diego engineers are using nanoparticles to scatter incoming light into paths within the quantum well region paths that run parallel to the p-n junction. This gives photons more time to be absorbed without having to stack the quantum wells to a thickness that makes it hard for electrons and holes to escape. Our devices have a much thinner stack of quantum wells, which means the extra photons that are absorbed are much more likely to make it out of the quantum wells and generate current, explained Edward Yu. This enables high photon absorption efficiency, high electron and hole collection efficiency and therefore also high voltage to be achieved simultaneously. In the UCSD approach, the photons are provided with a long path along the quantum wells and the carriers have a short path to the electrode. This design maximizes photon absorption while minimizing a major drain on device efficiency in solar cells electron-hole recombination. We have already demonstrated the basic concepts in thin-film devices. I think it will take a few years to see how far this approach can be pushed to achieve really high efficiency because there are many aspects that have yet to be optimized, said Yu. |Contact: Daniel Kane| University of California - San Diego

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I created these for use in my own classroom! Refer to these posters as you introduce a new reading comprehension skill or strategy each week. Each poster clearly states the skill with a picture example. - Story Elements - Point of View - Author’s Purpose - Main Idea - Making Connections I created these posters for my own classroom after struggling to use an effective Focus Wall for years! In the past, I had a Focus Wall, but I never changed any of the posters to reflect what we were learning in the classroom. In other words, our “Author” poster would still be up in December (or even May!). Yikes. I wanted something I would actually USE and something that my kids could refer to, as well. And I needed something EASY. I didn’t want to have to look for a poster and/or wipe off and write a new learning target every single week. And I certainly didn’t want to insert something into a sleeve each time or hole punch something, either. Just keeping it real! ☺️ I transitioned to these Reading posters last year, and KEPT UP WITH IT. The secret? I printed all the posters, put them in the order we would be learning the different skills throughout the year, and then kept them together on the Focus Wall with a binder clip. See the preview for pictures! You could also: Bind these into a book Print 4 to a page, cut them apart, and keep them on a ring around the room Print 4 to a page, cut apart, and use as flashcards Use them during guided reading groups

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BRUSSELS | Literacy continues to be a major problem for Europe: 1 in 5 pupils and more than 73 million adults have difficulties with reading and writing. Improving literacy across Europe has been a priority for the European Commission. New moves are being made, but it has been deliberate. Curiously the examples being offered are in Africa but not in Europe proper. In 2011, a high-level group identified best-practices and promote cooperation in this area across Europe. The group delivered its report in September 2012. In Brussels, on May 23, it was announced that some €2.5 billion will be mobilized for education by the EU. Development Commissioner Andris Piebalgs, who hosted the conference, has made a commitment to ensure that by 2030, every child will be able to complete basic education, regardless of their circumstances, and have basic literacy and numeracy skills. “This commitment was made in keeping with the EU’s long-standing strategy to invest in education and promote literacy in the EU and the developing world as a way of minimizing exclusion, inequalities and poverty worldwide,” states the EU prepared statement. In this EuropeAid video, filmed in Puntland, girls at Gambool High School, Garowe, Puntland talk about the recent opening of an EU-financed Girl-Friendly Space on their grounds. A Girl-Friendly Space gives female pupils a place where they can study, socialize and pray together in privacy and security. See how this facility is encouraging greater uptake of education by secondary school-age girls. Teachers and children in Zimbabwe, where chronic under-funding and economic decline saw a virtual collapse of the education system in 2008, have begun to return to school following EU-financed interventions. Both initiatives were undertaken by the EU between 2007-2011, a period when the European Commission spent €4.2 billion on numerous educational schemes intended to secure access to primary and secondary school education for millions of children around the world, as well as develop country programming and ongoing EU Higher Education programs. The support to education announced by Commissioner Piebalgs (a Latvian) is made as part of the EU’s 2014-2020 budget. At least €1.5 billion will go to the future Erasmus for All programme (an academic exchange programme between EU and overseas universities, which has helped pupils improve their education by gaining experience of studying abroad). - Federal Europe Coming Soon, EU Boss Says (thenewamerican.com) - Yes to Literacy and Education, No to School! (venitism.blogspot.com) - Fifty Years of African Union (venitism.blogspot.com) - EU to Provide Over EUR 37 Million to Fight Piracy in Eastern and Southern Africa (worldmaritimenews.com) - EU not reflecting best interests of citizens – President Higgins (irishtimes.com) - Literacy strategy launched for consulation – focus on both Maltese and English (timesofmalta.com)

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Infrared wavelengths are providing images of galaxies long dead. The Multi-Object Spectrometer for Infra-Red Exploration (MOSFIRE) is allowing scientists to study galaxies far, far away. It was developed for the Cassegrain focus of the 10 m Keck 1 telescope and. has been installed at the observatory atop Mauna Kea which stands 13,796 feet above sea level on Big Island Hawaii. Light that has been "redshifted" or stretched to the infrared spectrum by the expansion of the universe is providing information to scientists. Ian S. McLean, director of UCLA?s Infrared Laboratory for Astrophysics, and co project leader with Caltech?s Charles Steidel, said: "We are looking back in time to the era of the formation of some of the very first galaxies, which are small and very faint. That is an era that we need to study if we are going to understand the large-scale structure of the universe." MOSFIRE will undergo testing and evaluation in the coming months. Seen here is one of its first images taken under cloudy conditions with only a 60 second exposure. MOSFIRE image of two colliding galaxies, the Antennae in the constellation of Corvus, about 45 million light years from Earth. Credit: Ian S. McLean/W.M. Keck Observatory Sitting atop Mauna Kea, a Hawaiian volcano, MOSFIRE is aptly named. Pele, goddess of volcanoes and fire, is said to dwell in the craters of another of Big Island’s volcanoes, Kilauea. They say her face appears mysteriously in their fiery eruptions. The ancient goddess is revered by Christian, Buddhist, and Shinto inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands. Like the Hindu Shiva, Pele destroys, yet she also builds. Her caustic fire flows over structures and earth, cooling to a lifeless, dark river of lava. The same lava flows seaward and in the last 30 years has added more than 70 acres of new land along the coastline on the island?s southeastern border. While the fiery volcanic eruptions are stunningly visible, the infrared being picked up by the new five ton instrument cannot be seen by the human eye. McLean has been involved in building sophisticated infrared cameras and spectrometers which split light into its component colors since the 1980?s. The $14 million tab for his latest project was funded by the National Science Foundation through the Telescope System Instrumentation program and Gordon Moore co-founder of Intel. "We had an outstanding team," according to McLean, "with four institutions involved and many industrial partners. It was a fantastic team effort." MOSFIRE optical train folded in three dimensions MOSFIRE’s camera has four megapixels, whereas an earlier infrared spectrometer called NIRSPEC, also at the Keck Observatory, had only one. Modern digital imaging makes it extremely sensitive to faint objects. Another camera that McLean and his colleagues built, FLITECAM, can be converted to a spectrometer electronically, using a computer. It will go into operation on NASA’s SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy). The world?s largest airborne observatory, the modified Boeing 747 SP jetliner will study planets orbiting other stars and stars eclipsed when an asteroid or comet in the outer part of the solar system passes in front of them. To better understand how it is possible to take digital pictures across the electromagnetic spectrum at any wavelength, from gamma rays to radio waves, pick up a copy of McLean?s "Electronic Imaging in Astronomy: Detectors and Instrumentation." To learn more about the design and development of MOSFIRE, click here.

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8 July 2014 — The health problems of public housing residents who moved into green buildings improved markedly, a new study published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology has found. The study, Indoor Air Quality in Green vs. Conventional Multi-Family Low-Income Housing, found that residents moving into buildings with green design features reported 47 per cent fewer “sick building syndrome” symptoms such as headaches and itchy or burning eyes, which are commonly linked to indoor air pollution. Study authors Gary Adamkiewicz, Meryl Colton and colleagues said indoor air quality was an important predictor of health, especially among low-income populations. And with 65 per cent of the average American’s time spent at home, it was important to have a home free of indoor air pollutants, including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, tobacco smoke and other compounds, which can exacerbate respiratory problems such as asthma or even lead to cancer. In low-income communities, poorly maintained housing and locations close to industrial zones can lead to indoor air quality that is worse that standard housing. Few studies have measured how green building standards relate to health outcomes, however an opportunity arose for Adamkiewicz’s team in 2011 when the Boston Housing Authority began redeveloping several public housing sites using green design features as part of its efforts to improve housing conditions for its low-income residents. Upgrades included switching from gas to electric stoves and prohibiting indoor smoking. In these buildings, the researchers found significantly lower levels of particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and nicotine than in similar older buildings, with residents reporting 47 per cent fewer symptoms associated with poor indoor air quality. “This work builds on more than 10 years of work in public housing and highlights an important opportunity to improve health in low-income communities on a large scale,” the researchers said. Funding was provided by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development.

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By Donna Ogle,Camille Blachowicz,Peter Fisher,Laura Lang Read Online or Download Academic Vocabulary in Middle and High School: Effective Practices across the Disciplines PDF Similar literacy books This depended on instructor source and path textual content presents a finished method of assessing and construction kid's notice wisdom (grades K–8). Kathy Ganske indicates how rigorously deliberate observe examine can enhance scholars' analyzing and writing abilities whereas fostering their appreciation of language. entire directions are supplied for imposing the Developmental Spelling research (DSA), an easy-to-use evaluate instrument, and for tailoring guideline to newcomers' strengths and weaknesses. Gertrude Stein, Vladimir Maïakovski, Vélimir Khlebnikov, William Burroughs, Edward Estlin Cummings, Pierre Jean Jouve, Antonin Artaud, Francis Ponge, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Jude Stefan, Bernard Noël, Jean-Pierre Verheggen, Hubert Lucot, Valère Novarina, Christophe Tarkos (etc. ) : de quoi parlent ces auteurs qui nous mènent, comme disait Georges Bataille, au bord des limites où toute compréhension se décompose ? Shoptalk examines the improvement of literacy, identification, and pondering talents that happens via go new release dialog in an African American hair salon and the way it might tell educating in today’s different school rooms. via shining a focus on verbal discussions among the salon’s buyers and staff, the writer presents a serious reassessment of the fulfillment hole discourse and specializes in the highbrow toolkits to be had to African american citizens as contributors of thriving groups. This up-close examine chinese language ESL lecturers records undertakings at formal and casual degrees to help and maintain their services in ways in which stability collaborative and aggressive efforts, positioned and standards-based courses, ethnically responsive and government-based efforts, and conventional and 21st-century educating visions. - Educating for Language and Literacy Diversity: Mobile Selves (Palgrave Advances in Language and Linguistics) - Writing and Publishing Science Research Papers in English: A Global Perspective (SpringerBriefs in Education) - Using Apps for Learning Across the Curriculum: A Literacy-Based Framework and Guide - The Activist Learner: Inquiry, Literacy, and Service to Make Learning Matter - Finding the Right Texts: What Works for Beginning and Struggling Readers (Solving Problems in the Teaching of Literacy) Additional resources for Academic Vocabulary in Middle and High School: Effective Practices across the Disciplines Academic Vocabulary in Middle and High School: Effective Practices across the Disciplines by Donna Ogle,Camille Blachowicz,Peter Fisher,Laura Lang

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Reflexes are the body's way of reacting without the need of conscious thinking. This is highly useful in a number of ways and in many different situations. But as with many other skills, our reflexes need to be maintained and trained in order to function properly. But in today's society, we rarely get to use our reflexes. It is therefore necessary to consciously develop these reflexes if you want to see any improvement whatsoever. And whether or not you simply want good reflexes to show off to your friends or because you need them in order to kick-start your aspiring career as a ninja, this is the place to start. These are 4 great ways to train your reflexes to perfection: #4: Picking up a martial art This is probably the most efficient way of improving your reflexes. While training martial arts, you are forced to constantly react to your opponent's attacks and movements, thus conditioning your body and mind to more quickly react to this stimulus. And as your conscious reaction time grows shorter, so does your unconscious reaction time as well, leading to quicker reflexes. An especially good exercise for improving reflexes is having your opponent attack you while you focus solely on blocking the attacks. #3: Playing Video Games Recent studies prove that gamers have much faster reflexes than the average person. Some studies have even concluded that gamers have an average of 20% faster reflexes than non-gamers. This is mainly due to the high-paced gaming world of today, where players are forced to constantly react quickly to new information. Having to continuously react to new enemies popping up, or dodging fast-moving projectiles, the gamer's reflexes are being constantly stimulated, resulting in an improvement in both reaction time and response time. So for an efficient reflex training, you simply need to acquire a fast-paced shooting game and start playing! #2: Playing Ball Sports Basically, all ball sports are great ways of improving your reflexes. The whole process of keeping track of and reacting to the movements of the ball provides the necessary stimulus required to force your reflex system to improve. Especially racquet sports help improve reflexes by forcing you to react quickly to the fast-paced balls being directed at you. So if reflex training is your goal, you should definitely pick up a challenging sport like tennis or squash. #1: Picking up Juggling Juggling is a simple and fun way of improving your reflexes, as it requires constant reaction and responses to the movements of the balls. And once you become good enough to juggle four or five balls at once, the movements necessary will be far too quick to be handled by conscious impressions, and will instead be handled mainly by your subconscious reflexes, thus greatly developing your reaction and response times with a comparably low amount of effort. So start practicing juggling a few minutes a day and you'll be seeing some amazing results in your reflexes in no time! Of course, there are many ways to train and improve your reflexes, many of which you do daily without even realizing it. But these are some of the best ways in which you can improve your reflexes by using simple, conscious methods.

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When planning a wireless network, RF propagation experts need to understand the channel characteristics in complex dense environments. Effects such as multipath, antenna polarization, constructive and destructive interference, and more are essential for successful and optimal network performance. In addition, beamforming simulations can maximize the channel by weighting the H-matrix for MIMO systems. In this video tutorial series, we walk through a step-by-step outdoor propagation analysis using Wireless InSite MIMO. Geometry Import and Materials: Wireless InSite users can import many formats of 3D CAD geometry to construct an outdoor scene containing terrain, buildings, and foliage. Several of these formats, such as GeoTiff and Shapefile, allow for accurate geolocation of the geometry. After importing the geometry layers, users can assign material properties, including permittivity, conductivity, and thickness to the geometry from a predefined library. Multi-layer dielectrics, Monte Carlo materials, and user-defined reflection and transmission coefficient materials (based on measurements) can also be assigned. Wireless InSite includes frequency-specific variants of common construction material properties such as glass, concrete, brick, and multi-layered drywall from 100 MHz to 100 GHz. Waveforms, Antennas and Transmitter/Receiver Sets: In this scenario, a 28 GHz waveform is transmitted from a 4x4 MIMO array using custom user-defined antenna gain patterns for each of the elements. The transmitting base station is placed near the corner of a building at 12 meters above the terrain and is rotated to point outward over an open area of the scene. A grid of receivers configured with half-wave dipole antennas is used to measure the coverage of the base station in the scene. Adjacent Path Generation (APG) is used as a runtime optimization on the receiver set to reduce the density of the receivers grid during the simulation and then extrapolate results to nearby receivers in the full-resolution grid. Study Areas, Communication Systems, and Outputs: For outdoor propagation, Wireless InSite’s X3D GPU-enabled ray tracer is used. This ray tracer supports frequencies from 100 MHz to 100 GHz and for LOS up to 1 THz. Users have the ability to specify the ray spacing, number of reflections, transmissions, and diffractions for each generated ray. The tool generates ray paths using the shooting-and-bouncing ray technique (100% deterministic approach) based on the map data in the project. The rays generated are corrected using the exact path calculation algorithm to ensure they hit the center of the Rx point to accurately capture power and phase. Users are provided with core ray path data, which also includes the effect of phase changes from the environment and antenna polarization. In this scenario, the Weissberger Model is used for calculating foliage attenuation. Wireless InSite’s built-in Communication Systems Analysis tool lets users generate BER, throughput, and capacity computations on the core outputs to generate RSSI or impact of interference between transmitters on overall coverage. These outputs are available for WiFi, LTE, 5G NR, and user-defined protocols. For MIMO systems, beyond SVD, beamforming techniques including custom weighted tables are available to apply weighting factors on the generated channel matrix (H-matrix). For the UE side, combination techniques like selection combining and MRC are available.

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In 1868, three years after the Civil War, Gadsden’s first industry came about in the form of a hat factory. The hattery, as it became known, was established by Allen Gaylor near Noccalula Falls. He brought his family from Tennessee and came into this area to start his trade. The hattery was located near the present-day Kiwanis Building on the old road leading to the hotel, cottages and the Elliott Pavilion. After buying wool from a local carder, the Gaylors assembled and finely chopped the material with a sharp axe. The wool was then piled on a long table, where the cord of a large hickory bow stretched lengthwise was struck with a stick as it buried in the wool. The vibration separated the fibers into small threads. All the wool was then soaked in lye and pressed into a compact mass. The next step was to mold the wool into various shapes of hats. The Gaylors then wove their own hatbands and made their own dyes. The hats usually weighed one and one-fourth pounds dry and five pounds when wet. The wet hats were even used as weapons, and one man went to the state legislature wearing one. Politicians in those days spoke admiringly about the “Wool Hat Boys,” for most of them were poor farmers or back woodsmen and could vote. The family also made coonskin caps and top hats from beaver hides. The hattery was in operation until the 1880’s, when machine-made hats finally captured the market. The Gaylors are believed to originally be French Huguenots, a Protestant people that fled France during days of great religious persecution. The Huguenots immigrated into England, the Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland, as well as the English colonies in Massachusetts, New York, and South Carolina as early as the 1600’s. Allen Gaylor came from Campbell County, Tenn., where the family had moved to from Virginia around 1821-22. Some of these early families intermarried into the Hatmaker family. As the reader can guess, they were all hat makers, including the early Gaylors. Sometimes between 1836 and 1839, Allen Gayler (who spelt his name as “Gayler”) moved to the Etowah County area. He was born about October 1808 in Warrenton, Fauquier County, Va. He died on Aug. 8, 1885. He and his fourth wife, Lucy Tho-mas Oliver, are buried at the Fairview Cemetery on Lookout Mountain, but neither have tombstones. The following article talks about Nicholas William Miller as being one of the missionaries who converted John The Baptist Gayler: “It was always told in the family that Della Melvina Miller was born just before or while her father, Nicholas William Miller, was on his mission to the southern states for the Church of Jesus Christ Of Latter Day Saints. Note that Grandpa John The Baptist Gayler met the Mormon Elders in 1893, and that Della Melvina Miller was born in 1892.” Source for the following article is from The Improvement Era, July 1943, Vol. 46, No. 7, page 408. The article reads as follows: “Grandpa Gayler, Pioneer – the story of a Mormon pioneer who never crossed the plains but who blazed trails for the Gospel at home. By Jack Northman Anderson of the Southern States Mission. “John The Baptist Gayler stopped twirling his cane for a moment and attempted to balance it on his thumb. ‘Yes suh,’ he reflected, ‘many is the time I’ve sat and held a gun while the elders preached.’ “Delighted by his own remark, Grandpa Gayler burst into a half-cough, half-chuckle that convulsed his lanky frame. His bushy white beard protruding from his face at an angle – which lengthened his chin several inches – bobbed merrily. “Presently Grandpa Gayler settled back in the battered rocker and began another story of the early days… fidgeting idly with his cane as he talked. Here was an unusual character. I knew that after I heard him tell his first story. “To the casual passer-by who saw Grandpa Gayler lounging on the porch, he looked like any other superannuated southern farmer. But Grandpa Gayler was different. You could tell that. His conversation was alive with wit and rich with philosophy, reflecting a full, contented life. “In spite of the wrinkles that creased his face and the slight stoop that bent his back, Grandpa Gayler was not mired in the rut of old age. It was evident from his sense of humor and the mischievous twinkle in his eve that he had managed to maintain a fresh perspective on life. “Grandpa Gayler – as he is affectionately known to more than 500 missionaries who have shared his hospitality – never crossed the plains. While other converts were trekking to Utah, he stayed at home and blazed trails for the gospel in a hostile land. “Grandpa Gayler’s farm was an oasis for early missionaries who found refuge within his gates from persecution. It was not uncommon in those days for a pair of harassed elders to stumble upon his porch, gasping for water that had been refused them everywhere else along the way. Often they quenched their thirst while Brother Gayler held an angry mob at bay with a shotgun. “The oldest living convert in Alabama, John the Baptist Gayler was born Aug. 14, 1858, in Cherokee (now Etowah) County, Ala., where he has resided all his life. When his father Allen Gayler announced that he would be called John, a hired worker who was a devout Baptist hit upon a brilliant idea. If John was to be the name anyhow, he reasoned, it might as well be John the Baptist in honor of the great Biblical character. “Old Man Gayler was impressed. So the new baby became John the Baptist Gayler – a name that peculiarly fitted his later role as a forerunner of Mormonism in Alabama. “Religious at heart but dissatisfied with the teachings of the local denominations, John Gayler grew up without joining any church. It was not until 15 years after his marriage to Margaret Elizabeth Reynolds in 1878 that Gayler first encountered Mormonism. “On a September day in 1893, Gayler greeted two elders – N.W. Miller of Manassa, Colo., and B.F. LeBaren of Mesa, Ariz., – at his door. Gayler had been warned by his neighbors that the Mormons were coming, but in spite of all that Gayler had heard against them, he could not force himself to be unfriendly. “Gayler shook hands with Elder Miller, and with the same grasp pulled him inside. “At his point the lean, white bearded old man beamed with pride. ‘The first words I ever spoke to a Mormon elder were, ‘Come in.’ He burst into another chuckle. Before those first missionaries continued on their way, they explained the Articles of Faith and left three tracts. John Gayler and his wife (Margaret) were immediately interested and stayed up until late in the night reading. The next morning they decided to become Mormons. “Five months elapsed, however, before the Gaylers could contact the elders and take the initial step. Finally, on March 13, 1894, they were baptized into the Church by Elder Miller. The Gaylers had been Mormons less than one day when word got around that the missionaries were in town. “As dusk settled upon the Gayler farm, a crowd of scowling, muttering neighbors were seen approaching the house. They carried whips of leather thongs. Brother Gayler met them at the gate. ‘We came to talk to the Mormon elders,’ they announced. Gayler could see that they meant business.But Brother Gayler also meant business. ‘You can come in and talk to them, but it won’t be healthy if you try anything else,’ he warned as they filed in. Gayler sat with a gun on his lap to enforce his warning. “For several years, those neighbors refused to have anything to do with him. Later, several of them joined the Mormon Church. In addition to those he converted, Grandpa Gayler proudly boasts that he has raised ‘three generations of Mormons.’ “Now living are one daughter, 11 grandchildren, 12 great-grandchildren and 12 great-grandchildren, all enrolled in the Gadsden Branch. “A hatter by trade, Bro-ther Gayler made hats by hand until the advent of the machine. He then reverted to farming, which occupied his working hours until two years ago, when failing health confined him to the house. “When he was active, Gayler always delighted in mingling with the crowds in town on Saturday afternoons and talking religion with all who would listen. Now that he is unable to wander the streets, Gayler’s old cronies often visit him at his home to bring up a new argument in their favor. But Grandpa Gayler has an answer for everything. Always alert and witty, he can wiggle out of a dilemma with ease, usually by quoting scripture, which he does faster than most listeners can follow. ‘If they can’t keep up with me,’ he pointed out with a chuckle, ‘they can’t tell when I make a mistake.’ “One old timer asked him why it was necessary for a person to join the Mormon Church as long as he lived a good Christian life. “Grandpa Gayler thought a moment, pushing his weather-beaten hat back on his head and scratching his straggly, white hair with a bony finger. ‘The only ones who were saved from the flood,’ he said at last, ‘were those who got on board the ark.’ After this story, he looked up at me earnestly. ‘Son,’ he declared, ‘life wouldn’t be worth livin’ without the Church. It’s the one thing that gives me satisfaction in my old age. I know it’s true, and I have known it ever since the day those first elders visited me forty-nine years ago.’ He then paused, and the twinkle crept back in his eye. ‘The gospel is like a feast,’ he said. ‘It is laid out on the table for you. All you gotta do is he’p yourself.” The Gaylor/Gayler genealogy is as follows: Allen’s father was Jessie E Gayler, Sr. a hatmaker who was born Aug 6, 1877, in Campbell, Tenn., and died Aug. 8, 1936, also in Campbell. Allen’s grandfather was Thomas Gayler Jr., a hat maker born Oct. 8, 1856, in Campbell, and died Sept.2, 1931 in Jacksboro. Allen’s great-grandfather was Thomas Gayler Sr., a hat maker born Nov. 8, 1808, in Virginia and died Feb. 7, 1889, in Campbell, Tenn. Thomas arrived in Campbell County in 1823. Thomas Gaylor owned much land and was weal-thy by the day’s standards. Allen’s great-great-grandfather was Jesse Gayler who was born about 1782. Genealogists have debated that it was in North Carolina or Surrey, England. Jesse died before 1830 in Campbell County, Tenn. Allen Gayler’s son becomes a Mormon and was the first person to not to head west. John the Baptist Gayler was born on Aug. 14, 1858, in Etowah County and died on Nov. 23, 1945, in Gadsden. He married Margaret Elizabeth Reynolds on Oct. 3, 1878, in Etowah County. Both are buried in Fairview Cemetery on Lookout Mountain.

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Given below is the procedure and dialing codes for making international calls to United States mobile or land line. While calling to United States from abroad, the dialing procedure is same whether you are calling from Land phone or cell phone. The international dialing codes and dialing format to call United States is : - Landline: IDD + 1 (Country Code) + Area Code + Recipient's Number - Cellular: IDD + 1 (Country Code) + 10 Digits Cellular Number IDD or International Direct Dial code is the exit code and is different for different countries For example, to call United States (Florida) land line from India, the number format is: 00 + 1 + 239 ??? ???? where 00 is the Exit code for India, 1 is the ISD code for United States, 239 is the area code for Florida and ??? ???? is the 7 digits TEL # of the recipient. The International Subscriber Dialing Code (ISD Code) of United States is 1. ISD code is also know as country calling code. |United States ISD Code / Country Code||1| Calling United States From Abroad Use the example below to know the rule for dialing a number in United States and make international calls to United States. To Make International Calls to United States Dial |Exit code + 1 + Area code + Telephone Number| United States - Emergency Numbers |911 - Police, Ambulance, Fire| Exit code or access code of a country is the code which is necessary to make international calls from that country. Find the access code of the country from which you are dialing before calling United States. Use the Search box given below to find the area code of various cities and places in United States. There are 291 area codes in United States. United States area codes usually have 3 digits. While calling United States from abroad, you need to dial the ISD code followed by the area code and finally the phone number. Given below is a list of area codes for calling United States's major cities/regions. * Ignore the number within bracket while calling United States from another country. The number within bracket is to be dialed along with area code only while calling within United States When to Call United States - Time Difference between United States & Other Countries While calling United States, having an idea about the local United States time at the time of your call will ensure that you are not calling someone during untimely hours. Use the Time Converter given below to know what time it is in United States. Enter the time in the country from where you are calling United States and find the corresponding local time in United States. The Time Zone Converter Given below is the current time in United States. Enter Your Timezone and Change the time in the textbox below to get corresponding time in United States. You can use this Time converter to find an appropriate time to make international calls to United States. How to make international calls to United States - How to call United States from Burundi - How to call United States from Guatemala - How to call United States from Libya - How to call United States from Mauritania - How to call United States from Rwanda - How to call United States from Turkey - How to call United States from Venezuela - How to call United States from Zimbabwe - How to call United States from American Samoa - How to call United States from Aland Islands

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A well-known saying attributed to Paul Wellstone, the previous US Senator is “Schooling and Democracy have the identical objective; the fullest doable growth of human capabilities”. That quote rings true on a elementary stage if you consider it. Schooling has confirmed so essential to human growth that it has usually been included because the fourth fundamental want of a human being, after meals, shelter, and clothes. It’s a proper for each particular person in most constituencies and it’s hardly disputed that a healthful schooling supplies a person with the roadmap by which they’ll brighten their future. Schooling could make an individual and the shortage of it might probably break them. It helps them construct every little thing from ideologies and values to an entire perception system. With schooling, a person learns the worth of reasoning their ideas out. They study to chase after their desires and to reside as a precious and respectable member of society. It offers the person a clearly outlined path they’ll observe, full with a set of ideas to information each choice and a way of freedom that permits them to specific themselves totally. Schooling frees a person’s thoughts from social prejudices and motivates them to contain logic of their arguments. It’s as important to human growth as water is to the expansion and growth of a plant. The literacy charge of a rustic can instantly affect its financial prosperity. To place it merely, there are quite a few advantages to schooling. To put all of them out in full would fill a thousand books. Nonetheless, we are able to do our greatest to hunt a couple of right here and there that show to profit well worth the promotion of schooling. On the very least, the advantages of schooling to human growth might be divided into 3: social, financial, and private. Maybe, for the extra non secular amongst us, we are able to add non secular advantages to the fray and make it a healthful 4. Schooling permits you to overcome social Prejudices It’s well-known that there are numerous beliefs and prejudices that may and have held again societies up to now. These are superstitions and caste programs that result in the discrimination of sure members of society by stigmatizing and vilifying them. It’s only with the assistance of schooling that the yoke of such prejudices might be damaged. The facility of schooling in dissolving social prejudices lies in its reliance on logical reasoning to current arguments. As soon as one masters the ideas of purpose and successfully applies them to each thought and suggestion that involves them, they are going to be higher capable of sift via them and select solely those that make sense. Those that do not will rapidly be dismissed as invalid and discarded in consequence. One other high quality of schooling that provides it the facility to alter society is how enlightenment spreads. Whenever you educate and enlighten one thoughts in order that it shirks unreasonable beliefs that maintain it again, you’ve got lit a candle that’s able to lighting others and bringing extra mild to the society. The educated thoughts will search to teach different minds, which can search to teach others, and so forth, in an exquisite chain response and ensuing explosion of schooling. Schooling can finish racism, discrimination, superstition, crime, and a variety of different social evils that come about because of ignorance. All it takes is the braveness to teach the primary few after which watch the community results work their magic. Schooling nurtures Expertise and encourages the Particular person to pursue their Goals How many individuals are you aware which have by no means realized what their skills are just because they by no means even knew the breadth of skills on the market? Schooling has a means of opening your thoughts as much as the probabilities. It reveals you not solely what’s, but additionally what could possibly be and encourages you to discover your self and determine what it’s that you are able to do higher than most individuals and add worth to the world with. Whenever you reside in a closed-minded society, you might be more likely to be simply as closed-minded, particularly if you have not been educated. Because of this, you’ll are likely to reward and exalt the identical issues as the remainder of the society and dismiss as ineffective the exact same issues that they do. You would possibly, due to this fact, really feel slightly ineffective when you should not have the talents that they discover helpful. However, with the facility of schooling, a person is probably going to have the ability to see a lot of issues from totally different views and see how they match into the grand scheme of issues. They’re more likely to uncover skills that they by no means knew they’d and discover methods so as to add true worth to society with these values. One other advantage of schooling is that it encourages you to pursue your desires. Usually, individuals maintain again from the pursuit of what units their soul on hearth as a result of they’ve been programmed by society to study that it’s not proper, or correct, and even fruitful in the long term. They, due to this fact, maintain again and reside out the remainder of their lives in distress. Schooling, nonetheless, teaches you that something is feasible, as long as you set your thoughts to it and keep decided. It offers you the braveness to discover the frontier of what’s doable and, within the course of, you push the boundaries of what people can obtain. Schooling enhances Creativeness and Creativity Schooling encourages the person to discover concepts. A superb schooling system won’t solely train the person established programs and schemas of thought however will encourage them to assume deeper and discover the roots of issues in order that they’ll maybe develop a distinct tree altogether. Schooling encourages the person to ask questions and search their solutions. It encourages them to attempt totally different modes of thought and observe them via to their pure conclusions. Within the course of, your creativeness and creativity shall be deeply engaged and you’ll acquire a deep sense of satisfaction from the entire course of. Schooling contributes to the broader Development of the Society Human growth is not simply concerning the particular person, but additionally the society as a complete. When a person is properly educated, their financial state of affairs is probably going to enhance. When this occurs, a few of that financial growth is more likely to spill over to his brothers and sisters. A nation that values schooling will encourage and fund analysis into drugs, expertise, the arduous sciences, and so forth. Innovation shall be inspired and the ensuing enhancements to the trade will profit the nation as a complete. Schooling advances each sector of the economic system. Schooling brings about Publicity Present me a person who has traveled and I’ll present you a person who has gained a variety of knowledge. Schooling is a means for our minds to journey and discover new sorts of data, concepts, and views. We invent new issues and determine methods to enhance our environment. We study those that have come earlier than us and what their errors and achievements had been. Within the course of, we acquire information and knowledge, standing on the shoulders of giants and empowered to drive the human race ahead to greatness

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In the United Kingdom, former British colonies, and the United states a Victorian house generally means any house built during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901). During the Industrial Revolution successive housing booms resulted in the building of many millions of Victorian houses which are now a defining feature of most British towns and cities. In the UK, Victorian houses follow a wide range of architectural styles. Starting from the early classicism inherited from Regency architecture, the Italianate style gained influence in the 1840s and 1850s, and the Gothic Revival style became prevalent by the 1880s. Later in the Victorian era, the Queen Anne style and the Arts and Crafts movement increased in influence, resulting in the transition to styles typically seen in Edwardian houses. Victorian houses are also found in many former British colonies where the style might be adapted to local building materials or customs, for example in Sydney, Australia and Melaka, Malaysia. Early in the Victorian era, until the 1840s houses were still influenced by the classicism of Regency styles. However the simplicity of Regency classicism fell out of favour as affluence increased and by the 1850s the Italianate style influenced domestic architecture which now incorporated varying quantities of stucco. From the 1850s domestic buildings also became increasingly influenced by the Gothic Revival, incorporating features such as pointed, projecting porches, bay windows, and grey slate. In addition to general architectural influences, this progressive change in style resulted from several other factors. In the 1850s, the abolition of tax on glass and bricks made these items cheaper and the coming of the railway allowed them to be manufactured elsewhere, at low cost and to standard sizes and methods, and brought to site. There was also progressive introduction from the 1850s of various building regulations. There are a number of common themes in Victorian housing: - Sanitation: regulations were introduced progressively from the 1850s to raise the importance of sanitation features, including correct drainage, waste facilities (the "ash pit" or "dust bin"), and toilet facilities either in the form of an outside privy or inside water closet. - Hot and cold water: at the start of the Victorian era, some houses had running tap water and a boiler for hot water. By the turn of the century, hot and cold running water were a common feature. - Lighting powered by gas was available in many towns from the start of the Victorian era. By the end of the Victorian era, many houses had gas. - A basement with a cellar for the storage of coal, required for open fires and to heat water. - Sash windows but with larger panes of glass, from the 1850s, than the characteristic 6 plus 6 smaller panes seen in Georgian and Regency architecture. - Victorian houses were generally built in terraces or as detached houses. - Building materials were brick or local stone. Bricks were made in factories some distance away, to standard sizes, rather than the earlier practice of digging clay locally and making bricks on site. - The majority of houses were roofed with slate, quarried mainly in Wales and carried by rail. The clay tiles used in some houses would be available locally. Houses for all classes In Victorian times, population growth, and the Industrial Revolution which saw a migration of workers from the countryside to the cities, resulted in successive housing booms in the 1850s and 1870s that saw the creation of millions of houses. These catered not only for the rich and the new "middling-classes" but also for the poor. In deprived areas, Victorian houses were often very small, for example, back-to-back houses built in extremely cramped conditions. Some of these areas became slums or 'rookeries', and were later cleared. Some smaller, two-up two-down houses still survive, for example in Salford, Greater Manchester. Victorian houses for the middle classes and upwards tended to have accommodation for servants, often employed to carry out the considerable labour required to keep the house, including its fireplaces clean and well stocked. Victorian houses of the middle and upper classes aspired to follow the purest forms of contemporary architecture, for example, the Gothic Revival or Queen Anne styles. The Victorian era, together with the Edwardian era was the last sustained period in which great houses were built in large numbers. Many of these harked back to earlier periods of English architecture, for example: - Highclere Castle in Tudorbethan style - Harlaxton Manor in Jacobethan style - Canford manor following the medieval style and incorporating a great hall - Penrhyn Castle in Norman style - Tyntesfield in Gothic Revival style Victorian-era homes in eastern American cities tend to be three stories and those in western American cities tend to be two-story houses or one-story cottages. This is not representative of a typical Victorian-era home in all regions. Although the general public often incorrectly refers to a Victorian-era house as a Victorian-style house, Victorian era refers to a time period and not to a style. Although architectural historians generally agree that about eight primary architectural styles were prominent in the United States and Canada during the Victorian era, Victorian-era residential architecture in the United States and Canada was a procession of styles borrowed from every country and every era in history. This is an 1880's photo of 653 W Wrightwood (now 655 W Wrightwood) in Lincoln Park, Chicago, Illinois. Note the wooden sidewalk, dirt road and lack of buildings surrounding the edifice. In Australia, the Victorian period is generally recognised as going from 1840 to 1890. There were fifteen styles that predominated, of which the following eight were used for homes: - Victorian Georgian - Victorian Regency - Free Gothic - Rustic Gothic - Free Classical Terrace houses, Woollahra, New South Wales (Filigree) Glentworth House, Ashfield, New South Wales (Italianate) Roslyndale, Woollahra, New South Wales (Rustic Gothic) - Victorian architecture - List of house styles - Second Empire (architecture) - Queen Anne Style architecture - Richardsonian Romanesque - Wesleyan Grove - Gallery of Victorian styles in Sydney, Australia - Marshall, John; Willox, Ian (1986). The Victorian House. London: Sidgwick and Jackson Limited. ISBN 0-283-99363-4. - Quiney, Anthony (1989). Period Houses, a guide to authentic architectural features. London: George Phillip. ISBN 0-540-01173-8. - Pragnall, Hubert (1984). Styles of English Architecture. Frome: Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-3768-5. - A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture, Apperly (Angus and Robertson) 1994, pp.40-97 - A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture, pp.132-143 - Larsen, Michael; Elizabeth Pomada, Photographs by Douglas Keister (1987). Daughters of Painted Ladies: America's Resplendent Victorians. New York: E. P. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-48337-3. - Victorian era architecture in San Francisco, California - The Haas-Lilienthal House, the only Victorian era house museum in San Francisco, California - Victorian era architecture and history in Buffalo, New York - The Grand Victorian Homes of a Millionaire City - History and Style of Victorian Architecture and Hardware - Manchester, a Victorian City - Photographs of Victorian Homes in Hamilton, Ontario Canada - Victorian Homes in Willimantic, CT

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How to write assignment objectives Topic: Assignment writing Objectives and Goals - Paperown What Are Project Objectives + Examples And How To Write Them How to Write Well-Defined Learning Objectives HOW TO WRITE AN ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES FOR STUDENTS One of the main objectives for Assignment Writing is to write in the Standard English language to grab the attention of the reader, make it easy for. How do you write an objective? Identify the Level of Knowledge Necessary to Achieve Your Objective. Before you begin writing objectives, stop and think... Select an Action Verb. Create Your Very Own Objective. Check Your Objective. Repeat, Repeat, Repeat. Creating Writing Assignments: Articulating Objectives Writing assignments are more successful in promoting student learning if you have articulated clear learning objectives. To construct learning objectives (i.e., what students should be able to do or demonstrate), many instructors use a classification system designed in the mid-1950s by Benjamin Bloom et al., commonly. Here are a few suggestions to help you as you write the statement:Write the objective before starting the project.Identify all objectives at the beginning.An objective cannot be written in isolation. Be brief; it increases the chances of objectives being read and understood. Aside from abiding by the SMART objective approach, you should also follow some other best practices when writing your project objectives. Use plain,. When you write your project objectives, there are a few steps you can take to make the process more efficient and provide you with clear and concise objectives. Identify which systemic behaviors or conditions need to be changed. Define what success means for your project. Describe the focus group. Include the location and time period. 3. Don’t try to use the SMART order, often the best way to write objectives is: M-A/R-S-T. 4. Measurable is the most important consideration. You will know that you’ve achieved your objective, because here is the evidence. I. Adding the author’s name, book’s title, edition, publisher, the page number is also beneficial for readers to cause it will be a lot of assignment writing help for the reader if he/she wants to research further. Take notes of your research, so you. Practical tips for writing learning objectives are summarized in Table 1. Since the point of a learning objective is to describe the intended outcome for learning, begin the learning objective with: “Upon completion of this educational activity, learners should be able to . . . .” Brief and precise objective statements; While writing project objectives, you need to ensure that the statements are concise and clear. You do not have to include every detail in your project objective. This is a mistake that most first-timers do. How many words should the lsat writing sample be What To Expect on The LSAT Writing Section The Ultimate Guide to LSAT Writing - PowerScore Test Prep What To Expect on The LSAT Writing Section The Ultimate Guide to LSAT Writing - PowerScore Test Prep LSAT Writing is a 35-minute assignment that requires you to write a persuasive essay in favor of a particular choice among two possible options.. So basically, the word limit is the amount of space you are given to complete the writing sample. The space you have will be fine for around 500. There is no word or space limit for LSAT Writing. Although a word count is provided below the text box in which you compose your response to the writing prompt, this is. How many words should the LSAT writing sample be? 470 words. What do I need to know for LSAT writing? Top 5 Tips for the LSAT Writing SampleKnow what you are up against. It is always best to be prepared and know what the test will ask of you before you even open the browser. Pick a side, and go with it. Lead with your conclusion, and then stay organized. PTs 1-35 Are the oldest tests and the least representative of the modern LSAT. You can strip them for parts to use as section drills, either timed or untimed (but I recommend doing them timed first and then blind reviewing them.) You should use the rest as full, timed PTs. First: PT 36 - 49 these should be the first full, timed PTs you take. Plan Your Test Day LSAT Writing Schedule. To create a strong LSAT writing sample in just 35 minutes, time management is key. If you spent enough time practicing the skills, you should be able to do all the necessary planning and. The prompt for the LSAT essay will always be formatted in the same way: 1) an introduction paragraph setting up the premise, 2) two competing criteria, and 3) a description of each choice. From using the given information. It’s always a good idea to organize your approach to the LSAT writing sample. Some of the following tips can help you do just that. Here’s a writing sample topic of the type that appears on the LSAT: Marilyn, a widow, wants to buy a pet and is trying to decide between two available dogs. Write an argument for Marilyn’s choosing one dog over the other, keeping in mind the following. Everyone seems to have an opinion about the LSAT’s ungraded Writing Samplethat 35-minute, final section of every LSAT. Some of what you may have read may be sensible advice, but much of what is written about this section (especially anonymously) is flat-out wrong and potentially harmful to pre-law students. 19. what is the purpose of this particular essay answered 19. What the purpose of this particular essay? A. To entertain the readers that success in workplace is built on passion and perseverance. B. To criticize the workers who do not love their jobs C. To wan the audience about the effects of too much work D. To persuade people to work with a purpose 19. What is the purpose of this particular essay? A. To entertain the readers that success in workplace is built on passion and perseverance. B. To criticize the workers who do not love their jobs C. To warn the audience about the effects of too much work D. To persuade people to work with a purpose 20. To whom this text is most likely. The purpose, on the other hand, is the reason why any particular essay is being written. This reason might be to make a point, tell a story, review a book, or compare two pieces of literature, for instance. Each of these purposes leads to a different style of essay, even though the same basic format can be used to write all of them effectively. Purpose of Writing an Essay | Synonym Thesis and Purpose Statements – The Writing Center – UW Thesis and Purpose Statements – The Writing Center – UW Essay: Purposes, Types and Examples | Examples The conclusion is where all the ideas stated in the body of the essay are summed up. 9. Relentlessly edit until satisfied. 10. Review work by reading it all over again before turning it over for submission Purposes for Writing Essays. Every essay has a purpose, namely: to inform, to persuade, to explain, and to entertain. Information Every essay must, therefore, have a purpose, and the purpose of your essay is determined by your goal as a writer, as well as your subject matter. There are many types of essays a person can write, but in general, there must be a purpose to the essay: to inform, to persuade, to explain or to entertain. Explore this article 1 Writing to Inform The Purpose Of This Essay Is To Identify And Explain Key Decent Essays 1314 Words 6 Pages Open Document The purpose of this essay is to identify and explain key learning overview and action plan paper will summarize what you have learned in this course and provide a power and politics action plan that you can use immediately in your business. From en.wiktionary, it means “Within this content, context, or thing”. You could say: it is not necessary to dwell herein any further on particular conditions or could say Those conditions need not be considered here but for brevity might instead say “I'll say no more of this now” or use an old standby, “But I digress”. “The aim of this paper is to . . .,” and “The purpose of this essay is to . . .” A purpose statement makes a promise to the reader about the development of the argument but does not preview the particular conclusions that the writer has drawn. A purpose statement usually appears toward the end of the introduction. The purpose statement may be expressed in several sentences or even. College essay essay how i spent my last school vacation essay persuasive essay about maintaining healthy habits essay about basic needsEssay on water pollution in india essay on gaap. essay about the future me: brief essay on doctor purpose particular the What brainly is of this essay. Soal essay tentang nutrisi? Soal essay uts ips kelas 9.

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Hormone injection fights bone death Bone death, a side effect of steroid medication, could be prevented according to new studies using rabbits. Patients receiving the steroid depomedrol, which is used to treat conditions such as ulcerative colitis, asthma and kidney disease, can suffer a reduction in bone density. Eventually this can cause severe osteoporosis where bones become brittle or osteonecrosis-the loss of blood supply to the bone cells, resulting in their death. Scientists studied the hip bones of two groups of rabbits, both given doses of depomedrol. One group was also given a direct injection of hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). The group that received ACTH produced a larger amount of growth proteins and had significantly lower bone cell death than the control group. Researchers found that the proteins stimulated the production of new blood vessels. Consequently the bone cells received a greater amount of blood and were able to survive. The next challenge for scientists is to establish whether this hormone will have the same effect in other bones. Currently, hip replacement is the only treatment for osteonecrosis in the hip. Researchers hope that the discovery of the therapeutic potential of this hormone will lead to a more viable treatment option.

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There are two types of questions: - Yes or no questions - Wh questions Question words are also called wh questions because they include the letters 'W' and 'H'. |who||person||Who's that? That's Nancy.| |where||place||Where do you live? In Boston| |why||reason||Why do you sleep early? Because I've got to get up early| |when||time||When do you go to work? At 7:00| |how||manner||How do you go? By car| |what||object, idea or action||What do you do? I am an engineer| |which||choice||Which one do you prefer? The red one.| |whose||possession||Whose is this book? It's Alan's.| |whom||object of the verb||Whom did you meet? I met the manager.| |what kind||description||What kind of music do you like? I like quiet songs| |what time||time||What time did you come home?| |how many||quantity (countable)||How many students are there? There are twenty.| |how much||amount, price (uncountable)||How much time have we got? Ten minutes| |how long||duration, length||How long did you stay in that hotel? For two weeks.| |how often||frequency||How often do you go to the gym? Twice a week.| |how far||distance||How far is your school? It's one mile far.| |how old||age||How old are you? I'm 16.| |how come||reason||How come I didn't see you at the party?| 1.If you ask about the subject of the sentence, simply add the question word at the beginning: James writes good poems. — Who writes good poems? 2.If you ask about the predicate of the sentence (the part of a sentence which contains the verb and gives information about the subject), there are three options: - If there is a helping (auxiliary) verb that precedes the main verb ( for example: can, is, are, was, were, will, would...), add the question word and invert the subject and the helping (auxiliary) verb. He can speak Chinese. — What can he speak? They are leaving tonight. — When are they leaving? - If you ask about the predicate and there is no helping (auxiliary) verb and the verb is "to be", simply add the question verb and invert the subject and the verb. The play was interesting. — How was the play? - If there is no helping (auxiliary) verb in the the predicate and the main verb is not "to be", add the auxiliary "do" in the appropriate form. They go to the movies every Saturday. — Where do they go every Saturday? He wakes up early. — When does he wake up? They sent a letter. — What did they send?

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Every year, the federal government funds tens of billions of dollars in basic and applied research. Most of this funding is concentrated within 11 departments/agencies (e.g., National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Energy). The research results typically are reported in articles published in a wide variety of academic journals. From NIH funding alone, it is estimated that about 65,000 papers are published each year. Because U.S. taxpayers underwrite this research, they have a right to expect that its dissemination and use will be maximized, and that they themselves will have access to it. If this information is shared with all potential users, it will advance science and improve the lives and welfare of people of the United States and the world. This is an achievable goal – today. The Internet has revolutionized information sharing and has made it possible to make the latest advances promptly available to every scientist, physician, educator, and citizen at their homes, schools, or libraries. FRPAA was first introduced in 2006. Explore the extensive show of support for the bill and related media coverage here. What this legislation will do: Every federal agency with an annual extramural research budget of $100 million or more will implement a public access policy that is consistent with and advances the federal purpose of the respective agency. Each agency must: - Require each researcher – funded totally or partially by the agency – to submit an electronic copy of the final manuscript that has been accepted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. - Ensure that the manuscript is preserved in a stable digital repository maintained by that agency or in another suitable repository that permits free public access, interoperability, and long-term preservation. Agencies have the flexibility to choose the best suitable location for their repository. - Require that free, online access to each taxpayer-funded manuscript be available as soon as possible, and no later than six months after the article has been published in a peer-reviewed journal. To whom this policy applies: - Any researcher employed by a federal agency with an annual research budget exceeding $100 million who publishes an article based on the work done for the funding agency in a peer-reviewed journal. - Any researcher funded by a federal agency with an annual research budget exceeding $100 million who publishes an article based on the funded research in a peer-reviewed journal. What is not covered by this legislation: - The public access policy does not apply to laboratory notes, preliminary data analyses, author notes, phone logs, or other information used to produce the final manuscript. - The policy does not apply to classified research. Research that results in works that generate revenue or royalties for the author (such as books), or patentable discoveries are exempt only to the extent necessary to protect copyright or a patent. How can I support the bill and where can I get more information about it?

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Cultural Respect Encompassing Simulation Training Using simulation to address the need for culturally sensitive communication training in health care and health education. About the Course CREST is a series of modules developed in collaboration between the University of Melbourne and Victoria University. Established in 2012, CREST has delivered modules to over ten thousand participants. The modules are designed to help health care practitioners communicate more effectively with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) people. Each CREST module is delivered face-to-face within a two-hour period. Participants will receive simulation training and feedback on their interactions with CALD and Indigenous ‘patients’. Participants must first complete Module 1: Introduction to Cultural Diversity. This module explores the interaction between culture and health and provides a grounding and understanding on culturally sensitive communication. You may then complete one or more of the following stand-alone modules: Module 2: Negotiating between different health beliefs Module 3: Effective communication when English proficiency is low Module 4: Communicating culturally sensitive issues Module 5: Communication and Indigenous healthcare These modules explore the interaction between culture, life experiences and health seeking behaviours; culturally sensitive factors that contribute to health inequalities; and the principles of effective communication and patient engagement. They provide communication and negotiation strategies and opportunities for participants to practise new skills. Who Should Participate? The modules are suitable for anyone who engages with or will be engaging with people from different cultural backgrounds, and is interested in improving their communication and negotiation skills. - Practising health professionals such as general practitioners*, nurses**, pharmacists, physiotherapists and social workers. - Health professional course convenors in universities,colleges and other training agencies - Professional educators and trainers *Each face-to-face module is approved for 4 Category 2 QI & CPD program points from the Royal College of General Practitioners. **Online modules are endorsed by the Australian Primary Health Care Nurses Association. Completion of the five online modules entitles eligible participants to claim 5 CPD hours NOW ACCEPTING REGISTRATIONS! For further information regarding the CREST course, please visit the link below or email us at TLfirstname.lastname@example.org

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IN Get Smart, the 1960s TV spy comedy, secret agents wanting a private conversation would deploy the "cone of silence", a clear plastic contraption lowered over the agents' heads. It never worked - they couldn't hear each other, while eavesdroppers could pick up every word. Now a modern cone of silence that we are assured will work is being patented by engineers Joe Paradiso and Yasuhiro Ono of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Their idea, revealed in US patent application 2009/0097671 on 16 April, is to make confidential conversations possible in open-plan offices and canteens. It will even let a conversing group move around a room and still remain in a secure sound bubble. "In increasingly common open-plan offices, the violation of employees' privacy can often become an issue, as third parties overhear their conversations intentionally or unintentionally," the inventors say in their patent. ... To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.

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Colourful supralateral and infralateral arcs form when rays pass between the side and basal (end) faces of singly oriented hexagonal columns. The filtered right hand simulation shows only rays which have passed through an end face and so isolates the supralateral (upper) and infralateral (lower) arcs. The unfiltered simulation at left also has a bright upper tangent arc and parhelic circle produced by the same column crystals. Some poorly oriented crystals were added to make the 22° brightly coloured arcs are usually seen only as fragments. They change their shapes dramatically with changes in solar altitude. The supralateral arc, like the related circumzenithal arc, only forms at solar altitudes below 32°. Small sections can be difficult to distinguish from halo and most of the 46° halos reported are probably

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Birding Ethics OLBF and Beyond a. Avoid stressing birds or exposing them to danger. Causing birds to fly is a stress on their stored energy for migration and nesting. b. Exercise restraint and caution during observation, photography, sound recording, or filming. c. Keep well back from nests, roosts, and important feeding sites, d. Stay on roads, trails, and paths where they exist; otherwise keep habitat disturbance to a minimum. e. Keep groups to a size that limits impact on the environment, and does not interfere with others using the same area. f. Do not enter private property without the owner’s explicit permission. Please Follow this Code and Distribute and Teach it to Others. The American Birding Association’s Code of Birding Ethics may be freely reproduced for distribution/dissemination. This list comes from the American Birding Association http://www.aba.org

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In the Opinion page article "Administration Forestry Policy: a Clear-Cut Disaster," July 23, the author advocates unrestricted use of selective cutting in our forests. That is a much surer way than clear-cutting to degrade our forests and reduce their productivity and biodiversity. The reason is that it ignores the silvical characteristics - the biology if you will - of the species. On millions of acres of forest where selective logging has been used the productivity of the forest is reduced. The reason is that size is assumed to be the equivalent of age, and the largest trees are selected for cutting. The net effect of selection cutting is that the best trees are selected and the worst are left. We have evidence that forests are resilient and can respond to perturbations: the presence in the flora of shade-intolerant species. The fact is that most forests, and the most desirable species for man's use, are tolerant to shade. They are maintained in a forest by major disturbances, like clear-cutting or fire or wind or insect epidemics. Clear-cutting is not all bad. Benjamin B. Stout, Albany, Ore. Regarding the Opinion page article "Clear-Cutting Has a Place in the National Forests," July 23: A healthy forest is a complex web of millions of interdependent plant and animal lives that we haven't begun to understand. Up to 60 percent of a healthy forest's soil consists of rotting wood that is creating fertility rather than being pulped or sawn for human artifacts. Natural disasters do not deprive forests of such soil enrichment clear-cuts do. Uninformed forest "management," private or public, driven by short-term profitability or political expediency, can only do damage. We need to change the covenants governing the stewardship of our national forests. We also must preserve what little remains of old growth, to teach us what healthy forest ecosystems are like. Clear-cutting and planting only commercially desirable trees does not make healthy forests. Absent is any real understanding of forests by politicians, bureaucracies, and industry. We all share in inheriting our national forests. We have subsidized the exploitation of our timber by private interests, thereby endangering the health of the biosphere. For the sake of future generations we must stop it. Kurt Volckmar, Garberville, Calif. The author's despair over government management of our national forests and his assertion that private ownership will save our environment from political whim seems disingenuous. Certainly our democracy is clumsy and unwieldly at times. But the solution is greater participation by a better informed mass of citizens. Decisionmaking by the economic elite of large landholders and corporate merchants is no different from tyranny we fought against two centuries ago. Nancy Wygent, Philadelphia As a forester for the past 15 years I have seen many changes in how forests are described. It strikes me that until we can come to some concensus on what an old-growth or ancient forest is, we cannot fully manage this type of forest (or for that matter any forest) and determine whether it is to be harvested. Some form of consensus-building entity needs to be created. Perhaps from this a new "myth" will come into existence that will allow both timber harvesting and the growing of older forests. This idea of growing older forests is widely held by many practicing foresters. This approach, however, will need to consider economic realities and policies that have been in place for a long time. Todd A. Merritt, Rochester, Wash.

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What is Mediation and How Does it Work? If two disputants either cannot resolve differences by themselves, or they feel that the effort to reach a solution would benefit from the intervention of a neutral third party, they should bring their issue to the Ombudsperson. Mediation is an informal attempt to resolve a dispute and is perhaps the most common technique that the Ombudsperson uses to help the disputants in their attempt to reach a solution. The Ombudsperson is trained in mediation methods, and she can often assist the parties in coming to a mutually-agreeable resolution of their problem. Definition of Mediation: Mediation is a process in which an impartial third party assists disputants in finding a mutually acceptable solution to their conflict. It is both voluntary and confidential. Positions vs. Interests: both parties should understand this as they go through a mediation Mediation is primarily about negotiation, and negotiation is often about positions, yet managing interests can often be more effective than taking and defending positions. A common starting point in negotiations is to take a position, which usually means having a particular viewpoint and requirements from which there can be little movement. Like medieval barons, each "player" builds a castle and besieges the other. Success is a simultaneous defense of your own position and the destruction of the opponent's position. It is a fixed-sum, win-lose pitched battle, where key information is only about strengths and weaknesses and strategies of attack and defense. Taking positions, however, has many limitations. Battles can leave you weakened. The vanquished can become secret enemies. What seemed like a good position at the time can turn out to be a poor choice. In a fight or flight sense, an alternative to fighting sometimes seems like being friendly and allowing others what they want rather than standing your ground. The substance of the negotiation is given up in return for what is hoped to be a good relationship. Those who bend over backward will be treated as if that is their normal position, and hence will be taken advantage of again and again. An alternative is to seek the interests that underlie the positions. Ask why any position is taken. Probe for the deeper reasons. Find the underlying needs and goals. 'Why' is a powerful question that uncovers real reasons. Discovering interests confers many benefits. Positions may still be taken, but now you have many possibilities that can still satisfy interests. Battles may still be fought, but now the loser has choices in defeat to retreat to a lesser position or negotiate a settlement that ends the war. The all-or-nothing, do-or-die approach of positional battles can be also replaced with variable feasts that seek peaceful solutions from the start, preserving the relationship and expanding the pie so both parties can satisfy most of their interests. Mediation Rules: both parties should agree to follow these as they enter into a mediation 1. Good Faith Effort Parties in the mediation process agree to make a good-faith effort to resolve their conflict, which means to make an honest endeavor to participate in communications or conferences with the other party with the purpose of reaching a mutually acceptable settlement. Except as otherwise agreed by the parties or permitted by law, any oral or written communications prepared specifically for or expressed in the course of the mediation proceeding are privileged and confidential and shall not be disclosed through discovery or any other compulsory process and are not admissible as evidence in any judicial or arbitration proceeding. Audio or visual recordings of mediation communications, electronic or otherwise, are not permissible. Exceptions to the rule of confidentiality in mediation communications that are permitted by law include immediate threats of physical violence including self-harm, or when child abuse is suspected or reported. Any documents that are produced as a result of mediation, such as a settlement agreement or summary of decisions reached, may be used by participants in subsequent relevant proceedings. The parties agree to be courteous throughout the mediation process by respecting the opinions, perceptions, and feelings of the other parties and by refraining from personal attacks, intimidation, threats, and verbal or physical abuse. 4. The Role of the Mediator The mediator may conduct joint and separate meetings with the parties and may suggest resolutions to the conflict, but does not have authority to impose a settlement. Any party to the mediation may be represented by another person provided that the representative has sufficient knowledge of the problem and full authority to make and sign a binding agreement on behalf of the represented party, and that efforts to mediate with the representative are likely to enhance the possibility of achieving a settlement. 6. Legal Counsel The parties may consult legal counsel at any time during the mediation process. The mediator has no duty to protect the interests of the parties or to provide them with information about their legal rights. 7. Termination of Mediation The mediation process is terminated when (a) the parties reach a settlement agreement; (b) the mediator determines that further efforts at mediation are no longer likely to achieve a settlement; (c) both parties withdraw from the mediation proceedings; or (d) the Hood College mediator declares that a party should bypass the mediation process and proceed to a more formal means of resolving the issue. 8. Arbitration and Court Should the parties fail to settle their conflict, both parties, if eligible, may employ a more formal means of resolving the issue with Hood’s Office of Human Resources; otherwise, legal remedies may be sought through the civil courts. 9. Exclusion of Liability Neither the College nor any mediator shall be liable to any party for any act or omission in connection with any mediation service or activity sponsored by the Office of the Ombudsperson. The Mediation Process While there may be variations in the "game plan" of a mediation, a typical mediation process consists of six basic stages: I. Assessment and Entry Disputants open a case by calling or emailing Hood’s Ombudsperson, or by being referred by Human Resources or another College official. Before the mediation can proceed, both disputing parties must fill out an Agreement to Mediate form expressing their voluntary consent for the mediation to be performed. In the introductory phase, the mediator (generally, the Ombudsperson) will state the purpose of the mediation, explain her role as mediator, and ensure confidentiality. The mediator will also explain the process and establish ground rules (e.g., allowing each other the opportunity to speak without interruption, refraining from abusive language). The purpose of the introduction is to establish trust and open, honest rapport while setting a positive structure for resolution of the conflict. Each party gets the chance to tell his or her version of the dispute and explain the effect it has had on him or her: - The complainant (who initiated the case) describes the situation without interruption from his or her perspective while the respondent listens. - The mediator paraphrases the content and emotions briefly, but with empathy. - The respondent describes the situation as he or she sees it. - The mediator paraphrases the content and emotions for the respondent, again, with empathy. - The mediator will offer each of the parties opportunities to add further details and clarification, or may invite the them to ask questions of each other. - The cycle is repeated as many times as necessary in order to identify the issues, note commonalities, and focus concerns. - The main goal for the storytelling phase is to enable the parties to understand one another, both the facts and their feelings, and to identify the issues causing the dispute. IV. Problem Solving With the help of the parties, the mediator creates a list of problems or issues of concern and then prioritizes the list (when appropriate). The parties then brainstorm possible solutions to the issues, which the mediator will record and help assess. It is important to note that, while the mediator may offer solutions, the parties ultimately make the decisions about which solutions are appropriate for them and their situation. The parties and mediator review the agreement, if reached, to see that it is clear, realistic, balanced, and specific, in terms that specify both what will be done and when it will be done. Written agreements can help prevent future misunderstandings as to who agreed to do what and so should address how possible future problems will be handled. Both parties sign the final written agreement, and each party receives a copy. If the mediation session ends without resolution of the conflict, the case can be remediated, the parties may choose to end the process, or they may choose to move to a more formal process (through Human Resources) for dispute resolution. VI. Implementation and Follow-up Two weeks after the mediation session, the Ombudsperson sends an evaluation form to the parties requesting feedback about the mediation and mediator. If the problems persist, the parties may remediate or consult other resources as noted above. The Prevention and Resolution of Discrimination, Harassment, and Sexual Misconduct at Hood College, board of trustees' Policy 55 (PAR) - The full text of the Policy This policy describes the role of the Ombudsperson and of the "informal" resolution process.

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This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Standardbred is an American horse breed best known for its ability in harness racing, where members of the breed compete at either a trot or pace. Developed in North America, the Standardbred is recognized worldwide, and the breed can trace its bloodlines to 18th-century England. They are solid, well-built horses with good dispositions. In addition to harness racing, the Standardbred is used for a variety of equestrian activities — including horse shows and pleasure riding — particularly in the midwestern and eastern United States, and southern Ontario. In the 17th century, the first trotting races were held in the Americas, usually in fields on horses under saddle. However, by the mid-18th century, trotting races were held on official courses, with the horses in harness. Breeds that have contributed foundation stock to the Standardbred breed included the Narragansett Pacer, Canadian Pacer, Thoroughbred, Norfolk Trotter, Hackney, and Morgan. The foundation bloodlines of the Standardbred trace to a Thoroughbred foaled in England in 1780 named Messenger. He was a gray stallion imported to the United States in 1788. He sired a number of flat racing horses, but was best known for his great-grandson, Hambletonian 10, also known as Rysdyk's Hambletonian, foaled in 1849 and considered the foundation sire of the breed and from whom all Standardbreds descend. Hambletonian 10 was out of a dam with Norfolk Trotter breeding, and the mare and foal were purchased by William Rysdyk, a farm hand from New York state, who successfully raced the colt as a three-year-old against other horses. The horse went on to sire 1,331 offspring, 40 of whom trotted a mile in under 2 minutes 30 seconds. Another influential sire was the Thoroughbred Diomed, born in 1777. When the sport started to gain popularity, more selective breeding was done to produce the faster harness trotter. The Standardbred breed registry was formed in United States in 1879 by the National Association of Trotting Horse Breeders. The name arose due to the "standard" required of breeding stock, to be able to trot or pace a mile within a certain time limit. Every Standardbred had to be able to trot a mile in less than two minutes and 30 seconds. Today, many Standardbreds are faster than this original standard, with several pacing the mile within 1 min, 50 sec, and trotters only a few seconds slower than pacers. Slightly different bloodlines are found in trotters than in pacers, though both can trace their heritage back to Hambletonian 10. Standardbreds tend to be more muscled and longer bodied than the Thoroughbred. They also are of more placid dispositions, as suits horses whose races involve more strategy and more changes of speed than do Thoroughbred races. Standardbreds are considered people-oriented, easy-to-train horses. They are generally a bit heavier in build than Thoroughbreds, but have refined, solid legs and powerful shoulders and hindquarters. Standardbreds have a wide range of heights, from 14 to 17 hands (56 to 68 inches, 142 to 173 cm), although most are between 15 and 16 hands (60 and 64 inches, 152 and 163 cm). They are most often bay, brown or black, although other colors such as chestnut are seen. Gray and roan are also found. The Standardbred typically weighs between 800 and 1,000 pounds (360 and 450 kg). Their heads are refined and straight with broad foreheads, large nostrils, and shallow mouths. The typical Standardbred body is long, with the withers being well defined, with strong shoulders and the muscles being long and heavy, which helps with the long strides. The neck of the Standardbred is muscular and should be slightly arched, with a length of medium to long. Their legs are muscular and solid, with generally very tough and durable hooves. Individual Standardbreds tend to either trot or pace. Trotters' preferred racing gait is the trot, where the horses' legs move in diagonal pairs; when the right foreleg moves forward, so does the left hind leg, and vice versa. The pace is a two-beat lateral gait; pacers' forelegs move in unison with the hind legs on the same side. However, the breed also is able to perform other horse gaits, including the canter, though this gait is penalized in harness racing. The breed's trotting and pacing ability is linked to a single-point mutation in gene DMRT3, which is expressed in the I6 subdivision of spinal cord neurons; this area is responsible for coordinating the locomotor network controlling limb movements. The point mutation causes early termination of the gene by coding for a stop codon, thus altering the function of this transcription factor. Standardbreds are known for their skill in harness racing, being the fastest trotting horses in the world. Because of their speed, Standardbreds are often used to upgrade other breeds of harness racers around the world, such as the Orlov Trotter and French Trotter. In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, races are held for both trotters and pacers. In continental Europe, all harness races are conducted between trotters. Major races for North American trotters include the Peter Haughton Memorial for two-year-olds, and the World Trotting Derby, Yonkers Trot, Hambletonian, and Kentucky Futurity for three-year-olds. The Hambletonian is sometimes referred to as the "Kentucky Derby of Harness Racing". The Trotting Triple Crown is made up of the Yonkers Trot, Hambletonian Stakes, and Kentucky Futurity. Some of the major pacing races in North America include the Woodrow Wilson and Metro Stake for two-year-olds, and the Little Brown Jug, Meadowlands Pace, North America Cup and the Adios Pace for three-year-olds. The Little Brown Jug, the Messenger Stakes, and the Cane Pace comprise the Pacing Triple Crown. Major races in Australia and New Zealand include the New Zealand Trotting Cup, the Miracle Mile Pace and the Inter Dominion series. In 1968, New Zealand-bred Cardigan Bay became the first Standardbred horse ever to win US$1 million, and the ninth horse to do so worldwide (the first eight were Thoroughbreds). He was popular in the United States, and appeared with Stanley Dancer on The Ed Sullivan Show as the "million dollar horse". Standardbreds are also used in horse shows and for pleasure riding. They are also popular as light buggy horses for the Amish people, who eschew motorized vehicles. Many retired Standardbreds find a second career off the track with the help of organizations such as the Standardbred Pleasure Horse Organization. The breed is quite good at jumping, making them suitable for the sport horse disciplines of hunt seat, show jumping, show hunter, and eventing. The breed is also seen in dressage, and their excellent temperaments make them good trail riding and ranch horses. In addition, because of the genetics of the breed, they can also be encouraged and trained to perform smooth ambling gaits, notably the rack and the stepping pace. The number of gaited Standardbreds is steadily growing in the United States, with some stud farms dedicated to breeding individuals with this characteristic. Standardbreds are also gaining popularity in Australia as endurance horses, from the 20 km social rides and 40 km training rides, up to the 80 km endurance rides. They are known for their strong and dense bones, suitable conformation and ability to maintain high trotting speeds for extended periods of time comfortably. The kind and manageable temperament of the breed also contributes to its popularity. These features are especially attractive to riders who do not wish to be competitive against the purpose-bred Arabian horses, which are often more difficult and competitive to ride. - "Standardbred". International Museum of the Horse. Retrieved 2014-06-24. - "Messenger". Thoroughbred Heritage. Retrieved 2014-06-24. - "The Golden Age of the Trotting Horse". International Museum of the Horse. Retrieved 2014-06-24. - The Stallion Place Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-2-8 - "A Day Trip For Sir Taurus". Standardbred Canada. 2014-06-19. Retrieved 2014-06-24. - Lynghaug, Official Horse Breed Standards Guide p. 322 - Andersson, Lisa; Larhammar (29 August 2012). "Mutations in DMRT3 affect locomotion in horses and spinal circuit function in mice". Nature. 488 (7413): 642–646. doi:10.1038/nature11399. PMC 3523687. PMID 22932389. - "Inter Dominion – A Brief History". Harness.org.au. Retrieved 2014-06-24.

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The Galveston County Daily News (TX) Sally Robinson and Keith Bly When people think of risks associated with swimming, they usually think of sunburns or drownings. Most swimmers donít realize that the water itself can make them sick. Recreational water illnesses (RWIís) are spread by swallowing, breathing or coming in contact with water that has been contaminated in swimming pools or hot tubs, and at water parks, lakes, rivers or oceans. Symptoms of RWIís include skin, ear, respiratory, eye and wound infections. The most commonly reported RWI is diarrhea, which is caused by germs such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Shingella and E. coli. If contaminated water is swallowed, a person may become sick; many diarrhea-causing germs do not have to be swallowed in large amounts to make a person ill.

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A naturally occurring substance called potassium chloride has been widely used in many manufacturing processes. This substance is an essential supply of potassium, a vital mineral needed for an array of body functions. In order to assist people to keep appropriate levels of potassium in their tissues, potassium chloride is frequently employed as a supplement to eat. The material is additionally employed to make fertilizers, where it supplies plants with a vital amount of potassium. This also has vital uses in the energy industry, in which it is used as a finishing liquid to boost drilling fluid viscosity.

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A well known economic identity states: Snational = Inational + CAB where Snational and Inational are national saving and national investment and CAB is the current account balance of international payments. In calculating national saving and investment, one adds saving and investment, respectively, of all resident sectors of the economy. However, an accounting identity shouldn’t be confused with behavioural relationships. Steven Roach is a good economist and it’s sad to see him confusing this. In a recent article for Project Syndicate titled America’s Trade Deficit Begins at Home, he uses this identity to conclude that if America wants to reduce her trade deficit, the solution is more saving. What the candidates won’t tell the American people is that the trade deficit and the pressures it places on hard-pressed middle-class workers stem from problems made at home. In fact, the real reason the US has such a massive multilateral trade deficit is that Americans don’t save. Total US saving – the sum total of the saving of families, businesses, and the government sector – amounted to just 2.6% of national income in the fourth quarter of 2015. That is a 0.6-percentage-point drop from a year earlier and less than half the 6.3% average that prevailed during the final three decades of the twentieth century. Any basic economics course stresses the ironclad accounting identity that saving must equal investment at each and every point in time. Without saving, investing in the future is all but impossible. A little thought on behavioural relationships tell a different story. The main causality connecting accounting identities is behaviour of demand and output at home and abroad. While it is true that by accounting identity, the U.S. current account balance will improve by more saving (such as households saving more, firms retaining higher earnings and government (both at the federal and state level) attempting to increase its saving tighten fiscal policy, it happens via a contraction of output. Wynne Godley was one who stressed this before the crisis. In his paper The United States And Her Creditors: Can The Symbiosis Last? written with Dimitri Papadimitrou, Claudio Dos Santos and Gennaro Zezza, this is made clear: A well-known accounting identity says that the current account balance is equal, by definition, to the gap between national saving and investment. (The current account balance is exports minus imports, plus net flows of certain types of cross-border income.) All too often, the conclusion is drawn that a current account deficit can be cured by raising national saving—and therefore that the government should cut its budget deficit. This conclusion is illegitimate, because any improvement in the current account balance would only come about if the fiscal restriction caused a recession. But in any case, the balance between saving and investment in the economy as a whole is not a satisfactory operational concept because it aggregates two sectors (government and private) that are separately motivated and behave in entirely different ways. We prefer to use the accounting identity (tautology) that divides the economy into three sectors rather than two—the current account balance, the general government’s budget deficit, and the private sector’s surplus of disposable income over expenditure (net saving)—as a tool to bring coherence to the discussion of strategic issues. It is hardly necessary to add that little or nothing can be learned from these financial balances measured ex post until we know a great deal more about what else has happened in the economy—in particular, how the level of output has changed This was pre-crisis from a few who were avowed Keynesians all their life! It’s unfortunate to see Steve Roach make an error even after so many years into the global economic and financial crisis. One should study Keynes seriously. While I am sure Roach appreciates the paradox of thrift, he forgets applying it to the analysis of United States of America’s trade deficits.

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Creating a Secure Password Your password is more than just a key to your computer or online account. It is a gateway to all of your important information. If your password falls into the wrong hands, a cyber criminal can impersonate you online, access your bank or credit card accounts, sign your name to online service agreements or contracts, engage in financial transactions, or change your account information. Unfortunately, many users are still not taking the necessary steps to protect their accounts by using strong passwords. Far too often, passwords with simple combinations such as 123456, password, qwerty, or abc123 are being used. In other cases, people simply use their pet's name or their birth date -- information that can be easily found online, such as on a Facebook or genealogy page. How to Create Secure Passwords: Cyber criminals have developed programs that automate the ability to guess your passwords. To protect yourself, passwords must be difficult for others to guess but at the same time easy for you to remember. Here are some recommendations: •Passwords should have at least eight characters and include upper case (capital letters) and lowercase letters, numbers and symbols. •Avoid words and proper names, regardless of language. Hackers use programs that try every word in a dictionary. •Don't use personal information -- name, children's name, birthdates, etc. that someone might already know or easily obtain. •Change passwords regularly -- at least every 60 days. If you believe your system, or an online account you access, has been compromised change your passwords immediately. •Use different passwords for each account you have. •Make sure your work passwords are different from your personal passwords. Protecting Your Passwords: •DO NOT write down your passwords. If you need to remember your passwords, write down a hint to a password, but never the password itself. Store the hint in a safe place away from your computer. •Do not share your password with anyone – attackers may try to trick you via phone calls or email messages into sharing your password •Do not reveal your password on surveys, questionnaires or security forms. •Decline the "Remember Password" feature in browsers. •Always remember to logout when using a public computer. •If you need a utility to store your passwords, an "electronic vault" may be a viable option. When deciding which password manager/electronic vault to use, look for programs that use powerful encryption algorithms, keylogger and phishing protection, and lock-out features. (Note: The MS-ISAC does not endorse any particular password vault or software for storing passwords.) •At work, follow your organization's password policy. Resources for More Information: MS-ISAC Newsletter - Challenge or Secret Questions: US-CERT - Choosing and Protecting Passwords: US-CERT - Supplementing Passwords: Purdue University - Password Manager Software: Microsoft: Create strong passwords:

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The global nanotechnology industry is expected to grow to reach almost $76 billion by 2020. But what is it exactly? Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about one to 100 nanometers. This tiny scale tech can be applied to other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering. Though it sounds futuristic, this science dates back to the late fifties, when physicist Richard Feynman at the American Physical Society spoke in a meeting at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech), about a process where scientists could manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. It wasn't until 1981, with the development of the scanning tunneling microscope that could "see" individual atoms, that modern nanotechnology has seen the light. Today's scientists are finding a wide variety of ways to make materials at the nanoscale to take advantage of their enhanced properties such as higher strength, lighter weight, increased control of light spectrum, and greater chemical reactivity than their larger-scale counterparts. The first thing that comes to mind when one thinks of nanotechnology is advancements in various types of materials and protective coatings. For instance, adding nanoscale additives to or surface treatments of fabrics can provide lightweight ballistic energy deflection in personal body armor, or can help them resist wrinkling, staining, and bacterial growth. Clearing nanoscale films on eyeglasses, computer and camera displays, windows, and other surfaces can make them water- and residue-repellent, antireflective, self-cleaning, resistant to ultraviolet or infrared light, antifog, antimicrobial, scratch-resistant, or electrically conductive. It also unleashes ‘smart fabrics’ that are equipped with flexible nanoscale sensors and electronics with capabilities for health monitoring, solar energy capture, and energy harvesting through movement. It promises new solutions for many applications in the biomedical, industrial and military fields as well as in consumer and industrial goods. The interconnection of nanoscale devices with existing communication networks and ultimately the internet defines a new networking paradigm that is further referred to as the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT). Nanotech and medicine Though its applications may entail different industries, including food, electricity, environment, and others, nanotechnology has high promises for the life sciences sector and medical applications, including therapy techniques, diagnostics, complex drug delivery systems and more. In 2015, Medlab Clinical, a company active in that industry got the approval for its NanoCelle delivery platform to test Atorvastatin (commercially known as Lipitor) for patients suffering high levels of cholesterol. Other examples of medicine in nanotechnology include antiviral medicines, such as NanoViricides’ medicines targeting influenza, HIV/AIDS, herpes and dengue fever. In the Arab region A growing number of countries is now considering nanotechnology as a research priority. This is the case of Argentina, Azerbaijan, Chile, Croatia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovenia, Sri Lanka and Tunisia, for instance. However, as the development of nanotechnology requires sustained investment, only Slovenia of the aforementioned countries currently devotes more than 1 percent of its GDP to R&D. Morocco’s third InnovAct programme (2011), for instance, provides up to 30 enterprises each year that are oriented towards nanotechnology and other strategic fields with logistical support and the financial means to recruit university graduates to work on their research project. In Saudi Arabia, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) is fostering ties between research universities and the public and private sectors in a wide range of areas, including nanotechnology and advanced materials. KACST also acts as the national patent office. Nanotechnology is one of the priority areas for cooperation of the new Arab Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation, where governments are aiming at developing applications in areas ranging from health and pharmaceuticals to foodstuffs, environmental management, desalination and energy production. Since 2011, UNESCO is attempting to link between academia and industry to reach innovation in the Arab world in various fields, including nanotechnology. Its program, the Network for the Expansion of Convergent Technologies in the Arab Region (NECTAR), in collaboration with renowned Arab scientists based at universities in the USA and in Egypt, where the majority of specialists in convergent technologies can be found in the Arab region, has been working in that direction. A new invention Though following a slower pace, nanotechnology-based inventions in the Arab world keep on popping up every here and then. Few years ago, Dr. Adel Salem was leading a research on ‘enhanced oil recovery,’ or EOR as it’s known in oil sector parlance, using nanoparticles to boost oil production. Though we did not hear about the success or the failure of his attempt, his project was one step ahead in a thousands miles journey. Lebanese mechanical and chemical engineer Fouad Maksoud, has been developing another nano-based shielding machine, called Nanoskin. Using high-voltage (40,000 volts) electrospinning technology, Maksoud’s machine produces nanofiber coating to regular clothes. The result? Waterproof, breathable, and antibacterial garments. In addition to that, his $500,000 machine, funded through a regional competition, can deliver drugs, and works on three categories: Wounds burns, diabetic ulcers, and muscle strains. When it comes to healing wounds and burns, Nanoskin guarantees zero risk of infection, and prevents killing the regenerated cells while changing a wound bandage for example. For the other two applications, the new technology can become a new element of a patient’s healing system. Following the diagnosis, the machine can be personalized to add any skin-absorbable medicine depending on the type of the patient’s treatment. It also increases the medicine’s coating depending on the length of the treatment, in a single click. “I have already secured the patent cooperation treaty from the US,” he told Wamda. He said that globally, competitors offer each of these features separately, but none provide them all combined at the nanoscale, which gives his invention a competitive advantage in terms of performance and readability. According to him, his main clients would be hospitals and biomedical and pharmaceutical companies. “I will be looking to sell the product [T-shirts, jackets, pants, and socks] rather than selling the machine itself,” he said. He explained that waterproof socks for example are sold at least for $32 per pair, whereas it cost him $0.8 to produce ones of 40% higher performance. Commercially, this translates into big opportunities. However, before turning the final product into a reality, the process is long term as medical applications require FDA approvals prior to human usage. This usually takes no less than four to seven years. According to Dr. Muhammad Mustafa Hussain, principal investigator at the Integrated Nanotechnology Lab at KAUST, nanotechnology allows to functionalize nanoscale materials and devices to enable drug delivery, drug formulation, and in future sensing and imaging. “Since, this is related to health care, approval for commercialization takes time and needs careful study before it can go to the market. We anticipate some limited proliferation from 2026,” he told Wamda. He continued: “At the moment, USA, a limited number of European countries, East Asia, and Singapore are leading the effort of R&D and commercialization. The MENA region is catching up gradually.” Dr. Hussain believes local investment is key. “No successful enterprise is possible without great ideas. And equality is important to achieve success and prosperity. Finally, work ethics and utmost professionalism (sincerity, punctuality, hard work, dedication, integrity).”

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|This article is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies.| | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ArcSDE: Technology for managing geographic information in a relational database management system (RDBMS). ArcSDE is part of the ArcGIS platform, and is the data server between ArcGIS and relational databases. It is widely used to enable geographic information to be shared by many users across a network and to scale in size from personal, to workgroup, to enterprise use. ArcSDE Geodatabase: A database or file structure used primarily to store, query, and manipulate spatial data. Geodatabases store geometry, a spatial reference system, attributes, and behavioral rules for data. Various types of geographic datasets can be collected within a geodatabase, including feature classes, attribute tables, raster datasets, network datasets, topologies, and many others. Geodatabases can be stored in IBM DB2, IBM Informix, Oracle, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL relational database management systems, or in a system of files, such as a file geodatabase. A geodatabase stored in an RDBMS served to client applications using ArcSDE technology.

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- First Preface - Second Preface - Directions to Be Studied Before Using this Dictionary - Explanation of Terminations Used in the Derivation of Words PRINCIPAL V. S. APTE Prin. Vaman Shivaram Apte came from a well-to-do family in Konkan. In the Marathi State of Sawantwadi, in the small village of Asolopal (Banda Peta) his father was known as a noble-minded Pandit of high integrity of character. But his obliging nature brought the family to straitened circumstances at the time of his death, for standing surety for a friend. Vaman was then only eight years old. He was born in 1858 in the same village and had his primary education there. His mother, a brave lady, saw no future for the family in that native place and came to Kolhapur with her two sons (Vaman and his elder brother) and with great difficulty brought up her children. But she and her first son succumbed to death within three years and Vaman was left orphan. However, his sharpness and brilliancy won him the favour of Shri. M. M. Kunte, the Head Master of the Rajaram High School and a reputed, scholar and hence Vaman's school-career was completed without much hardship. He passed the Matriculation examination and secured more than 90% of the total marks, with the unique Sanskrit scholarship, named after Jagannath Shankarshet. Prof. Kielhorn wanted him to study in the Deccan College directly under him. There too Vamanrao showed his brilliance in all examinations and won the Bhau Daii Sanskrit Prize at the B. A. examination (1877) and the Bhagawandas Scholarship at the M. A. examination(1879). With these distinctions Government service of a very high grade would have been very easy for him. But he had kept before his eyes the patriotic ideas, some of which had already been brought into practice by Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar, the father of the modern Marathi and of national education. Apte decided once for all to devote himself to the cause of national education by joining the founders of the New English School in 1880, in its first year. Of course, the institution (New English School ) made a most precious acquisition in getting the services of V. S. Apte, in the very beginning of its career. His was a most precocious and penetrating intellect and the record of his academic achievements was most distinguished. Sanskrit was his special forte. He was a born teacher and a strict disciplinarian. The founders of the institution recognised his pre-eminent merits and invested him with the office of the Superintendent, while the patriarch Chiplunkar himself worked under him as the Head Master. Apte's labors bore speedy fruit in as much as the school carried off one of the two Sanskrit scholarships at the Matriculation examination, even in the first year. On the 9th September 1889, Apte placed the considerate views of the conductors of the New English School on the subject of Education, before the Bombay Provincial Educational Reforms Committee, presided over by William Hunter, the substance of which is as follows: - Apte protested against the teaching of the Bible in aided Missionary schools and colleges as militating against the principle of religious neutrality, enunciated in the Despatch of 1854. He also expressed the opinion that Missionary institutions did not represent indigenous enterprise, nor were their objects purely educational, and hence a strict adherence to the principles of the Despatch would make them ineligible for grant-in-aid. A strong plea was put in by him for perfect freedom of management in internal organisation, to be given to educational institutions, provided the requisite degree of efficiency was maintained. He pleaded that secondary schools might be left free to reach the goal of the Matriculation standard, by whatever course they thought best. A searching criticism of the curriculum in primary and secondary schools was offered by him. Vernacular Serial Reading Books were described by him as being "exactly what they should not be", being too abstruse and full of matter, far removed, from the experience and observation of boys. In his opinion, the denationalising tendency of a good deal that was associated with English education must be corrected and one of the ways of doing so should be to encourage indigenous effort in the field of education and leave to it scope for free development according to the ideas, needs and requirements of the community served by it. Religious instruction of the dogmatic and ritualistic land was disapproved, but moral instruction designed to inculcate love of private and public virtue and to arouse and fortify the sense of duty in the students' minds towards society and the country, was pronounced to be desirable. The most serious defect in the course of the secondary education was the place of exaggerated and unnatural importance that English held in secondary education. As vernaculars were neglected, in secondary schools and altogether proscribed, from the degree courses, the direct contribution of the University to the building up of high class literature in vernaculars was practically nil. Vernaculars ought to be given an honoured place in the scheme of English education at schools and colleges. The system of assigning grants-in-aid to schools was also severely criticised, by Apte. He pleaded for a mixed system of grants, such as would, introduce an element of continuity and stability while preserving the incentive to exertion which was the redeeming feature of the system of payment by results. Under the mixed system, grants were to be partly given according to the qualifications of teachers employed and partly according to the results of the departmental examination. Such reforms are still required and Apte's evidence before the Hunter Commission is very valuable to educationists even to-day. The project of starting a college of their own was also put before the Commission, on behalf of the promoters of the New English School as an integral part of their scheme of national or public education. Apte strove hard for the formation and constitution of the Deccan Education Society. When there was some controversy among the life-members of the Society regarding the activities of the members, other than those directly connected with the School, he put up a spirited defense of the extra-school undertakings of the managers. "We thought of employing the time at our command, in instructing ourselves, instructing the people and writing books for the use of our school". Some promoters of the Society like Lok. Tilak and Agarkar interested themselves like Apte, in public work of a varied character and could do so without detriment to the success of the institution. When the N. E. School and the Fergusson College were marching from success to success, the man to whom, more than any one else, the credit of planning for and achieving these successes was due, passed away on the 9th August 1892. In spite of the short span of his life, i.e. 44 years, Apte's scholarly output was remarkable. His Guide to Sanskrit Composition (1881) and his Sanskrit Dictionaries for use in schools and colleges hold the foremost place among books of their kind, even after the lapse of close upon 75 years and claim the respect of every student of Sanskrit, by their monumental wealth of learning. His death was a great loss to the advance of Sanskrit studies in India. He was a combination of the scholar and the administrator. He was a disciplinarian, who knew how to temper discipline with kindness. People used to say of him with great admiration that he could turn a dunce into a Jagannath Shankarshet scholar if he meant it. For, in his regime the N. R. School won this scholarship nine times between the years 1880 and 1892. Reputed Sanskrit scholars like Prin. V. K. Rajawade, Prof. L. 6. Lele, Prof. S. N. Paranjape and some others were his students. He enjoyed the full confidence of his colleagues and was made the permanent principal of the Fergusson College. During the period of his principalship, he was as well the Superintendent of the New English School and Secretary of the Deccan Education Society for some time. His works: - - The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1890). - The Students' English-Sanskrit Dictionary (1884). - The Students' Sanskrit-English Dictionary. - The Students' Guide to Sanskrit Composition (1881). - The Students' Hand-Book of Progressive Exercises, Part I and, II. - Kusuma-mala (1891). The 'Guide' had become very popular and Apte himself revised the third edition of the book in 1890. Since then many more editions have been out. Of all the books prepared by him the Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary gave him a permanent name. This unique work, was brought out by him single-banded and its worth cannot be exaggerated. The author has given the plan and scope of this work in the Preface (which is embodied in the present revised edition) which speaks for itself. In its conclusion, he says, "I may be permitted to express the hope that the Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, which has attempted to give in 1900 closely printed pages of this size, matter at least equal in point of quantity to that given by Prof. Monier Williams in his Dictionary, but in, point of quality more reliable, varied and practically useful, in my humble opinion, will serve the purpose I have had in view in compiling it; namely, to render to the student of Sanskrit nearly the same service that Webster's or Ogilvie's Dictionary does to the student of English." This purpose, no doubt has been served, through all these years and quite efficiently. Very little is known about his family life. His wife was the daughter of the reputed patriot and public worker in Maharashtra- the 'Sarvajanik Kaka' (G. V. Joshi ). The marriage took place in 1876. He had only one child, a daughter Godavari by name who was later on married to Shri. Parashuram Damodar Joag of Tasgaon. Now her children (grandsons of V. S. Apte) are serving in high posts and try to keep up the memory of their illustrious grand-father. The URL of this page is: http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/apte/frontmatter/frontmatter.html

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- Scientists have figured out how solar windows can be more transparent and still provide energy. - Only 1 in 10 of the world’s electric utility companies are prioritizing green energy over fossil fuels. - England will double its plastic bag charge from 5p to 10p per bag from April 2021. - Arcadia Power is committed to making clean energy work for the planet and your bank account — all without changing your utility company. Sign up to receive your $20 Amazon Gift Card. Solar window breakthrough The Journal of ACS Applied Materials has published new research that describes a breakthrough in optimizing solar window technology. A team of scientists at UbiQD, an advanced materials company in Los Alamos, have achieved landmark efficiency for solar windows without compromising on aesthetics. Solar windows passively produce solar power, and they could be a game-changing clean-energy technology. Up to now, solar windows available today have lacked transparency due to electronic components embedded in the glass. These new windows (pictured above) are more translucent. The study is titled, “Optimizing the Aesthetics of High-Performance CuInS2/ZnS Quantum Dot Luminescent Solar Concentrator Windows.” Here’s the abstract: Laminated-glass, luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) offer localized and sustainable power generation combined with the customizable transparency needed for windows. Successful commercial deployment of LSC technology depends on the demonstration of economically viable efficiency, while maintaining excellent aesthetics. In this work, multiple-interlayer CuInS2/ZnS quantum dot LSC devices comprised of laminated glass are presented. Three-interlayer LSC designs demonstrated a certified electrical power conversion efficiency of 3.6%. Furthermore, a method of combining dyes and QDs is presented for tuning color towards true-gray from brown. These advances aim to enable LSC technology to be more rapidly adopted in the next generation of energy-efficient buildings. Most solar panels sold in 2020 have efficiencies between 15% and 20%, according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), so 3.6% isn’t exactly awesome, but this is a step forward in figuring out how to turn windows into clean energy generators while not compromising on transparency. Global utilities’ failure A new study from the University of Oxford that looked at more than 3,000 utilities found that only 1 in 10 of the world’s electric utility companies are prioritizing investment in green energy over fossil fuel power plants. Most remain heavily invested in fossil fuels, and some are even growing fossil fuel capacity. The research, which was published in Nature Energy, found that only 10% of the companies in the study are expanding their green energy capacity at a faster rate than their gas- or coal-fired capacity. As the abstract states: Strikingly, 60% of the renewables-prioritizing utilities had not ceased concurrently expanding their fossil-fuel portfolio, compared to 15% reducing it. Ten percent of utilities are favoring growth of natural gas power plants, particularly in the US, Russia, and Germany. Only 2% of utilities are actively growing coal, and that’s dominated by Chinese utilities, followed by India and Vietnam. The majority of companies prioritizing green energy are in Europe. Report author Galina Alova said [via the Guardian]: Utilities’ continued investment in fossil fuels leaves them at risk of stranded assets — where power plants will need to be retired early — and undermines global efforts to tackle climate change. England’s war on plastic bags The UK government has raised the 5p charge on plastic bags in England to 10p, which will be effective from April 2021. It will be extended to all retailers in order to curb plastic waste pollution. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) said that the 5p charge has been “hugely successful” since it was introduced in 2015. Major supermarkets have reported a 95% drop in plastic bag sales. To date, only retailers employing 250 or more staff have had to impose the 5p charge, but from April 2021, all retailers in England will have to comply with the 10p levy. Environment Secretary George Eustice said: We have all seen the devastating impact plastic bags have on the oceans and on precious marine wildlife, which is why we are taking bold and ambitious action to tackle this issue head on. The UK is already a world leader in this global effort, and our carrier bag charge has been hugely successful in taking billions of harmful plastic bags out of circulation. But we want to go further by extending this to all retailers so we can continue to cut unnecessary waste and build back greener. I hope our pioneering track record on single-use plastics will inspire many more countries to follow suit, so we can take on plastic waste together and implement lasting change. From October, a ban on plastic straws, stirrers and cotton buds will be implemented by DEFRA. The average person in England now buys four bags a year from supermarkets, compared with 140 in 2014, government statistics show. FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.

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Introduction: The presence of the pericondylar vein in the area of the temporomandibular joint is scarcely reported in the literature; however, it is present in anatomical dissected preparations and during surgical procedures. Objective: To determine the characteristics of the pericondylar vein located in the area of the temporomandibular joint, related to the parotid region. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional, prospective study that included 30 human cadavers that were dissected at the temporomandibular joint level was conducted. The variables analyzed were the distribution of the pericondylar vein, its shape, dimensions and the relationships existing between bony structures. Results: The 30 cases presented the pericondylar vein that surrounded the external face of the neck of the mandibular condyle; 73,3 % of the veins ended at the level of the retromandibular vein; 38,3 % of them presented an oblique path. The average length of the vein was 2,37 cm and its average diameter was 1.82 mm. The presence of the pericondyleal artery was found in two cases, among other relationships. Conclusions: The pericondyleal vein was present in all cases, mostly unique and located around the outside of the neck of the mandibular condyle. It most frequently runs into the retromandibular vein. Up to its mouth, it often has an oblique path, from top to bottom and backwards. |Translated title of the contribution||Characteristics of the pericondylar veins of the temporomandibular joint in the parotid cell| |Number of pages||10| |Journal||Revista Habanera de Ciencias Medicas| |State||Published - 1 Jan 2019| Bibliographical notePublisher Copyright: © 2019 Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Hab. All rights reserved.

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By Cherice Bronte-Tinkew World Diabetes Day is commemorated on November 14 each year. It encourages those at risk to know their numbers when it comes to blood sugar and the signs and symptoms to watch out for. Almost every family has one or two persons with diabetes. Too often I hear clients say it’s such a different diet being diabetic. Yes, you do have to watch your portions, but a diabetic diet still encompasses all the six Caribbean Food Groups. This must be the foundation of a diabetic diet. The Staples food group is always the trickiest for diabetics because our culture is rich with them. For example, sada roti and aloo or plantain and fried bake. All will be considered a meal to a Trini but is it the best option for a diabetic? All these items will be found in the Staples food group but it’s just one of the many food groups needed for a meal. Staples are rich in carbohydrates. Carbohydrates change into sugar eventually in our bodies and being the dominant nutrient in these meals can spike a diabetic’s blood sugar. When choosing a staple food, one should go for high fibre. Fibre will be slowly digested and good for preventing blood sugar spikes. For example, to add more fibre, sada roti can be made with whole wheat and flaxseeds. But the meal must be completed with another food group preferably a protein source from your legumes (peas, beans, nuts, and seeds) or food from animals. Choose lean meats such as tuna, fish, and chicken. Another option can be a whole egg boiled or scrambled which provides choline, vitamin A, vitamin B12 and protein. Yes, that’s vitamin B12 for better metabolism. The more nutrients, the better for your body to function. Vegetables, another food group can be added for bonus fibre because fibre makes one feel full too. Therefore, you can have a whole wheat sada roti or bread, scrambled egg with spinach or bhagi at the side. A person with diabetes can be at risk for heart disease and kidney disease so one must protect the whole body and not just keep a normal blood sugar reading. Many of the Caribbean food groups will do this. Especially the legumes, vegetables, and fruits. The Legumes food group has good sources of magnesium, folic acid, and potassium. Magnesium is great for keeping good circulation in your blood vessels, folic acid needed for creating red blood cells, and potassium helps in muscles and controlling blood pressure. Vegetables and fruits are rich in your vitamins A, C and E which are important for your immune system. It’s more difficult to control your blood sugars while sick, so why not prevent it as much as possible. Finally, the Fats and Oils group complete the diet. There are great sources of unsaturated fats which help maintain good cholesterol, helps absorb fat soluble vitamins in the body and help make hormones. They include soybean oil, olive oil and avocado. Baking, roasting, grilling and sauteing are advised as better cooking methods since they will use smaller amounts of fats and oils. Remember to consider all the food groups just as you were to consider taking medication, monitoring, and visiting the doctor as part of your health routine. Cherice Bronte-Tinkew is a registered dietician. She is a member of the Board of Nutritionists and Dietitians, and Vice President of the Trinidad and Tobago Association of Nutritionists and Dietitians. Contact on FB/Instagram: JustCherNutrition;

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Folk Culture in the Digital Age The Emergent Dynamics of Human Interaction Publication Year: 2012 Smart phones, tablets, Facebook, Twitter, and wireless Internet connections are the latest technologies to have become entrenched in our culture. Although traditionalists have argued that computer-mediated communication and cyberspace are incongruent with the study of folklore, Trevor J. Blank sees the digital world as fully capable of generating, transmitting, performing, and archiving vernacular culture. Folklore in the Digital Age documents the emergent cultural scenes and expressive folkloric communications made possible by digital “new media” technologies. New media is changing the ways in which people learn, share, participate, and engage with others as they adopt technologies to complement and supplement traditional means of vernacular expression. But behavioral and structural overlap in many folkloric forms exists between on- and offline, and emerging patterns in digital rhetoric mimic the dynamics of previously documented folkloric forms, invoking familiar social or behavior customs, linguistic inflections, and symbolic gestures. Folklore in the Digital Age provides insights and perspectives on the myriad ways in which folk culture manifests in the digital age and contributes to our greater understanding of vernacular expression in our ever-changing technological world. Published by: Utah State University Press Title Page, Copyright Download PDF (34.2 KB) Download PDF (33.1 KB) Download PDF (29.1 KB) It has been a tremendous honor and privilege to work with the fantastic contributors of this volume, whose professionalism and dedication made my experience as an editor so incredibly fulfilling and enjoyable. In addition to the contributors, I wish to express my sincerest gratitude to everyone at Utah State University Press for their reliable enthusiasm and... Brief Word on QR Codes Download PDF (45.1 KB) QR codes are small, square barcodes that contain embedded information, such as a website, an e-mail address, or a phone number, among other possibilities. When scanned by a smartphone, tablet, or other capable computer device, QR codes can instantly transfer a reader directly to a website or a video clip on their device. Throughout the course of this volume, you... Introduction: Pattern in the Virtual Folk Culture of Computer-Mediated Communication Download PDF (160.7 KB) When historian Henry Adams stepped into the Paris Exhibition of 1900, a twirling, whizzing, bedazzling machine caught his eye.1 Enamored with this “God-like creature” (in his words), Adams felt overwhelmed by the looming profundity of technology and its implications for the future. Later, in his autobiography, The Education of Henry Adams (1918), he recollects... 1. How Counterculture Helped Put the “Vernacular” in Vernacular Webs Download PDF (191.6 KB) In 1964 students converged on the University of California’s Sproul Hall. Protesting new policies that radically limited political speech on campus, some of these students wore punch cards, used to input data into the era’s computers, around their necks. One protestor had a sign suggesting computers were a mechanism of oppressive institutional power: “I am a UC... 2. Netizens, Revolutionaries, and the Inalienable Right to the Internet Download PDF (76.6 KB) On January 25, 2011, protestors took to the streets of Egypt, demanding democracy and a change in regime. An election held in November 2010 was largely denounced as a sham. The 82-year-old leader and thirty-year autocrat, Hosni Mubarak, quickly moved to shut down the Internet in an effort to counter user-generated social networking sites such as Twitter... 3. Performance 2.0: Observations toward a Theory of the Digital Performance of Folklore Download PDF (142.6 KB) A few years ago, I visited “Sean,” an old college friend, in San Francisco.2 As we sat in his apartment catching up, our conversation turned toward a mutual acquaintance, “Jake,” whom neither of us had seen in some time. When I relayed what information I had about recent happenings in Jake’s life, Sean conjectured, “So I guess you keep in pretty good touch with... 4. Real Virtuality: Enhancing Locality by Enacting the Small World Theory Download PDF (89.8 KB) The text message arrives on Monday: “Pillow fight mob, Saturday, 11:45 a.m., Union Square.” The message is forwarded to friends, posted to Facebook, picked up by a popular blog, and forwarded again. By the time Saturday morning rolls around, close to 5,000 people are casually converging on Union Square in New York City, pillows hidden under jackets or... 5. Jokes on the Internet: Listing toward Lists Download PDF (93.4 KB) When confronting the issue of humorous folklore on the Internet, certain questions necessarily arise. What part of humor is folklore? What constitutes folklore on the Internet? When does humor on the Internet become the concern of the folklorist? After all, not all humor is considered folklore. Most folklorists would not regard a spontaneous witticism made in the course... 6. The Jewish Joke Online: Framing and Symbolizing Humor in Analog and Digital Culture Download PDF (133.9 KB) As the personal computer began replacing the typewriter on office desktops during the 1980s, folklorist Paul Smith (1991) reported that workers delighted in the new machine’s capacity to enable unofficial, playful activity that he called folkloric. Although he sensed that many colleagues wedded to definitions of folklore around face-to-face oral transmission... 7. From Oral Tradition to Cyberspace: Tapeworm Diet Rumors and Legends Download PDF (92.8 KB) Twenty-first century Americans live in a complex, fast-moving society. With free-flowing information from the Internet, television, and radio, it can be difficult for people to distinguish fact from fiction. At times of crisis, rumors and legends articulate borderlines between safety and danger, health and illness, and boredom and excitement. Sociologist Tamotsu... 8. Love and War and Anime Art: An Ethnographic Look at a Virtual Community of Collectors Download PDF (197.3 KB) The concept of folk groups has been central to academic folkloristics for many years. Originally, such groups were assumed to be illiterate, preliterate, or simply not as literate as the academic elite who studied them.1 Alan Dundes boldly challenged this stereotype in 1965, declaring that “folk groups” could be “any group of people whatsoever,” so long as they shared... 9. Face-to-Face with the Digital Folk: The Ethics of Fieldwork on Facebook Download PDF (97.1 KB) What sets us apart as folklorists from other researchers is that we stand shoulder to shoulder with the people we study (see Ben-Amos 1973b; Dorson 1972, 5–7). Through firsthand fieldwork, with courageous and patient participant observation and naturalistic observation, folklore scholars have stood out in the academic world by respecting and prioritizing the... Download PDF (183.0 KB) About the Contributors Download PDF (50.0 KB) Download PDF (121.4 KB) Page Count: 220 Publication Year: 2012

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Low-achieving students receive more benefit from doing homework than high-achieving students. Proponents claim that assigning homework to young children helps them learn good study habits. Essentially, they advocate for doing potentially unnecessary homework from approximately age five to ten as a way of practicing for doing necessary homework from age 10 to No research has ever been conducted to determine whether this claim has any merit. For all three of the correlations, higher values represent a higher correlation between time spent on homework and poor conduct. Homework has been identified in numerous studies and articles as a dominant or significant source of stress and anxiety for students. Students in the survey who were ridiculed or punished by parents and peers had a higher incidence of depression symptoms, with 2. Stress was especially evident among high school students. Students that reported stress from homework were more likely to be deprived of sleep. In the MetLife study, high school students reported spending more time completing homework than performing home tasks. However, Kiewra et al. The students slept an average of 6 hours 48 minutes, lower than the recommendations prescribed by various health agencies. A study done at the University of Michigan in concluded that the amount of homework given is increasing. In a sample taken of students between the ages of 6 and 9 years, it was shown that students spend more than 2 hours a week on homework, as opposed to 44 minutes in Some educators argue that homework is beneficial to students, as it enhances learning, develops the skills taught in class, and lets educators verify that students comprehend their lessons. Historically, homework was frowned upon in American culture. With few students interested in higher education , and due to the necessity to complete daily chores, homework was discouraged not only by parents, but also by school districts. In , the California legislature passed an act that effectively abolished homework for those who attended kindergarten through the eighth grade. But, in the s, with increasing pressure on the United States to stay ahead in the Cold War , homework made a resurgence, and children were encouraged to keep up with their Russian counterparts. By the end of the Cold War in the early s, the consensus in American education was overwhelmingly in favor of issuing homework to students of all grade levels. British students get more homework than many other countries in Europe. The weekly average for the subject is 5 hours. The main distinction for UK homework is the social gap, with middle-class teenagers getting a disproportionate amount of homework compared to Asia and Europe. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Homework disambiguation. H Cooper - Educational leadership , - addison. The Rules of the Game". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2 November Cooper, Harris; Robinson, Jorgianne C. A Synthesis of Research, ". Review of Educational Research. African American and Caucasian Youth". The homework online services for sale is an ideal solution for any student who is overwhelmed or cannot find time for his or her assignments. Expert writers write assignments excellently in order to help students to succeed in their careers. The service is offered at an affordable price and it is available whenever you need it. Do my homework for money: Have you been wondering how I gain those good grades whenever the academic session comes to an end? This is down to the method I employ whenever it is time to do my homework. These methods are also employed by the online firms to come up with great papers. It boils down to setting goals and pursuing them. Dividing my task into different small units helps me a lot. By so doing, I will be able to do my homework bit by bit till the entire stuff is done. This is also possible because I do not procrastinate once I have one on my table. The idea is to take as many breaks as possible, so as to always come back rejuvenated. Whenever I have this task, I think about the consequences of not writing it. By so doing, I am motivated to take action. I also think about the benefits of doing a great one and gaining the best grades. After considering all these, I will go in search of people who will do my homework for money if I feel I cannot produce the best paper. If I feel I can do the work, I get to a serene place that is bereft of all distractions and think about the best way to do my homework. The method I employ to do my homework online can work for everybody. But this is only when you are sure that you have the skills, the time, the information, and details of the topic you are writing about. You must also know the format and writing style to use. If you are not sure about these, just hire people that do homework assignments online. If you would want to do it, you should start by doing extensive reading about the subject of the task. Since your homework paper may be in a vast area, you have to concentrate on reading summaries of different chapters, their captions and charts. Also, read other places where information is easily revealed. When you are through with the reading part, map out the raw answers to each of the essay questions. This is to be done way before you insert the details. When you do these, leave some lines that you will come and fill in with details later. For you to come out with a great piece, you need to discover those things that motivate you and stick with them. You need a whole lot of motivation to come up with a good outcome. Do my history homework for me. It is a rare request. That is why we pay special attention to every detail, while processing your order. See for yourself. If you’re not completely happy with your history homework help for any reason, we’ll give you your money back. Your satisfaction is important to us, and we will do whatever we can to achieve it. What Makes Our Service Unique? A Lot of Things. Now I often do my homework online using this site and now I have way more free time to experience the more enjoyable things in life than doing my homework. Doing my English, Philosophy, Math, History, Nursing or Geography homework is no longer a problem to me. You get your hw done with any assignment on any subject, as well as . The best do my history homework service on the market. We'll match you with the best writer and check that every part of your order is fulfilled and delivered on time. Do my history homework now @ibull i think they are recording the sessions but idk where those go. it's based on my dissertation & various papers in press/forthcoming english civil war essay writer limitations and delimitations in a dissertation 3 page essay on respect for teachers. History of "The Dog Ate My Homework" as an excuse Bridging the Great Homework Divide: A Solutions Guide for Parents of Middle School Students - from the National Education Association. Homework tips for parents - U.S. Department of Education.

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The present applications of mathematics in medicine are insufficient to support doctors, patients and policy-makers to comprehend biological systems in context or to intervene wisely and sustainably in reduction of human pain and suffering. The main reason for this insufficiency is the narrow formulation of present human ailments and the consequent failure to care for or cure them in the context of life on earth, which in turn leads our species to disregard its impact sufficiently to act as a case of galloping consumption on the body of life. It is true that late modern complex systems have enabled many medical advances on which the species has come to depend, such as sanitation and vaccination programs, emergency services, and systematic prenatal and well-child care. It is also true that the rigidity and unresponsiveness of such systems has divided doctors from life and time and thus limited awareness of rapidly evolving human ailments, our ability to respond to them now and into the future, and our ability to care for the living systems of which we as a species form an integral part. The remedy for this state of affairs begins with using methods that enable us to view and to comprehend human ailments in context. Specialists in Public Health and Preventive Medicine have been developing suitable methods rapidly, though not as rapidly or effectively as our profession and the parent society that forms it have been developing its capacity for destruction. To do better we can examine the eradication of smallpox, which shows firstly that in public health–and related specialties such as infectious disease–the patient is the species, and secondly that smallpox was eradicable because it did not extend beyond the human species–whereas most diseases affect aggregated bodies that include other species. To do better we can learn from modern deconstructionists who have become aware that objectivity is not achieved when the observer pretends to be absent or to exist independently of the biosphere. Similarly, we can note that decisions can only be understood in context, and that the context that matters in all of the biological sciences–including medicine–is that of the universe of life on earth–not universes defined by so-called hard sciences. These general–and therefore basic and fundamental observations–would be sufficient to prompt a deeper exploration of other methods of abstraction, but it may be useful here to consider a number of specific observations. One is that standard multivariable statistical models–where they fit reality enough to be taken seriously–consider only those few variables that interest us at the moment, and not the thousands or millions more that may be critical for comprehension and wise action. This limitation is aggravated by the fact that the models are decontextualized, that is, they assume that everything else in the universe of life can be ignored, an assumption that may seem reasonable in the context of a clinic or conference room but that does not apply to living systems and is therefore questionable at best. And, most of the exposures with which we are rapidly filling the biosphere are already ubiquitous, which means that there is no unexposed group to use as a comparison for estimating risk. The worst facet of all late modern models that purport to guide personal and policy decisions is the habit of behaving as if the observer and the observed were independent of life on earth and could be estimated by sampling one group of interest at a time. In medicine it is clearly more reasonable to assume complete dependence on the body of life and to sample it completely. To make wise choices we must use methods that enable us to take the big picture into account. Ideally, these would take the perspective of the biosphere and regard the aggregated bodies that nest in it as completely dependent, nested sets subject to structured abstract thinking and to operations that would be of immediate use in guiding practical decisions by individuals and groups. These methods would ideally allow for complete sampling and complete dependence from the perspective of the universe of life; would yield highly intuitive displays that resemble Venn diagrams; that allow for temporal functions; that support decision models for individuals and groups that enable trade-offs inclusive of resource utilization and impact on life as a whole that enable concerned individuals to make sustainable decisions that support the survival and thriving of the individual in the context of time and of life on earth. The macrobiology project is in formation. Dr. Anna Barón, Professor of Biostatistics and Informatics at the University of Colorado School of Public Health, is a member of the core working group of the Institute for Emerging Paradigm Medicine and the lead for macrobiology. You can help by teaching your spell-check to recognize and accept the word macrobiology–the absence of which is a clear indicator of the need for scalar balance in medical science.

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kidzsearch.com > wiki Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku |Government Seal of Japan 五七桐 (Go-Shichi no Kiri) and largest city |Tokyo (de facto)| |Recognised regional languages||Aynu itak, Ryukyuan languages, Eastern Japanese, Western Japanese, and several other Japanese dialects| |Ethnic groups||98.5% Japanese, 0.5% Korean, 0.4% Chinese, 0.6% other| |Government||Unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy| |-||Prime Minister||Shinzo Abe| |Legislature||Diet of Japan (Kokkai)| |-||Upper house||House of Councillors (Sangiin)| |-||Lower house||House of Representatives of Japan (Shūgiin)| |-||National Foundation Day||February 11, 660 BC| |-||Meiji Constitution||November 29, 1890| |-||Current constitution||May 3, 1947| April 28, 1952 |-||Total||377,944 km2 (62nd) 145,925 sq mi |-||2011 estimate||127,960,000 (10th)| |GDP (PPP)||2011 estimate| |-||Total||$4.396 trillion (4th)| |-||Per capita||$34,362 (25th)| |GDP (nominal)||2011 estimate| |-||Total||$5.855 trillion (3rd)| |-||Per capita||$45,774 (18th)| |HDI (2011)|| 0.901 very high · 12th |Currency||International Symbol ¥ Pronounced (Yen) Japanese Symbol 円 or 圓 Pronounced (En) ( |Time zone||JST (UTC+9)| |-||Summer (DST)||not observed (UTC+9)| Era yy年m月d日 (CE−1988) |Drives on the||left| Japan (日本, Nippon) is a country in Asia. It has many islands. Four of them are big, and the biggest is the 7th largest island in the world. This island is called Honshu. The islands are near the east Asian coast, in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. The earliest records on Japan are from Chinese documents. One of those records said there were many small countries (in Japan) which had wars between them and later a country, ruled by a queen, became the strongest, unified others and peace came. The Japanese began to write their own history after the 5th and 6th centuries, when people from Korea and China taught Japan about the Chinese writing system. Japan's neighbours also showed them the ways of Buddhism. The Japanese changed Buddhism in many ways, for example, by building strongly on ideas such as Zen, which came from mainland Asia. In the ancient and the Middle Ages, China gave Japan many new cultural ideas, but their friendship became weaker later. In the late 13th century, Mongolians from China tried to invade Japan twice, but they could not. The samurai and shogun of Medieval Japan are similar to knights and lords in Medieval Europe. Japan had some contact with the Europeans in the 16th century. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to visit Japan. Later, the Spanish, English and Dutch came to Japan to trade. Also, they brought Christianity. Japan's leaders welcomed them at first, but because Europeans had conquered many places in the world, the Japanese were scared they would conquer Japan too. So the Japanese did not let the Europeans come into Japan anymore, except in a small area in Nagasaki city. Many Christians were killed. Only Chinese, Korean and Dutch people were allowed to visit Japan, in the end, and they were under careful control of the Japanese government. Japan was opened for visitors again in 1854 by Commodore Matthew Perry, when the Americans wanted to use Japanese ports for American whale boats. Perry brought steamships with guns, which scared the Japanese into making an agreement with him. This new contact with Europeans and Americans changed the Japanese culture. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 stopped some old ways and added many new ones. The Empire of Japan was created, and it became a very powerful nation and tried to invade the countries next to it. It invaded and annexed Ryukyu Kingdom, Taiwan, and Korea. It had wars with China and Russia: the First Sino-Japanese War, the Boxer Rebellion the Russo-Japanese War, and the Second Sino-Japanese War, which grew to become a part of World War II. In 1941, Japan hit Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, a water base of the United States and destroyed or damaged many ships and airplanes. This started the United States' involvement in World War II. American and Japanese forces fought each other in the Pacific. Once airbases were established within range of the Japanese mainland America began to win, and started dropping bombs on Japanese cities. America was able to bomb most of the important cities and quickly brought Japan close to defeat. To make Japan surrender, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing 150,000 Japanese citizens. Soon after this the Soviet Union began to fight against Japan and the Japanese army in Manchuria lost. Japan surrendered and gave up all the places it took from other countries, accepting the Potsdam Proclamation. The United States occupied Japan and forced it to write a new constitution, in which it promised to never go to war again. Japan is a group of islands in the Western Pacific, off the coast of China. The four biggest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and there are about 6,000 smaller islands there. Japan is separated from the Asian continent by the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea. Honshu, which means 'Mainland' in the Japanese language, is the biggest island. Hokkaido is the island north of Honshu. Kyushu is the island west of Honshu. Shikoku is the island to the south-west of Honshu. In the middle of Japan there are mountains. They cover the middle of the islands and leave a very narrow strip of flat land on most coasts. Many of the mountains are extinct volcanoes, but some are still active. The highest of these mountains is the beautiful, volcano-shaped Mt Fuji (3776m or 12,389 feet high). Japan has many earthquakes, in fact there are about 1500 of these every year. The most recent big earthquake was in 2011 - called '2011 Tohoku Earthquake'. It caused great damage to several power plants forcing Japan to shut down all its nuclear plants. There was nuclear core meltdown which caused a serious health risk to nearby villages and cities. 90% of the people living in Japan live in just 10% of the land, near the coast. The other 10% of the people in Japan live away from the coast. Over 10 cities have more than a million people in them. The biggest city in Japan is Tokyo, which is the capital. Politics and Government Science and technology In the past, much science in Japan was learnt either from China, or from Europe in the Meiji Era. However in recent decades Japan has been a leading innovator in several fields, including chemical engineering, nanotechnology and robotics. There are many technological companies in Japan, and these companies make products for export. The robot Asimo was made and introduced in 2000. It was manufactured by Honda. Society and culture Japan's traditional food is seafood, rice, miso soup, and vegetables. Noodles and tofu are also common. Sushi, a Japanese food made of cooked rice with vinegar with other ingredients such as raw fish, is popular around the world. The biggest cities in Japan are: In Japan there are eight traditional regions: Japan has 4 problems about territory. It cannot agree with some neighbouring countries on whether the land belongs to Japan or the other country. - Senkaku Islands problem (with China and Taiwan) - Liancourt Rocks island problem (with South Korea) - Southern Chishima Islands problem (with Russia) - Sea of Japan problem (with South Korea and North Korea) There are several important international airports in Japan. Narita is the major international airport in the Tokyo area. Kansai International Airport serves as the main airport for Osaka, Kobe, and Kyoto. Chūbu Centrair International Airport near Nagoya is the newest of the three. Haneda Airport is close to central Tokyo and is the largest domestic airport in the country. The Shinkansen is one of the fastest trains in the world and connects cities in Honshu and Kyushu. Networks of public and private railways are almost all over the country. People mostly travel between cities in buses. Japan has taken part in the Olympic Games since 1912. It hosted the Olympic Games in 1964, 1972 and 1998. From 1912 until now, Japanese sports people have won 398 medals in total. - "法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」" (in Japanese). Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors. http://houseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp/column/column068.htm. Retrieved 19 January 2009. - "World Factbook: Japan". CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html. Retrieved 15 January 2011. - According to legend, Japan was founded on this date by Emperor Jimmu, the country's first emperor. - "Japan Statistical Yearbook 2010". Statistics Bureau. p. 17. http://www.stat.go.jp/data/nenkan/pdf/yhyou01.pdf. Retrieved 15 January 2011. - "Official Japan Statistics Bureau estimate". Statistics Bureau. http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.htm. Retrieved 25 August 2010. - "Preliminary Counts of the Population and Households". Statistics Bureau. http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/ListE.do?bid=000001029548&cycode=0. Retrieved February 25, 2011. - "Japan". International Monetary Fund. 2011. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=25&pr1.y=8&c=158&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 30 September 2011. - "World Factbook: Gini Index". CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html. Retrieved 11 May 2011. - "Human Development Report 2011". UN. 2011. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved 5 November 2011. - "Japan". CIA World Factbook. CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html. Retrieved 2009-06-16. - "Early Japan (until 710)". japan-guide.com. http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2131.html. Retrieved 2009-06-16. - "Perry & Opening of Japan". history.navy.mil. 2009 [last update]. http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/teach/ends/opening.htm. Retrieved December 1, 2011. - Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Geography" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 242. - Nussbaum, "Provinces and prefectures" at p. 780. - Nussbaum, "Sports" at pp. 905-907. - Kantei.go.jp, official prime ministerial and cabinet site - Ministry of Foreign Affairs, papers on Japan's foreign policy, education programs, culture and life. - National Diet Library - Shugi-in.go.jp, official site of the House of Representatives - Chief of State and Cabinet Members

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After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. Mechanism of Visual Sensation 2. The Retina 3. The Duplicity Theory of Vision 4. Characteristics of Visual Sensations 5. Complementary and Non-Complementary Colours 6. Colour Vision 7. Evolutionary Theory of Ladd Franklin 8. Purkinje Phenomenon 9. Sensory Adaptation 10. Apparent Movement 11. Visual Constancies. Mechanism of Visual Sensation: The sensory experience which brings into awareness objects in the environment through the act of seeing is referred to as vision or visual sensation. The sense organ concerned with this is the human eye. The stimuli for visual sensation are the light rays. In brief, the mechanism of visual sensation is as follows: Light rays from external objects impinge on the human eye. The human eye is more or less similar to a camera. Just as the camera has a lens, the human eye also has a lens. The light rays pass through the lens and strike the inner layer of the eye known as the retina. The retina is comparable to the film in the camera. Just as in the camera, the area of exposure is controlled by varying the aperture in the lens; the lens in the human eye can also expand or contract through the actions of a set of muscles known as the ciliary muscles. The ciliary muscles act depending on the intensity of the light rays and thereby regulate the functioning of the lens. The retina is the vitally sensitive part of the eye and receives light stimuli. The retina is made up of two types of neural structures known as rods and cones. The rods are elongated structures and are found in greater number in the peripheral or outer region of the retina, whereas the cones are rather conical in shape and are in large numbers in the central part of the retina. The retina actually is a continuation of a very important nerve, the optic nerve. The optic nerve which opens out as the retina at the rear end of the human eye, carries the visual stimulations from the retina to the occipital lobe which is situated at the hind-side of the brain. The visual system, therefore, consists of the occipital lobe, the optic nerve and the rods and cones in the retina. At the spot where the optic nerve enters the eye and opens out as the retina there are no rods or cones. This part is known as the blind spot. Any light stimulus reaching this part is not sensed. There is another point in the retina, the central spot known as the fovea centralis. This is the spot of maximum sensitivity and light stimuli striking this point enjoy the clearest vision. The Duplicity Theory of Vision: The retina consists of two types of structures, rods and cones. These are sensitive receptors to light stimuli. It was von Kries who showed that the rods and cones perform different functions. The rods are sensitive to achromatic (black and white) light rays while the cones are sensitive to chromatic (colour) light rays. Since, the rods are more predominant in the outer regions of the retina, this region of the retina is primarily involved in our seeing of form, outline and black and white elements. The central region dominated by cones is responsible for colour vision. This point is important in understanding the phenomenon of colour blindness. Some individuals are not able to see colour. This is because of the underdevelopment or damage to the cones. Characteristics of Visual Sensations: Our visual sensations vary in three dimensions. The first dimension is known as hue. The dimension of the hue represents the variations from a neural gray sensation, a white and black sensation to the different colours. Variations in hue are related to a characteristic of the light rays known as the wavelength. Different light rays reaching our eyes have different wavelengths and the colour we experience depends on the wavelength of the particular ray. The next characteristic of the visual sensation is brightness. The visual sensations experienced by us differ in brightness, some being less bright and the others more. Variations in brightness depend on the variations in intensity of the light waves. The intensity depends on the amplitude or the height of the light wave. The third dimension of visual experience refers to what is called saturation or purity. We experience either pure colours or mixed colours. This depends on the different kinds of- light rays (different wavelengths) reaching the retina. We have referred to three characteristics of the visual sensation – hue, brightness and saturation. The relationship among these three can be represented schematically in the form of a colour pyramid or a colour solid (See Figure 6.3). In the diagram below variations in hue are represented by points on the circumference. Variations in brightness are represented by points on the vertical axis and saturation by points on the radius as one moves from the centre to the circumference. The colour pyramid gives us an idea of the enormous number of visual sensations the human eye is capable of experiencing. This number is estimated at about seven million visual sensations. Fortunately we do not have names for all of them. Complementary and Non-Complementary Colours: The reader has already heard about the colour pyramid. In this pyramid the various wavelengths or hues are arranged in the form of a circle. Thus, for every hue in the circle there is a hue diametrically opposite. An interesting phenomenon happens if hues which are diametrically opposite to each other are mixed. If two such hues are mixed, the resulting colour is grey. Those which when mixed give a grey sensation are called complementary colours. Among the common colours, red and green are complementary and similarly yellow and blue are also complementary. On the other hand, colours which are “not complementary when mixed produce an experience which is a mixture of the two colours. Such colours are called non-complementary colours. The reader must have come across another interesting experience. Light rays when allowed to strike a prism and pass through the same, split into the seven colours commonly seen in a rainbow. This shows that white light (sunlight) is a combination of these seven colours. When all the basic colours are mixed the result is a neutral grey. The above phenomenon illustrates the properties of visual sensation. This is of interest in explaining some visual experiences like afterimages and visual contrast. If we look at a red patch of light intensely for some time, then even when the light is switched off we continue to see the red patch for some time. This is called a positive after-image. Positive after-images have the same properties as the original experience. In the same example, if we continue to look at the place where the red patch of light was seen, the positive after-image (red image) vanishes and in its place we experience a green patch of light. This experience is called a negative after-image. The green sensation appears even though we have not looked at a green patch of light at all. The reader will find that in the colour pyramid, green is situated diametrically opposite to red and is, therefore, complementary to red. Negative after-images take on a hue which is complementary to red. The reader will now understand the relationship between complementary colours and after-images. Similarly, we can see that if we continue to stare at a white patch of light, after some time we begin to see black. Our ability to see colours is possible because of the functioning of the cones. It is estimated that there are six million cones and that they are found concentrated in the central part of the retina. The colour or hue that we see, depends on the wavelength of the light rays. Each cone transmits an impulse to the brain, thus, producing a high degree of precision. The human eye is able to differentiate between different colours. These colours, however, are variations of certain basic colours. One of the main questions regarding colour vision is: What are the basic or primary colours? There have been different theories but, in general, it has been shown that from a psychological point of view there are four primary colours, red, green, blue and yellow. The human being is able to see these colours because there are three different types of cones sensitive to wavelengths of light rays corresponding to these colours. An important experience in human visual sensations is the inability of some people to respond to colours. There are some people who are not able to differentiate any type of colour. There are also others who cannot respond to red and green but can see other colours. There are still others who cannot see blue and yellow, though this is rare. How can this happen? The answer to this question has come in the form of several theories on colour vision. The earliest theory formulated by Young and Helmholtz held that the retina contains three types of cones; one receptive to red, a second receptive to green and the third receptive to blue. This theory tries to explain different aspects of colour vision on the basis of these three different types of receptors. But this theory is not in a position to explain certain aspects of colour vision. According to this theory, our ability to experience yellow depends on the combined activity of the receptors meant for red and green. But there are individuals who cannot see red and green but are able to see yellow. Similarly, it is found that among colour blind people who cannot see “red”, there is also an inability to see “green” but these people are able to see “blue”. Thus, there appears to be a relationship between red and green but no relationship between blue and either of the two colours mentioned above. Young and Helmholtz’s theory does not explain these facts. Another theory propounded by Herring also assumes that there are three types of cones. One type is responsive to the white-black range. A second type is responsive to the red-green range and a third type to the yellow-blue range. This theory, while explaining some facts relating to colour blindness and after-images is, however, not in a position to explain all other aspects of colour vision. Evolutionary Theory of Ladd Franklin: This theory proposed by Christina Ladd Franklin is evolutionary in its approach. According to this theory, at the earliest stage of development, the human individual does not respond to colour but responds only to form and outline. This is because only the rods are fully developed at this stage. At the next stage the child is able to respond to yellow and blue and at a still later stage to red and green. Thus, the ability to experience different colours is evolutionary in nature. This theory is able to explain different facts of colour vision and also the phenomenon of colour blindness. It has been found that colour blind people who are unable to see yellow are also unable to see blue. A similar combination has been found in the case of red and green. The Ladd Franklin theory thus appears to be in a position to explain many facts of colour vision. The cones are usually very effective under intense illumination. But under conditions of darkness they are not active. When the intensity of illumination is low, cone vision gives place to rod vision. This phenomenon is known as the Purkinje phenomenon. It is a common experience that yellow is the brightest colour in daylight whereas blue is the brightest at night. One can see that in a multi-coloured visual experience, yellow which is bright during daylight becomes less and less bright with the approach of darkness. Similarly, red also is brighter during day-time but becomes less bright in night vision. It is, therefore, seen that the brightness of colour changes from day vision to night vision. This phenomenon of shift in brightness explains a number of experiences. Thus, the green leaves of a plant appear brighter after the red flowers have disappeared. Similarly, the increase in accident rates during twilight can again be explained in terms of the shifts in brightness. A major characteristic of sensory experience is sensory adaptation. It was pointed out that as one continues to look at a red object, the object tends to appear less and less red. This is because there is a decrease in sensitivity of the receptors and consequently there is an increase in the threshold or limen. A very interesting experience in this process of adaptation is the shift from day vision to night vision. For example, when we enter a cinema-hall which is dark inside we are unable to see anything for some time. Similarly, when we enter a brightly lit place, we experience some difficulty in seeing things properly. This is because such experiences involve a shift from rod vision to cone vision or vice versa. This shift naturally takes some time. The phenomenon of sensory adaptation is a process of adaptation from one type of visual reaction to another type. All of us have been to movies. In the movies we can see different types of action, like a person running. Actually the film consists of a number of shots with the person in different positions. But the person may appear to be running continuously because the picture frames are presented in quick succession. We do not see any discontinuity or break in the film. Thus, we are able to see movements even though the pictures do not really show the movement as such. This experience is known as the illusion of movement or apparent movement. If two successive visual experiences are separated by an optimal time interval we do not see the break between the two, but see a continuous movement. This phenomenon, highlighted for the first time by Wertheimer, was of great significance in the history of psychology and was known as the phi-phenomenon. Wertheimer argued that the human being tends to close gaps in perception between two successive perceptual experiences. It is this phenomenon which helps us to understand the active nature of perception. This shows that our sensory experience can really go beyond the characteristics of the stimuli. It is probably not necessary to go into a further discussion of this phenomenon at this point. It has been mentioned here only to bring out the complexities involved in making a distinction between sensation and perception. There are certain other phenomena which illustrate the complexity of the visual sensation. Such phenomena are of different types. Important among them is the phenomenon of constancy. For example, our visual experiences are often independent of stimulus or stimulating characteristics. A one rupee coin appears to be of the same size whether you hold it near your eye or whether your friend holds it at a distance of 6 feet from you. This is called size constancy. Similarly, one rupee coin is perceived as round shaped, no matter at what angle it is held. This is called shape constancy. Constancy phenomena illustrate the role of experience and knowledge in our sensory experiences. While the qualities and characteristics of stimuli are important, there are occasions when experience remains constant in spite of changes in the stimulus characteristics. Phenomena like constancy and apparent movement indicate the complexity of sensory experiences and also the relative independence of sensory experience of stimuli and their characteristics. It is this characteristic of sensory experience that gives stability and consistency to visual experience. Vision has been held to be the most important of all our sensory experience. In the above paragraphs, an attempt has been made to describe and explain different aspects of visual sensation and also to bring out the role of different factors in visual experience. Visual sensations as responses are, to a large extent, dependent on the characteristics of the stimulus. Nevertheless, actual experience in many instances is not determined by stimulus characteristics alone but also by other factors. In fact, a very interesting aspect of visual experience is its occurrence when there is no stimulus at all. Some people see visions or ghosts when there are no stimuli. Such experiences are known as hallucinations and are commonly found among psychologically abnormal individuals. Similarly, the intake of drugs and alcohol have also been found to cause hallucinatory experiences. Such experiences are explained on the basis of an activation of the brain. When the concerned parts of the brain are activated, sensory experiences occur even without actual stimulation. Similarly, under certain conditions, like poor illumination, we mistake, for instance, a rope for a snake. Here, however, there is a stimulus but it is seen as different from its real form. Such experiences are called illusions. Hallucinations and illusions illustrate the complexity of sensory experience.

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The Book of Agricultural Entrepreneurship is the final outcome of YEAH project partnership. This book was developed to support young farmers and broaden their horizons concerning opportunities in the agricultural sector. Also, to improve youth’s agricultural competencies while providing them avenues to earn money from agriculture. Therefore, this book is most relevant to young people who are looking for alternative employment opportunities. You must be wondering what is so special about such a book when entrepreneurship is a hot topic. The answer is simply that the publications in agricultural entrepreneurship are somewhat limited compared to other entrepreneurial aspects. Additionally, the Book of Agricultural Entrepreneurship is accompanied by the publication of two more books that complement each other. First is the Book of Aquaponic System in Soilless Farming that describes various Aquaponics systems’ application and design. It will act as a point of reference for young farmers installing Aquaponics systems with details on how to work. Second is the Book of Effective Fishery Techniques for Aquaponic Systems, explaining the different fish types used in Aquaponics systems. This book contains a detailed analysis of each fish, its waste, and its cultivation guidelines based on climate and geographical conditions. For the development of those books, the partners utilized both primary and secondary data. For example, In the Book of Agricultural Entrepreneurship, the partners highlight best practices from their respective countries. First, there is a literature review on the country’s statistics concerning agriculture and aquaculture and the current funding opportunities. The book then continues with the interviews of innovative local farmers and producers that shared their ideas and best practices. The other two books, the Book of aquaponic System in Soilless Farming and the Book of Effective Fishery Techniques for Aquaponic Systems, mostly contain secondary data. There is extensive research on the topics that they cover in those books, while they also provide practical tips that readers can use as a handbook. A few Words about YEAH Project To begin with, YEAH is an Erasmus+ project whose aim is to promote aquaponics to young people. There are many opportunities in the agricultural sector that young people need to be aware of, and aquaponics is one. This project is essential because it can reduce unemployment in young people, but it also contributes to sustainability, as aquaponics is an ecological farming way. These books are a great way to learn more about agricultural entrepreneurship and why not create your own business. Using these books, you will have enough knowledge to get you started with your new entrepreneurial venture in the agricultural sector. To learn more about YEAH project, click here. You can find all the books and relevant material here.

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Anyone that has ever lost their keys, forgot what they were supposed to get at the grocery store or arrived at the wrong time for a doctor appointment knows that memory can be tricky. You may always be able to recite all 50 American states, what year your children or siblings were born and what you had for dinner last night, but can you remember how many cars you passed on your drive home? Or how many emails you've read in the past week? In this article, we'll give you a few strategies to improve your memory and help you do just that. A key to keeping your memory sharp as a tack is to keep up your social relationships. By surrounding yourself with friends and family, especially those that you consider a great support system, you are helping your memory to stay alive. Research actually shows that those with the most active lifestyle showed the slowest rate of memory loss. A useful memory tip for anyone needing to recall particular types of information, is to work on minimizing distractions in your surroundings. Competing stimuli can actually impede recollection and prevent easy access to stored information. By seeking peace and quiet, it will be easier to retrieve the desired data from your mind. When learning a new concept, teaching someone else the concept has been proven to be an effective way to improve your memory. The reason for this is that when you teach someone else the concept, you must first have an understanding of it and then be able to phrase it yourself. It is significantly more effective than simply trying to remember a concept word for word. When trying to commit something to memory, it is important to maintain low stress levels. This is because stress and anxiety can quickly cause you to lose your concentration. Concentration is necessary for acquiring new information. A good solution is to listen to soothing music. Music can help to keep your stress levels down, by keeping your mind off of the things that cause you to be anxious. Memory can be jogged and improved if you try removing yourself from a typical study environment and find a new one. Switching up your surroundings is an easy way to make your mind and memory more alert. When your brain notices a change in surroundings, it'll become more alert, and will be better at taking in information as a result. To keep your memory in tip-top shape, practice using it regularly. If you don't use your memory, it will slowly become weaker and weaker over time. The best way to keep it in shape is by regularly challenging it in your day to day life. This can be something as simple as doing a crossword puzzle or as complex as trying to memorize the names of all of the members of the arachnid family. Just find fun ways to test and challenge your memory each and every day. It is important to get a sufficient amount of sleep if you are trying to improve your memory. Medical studies have shown that getting enough sleep every night can improve both short and long term memory. Your brain cannot absorb new information when your body has not gotten a lot of sleep. Make sure that your diet has good sources of Omega-3 fatty acids. Most commonly found in fish, these fatty acids do a superb job of keeping your brain on its toes. Numerous studies have shown a positive benefit to the brain when the diet contains omega-3's. Try adding pink salmon, walnuts and flax seed, so you can get this essential fat. If you find that you are losing things as soon as you set them down, try dedicating a spot to them. Make sure that you are putting your keys in the same spot every day. Make a spot for your glasses or the book you are reading. If you make a habit of putting everything in its place, forgetting where they are won't be a problem. Although it is a fact that many people do not know, chewing gum can improve your memory. Medical professionals have found that the motion of chewing gum slightly increases your heart rate. Even the slightest increase in heart rate can help supply more oxygen to the brain, thus improving memory. A great tip that can help you improve your memory is to relate the information you want to remember to something you already know. This is a great way to prevent a piece of information from getting lost in the shuffle. Relating information can be a great way to improve your memory. Exercise for the mind has been shown to help memory, just like exercise for the body will help muscles! If you enjoy crossword or word search puzzles, do them more often or play a trivia game with friends. Such activity will keep your brain functioning sharper and consequently improve your memory! For important things you have to remember on a certain day, use a pen and write the information on your hands. This is Discover More Here a technique that has been used for generations and it works because you know the information is on you at all times. Just make sure you do not wash your hands! A good tip that can help you improve your memory is to pay more attention to your surroundings and to what's being said. You can't expect to recall something you've learned if you didn't even pay close attention in the first place. Try to be alert at all times to be able to remember things later. Remembering and matching names with faces can be very difficult. Focus on the person's face or a specific feature of their face; then try recalling an anecdote about them. With time and practice people's names will spring to mind more readily. Recognize that your memories might be biased. How you perceive the world will always be from your point of view. Because of that, your memories of things will always be ever so slightly biased in your favor. It is important to recognize and compensate for this. To recall an event correctly, try recalling it from an objective point of view. Rehearse the information you need to memorize. You should not learn it by heart and recite it, but learn it, digest it and rephrase it. Every time you rehearse the information you need to remember, you are ingraining it into your long term memory. Use your own words to rephrase the information. As mentioned previously, you can train yourself to more effectively recall information like names, telephone numbers, and more. Forgetting something important can be frustrating and embarrassing, but the tips and advice outlined in this article can help you to give your mind a workout and boost your ability to remember essential information.

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The broad vertical black and yellow bars on a white background and elongated dorsal fin filament that gracefully traces behind them make it a very attractive fish. This species is a frequent inhabitant of coral reefs from East Africa to the central Pacific, including the warmer waters of Australia. The species is famous for its ability to swallow water (or air), causing the body to inflate several times its normal size into a spherical shape. Gobies lack gas bladders, internal organs found in many bony fishes which provides natural buoyancy. As a result, gobies live on or very near the bottom. Many remain relatively small, less than four inches in length. They are easy to feed and nonaggressive. People who keep them will tell you that these fishes will quickly become tame and will respond to their owners, beg for food, and generally behave like true pets. Foxface rabbitfish form pairs when they are still small which are believed to be maintained throughout life. This colorful species can be housed with more aggresive fishes. Balloon Green Texas Cichlid freshwater species. Dwarf Neon Rainbowfish freshwater species. It is very popular among aquarists, often in its gold colored variation rather than the wild-type olive green one. Jack Dempsey is a territorial and aggressive fish that belongs in a species aquarium or with other large cichlids, otherwise it will harass other species. Red-bellied Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri), a fearsome predator. Natural habitat, size, feeding patterns and pictures. General facts about Black Tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), a popular hardy freshwater species; habitat, size, tank and feeding requirements, and pictures. General facts about Boeseman's Rainbowfish (Melanotaenia boesemani), a species closely related to blue-eyes and hardyheads; origin, size, concervation status, tank requirements, and pictures. The gourami family is famous for making bubble nests. Usually the males a bubble nest by blowing little soapy bubbles filled with saliva and air. The bubbles float on the surface of the water underneath plants. The majority of angelfishes are good eaters, consuming a wide variety of animal and plant materials. Picture of a koi pattern angelfish. The Rudd is a popular fish to catch, being attractive and readily taking bait. It has a remarkably large head and long barbs around the mouth. The species feeds on fish, crabs and fruits. It is introduced but not established in Florida.

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Clinicians need a basic understanding of biostatistical variables and the tests used to compare them. Following are the 20% of statistical terms mentioned in 80% of the journal articles. - Fixed characteristics (sex, gender) - Modifiable characteristics (blood pressure, blood glucose) - Events (death, surgical complication, infection, metastasis-free survival). Different statistical tests are used depending on the type of variable in question. - For modifiable characteristic like blood pressure, parametric (t-test, ANOVA) or nonparametric tests (Mann-U-Whitney) can be used. - For events, a chi-square test, Fisher exact test or a survival analysis (Kaplan-Meyer) can be done. A regular t-test is used for unpaired data –comparing cholesterol levels among college students from 2 different cities. A paired t-test is used for paired data –comparing cholesterol levels in the same subject before and after a diet. Another way of analyzing data is in an XY plot, where the value of one modifiable variable in one subject (blood cholesterol) is plotted against the value of another modifiable variable in the same subject (consumption of butter) to see if one is associated with the other. These associations are usually referred to as correlations. When linear, they can be represented by an equation with a Y-intercept and a slope (simple linear regression). Statistical tests when controlling for other variables: “models” A “model” represents an equation that includes a set of independent or predictive variables that together help to calculate a dependent, or outcome variable. There is a lot of freedom as to how many variables go into the model, which are rarely pre-specified. Researchers can then test various models (by adding or removing variables from it) to see which one predicts the outcome the best. Multiple linear regression Multiple linear regression is represented in an equation where multiple independent variables are used to calculate the value of a dependent modifiable variable. For example, if blood pressure is the dependent or outcome variable, the independent variables can be weight, race, sex, cholesterol level, experimental drug (0=no, 1=yes) etc. Multiple linear regression is the equivalent of the t-test or simple linear regression when no covariates are used. Multiple logistic regression Multiple logistic regression is used to predict the chances (odds ratio) of an event happening. Similar to multiple linear regression, multiple variables predict the odds ratio of the outcome variable, i.e stroke or infection. Logistic regression is analogous to the chi-square or Fisher exact tests when not dealing with confounding variables. A Cox-regression model predicts the time to the event or survival time (hazard ratio). Kaplan-Meyer curves and the log-rank test are similar to cox-regression but without the covariates. 3 variables exist: fixed, modifiable and events. Data can be paired or unpaired. Models are mathematical equations were 2 or more variables predict either the value of a modifiable variable or the risk/survival time of an event.

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Written by Joshua Adams Missing people across The United States and the world are an unfortunate but regular occurrence. In fact, as many as 90,000 people declared legally missing in America at any given time. “411” actually has its origins in an inconspicuous computer term that refers to data that cannot be found or a corrupted link. Individuals who have vanished are often counted among those strange disappearances occurring on clearly marked and popular hiking trails. These disappearances also include people who were proficient outdoorsmen, hikers, and hunters who know their backwoods well. The body of the 'Missing 411' work stems from the CANAM Missing Project, began by retired L.A. Detective David Paulides. His work focuses on methodical compilation of data, from which he identifies trends. His efforts include personal interviews with family members, travel to locations where individuals had vanished as well as an analysis of case files acquired through the Freedom of Information Act. There seems to be concentrations of disappearances in certain areas, the most startling trend discovered from the projects work to synthesize records. It is the mystery of 411 disappearance hotspots. Of these cluster spots across the globe, however, one of the most prevalent and recurring seems to be the Yosemite National Park in California. Interestingly, UFO sightings often correlate to the hotspots, sometimes even around the same time that someone has gone missing. Theories abound as to what is responsible for such vanishings, from UFOs to cryptid type creatures, and even shadowy government programs. Interestingly, a number of instances members of the National Park Service have denied reasonable requests for these case files. Paulides noted that many of these instances occur near bodies of water around granite boulders, as well as spots where blackberries may be gathered. Often, at the exact time of some disappearances there are strangely small distances of separation between the victims and other people they were with, be it family, friends, or other vacationing travelers. Something sinister is happening, and there is a serious need to take a closer look at patterns in the details that surround the people going missing in national parks and other wilderness areas. According to Paulides, looking at such information over longer periods is essential as the isolated investigations and research into individual cases leads to the tendancy of overlooking shared patterns in the stories. Paulides has created a cartography of 52 defined geographic clusters. The case trends and shared patterns include odd occurrences such as incliment weather arriving within minutes of a search being implemented by authorities, often halting or delaying a rigorous search immediately following the reported vanishing. Tracking dogs either unable to either pick up a scent leading away from the point of disappearance or a reluctance on the part of the search dogs to follow. Bodies of the missing reappearing on the trails or on highly trafficked paths which large numbers of search and rescue groups had repeatedly passed during the time they had conducted searches. Bodies found with their shoes missing, nowhere to be found. Clothing found on the bodies that were inside out. “Topography does play a part into the age of the victims and certain clusters have specific age and sex consistency that is baffling. This is not a phenomenon that has been occurring in just the last few decades, clusters of missing people have been identified as far back as the 1800's" Before a missing person case is considered for investigation by Paulides and his Missing 411 team, it must fit certain profile points: -Mental illness or suicidal thoughts must be ruled out. -No signs of voluntary disappearance. -No signs of animal predation. -No indication of foul play. -Unknown cause of death. -Severe weather is often involved, usually striking unexpectedly. -Canines either cannot find a scent to track the person or refuse to track altogether. -The victim, if found, is in an area previously searched. -Clothing or shoes are missing from the victim. -Lakes, creeks, rivers, ponds, or streams. -The victim has a disability or illness of some sort. -The victim disappeared in one of the identified geographical clusters. Native American tribes people whom Mr. Paulides has discussed the trends surrounding the numbers of missing people garnered a very cryptic response, having been told that "these disappearances feel like a harvest." Within the trends of the missing people Paulides has identified sub groups such as children with very rare maladies and diseases, people that have some sort of either development disability, or they have some sort of illness or injury that may not even be obvious. He has identified as well as highly trained physicists as a sub grouping, and there is a trend within the number of missing that involves individuals of German heritage. Whatever is the cause behind these clusters of missing people, the numbers are not decreasing, but are in fact increasing. Perhaps only time will reveal what is behind the vanishings, until then Mr. Paulides will continue his work on the Missing 411 project. As well as the number of armchair detectives now engaging in research of their own. It would behoove anyone venturing out into the national parks or other wilderness areas to be aware of these disappearances and take any precaution available to them to prevent themselves from being added to the growing number of missing.

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English schools are to introduce teaching techniques from Asia in an attempt to boost maths and science standards. From September 2013 fewer topics will be taught in primary schools to enable maths and science to be looked at in more depth. Pre-algebraic and proportional reasoning will be given more time in primary schools. Other concepts such as pie charts, frequency tables and data-handling will move from secondary to primary schools. Under the reforms, each school will have a specialist maths teacher. Failing hospitals will no longer be bailed out by the NHS, the Government has said in its reponse to the review of health reforms. Instead, hospitals will be forced to restructure, close or merge with others. In the past five years 18…

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Athletes must maintain their mental health to balance the pressures to succeed and perform well during competitions. While more and more athletes and coaches are beginning to recognize the importance of mental health in sports, mental health has historically been an unspoken issue within the realm of athletics. Thanks to recent examples of professional athletes advocating for mental health awareness, mental health is beginning to lose its stigma in athletics. For a more comprehensive understanding of athletes and mental health, we’ll discuss the importance of mental health in sports, how elite athletes have addressed mental health, how mental health affects student-athletes, and ways to improve mental health. Learn more about the benefits of engaging with mental health in sports. The Importance of Mental Health in Sports The World Health Organization (WHO) discusses mental health in terms of a state of well-being. Individuals with strong mental health realize their own abilities and can cope with the everyday stresses in their lives. Mental health involves physical, social and mental well-being. A person’s physical health and social situations can positively or negatively impact their mental well-being, and vice versa. While diagnosed psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression can affect mental health, they do not prevent someone from achieving good mental health. Just the same, someone without a diagnosed condition can struggle with their mental health and coping with the stressors they face in their daily lives. Everyone experiences regular mental stressors, such as pressure from school, shortcomings in our careers or conflict in a relationship. A state of good mental health helps us understand how to cope with these stressors, appropriately grieve and adjust to the challenges we face in everyday life. For an athlete to perform well, they must prioritize their mental health as much as their physical health. The psychology of sports performance concerns the mental performance of athletes and how mental skills training can enable them to accomplish more within their sport. The goal of mental skills training for athletes is self-regulation, which helps athletes perform well regardless of the conditions they face. Self-regulation helps athletes cope with anxiety before a game, motivate themselves to keep practicing, and stay calm and collected when experiencing hardships in and outside their sport. Mental skills training helps athletes overcome mental stressors and return to a state of good mental health more quickly by boosting their proficiency in self-regulation. Athletes equipped with mental skills training are better at adjusting and adapting mentally when they face obstacles to deliver outstanding performances. For this reason, numerous athletes partner with sports psychologists, therapists or counselors to develop their mental skills. What Is Sports Anxiety? The immense pressure to perform in athletics can create intense anxiety before a match, game or any other type of competition. This condition can be called sports anxiety, sport-related anxiety or performance anxiety. While some athletes experience this anxiety as a motivator to perform well, studies show that experiencing anxiety before or during an athletic competition can interfere with an athlete’s performance. The tense state that anxiety puts the body in makes it more difficult to execute the coordinated movements athletic events require. Besides causing physical setbacks, anxiety also brings negative thought patterns and expectations of failure that can easily turn into self-fulfilling prophecies. In this way, sports anxiety inhibits an athlete’s physical and mental performance. What Triggers Sports Anxiety? Certain types of athletes are more prone to experiencing sports anxiety than others. In general, amateur athletes, who are not as used to the intense pressures of the sports world as seasoned professionals, experience more crippling performance anxiety. Most often, amateur athletes just need more practice with self-regulation and managing their pre-performance nerves. Along with amateur athletes, athletes who compete in individual sports may experience more performance anxiety than athletes who participate in team sports. Sharing the pressure to perform with teammates makes the burden a bit easier to bear for team-sport athletes. Finally, in both team sports and individual competitions, sports anxiety is often triggered when an athlete is competing at an away venue rather than their home venue. What Other Mental Health Issues Occur in Sports? Along with performance anxiety, the stress involved in athletics can also contribute to other mental health struggles. Specifically, common mental health challenges found in athletes include: - Eating disorders - Sleep disorders - Attention-deficit or hyperactivity disorder These mental health conditions can be exacerbated by certain aspects of athletic culture and environmental factors. Athletes may be exposed to distressing situations that may detract from mental health, such as: - Sexuality and gender issues - Sexual misconduct - Transitioning from a sport Professional Athletes and Mental Health Although mental health issues are common in athletes, the importance of athletes’ mental health has only started to gain attention in recent years. It can be easy for elite athletes to feel an immense burden to perform well or struggle to separate their identity from their athletic performances, which makes maintaining a stable state of mental health all the more challenging. A 1993 study found that athletes who achieved success as world champions experienced greater demands, which compromised future high-level performances in two-thirds of these champions. Only one-third of these athletes could successfully control both the expectations they placed on themselves and the external expectations from sponsors, the media and public appearances. Few of these athletes had the appropriate support in coping with increased demands. At the same time, elite athletes are battling the stigma that being open about mental health issues is a sign of weakness. For this reason, mental health has not traditionally been discussed within the realm of professional sports despite many athletes feeling the weight of anxiety and other mental health struggles. In 2018, professional basketball player DeMar DeRozan attempted to break the silence surrounding mental health in sports by tweeting about his experience with depression. This open acknowledgment of his personal struggles sparked a larger conversation in the NBA and other professional leagues about mental health. In an interview following the tweet, DeRozan reminded the world that everyone is human, and everyone struggles with the same emotional hardships. He emphasized the importance of treating everyone with respect because everyone is dealing with their own emotions and internal battles. DeRozan’s courage to speak out inspired numerous other professional athletes to start being more candid about their mental health, too. For example, the following week, Kevin Love, another professional basketball player, wrote a detailed personal essay about his experience with anxiety and panic attacks. His powerful message reminded fans that everyone has some struggle that’s not always visible to others. Throughout the article, Love addressed the stigma around mental health and the importance of taking power away from the stigma by talking about mental health more honestly. Love also emphasized how seeing a therapist helped him manage his mental health better and minimize his anxiety. He praised DeRozan for his mental-health advocacy and willingness to speak up. Considering Love and the many other professional athletes who have publicly commented on their mental health since DeRozan’s tweet, DeRozan’s legacy will forever be associated with his work towards normalizing the discussion of mental health among elite athletes. Olympians and Mental Health Within the realm of world-class athletes, Olympians, in particular, have recently advocated for mental health awareness. Specifically, two of the world’s biggest sports superstars — tennis player Naomi Osaka and gymnast Simone Biles — have taken center stage for promoting mental health awareness. Osaka started receiving attention for mental health advocacy before the Tokyo Olympic Games even began. At the French Open months before, Osaka declined to attend a press conference to preserve her mental health, resulting in a fine and her withdrawal from the competition. In a subsequent article she wrote for Time magazine, Osaka requested more privacy and empathy from the media. Osaka pointed out the harsh scrutiny that elite athletes are under and the unfair expectations placed upon them. However, she also highlighted the valuable lesson the French Open incident taught her — that everyone suffers from issues related to mental health or knows someone who does. The number of messages Osaka said she received since the French Open confirms that humans are all connected by our shared emotions. The outpouring of support for Osaka also came from fellow professional athletes, such as Steph Curry, Michael Phelps and Novak Djokovic, alongside other public figures like Michelle Obama and Meghan Markle. Phelps even told Osaka that by speaking up, she might have saved a life. Later, at the Olympic Games, Biles became the next high-profile Olympian to shed light on athletes’ mental health. Despite being a fan-favorite Olympian, Biles withdrew from the gymnastics team final and several individual events. Biles said she needed to withdraw to focus on her mental health after experiencing the “twisties,” a term gymnasts use when they feel as if they get lost in the air during routines. Days later, when she was physically and mentally fit to compete, Biles came back to win a bronze medal on the beam. Osaka and other mental health advocates like Phelps and Oprah Winfrey praised Biles’ brave decision to put her mental health first. Together, Biles and Osaka demonstrated the complexity of athletes’ mental health and propelled the progress toward openly discussing mental health and performance. Student-Athletes and Mental Health Along with professional athletes and Olympians, student-athletes face their own set of mental health challenges. Student-athletes at any level are expected to balance their athletic performance and practice schedule with classes, homework and other extracurricular activities. The uniquely demanding culture of intercollegiate athletics can place extreme pressure on young athletes. Even within their sport, student-athletes face enormous demands, including daily practices, competitions that may require travel, strength and conditioning programs, sports medicine or physical therapy sessions and more. These schedule demands often leave little time for social interactions or self-care practices. Over time, this immense pressure can have negative effects on a student-athlete’s mental health. Symptoms may appear as an inability to perform at their full potential during competitions or struggles outside of their sport. Colleges and universities must adopt ways to meet the mental health needs of their athletes. The most common models that colleges and universities use to structure their athletic psychological resources include: - Full-time athletics department sports psychologist: Many colleges and universities employ licensed counselors or clinical psychologists with graduate training related to sport psychology or physical education. They may offer individual counseling and connect student-athletes with services for substance abuse or eating disorder treatment when necessary. They might also provide staff education and establish mental health initiatives on campus. - Part-time counselors: This model involves bringing in external counselors to work with the athletics department at a given time. These professionals provide all the same services as full-time sports psychologists for fewer hours per week. This model is often used by schools that want to provide psychological care for their athletes but do not have the budget for a full-time position. - Referral model of services: This model does not include an on-campus sports psychologist. Instead, the school finds an outside provider, such as counselors in the nearby area who will accept referrals for student-athlete psychological matters. Tips for Managing Sports Anxiety Despite the daily pressures they face, many professional athletes can keep their sports anxiety to a minimum and consistently perform well. Research shows that a critical characteristic professional athletes possess is confidence. When you have confidence in your abilities, you are more likely to react positively to adrenaline and thrive on the challenge of competition. In situations that elicit adrenaline, such as game time, professional athletes are more likely to interpret this rush of energy as excitement rather than anxiety. Generally, self-confidence is highest when someone believes in their ability and feels they have prepared properly for the competition. In the same way that they prepare their bodies for competition, athletes can train their minds to be confident instead of anxious before a competition. Here are some effective confidence-boosting and anxiety-reducing strategies to try before your next competition: - Make sure you have trained enough that you can feel confident in your skills heading into the competition. - For competitions at an away venue, ask close friends and family members to be there and cheer for you. - For individual sports, try to generate more of a “team spirit” sentiment by befriending other competitors or at least wishing them good luck. - Try self-help books and commitment therapy to learn how to interpret adrenaline before or during competition as positive or acceptable instead of negative. - Reduce any negative thought patterns that contribute to sports anxiety through cognitive behavioral therapy with help from a counselor. - Practice progressive muscle relaxation techniques to calm your nerves whenever you feel yourself starting to become overwhelmed with performance anxiety. - Spend time visualizing yourself succeeding at your sport or accomplishing a specific goal as part of your regular practice. - Attend regular therapy sessions aimed at managing sports anxiety and other sports-related aspects of mental health. Let Taylor Counseling Group Help You Manage Your Mental Health If you’re an athlete at any level, Taylor Counseling Group can help you balance your mental health with the pressures of your sport. Whether you want to prevent sports anxiety or manage another aspect of mental health, Taylor Counseling Group can help you take care of your mental health, so you’re always at the top of your game. At Taylor Counseling Group, we offer professional, affordable individual counseling services for athletes. We believe in providing reliable and accessible care for those in Central Texas, Houston and San Antonio. Check out our list of locations to find the counseling services nearest you. Book your appointment with Taylor Counseling Group to start your mental health and wellness journey.

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4060 - 4187 AM [Chart] 164 - 37 BC [Chart] The period of time shown on this chart corresponds with the previous chart, which shows Late Hellenism. This chart, however, shows the era from a Jewish perspective. Judas Maccabeus lead the Jewish people in what is now referred to as the Jewish war for independence. This war was was fought against the Seleucid kingdom - specifically Antiochus V. The Hasmonean dynasty was a priest-prince ruling family in Judaea. It officially commenced with Simon Maccabeus - who probably named the dynasty after an ancestor. The Hasmonean dynasty officially came to an end with Antigonus Mattathias. Herod the Great was not of the Hasmonean line, but was given authority to rule by the Roman Republic, who had by then taken control of Judaea. Herod was known officially as a "client king" subservient to Rome.

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According to a 2010 estimate by the Department of Energy, the United States has approximately 125 million household consumers of electricity. Almost every person in the United States deals with electricity at some point during their daily routines. The means by which electricity travels and is distributed to individuals is through the power grid. While each state has their own energy supply and demand, the power grid was established to create power "highways" within each of the major sections to manage the flow of electrical power throughout regions. 3 Major Interconnections or Power Grids in US - Texas or ERCOT (Electric Reliability Council of Texas) The original pathways along the power grid were established in the early 20th century which were adequate at that time, however, three major areas of risk/potential crisis have been identified with the existing power grid: - Each interconnection transfers bulk, high-voltage electricity to power homes, businesses and almost anything that can be "plugged-in" - Supply and demand of electricity must constantly be balanced, otherwise, situations such blackouts/brownouts can occur - Large interconnections or the grids have been established to provide widespread availability of electricity to users and to help control the flow of electricity throughout a region based on supply and demand - Reduction in risk due to abundant lines and redundancies throughout the system - Electricity is able to be directed to regions that are in high demand and diverted from others with less - Aging Existing Infrastructure (overhead and underground transmission) - Exponential Growth of Energy Demand in Households and Businesses Coupled with a Decline in Available Resources - Natural Disasters (Hurricanes, Severe Storms, Earthquakes, Tornadoes)

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Priority Area 1 Education Objective: Provide all students with the knowledge, skills and persistence to be college and career ready. Why is this important to health? There is much evidence linking educational attainment and high school graduation rates to improved health outcomes. People with more education have lower rates of the most common acute and chronic diseases. High school graduates earn higher salaries, have better self-esteem, more personal life satisfaction, fewer health problems, and less involvement in criminal activity as compared to high school dropouts. In addition, households headed by a high school graduate accumulate ten times more wealth than households headed by a high school dropout. The high school graduation rate for San Bernardino County was 79% in the 2013-14 school year. With regard to higher education, only 19% of county residents had a bachelor’s degree, graduate degree or professional degree, as compared to 32% across the state in 2014. Yet, roughly 60% of jobs nationwide require some type of training or education beyond high school. Your Great Media Title Your Great Media Title How do education goals align with the Countywide Vision Education is a core element in the Countywide Vision and focuses on reducing the number of high school and college drop outs, integrating educational institutions into economic and job creation efforts, as well as partnering with all sectors of the community to support the success of every child from cradle to career. Why is education a priority? Roughly 60% of jobs require some type of training or education beyond high school. Only 19% of adults age 25 years and older in the county had a bachelor’s degree, a graduate degree or a professional degree as compared to 32% across the state in 2014. In San Bernardino County, educational attainment varies greatly by city as well as by race and ethnicity. Workers with less educational attainment typically earn less and have a higher rate of unemployment. Strategies to Improvement: Reading at grade level by third grade is one of the greatest predictors of children’s success in school, their likelihood of going to college, and their future earning potential. In support of the Countywide Vision and the regional goal of supporting every child from cradle to career, the Vision2Read initiative is a year-long campaign designed to: Focus attention on the importance of reading, highlight literacy-related programs and services throughout San Bernardino County, and connect people to available literacy resources and/or volunteer opportunities. Vision2Read invites all of San Bernardino County to join this effort and help “raise the bar” for literacy in our community and advance our efforts to achieve the Countywide Vision. Visit www.Vision2Read.com for more information. “Early Warning! Why Reading by the End of Third Grade Matters,” A KIDS COUNT Special Report from the Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2010.

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Warning: This page is no longer maintained and is preserved for historical purposes. Seismic Monitoring in South Carolina Historical and Instrumental Locations of South Carolina Earthquakes 1698-1995 Locations based on Talwani (1996) For a hard copy and catolog please contact: Ms. Tammie Dreher SC disaster Preparedness Div. Columbia To obtain station listings or detailed maps of the subnets, select one of the links to Charleston, Monticello, or Jocassee. Note: these station maps are obsolete and will be removed or replaced as the seismic network is reconfigured. View a detailed map of earthquakes in South Carolina The network of seismic stations located around Lakes Jocassee and Keowee was deactivated in January 2003 due to loss of support funding. There are tentative plans with the USGS to install one broadband seismic station in northweastern SC sometime in 2009 or 2010. The coastal recording facility located at Charleston Southern University was closed December 2005. Efforts are underway to resestablish a recording node elsewhere. Network stations located in and around Charleston are being deactivated or relocated due to loss of suitable site locations. Many were established on Westvaco tree farms that have now been sold for development. It is unclear how many will remain due to soaring population growth in Charleston and Berkely counties. The seismic monitoring network surrounding Monticello Reservoir was closed December 2006 due to the shortage of funds for continued operation. There are no plans at the present time to reopen the network. Our place in the big scheme...USNSN

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Maybe your daughter says she hates social studies but won’t tell you why. Or your son, when asked what he learned at school, just says, “Nothing.” Talking about school with your children shows them that you value education and keeps you aware of what’s going on in their lives, but what should you do when they don’t want to talk? Getting the conversation started First, think about the time of day and the kind of questions you ask. Whether your child is a chatty first grader or a tightlipped teenager, he may not want to talk about a tough math test as soon as he gets home from school. And questions like “How was school?” are bound to elicit uninformative answers like “Fine.” Experts recommend taking a few minutes to reconnect as a family after the busy day before addressing school and household issues. Let your kids know you’re glad to see them and wait a while to ask about grades. Keep in mind that they may be tired or preoccupied when they first come home, or they may want some quiet time before launching into the evening’s activities. When you start a conversation about school, ask specific questions about parts of your child’s day or the school environment, advises Laurence Steinberg, author of The 10 Basic Principles of Good Parenting and a psychology professor at Temple University. “I think the biggest mistake parents make is to ask broad questions like ‘How was your day today?’ and their kids give a one- or two-word answer,” Steinberg says. “The more specific you are in your questions, the more of an answer you’re likely to get.” At the beginning of the school year, he suggests asking general questions to learn about a child’s classroom, teacher, and classmates, such as: - What does your classroom look like? - Where is your desk? - Which of your friends are in your class? - Who else is in your class? - What did you like best at school today? - What did you have for lunch? If your child is not talkative, you can still learn a lot about her school experience through other means. Read the school newsletter, email the teacher, and talk to other parents on the phone. As you become more familiar with your child’s daily routine, you can ask more-specific questions to get her talking about a project or class pet. Talking about problems What should you do when your daughter announces that she hates school or when your son says he can’t stand the kids in his class? Even for children prone to melodrama, these kinds of statements may signal that a child is having academic or social problems at school. It’s important to get to the root of the problem, Steinberg says, and that will take patience and understanding. When your daughter says, “I hate school,” it could mean she is bored in class, doesn’t understand new material, is being pushed too hard, or doesn’t get along with a teacher. Your son’s declaration that he doesn’t like the other students may mean that he feels ignored or friendless or that he’s being bullied or victimized. Parents can help by talking with their kids about steps they can take to make the situation better. Younger children may need their parents’ help to think about how to solve a problem, and older children need a chance to solve problems on their own, Steinberg says. While most kids will be nervous about new experiences, that nervousness should fade over time, Steinberg says. Parents should be cheerful yet firm in dealing with their kids. “The most important thing for the child to have is support from you,” he notes. Communicating with kids: tips by age group Playground disputes and disappointing grades — and learning to deal with them — are important parts of growing up. Before you intervene on your child’s behalf, think about what response is appropriate for his maturity level and developmental stage. Talking with young children: Younger children, especially those in kindergarten through third grade, will need help thinking about how to respond to problems at school. You can help your child learn problem-solving skills by talking about potential responses and what results they may bring. Help your child decide the best steps to take and encourage her to do what she can on her own. Older children may be aware of potential solutions but still need encouragement to act. Children sometimes need coaching from their parents to take the first step, says Steinberg. If the problem persists, he recommends calling your child’s teacher to see what insights he or she can bring. Talking with adolescents: By fourth or fifth grade, children may become more resistant to parental involvement. Although it’s a difficult balance, it’s important to respect your adolescent’s growing desire for autonomy while being available to help when needed. For example, if a seventh grader is struggling in math class, talking with the child about the best way to ask the teacher for extra help is likely to be more effective than calling the teacher directly, Steinberg says. As adolescents feel the need for more privacy, there will be times they simply don’t want to talk. When that happens, Steinberg recommends the following approach: “If a 12- or 13-year-old looks upset, say, ‘You look upset. Do you want to talk about what’s bothering you?’ If the child says no, say, ‘That’s OK, but if you do feel like talking, I’m here.’ “

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Annotations for Abraham Lincoln : The Prairie Years and The War Years Baker & Taylor Presents the life of the Civil War president, detailing his childhood, his education, career as a lawyer and legislator, his marriage, political campaigns, presidental years, and assassination. He was a natural to write a biography of the prairie president. Sandburg has his roots there as well, and understood the plain speech, the wry humor, and the hard work. His portrayal of Lincoln had a quiet dignity about it and kept to the point, which was to describe how Lincoln grew up, read the law, took his ethics into the city, ran for office, waged war, and died just before he got to the promised land. Later biographies have emphasized Lincoln's psychology, or the rigors of his personal life, but Sandburg's portrait comes from two people of the prairie, himself and Lincoln. The illustrations here include what we would hope to see as well as what we never knew we would get to see. Annotation ©2008 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com) Originally published in six volumes, which sold more than one million copies, Carl Sandburg's Pulitzer Prize winner Abraham Lincoln won praise as the most noteworthy historical biography of his generation. He later distilled his monumental creation into one volume that critics and readers alike consider his greatest work of nonfiction. Magnificently produced, this special abridged and illustrated edition features foil stamping on the spine, an imitation cloth case, high quality paper, and collaged endpapers in four-color sepia. More than 250 engaging and often rare historical photos, along with descriptive captions, allow readers to visualize Lincoln's journey from country lawyer to perhaps the most influential and beloved president of the United States. The fascinating pictures--many in color--provide a very intimate glimpse into Lincoln's world. You'll see his personal handwritten copy of the Gettysburg address, the gun that tragically ended his life, as well as a variety of rarely-viewed paraphernalia and personal effects. The images come from such notable artists as the esteemed Civil War photographer Matthew Brady, Joseph Boggs Beale, Currier and Ives, and Alexander Gardner.

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Water condenses on air-handling units (AHUs) and cooling coils when humid air contacts these cool surfaces. A large amount of condensate can form on cooling equipment in areas with hot, humid summers such as the southeastern United States. Water that collects on the AHUs and cooling coils must be drained to prevent damage to the equipment or the building from water buildup. Typically, the condensate is collected in a central location and discharged to a sewer drain. In a condensate capturing system, the condensate is directed to a central storage tank or basin and then distributed for reuse. The potential for condensate capture from air-conditioning systems across the United States was studied by faculty and staff at the University of Georgia, and later published by ASHRAE.1 The researchers developed a method to estimate how much condensate can be collected annually, based on the location’s annual average dew point, cooling degree days, and rainfall. This method was applied to 47 cities in the U.S. and the results were mapped to ascertain patterns in the amount of condensate that can be captured in specific regions across the U.S. To evaluate this potential in greater detail, the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) applied the same estimating method to 64 additional sites across the U.S. The estimated condensate potential values for all 111 locales were then placed on the U.S. map, allowing for the creation of the areas that characterize the condensate capture potential across the country. This is shown in color-coded regions ranging from highest to lowest potential. How to Use the Map This map intends to provide an initial assessment of the feasibility of implementing condensate capture from air-conditioning systems at a given site. To determine if condensate capture should be considered for your site, locate your site on the map and determine the potential based on the color of your region. The potential to capture condensate is categorized as follows: - Highest: Areas in the southeastern U.S. have high cooling loads during most of the year and high humidity, and therefore have the highest potential for condensate capture projects; and areas along the Gulf Coast, southern Florida, and Hawaii have particularly excellent potential. - High: Areas from the Ohio River Valley to West Virginia and Mid-Atlantic regions, remaining areas of the South, and central Texas have high cooling loads and high summer humidity, giving them very good potential for capturing condensate. - Medium-High: Areas in the northern Mid-Atlantic across to the central Midwest and coastal southern California have relatively hot and humid summers, giving them good potential for condensate capture projects. - Medium: Areas along southern New England across the southern Great Lakes and into portions of the Midwest down to Texas have humid summers, giving them marginal potential for capturing condensate. - Low and Lowest: Areas in the Western U.S. with low humidity or relatively low cooling demand have poor potential for condensate capture. The condensate capture potential presented on this map is based on local climate conditions of the selected cities. Within the regions, the condensate capture potential may vary due to local annual weather patterns. Other factors affecting the potential for condensate capture should also be considered when assessing the potential at a specific site; these include: - Size of cooling system: Larger systems can potentially produce more condensate (depending on cooling system operation). - Cooling system operation: Hours of operation and temperature set points will influence total hours of operation and condensate production. - FEMP's Best Management Practice #14: Alternative Water Sources - FEMP's case study about a condensate capture project implemented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Alliance for Water Efficiency's Introduction to Condensate Capture 1 Lawrence, T., Perry, J., Alsen, T. 2012. AHU Condensate Collection Economics: A Study of 47 U.S. Cities. ASHRAE Journal, May 2012, 18.

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What do you normally do with your leftover food? The Japanese don’t waste anything as they have recently developed a way to use leftover school lunches to create energy – approximately 200 kilograms of collected waste from half a dozen local schools are used to create biofuels, and the ethanol collected will then be used as a teaching aid for alcohol lamps while the methane has been targeted to generate electricity inside the experiment facility. While the amount of energy collected isn’t much, it is still better than letting it waste away. Source: Far East Gizmos Comments are closed.

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Fiber Optic Cabinet are exposed to electrical, mechanical, chemical and environmental elements, so proper installation is critical for the long-term stability and survival of fiber cables. Cable installation must also meet the NEC(National Electric Code) and local building codes. NEC indicates that fiber optic cables can be placed in the same raceway, cable tray or enclosure with CATV, telephone, communication circuits and Class 2 and 3 remote control signaling circuits. Each fiber optic cable guide includes a radius limiting portion that prevents fiber optic cables from being bent beyond their minimum bend radii. The fiber optic cables have clear advantages over the copper cables. There is more security, and the fiber optic cables are more reliable than any other wire available. The fiber optic cable is in the high voltage environment. Dry-band voltage of the polluted sheath's surface of the all-dielectric self-supporting fiber optic cable is analyzed in this paper. The fiber optic cable assembly includes a bundle of fiber optic fibers, a tube, a track, a plurality of fasteners and securing means. The tube has a front surface and a rear surface. The fiber optic cable transmits the photon to a second quantum dot that also happens to be sitting between two mirrors. In this case, the mirrors "catch" the photon and bounce it off the quantum dot until it finally absorbs it. The fiber optic cable has an end that is stripped. The stripped end includes a bare fiber that extends into the connector and through the ferrule. Everyone knows that a structured cabling system is the foundation of every business network, providing connectivity between servers, computers, and other network devices and allowing both voice and data to be sent worldwide. When it comes to data cabling, there are different mediums available to carry that data, transferring it from point A to point B. Traditionally, twisted pair copper cable has been and is still currently used as the most common form of structured data cabling, transmitting data through copper wires. As technology continues to advance however, and the demand for faster, more advanced methods of networking grows, fiber optic cabling is quickly on its way to becoming the next generation standard in data cabling.

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Putting together an argumentative essay outline is the perfect way to get started on your argumentative essay assignment—just fill in the blanks. 100 ielts essay questions there are 5 main types of essay questions in ielts writing task 2 (opinion essays, discussion essay, advantage/disadvantage essays. There are many argumentative essay topics for college students easy to find, but you should choose something quite interesting. Choose from 100 most effective debatable argumentative essay sometimes students have a right to pick their own questions for discussion an argumentative essay. 1 how to write an argumentative essay chris endy department of history california state university, los angeles [email protected] you may distribute and print. Discussion essay, how to write it discussion essay you would need to show your conclusion on the argument phrases in discussion essay. Write an argumentative essay that will help you beat the difference of argumentative essay and persuasive of the topic under discussion. A discussion essay presents and discusses issues surrounding a particular topic--usually one that is debatable and open to argument a good discussion essay must. Free ielts resources to help you maximize your score don’t stop at 7 go and get that 9 dear ryan, thanks to your guidance, i was able to increase my writing. Searching for a professional writing service just say - essays - and get a full service with the top quality of papers. Argumentative essays are kind of like superpowers: they allow you to get what you want using the superpower of persuasion view this lesson and. Discussion essays, also called argument essays, are a common form of academic writing this page gives information on what a discussion essay is and how to structure. Looking for argumentative and persuasive essay topics 100 great ideas at your disposal check out this list of hot topics. Two such similar styles are the discursive essay and the argumentative essay of the discussion difference between discursive & argumentative essays. What is the difference between an argument and a discussion both are nouns that involve people talking with one another and telling what they think, feel or. Below is a list of ielts discussion essay sample questions for ielts writing task 2 these are also known as two sided essays discussion essay tips. Dear ishikam: i am fascinated by your essay persuasive essay on abortion because it is a really important topic and people should try to spread awareness like you are. Writing an argumentative essay the argumentative essay, although bearing many similarities to the persuasive view that merits further thought and discussion. This resource begins with a general description of essay writing and moves to a discussion of common essay the purdue owl recognizes the wide argumentative. Discussion has a pleasant feeling what's the difference between debate, discuss and argue what is the difference between a discussion and an argument. How to write a discussion or an argumentative essay: planning tools, video tutorials, writing prompts and teaching ideas for english teachers, students and parents. Here is the list of the most popular argumentative essay topics of 2017 you can either use any of these topics for your essay or get one written for you from scratch. All about argumentative essay writing choose from the best 700 argumentative and persuasive essay topics 200+ unique and creative prompts for argumentative writing. Free argumentative papers, essays, and research papers how to write a synthesis essay - a synthesis is a written discussion that draws on one or more sources.

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In lieu of Earth Day, celebrated on April 22, the United Nations have emphasized the need for environmental and climate literacy to save the planet. Earth Day 2017 will take place this coming April 22. Local and international organizations are working to provide the public with educational activities to raise awareness about climate change and the environment. You have already subscribed. Thank you.

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By 1977, the residents of Centralia Pennsylvania stood at a crossroads. For 15 years, a mine fire had uncontrollably burned at the edge of their town. Time was quickly running out. Many methods had been tried to stop the fire and mitigate the deadly gases it produced. Early on a trench had been dug with the hopes of halting it. When this failed, use of an experimental fly ash barrier was ordered. This was doomed to fail as well. In late 1976 the Bureau of Mines was under increasing pressure from Centralia’s residents to take action. Boreholes drilled as part of the earlier efforts to combat the fire were steaming and hot to the touch. The fire was moving under the town, threatening the health and safety of those living there. News of the deadly mine gases in Centralia PA had reached the news media by 1977. The Bureau of Mines scrambled to act. Late that year they began drilling new boreholes to determine the integrity of the fly ash barrier. The results were not comforting. While several areas were intact, many were partially compromised or non-existent. Work on shoring up the fly ash barrier began in May of 1978. Almost immediately, the residents of Centralia began pushing for greater transparency. Many wanted more boreholes to be dug in order to reveal the full extent of the fire. Others pushed for more drastic solutions. They wanted an new trench dug and filled with incombustible material. This would form an underground wall to keep the fire from reaching the town. Unfortunately, such an option would require destroying some of Centralia’s homes. This provoked immediate backlash from one of town’s most vocal residents, Helen Womer. In June of 1979 carbon dioxide and other deadly gases were detected in the homes of John Coddington and David Lamb. By December the heat and steam from the Centralia mine fire threatened Coddington’s gas station, forcing it to close. For the next several years, bureaucratic infighting paralyzed any effort to mitigate the growing danger in Centralia Pennsylvania. Carbon monoxide detectors were given to residents to monitor the air in their homes. Although, given the high cost of the devices, many families were forced to share them. And, when the alarm rang indicating a problem, the only remedy was to open a window and ventilate the house. This was particularly uncomfortable during the cold winter months. In 1980, mine fire gases were detected at the St. Ignatius School along Locust Avenue, raising the concerns of the parents whose children attended there. Flushing of the mine tunnels near the school was ordered, as well as the installation of mine fire ventilation pipes. Like the other attempts to deal with the fire, hopes for success quickly faded. The fire was now estimated to be under 150 acres of land. Centralia PA’s residents increasingly grew frustrated. Some, like John Coddington, called for their homes to be bought and families relocated out of harm’s way. Others, like Helen Womer, denied there was any problem and stubbornly refused to budge. 1981 would become a watershed year for the Centralia mine fire disaster. In some areas the fire was now visible at the surface. When measured, the temperatures were in excess of 1200 degrees Fahrenheit! On Valentine’s Day of that year Todd Domboski fell into a steaming hole caused by the mine fire and was nearly killed. It just so happened that key politicians were in the town that day and observed the aftermath of the incident first hand. The trouble continued as more residents were overcome by the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide seeping into their homes. On March 19, 1981, John Coddington was overcome by the gases. Thankfully, he was rushed to the hospital and made a full recovery. Momentum began to build for more decisive action. On March 30th, Pennsylvania’s Governor Thornburgh flew into Centralia PA on a helicopter. Though a political stunt, it helped to focus even more attention on the beleaguered town and its long suffering residents. The people of Centralia were beginning to mobilize as well. David Lamb, along with others, formed the Concerned Citizens Action Group Against the Centralia Mine Fire. Together they would push for a consensus regarding what was to be done to save the town. A referendum was schedule for May to determine if residents wished to stay and have the fire excavated or relocate away from danger all together. While the vote had little legal weight, the results were clear. The overwhelming majority of Centralia’s residents wished to relocate. By the end of 1981, 29 families has been declared eligible for relocation. The government would purchase their homes and support them in moving out of the most endangered areas of Centralia, Pennsylvania. The momentum continued to build in 1982. Money was allocated to drill new boreholes around the town in order to determine the exact boundaries of the mine fire. Using the results of this, a plan would be developed and presented to Centralia. Nevertheless, the people living in the town were as conflicted as ever. While many pushed to leave, others fought tooth and nail to stay. Infighting and threats caused the Concerned Citizens group to fray, while Borough Council meetings devolved into shouting matches. The mine fire continued to progress quickly, spewing dense, hot gases into the air and causing ground subsidence. By 1983, the neighboring town of Byrnesville was threatened, as was the main road through the area, Route 61. Residents were especially spooked by the fire nearing a gas pipeline and the prospect of it exploding. With tensions mounting, a novel idea was proposed. The town would come together on March 6, 1983 in a show of solidarity. Dubbed “Unity Day,” the event would be the perfect opportunity to rally residents, grab the media’s attention, and apply pressure to politicians. While Unity Day certainly had an impact, it was not enough to save Centralia PA. On July 12, 1983 the results of the study and plan were announced. The mine fire was determined to be, without a doubt, under the town and affecting at least 195 acres. Total excavation of the fire would cost $660 million and destroy significant numbers of homes. The numbers were shocking, given the relatively little money it would have taken to extinguish the mine fire in the 1960s. Residents were asked to vote on relocation on August 11th. Once again, the vast majority voted “yes.” The town’s fate was sealed. $42 million was set aside by the federal government to initiate the Centralia Mine Fire Acquisition Relocation Project. Residents began to voluntarily leave in late 1983, with the pace picking up dramatically in 1984. In the last of our articles about the history of Centralia Pennsylvania, we’ll look at events happening from 1984 to the present day. Be sure to also read about the history of Centralia before 1962 and 1962 to 1977.

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How do they differ/compare to ancient (gilgamesh/hector/achilles) and early middle ages (beowulf) is the wife of bath from the canterbury tales a feminist use . Canterbury tales - medieval church, free study guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character profiles, theme analysis, metaphor analysis, and top ten quotes on classic literature. Geoffrey chaucer’s the canterbury tales gives valuable insights on the roles women assume, the struggles they undergo, and the strategies they adopt in appropriating their share of socio-political influence available to men and women during the middle ages. Aside from the high literary standard of the canterbury tales, the work stands as a historical and sociological introduction to the life and times of the late middle ages during chaucer's time, regardless how brilliant and talented one might be, there was no way for a commoner to move from his class into the aristocracy. How the canterbury tales reflect upon middle age society a primary source to studying culture in the high middle ages in this day and age canterbury tales . English language arts, grade 12: canterbury tales 371 unit: canterbury tales anchor text prologue (middle english) to the canterbury guilds in the middle ages. Tales like filostrato’s in decameron are those that cause the book to become a forbidden read in parts of europe during the middle ages those who read decameron were engaging in “pornography” and could therefore be excommunicated by the church. Canterbury in the middle ages henry's daughter mary tried to undo her father and brothers reforms and restore the old catholic religion she resorted to burning . The canterbury tales (middle religion the tales reflect diverse views of which originated from a desire to follow an ascetic lifestyle separated from the . A history of europe during the middle ages including its people, rulers, government, culture, wars and contributions to modern civilization lifestyle for the . The canterbury tales: medieval society & culture the 'middle ages' are often reduced to a political insult or a video game backdrop studying the literature of the middle ages is a great way . ''the canterbury tales'' is full of symbols, themes, and motifs in this lesson, you will find a summary of some of the more common ones, including those related to social status, religion, and . Religion in the middle ages was dominated by christianity it is the era in which the great cathedrals of europe were built and the catholic church started its universities in paris, tubingen, cambridge and oxford. The canterbury tales • he moved to an apartment in the garden of st late middle ages (1272 – 1485) a in the form of the catholic religion from birth to . Lust in the middle ages according to the canterbury tales despite the common belief that lust is more tolerable now than it ever has been, the truth is that lust has remained rampant and visceral since geoffrey chaucer’s day. The canterbury tales literature in the middle ages buy study guide chaucer was famous in his own times not for being an author, but for being a civil servant, and it is important to realize that the medieval conception of an “author” was very different from the modern one. The canterbury tales, a collection of tales by geoffrey chaucer, was written in middle english at the end of the 14th century (encyclopaedia britannica, 2011) it is considered to be the best work of literature in english in the middle ages (johnston, 1998). Social structure in geoffrey chaucer’s canterbury tales the women in the middle ages, and power over husbands as the characterization of the belief . Although there may be some justification in applying notions of class, especially middle-class, to chaucer's world, that of the late fourteenth century, one needs to keep in mind that the middle ages cover the period of a millennium during which social structures and social theory were constantly changing. The prologue from the canterbury tales poem by geoffrey chaucer translated by nevill coghill middle ages among his 30 characters are clergy, aristocrats, and. Of this thesis will be on how romance is seen in the middle ages and in the canterbury tales for this reason, the topic of this study cuts across more than one substantive area. Contrary to popular belief, it was not suicidal to criticize the clergy or church in the middle ages there are several reasons that this belief persists - not the least of which is chaucer's retractions.

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Anyways, for a newly become developing country such as Cambodia, better education is a vital sector for the government to achieve in order to produce human resources for develop the country. The right to education is a right that every man. L Hot Topics Bullying Community Service Environment Health Letters to the Editor Pride Prejudice What Matters. Right To Education For All Essay Topics Does foreign aid helps donor countries more than the recipients? For your event enquiries this winter book on our website:-. You may wish to write about how to improve reading skills among students, for example. - The net result is that a sizeable percentage, as much as 30 per cent, of children in the school-going age in India are out of school; the percentage is as high as 50 in Bihar 1. The sooner you pay to write an essay, the faster you get your paper back! Now you have a perfect opportunity to save money and time. Ordering earlier, you save. This list of 51 topics for argumentative essays can be used in classes. An essay on school. Ould the government have the right to restrict freedom of. - Do colleges put too much stock in standardized test scores? Make sure to mention the specific classes and what benefits those classes would give students. The sooner you pay to write an essay, the faster you get your paper back! Now you have a perfect opportunity to save money and time. Ordering earlier, you save. The thesis statement is that sentence or two in your text that contains the focus of your essay and tells your reader what the essay is going to be about. - Should parents be held accountableresponsible for what their children post on social media websites? In the African and Asian the millions of children living in poverty, who suffer many problems, they are deprive from the education and health. Persuasive Essay: The Right to Education. Idence to prove that education is a right that all. Say will prove that it is the right of all people to. - The Non-formal Education Department of the MOEYS plays an important role in providing literacy and life skill programmes, as well as short-term vocational training to school dropouts and adults Haddad, 2008. Here is the definition of academic writing. Discover Great Essay Examples. T StudyMode help you uncover new ideas with free essay previews and research papers. - Disabled people and poor people are equally required and have equal rights to get educated like rich and common people to get global development. . 40 Writing Topics Descriptive writing calls. Ght there is a. Mposing a Persuasive Essay or Speech: 30 Writing Topics Any one of these 30 issues. There could be volunteer workers who raise money for families so they could go to school, or raise money to make a new school, or they could raise money to buy more materials for a school. Some people point out that schools kill students creativity skills while others claim that to be creative education is essential. VotingVoting apathy wont change until we change the entire system. Best 100 Persuasive Essay Topics. Rsuasive essay writing is important college and university writing assignment. Ny students tend to. List of Topics for Writing With Persuasion. U can also check these argumentative essay topics to get inspiring and interesting starters for an essay which incites.

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The South African Environment, Energy and Treasury Ministries are drafting a new government energy and climate change strategy to be unveiled by September. The document will form the basis of government climate change policy, leading to an overhaul of existing fiscal, regulatory and legislative regimes by 2012, aimed at capping carbon dioxide emissions by 2025. The new climate change strategy will seek to overcome the structural and financial challenges facing South African energy policy by balancing the medium-term need to eliminate the electricity generating shortfall with the long-term requirement to address climate change. This will involve the introduction of public subsidies, tax breaks and clearer policy goals designed to boost the contribution of renewables to the national energy mix. CO2 emissions. Eskom, the state-owned generator, currently provides about 95% of the country’s electricity, some 91% of which comes from coal-fired power stations. The utility accounts for more than 50% of South Africa’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which are set to increase in the medium term. The Secunda and Sasolberg plants of Sasol, the privatized petro-chemicals conglomerate, produce 23% of total CO2 emissions. Because of Eskom and Sasol’s combined contribution to total emissions, the new climate change regulatory regime will in effect be built around them. Eskom’s heavy reliance on coal will be augmented substantially by the re-commissioning of three mothballed coal-fired power plants along with the construction of two new coal-fired power stations by around 2014. The utility has set a self-imposed target of reducing its dependence on coal to 70% by 2025, with emissions falling in absolute terms by about 2050. Renewable target. Eskom has hitherto seen nuclear as the only viable alternative to coal as a provider of baseload power. Nuclear is expected to supply around 20,000 MW of the additional 40,000 MW in generating capacity required by 2025. However, Eskom has set itself a target of providing 1,600 MW in renewable capacity–mostly large-scale solar and wind–by 2025. This is a modest goal that the utility insists it will not be able to fund from its own balance sheet without external help. The Ministry of Energy is now trying to attract higher levels of private investment into the renewables sector. So far, renewables have been largely absent from the national energy mix due to the lack of a policy framework and fiscal incentives needed to attract prospective investors. “Refit” effect. The new renewable energy feed-in-tariff (‘refit’)–the price premium provided to private sector electricity generators–announced by the National Energy Regulator of South Africa in March has been widely hailed as one of the most significant developments in national energy strategy in many years: –The tariffs have the potential to act as a stimulus to the development of renewables in South Africa in much the same way as feed-in-tariffs led to the dramatic expansion of the renewable sector in Germany and Spain. –The tariff requires Eskom to pay 2.10 rand ($0.25) per kilowatt hour for solar power, 1.25 rand for wind, 0.94 rand for hydro and 0.90 rand for municipal (waste) gas–premium rates that greatly exceeded the renewable energy industry’s expectations. Carbon regulation. The Treasury has also begun to investigate what form of carbon tax regime might be appropriate for South Africa, possibly in conjunction with a new emissions trading scheme that caps CO2 levels and creates a market for trading in emission reductions as provided for under the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. At the same time, the Environment Ministry is seeking to impose tougher environmental standards to promote a transition to a low carbon economy, and foster the development of a domestic carbon capture and storage capability–on which both Eskom and Sasol will be heavily reliant in meeting emission reduction targets. It has also warned that South Africa’s high CO2 emission levels could render it vulnerable to sanctions from trade partners unless there are credible attempts to reduce them. To read an extended version of this article, log on to Oxford Analytica’s Web site. Oxford Analytica is an independent strategic-consulting firm drawing on a network of more than 1,000 scholar experts at Oxford and other leading universities and research institutions around the world. For more information, please visit here.

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Recycling is the process of separating, collecting and re-manufacturing or converting used or waste products into new materials. The recycling process involves a series of steps to produce new products. Recycling helps extend the life and usefulness of something that has already served its initial purpose by producing something that is usable. Recycling has a lot of benefits and importance not only to us humans but especially to our planet. What materials can be recycled? Almost everything we see around us can be recycled. Different materials require different techniques when recycled. Recyclable materials commonly include batteries, biodegradable waste, clothing, electronics, garments, glass, metals, paper, plastics and a lot more. What are the stages of the recycling process? The recycling process is a cycle and is composed of three stages. The first stage is the collecting and sorting. In this stage, waste materials are collected and then processed and sorted according to its type and use. After these materials are sorted, they are ready for the second stage, which is the manufacturing. Finally, after new products are manufactured, the next stage follows which is the selling of the recycled products to consumers. When the product that the consumers bought already served its purpose, the recycling process will then again continue as these products are collected. Recycling Saves the Earth Recycling different products will help the environment. For example, we know that paper comes from trees and many trees are being cut down just to produce paper. By recycling it, we can help lessen the number of trees that are cut down. Products made from raw materials that came from our natural resources should be recycled so that we can help preserve the environment. Recycling Saves Energy It takes less energy to process recycled materials than to process virgin materials. For example, it takes a lot less energy to recycle paper than to create new paper from trees. The energy from transporting virgin materials from the source is also saved. Saving energy also has its own benefits like decreasing pollution. This creates less stress on own health and our economy. Recycling Helps Mitigate Global Warming and Reduce Pollution By saving energy in industrial production through recycling, the gas emissions from factories and industrial plants are lessened and the use of fuels that emit harmful gasses during production is also minimized. Recycling non-biodegradable waste (rather than burning it) will contribute a lot to help reduce air pollution and gas emissions that depletes the ozone layer. Recycling Helps you Save Money Recycling provides ways to save money! You can sell recyclable materials to organizations that are willing to buy it. Using products that are recycled lessens expenses. Products that are made from recycled materials are less expensive than products made from fresh materials. At home, you can recycle biodegradable waste like eggshells, vegetable and fruit peelings and use them to fertilize plants. By doing a little research and getting creative you can save money and trips to the market while being kind to the planet. As the population of the world increases recycling is becoming increasingly more important. Our technologically advanced societies are creating more and products and packaging that look good and are indestructible, but can take centuries to break down. In order to combat the rise of factors that are produced by non-environmentally conscious groups, it is up to the growing numbers of individuals and companies that want to inhabit a healthier planet to make a difference !

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Click here to go ahead to Autumn 2012, or click here to go back to Spring 2012 "Eyes on the Sky" astronomy videos. The Lunar "X" is a feature visible only for about 4 hours or so around First Quarter Moon, and not from all parts of the world either. September favors eastern North American and western Europe for seeing the Lunar "X" - Eyes on the Sky details how to find and see it. Uranus is not a naked eye planet from most areas, but it is bright enough to be observed with just binoculars from most light polluted locations. Learn how to star hop to our solar system's seventh planet over the next four weeks. Uranus finder chart here. 3.4 MB, PDF format. Ophiuchus is a large constellation above Scorpius and below Hercules. But what do we really know about this "Serpent Bearer"? "Eyes on the Sky's" Astronomy Theater gives you an overview of the mythology of Ophiuchus - with it's trademark humor, of course. In the sky, the constellation's brightest star Rasalhague makes a good jumping-off point to make your way counter-clockwise around the constellations stars to find deep sky objects within it. IC4665, a nice open cluster, along with M10 and M12, two globular clusters, are just a few of the stops to make within this area of sky. Early in the week, the Moon and Venus are in Cancer the Crab early in the morning hours, right near Messier 44 (or the Praesepe). For the weekend, the "Beehive Cluster" (as it is also known) can still be found easily near the bright planet. Find Star Chart #12 here for more on Ophiuchus. The star Albireo in Cygnus is one of the finest double stars in the sky. It's not hard to find, being located inside the "Summer Triangle," and it also makes a great starting point to find several other deep sky objects like the Coathanger Cluster and M27, the Dumbbell Nebula. These objects and more are visible in either binoculars or a small telescope. Look in the lower left corner of Star Chart #6 to find them all. The Moon makes a close pass by Jupiter late this week, and our solar system's largest planet rises in the hour just before midnight - though it is better place in the hours afterwards. Over 700 stars have been found to have planets revolving around them. This is a fairly recent development too, as we really only discovered how to find planets around other stars by indirect methods about 20 or so years ago. With the Kepler mission, we've discovered hundreds more, but even then, only in a small section of sky. Many of these stars are dim, but fortunately some of the stars that we know harbor planets are bright enough to see naked eye. Let Eyes on the Sky help you find three of those stars, which should be naked eye from most areas. You'll have to know how to measure some simple distances in the sky, though. Unlike planets around stars, for millenia man has seen a "Man in the Moon" based on the darker maria and lighter highland areas. We have perhaps gotten a little more creative with what we see up there - check out some of the shapes visible on the full Moon this week. And while you're at it, don't forget to wink at the Moon too. For a chart of some large, visible features on the moon you can see with binoculars or a small telescope, see this link below. The Moon is the best place to view detail on a celestial object because 1) It's close and 2) it's close! And the best way to do that is by using higher magnification aimed at areas along the terminator, the line where the shadows from sunlight are strongest. Craters have 3-D like depth, mountains appear to rise to dizzying heights, and even subtle features are revealed. Check out the craters Langrenus, Hercules, Atlas, Theophilus, Cyrillus and Catharina this week as the terminator edges slowly westward across the face of the Moon. On August 24, Neptune reaches opposition with Earth, placing it at it's closest point to us this year. The 7.9 magnitude planet will require binoculars at minimum to spot it, but that may be ALL that is required, as even 7x35 or 8x42 binoculars can display 8th and 9th magnitude objects. Be sure to check out the July 9 thru 15 Eyes on the Sky video for a primer on how to more easily find this planet. Just keep in mind that Capricornus and Aquarius will be further towards the west at this time of year than last month - see the Star Charts page and click on the All Sky map to see where it is now (be sure to set it for your latitude and longitude). Then download the finder chart below to "hop" your way from Deneb Algiedi, to Iota Aquarii, then on to Neptune. It's really not as hard as you may think. The Milky Way galaxy is the home to our solar system, Sun, and the millions of other stars that we can see in the night sky. But knowing where we actually ARE in the Milky Way isn't necessarily easily understood, so... I used a pizza to illustrate it! (And it tasted good for dinner too.) As we look into the 'center of the pizza' we find the stars and other deep sky objects of Sagittarius, which are many, varied, and often stunning in binoculars or small telescopes. Learn how to find M7 (technically in Scorpius, but near Sagittarius), Messier 28 and Messier 22. By mid-week, both Mercury and Venus reach greatest elongations, which - being inferior planets inside Earth's orbit - are at their highest points above the horizon before moving back down towards it again. Mercury can be elusive in the morning twilight, so use the Moon to see it mid-week, or by drawing a line through the bright Jupiter and Venus earlier or later on. Neptune is nearing opposition and Mars and Saturn are at their closest approach this year as well. See what's up in the night sky every week with "Eyes on the Sky," astronomy made easy. Here is where you can find Star Chart #18, which is mentioned in this video. Cassiopeia is nicely placed in the northeastern, evening sky this time of year, and contains some imagination-inducing open clusters such as NGC457 and NGC663. Both area easily seen with a small telescope at around 75x magnification. Just off one of the points of her "W" shape is an extraordinarily distant star that you may be able to see naked eye from darker areas, but easily with binoculars from most any city or suburban location. On the 12/13 of August, the Perseid meteor shower peaks, which is the best "warm weather" major meteor shower every year. Grab a chair and spot some "shooting stars" this coming weekend - it's a great family event that anyone can do; no telescope or binoculars required! Download a free Cassiopeia star chart (look for Chart 1), and a lowercase Greek alphabet chart here. If you'd like to know how make the most of the Perseids, here is more information about meteor shower observing. Scorpius is right about on the meridian just as the sky gets dark, and you can easily spot the globular cluster Messier 4 along with double stars Omega 1 & 2, Beta Scorpii and Nu Scorpii, just by using binoculars or small telescope. Download the star chart below to find those objects and more. The Moon is full on the night of August 1 (U.S.), but there are craters to be seen on the nights before and after that time. Plus, small telescopes in the 60mm to 80mm aperture range are ideal for viewing the Moon because it is so bright, and excessive aperture often isn't needed. See the Moon map below to find some out-of-the way craters on the eastern and western limbs of the Moon. And, don't miss how to find Saturn and Mars in the evening sky, or Jupiter and Venus in the morning sky. Mars is very obviously moving eastward compared to the much more sedate Saturn, which appears stuck near Spica. Observe the Red Planet with binoculars night-to-night as it rolls away from the extremely difficult double star Porrima in Virgo. Passing underneath the planets in the southwestern evening sky is the waxing Moon, moving from crescent phase to gibbous phase over the course of the week. On Friday, Saturday and Sunday, check out some of the lunar features you can spot with small telescopes like the craters Copernicus, Eratosthenes, and Plato, or the Appenine and Caucasus mountain ranges. The best time to see these on the Moon will be this upcoming weekend, as the terminator shadow line helps them pop out into stark relief. Cygnus is high overhead in the summer months, and is easy to find being located in the well-known - and easily seen - Summer Triangle asterism. With the Milky Way coursing right through the constellation, there are numerous objects to find and see here like the far off Omicron Cygni and Sigma Cygni, or the very neary by 61 Cygni. "Eyes on the Sky" shows you sights in the Swan that are easily seen from most any location - you can do astronomy even from cities and suburbs. So grab your binoculars or small telescope, and take a look at what YOU can see overhead in the sky, tonight! Later in the week, don't miss the slim crescent Moon hopping its way towards Mars and Saturn in the southwestern evening sky. Need a star chart with all of the stars in the video above? No problem! Download the free star chart #7 here, and if you aren't familiar with lowercase Greek letters, this Greek alphabet chart may be helpful as well. Get out there and enjoy the universe! Since Mercury, the solar system's innermost planet, was featured last week, why not go "all out" and look for the furthest planet? Okay! That's where this video will take you: Step by step from first magnitude stars, all the way down to the 7.9 magnitude 8th planet itself. This week and next will ideal, as the Moon will be revolving more towards the Sun in the morning, paving the way for a dark sky. You will just have to provide the optics, and with any luck, the atmosphere will provide you with the transparency. See if you can spot Neptune this week! It is not as hard as you might think - just don't expect anything more than a tiny blue dot. Click here for the NEPTUNE FINDER CHART (3.9MB - PDF format); shows the position of Neptune from now through August 15, 2012. Later in the week, don't miss the conjunction of Venus, Jupiter, Aldebaren and the Moon, or the all-week-long motion of Mars at it speeds it's way towards Saturn. You can literally watch the motion change from night to night - check it out! Mercury should be a planet everyone has seen: It's bright, can be seen naked eye, and is often near the Moon or other bright objects in the sky. Yet few amateur astronomers - and even fewer non-astronomers - have seen this planet. Why? Well, it never strays far from the Sun, for one, and is therefore harder to see in twilight. However, there are ways to find it more easily, and this week, "Eyes on the Sky" shows you how. Also, the Moon is full on July 3rd, but that doesn't mean there aren't still things to see - namely, the Moon itself! Check out the craters along the terminator. And finally, don't miss the motions of Mars moving away from Beta Virginis, or Venus moving towards Aldebaran. "Eyes on the Sky" shows you where and when to look for these fascinating - and easy to see - phenomena in the night sky. Click her to find Moon Mappers at Cosmoquest. Lyra is a small constellation, and if not for the magnitude zero star Vega, it might be harder to spot and more overlooked each summer. While exploring this small area of sky comprising part of the Summer Triangle, take a moment to recall the mythology of why the lyre shape is in the heavens (Orpheus - and see the video above for "Astronomy Theatre's" take on this). Several easy binocular and telescopic targets are within it's borders, and there is a handy Lyra star chart below. This is a great area of sky for beginners of astronomy to peruse, even from city and suburban locations with heavy to medium light pollution. The majority of stars may be dim, but they are so close to Vega, they are all easy to find in finderscopes or binoculars. And throughout the week, the Moon returns to the evening skies making stops at Mars, Saturn and Antares. Find out when and where to see these find conjunctions, along with some fantastic early evening - and early morning - trios of stars and planets that are hugging the horizon. Lyra constellation chart: CLICK HERE (7.4 MB) Summer may bring longer days, allowing us more time to observe and photograph the Sun, but that also means shorter nights. However, though diminished in length, the sights they display is certainly different than winter's offerings, and besides, it's warmer at night! This makes for more comfortable conditions to learn the summer sky, which this video walks the viewer through, step by step. Beginning with the rising Summer Triangle in the east, see how you can find many bright stars even from city locations, and discover a dozen summer constellations and where the Milky Way galaxy bisects the sky - a perfect location for perusing with binoculars. Easy for anyone to learn - even if you are just starting out learning the sky and want to know more, or are a casual stargazer. Click here to go ahead to Autumn 2012, or click here to go back to Spring 2012 "Eyes on the Sky" astronomy videos.

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Sagrada Familia in Barcelona Sagrada Familia Barcelona is a huge Roman Catholic church which is designed by Antoni Gaudi. This unfinished temple is a part of UNESCO World Heritage Site and was consecrated by the Pope Benedict XVI in the year 2010. This temple attracts visitors from all around the world. The history behind the construction of the Sagrada Familia has been so long that it only makes the visitors more curious to learn about it. Here is a brief understanding of the history behind the Basílica i Temple Expiatori. History and Architecture of Sagrada Familia The beginning– The start of the Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family, begin in the year 1886. Josep Maria Bocabella i Verdaguer discovered the spiritual association of devotees of Saint Joseph. The first stone was set up on 19th March 1882 at St. Joseph’s Day in a lovely ceremony hosted by the Josep Urquinaona, Bishop of Barcelona. Gaudi– Gaudi took over the construction in the year 1883 and the work on crypt was continued and finished in the year 1889. Then, he began construction of apse. Once a great amount of donation was received, Gaudi suggested a grander design. He proposed to avoid the old Neo-gothic plan and rather suggested to make the construction more innovative and monumental. The design proposed by Gaudi involved a huge church with Latin cross and mounting towers. His plan was to make the church symbolic in terms of both sculptures as well as architecture. The foundation of Nativity façade was started in the year 1892. The construction of apse façade was finished in the year 1894 and the Rosary portal, the entrance to the cloister was finished in the year 1899. In the year 1909, Gaudi started building the Sagrada Familia provisional school buildings for the children on the south-west corner. A model of Nativity façade was showcased in the Paris exhibition. In 1925, the first bell tower was finished which was, unfortunately, the only tower Guadi saw finished. He died the next year and was buried in the Chapel of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Sagrada Familia’s crypt. In all his working years, he collaborated with many architects, sculptors, modelers etc. After the death of Gaudi, Domenec Sugranes took over the project and worked until 1936. In 1936, during the time Spanish Civil War, the revolutionaries, put fire to the cry which resulted in the destruction of the provisional school. The workshop was also buried and all the plans and photographs were destroyed. After the Spanish Civil War incident, many architects worked on the building and the construction slowly continued. In the year 1955, the first fund-raising drive was organized to collect money for the construction. This initiative became very successful and ever since then the fundraiser was organized every year and took the construction of the Sagrada Familia to speed. On 19th March 1958, on Saint Joseph’s day, several statues made by Jaume Busquets of the holy family was set up. Later in 1968, Josep Maria Subirachs was put in charge of creating the sculptures and statues to put on the passion façade. The work in 21st Century: The transepts and vaulting in the central nave were completed and the construction of the Glory Façade began. The same year a mass was organized in the temple which showed the magnificence of the whole site. In the year 2001, the Passion façade’s main window was completed by Joan Vila-Grau who installed stainless glasses representing the resurrection. The crossing columns were also completed in the same year. In the year 2002, Gaudi and his great work were celebrated with the city council of Barcelona hosting International Gaudi Year to celebrate his 150th birth anniversary. The expiatory temple of Sagrada Familia came up with a different initiative that included relocation, restoration and starting the Sagrada Familia schools building. In the same year, the wall of the patriarch and prophets was completed by Josep Maria which was planned by Gaudi to be set up on the Passion façade’s top porch. In the year 2005, he completed the sculpture that represented Ascension between the towers of the Passion façade. The same yea,r the windows were installed in the central nave and a Japanese sculptor Etsuro Sotoo completed the Eucharistic symbols of bread. In the year 2006, the choir present in the Glory Façade was completed completely on the planned model by Gaudi. The ambulatory’s vaulting surrounding apse was later completed in the year 2008. The vaulting which is present around the apse and crossing was completely finished in the year 2010. The year 2010 is seen as a milestone year for the Sagrada Familia’s history. Because in this year the temple was blessed as a worship place by His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI. The present scenario of the Sagrada Familia: Currently, about 70% of the work of the temple is completed, and the aim is to complete the architecture soon. In 2016 following constructions were completed- - Upper narthex on the Passion Façade: the upper narthex of the passion façade otherwise known as cyma is almost finished. The work is ongoing regarding the presentation of the garden where Jesus Christ was buried and the quarry. - Western sacristy: It was blessed in the year 2015 and it is completed now. People enter the sacristy from the Basilica through the Liturgical Path. From 2016 mid, people have been entering the cloister to get a close look. - The Basilica’s interior: The choirs have been completed with benches of stones and the wrought-iron railing that features musical hymn notes that plays throughout the year. - Since December 2015, the stainless-glass windows of the upper side have been in the display and also the Nativity staircase has been in the display since July 2016. - The stained-glass windows that are installed in the staircase of the apse on the Passion façade are perfectly in place since December 2016. The staircase of the apse completes the windows that are inside the Basilica apart from the Glory façade. - The six central tower is aimed to finish by the year 2020 Towers of evangelists – There are four towers that stand at the height of 76 meters. The goal is to take the height to 135 meters by the year 2020. Tower of Virgin Mary – The tower is currently growing up from the apse. The middle of the tower will be at 135 meters and the tip will be raised at 140 meters. Tower of Jesus Christ – The tower of Jesus Christ will be the tallest of all the towers with the height of 172.5 meters. In the construction of Sagrada Familia Barcelona interior Gaudi, some great combination of lights are used to enhance the grandeur of the architecture. The sun rays falling on the pinnacles of the windows and towers. The growing sun brightens up the Nativity façade’s portals. The chemistry of lights and shadow when the sun is setting gives the façade a whole dramatic character. During the day, the Glory facade gets the sun shine on the 16 lanterns placed on the monumental porch and brightens the Basilica’s entrance. Gaudi believed that colors express different phases of life and this is the reason why he put so much emphasis on the Church of the Holy Family. Top places to visit in Sagrada Familia Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family is an absolute sight to take in and its history makes it even more interesting. However, the church is not the only place that will catch your attention here or the only place to explore. Barcelona is filled with beautiful and interesting sites to explore. Every nook and corner of this town have something beautiful to offer. So when you visit Sagrada Familia Barcelona, here are some other places close to it that you would definitely want to explore. - Sant Pau Art Nouveau Site: After the restoration of more than 5 years, the Sant Paul has become one of the greatest Sagrada Familia architecture that shows the cultural vibe of the place. It is also home to headquarters of around 9 international bodies, working and researching in the field of health and education. Take a tour of Sant Paul’s new building that is currently influencing the modern architecture. - Local Food: If you are in Barcelona then you must take a break from your tour and devour the local cuisine. And if you plan to do so, Gaudi Avenue is one of the best places to indulge in some of the best punches and tapas in the city. If you have got some nice weather then go and sit in some open place and enjoy the mouth-watering local cuisines while taking the beautiful view of the city. - The Michael Collins Irish Bar: The Michael Collins Irish Bar may not be considered as famous as the Gaudi’s work; however, the spot is one of the favorite pubs in the city. Plus, it is also one of the most popular neighborhoods of Church. The pub has got different varieties of beer, a relaxed environment, and great customer service. Of course, the Irish music is something that one cannot ignore. - Gaudi’s Avenue: Gaudi’s Avenue begins in front of the unfinished Gaudi’s church and the avenues see its end at one of the best architecture L’Hospital de le Santa Creu i Sant Pau. If you visit Sagrada Familia, your trip is incomplete if you didn’t take a stroll in this avenue which is filled with great cafes and restaurants. The walk here will allow you to enjoy the great view of the city and don’t forget to try the tapas from the local shops. You can also shop for some trendy clothes from the local shops here. - Visit Passeig de Gracia: Gracia before 19 century used to be a different town from Barcelona and Psseing de Gracia was a street that linked the two towns. Today this street is filled with trendy shops, cafes. If you are in Barcelona then you must visit Passeig de Gracia mainly because it is close to Casa Batllo or it is the place where you can tour La Pedrera. However, one of the simplest and probably the greatest reasons to visit Passeig de Gracia is because of the lively vibe and the ethnicity of the place. Just take the purple line (L2) from Sagrada Familia. However, if you have the time then try taking a walk to reach there and explore the city. - Vesping: Driving around leisurely is one of the best ways to explore Barcelona. You can hire a Vespa and head out on an excursion. Generally, the place from where you hire the Vespa explains how you can explore the city better and help you improve the experience. If you are close to Church of the Holy Family, you can easily hire Vespa as you will find the rental agency near it. - Passeig de Sant Joan: This is an amazing avenue located in the center of the city which is very close to Sagrada Familia. And it is one of the must-see places if you are in Barcelona. Passeig de Sant Joan begins at the Arc de Triomf which is a memorial arch constructed by architect Josep Vilaseca i Casanova and it comes to an end in one of the popular neighborhoods of Travessera de Gracia. - Bakery Puiggros: The bakery is situated at the Gaudi Avenue’s end which is only 5 minutes away from Sagrada Familia. The bakery is nothing short of a historic shop which has a variety of pastries, bread, coffees, and teas to offer. It was established in the year 1922 and recently renovated. Bakery Puiggros is the best place to explore if you are there with your kid as the place also have a kid’s area with lots of space to play around with lots of toys. If you visit Sagrada Familia make sure you also stop at Bakery Puiggros to taste the best homemade pastries in Barcelona. Barcelona is undoubtedly a beautiful place with a beautiful culture. May be this is the reason why this city is so popular among the travellers. This historical monument adds to the ethnicity of the place and the rich history of this unfinished church makes it even intriguing. If you find yourself in Barcelona make sure you definitely visit Sagrada Familia.

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A team of researchers from the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and the Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute has uncovered a new aspect of autism, revealing that proteins involved in autism interact with many more partners than previously known. These interactions had not been detected earlier because they involve alternatively spliced forms of autism genes found in the brain. In their study, published in the April 11, 2014 online issue of Nature Communications, the scientists isolated hundreds of new variants of autism genes from the human brain, and then screened their protein products against thousands of other proteins to identify interacting partners. Proteins produced by alternatively-spliced autism genes and their many partners formed a biological network that produced an unprecedented view of how autism genes are connected. “With this assembled autism network, we can begin to investigate how newly discovered mutations from patients may disrupt this network,” said Iakoucheva. “This is an important task because the mechanism by which mutant proteins contribute to autism in 99.9 percent of cases remains unknown.”

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Below are a few videos that provide some background and visual representation of the possible shift in Earth's geographic and magnetic poles. For more detailed information related to the science, theories, and conclusions of these two events, please click on these links: magnetic pole shift or geographic axis shift. This first set is a 3-Part video that provides a detailed understanding of the science and prophecy behind the possible shift in Earth's magnetic poles. This is one of the best presentations on the pole shift, equinox, galactic plane, and how they all tie together. Everything 2012 Earth Changes (Part 1 of 3) Everything 2012 Earth Changes (Part 2 of 3) Everything 2012 Earth Changes (Part 3 of 3) The following video clips illustrate the possible location of Earth’s equator after a possible geographic axis shift. These animated representations are based on the scientific theories about the geographic movement of a magnetic body when external electromagnetic fields are applied. Some of the ancient prophecy suggests that Earth’s geographic axis could tilt by approximately 16 to 40 degrees. The below video is based on a 20 degree shift in the geographic axis which provides an example of the lower range from Edgar Cayce and more recently by the Mayan Elder’s, who predict a 16 to 20 degree shift. This next video is based on a 40 degree shift in the geographic axis which provides an example of the upper range from Gordon Michael Scallion, who predicts a 20 to 45 degree shift.

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To defeat your enemy, you must know your enemy. What is spam? For our purposes, spam is any unsolicited bulk electronic message. Spam these days is intended to lure unsuspecting users into visiting a (usually shady) web site where they will be asked to buy products, or have malware delivered to their computers, or both. Some spam will deliver malware directly. It may surprise you to learn that the first spam was sent in 1864. It was an advertisement for dental services, sent via Western Union telegram. The word itself is a reference to a scene in Monty Python's Flying Circus. Spam, in this case, does not refer to mailing list traffic a user subscribed to, even if they changed their minds later (or forgot about it) but have not actually unsubscribed yet. Why is spam a problem? Spam is a problem because it works for the spammers. Spam typically generates more than enough sales (or malware delivery, or both) to cover the costs -- to the spammer -- of sending it. The spammer does not consider the costs to the recipient, you and your users. Even when a tiny minority of users receiving spam respond to it, it's enough. So you get to pay the bills for bandwidth, servers, and administrator time to deal with incoming spam. We block spam for these reasons: we don't want to see it, to reduce our costs of handling email, and to make spamming more expensive for the spammers. How does spam work? Spam typically is delivered in different ways from normal, legitimate email. Spammers almost always want to obscure the origin of the email, so a typical spam will contain fake header information. The From: address is usually fake. Some spam includes fake Received: lines in an attempt to disguise the trail. A lot of spam is delivered via open SMTP relays, open proxy servers and botnets. All of these methods make it more difficult to determine who originated the spam. Once in the user's inbox, the purpose of the spam is to entice the user to visit the advertised web site. There, the user will be enticed to make a purchase, or the site will attempt to install malware on the user's computer, or both. Or, the spam will ask the user to open an attachment which contains malware. How do I stop spam? As a system administrator of a mail server, you will configure your mail server and domain to make it more difficult for spammers to deliver their spam to your users. I will be covering issues specifically focused on spam and may skip over things not directly related to spam (such as encryption). Don't run an open relay The big mail server sin is to run an open relay, a SMTP server which will accept mail for any destination and deliver it onward. Spammers love open relays because they virtually guarantee delivery. They take on the load of delivering messages (and retrying!) while the spammer does something else. They make spamming cheap. Open relays also contribute to the problem of backscatter. These are messages which were accepted by the relay but then found to be undeliverable. The open relay will then send a bounce message to the From: address which contains a copy of the spam. - Configure your mail server to accept incoming mail on port 25 only for your own domain(s). For most mail servers, this is the default behavior, but you at least need to tell the mail server what your domains are. - Test your system by sending your SMTP server a mail from outside your network where both the To: addresses are not within your domain. The message should be rejected. (Or, use an online service like MX Toolbox to perform the test, but be aware that some online services will submit your IP address to blacklists if your mail server fails the test.) Reject anything that looks too suspicious Various misconfigurations and errors can be a tip-off that an incoming message is likely to be spam or otherwise illegitimate. - Mark as spam or reject messages for which the IP address has no reverse DNS (PTR record). Treat the lack of a PTR record more harshly for IPv4 connections than for IPv6 connections, as many IPv6 addresses do not yet have reverse DNS, and may not for several years, until DNS server software is better able to handle these potentially very large zones. - Reject messages for which the domain name in the sender or recipient addresses does not exist. - Reject messages which do not use fully qualified domain names for the sender or recipient domains, unless they originate within your domain and are meant to be delivered within your domain (e.g. monitoring services). - Reject connections where the other end does not send a - Reject connections where the - not a fully qualified domain name and not an IP address - blatantly wrong (e.g. your own IP address space) - Reject connections which use pipelining without being authorized to do so. Authenticate your users Mail arriving at your servers should be thought of in terms of inbound mail and outbound mail. Inbound mail is any mail arriving at your SMTP server which is ultimately destined for your domain; outbound mail is any mail arriving at your SMTP server which will be transferred elsewhere before being delivered (eg. it's going to another domain). Inbound mail can be handled by your spam filters, and may come from anywhere but must always be destined for your users. This mail can't be authenticated, because it is not possible to give credentials to every site which might send you mail. Outbound mail, that is, mail which will be relayed, must be authenticated. This is the case whether it comes from the Internet or from inside your network (though you should restrict the IP address ranges allowed to use your mailserver if operationally possible); this is because spambots might be running inside your network. So, configure your SMTP server such that mail bound for other networks will be dropped (relay access will be denied) unless that mail is authenticated. Better still, use separate mail servers for inbound and outbound mail, allow no relaying at all for the inbound ones, and allow no unauthenticated access to the outbound ones. If your software allows this, you should also filter messages according to the authenticated user; if the from address of the mail does not match the user who authenticated, it should be rejected. Do not silently update the from address; the user should be aware of the configuration error. You should also log the username which is used to send mail, or add an identifying header to it. This way, if abuse does occur, you have evidence and know which account was used to do it. This allows you to isolate compromised accounts and problem users, and is especially valuable for shared hosting providers. You want to be certain that mail leaving your network is actually being sent by your (authenticated) users, not by bots or people from outside. The specifics of how you do this depend on exactly what kind of system you are administering. Generally, blocking egress traffic on ports 25, 465, and 587 (SMTP, SMTP/SSL, and Submission) for everything but your outbound mailservers is a good idea if you are a corporate network. This is so that malware-running bots on your network cannot send spam from your network either to open relays on the Internet or directly to the final MTA for an address. Hotspots are a special case because legitimate mail from them originates from many different domains, but (because of SPF, among other things) a "forced" mailserver is inappropriate and users should be using their own domain's SMTP server to submit mail. This case is much harder, but using a specific public IP or IP range for Internet traffic from these hosts (to protect your site's reputation), throttling SMTP traffic, and deep packet inspection are solutions to consider. Historically, spambots have issued spam mainly on port 25, but nothing prevents them from using port 587 for the same purpose, so changing the port used for inbound mail is of dubious value. However, using port 587 for mail submission is recommended by RFC 2476, and allows for a separation between mail submission (to the first MTA) and mail transfer (between MTAs) where that is not obvious from network topology; if you require such separation, you should do this. If you are an ISP, VPS host, colocation provider, or similar, or are providing a hotspot for use by visitors, blocking egress SMTP traffic can be problematic for users who are sending mail using their own domains. In all cases except a public hotspot, you should require users who need outbound SMTP access because they are running a mailserver to specifically request it. Let them know that abuse complaints will ultimately result in that access being terminated to protect your reputation. Dynamic IPs, and those used for virtual desktop infrastructure, should never have outbound SMTP access except to the specific mailserver those nodes are expected to use. These types of IPs should also appear on blacklists and you should not attempt to build reputation for them. This is because they are extremely unlikely to be running a legitimate MTA. Consider using SpamAssassin SpamAssassin is a mail filter which can be used to identify spam based on the message headers and content. It uses a rules-based scoring system to determine the likelihood that a message is spam. The higher the score, the more likely the message is spam. SpamAssassin also has a Bayesian engine which can analyze spam and ham (legitimate email) samples fed back into it. Best practice for SpamAssassin is not to reject the mail, but to put it in a Junk or Spam folder. MUAs (mail user agents) such as Outlook and Thunderbird can be set up to recognize the headers that SpamAssassin adds to email messages and to file them appropriately. False positives can and do happen, and while they're rare, when it happens to the CEO, you will hear about it. That conversation will go much better if the message was simply delivered to the Junk folder rather than rejected outright. SpamAssassin is almost one-of-a-kind, though a few alternatives exist. - Install SpamAssassin and configure automatic update for its rules using - Consider using custom rules where appropriate. - Consider setting up Bayesian filtering. Consider using DNS-based blackhole lists and reputation services DNSBLs (formerly known as RBLs, or realtime blackhole lists) provide lists of IP addresses associated with spam or other malicious activity. These are run by independent third parties based on their own criteria, so research carefully whether the listing and delisting criteria used by a DNSBL is compatible with your organization's need to receive email. For instance, a few DNSBLs have draconian delisting policies which make it very difficult for someone who was accidentally listed to be removed. Others automatically delist after the IP address has not sent spam for a period of time, which is safer. Most DNSBLs are free to use. Reputation services are similar, but claim to provide better results by analyzing more data relevant to any given IP address. Most reputation services require a subscription payment or hardware purchase or both. There are dozens of DNSBLs and reputation services available, though some of the better known and useful ones I use and recommend are: As mentioned before, many dozens of others are available and may suit your needs. One of my favorite tricks is to look up the IP address which delivered a spam that got through against multiple DNSBLs to see which of them would have rejected it. - For each DNSBL and reputation service, examine its policies for listing and delisting of IP addresses and determine whether these are compatible with your organization's needs. - Add the DNSBL to your SMTP server when you have decided it is appropriate to use that service. - Consider assigning each DNSBL a score and configuring it into SpamAssassin rather than your SMTP server. This reduces the impact of a false positive; such a message would be delivered (possibly to Junk/Spam) instead of bounced. The tradeoff is that you will deliver a lot of spam. - Or, reject outright when the IP address is on one of the more conservative lists, and configure the more aggressive lists in SpamAssassin. SPF (Sender Policy Framework; RFC 4408 and RFC 6652) is a means to prevent email address spoofing by declaring which Internet hosts are authorized to deliver mail for a given domain name. - Configure your DNS to declare an SPF record with your authorized outgoing mail servers and -all to reject all others. - Configure your mail server to check the SPF records of incoming mail, if they exist, and reject mail which fails SPF validation. Skip this check if the domain does not have SPF records. DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail; RFC 6376) is a method of embedding digital signatures in mail messages which can be verified using public keys published in the DNS. It is patent-encumbered in the US, which has slowed its adoption. DKIM signatures can also break if a message is modified in transit (e.g. SMTP servers occasionally may repack MIME messages). - Consider signing your outgoing mail with DKIM signatures, but be aware that the signatures may not always verify correctly even on legitimate mail. Consider using greylisting Greylisting is a technique where the SMTP server issues a temporary rejection for an incoming message, rather than a permanent rejection. When the delivery is retried in a few minutes or hours, the SMTP server will then accept the message. Greylisting can stop some spam software which is not robust enough to differentiate between temporary and permanent rejections, but does not help with spam that was sent to an open relay or with more robust spam software. It also introduces delivery delays which users may not always tolerate. - Consider using greylisting only in extreme cases, since it is highly disruptive to legitimate email traffic. Consider using nolisting Nolisting is a method of configuring your MX records such that the highest priority (lowest preference number) record does not have a running SMTP server. This relies on the fact that a lot of spam software will only try the first MX record, while legitimate SMTP servers try all MX records in ascending order of preference. Some spam software also attempts to send directly to the lowest priority (highest preference number) MX record in violation of RFC 5321, so that could also be set to an IP address without an SMTP server. This is reported to be safe, though as with anything, you should test carefully first. - Consider setting your highest-priority MX record to point to a host which does not answer on port 25. - Consider setting your lowest-priority MX record to point to a host which does not answer on port 25. Consider a spam filtering appliance Place a spam filtering appliance such as Cisco IronPort or Barracuda Spam & Virus Firewall (or other similar appliances) in front of your existing SMTP server to take much of the work out of reducing the spam you receive. These appliances are pre-configured with DNSBLs, reputation services, Bayesian filters and the other features I've covered, and are updated regularly by their manufacturers. - Research spam filtering appliance hardware and subscription costs. Consider hosted email services If it's all too much for you (or your overworked IT staff) you can always have a third party service provider handle your email for you. Services such as Google's Postini, Symantec MessageLabs Email Security (or others) will filter messages for you. Some of these services can also handle regulatory and legal requirements. - Research hosted email service subscription costs. What guidance should sysadmins give to end users regarding fighting spam? The absolute #1 thing that end users should do to fight spam is: DO NOT RESPOND TO THE SPAM. If it looks funny, don't click the website link and don't open the attachment. No matter how attractive the offer seems. That viagra isn't that cheap, you aren't really going to get naked pictures of anybody, and there is no $15 million dollars in Nigeria or elsewhere except for the money taken from people who did respond to the spam. If you see a spam message, mark it as Junk or Spam depending on your mail client. DO NOT mark a message as Junk/Spam if you actually signed up to receive the messages and just want to stop receiving them. Instead, unsubscribe from the mailing list using the unsubscribe method provided. Check your Junk/Spam folder regularly to see if any legitimate messages got through. Mark these as Not Junk/Not Spam and add the sender to your contacts to prevent their messages from being marked as spam in the future.

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America has always been a land of diverse faiths. And in his Thanksgiving Proclamation of 1789, George Washington particularly enjoined gratitude for “the civil and religious liberty with which we are blessed.” While nominally Episcopalian, he himself was never a formal communicant in that church, and his Proclamation avoided specifically Christian language. Indeed, Washington’s writings virtually never referred to the deity as Christ or Redeemer or Savior, and his Thanksgiving decree was typical in calling on God as “the beneficent author all good” and “the Lord and Ruler of Nations,” seeking in his own way to find an inclusive vocabulary that could unite rather than divide his fellow Americans. Religion, Washington felt, should be force that brings people together across sectarian lines. So in a letter he wrote as President in 1790 to the Jewish Synagogue in Newport, he assured the sons of Abraham that all in the newly founded nation “possess alike liberty of conscience and immunities of citizenship.” "It is now no more that toleration is spoken of, as if it was by the indulgence of one class of people that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights. For happily the Government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they who live under its protection, should demean themselves as good citizens." Americans may finally be embracing what Washington called “the enlarged and liberal policy” of respect for religious differences. According to a Pew Forum poll conducted last year that interviewed 2,905 adults, only 29% of respondents surveyed agreed with the statement, “My religion is the one, true faith leading to eternal life.” Solid majorities of Roman Catholics, mainline Protestants and Evangelicals all agreed that other paths–even non-Christian religions–may lead to salvation. Thanks largely to the separation of church and state, which our Founders so wisely instituted, the United States today has become the most spiritually diverse nation on earth. Harvard’s Pluralism Project counts 1660 mosques currently operating in our country, 724 Hindu temples, 2228 Buddhist centers, and 252 Sikh temples. For over two hundred years, devotees of most of these traditions have been able to co-exist amicably with their Christian and Jewish neighbors. Friendship, rather than strife, has been the norm. As we gather round our tables in the spirit of George Washington’s Proclamation, that truly is a reason to give thanks.

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A root canal is one of the most common dental procedures performed–well over 14 million every year. This simple treatment can save your natural teeth and prevent the need for dental implants or bridges. At the center of your tooth is pulp. Pulp is a collection of blood vessels that helps to build the surrounding tooth. Infection of the pulp can be caused by trauma to the tooth, deep decay, cracks and chips, or repeated dental procedures. Symptoms of the infection can be identified as visible injury or swelling of the tooth and/or sensitivity to temperature or pain in the tooth and gums. How is a root canal performed? If you experience any of these symptoms, your dentist likely will recommend nonsurgical treatment to eliminate the diseased pulp. This injured pulp is removed and the root canal system is thoroughly cleaned and sealed. This therapy usually involves local anesthesia and may be completed in one or more visits, depending on the treatment required. Success for this type of treatment occurs in about 90% of cases. If your tooth is not amenable to endodontic treatment or the chance of success is unfavorable, you will be informed at the time of consultation or when a complication becomes evident during or after treatment. At The Pampered Tooth, we use the latest technology to help you relax during your procedure. Our use of rotary endodontic instruments, localized antibacterial agents, and “continuous wave obturation” (the latest technology in filling the canal of the tooth’s root after it has been properly cleaned and disinfected) help make the process faster, safer, and more efficient. You can rest assured that the root canal techniques we use ensure the most predictable results possible when completing your root canal. You will be able to drive home after your treatment, and you probably will be comfortable returning to your normal routine. What happens after treatment? When your root canal therapy has been completed, Dr. Hanson will place the necessary restoration to protect your tooth. The restoration of choice will be discussed prior to root canal treatment, as it varies based on the condition of the tooth and any existing restoration it may have. It is rare for endodontic patients to experience complications after routine endodontic treatment or microsurgery. If a problem does occur, however, we are available at all times to respond. To prevent further decay, continue to practice good dental hygiene. How much will it cost? The cost associated with this procedure can vary depending on factors such as the severity of damage to the affected tooth and which tooth is affected. In general, endodontic treatment is much less expensive than tooth removal and replacement with an artificial tooth. “Every tooth in a man’s head is more valuable than a diamond.” [Miguel de Cervantes] HOURS at The Pampered Tooth, your Port Orange dentist Monday through Thursday 8 am – 4:30pm Evening hours are available Friday’s by appointment

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Matlab Assignment Help What is Matlab? Matlab is a profoundly proficient programming language for hard calculation. Hope you are well aware of this multi-purpose programming language. It joins visual, estimates, and programming in a simple to-utilize condition where issues and arrangements are given in surely understood numerical expressions. When a few calculations take a parcel of time at that point engineers or researchers use Matlab to perform hard and protracted mathematical issue to solve in seconds this is even used to design 3d models of drones, massive objects like ships and airplanes. Where Matlab is used? Matlab solves a lot of matrix severe problems in seconds. Some regular operations that operate on arrays or models are built-in to the Matlab environment. There are several uses of this tool. Some are below: - Data visualization - It helps Analysis in research studies and experiments - Engineering graphics - Application development - Including Graphical User Interface building - Graphics management - Mathematical library function of MATLAB Importance Of MATLAB Our MATLAB homework help review the importance of studying MATLAB - MATLAB shows fundamental programming theories that are essential for any technically experienced professional to know. - This is a high-performance language for professional computing. - It coordinates calculation, perception, and programming in a simple to-utilize condition where issues and arrangements are communicated in natural scientific documentation. - Empowers you to take care of intense numerical issues - Matlab primary data element is the matrix. So you can frame your data very quickly, and then adjust colors, sizes, scales, etc How we offer the best Matlab assignment help There are numerous alternatives accessible to you when you need Matlab Assignment and homework help. You can counsel reading material, you can converse with companions who are in high divisions, you can consult your educators, you can check online substance and you can counsel with specialists on the web. At matlabassignmenthelp.com you get the tremendous offers at reasonable prices. Topics covered by Matlabassignmenthelp.com professionals - Introduction to Matlab - Matlab Interactive Sessions - Menus and the toolbar - Computing with Matlab - Script files and the Editor Debugger - Symbolic Processing - Symbolic Expressions and Algebra - Algebraic and Transcendental Equations - Symbolic Linear Algebra, and many more. Some Reasons To Choose Matlabassignmenthelp.com Are As Following - Team of Expert MATLAB Experts Available 24/7 to Help You With MATLAB Assignments - Safe Payment Method - 100% Money Back Guarantee - Delivery before Deadline - 100% Satisfaction Guarantee - Privacy Guarantee MATLAB Assignment Experts The students have an inquiry that how our specialists complete their MATLAB work. The working strides of our professionals are as follows: They read question with profound comprehension Our "MATLAB assignment help" experts never start the paper until the point of customer's undertaking is obvious to them. They read all directions given and concerning designing and referencing of activities just as keep them in their mind when writing paper. Our programmers are well versed with usage of toolboxes for digital signal processing. They will guarantee that even with your tight deadline, despite everything you fulfill your assignments time constraint. Career Aspects Of MATLAB By Experts Career in Matlab programming is filled with opportunities, some of them are given below. - Matlab Developer - Matlab Engineer - Technical Engineer - Model Based Development Engineer - Matlab Programming Engineer - Software Tester - Interface Developer - Data Analyst Steps To Write An Excellent MATLAB Assignment: There are numerous sources available on the internet to do your Matlab assignment. But this is the only place where you meet best experts who holds many years of experience in Matlab assignment writing. If you are able to do this on your own then You need to understand the step of writing a better assignment which could help you to achieve higher academic distinction, and they are: - Research about the subject - It is necessary to give the full information about the topic. - You should make an assignment out of MATLAB referencing every one of the realities and parts of MATLAB and should show data about its unengaged regions Get the best MATLAB Assignment Help From The Experts Of Matlabassignmenthelp.com If you are looking for Matlab Assignment Help, so you are at the right place, we are giving Matlab assignment for many years. Our main goal is to make our clients happy with our services. Matlabassignmenthelp.com check your homework correctly then assign that to the expert who is best suits for that. We bring the most significant Matlab assignment professionals that can solve your problems in minutes. Now, submit your worries to matlabassignmenthelp.com and relieve for the issues.

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It derives from three Irish originals: O Braonain, from braon, possibly meaning "sorrow", Mac Branain, and O Branain, both from bran, meaning "raven", one of the most popular personal names in early Ireland. The Mac Branain were chiefs of a large territory in the east of the present Co. Roscommon, and a large majority of the Brennans of north Connacht, counties Mayo, Sligo and Roscommon, descend from them. O Branain was a name found among the Cenel Eoghan, the tribal grouping claiming descent from Eoghan, one of the sons of the 4th century monarch, Niall, progenitor of the Ui Neill. Their territory included the modern county which records his name, Tyrone, and it is in this area and the adjoining counties of Donegal, Fermanagh and Monaghan that the northern Brennans are now most commonly found. In this area, especially Donegal, the name was also anglicised as Brannan and Branny. 15 Brannan births are recorded in 1890, most of them in Donegal. O Braonain originated in at least four distinct areas, Kilkenny, east Galway, Westmeath and Kerry. Of these the most powerful were the O Braonain of Kilkenny, chiefs of Idough in the north of the county. After they lost their land and status to the English, many of them became notorious as leaders of bands of outlaws. Witness the popular ballad "Brennan on the Moor". One of the last chiefs of the name of the .Kilkenny Brennans was John Brennan (1768-11830), popularly known as the "wrestling doctor" for his satires on the Dublin medical establishment. The classical scholar Christopher (John) Brennan was the most learned poet Australia produced at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century., Mostly in the symbolist tradition, his work is characterized by force of feeling and depth of imagery. Joseph Brennan (1887-1963) was one of the most influential Irish civil servants of his generation, becoming the first Secretary of the Department of Finance, chairman of the Currency Commission and, from 1942 until 1953, first governor of the central Bank.

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Contributions of Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden to Brazil's national GSPC mainstreaming Volume 7 Number 2 - July 2010 At 202 years of age, the Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden Research Institute (JBRJ) has a long history of contributing to the development of scientific knowledge and plant conservation frameworks, protocols and actions. Several initiatives can be highlighted, such as the creation of the first Brazilian National Park in 1937 - the Itatiaia National Park, formerly a field research station of the JBRJ. More recently, the establishment of important botanical collections, such as the RB Herbarium, the DNA bank, the live collection and the institutional seed bank represent major steps towards effective conservation. For more than two centuries, JBRJ has protected in itself the memory of the Brazilian natural landscapes and its transitions, preserving plants introduced during colonial times, while at the same time, investing in scientific advances for the challenge of plant diversity conservation. In order to mainstream national efforts with international initiatives towards plant conservation, the National Centre for Plant Conservation – CNCFlora, was created in December 2008, under the JBRJ infrastructure. The Centre`s mission is to coordinate national efforts, and to understand, document, and conserve plant diversity in Brazil, in collaboration with research institutions and environmental agencies worldwide. The challenge is being developed according to the framework provided by the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), prioritizing the targets that meet national priorities and capacities. “Mainstreaming national conservation policies with the GSPC framework is of great importance”. Targets being addressed CNCFlora has focused efforts on achieving advances in five specific GSPC targets: a) a widely accessible working list of known plant species, as a step towards a complete world flora (Target 1); b) a preliminary assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species, at national, regional or international level (Target 2); c) development of models with protocols for plant conservation and sustainable use, based on research and practical experience (Target 3); d) the number of trained people working with appropriated facilities in plant conservation increased, according to national needs, to achieve the targets of this strategy (Target 15); and e) networks for plant conservation activities established at national, regional and international level (Target 16). Due to high rates of biodiversity and endemism in Brazil, GSPC Target 1 has always been considered a challenge and several previous actions have already failed. The JBRJ has been working for 2 years on the development of the Official List of the Brazilian Flora. CNCFlora has brought together 480 researchers from national and international institutions through an online platform, specially designed in association with the Centro de Referência em Informação Ambiental (CRIA), to organize coordinators, collaborators, attributions and personal contributions. The process used the Species2000 protocol, and generated a species list composed of c. 45,000 taxa, to be launched in April 2010. This represents a major achievement for the botanical community, since a huge proportion of the world’s plant diversity occurs in Brazil and is under constant threat due to unsustainable land use practices. In the absence of an Official List of the Brazilian Flora, achievements towards GSPC Target 2 are limited, but still significant. Considering the need to improve conceptual and methodological definitions to address endangered species conservation status assessments in Brazil, CNCFlora has been engaged in the process of diagnosing the present system of endangered species management and identifying globally emerging trends in plant conservation. A series of technical meetings are scheduled for this year in order to consolidate a formal proposal to be forwarded to the Environment Ministry, with the specifications of a modern and adequate system of endangered species management, mainstreamed to the GSPC framework. Besides that, 12 recovery plans are being elaborated under the coordination of this Centre. Eight recovery plans for Orchidaceae, one for Amaryllidaceae and three for Lauraceae species. It is important to note that this represents more than the number of recovery plans ever developed in Brazil for endangered plant species, and constitutes an important step in plant conservation policy towards a more proactive approach. “The Brazilian Official List of Endangered Species includes 472 species. 92 endangered species are in the ex situ collection of JBRJ.” Advances in the targets mentioned have been possible due to extensive research and discussion on conservation protocols adopted by different countries, their strengths and weaknesses, and appropriateness to the Brazilian biodiversity situation and institutional capacity. During its two years of operation, CNCFlora staff have been reviewing all literature on the subject and consolidating a document to be forwarded to the Environment Ministry and all responsible government institutions, in order to standardize national efforts for plant conservation. The document will be presented in late 2010 and will address GSPC Target 3 recommendations. To guarantee the long term sustainability of CNCFlora and its actions, investments in capacity building for the conservation of plant diversity has been a priority since the Centre’s creation. Therefore, the CNCFlora Grant Program was established. This already supports 11 professionals, 3 undergraduate, 1 graduate and 5 post-graduate students. Alignment between the JBRJ Research Institute and the Brazilian National School of Tropical Botany – ENBT, has been strategic to assure the necessary infrastructure to increase the number of trained people in plant conservation. However, the most challenging task might be to guarantee proper communication among actors involved in the plant conservation process, avoiding by that, redundant efforts. In this way, CNCFlora has been investing time in establishing working agendas with all government institutions related to biodiversity and plant conservation, in order to consolidate an effective network. Despite people’s good will, and existing guidelines for plant conservation, the Brazilian institutions seem to be unsupported in implementing their conservation agendas. This Centre has played a key role in articulating actors and focusing efforts on the recommendations of GSPC Target 16, related to building networks. Notwithstanding the recent creation of CNCFlora, the significant progress made to date on the targets listed above evidences the importance of botanic gardens participating in plant conservation all over the world, leading the way and working as models for other scientific institutions and environmental agencies. Mainstreaming national conservation policies with the GSPC framework is of great relevance. Since biodiversity does not respond to political boundaries, the conservation strategies for plants must be transversely and globally implemented, in order to assure effectiveness of actions. To face the new challenge of plant conservation worldwide and halt biodiversity loss, new integrative approaches are needed. It is necessary to establish communication among actors involved in this process, and botanic gardens can play a key role. Science itself cannot address all related matters. Therefore it is important to consider political, economical and social aspects of the actions undertaken, establishing a permanent communication channel between scientists and decision makers. The Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden is highly committed to the challenge and has already consolidated important contributions for the National GSPC mainstreaming process. National Centre on Flora Conservation Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Rua Pacheco Leao 915, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030 Brazilian Botanic Gardens Action Plan The Brazilian Botanic Gardens Action Plan was published by the Brazilian Botanic Garden Network in 2004. The Action Plan, which was developed in a consultative process with Brazilian botanic garden staff, indicates the challenges, priorities and future responsibilities, both individual and collective, for Brazilian botanical gardens. It was developed as a national response to the International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation and the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and includes 20 key goals for botanic gardens in Brazil to achieve by 2014. A number of short, medium and long term action points are identified for the achievement of each of the key goals. Copies of the Action Plan can be downloaded from: www.rbjb.org.br

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As citizens of planet earth, we have a role in caring and safeguarding our global home and one of the effective ways is to manage our waste sustainably, responsibly and to embrace circular economy. We can do this by following the five R's of waste management such as Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recovery. This is also in line to support the government Separation at Source (SAS) initiative. Prevention is better than cure. It is best to not create unwanted or additional waste. Or, is there a better option and possibly, to it with something more environment-friendly. Reducing waste is the most important thing we can do to prevent excessive waste. This also avoids the unnecessary use of valuable resources such as materials, energy and water. Reuse means you don't have to buy new product such as using food container rather than single-use plastic when buying and packing food. That saves your money and saves the energy and resources that would have been use to make the new product Recycling involves some form of reprocessing of waste materials to produce another product. For example, recycling of waste paper to make boxes or paper bags. Composting is also a form of recycling (of food waste). It is like giving a 'second life' to these items. "Recover" is a broader term than recycling, because it also includes processes like incinerator (which can lead to energy recovery, through not the recovery of raw materials). This also include turning plastic to fuel or, anaerobic digester, of turning organic matter such as animal or food waste, to produce biogas and bio fertiliser.

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A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove a woman's uterus. Hysterectomies are carried out to treat health problems that affect the female reproductive system such as: A hysterectomy is a major operation with long recovery time and is only considered after all other treatment approaches have been tried without success. You'll no longer be able to get pregnant after the operation. Hysterectomy is done when: There are various types of hysterectomy and depending on the reason for the hysterectomy and why you need the operation, it is decided how much of your uterus and surrounding reproductive system can safely be left in place. The main types of hysterectomy are as follows: Hysterectomy can be carried out in three ways, either it'll be laparoscopic, vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy. A hysterectomy is a major operation and thus the patient should expect to stay in the hospital for up to 5 days after surgery, and it takes about 6 to 8 weeks to fully recover. Recovery times can also vary depending on the type of hysterectomy which was performed. It is advised to rest as much as possible during this time and avoid lifting anything heavy, such as bags of shopping. You need time for your abdominal muscles and tissues to heal. After a hysterectomy, the vast majority of women who underwent the operation saw improvement and cure in the main problem (for example, pain or heavy periods). Long Term Recovery: The permanent effects of hysterectomy are that you do not get your periods and can not also get pregnant. Hysterectomy is major surgery. Just like all surgeries, it comes with little complications too but they happen in rare cases. These risks include: These are the symptoms that people experience after most surgeries. But these happen in very rare cases. This does not mean hysterectomy is not safe, doctors will accompany you about these symptoms before you leave the hospital and if they don't do, you can always ask your doctor about it.

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All Souls Day is the official day set aside by the Church to commemorate and pray for the dead. Of course, Catholics are always–or should be always–praying for the dead, no matter what day it is. As I mentioned in my earlier post about praying for the dead, since we believe that a good majority of those who die don’t go straight to Heaven, we pray for them, so their sufferings in Purgatory might be shortened. Recently, when we were in Portugal filming for our upcoming series, The Faithful Traveler in Portugal, we encountered something I have encountered a few times whilst in Europe–the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. We were at the huge and impressive Monastery of Batalha, when we were told that we had to hurry if we wanted to film the changing of the guard. Hurry we did, and we were able to capture an impressive sight, honoring the tomb that holds the bodies of two unknown soldiers, one who died in Flanders and another who died in Africa. I’m going to save our footage for the series, but here is some impressive footage I found online, shot from a completely different angle than we filmed it: It’s a beautifully choreographed and performed ritual that honors those who died for their country, despite the fact that their names are lost to history. Many countries have tombs to unknown soldiers. This website provides a lovely series of images of many of them. Here in the US, we have four: - the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington Cemetery where a changing of the Guard ceremony also takes place, - the Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier in Philadelphia, - the Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier in Mississippi, and - the Civil War Unknowns Monument, also at Arlington Cemetery. Honoring these soldiers who died in the defense of their country is a microcosmic way of looking at the Feast of All Souls, during which when we pray for ALL souls who have died in the midst of the spiritual battle we face every day here on Earth. Today, we pray for everyone who has died–courageous and not so courageous, soldiers for the country and soldiers for Christ, brave and honorable, weak and sinful. We pray for them all, trusting in God’s justice and hoping in His mercy. For the past few years, during the month of November, I read Stories About Purgatory and What They Reveal: 30 Days for the Holy Souls. It provides wonderful insight into the idea of praying for the Holy Souls, and it reminds me to do everything I can to offer up sacrifices on their behalf. Here is a little snippet from yesterday’s reading: All Saints–All Souls! It was well done to place thus close together these two beautiful solemnities. There is a fitness, too, in this season of the fall of the leaf for such a commemoration of the departed. The flowers and green leaves of May, the yellow harvests and the warm glow of August, would be out of place upon All Souls’ Day. Better to sing this Universal Requiem when Nature herself has laid aside the garments of her gladness, when the warm blood of youth is no longer coursing through the earth’s veins, when the very sunshine seems chill and sad, and the wind through the naked branches is a dirge. But at whatever period they come, All Saints Day [November 1] and All Souls Day [November 2] should come together. And they come together, though one might be tempted, in all reverence, to wish that the order of their coming were reversed. If the commemoration of All Souls came first, we might hope that the suffrages of the Church Militant on that day, joined with the prayers of the Church Triumphant, might avail must to the relief of the Suffering Church; might procure the discharge of many, perhaps, among the patient victims detained in that prison house of mercy, and so increase the hosts of those honored in the Festival of All Saints. Don’t forget to get your indulgences today! Requirements for Obtaining a Plenary Indulgence on All Souls Day (2 Nov) - Visit a church and pray for souls in Purgatory - Say one “Our Father” and the “Apostles Creed” in the visit to the church - Say one “Our Father” and one “Hail Mary” for the Holy Father’s intentions (that is, the intentions designated by the Holy Father each month) - Worthily receive Holy Communion (ideally on the same day if you can get to Mass) - Make a sacramental confession within 20 days of All Souls Day - For a plenary indulgence be free from all attachment to sin, even venial sin (otherwise, the indulgence is partial, not plenary, “full”). You can acquire one plenary indulgence a day. How hard can that be? Happy All Souls Day!

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Dormancy and life span of seeds Diaspore dormancy has at least three functions: (1) immediate germination must be prevented even when circumstances are optimal so as to avoid exposure of the seedling to an unfavourable period (e.g., winter), which is sure to follow; (2) the unfavourable period has to be survived; and (3) the various dispersing agents must be given time to act. Accordingly, the wide variation in diaspore longevity can be appreciated only by linking it with the various dispersal mechanisms employed as well as with the climate and its seasonal changes. Thus, the downy seeds of willows, blown up and down rivers in early summer with a chance of quick establishment on newly exposed sandbars, have a life span of only one week. Tropical rainforest trees frequently have seeds of low life expectancy also. Intermediate are seeds of sugarcane, tea, and coconut palm, among others, with life spans of up to a year. Mimosa glomerata seeds in the herbarium of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris were found viable after 221 years. In general, viability is better retained in air of low moisture content. Some seeds, however, remain viable underwater—those of certain rush (Juncus) species and Sium cicutaefolium for at least 7 years. Salt water can be tolerated for years by the pebblelike but floating seeds of Caesalpinia (Guilandina) bonduc and C. bonducella, species that, in consequence, possess an almost pantropical distribution. Seeds of the sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) found in a peat deposit in Manchuria and estimated by radioactive-carbon dating to be 1,400 (±400) years old rapidly germinated (and subsequently produced flowering plants) when the seeds were filed to permit water entry. In 1967, seeds of the arctic tundra lupine (Lupinus arcticus) found in a frozen lemming burrow with animal remains established to be at least 10,000 years old germinated within 48 hours when returned to favourable conditions. The problem of differential seed viability has been approached experimentally by various workers, one of whom buried 20 species of common Michigan weed seeds, mixed with sand, in inverted open-mouthed bottles for periodic inspection. After 80 years, 3 species still had viable seeds. Lack of dormancy In some plants, the seeds are able to germinate as soon as they have matured on the plant, as demonstrated by papaya and by wheat, sweet corn, peas, and beans in a very rainy season. Certain mangrove species normally form foot-long embryos on the trees; these later drop down into the mud or sea water. Such cases, however, are exceptional. The lack of dormancy in cultivated species, contrasting with the situation in most wild plants, is undoubtedly the result of conscious selection by humans. Test Your Knowledge Blood: Fact or Fiction? In plants whose seeds ripen and are shed from the mother plant before the embryo has undergone much development beyond the fertilized egg stage (orchids, broomrapes, ginkgo, dogtooth violet, ash, winter aconite, and buttercups), there is an understandable delay of several weeks or months, even under optimal conditions, before the seedling emerges. Role of the seed coat There are at least three ways in which a hard testa may be responsible for seed dormancy: it may (1) prevent expansion of the embryo mechanically (pigweed), (2) block the entrance of water, or (3) impede gas exchange so that the embryos lack oxygen. Resistance of the testa to water uptake is most widespread in the bean family, the seed coats of which, usually hard, smooth, or even glassy, may, in addition, possess a waxy covering. In some cases water entry is controlled by a small opening, the strophiolar cleft, which is provided with a corklike plug; only removal or loosening of the plug will permit water entry. Similar seeds not possessing a strophiolar cleft must depend on abrasion, which in nature may be brought about by microbial attack, passage through an animal, freezing and thawing, or mechanical means. In horticulture and agriculture, the coats of such seeds are deliberately damaged or weakened by humans (scarification). In chemical scarification, seeds are dipped into strong sulfuric acid, organic solvents such as acetone or alcohol, or even boiling water. In mechanical scarification, they may be shaken with some abrasive material such as sand or be scratched with a knife. Frequently seed coats are permeable to water yet block entrance of oxygen; this applies, for example, to the upper of the two seeds normally found in each burr of the cocklebur plant. The lower seed germinates readily under a favourable moisture and temperature regime, but the upper one fails to do so unless the seed coat is punctured or removed or the intact seed is placed under very high oxygen concentrations. Afterripening, stratification, and temperature effects The most difficult cases of dormancy to overcome are those in which the embryos, although not underdeveloped, remain dormant even when the seed coats are removed and conditions are favourable for growth. Germination in these takes place only after a series of little-understood changes, usually called afterripening, have taken place in the embryo. In this group are many forest trees and shrubs such as pines, hemlocks, and other conifers; some flowering woody plants such as dogwood, hawthorn, ash, linden, tulip poplar, holly, and viburnum; fruit trees such as apples, pears, peaches, plums, and cherries; and flowering herbaceous plants such as iris, Solomon’s seal, and lily of the valley. In some species, one winter suffices for afterripening. In others, the process is drawn out over several years, with some germination occurring each year. This can be viewed as an insurance of the species against flash catastrophes that might completely wipe out certain year classes. Many species require moisture and low temperatures; for example, in apples, when the cold requirement is insufficiently met, abnormal seedlings result. Others (cereals, dogwood) afterripen during dry storage. The seeds of certain legumes—for example, the seeds of the tree lupin, the coats of which are extremely hard and impermeable—possess a hilum with an ingenious valve mechanism that allows water loss in dry air but prevents reuptake of moisture in humid air. Of great practical importance is stratification, a procedure aimed at promoting a more uniform and faster germination of cold-requiring, afterripening seeds. In this procedure, seeds are placed for one to six months, depending on the species, between layers of sand, sawdust, sphagnum, or peat and kept moist as well as reasonably cold (usually 0–10 °C [32–50 °F]). A remarkable “double dormancy” has thus been uncovered in lily of the valley and false Solomon’s seal. Here, two successive cold treatments separated by a warm period are needed for complete seedling development. The first cold treatment eliminates the dormancy of the root; the warm period permits its outgrowth; and the second cold period eliminates epicotyl or leaf dormancy. Thus, almost two years may be required to obtain the complete plant. The optimal temperature for germination, ranging from 1 °C (34 °F) for bitterroot to 42 °C (108 °F) for pigweed, may also shift slightly as a result of stratification. Many dry seeds are remarkably resistant to extreme temperatures, some even cooled to that of liquid air (−140 °C or −220 °F). Seeds of Scotch broom and some Medicago species can be boiled briefly without losing viability. Ecologically, such heat resistance is important in vegetation types periodically ravaged by fire, such as in the California chaparral, where the germination of Ceanothus seeds may even be stimulated. The major stimulus after a fire is a butenolide called karrikin that occurs in smoke. (Karrikin is derived from the burning of cellulose.) Also important ecologically is a germination requirement calling for a modest daily alternation between a higher and a lower temperature. Especially in the desert, extreme temperature fluctuations are an unavoidable feature of the surface, whereas with increasing depth these fluctuations are gradually damped out. A requirement for a modest fluctuation—e.g., from 20 °C (68 °F) at night to 30 °C (86 °F) in the daytime (as displayed by the grass Oryzopsis miliacea)—practically ensures germination at fair depths. This is advantageous because a seed germinating in soil has to strike a balance between two conflicting demands that depend on depth. On one hand, germination in deeper layers is advantageous because a dependable moisture supply simply is not available near the surface, but, on the other hand, closeness to the surface is desirable because it allows the seedling to reach air and light rapidly and become self-supporting.

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