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Hacking: Diagnosis and Prevention Published: 15th April 2006 | Source: Overclock3D | In this day and age virus's are the least of your worries: hackers and spyware are by far the most virulent and cunning of all online security threats. Let me show you how to declare war on the enemy, by first diagnosing you and your PC's threat, taking the correct course of action and then implementing preventative measures to minimise the risk of it happening again. Online threats are no longer restricted to just bringing down your PC; cybercriminals are now capable of tracking your every move and targeting web sites, such as those of banks, where you log personal data. Understanding the basics of how hackers work , is the first step in arming yourself against your system being compromised. No PC - and no PC user - is safe from assault. Faster, always on internet connections, make it quick and easy to send or receive information, but the downside of broadband is that it increases the potential for net crime. Larger companies with a healthy bank balance are an obvious target for high-tech criminals, but such denials of service involves banks of computers sending out bogus requests simultaneously. To do this, the hackers need control of multiple PC's and are therefore constantly on the lookout for suitable hosts. As well as exploiting your PC'sweb connection for destructive acts, hackers may also find the data stored on your PC invaluable. Malware in the form of keystroke-logging software hides itself within your PC and reports everything you type to the person that planted it there. If a hacker takes over your computer, they can have a rummage around for themselves, investigating any unencrypted files or folders, uncovering financial details and any personal data. Most recently, there have been numerous scams to get you to reveal bank or credit card details (commonly known as 'phishing'). Data searches to find unencrypted passwords are very common too. In the wrong hands, such personal details can be used to 'impersonate' you, take out loans using your good credit rating and so on. There is, however, a number of ways you can protect your computer from virus's, scams and hackers. Lets look at the tools to help you clean up and protect your PC from trojans and other attacks designed to compromise your system. How to diagnose if you've been hacked 1. Keep abreast of when you're online: to display modem/network connection details go to My Network Places and right click on the icons for Dial-up or LAN settings under View Network Connections. Select Properties and tick the box beside "Show icon in the notification area when connected".

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Group B Streptococcus (GBS) are common bacteria ( Streptococcus agalactiae) which are often found in the vagina, intestinal tract or urinary bladder of up to 30% of women. Infections from GBS are not usually serious for a woman but can be passed on to the baby during the birthing process, although most babies will not be affected by the GBS. If a baby becomes ill within the first six days of life it is known as ‘early onset disease’. If a baby becomes ill between 7 – 28 days after birth this is called late onset disease. Although very rare, infection can take hold up to 3months after birth. Early-onset disease is normally passed on during birth and is the more common type of disease in babies. Late-onset is usually 7-28days to after birth. Group B strep most commonly causes septicaemia, pneumonia and meningitis. Meningitis is more commonly associated with late-onset GBS disease than with early-onset group B strep disease. It is thought the late-onset GBS (7-28days after birth ) is contracted through contact between a baby and hands contaminated with GBS. For both early and late-onset group B strep disease, babies who survive meningitis can unfortunately suffer after effects. These affects can range from mild to severe disabilities , some may improve with time although unfortunately some may not. Signs and symptoms of Meningitis and septicaemia in babies include: - Very irritable especially when held - High pitch cry which increases when baby held - Bulging fontanelle – soft spot on babies head - Floppy limbs - High or Low temperature - Extreme shivering - Photophobia-dislike of bright lights - Cold hands and feet - Stiff or rigid neck - Fast shallow breathing - Lethargic- hard to wake - Seizures – uncontrollable jerky movements - Refusing feeds - Skin rash – spots do not fade when a glass tumbler pressed against it. GBS is not routinely tested for in Ireland or in the UK, as a result it doesn’t come up in antenatal care . There is a risk factor approach in Ireland to treating GBS during labour: - If you carry Group B Strep in your body - If you’ve had a previous baby infected with Group B Strep - If you have a multiple pregnancy - Premature labour - If waters have remained broken for more than 18hours - High temperature during labour - You have a temperature in labour - If baby’s heart rate is high throughout labour If you would like more information on GBS please contact your local GP or health care centre. If you have been affected by meningitis and feel you would like to talk or share your story please contact us at 091-380058 or at firstname.lastname@example.org. Nobody should have to face the journey alone.

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The past history of United States educators is actually a long and differed one. From the early days of the country to the found day, numerous folks have actually brought in notable additions to education. Michael Van Eaton Booker T. Washington Booker Taliaferro Washington was a foremost African American educator, orator, and also political leader in the overdue nineteenth as well as early twentieth centuries. He had a remarkable influence on the advancement of the black neighborhood and on southerly nationality relations. Michael Van Eaton Shouldered into enslavement in 1856 in Franklin Region, Virginia, Booker Taliaferro Washington was the child of a shackled mom. His mom, Jane, wed a totally free Dark man, Washington Ferguson, that was actually after that capable to move the loved ones to Malden, West Virginia. Although he was born right into enslavement, Booker Taliaferro Washington learned to read through at a young grow older. In his early childhood, he did work in salt furnaces, charcoal mines, as well as manual labor tasks. Booker Taliaferro Washington studied at the Hampton Institute, a school for Black individuals in Hampton, Virginia. The Principle’s principal, Samuel Chapman Armstrong, believed that special ed was actually required for freedmen. Lola Truck Wagenen Lola Truck Wagenen is an American educator and author. After earning her bachelor’s degree coming from Vermont University, she participated in New York Educational institution, where she gained her expert’s degree in People History. Van Wagenen is actually an advocate for ecological problems as well as has actually been energetic in the battle to keep history. She has been actually operating in this industry for more than four decades. Along with working on part of the setting, she has actually additionally been an agent to many associations. As a lobbyist, she has actually been involved in various nationwide organizations. One such institution is the United Nations International Year of the Kid. In 1979, she worked as a for this annual celebration. Another institution she has belonged of is the National Audubon Society. Jaime Escalante is an American teacher that has shaped the specifications of arithmetic education and learning in America. His trainees are actually numerous and also usually hispanic don’t speak English as their mother tongue. But in spite of this, the students he shows prepared incomparable standards in mathematics learning. In 1999, he was actually invested in to the Educators Hall of Fame. He additionally got the Presidential Medal of Excellence in Education, the Andres Bello Prize coming from the Association of American States, as well as the Independence Forum’s Free Spirit Award. When Jaime Escalante related to the United States in the 1960s, he hoped to discover a far better life for his household. He studied at a prestigious Jesuit senior high school in La Paz, Bolivia. During the course of his opportunity there certainly, he participated in as well as was actually a great sportsmen soccer. John Dewey was an American instructor as well as philosopher that was a trailblazer in the reform of social schools in the USA. He was additionally a social activist. His tips carried weight in lots of areas of learning. John Dewey dedicated his life to the concept that all citizens ought to be definitely associated with their autonomous community. A strong proponent of modern instructional reform, he spoke out in favor of ladies’s liberties, employees’ civil liberties, and also political equality. Early in his career, John Dewey became thinking about psychological science. He examined at Johns Hopkins University as well as acquired a doctoral. At the moment, United States colleges prepared pupils for religion administrative agency. Yet after the Civil War, John Dewey slammed the educational program. Instead of teaching trainees the subjects they would make use of in the church, he believed the college needs to concentrate on problem-solving. Lucy Calkins is actually an American teacher who has actually formed the education and learning of numerous children for many years. Along with her task as a teacher at Columbia College, she has taught thousands of instructors. She also acts as supervisor of the Educators University Analysis and Writing Venture, a brain trust that sustains manies thousands of instructors in the USA and various other nations. Professor Calkins has actually been criticized for her strategies and also has actually been charged of using “inefficient” procedures. Her methods consist of making use of “decodable” publications and also the reassurance of self-expression. Regardless of critical remarks, nonetheless, she continues to rely on peer partnership throughout phonics trainings. The “scientific research” responsible for phonics is actually a bit uncertain. Nevertheless, useful magnetic vibration imaging (fMRI) reveals that human beings may go through written language through sounding out characters. Scientists have actually suggested that learning to read through is a procedure that requires re-wiring the brain. The background of American instructors is a long and also differed one. Lola Vehicle Wagenen is an American educator and author. Jaime Escalante is actually a United States instructor who has molded the standards of arithmetic education in United States. John Dewey was actually a United States instructor as well as philosopher who was actually a trailblazer in the reform of social universities in the United States. Lucy Calkins is actually a United States educator who has molded the learning of thousands of kids for years.

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The Tories originally referred to two distinct political factions in the 17th and 18th centuries. The first, an alliance of MPs supporting the right of the monarchy and the established Church, fell from power in the Glorious Revolution and withered away. The name "Tory" would then be later taken up by supporters of independent Whig William Pitt in opposition to the Whigs of Charles James Fox. This second Tory Party evolved into the modern Conservative Party, and the term "Tory" is considered synonymous with "Conservative". Some adherents of "traditional Toryism" prefer the term "High Tory" to avoid confusion. The term Tory would later be used to describe those supporting King in the American Revolution.

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BUS 250 covers the algebra and geometry of linear, quadratic, exponential, and logarithmic functions as applied to the mathematics of finance – annuities, perpetuities, present value. BUS 250 also covers derivatives, graphical analysis, and mathematical models as applied to business, with selected coverage of algebra, geometry, and calculus emphasizing business applications and decision making. Upon successful completion of BUS 250, the student should be able to: - Solve linear, quadratic, exponential and logarithmic equations – with applications to business like solving for interest rate(s) and solving for various terms of investment. - Describe the derivative of a function, and apply rules for differentiation. - Apply derivatives in curve sketching with applications to business as in solving for marginal revenue/cost, marginal tax rate, minimum cost, and maximum profit. - Calculate present and future values (PV and FV) of simple and compound interest. - Apply formulas for interest to solve problems involving installment buying and credit card purchases. - Apply formulas for interest to solve problems involving debt consolidation and rescheduling of debt payments. - Apply formulas for interest to solve problems involving issuing and discounting promissory notes, and government/corporate bonds. - Solve for PV, FV, payment, interest, and duration of ordinary/due simple annuities, general annuities, deferred annuities, sinking funds, and constant growth annuities. - Solve for PV, payment, and interest rate for ordinary and due perpetuities. - Describe the various types of mortgage loans; use amortization schedules, and calculate the various components of mortgage payment(s). - Apply amortization tables to calculate the various components of mortgage payments(s), and refinancing options. - Master the use of financial calculator(s) and Excel to formulate, analyze, and interpret mathematical models in business, and to develop models to solve time value of money (TVM) problems. BUS 250 resource page

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Labor, or work, has always been prized among God’s people. Work makes the world go around. Without the labor of men’s hands, the world stops functioning as the laws of sin and entropy are clearly seen in the certain spiral toward disorder and collapse. The first Labor Day was held in New York City on Tuesday, September 5, 1882 as planned by the Central Labor Union. It was a “workingmen’s holiday” that celebrated the achievements and contributions of workers. It is a sad fact that many people today view work as a bad thing. This Labor Day let’s take a look at the concept of Labor as seen in the Bible. God Left You an Example of Labor. Genesis 1:1–4 “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.” The Bible begins with God working. He is using His creativity, His breath, and His words. Later He uses His hands to form man and His breath to bring Him to life. Our productivity through labor follows the example of God. God made You to Labor. Genesis 2:15 “And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.” Mankind is made to work. A good one word definition for work is accomplishment. There is pleasure, happiness and satisfaction in hard work that cannot come from amusements. These rewards do not come from “being on the clock”, but from accomplishing the day’s tasks. Get things done. Do them right. Then you can look back on them with satisfaction as God did. You are to Labor more than Rest. Exodus 20:8–10 “Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates:” The 5 day work week and the 8 hour workday are not found in Scripture. They worked early in the morning until sundown 6 days a week. Matthew 20:1, 8 They had a mind to work. They weren’t looking to get out of work, but to get the day’s work done. There was no safety net to care for them if they shirked their responsibilities. If they didn’t work – they didn’t survive. 2 Thessalonians 3:10 What is your attitude toward work? Do you carry your own weight or do you expect others to take care of you? FYI. If the last question offends you, it’s the second choice. Proverbs 6:6–11 “Go to the ant, thou sluggard; Consider her ways, and be wise: Which having no guide, overseer, or ruler, Provideth her meat in the summer, And gathereth her food in the harvest. How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard? When wilt thou arise out of thy sleep? Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, A little folding of the hands to sleep: So shall thy poverty come as one that travelleth, And thy want as an armed man.” Hard Work Requires Rest. We are to work 6 days, but we must also rest. Too much work will wear you down and discourage you. Psalm 107:12 It also will take you from the worship and service of God. How many people today work on the Lord’s Day? You need a day of rest in the works and worship of the Lord. Go to church on Sunday. Teach a Sunday School class. Work on a bus route. Sing in the Choir. But also be sure to relax from your worldly labors. It would amaze you how much better you would feel and how productive you would be if you would just go to sleep at night. Turn off your electronics. Have some family time. Read a book. Go to bed on your schedule not according to the TV schedule. Social Media will be there tomorrow. Go to bed! Ecclesiastes 5:12 “The sleep of a labouring man is sweet, whether he eat little or much: but the abundance of the rich will not suffer him to sleep.” Hard work will make your sleep sweet. Some jobs today require more mental endurance than physical endurance. This means your brain is tired, but your body is not. Others can’t sleep as they struggle with worries about life. Some can’t sleep because they have too many things they are trying to pay for or accomplish. It may be time to give something up. Nevertheless, insomnia is a widespread problem today. Before you take a prescription for insomnia, try this: find some physical labor to do and wear yourself out! Don’t limit yourself to running or going to the gym. You could work on the to-do list around the house or go help a shut-in with some yard work. You can wear yourself out and help others at the same time. Labor Keeps You Out of Trouble. Exodus 5:9 “Let there more work be laid upon the men, that they may labour therein; and let them not regard vain words.” 2 Thessalonians 3:10–12 “For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, that if any would not work, neither should he eat. For we hear that there are some which walk among you disorderly, working not at all, but are busybodies. Now them that are such we command and exhort by our Lord Jesus Christ, that with quietness they work, and eat their own bread.” The old-timers used to say “Idle hands are the devil’s workshop.” It is true. People that don’t work will fill their time with something. Sin is everywhere and evil is free. Fill your day with productive work and you will be too tired to get into trouble. Enjoy the Fruits of Your Labors. Psalm 128:2 “For thou shalt eat the labour of thine hands: happy shalt thou be, and it shall be well with thee.” 1 Corinthians 3:8 “Now he that planteth and he that watereth are one: and every man shall receive his own reward according to his own labour.” 1 Timothy 5:18 “For the scripture saith, Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn. And, The labourer is worthy of his reward.” Hard work gives great rewards. It is God’s plan that each person enjoy the benefits of their own labor. This creates incentive to get up early, work hard, be creative and excel. Don’t envy someone who has more than you. Don’t begrudge another who has more worldly possessions as a reward for their labor. Rejoice that God allows us all to enjoy the benefits of our hard work. Proverbs 5:10 “Lest strangers be filled with thy wealth; and thy labours be in the house of a stranger;” The Bible teaches that it is a judgement for sin when someone else takes the rewards of your hard work. If you stop following God, don’t be surprised when you lose possessions and respect. Also, understand that ungodly philosophies that would rob you from the profit of your labor abound in this world. Christians should not be fooled by the lies of socialism, communism, and the like. These take from the diligent to give to the slothful. This is unrighteous and removes the incentive to work hard. Labor in Righteousness. Proverbs 10:16 “The labour of the righteous tendeth to life: the fruit of the wicked to sin.” Don’t take jobs in sinful industries. People are willing to pay for sinful pleasures and the pay scale for those who work in those fields are high. Don’t compromise your integrity and disrespect your Savior by working for the devil. I’m not saying that you shouldn’t work for an unbeliever. In fact, being the best worker on the job is a great way to bring glory to God and cause conviction in the life of an unsaved manager or employer. However, I am saying emphatically that a Christian should not work in industries or jobs that help people sin. Use your energy and talents to promote life and righteousness. Trust Honest Labor to Increase Your Wealth. Proverbs 13:11 “Wealth gotten by vanity shall be diminished: but he that gathereth by labour shall increase.” Don’t trust schemes, gambling, dishonesty, etc. to pay the bills or make you wealthy. Hard work is God’s plan. Learn some marketable skills, find someone to pay you top dollar for what you have to offer and work hard. We can’t pay people $20 an hour to flip hamburgers or sweep floors. If your skill set won’t pay the bills, work hard to learn a new skill or trade. Work harder than everyone else. Live simply. Give generously. Save wisely. This is God’s plan. Labor Not to Be Rich. Proverbs 23:4 “Labour not to be rich: cease from thine own wisdom.” If your goal in life is to “be rich” than you have missed the point of being alive. The love of money is the root of all evil. The desire for riches will destroy you. Proverbs warns you to consider taking your own life now and skip all the misery rather than live a life with an appetite for deceitful riches. That’s a strong warning! There are more important treasures in life than money and possessions. John 6:27 “Labour not for the meat which perisheth, but for that meat which endureth unto everlasting life, which the Son of man shall give unto you: for him hath God the Father sealed.” Labor for the Lord. Luke 10:2 “Therefore said he unto them, The harvest truly is great, but the labourers are few: pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he would send forth labourers into his harvest.” Romans 16:12 “Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labour in the Lord. Salute the beloved Persis, which laboured much in the Lord.” 1 Corinthians 3:9 “For we are labourers together with God: ye are God’s husbandry, ye are God’s building.” 1 Thessalonians 1:3 “Remembering without ceasing your work of faith, and labour of love, and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ, in the sight of God and our Father;” One of the amazing privileges of being a Christian is that we get to labor with God and godly people. Never get over the privilege of serving in Jesus’ name! Giving a cup of water in His name is a joyous privilege that brings eternal rewards. Structure your life around the worship and service of God. No matter what you do to bring home a paycheck, you are first and foremost a child of God who is to bring glory to Him. Make time in your schedule to labor for His name with other believers through your local church. Schedule a time to go soul winning. Work on a bus route. Drive a bus. Help in Sunday School. Work in the nursery. Preach at the Nursing Home. Work with the Youth. Help in the Media Ministry. Clean the church. The opportunities are many! Ask your pastor where He could use your gifts and talents then get busy laboring in love for the Master. I am saddened by the many Christians who see no value in serving God. They are so caught up in laboring for the world and seeking pleasure in their off hours that God has little place in their schedules. They sacrifice the eternal on the altar of the immediate. Know that Your Labor is not in Vain. 1 Corinthians 15:58 “Therefore, my beloved brethren, be ye stedfast, unmoveable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, forasmuch as ye know that your labour is not in vain in the Lord.” Be not weary in well doing, my friend. God will not forget your labor of love. You never waste a moment in the service of the King. He is keeping score and preparing your reward. Every sacrifice you make and every stand you take will be rewarded in eternity. Labor to Support the Weak. Acts 20:35 “I have shewed you all things, how that so labouring ye ought to support the weak, and to remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said, It is more blessed to give than to receive.” Money itself is not sinful. It is more blessed to give than receive. Your Labor and wise living will put you in a position to help others. It brings joy to use the rewards of your labor for good causes. Money is a powerful tool. Use it to tithe, take care of your family, support the work of God, save for a rainy day, help the needy, etc. But be warned! If money ever becomes more that a greasy wrench to help you serve God, you are in real trouble. Soon You Will Rest From Worldly Labors. Revelation 14:13 “And I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me, Write, Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth: Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labours; and their works do follow them.” Soon your labors will end. Your window of opportunity will pass. Work for the night is coming when no man will work. We will live forever in the glories of our labors for Christ accomplished now. Be not weary in well doing. Labor diligently today with an eye on the glories of tomorrow.

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Within days of TV presenter Richard Hammond's high speed car crash last September, over £100,000 had been donated by well-wishers to the air ambulance service that took him to hospital. It was just another example of the disproportionate generosity we tend to show towards individuals relative to the scale of suffering occurring elsewhere in the world. It's not just about celebrity status. For example, during the Iraq war, £275,000 was quickly raised to aid the plight of the wounded Iraqi boy Ali Abbas, who captivated the news media in Europe at the time. This bias is good for the individuals in question but from a pragmatic perspective it represents an inefficient distribution of charitable funds given the spread of need across the globe. Deborah Small and colleagues wondered what would happen if people were educated about this bias. After completing an irrelevant questionnaire, hundreds of participants were invited to contribute their participation fee to Save the Children. As expected, control participants donated more if the charity was promoted using a story about the plight of a 7-year-old girl than if it was promoted using statistics about the millions facing starvation in Zambia. This discrepancy disappeared when participants were educated about the bias (either explicitly, by describing the bias to them, or implicitly by presenting suffering statistics alongside a single case-study). Crucially, however, the discrepancy was removed because participants subsequently gave less after reading about a single case-study, rather than because they gave more after reading about widespread suffering. “Thinking about problems analytically can easily suppress sympathy for smaller-scale disasters without, our research suggests, producing much of an increase in caring for larger-scale disasters”, the researchers said. "Insight, in this situation, seems to breed callousness". Small, D.A., Loewenstein, G. & Slovic, P. (2007). Sympathy and callousness: The impact of deliberative thought on donations to identifiable and statistical victims. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 102, 143-153. Post written by Christian Jarrett (@psych_writer) for the BPS Research Digest.

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Southeastern Arizona Wildflowers and Plants features photographs and descriptions of 467 different wildflower and plant species found here in the southeastern part of Arizona, USA. Featured are Sonoran Desert wildflowers and the plant species found in the areas surrounding the city of Tucson, Arizona in Pima County. Southeastern Arizona has a wide variety of plants due to its climate, varied topography, variety of habitats, and its location in the biologically diverse Sonoran Desert and the higher elevation Chihuahuan Desert to the east. Although many of the plants on this site grow in a desert habitat, plants that grow in riparian, upland, and mountain habitats are also included. The Best Time to See Wildflowers here in southeastern Arizona is either during the spring wildflower season (March through early May) or during the summer wildflower season (late July through early September). Autumn wildflowers will begin blooming here in October as the weather cools a bit, and they will continue blooming until the hard frosts of late November. Scattered wildflowers can be observed here in lower elevation desert areas almost all year-round. Summers are very hot here in the Arizona desert, and daytime temperatures over 100° F (37.8° C) are quite common. June is especially hot and dry. Thankfully, temperatures are much cooler in the mountains, making them a popular summer retreat for area residents, and since many mountain wildflowers bloom here at this time of year, summer is the best time to observe our many colorful mountain wildflowers. Still Growing is a good way to describe this website, and new plant species will continue to be added as they are photographed and identified. Please subscribe to this site's RSS feed to be notified of any future plant additions. The most recently added Arizona wildflowers and plants are listed below. Whether you live here or are just visiting this scenic part of Arizona, I hope that you will find this site useful! Recently Added Arizona Wildflowers and Plants:

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With the recent Hatton Garden robbery trial, we started thinking about other high profile heists throughout history. Most of us will be able to recall heists that have grabbed the headlines both in our lifetimes and before. Our newest infographic delves into the most valuable and notorious thefts in history, including the legendary Great Train Robbery. ‘The Biggest Heists in History’ explores exactly what was taken during each heist and how, with the majority of the robberies involving millions of pounds worth of gold, jewellery, art or cash. Featuring the Lufthansa heist, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum theft and the Carlton Hotel heist, amongst others, our infographic also divulges just how much of the stolen goods have been recovered. It’s important to note that owing to advances in technology, physical heists are becoming less common than they once were with online fraud taking its place. As was shown in the Hatton Garden case, technology can lead to the downfall of even the best planned heist with the robbers’ old school approach falling foul to modern technology, in the form of CCTV and mobile phone data - not something the likes of Ronnie Biggs had to contend with. But no matter what, it’s imperative to have insurance, something the clients of the Hatton Garden vault robbery learned the hard way. Take a look at the infographic below to discover more about the Hatton Garden robbery as well as other high-profile heists and learn how much cunning thieves made off with in each case. Share this infographic on your site, e.g., by using the code sample below. <a title="Biggest heists in history infographic" href="https://www.bullionvault.com/gold-news/infographics/biggest-heists-in-history"><img src="https://www.bullionvault.com/gold-news/sites/default/files/biggest-heists-in-history.png" alt="Biggest heists in history infographic" width="960" border="0" /></a><br>From: <a href="https://www.bullionvault.com">BullionVault</a>

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Petra Buttner and Reinhold Muller* *1st edn, (xxiv) + 600 pp, paperback with extensive illustrations, Oxford, Oxford University Press, RRP: $83.95, 2011. ISBN: 9780195573893 The field of epidemiology is a science and it remains “one of the many contributors to guiding action” in public health.1 The field is crowded with published books with over 9500 books of varying publication dates on a recent Amazon.com search.2 However, few of these books are relevant to the Australasian context and none appear to be recent. The 1st edition of Epidemiology fulfils the need for a reference textbook in this field relevant to the region and one which will no doubt establish itself as one of the leading reference textbooks in Australasia in the field of epidemiology. Epidemiology is presented as a 600-page A5 publication that would fit easily into the briefcase or carry bag. It contains a table of Contents, a List of Figures, a List of Tables, a Preface, Acknowledgments, a Table (Find your level: From introduction to beyond the basics”, 14 chapters, seven Appendices, and a comprehensive Index. There is no foreword, bibliography, glossary, or list of abbreviations. There are however explanations of key terms throughout the textbook. The primary target audience of Epidemiology would be students, particularly postgraduate students, and health professionals throughout Australia. It would also be a useful resource for any school or library in the health sciences area and a core reference for any school of public health. Chapters include “1. What is Epidemiology?”; “2. Disease Concepts in Epidemiology”; “3. Identification of Disease – Diagnostic Tests and Screening”; “4. Measures of Disease Frequency”; “5. From Research Topic to Research Hypothesis”; “6. Quantitative Descriptive Study Designs”; “7. Experimental Designs”; “8. Observational Designs”; “9. Sources of Bias”; “10. Sampling Strategy and Sample Size Calculation”; 11. Quantitative Methods of Data Collection”; “12. Statistics with Confidence”; “13. Ethical Considerations”; and “14. How to Read and Write Scientific Publications”. Of particular interest to students and teachers of epidemiology would be the locally drawn case studies and critical thinking exercises (answers given on a separate page). Needless to say, well-known historical examples, such as that described by John Snow, are also given. The chapter on “Ethical Considerations” (Ch. 13) is refreshingly well developed and helps to round off the attractiveness of the textbook to clinical researchers. Details of the authors are given on the back cover. Both are Associate Professors in the School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University. The consistent and concise style ensures that Epidemiology is easy to read. Given that this is only the first edition of the Epidemiology, it is a remarkably mature reference textbook, which is a credit to the authors, reviewers and publishers. Epidemiology has little competition within the Australian context, although there are numerous textbooks in this field internationally. Some recent examples of other international textbooks of epidemiology targeting different groups have been reviewed elsewhere.3,4 Epidemiology will certainly appeal to those undertaking research in the health sciences in Australasia, particularly those who do not already use a similar textbook or those who wish to include a local work in their reference portfolio. The cost is not prohibitive for clinicians and other health staff, and the Epidemiology is sure to become an important addition to the exclusive international portfolio of standard textbooks in the area of epidemiology. Declaration of Interests The authors of Epidemiology are staff members in the same School as the reviewer. The reviewer did not participate in the production of this textbook. Savitz DA, Poole C, Miller WC. Reassessing the role of epidemiology in public health. Am J Public Health 1999; 89: 1158-1161. - Amazon. Search ‘epidemiology" in books. URL. http://www.amazon.com (accessed 11 February 2012) - Haveman-Nies A, Jansen SC, Oers JAM, van ‘t Veer P. Epidemiology in Public Health Practice. 1st edn. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2010 (Reviewed in Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174: 871-872). - Bhopal R. Concepts of Epidemiology: Integrating the Ideas, Theories, Principles and Methods of Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008 (Reviewed in Ch Dis Inj Canada 2011; 21: 180-181.)

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Leopold I of Belgium Portrait of Leopold by George Dawe |King of the Belgians| |Reign||21 July 1831 – 10 December 1865| 16 December 1790| Ehrenburg Palace, Coburg 10 December 1865 74) (aged| |Burial||Church of Our Lady of Laeken| Princess Charlotte of Wales | (m. 1816–17; her death) Louise of Orléans (m. 1832–50; her death) Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium| Leopold II of Belgium Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders Charlotte, Empress of Mexico |House||Saxe-Coburg and Gotha| |Father||Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld| |Mother||Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf| Leopold I (French: Léopold Ier, German and Dutch: Leopold I; 16 December 1790 in Coburg – 10 December 1865 in Laeken) was a German prince who became the first King of the Belgians following Belgian independence in 1830. He reigned between July 1831 and December 1865. Born into the ruling family of the small German duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Leopold took a commission in the Imperial Russian Army and fought against Napoleon after French troops overran Saxe-Coburg during the Napoleonic Wars. After Napoleon's defeat, Leopold moved to the United Kingdom where he married Princess Charlotte of Wales, the only child of the Prince Regent (the future King George IV), thus situating himself as a possible future prince consort of the United Kingdom. Charlotte died in 1817, although Leopold continued to enjoy considerable status in Britain. After the Greek War of Independence (1821–32), LeopoId was offered the position of King of Greece but turned it down, believing it to be too precarious. Instead, Leopold accepted the kingship of the newly established Kingdom of Belgium in 1831. The Belgian government offered the position to Leopold because of his diplomatic connections with royal houses across Europe. In addition, because he was seen as a British-backed candidate, he was not affiliated to other powers, such as France, which were believed to have territorial ambitions in Belgium which might threaten the European balance of power created by the 1815 Congress of Vienna. Leopold was crowned in Belgium on 21 July 1831, an event commemorated annually as Belgian National Day. His reign was marked by attempts by the Dutch to recapture Belgium and, later, by internal political division between liberals and Catholics. As a Protestant, Leopold was considered liberal and encouraged economic modernisation, playing an important role in encouraging the creation of Belgium's first railway in 1835 and subsequent industrialisation. As a result of the ambiguities in the Belgian Constitution, Leopold was able to slightly expand the monarch's powers during his reign. He also played an important role in stopping the spread of the Revolutions of 1848 into Belgium. He died in 1865 and was succeeded by his son, Leopold II. Leopold was born in Coburg in the tiny German duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld in modern-day Bavaria on 16 December 1790. He was the youngest son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and Countess Augusta Reuss-Ebersdorf. In 1826, Saxe-Coburg acquired the city of Gotha from the neighboring Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and gave up Saalfeld to Saxe-Meiningen, becoming Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ln 1795, at just five years old, Leopold was given an honorary commission of the rank of colonel in the Izmaylovsky Regiment, part of the Imperial Guard, in the Imperial Russian Army. Seven years later, he received a promotion to the rank of Major General. When French troops occupied the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars, Leopold went to Paris where he became part of the Imperial Court of Napoleon. Napoleon offered him the position of adjutant, but Leopold refused. Instead, he went to Russia to take up a military career in the Imperial Russian cavalry, which was at war with France at the time. He campaigned against Napoleon and distinguished himself at the Battle of Kulm at the head of his cuirassier division. In 1815, by the time of the final defeat of Napoleon and, aged 25, reached the rank of lieutenant general. Marriage to Charlotte Leopold received British citizenship in 1815. On 2 May 1816, Leopold married Princess Charlotte of Wales at Carlton House in London. Charlotte was the only legitimate child of the Prince Regent George (later King George IV) and therefore second in line to the British throne. The same year he received an honorary commission to the rank of Field Marshal and Knight of the Order of the Garter. On 5 November 1817, Princess Charlotte gave birth to a stillborn son. She herself died the next day following complications. Had Charlotte survived, she would have become queen of the United Kingdom on the death of her father and Leopold presumably would have assumed the role of prince consort, later taken by his nephew Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Despite Charlotte's death, the Prince Regent granted Prince Leopold the British style of Royal Highness by Order in Council on 6 April 1818. From 1828 to 1829, Leopold had several-months long affair with the actress Caroline Bauer, who bore a striking resemblance to Charlotte. Caroline was a cousin of his advisor Christian Friedrich Freiherr von Stockmar. She came to England with her mother and took up residence at Longwood House, a few miles from Claremont House. But, by mid-1829, the liaison was over, and the actress and her mother returned to Berlin. Many years later, in memoirs published after her death, she declared that she and Leopold had engaged into a morganatic marriage and that he had bestowed upon her the title of Countess Montgomery. He would have broken this marriage when the possibility arose that he could become King of Greece. The son of Freiherr von Stockmar denied that these events ever happened, and indeed no records have been found of a civil or religious marriage with the actress. Refusal of the Greek throne Following the Greek rebellion against the Ottoman Empire, Leopold was offered the throne of Greece. Leopold declined the offer, fearing that Greece was too politically unstable to remain a viable monarchy. The position was instead accepted by Otto of Wittelsbach in May 1832. Acceptance of the Belgian throne At the end of August 1830, rebels in the Southern provinces (modern-day Belgium) of the United Netherlands rose up against Dutch rule. The rising, which began in Brussels, pushed the Dutch army back, and the rebels defended themselves against a Dutch attack. International powers meeting in London agreed to support the independence of Belgium, even though the Dutch refused to recognize the new state. In November 1830, a National Congress was established in Belgium to create a constitution for the new state. Fears of "mob rule" associated with republicanism after the French Revolution of 1789, as well as the example of the recent, liberal July Revolution in France, led the Congress to decide that Belgium would be a popular, constitutional monarchy. Search for a monarch The choice of candidates for the position was one of the most controversial issues faced by the revolutionaries. The Congress refused to consider any candidate from the Dutch ruling house of Orange-Nassau. Some Orangists had hoped to offer the position to King William I or his son, William, Prince of Orange, which would bring Belgium into personal union with the Netherlands like Luxembourg. The Great Powers also worried that a candidate from another state could risk destabilizing the international balance of power and lobbied for a neutral candidate. Eventually the Congress was able to draw up a shortlist. The three viable possibilities were felt to be Eugène de Beauharnais, a French nobleman and stepson of Napoleon; Auguste of Leuchtenberg, son of Eugene; and Louis, Duke of Nemours who was the son of the French King Louis-Philippe. All the candidates were French and the choice between them was principally between choosing the Bonapartism of Beauharnais or Leuchtenberg and supporting the July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe. Louis-Philippe realized that the choice of either of the Bonapartists could be first stage of a coup against him, but that his son would also be unacceptable to other European powers suspicious of French intentions. Nemours refused the offer. With no definitive choice in sight, Catholics and Liberals united to elect Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier, a minor Belgian nobleman, as regent to buy more time for a definitive decision in February 1831. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg had been proposed at an early stage, but had been dropped because of French opposition. The problems caused by the French candidates and the increased international pressure for a solution led to his reconsideration. On 22 April, he was finally approached by a Belgian delegation at Marlborough House to officially offer him the throne. Leopold, however, was reluctant to accept. On 17 July 1831, Leopold travelled from Calais to Belgium, entering the country at De Panne. Travelling to Brussels, he was greeted with patriotic enthusiasm along his route. The accession ceremony took place on 21 July on the Place Royale in Brussels. A stand had been erected on the steps of the church of Saint Jacques-sur-Coudenberg, surrounded by the names of revolutionaries fallen during the fighting in 1830. After a ceremony of resignation by the regent, Leopold, dressed in the uniform of a Belgian lieutenant-general, swore loyalty to the constitution and became king. The enthronement is generally used to mark end of the revolution and the start of the Kingdom of Belgium and is celebrated each year as the Belgian national holiday. Consolidation of independence Less than two weeks after Leopold's accession, on 2 August, the Netherlands invaded Belgium, starting the Ten Days' Campaign. The small Belgian army was overwhelmed by the Dutch assault and was pushed back. Faced with a military crisis, Leopold appealed to the French for support. The French promised support, and the arrival of their Armée du Nord in Belgium forced the Dutch to accept a diplomatic mediation and retreat back to the pre-war border. Skirmishes continued for eight years, but in 1839, the two countries signed the Treaty of London, establishing Belgium's independence. Leopold was generally unsatisfied with the amount of power allocated to the monarch in the Constitution, and sought to extend it wherever the Constitution was ambiguous or unclear while generally avoiding involvement in routine politics. Leopold I's reign was also marked by an economic crisis which lasted until the late 1850s. In the aftermath of the revolution, the Dutch had closed the Scheldt to Belgian shipping, meaning that the port of Antwerp was effectively useless. The Netherlands and the Dutch colonies in particular, which had been profitable markets for Belgian manufacturers before 1830, were totally closed to Belgian goods. The period between 1845 and 1849 was particularly hard in Flanders, where harvests failed and a third of the population became dependent on poor relief, and have been described as the "worst years of Flemish history". The economic situation in Flanders also increased the internal migration to Brussels and the industrial areas of Wallonia, which continued throughout the period. Politics in Belgium under Leopold I were polarized between liberal and Catholic political factions, though before 1847 they collaborated in "Unionist" governments. The liberals were opposed to the Church's influence in politics and society, while supporting free trade, personal liberties and secularization. The Catholics wanted religious teachings to be a fundamental basis for the state and society and opposed all attempts by the liberals to attack the Church's official privileges. Initially, these factions existed only as informal groups with which prominent politicians were generally identified. The liberals held power through much of Leopold I's reign. An official Liberal Party was formed in 1846, although a formal Catholic Party was only established in 1869. Leopold, who was himself a Protestant, tended to favor liberals and shared their desire for reform, even though he was not partisan. On his own initiative, in 1842, Leopold proposed a law which would have stopped women and children from working in some industries, but the bill was defeated. Leopold was an early supporter of railways, and Belgium's first stretch of this railway, between northern Brussels and Mechelen, was completed in 1835. When completed, it was one of the first passenger railways in continental Europe. Revolution of 1848 The success of economic reforms partially mitigated the effects of the economic downturn and meant that Belgium was not as badly affected as its neighbors by the Revolutions of 1848. Nevertheless, in early 1848, a large number of radical publications appeared. The most serious threat of the 1848 revolutions in Belgium was posed by Belgian émigré groups. Shortly after the revolution in France, Belgian migrant workers living in Paris were encouraged to return to Belgium to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. Around 6,000 armed émigrés of the "Belgian Legion" attempted to cross the Belgian frontier. The first group, travelling by train, was stopped and quickly disarmed at Quiévrain on 26 March 1848. The second group crossed the border on 29 March and headed for Brussels. They were confronted by Belgian troops at the hamlet of Risquons-Tout and, during fighting, seven émigrés were killed and most of the rest were captured. To defuse tension, Leopold theatrically offered his resignation if this was the wish of the majority of his people. The defeat at Risquons-Tout effectively ended the revolutionary threat to Belgium, as the situation in Belgium began to recover that summer after a good harvest, and fresh elections returned a strong Liberal majority. Role in international relations Because of his family connections and position at the head of a neutral and unthreatening power, Leopold was able to act as an important intermediary in European politics during his reign. As a result of this, he earned the nickname the "Nestor of Europe", after the wise mediator in Homer's Iliad. Leopold played a particularly important role in moderating relations between the hostile Great Powers. In the later part of his reign, his role in managing relations between Great Britain and the French Empire of Napoleon III was particularly important. Leopold was particularly known as a political marriage broker. In 1840, Leopold arranged the marriage of his niece, Queen Victoria, to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Even before she succeeded to the throne, Leopold had been advising Victoria by letter, and continued to influence her after her accession. In foreign policy, Leopold's principal object was the maintenance of Belgian neutrality. Despite pressure from the Great Powers, especially over the Crimean War (1853–56), Belgium remained neutral throughout the reigns of Leopold I and II. Second marriage and family In 1832, Leopold married his second wife, Louise-Marie of Orléans. Louise-Marie was the daughter of Louis Philippe I, the King of the French, enstated in 1830. Leopold and Louise-Marie had four children. The eldest, Louis Philippe, died in 1834. When their second son Leopold was born in 1835, he became crown prince (and later King Leopold II). Their third son was Philippe, the father of Belgium's third king, Albert I. Their youngest child was Charlotte, who would later marry Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. On 11 October 1850, Queen Louise-Marie died of tuberculosis, aged 38. Leopold also had two sons, George and Arthur, by a mistress, Arcadie Meyer (née Claret). George was born in 1849, and Arthur was born in 1852. At Leopold's request, in 1862 the two sons were created Freiherr von Eppinghoven by his nephew, Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; in 1863 Arcadie was also created Baronin von Eppinghoven. Death and commemoration Leopold died in Laeken near Brussels on 10 December 1865, aged 74. He is buried in the Royal Vault at the Church of Notre-Dame de Laeken, next to Louise-Marie. He was succeeded by his son, Leopold II, aged 30, who ruled until 1909. A number of Belgian naval vessels have been named in his honour, including Leopold I, a frigate acquired by Belgium in 2007. His monogram features on the flag of the Flemish town of Leopoldsburg. His likeness has also appeared on postage stamps and commemorative coins issued since his death. - Monarchie website. - "Royal Styles and Titles – 1818 Order-in-Council". - K. BAUER, Aus meinem Bühnenleben. Erinnerungen von Karoline Bauer, Berlin, 1876–1877. - E. VON STOCKMAR, Denkwürdigkeiten aus den Papiere des Freihernn Christian Friedrich von Stockmar, Brunswick, 1873 ; R. VON WANGENHEIM, Baron Stockmar. Eine coburgisch-englische Geschichte, Coburg, 1996. - Pirenne 1948, p. 11. - Pirenne 1948, p. 12. - Pirenne 1948, p. 14. - Pirenne 1948, p. 20. - Pirenne 1948, p. 26. - Pirenne 1948, pp. 26–7. - Pirenne 1948, p. 29. - Pirenne 1948, p. 30. - Chastain 1999. - Carson 1974, p. 225. - Ascherson 1999, pp. 20–1. - Wolmar 2010, p. 19. - Chastain 1997. - Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels [Genealogical Handbook of the Nobility]. Freiherrlichen Häuser (in German). Band XXI. C. A. Starke. 1999. pp. 101–3. - "Belgium – Last moments of King Leopold.". The New York Times. December 28, 1865. Retrieved July 7, 2016. - Ascherson, Neal (1999). The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo (New ed.). London: Granta. ISBN 1862072906. - Carson, Patricia (1974). The Fair Face of Flanders (Rev. ed.). Ghent: E.Story-Scientia. OCLC 463182600. - Chastain, James. "Leopold I". Encyclopedia of 1848. Ohio University. - Chastain, James. "Belgium in 1848". Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Ohio University. Retrieved 16 December 2013. - "Léopold Ier". La Monarchie Belge. Monarchie.be. Retrieved 16 December 2013. - Pirenne, Henri (1948). Histoire de Belgique (in French). VII: De la Révolution de 1830 à la Guerre de 1914 (2nd ed.). Brussels: Maurice Lamertin. - Wolmar, Christian (2010). Blood, Iron & Gold: How the Railways transformed the World. London: Grove Atlantic. ISBN 9781848871717. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leopold I of Belgium.| - Leopold I: Un Roi Protestant at the Chapelle royale

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About the SANTA MARIA In 1492, three sailing ships used by Christopher Columbus for the first transatlantic voyage. The largest sailing boat is Santa Maria. Santa Maria crossed the Atlantic Ocean and arrived safely to the Bahamas. However, during the exploration on December 24, 1492, it stranded on Ispagniola Island. After that, wood that can be disassembled and used was used as a material for the fortress.

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Development threatens future of parks Runoff water, humans and wild animals coexisting in the same territory, invasive animal species and invasive plants, coral reefs dying— all these are affecting our national parks. And they are some of the issues that Everglades and Biscayne National Park face when commercial development gets too close. “Anytime you have development you reduce the habitat for animals. Some animals are able to adjust even coincide, but for the most part animals suffer from this. Animals that are primarily affected are those who are in need of wetlands to survive. But, when the size of the wetlands is affected so are the animals that need the wetlands,” said Sonny Bass supervisory wildlife ecologist at Everglades National Park |At right, pork fish swims past a reef in Biscayne National Park (Photo courtesy of the National Park Service). Below, an alligator walking around a patio (Photo courtesy of Roberto Estrada). Can wild animals and humans live side by side or are these accidents just waiting to happen? Among animals in need of wetlands such as the Everglades are Florida alligators and crocodiles. These are very territorial animals. Baby alligators are neglected and even threatened by their fathers; they are protected by their mothers for the first two years and, after that, the mother will scare them off. These young alligators now have to find new territory to claim as their own. With property development, these animals’ options become very limited, which in turn affects the animals’ population and causes a negative chain reaction throughout the food chain. These animals then move to lakes and canals near people’s homes, which, in some cases have caused pets to be injured or killed and in extreme cases even humans have been attacked.Other issues of property development near the Everglades also affect the park’s water supply whether it’d be because of pollution or simply the use of water. “Increased development on the east side of the park results in increased urban water use, which results in less water available for environmental purposes. This problem is particularly troublesome during drought periods, like the one we are in right now. Water levels are low enough in the park to adversely impact nesting success of wading birds,” said Nick Aumen aquatic ecologist at Everglades National Park. Whether the water is used to shower or to drink, the water supply is affected and this has a devastating effect on the ecological system of national parks. “Property development near the park has affected the habitat and physical environment by altering the natural flow of water into the Everglades ecosystem. “The complex system of canals and water control structures and the development of the water conservation areas to the north of the park have dramatically decreased the amount of water that flows into the park. The change in water amount and flow timing has affected plant communities, nesting habits and locations of birds and other animals, and the entire natural system as a whole,” said Caryl Alarcon, geographer at Everglades National Park. Water used for other activities such as watering plants or washing a car can also prove to be devastating to the parks environment. These activities cause runoff water to pollute the natural waters. The water is then in need of refinement in order to avoid pollution. Unfortunately, this is isn’t the only effect that property development near national parks has had on these environments. Other human activities affect the national parks as well. Exotic animals are being released into the wild by people this can prove to be devastating to the native Everglades species as well as having a negative affect the food chain and the whole ecosystem. The ‘invaders” include the Mediterranean fruit fly, common myna, Burmese python, Tokay gecko, and the Cuban tree-frog. These are some of the invasive species which are changing Everglades’ ecosystem. Invasive species are not limited to animals there are also plants that are invasive. Plants such as the “Brazilian pepper,” which produces chemicals can suppress other plants. Other invasive plants include lather leaf, Australian pine, seaside mahoe, which affect the Everglades’ natural habitat by killing off or reducing native species. Commercial development is a problem that many parks have to face and although the consequences vary from park to park these consequences are slowly changing and affecting our national parks. |At right, a small alligator explores a patio and backyard (Photo courtesy of Roberto Estrada). Below, construction near Everglades National Park (Photo by Sergio Guarneros).| Not far from Everglades National Park in South Florida, Biscayne National Park is a national park that has rare species of coral reefs and is rich in regional history, ranging from pirate ship wrecks to pineapple farmers. In Biscayne National Park, people are allowed to go out boating, picnicking, diving, fishing, and snorkeling. But this also poses a danger to the national park. “The problems that Biscayne National Park faces are a range full of problems some of which include, runoff water, chemicals, littering and people crashing into the coral reefs,” said Sarah Bellmund, ecologist at Biscayne National Park. Like Everglades National Park, Biscayne National Park faces similar problems as it pertains to runoff water that affects the organisms that are in need of a certain level of saline water in order to survive. But bigger issues that the park faces include people littering into the water. This is one of the biggest concerns for ecologist Bellmund because it’s polluting the park as well as affecting the natural habitat of the coral reefs. Another big issue that the park faces is boaters who crash into the coral reefs. Many of these accidents occur because the boaters are either inexperienced or drunk. The national park has also taken a huge impact because of people partying in their boats in the park which is responsible for most of the littering and some of the crashes that occur in the park. “It’s important for people to get out and see the natural beauty in order to appreciate the tropical park we are able to enjoy,” said Bellmund.

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Learn Metal Manufacturing & Machining at the GRCTC’s state of the art lab. Learn while having fun making projects out of metal using EMCO mills and turning centers, Clausing manual lathes and knee mills, drill presses, Lincoln Electric plasma cutter, welders, and CNC equipment. The lab also features HAAS machining centers. Someone working as a manufacturing engineer, a position also sometimes called an industrial engineer or industrial designer, has the responsibility of streamlining the process of manufacturing. Their goals are to eliminate wastefulness when creating a new product in a factory, utilize machinery in the most efficient way possible, help ensure that the entire manufacturing process is safe and create a more affordable way for companies to create products for their consumers. In order to achieve these objectives, manufacturing engineers might need to update machinery, train new employees, change the layout of a factory or change shift times in order to make employees more productive. Robotics is a lab-based course that uses a hands-on approach to introduce the basic concepts of robotics, focusing on the construction and programming of mobile robots. Course information will be tied to lab experiments; students will work in groups to build and test increasingly more complex mobile robots, culminating in an end-of-semester robot contest. We will be competing in Robotics Competitions. Students will be divided into groups and complete a variety of robot construction and programming activities within the confines of these groups.

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“Pick your damned towel up of the floor and PUT IT IN THE WASH.” We all heard that sentiment plenty as teenagers. And science is, yet again, proving we deserved it. In soon-to-be-published research, Dr Charles Gerba, a microbiologist at the University of Arizona, has discovered that nearly 90 per cent of bathroom towels are contaminated with coliform bacteria – microscopic organisms that can indicate the presence of disease-causing bacteria in water. Perhaps most unsettling about the study is that Dr Gerba reportedly found that roughly 14 per cent carried E. coli. Yes, E. coli as in the bacterium found in the digestive tract of humans and animas. E. coli as in the kind spread by faeces. Oh, and he also found Salmonella. According to TIME, Dr Gerba explained that bathroom towels serve as an ideal breeding ground for such bacteria, as the room is often dark, damp, and your hands are routinely exposed to faecal organisms. Every time you dry yourself without having thoroughly washed, you’re transferring those organisms from your skin onto the fabric, where it flourishes in the petri-dish-like conditions. “After about two days, if you dry your face on a hand towel, you’re probably getting more E. coli on your face than if you stuck your head in a toilet and flushed it,” Dr Gerba told the outlet. Listen: Your pillows are also pretty gross. (Post continues below…) According to TIME, Dr Gerba observed that the numbers of E. coli bacteria correlated with how often the towels were washed. That two-day mark he mentioned is key, as is a hot cycle. That’s a conservative approach and, let’s be honest, pretty unrealistic for the majority of families. Thankfully most experts agree that a weekly wash is sufficient, as long as the towel stays completely dry between uses. Be sure to give it a whiff, too, because if a musty odour develops, then you’ve left it too long.

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Primary Impact Crusher. Primary impact crusher is KEFID's new product absorbing international latest technology. As the crusher's heart , rotor is the most important part. PFP impact crushers are generally used as a primary crushers for crushing quarry rock, which are designed for crushing low abrasive and medium hard materials Gallery Word PDF Bookmark.Oct 06, 2021 Primary Crusher - an overview ScienceDirect Topics. 2.1 The primary crusher The primary crusher is located in the quarry and consists of a McLanahan 48″x72′ Shale King Crusher rated at 1,000 TPH (Tons Per Hour). The driving flywheel has a diameter of 2.5 meters and is motor driven through six v-belts. Primary Impact Crushers POLYGON Primary Impact Crushers are excellent solutions for crushing soft middle hard materials with high production capacity and cubical shaped products. The high reduction ratio of our Primary Impact Crushers allows secondary crushing requirements and helps to maximize the plant capacities.A Mobile Jaw Crusher Taking the Brunt. The RM MXJ1100 is a simple heavy-duty mobile jaw crusher for primary crushing applications. Built with a generous discharge conveyor belt clearance, it delivers a superior performance crushing reinforced concrete. Impact Crushers. 150 Portable Closed Circuit Plant (Diesel Powered) – Rock Crusher 150 Primary Plant (Diesel Powered) – Rock Crusher 200 Closed Circuit Plant – Rock Crusher (Secondary) 300 Primary Plant (Electric Powered) – Rock Crusher 400 Primary Plant (Electric Powered) – Rock Crusher Inventory in Yard. 150 Crushboss Transformer.Jun 10, 2021 The primary task of the coarse crusher is to make it possible to transport the material on a conveyor belt. In most aggregate crushing plants, primary crushing is performed in a jaw crusher, although a rotary primary crusher can also be used. Impact crushers may also be the best choice if the material is easily crushed and not excessively worn. Jaw crushers . Nordberg C Series™ 4 Metso rock breakers 18. Impact crushers cost-efficient jaw crushers for any primary crushing application. C Series jaw crushers were originally developed to crush the Bruno™ process simulation program or contact Metso.McLanahan offers a wide selection of Impact Crushers for quarried limestone and semi-abrasive minerals. McLanahan draws from the 75 years of field experience with the Universal line of Impactors, which includes impact breakers and Andreas-style impactors. At present, we offer the New Holland-style primary impact breaker and the MaxCap X-Series Primary, providing a means to reduce quarry shot. Uses for primary gyratory crushers. Large and powerful rock breaker boom systems with large hammers constructed for continuous and heavy operation are intended for primary gyratory crushers. They are used to break up oversized pieces of crushed material or to free up caving (vaults) in the crusher.Steele Primary Crushers — Cost-effective, reliable sizing for bulk raw materials. Robust, workhorse machines built for decades of reliable sizing and consistent output, with minimal maintenance, easy wear part replacement and fast change outs for drives and roll speeds. Steele crushers improve bulk raw material preparation, for better mix. Primary Crusher Primary Crusher - Manufacturers, Suppliers, Factory from China. We have now a hugely efficient team to deal with inquiries from buyers. Our goal is 100 client gratification by our solution high-quality, rate our team service and take pleasure in a great popularity among clients.Job Crusher Support Desk Here is where you can contact customer support for all things related to Job Crusher and its training programs. Website and Hosting Support Desk This is the support system you use for problems related to your website or hosting for your Job Crusher Platinum website. All new Superior™ MKIII 50-65 primary gyratory crushers features are retrofittable on existing Superior™ MKI and MKII primary gyratory crushers. This means that any equipment upgrades to existing Metso Superior™ primary gyratory crushers can be implemented without issues. Parameter. Weight 153 000 kg (337 300 lbs).In the cement industry, the HPI-H series of single rotor Primary Impact Crushers are used with a grinding path for the production of a raw material with the ideal grain size distribution for further grinding in vertical roller mills. EQUIPMENT. The HPI-H Crusher has two impact aprons and can also be equipped with a grinding path. Impact crushers are designated as a primary, secondary, tertiary or quarternary rotor crusher depending on which processing stage the equipment is being utilized. Contact our experts today by calling (800)262-5401 to discuss your specific application! Additional Resources.The Terex Finlay J-1160 mobile jaw crusher is a primary crusher for aggregates production as well as concrete and asphalt recycling applications. The machine has hydrostatic drive which offers reversible operation for clearing blockages and demolition applications. In the cement industry, the HPI series of single rotor Primary Impact Crushers are used with a grinding path for the production of a raw material with the ideal grain size distribution for further grinding in vertical roller mills. EQUIPMENT. The HPI Crusher has two impact.Primary And Secondary Coal Crusher In Thermal Power Station. Thermal Power Plant Coal Handling Plant Primary Crusher . How does a coal power plant work bright hub engineering jun 30 2013 30 june 2013 1 prsentation on coal handling plant chp 30 june 2013 coal crushers primary crushers up to 600 mm secondary crusher 600 to 100 mm final crushers up to 25 mm 49 in this way we conclude that. The primary gyratory crusher offers high capacity thanks to its generously dimensioned circular discharge opening (which provides a much larger area than that of the jaw crusher) and the continuous operation principle (while the reciprocating motion of the jaw crusher produces a batch crushing action).This crushing production line includes the jaw crusher, cone crusher, vibrating screen, belt conveyor and so on, which can crusher your raw materials into smaller stone. This crushing production line is made of different components that have different functions. Like the jaw crusher, it is mainly used for the primary crushing stage. Because of. Primary Crasher Crusher Primary Crusher Primary Rock Crasher Equipment PE400 600 Jaw Crusher Machine Price List. $7,000.00 Set. 1 Set (Min. Order) Henan Shibo Mechanical Engineering . CN 12 YRS. 5.0 (1) . Contact Supplier. Compare. Ad.Contact Fran ais Select Page. Jaw crushers. Jaw crushers are primary crushers, rock crushing equipment and other hard and abrasive materials, such as granite, ores or recycled concrete, usually for industrial use. The crushing device consists of a fixed plate and a swivel plate called a jaw. The rock is trapped and crushed between the jaw teeth. Product Introduction. JXSC jaw type rock crusher is usually used as a primary crusher and secondary crusher to reduce the size of medium-hard materials to smaller physical size. Jaw rock crushers are capable of working with the mobile crushing station, underground crushing because of its related small volume. Capacity 1-1120TPH.A solid performer since its ground-breaking introduction, the Stedman Mega-Slam horizontal impactor effectively handles large feed sizes - beyond the range of secondary HSI crushers Mega-Slam primary impact crushers are engineered for low maintenance and feature simplified interior access to breaker bars, primary and secondary aprons and side liners, maximizing production uptime. If you are interested in our company and our products, you can click to consult, we will provide you with value-for-money servicesFree Consultation

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Personality Disorders: An Overview by Robert Bittner Personality disorders are chronic mental illnesses that can range from mildly unsettling to severe. They arise from a person’s home environment, as well as from genetic and chemical causes. Treatment options include psychotherapy (counseling), medicines, and self-help approaches. Some people may need the personalized attention that only hospitalization can provide. A personality disorder must fulfill several criteria. They cannot be diagnosed just on the basis of one characteristic. People with personality disorders have an inflexible pattern of understanding people, thinking, and behaving that makes it difficult to adjust to their environment. This is serious enough to affect their functioning. But, in some cases, people with personality disorders may not think they have a problem or may not want to change. Personality disorders are usually recognizable by adolescence and continue throughout adulthood, and they become less obvious throughout middle age. The following information is an overview of ten clinically diagnosed personality disorders and their symptoms. Antisocial Personality Disorder TOP With antisocial personality disorder, there is a pattern of disregarding or actually violating others’ rights, which usually includes most of the following: Avoidant Personality Disorder TOP A pattern of feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity, and social inhibition, which usually involves: Borderline Personality Disorder TOP With borderline personality disorder, there is a pattern of instability and shallowness in one’s personal relationships, usually related to one’s self-image and marked by: Dependent Personality Disorder TOP A chronic need to be taken care of along with a fear of being abandoned. Symptoms include: Histrionic Personality Disorder TOP Excessive emotionality and attention seeking, demonstrated by: Narcissistic Personality Disorder TOP A chronic need for admiration, a lack of empathy with others, and absorption with oneself, usually including: Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder TOP With obsessive compulsive personality disorder, there is a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control—at the expense of flexibility and efficiency—demonstrated by: Paranoid Personality Disorder TOP A pattern of distrust and suspicion, often demonstrated by: Schizoid Personality Disorder TOP A pattern of being detached from and unemotional in social relationships, demonstrated by: Schizotypal Personality Disorder TOP A pattern of acute discomfort with close relationships, combined with distortions of thought and perception, and eccentric behavior, demonstrated by: Mental Health America National Institute of Mental Health Canadian Psychiatric Association Canadian Psychological Association American Psychiatric Association. DSM IV TR. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. Factsheet: personality disorders. Mental Health America website. Available at: http://www.mentalh... . Updated November 2008. Accessed August 6, 2008. EBSCO Information Services is fully accredited by URAC. URAC is an independent, nonprofit health care accrediting organization dedicated to promoting health care quality through accreditation, certification and commendation. This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition. To send comments or feedback to our Editorial Team regarding the content please email us at email@example.com. Our Health Library Support team will respond to your email request within 2 business days.

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The word calamity comes from the language Latin: calamĭtas. The concept is used to refer to a disaster or one catastrophe It affects a large number of individuals. For example: “Last year's earthquake was a calamity: there were hundreds of deaths and many families lost their homes”, “If the company closes its doors it will be a calamity for the whole village ”, “We have not had electricity for five days! It is a calamity! ”. The idea of calamity is usually linked to a tragic or very negative event . Suppose a tsunami devastates an island, leaving many wounded and dead and destroying the local infrastructure. It can be said that this natural phenomenon is a calamity, or that it caused a calamity in the island population. Sometimes the term calamity is used to mention a situation that causes a certain pain , anguish or discomfort , without becoming a tragedy. If he San Vicente Athletic Club misses 8 to 0 with the Deportivo La Carolina , footballers and supporters of equipment Loser may consider the result to be a calamity. This discomfort, however, cannot be compared with the suffering that the victims of a real tragedy are going through. It is important to note that misfortune, the adversity and the misfortune that this concept represents can affect both a group of living beings (ranging from a few to entire communities) and only one in particular. For example, we can say that "The tsunami represented a real calamity for the whole country"but also that "This child has seen nothing but abuse and calamities in his short life". Calamity, finally, can refer to a subject that is awkward, inept or annoying : “You are a calamity! Again you have forgotten to attend the meeting with the managers ”, “This waiter is a calamity, he confused all the dishes and brought them cold”, "Today I am a calamity, I better go to nap". Continuing with the etymology of the term calamity, we know that it derives from Latin calamitas, calamitatis, whose meaning is "damage, blow, scourge." Precisely, these words with which we can define the original are closely related to the meaning that we currently give to the concept, figuratively: a misfortune that ruins someone's life can also be understood as a knock or a scourge that gives him life, something terrible that causes him a hurt Very deep and irreparable. The root of the Latin term is * Kel-2, of Indo-European origin and has the connotation of "beat, cut". Other Latin words that share it are gladius, which can be translated as "sword", and incolumis, "intact, safe and sound, without harm"; from the first derive gladiolus and gladiator, and from the second we obtained include me. If we go back to the time when the italic peoples (Latin, Umbros, Oscos) really used the word calamitas, the history of its evolution and its meaning becomes much clearer. It turns out that these communities, in times of harvest, had to invest a lot of time in the task called threshing, which consists of separating the harvested wheat from the calamus, that is, the "straw" or the "cane ". At that time, since the Mediterranean is normal winds that blow northward at harvest times, sometimes it happened that the wheat mixed again with the calamus, absolutely useless for the harvest. Such a situation constituted a real calamity, since the fruits of the threshing were fading, and it was necessary to do the work again. If we take into account that even today a bad harvest can put the economy at risk, it goes without saying that the consequences in times of the Old Empire were not precisely mild.

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Hello, welcome to come!Get Price List Rotary kilns have widespread usage in many field of industry due to continues flow and heating the products inside it, simultaneously. Rotary kiln can be used in the process of alumina, cement Apr 13, 2020 The manufacture of Portland cement is a complex process and done in the following steps: grinding the raw materials, mixing them in certain proportions depending upon their purity and composition, and burning them to sintering in a kiln at a temperature of about 1350 to 1500 ?C. During this process, these materials partially fuse to form nodular shaped clinker by broking of chemical … Jul 11, 2017 The improved periclase-spinel refractories have been used in a number of enterprises since 2013. The first lining of the firing zone for a rotary kiln for cement clinker by a dry method (diameter 4.4, length 52 m) using objects of grade PShPTs 86AF showed a life of more than 400 days (OOO South-Ural GPK). Aug 17, 1971 materials are produced in portland cement manufacturing plants. A diagram of the process, which 1/95 Mineral Products Industry 11.6-1. Figure 11.6-1. Process flow diagram for portland cement manufacturing. of the oxides in the burning zone of the rotary kiln, to form cement clinker at temperatures of approximately 1510 C (2750 F). The burning process is carried out in the rotary kiln while the raw materials are rotated at 1-2rpm at its longitudinal axis. The rotary kiln is made up of steel tubes having the diameter of 2.5-3.0 meter and the length differs from 90-120meter. The inner side of the kiln is lined with refractory bricks. 2/98 Mineral Products Industry 11.17-1 and handling operations. A generalized material flow diagram for a lime manufacturing plant is given in Figure 11.17-1. Note that some operations shown may not be performed in all plants. The heart of a lime plant is the kiln. The prevalent type of kiln is the rotary kiln, accounting for about 90 Aug 30, 2012 Cement Manufacturing Process Phase IV: Kiln Phase. Kiln is a huge rotating furnace also called as the heart of cement making process. Here, raw material is heated up to 1450 ?C. This temperature begins a chemical reaction so called decarbonation. In this reaction material (like limestone) releases the carbon dioxide. Dec 26, 2019 Fig 1 Schematic diagram of a rotary kiln. Kiln diameter is usually constant over the full length. Some rotary kilns have internals such as conveying or lifting flights, built in crossed-hanging link chains, or ring dams. In some processes, air-feed pipes or burner tubes for gas or … Methods of Manufacturing Process of Cement. At present Portland Cement is manufactured by two processes, Dry Process, and Wet Process. The main difference between these two methods of manufacturing of cement is that in the dry process, calcareous and argillaceous raw materials are fed into the burning kilns in a perfectly dry state. published over the last 5 years comparing rotary kiln calciners to shaft calciners [1,2,3,4]. Shaft calciners are common in China but there are very few operating outside of China. Rotary kilns on the other hand, have been the technology of choice for most of the rest of the world and the technology is Rotary cooler is one kind of cement cooler applied for cement manufacturing plants.As an essential part of the cement kiln system, a rotary cooler is used to cool the clinker discharged from the cement rotary kiln.The rotary cooler also helps air to absorb the large amounts of heat carried by clinker, heating the combustion air up to the high temperature, strengthen the calcination, and reduce Graduate Engineering Trainee at PANYAM CEMENTS AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India 312 connections. Join to Connect PANYAM CEMENTS AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED Rotary kiln - professional maintenance -Engineering Talks Engineering Talks The company has entered into an agreement with Panyam Cement and Mineral Industries Ltd. for distribution and Marketing of cement. Chennai based Indian Cements is learnt to have held talks, or is in the process of holding talks, with at least two Multinational Cement Companies Blue Circle and Cemex to set up joint venture Company. Consultant of Rotary Equipment Alignment like Kiln, Cooler, Dryer, Drum, Recycler etc Today started new job GM production and process in DANGOTE cement industry Zambia operation East Africa (1.5 mtpa clinker + 1.5 Mtpa cement) Raw Materials Officer at PANYAM CEMENTS AND MINERAL INDUSTRTIES LIMITED Kurnool. Ameerjan Mohammed Article - Waste Glass in the Production of Cement and Concrete - A Review - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This is an article on the use of waste glass in concrete Cement Dust Exposure And Acute Lung Function A Cross . Apr 14 2010018332The health risks posed by inhaled dust particles are influenced by the deposition pattern of the particles in the various regions of the respiratory tract and by the biological responses exerted by the deposited dust particles Cement dust irritates the skin the mucous membrane of the eyes and the respiratory system. In for, than d'link dsl-2750u not attracted to husband anymore aime nkanu osali na bomoyi na ngai sealed section in dolly magazine lian li black aluminum pc-q18b review articulo 323 codigo penal: else colombiano lavado de activos, here pill poppin, but animal lil wayne hd freibetrag bei hinterbliebenenrente, once skutt kiln model 1027-3 aflam Panyam Cements Mineral Industries Rotary Kiln Diagrams. The company mainly produces five series of products, including crushing equipment, sand making equipment, mineral processing equipment, grinding equipment and building materials equipment. 40 years of mining machinery manufacturing history, three production bases, exported to more than 160 countries and regions, We are your trusted Jan 16, 2013 Panyam Cements & Mineral Industries Limited (PCMIL) was established in the year 1955 in Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh. The Company is engaged in the business of ordinary Portland cement, Portland Pozzolana cement and Portland slag cement. and later two more kilns with a capacity of 300 TPD and 600 TPD respectively were added. Over Note: If you're interested in the product, please submit your requirements and contacts and then we will contact you in two days. We promise that all your informations won't be leaked to anyone.

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English for Children William C. Harvey, M.S. - All books by this author This book, previously titled Inglés para todos los días is a revised and updated child-friendly introduction to English for Spanish-speaking children. It dramatizes a typical day in the lives of boys and girls, starting as they wake up in the morning, and then taking them through a full day of school and play. At home again, kids are with their family at dinner, and finally they end their day at bedtime. Children pick up many new words and phrases in English as they follow a day's events. Inglés para los Ninos is intended primarily for children, ages seven through twelve. Line illustrations throughout. Paperback / 212 Pages / 7 13/16 x 10 7/8 / 2012

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What Is Phono-Graphix? Phono-Graphix teaches reading based on phonemic awareness and knowledge of the alphabetic code. It is structured, systematic, and multi-sensory in design, but differs from traditional phonics instruction in the orientation of its core methodology. Most phonics methods teach from symbol to sound. The letter “a” makes the sound /ah/ as in apple, or /a/ as in apron. Phono-graphix uses the inverse of this approach and teaches from sound to symbol. The sound is /ch/ and it can be represented by ch or tch. Why Does It Work and Where Is It Best Applied? Children learn to speak long before they are taught to read. They are, therefore, aware of the sounds in words long before they are introduced to the letters associated with those sounds. When reading is taught using “sound pictures,” Phono-Graphix presents the child with a visual representation of sounds he has already both heard and spoken. Program authors, Carmen and Geoffrey McGuinness, designed it to be used with young students just learning to read, or older struggling readers who have been diagnosed with a learning disability. The program is adaptable for use in classrooms, small groups, or for one-on-one instruction. How Is Phono-Graphix Taught? Phono-Graphix emphasizes that printed letters are visual representations, or “pictures,” of sounds in words. To build phonemic awareness it provides direct instruction in three keys areas: Segmenting – the ability to distinguish and separate individual sounds in words. Blending – the ability to blend individual sounds to make a whole word. Phoneme Manipulation – the ability to move individual sounds in and out of words As each sound of the alphabetic code is systematically introduced, corresponding “pictures” for that sound are taught in order from most to least common. Students learn to spell concurrent with learning to read using multi-modality techniques to facilitate this process. They are taught “mapping” in which they say each sound in a word while writing the corresponding letter or letters. Both reading and spelling exercises are incorporated into every lesson. Is it Research Based? In 1996, the Annals of Dyslexia published the results of clinical research on Phono-Graphix conducted at the Read America clinic in Orlando, Florida. Eighty-seven children, ages 6 to 16, with reading and spelling difficulties were included in the study. Thirty-five of them had a diagnosed learning disability. After receiving 12 or less hours of one-on-one Phono-Graphix instruction students were given the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test. They showed an average gain of 13.7 points in Word Identification Skills and 19.34 points in Word Attack Skills. Where Do I Buy It? Curricula by the Phono-Graphix developers may be purchased from the Read America website. Parents or non-educators wishing to tutor with Phono-graphix will find detailed instruction on doing so in the book Reading Reflex which is available at most bookstores. It was written to provide simple implementation instructions so that anyone wishing to use the program may easily do so. The ABeCeDarian Company also sells a Phono-Graphix-based curricula. Michael Bend, who authored ABeCeDarian’s curriculum, trained in Phono-Graphix and later compiled instructions into a scripted, easy-to-use format. ABeCeDarian materials may be purchased from their website.

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*Adesokan, A., and MacLean, M. PreciseMed 272 Bath Street, Glasgow, G2 4JR Scotland As the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps the globe, causing tens of thousands of deaths in most Western countries with economies round the world in turmoil, Africa has so far been largely spared the kind of impact that has thrown the United States, South America and Europe into crisis. Most African countries remain seriously unprepared to handle the pandemic of the nature the Western world is dealing with; Africa, from Mali to Ethiopia to Libya and down to South Africa, have insufficient ventilators or intensive care beds to cope with COVID-19 should it strike with ferocity as it is doing in the Western world. As COVID-19 reaches the shores of Africa, despite poor health facilities, poor living conditions and inadequate availability of clean water across the continent, Africans are still putting up a fight taking COVID-19 head on with use of cheap technology, and help from the continent’s protective climate. However, Africa cannot afford to be complacent. African countries must continue to adopt strict social distancing measures, educate their people on the importance of intake of regular vitamin D, good exercising habit, good sleep pattern, adequate hand hygiene measures, as well as strictly enforcing the “test, trace and isolate“ model to the letter for the continent to take on the fight head on and wage a proper war against COVID-19. Continue reading “Africa’s COVID-19 story: cheap innovation technology and climate protective effect to her rescue?”

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Evolution, Immigration and Trade Monday, May 7, 2007; 12:00 AM It was once thought that humans are born as "blank slates" to be programmed by our families, culture and society. While those forces play an important role, evolutionary psychology teaches us that human behavior is also the product of the environment in which humanity evolved -- that many of our intuitions are ingrained because they contributed to our primitive ancestors' survival. Public policy pays surprisingly little attention to evolutionary psychology. Yet there are many human intuitions and behaviors that influence contemporary policy issues -- sometimes in ways that are no longer useful or perhaps even harmful to humans flourishing. These intuitions are sometimes referred to as "folk economics," and one area in which they often emerge is the international economy. Our primitive ancestors lived in a world that was essentially static; there was little societal or technological change from one generation to the next. This meant that our ancestors lived in a world that was zero sum -- if a particular gain happened to one group of humans, it came at the expense of another. This is the world our minds evolved to understand. To this day, we often see the gain of some people and assume it has come at the expense of others. Economists have argued for more than two centuries that voluntary trade, whether domestic or international, is positive sum: it benefits both parties, or else the exchange wouldn't occur. Economists have also long argued that the economics of immigration -- immigrants coming here to exchange their labor for money that they then exchange for the products of other people's labor -- is positive sum. Yet our evolutionary intuition is that, because foreign workers gain from trade and immigrant workers gain from joining the U.S. economy, native-born workers must lose. This zero-sum thinking leads us to see trade and immigration as conflict ("trade wars," "immigrant invaders") when trade and immigration actually produce cooperation and mutual benefit, the exact opposite of conflict. Conflict was common in the environment in which humans evolved. As primates, which are a very social order, our ancestors lived in relatively small groups in which everyone knew everyone else. Our minds are adapted to deal with populations of that size. Our ancestors made strong distinctions between members of the in-group and outsiders, and we still make such distinctions today -- social psychologists can create in-group and out-group feelings based on virtually any arbitrary difference between populations. The in-group and out-group intuitions help fuel opposition to expanded trade and immigration. The public intuitively believes that the beneficiaries of such policies will be foreigners, and it is easy to arouse suspicion about those who are not part of our in-group. When coupled with zero-sum thinking, this is a powerful political tool. For instance, a domestic industry or collection of domestic workers, when having difficulty competing with foreign or immigrant competitors, can use innate dislike of outsiders when advocating for increased barriers. As the evolutionary inheritors of small-group societies, our minds sometimes have difficulty appreciating risks, harms and benefits experienced by a large population. In a group of 100 people, when we observe something that has happened to someone, it is a reasonably likely event. In a society of 300 million, when we learn about something happening to one person, it may be an extremely unlikely event, but we often perceive it as likely when we see it on the news. This instinct also shapes our perspective on trade and immigration. We understandably have great sympathy for workers who lose their jobs because they can't compete with foreign workers, but we have difficulty appreciating the benefit that our nation of consumers gains from the products of foreign laborers. As products of evolution, humans cannot help but be born with certain biases. But we are not condemned to this evolutionary programming; we can identify the biases and recognize when they lead us astray in the modern world. American history is marked by many periods of openness to trade and immigration, and those periods have often featured strong economic growth and human prosperity. However, American history has also seen many instances in which our zero-sum and anti-outsider intuitions reemerged, whether in the form of prohibitions against "dogs or Irishmen" or policies against "outsourcing." A useful analogy is between speech and reading. All humans growing up in a normal environment learn to speak, but reading must be taught because it does not come naturally. Folk economic beliefs are like speech -- we get them without trying. A deeper understanding of economics is like reading -- it must be taught. America's success in lowering its barriers to outsiders shows that we can and do learn. But like reading, we must teach each generation anew. Paul H. Rubin is the Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Economics and Law at Emory University and the author of Darwinian Politics: The Evolutionary Origin of Freedom (Rutgers University Press, 2002). He has been writing a series on evolution and economic behavior for the Cato Institute's journal Regulation.

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Secrets beneath the surface of two Pablo Picasso paintings in the collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO) in Toronto have been unearthed through an in-depth research project, which combined technical analysis and art historical digging to determine probable influences for the pieces and changes made by the artist. Results of the three-year study into La Soupe (1902) and La Miséreuse accroupie (1902), both from Picasso’s Blue Period (1901-04), were presented last week in Houston at the American Institute for Conservation’s annual conference. The research has also prompted a major upcoming exhibition on this era of the artist’s practice. “With all this evidence, we’re able to unpack what happened with Picasso during those formative years,” says Kenneth Brummel, the AGO’s assistant curator of Modern art, who co-led the research project with Sandra Webster-Cook, the AGO’s senior painting conservator. The AGO teamed up with the NU-ACCESS research programme, co-directed by Marc Walton and Francesca Casadio from Northwestern University and the Art Institute of Chicago Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts, to use their portable x-ray fluorescence technology, which reveals chemical composition and distribution of pigments. It was already known that La Miséreuse accroupie, a painting of a crouched destitute woman wrapped in a cloak, hid a landscape scene underneath, thanks to an x-ray examination of the painting in 1992. But new research by Brummel and Susan Behrends Frank, a curator at the Phillips Collection in Washington, DC, has found that this landscape might have been painted by another Barcelona artist, and represent the city’s Labyrinth Park of Horta. Updates in technology since the earlier analysis—which Webster-Cook says include not only new equipment, but also the software to process information—also helped find an arm that was eventually covered by the cloak. “We’ve been able to tie that arm in La Miséreuse accroupie to a really important El Greco painting that was well-known in Barcelona [at the time],” Brummel says. The work, The Penitent Magdalene With the Cross (around 1585-90), was in the collection of the painter, poet and playwright Santiago Rusiñol, who influenced Picasso and was a major figure in the Catalan Modernisme movement, and is held at the Cau Ferrat museum in Sitges, formerly his home. Upon close examination, the naked eye can see that Picasso had changed the composition of La Soupe, a work in which a child reaches up for a bowl of soup held by her mother. But “it was surprising to find the outline of another figure between the mother and child” during the technical analysis, Webster-Cook says, adding that the discovery “was particularly rich because of what [Brummel] brought to the investigation in terms of related drawings”. Brummel linked this newly-uncovered figure to a drawing that was reproduced in a Barcelona newspaper in October 1902, which indicates that La Soupe likely dates to late 1902 or early 1903, ushering in a second “Barcelona phase” of the Blue Period. This “gives us a better sense of how La Soupe relates to other paintings and drawings in the Blue Period”, Brummel says. The AGO has teamed up with the Phillips Collection for an upcoming exhibition on the Blue Period, due to be held at the institutions in 2020-21, which will be the first ever show in Canada on this phase of Picasso’s work and draws on recent technological studies. “I think the popular conception of the Blue Period is it is that it was monolithic and what [Webster-Cook] and her colleagues have been able to uncover is that no, actually it was not,” Brummel says. The show will revolve around three works, each of which “represents a stage in the Blue Period”, Brummel explains: The Blue Room (1901) at the Phillips Collection, whose study by the museum, which discovered a portrait of a man hidden beneath a female nude, inspired the AGO’s research, for the Paris phase; La Miséreuse accroupie for the first Barcelona phase; and La Soupe for the second Barcelona phase. Drawings, paintings and sculptures by Picasso, as well as works by other artists that inspired the Spanish Modernist, will also be shown. “At the Art Gallery of Ontario, we’re really excited to bring technical art history into an exhibition,” says Brummel, “but also shed new light on masterworks in our collection”.

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Combining large scale social sciences and their research methods with genetics has the potential to better understand and explain issues regarding public health concerns. Certain environments and genetic factors affect some people in different ways than they affect others. Gene–environment (G×E) research is looking to integrate both biologic and social sciences using their approaches, data, and models to better understand how and why certain individuals are resilient to stressors and others are not. This interdisciplinary path has the potential to help address the challenge of causal inference in G×E research. The authors highlight three research designs that could be used in G×E interaction research through the integration of the social and biological sciences, “where both sides bring important expertise to the table.” - A natural experiment design examining GxE interactions between stress and genotype in predicting depressive phenotypes. - Enhanced family designs used to address concerns about the population stratification in the GxE literature. - Policy variation, another resource of environmental variation, has been used in the social science to examine the determinants of important health phenotypes. This essay provides examples of research designs that would be beneficial for G×E interaction research. The data examples come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health and from the Fragile Families Study.

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The Capri is a light beige / whitish coloured limestone, with fine to medium grain and uniform background. It presents disperse small spots with a darker brown colour. Its main variations depend on the background colour that can be lighter or darker, as well as grain that can vary from fine to medium mostly. In terms of hardness, it is considered a soft natural stone that is essentially used on exterior cladding projects or interior use. Capri limestone tile Capri limestone slabs The Capri limestone has been originally explored around the town of Cabra, located in the province of Cordoba (Andaluzia region). But it is today mainly explored around the town of Zarcilla de Ramos, which is located in the region of Murcia – southeast of Spain. Zarcilla de Ramos is located at about 100 kilometers west of Murcia and about 480 kilometers southeast of the Spanish capital Madrid. It lies at the eastern end of the Betica Mountain Range (Cordillera Betica in Spanish), close to the border with Almeria province.

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The International Day for the Right to the Truth concerning Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims is marked globally on 24th March. It is a day to remember the victims of past abuses and promote the right to truth and justice. The right to truth is linked to governments’ duty and obligation to protect and guarantee human rights, to conduct effective investigations and to guarantee effective remedy and reparations. The transitional justice discourse in Sri Lanka is reenergized with the adoption of the Resolution at the 30th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council in September-October 2015. The consensus resolution, cosponsored by the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL), is an important step in terms of recognizing past abuses and the need to investigate, prosecute, repair and reform within Sri Lanka. The GOSL has, in addition to confidence building measures such as reforming legislation and releasing lands to original owners, promised the establishment of four mechanisms in Sri Lanka- a special court, a commission for truth, justice, reconciliation and non-recurrence, an office of missing persons and office for reparations. These are critical steps in the road to reconciliation in Sri Lanka and must be fully implemented. 2016 will be a critical year in Sri Lanka and for Sri Lankans. The promises are many for a new Sri Lanka. Recognizing and reckoning with past abuses and introducing much needed reforms are critical if reconciliation is to have a chance. This exhibition is a joint collaboration by the Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA) and the Vibhavi Academy of Fine Arts (VAFA) to explore transitional justice via the medium of art. Fourteen emerging artists from across Sri Lanka discussed and debated concepts of transitional justice and its relevance to Sri Lanka at a residential workshop in February 2016 conducted by Chandraguptha Thenuwara and Bhavani Fonseka, followed by the production of art work that is on display at this exhibition. The exhibition commences on 24th March 2016, the International Day for the Right to the Truth concerning Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims. This day and what it symbolizes is a poignant reminder for Sri Lankans of the need to recognize the past and promote truth, justice, reparations, non-repetition. We hope the art work and literature around the theme of transitional justice will expand the discussions on transitional justice and provide a space for reflection, remedy and reform.

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Precepts taken on the basis of refuge at all levels of Buddhist practice. Pratimoksha precepts (vows of individual liberation) are the main vows in the Hinayana tradition and are taken by monks, nuns, and lay people; they are the basis of all other vows. Bodhisattva and tantric precepts are the main vows in the Mahayana tradition. See also Vinaya vows of individual liberation. See Pratimoksha. This glossary contains an alphabetical list of Buddhist terms that you may find on this website. The glossary includes English, Sanskrit and Tibetan terms. The list of terms is expanding and new listings are added regularly. Search for the term you want by entering it in the search box, or browse through the listing by clicking on the letters below.

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What is the mission of conclusion? Most of us underestimate the role of conclusion. As a rule, each type of paper should comprise the finishing part that restates the thesis and draw a line of the most important results. Do you know how to make a winning conclusion? Below you can find the wise tips that will make the writing process easier. We invoke you to plunge into the deep context of this phenomenon and realize its role for your essay. The first thing that committee takes into consideration is the final part of the essay. Let us show you some hacks. What is a conclusion? The conclusion paragraph is the last but important and necessary part of the essay. It connects everything you’ve said in your paper and state the essay as an accomplished unite. It wraps up your composition and gives it the last strokes. Essay conclusion isn’t just a summary of your essay as many people think. In this part, you show with the help of few sentences how you proved your thesis statements in the main body and give the reader a feeling of completeness. The main task of your conclusion is, to sum up, the discussion and force the reader to think about the problem a long time after reading your essay. Your conclusion is supposed to answer any unsolved question and majestically end the essay.You can use the introduction as a directory and look through the whole paper to name in conclusion all the main ideas you’ve stated in your body paragraphs. There is no any strict rule how long the conclusion paragraph must be. However, the most common opinion states it should be 5 to 7 sentences long. Conclusion paragraph structure Conclusions can differ in structure, though there are specifics you should certainly take into consideration. Your conclusion should include the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence. A perfect conclusion should contain a passage from last body paragraph, an explanation how everything is connected, restated thesis statements and final words.Writing a conclusion, don’t forget about the peculiarities of giving ideas. You should start with the specific and move to the general. It looks like something opposite to the introduction where you start with general opinions and move to the specific. There can be different ways to end your essay, though all of them based on the particular template. Start with the topic sentence in which put your rephrasing thesis statements. Don’t just simply rewrite them, try to present them in other words. Omit the clichéd phrases such as “In conclusion,” “To summarize,” etc. They are surely overused and don’t make the conclusion effective.In the next step, you should summarize the main ideas of your essay shortly. The task is to remind the readers what you were writing about. Give an explanation how your ideas connect. There are different ways to say in conclusion the main points thus be careful to put any additional information. Stick to the topic and state only those things, you were mentioned in the main body. Don’t include any quotations; there is enough space for them in the body paragraphs. Write and be confident in what you are stating. Don’t give apologies for your opinions. You are writing your composition, and you have the right to present your ideas and consider them truthful. Don’t put the words such as “I think,” they make your opinion less authoritative. Imagine you are a professor who knows everything he is writing about and act like a master.Good closure sentences should be written in the appropriate language. Be careful not to choose fluffy words. Remember that your conclusion leaves the influence of the whole paper. It’s supposed to be understandable and clear.The concluding sentence contains the final words of your essay. It relates to your introduction. This is the last sentence, and you should write it polished, accurate and provocative. To make this process easier ask yourself a question “What is my essay about and what am I proving?”. You can place in the last sentence an irony, end by appealing to the reader’s emotions or place a call to action. All of these are the powerful tricks to make your readers think about the problem or topic.There is one helpful way how to do the process of writing conclusion easier and smoother. It lies in constantly answering the question “So what?”. Your task is to persuade the reader he must care about your thoughts and ideas.Create a feeling of closure and completeness for your audience. Let them receive only positive impressions from your paper by presenting a good conclusion. Think if you can tie your ideas to the different topic. Analytical essay conclusion examples:Topic 1: Analyze the Instagram’s influence on the youthIn spite of the fact that social media gives the opportunity to be in touch with many other people across the whole world, they also caused lots of difficulties. Beginning with the approach to imprecise information and ending with the increasing facts of cyberbullying, it becomes clear that the worse things too often overcome the good ones among the young people. Taking into consideration that more than half of young users 12-16 years old, it is the time to act and determine rules for providing a rational use of social media.Topic 2: Analyze the theme of the men’s role in the society in Fight clubThe theme of the men’s role in the society in Fight club is obvious from the first page. The main reason why Tyler organizes the club is to help every attending man to receive his instinct feelings and find himself as a man. Throughout the film, all the characters are struggling to forget the women’s influence and become the real men; they were supposed to be.Expository essay conclusion examples:Topic 3: How to write a five-paragraph essayWriting an essay is extremely easy once you understand its structure. It always consists of three main parts: the introduction containing the hook and presenting the thesis statements. The main body is supporting the thesis statements and proving your ideas and the conclusion wrapping everything up. For everyone who knows this simple scheme, writing an essay becomes an easy thing.Topic 4: What are the reasons for global warming?Most scientists admit that the greatest cause of global warming is the rapid rise of greenhouse gases. Some may argue that the major cause is the traffic pollutions and others say it’s the factories, but all of them agree that the main cause is humanity.Narrative essay conclusion examples:Topic 5: Write about the day that changed youIt may be difficult sometimes to remind this event without any pain in the heart, but I’m sure I wouldn’t be the same person if I hadn’t gone through it. It wasn’t easy to recover, and there were outcomes, but I’ve become stronger because of this situation. I hope the others will keep in mind my example to be able to solve the problem if they meet the similar situation.Topic 6: Tell about your happiest momentSitting beside my dad, I feel that nothing could give me a greater reason to be happy. We were reunited, and all the problems were in the past. I knew the life was unpredictable and could give us any test at any time but we are the family, and we are strong together.Persuasive essay conclusion examples:Topic 7: Why the high education is important?The high education widely opens the door for the better future. None of the people who are arguing about useless of studying in the college or university can reject all the opportunities the high education can provide with: well-paid job, good special qualities and traveling around the world. Undoubtedly, it’s worth to spend the time and money on.Topic 8: Is it necessary for kids to learn foreign languages?Learning foreign language is extremely useful for children’s development. The psychologists proved that it improves kid’s memory, enriches their thinking and makes them more confident and flexible in their life. With all benefits the foreign language will give them in the future, it’s recommended to give the kid’s this chance to learn. Argumentative essay conclusion examples:Topic 9: Should phone use be banned while driving?Although many people are arguing to allow the phone use while driving, this allowing will bring a lot of problems. While talking on the phone, the one distracts from the road ant this is the main reason which causes the accidents. Considering the fact that misadventures on the road are rapidly increasing, the phone use while driving should be forbidden.Topic 10: Does social media create isolation?Although social media were created to communicate with people all over the world they also give a sense of isolation. People live in the illusion of communication, and their relationships are only in the distance. Not spending enough time in the real communication they have a feeling of isolation.

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India’s toilet man on a crusade to increase sanitation One man is taking on the epic challenge of India’s sanitation crisis: Dr Bindeshwar Pathak has become proudly known as the toilet man of India. Sabtu, 16 Des 2017 10:52 WIB An estimated 2.3 billion people worldwide live without toilets. 60% of them are in India. One in every two people in India defecates in the open, according to the most recent national census. But one man is taking on the epic challenge of India’s sanitation crisis: Dr Bindeshwar Pathak has become proudly known as the toilet man of India. Jasvinder Sehgal travelled to the northern state of Haryana on World Toilet Day last month to find out more. Dozens of school girls are singing. Boys shout out slogans that promote awareness of sanitation and toilets. The small town of Marora, in Haryana is celebrating, as a huge squat toilet is unveiled by India’s toilet man, Dr Bindeshwar Pathak. Measuring 6 by 3 metres, the toilet is far too big for any human! Instead, the larger than life replica has been constructed to emphasise just how important it is to use toilets. Dr Bindeshwar Pathak tells me his NGO, Sulabh International is committed to raising awareness about sanitation and hygiene throughout India. “We have constructed 1.5 million toilets in households - urban and rural, both,” he explained. “At public places we have built about 9000 public toilets, minimum 10 seats and maximum is the 2858 seats in Pandarpur, Maharsthra. Four hundred thousand people use these toilets daily.” Dr Pathak explains that toilets save lives. Without them, human waste is left in the open, spreading killer diseases, like diarrhea and cholera. He tells me that toilets are also a priority for Indian women, affording them safety and dignity, which they lack when forced to defecate in the open. He says decades of work is now making an impact – In 2014 India’s national government initiated the “Clean India” campaign. “We have cleaned this country,” he stated. “We have helped. Now the Prime Minister of India has this program to stop defecation in the open by 2019. On our technology the Government of India has built about 70 million toilets through State Governments.” Dr Pathak’s technology is the ‘two pit pour flush’ ecologically sustainable, composting toilet. “One pit is used at a time and the other is kept stand by.” He went on, “if the first one is full, we switch over to another one. The first one after two years becomes manure or fertilizer. Because of this technology it’s not required to be cleaned.” When sanitation is managed properly, Dr. Pathak says that it can become very useful. He explains that poo should be processed. When is turned into treated waste it can be safely returned to the environment. Then it can be put to work generating energy, or even as a fertilizer in food production. “The human excreta goes to a biogas digester and that is used for burning lamps or cooking food. So the human excreta are fully recycled.We don’t allow methane to go to the atmosphere, we burn. So it helps to reduce the global warming and hence the climate change.” Dr. Pathak is determined to share his knowledge of toilets far and wide. And he’s set up a very unique place to do just that. I traveled to India’s capital New Delhi, to visit his toilet museum. “In 2014 Time magazine carried out a survey all over the world to list 10 weirdest museums in the world. And this museum was in the third position,” explained curator Dr. Bagheshwar Jha. The museum traces the 4,500 year history of the toilet. The museum has exhibits from 50 countries, and displays ancient, medieval and modern toilets. The giant squat toilet in Marora village will eventually be displayed here, along with all kinds of replicas. Assistant curator Shikha Sharma shows me her favourite one. “The throne toilet is the most interesting one, the throne of the French emperor Louis XIV. The king had the problem of constipation. He use to sit here and just beneath his throne he built a commode to ease himself,” she said. The toilet museum draws thousands of visitors every year. Raju Singh, 28 was visiting when I was there, and showed me his personal highlight. “It’s a hilarious letter written in broken English to the authorities of Railways,” he said. “In the colonial era the writer was travelling by a train, and had a strong urge to defecate but there was no toilet on the train. His letter compelled the British authorities to put toilets on Indian trains.” And as history repeats itself, India’s toilet man is now pushing for a toilet in every home in the country. Bawaslu Rekomendasikan Pemungutan Suara Ulang, KPU: Logistik 91 TPS Sudah Siap Bawaslu Jateng Temukan Pelanggaran Pilkada di 15 Kabupaten/Kota Tersangka KPK Memenangi Pilkada, Kemendagri: Tunggu Hasil Resmi KPU Ini Alasan BPBD Banyuwangi Minta Perpanjang Status Tanggap Darurat Banjir Bandang Setahun Terakhir, Kontras Catat Polisi dan TNI Jadi Pelaku Terbanyak Kasus Penyiksaan Yang Dilakukan Setelah Insiden Kebakaran Gedung Kemenhub Polisi Selidiki Sebab Kebakaran di Pelabuhan Benoa Ombudsman RI: Ironis, Penjaga Pintu Air Manggarai Masih Berstatus Honorer Mengapa Rokok Harus Mahal? Dengarkan Obrolannya, Ikuti Lomba Blognya Pemerintah Kembali Pertimbangkan UN Jadi Penentu Kelulusan

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03 May 2012: Plant Responses to Global Warming Studies designed to predict how plants and trees will react to rising temperatures have consistently underestimated those responses , with the actual flowering and leafing of plants advancing far more rapidly than most experiments forecast. That is the conclusion of new research by Canadian and U.S. scientists who analyzed 50 plant studies on four continents. By looking at field records of the timing of plant events, the researchers found that leafing and flowering advance by nearly a week for every 1 degree C rise in temperature. But when scientists create experimental plots and heat them to simulate future temperature increases, their predictions usually under-predict plant responses to global warming by at least four-fold, according to the study, published in an online issue of Nature . The timing of annual plant events, known as phenology, has major implications for crop pollination, water supplies, and ecosystem health. The researchers said that plant experiments need to be better designed to reflect the actual impact of future warming. “These results are important because we rely heavily on these experiments to predict what will happen to communities and ecosystems in the future,” said NASA climatologist Ben Cook, who took part in the study. Yale Environment 360 is a publication of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies e360 on Facebook Donate to e360 View mobile site Subscribe to our newsletter Subscribe to our feed: Yale Environment 360 articles are now available in Spanish and Portuguese on Universia , the online educational network. Visit the site. Business & Innovation Policy & Politics Pollution & Health Science & Technology Antarctica and the Arctic Central & South America Photographer Peter Essick documents the swift changes wrought by global warming in Antarctica, Greenland, and other far-flung places. View the gallery. is now available for mobile devices at e360.yale.edu/mobile The Warriors of Qiugang , a Yale Environment 360 video that chronicles the story of a Chinese village’s fight against a polluting chemical plant, was nominated for a 2011 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject). Watch the video. Top Image: aerial view of Iceland . © Google & TerraMetrics. In a Yale Environment 360 video, photographer Pete McBride documents how increasing water demands have transformed the Colorado River, the lifeblood of the arid Southwest. Watch the video.

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Photo by Lyric Kinard Last week I talked a little bit about using the placement and sizes of shapes to create the illusion depth and space on a flat surface. Next week I'll talk about value and detail. Church of Le Sacré-Coeur by Maruice Utrillo PERSPECTIVE is another device that is used to create the illusion of depth and space in a two dimensional plane. Parallel lines in the artwork will appear to converge at a vanishing point. The basic technique involves choosing a point, usually at the horizon line, sometimes within the frame of the work, sometimes outside of it... and drawing your lines to meet at that point. The lines of perspective are most easily seen in architectural landscapes. Take a piece of tracing paper or even just your finger and trace the lines of the walkways, the streets, the buildings. They will all converge at a vanishing point. This perspective study by Leonardo DaVinci shows how complex and technical perspective drawing can be. I spent quite a bit of time back in school learning to draft architectural perspectives. Remember too, that it can also be VERY simple! Simply draw a horizon line, choose a vanishing point, create some lines going towards that point and add your shapes within it. I'd love to see your perspective sketches in the flickr group! I highly recommend looking up “perspective” in your library's subject database and studying a few books on the techniques used to create it. They range from simple to complex and the technique will be a valuable tool to have at your disposal.

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Adult kidneys constantly grow, remodel themselves, study finds It was thought that kidney cells didn’t reproduce much once the organ was fully formed, but new research shows that the kidneys are regenerating and repairing themselves throughout life. Researchers at the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Sackler School of Medicine in Israel have shown how the kidneys constantly grow and have surprising ability to regenerate themselves, overturning decades of accepted wisdom that such regeneration didn’t happen. It also opens a path toward new ways of repairing and even growing kidneys. “These are basic findings that have direct implications for kidney disease and kidney regeneration,” said Yuval Rinkevich, PhD, the lead author of the paper and a postdoctoral scholar at the institute. The findings were published online May 15 in Cell Reports. It has long been thought that kidney cells didn’t reproduce much once the organ was fully formed. The new research shows that the kidneys are regenerating and repairing themselves throughout life. “This research tells us that the kidney is in no way a static organ,” said Benjamin Dekel, MD, PhD, a senior author of the paper and associate professor of pediatrics at Sackler, as well as head of the Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute at the Sheba Medical Center in Israel. “The kidney, incredibly, rejuvenates itself and continues to generate specialized kidney cells all the time.” Irving Weissman, MD, professor of pathology and of developmental biology and director of the Stanford institute, is the other senior author. The research, which was done in mice, also shows how the kidney regenerates itself. Instead of a single type of kidney stem cell that can replace any lost or damaged kidney tissue, slightly more specialized stem cells that reside in different segments of the kidney give rise to new cells within each type of kidney tissue. Like a tree “It’s like a tree with branches in which each branch takes care of its own growth instead of being dependent on the trunk,” Dekel said. The scientists also showed that the decision these cells make to grow is made through the activation of a cellular pathway involving a protein called Wnt. Even though populations of kidney epithelial cells look the same, the most robust kidney-forming capacity can be traced back to precursor cells in which Wnt is activated and that can only grow into certain types of specialized kidney tissue, Rinkevich said. “The realization that Wnt signaling is responsible for the growth of new kidney tissue offers a therapeutic target to promote or restore the regenerative capacity of the kidneys,” he said. “We may be able to turn on the Wnt pathway to generate new kidney-forming cells.” This finding will be important for scientists who attempt to create kidney parts in the lab, the researchers said. However, they cautioned that such advances are not imminent. “To grow a whole kidney in the laboratory would be complicated because we would need to orchestrate the activities of many different kinds of precursor cells using just the right stimuli,” Dekel said. “It’s not like the blood and immune system, which can be reconstituted from one type of stem cell.” Other Stanford co-authors of the study are Michael Longaker, MD, MBA, professor of surgery; Roeland Nusse, PhD, professor of developmental biology; postdoctoral scholars Aaron Newman, PhD, Orit Harari-Steinberg, PhD, Xinhong Lim, PhD, Renee Van-Amerongen, PhD, Angela Bowman, PhD, and Michael Januszyk, MD; research assistants Daniel Montoro and Humberto Contreras-Trujillo; and graduate student Jonathan Tsai. This work was supported by the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, the Smith Family Trust, the Oak Foundation, the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, the Israel Scientific Foundation, Israel Cancer Research Fund, the Feldman Family Visiting Professorship at the Stanford medical school, the Human Frontier Science Program Long-Term Fellowship, the Machiah Foundation Fellowship and the Siebel Foundation. Stanford Medicine integrates research, medical education and health care at its three institutions - Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Health Care (formerly Stanford Hospital & Clinics), and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford. For more information, please visit the Office of Communication & Public Affairs site at http://mednews.stanford.edu.

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This year marks a quarter of a century since South Africa became a democracy – and its people are voting in the sixth election since its first post-apartheid poll in 1994. Whatever the outcome – a victory for the ruling ANC party and President Cyril Ramaphosa, or the opposition Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) and the Democratic Alliance gain seats – there is undoubtedly work to be done to overcome inequality and boost the economy. These five charts reveal the state of the nation: 1. It’s still one of the world’s “most unequal” countries When apartheid came to an end in 1994, South Africa was measured as the world’s most unequal country. While around 2.3 million South Africans escaped poverty between 2006 and 2015, the 2018 World Bank report on Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in South Africa also found wealth inequality persists along the historical racial divide. “Inequality has remained stubbornly high. South Africa is one of the most unequal countries in the world, with consumption inequality having increased since 1994. “Wealth inequality is high and has been rising over time. A polarized labour market results in high wage inequality. Intergenerational mobility is relatively low and serves as a barrier to inequality reduction,” the report said. 2. Unemployment is high Key to reducing inequality is the creation of jobs in “an inclusive manner”, the World Bank report noted. South Africa has one of the world’s most persistent unemployment rates, which stands today at 27%. From 2000, the year after Nelson Mandela retired from the presidency, until 2018, the unemployment rate has averaged just over one-quarter of the working population. It reached a record high of 31.2% in 2003 and a record low of 21.5% in 2008. But unemployment among white South Africans has never topped 8.1% since 1994, which has affected household incomes. On average, black South African households earn less than 20% of white South Africans’ earnings, reports the Financial Times. 3. Its global competitiveness is declining South Africa fell five places in the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report 2018, to 67th out of 140 economies. Although it holds the second spot in sub-Saharan Africa, due to its well-developed financial system (18th place) and market size (35th), it performs poorly on health (125th) and comes only eight from the bottom for security (132nd). Its healthy life expectancy is 53.8 years. “Driven by high incidence of communicable diseases and a high rate of homicides, these factors are major challenges for the economic and human development of the country,” the report states. Another factor compounding South Africa’s falling competitiveness is the country's low ICT adoption (85th place), with only just over half the adult population on the internet. There are digital and critical thinking skills gaps (116th and 78th) among the workforce, which will pose challenges for future economic progress. Have you read? 4. It’s narrowing the gender divide There’s slightly better news on the gender parity front, with South Africa ranking 19th out of 149 countries, having closed 75% of its gap - just in front of Switzerland, and third in sub-Saharan Africa behind Rwanda (6th) and Namibia (10th). It ranks 17th for political empowerment, but there is still progress to be made in the area. In the survey on wage equality for similar work it ranked 117th, and placed the same for enrolment in secondary education. Unusually, perhaps, for a country with low ICT adoption, it has one of the smallest gender gaps in AI jobs, along with Italy and Singapore. On average, 28% of the AI talent pool is female, in contrast to 72% male. 5. There’s economic uncertainty South Africa has a dual economy, writes World Bank country director Paul Noumba Um in the Overcoming Poverty and Inequality report. “On the one hand is a small high-skilled, high-productivity economy and on the other hand, a large low-skilled, low-productivity one. This assessment argues that it is this duality that has in part resulted in high wage inequality that has been steadily rising reflecting a highly polarized labour market.” Education, reskilling and jobs creation have a key part to play in South Africa’s future to ensure it closes racial and gender wage disparities and develops into a more competitive economy.

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For generations, Jews lived in Russia and then the Soviet Union, suffering overt anti-Semitism, discrimination and physical threats to their lives. This was commonplace under the czars and inherited by the Soviets. For the vast majority, there were no alternatives but to do their best to eke out a living, always under the threat of a pogrom that could leave many casualties. While the USSR was quick to recognize Israel in 1948, and “officially” provided equality for Soviet Jews, state sponsored anti-Semitism and discrimination were institutionalized in the Communist party and throughout Soviet society. Israel’s birth in 1948 gave Soviet Jews hope and inspiration. Israel’s first ambassador to the USSR, Golda Meir, was greeted as a hero of biblical proportion. As much as Israel gave a breath of life among millions of Soviet Jews, the Soviets fought to take the oxygen out of that. Severe legal crackdowns prevented any public expression of Jewish life, religion, culture or language. Israel’s astounding Six-Day War victory gave Soviet Jews renewed pride. They began to struggle against the Soviets to be able to leave. One couldn’t simply get on a plane; they had to apply to a Soviet state body for permission. Typically, simply applying to leave would lead to loss of their jobs, being thrown out of school and then arrested as social “parasites” in the state-controlled communist system. Nevertheless, many did apply to leave and suffered the consequences, including being refused permission repeatedly and ostracized as “refuseniks.” Today, airplane hijackings are associated with Arab terrorists and 9/11, to harm or threaten others. Yet 50 years ago this week, a group of Soviet Jews dreamed a bold plan to hijack an empty plane, not to hurt or terrorize anyone; they just wanted to leave. They felt they had no choice to get out of the USSR and to call awareness to the plight of all Soviet Jews. They also felt that they had nothing to lose because the Soviets robustly used fake criminal charges as the basis for imprisoning anyone who was deemed “anti-Soviet.” Borrowing from the biblical Exodus, these Jews raised the stakes, not by walking out but by figuratively hijacking Pharaoh’s chariots. On June 15, 1970, the group bought all the seats on a small domestic flight from Leningrad. They made up the cover of going to a wedding: “Operation Wedding.” One of the men, Mark Dymshits, was a former military pilot. They would restrain the pilots, fly to Sweden and eventually go to Israel. They understood the enormity of their plans, the risks and were prepared for it all. The KGB was also ready. Given its web of civilian informers and professional ruthless agents, they had learned about the plan. Before boarding, the group was arrested and charged with “high treason,” punishable by death. The trial took place that December. Dymshits and another leader, Eduard Kuznetsov, received a death sentence. The other sentences ranged from four to 15 years. Click here to read more. SOURCE: Charisma News

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The rotor, a catalyst to the modern wristwatch, is a self-winding mechanism that was invented by Swiss watchmaker, Abraham-Louis Perrelet around 1770. Originally, the rotor self-winding mechanism was used predominantly in pocket watches, which when first invented, had to be wound for upwards of 15 minutes in order to operate for eight days as the watch’s only source of energy. Eventually, automatic winding was introduced in mechanical watches, which could subsequently store up to two days of reserve energy from manual winding in addition to its automatic functioning power. From a functional standpoint, the rotor, works to power a mechanical watch’s spiral mainspring. This then activates the internal gears, which in turn move the hands of the watch. Like a manually wound watch, the spring in an automatic watch eventually loses energy without winding. The watch then requires manual winding or it will cease to work. This issue was solved by the introduction of the quartz watch, which many people found to sacrifice artistry for accuracy and functionality. The rotor is, in many ways, key to the modern watch’s functioning. The peak in popularity for automatic mechanical watches came in the 1960s as they became more widely adopted. Up to that point, the main obstacle to such development was the weight and size of a standard rotor, which was eventually squeezed into the inner workings of wristwatches. Consequently, this is why most modern watches are much thicker than pocket watches. With this said, modern watchmakers have still managed to maintain the classic, relative size of most mechanical watches albeit with a bit more girth to them. This, of course, is not to forget the popularity of the rotor’s quartz counterpart, which ultimately overshadowed mechanical watches in the 1970s and 1980s. However, while quartz may offer a more efficient and accurate watch, there is little artistry to be found away from the rotor of a mechanical watch. The rotor of and its fellow mechanical workings have recently made a comeback, as more watch owners are using, and subsequently paying homage to the classic beauty and elegance of mechanical watches.

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Do carpet beetles bite? Contrary to popular belief, carpet beetles rarely if ever bite humans. That is because adult carpet beetles feed on pollen and nectar from plants instead. They can commonly be found feeding on the flowers of crape myrtle, buckwheat, and other plants that produce a large amount of pollen. Carpet beetle larvae are the destructive juveniles that eat holes in organic material such as clothes and furniture upholstery. Don’t worry, although the larvae are a tremendous nuisance, they will not bite humans either. If you have been bitten by a beetle-like creature it is more likely, although still uncommon, that you may have a cockroach bite. Simply scrub and clean the affected area with antibacterial agent, and the bite should go away in a matter of a few days just like any other insect bite.

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Outreach and Education Home You’ve heard the expression: We all live downstream. This is just as true about the quality of water as it is about the quantity water. The Bear River and all the water bodies in its watershed provide many benefits, including recreational opportunities, irrigation and stock watering, habitat for fish and other aquatic life, and a source of drinking water. Water pollution affects all these different uses, so it’s important to understand how we can protect our water quality. You’ll be thankful for the people upstream who protect water quality, and people downstream will thank you! The Bear River Celebration was named 2013's Utah Environmental Education Program of the Year How to use this page: Web Resources is a list of teaching resources and additional information from around the Bear River Basin. These sites are not produced by the Bear River Watershed Information System, but many of them are from partner agencies. Pollution is a section that describes the effects we all have on the water resources around us and describes some key terms in helping us to understand our impact. Caring for the Bear River describes what each of us can do to reduce our footprints on the Bear River Basin and preserve it for future generations. Watershed Fact Sheets provides information about specific watersheds, including descriptions of watersheds and recent or current projects occurring in the watershed. Fact sheets of watersheds within the Bear River Watershed:

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Commissioning: A Quality Assurance Process Commissioning is not primarily a process of error identification. It is a quality-assurance program-undertaken while the workforce is still on the site and before the damage is done. When the commissioning process begins in the planning and design phase, it can be the ounce of prevention that eliminates the... Commissioning is not primarily a process of error identification. It is a quality-assurance program undertaken while the workforce is still on the site and before the damage is done. When the commissioning process begins in the planning and design phase, it can be the ounce of prevention that eliminates the pound of cure required in the final project stages. Commissioning is the process of confirming that a structure and its subsystems perform to the occupants' expectations. Commissioning is planned, which means that it should be part of the project from the very start and integrated into programming, design, construction, training and maintenance. It is collaborative, indicating that it should be a team process. The commissioning professional brings quality to the project by creating respect for quality within the team. It is systematic. All items should be tested in all modes of operation. Systems are first inspected in a static condition to assure they are installed correctly. Equipment is started up for the first time under controlled conditions, and systems are then tested as a group to prove they operate as planned. It is documented, assuring that the commissioning results remain after the building is turned over to the operating staff. Systems parameters are documented in the commissioning report and the operations and maintenance (O & M) manuals. The eight stages Commissioning is a vital part of all project stages: predesign, design, bidding, early construction, acceptance (static inspection and start-up), acceptance (functional testing), O & M staff training, and warranty-period monitoring. Usually, an independent individual or firm a commissioning authority (CA) is contracted to see the commissioning process through these eight stages. The CA may be an independent third party who is contracted directly to the owner, or alternatively, the CA may work for the design team, general contractor or construction manager. Many design firms are providing commissioning services for their own projects and for those designed by others. However, when a design firm serves as its own CA, impartiality might be questioned. Quality before design Building quality into a facility before it is designed may seem impossible, but this is the best time maybe the last time for occupants to tell the designers what they want. The most important deliverable of the predesign phase is the design-intent (DI) document, which is performance-based and concentrates on what occupants need and expect. During the design stage, the architect/engineer team selects the most appropriate approaches for satisfying the DI requirements. The designers then proceed to quantify this basis of design (BoD) by producing the actual bid documents. For example, the DI might describe an assembly area that will house 100 persons for two hours, be empty for an hour after that, and provide comfort and operate at maximum energy efficiency. The BoD might then specify a variable-air-volume system integrated with occupancy sensors and a direct-digital control system. The actual design in the bid documents would specify components, air volumes and control sequence. Commissioning assures that the equipment has been supplied and installed correctly, the air volumes and control sequence are correct and that the overall system works at each occupancy level. After confirming and documenting the DI and BoD, the CA checks the design documents for consistency with the design intent; inspection and testing of accessories; verifiable equipment parameters; equipment layout; and a fully described commissioning process for the bidders. In addition to checking the drawings and specifications, the CA writes the commissioning portion of the specifications. The CA needs to address questions about the contractor's role in commissioning in order to engender the support of the construction team. It is vital that contractors cooperate in the commissioning process if the team is to reach the goal of a quality building. The inspection and testing required by the CA are often performed by contractor personnel so the CA must make sure that it is part of the bid documents. After the notice to proceed, a preconstruction meeting is generally convened to establish the ground rules for construction. At this time, the CA assists in getting commissioning milestones on the construction schedule. The CA must coordinate with an owner's construction manager (CM) to assure this scheduling is done prior to processing the first requests for payment; the CA must also make sure to meet with the CM before the preconstruction meeting to coordinate tasks. As the contractor makes equipment submittals to the design team, the construction manager should route copies of approved submittals to the CA for use in drafting procedures for the commissioning plan. The procedures are submitted to the owner for approval and to the contractor for scheduling. Does it work? Testing is frequently a requirement of local building authorities. If local inspectors conduct a test, the CA needs to collect copies of all such tests for the commissioning report. After equipment has been started up, functional performance tests (FPTs) are conducted to confirm that everything works together. For example, FPTs would be conducted on air-handling units to confirm that the units shut down upon smoke detection, the economizer cycle operates and the discharge-air temperature is stable. Actuator tests would confirm that operators travel full stroke, dampers seal closed and control air is dry. A sample of items included in a subcontractor's test-and-balance report should be checked for accuracy. If a substantial failure rate is encountered, all items should be corrected and a different sample chosen for a repeat test at the contractor's expense. Training the staff As the systems are confirmed to work correctly, O & M staff training begins. The CA takes the lead in reviewing and approving the O & M manual for content and organization and confirms approval by the operating staff and the design team. The CA then coordinates training sessions with the staff and subcontractors and attends all sessions to assure that important issues are raised. At the completion of training, the contractor is granted substantial completion and the building is occupied. Continued monitoring of building systems may identify some items during the early months of occupancy, but if the CA process has been followed, these should be minor. Sidebar: Liability May Lurk in Design-Build

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Retinoid Benefits vs. Myths: What You Need to Know for Healthier Skin What Is a Retinoid? Retinoids are a group of compounds that contain vitamin A. They are primarily used to help improve the health and appearance of the skin, as it can help regulate epithelial cell growth. Retinoid vs. Retinol What is the difference between retinol and retinoid? The term retinoids describes various products containing retinol. Retinol is converted to retinoic acid in the form of vitamin A, which really repairs the skin. Studies have found that retinoic acid, the active ingredient in prescription creams, is generally stronger than retinol. Retinoids are derived from both animal sources and plants that contain active retinol or inactive vitamin A (in the form of beta-carotene that needs to be converted). The terminology can be confusing considering a number of skin care products that contain ingredients called “R” (retinol, retinoic acid, Retin-A, etc.) containing similar names. Overall, research shows that these products have similar effects and uses, but determines how effective the product’s strength / concentration and how long it has been used. You can find retinoid products both in over-the-counter and prescription forms. Creams, serums and other skin care formulas that are labeled as “retinol” and available in drugs or stores do not require a prescription. Prescription retinoids have been used since the 1970s. The first type under the brand name Retin-A (drug name tretinoin) was originally created to help treat acne. It is still prescribed by dermatologists today, now for reasons beyond cleansing. Recipe formulas often contain retinoic acid, which is already in its “active form” and does not need to be converted after application to the skin. Retinol is described as “softer than retinoic acid”, but it can provide similar results when the two are used consistently. In addition, there is another group of products called “pro-retinols” (also known as retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate and retinyl linoleate). These are the most gentle and least likely to cause side effects, but they are weaker and can take longer to benefit. What are examples of retinoid products? Whether in the pharmacy or with the help of your dermatologist, you can find other products, including liquid, gel and retinoid cream, retinoid pills (oral retinoids), serums and more. Gels are recommended for people with oily skin, while creams are best for those who are prone to dryness. Retinoid types include: - the alitretinoin - the acitretin - seletinoid G Retinoid prescriptions include: - Tretinoin (Retin-A, generic) - Tazarotene (Avage, Tazorac) - Adapalen (Differin) - the alitretinoin - Oral isotretinoin (Accutane) Do retinoids really work? Studies show that retinoid benefits can include: - Acne reduction - Reducing fine lines and wrinkles by preventing distortion of damaged dermal matrix exposed to UV rays - Withered actinic keratosis spots (may be precancerous skin cells) - Evening pigmentation, fading age spots and improving the overall tone / color of the skin - Accelerate the turnover of superficial skin cells - Fighting psoriasis and warts - Treatment of pigment disorders - Prevention of water loss in the skin - Help fight specific types of skin cancer, as retinoids regulate cell apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation More about how retinoid products work:Is retinoids good for skin?,Why you shouldn’t use retinol?,Should you use retinol every day?,Does Retinol thin or thicken skin?,At what age should you start using retinol?,What should you not use retinol with?,Can retinol make you look older?,Do you moisturize after retinol?,Does Retinol damage skin barrier?,Does Retinol make your skin thicker?,Can thin skin be made thicker?,Can I use vitamin C in the morning and retinol at night?,Is it OK to put retinol under eyes?,Can I use moisturizer after retinol?,What happens if you use too much retinol? 1. Can Help Fight Signs of Aging Vitamin A and retinol have been shown to regulate a large number of transcription factors found in the nucleus of various cells. This means they can improve skin health at the cellular level. Research has shown that retinoid beauty treatments can help prevent wrinkles, streaks and age spots by increasing collagen production and preventing collagen loss. Collagen is a protein that helps create skin, as well as other connective tissues in the body. Another mechanism is to stimulate the production of new blood vessels in the skin. People who use retinoid cream and serum tend to notice that their skin looks more elastic and firmer. For stronger anti-aging effects, some people choose to combine retinoid creams (such as the most powerful and widely used therapy for photo aging, tretinoin) with alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs). 2. Fights Acne Retinoids are one of the most frequently prescribed products by the dermatologist for the treatment of mild to moderate acne. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, “retinoids are the core of topical treatment for acne because they are comedolytic, they resolve the leading microcomedon lesion, are anti-inflammatory and allow the preservation of clearance.” In other words, they can help stop breaks by blocking clogged pores and removing dead skin cells. They also work with topical antibiotics to eliminate acne-causing bacteria. When someone has moderate to severe acne, retinoid pills can be prescribed. While side effects are common, these can help treat oil production, kill bacteria, and reduce inflammation. 3. Helps Improve Skin Tone/Pigmentation What is impressive about retinol is that it can affect the skin not only at the cellular level, but also at the genetic level. Studies show that these products can affect gene expression, resulting in smoother skin, smoothing rough spots, and even more pigmentation. Retinoids are also used in the treatment of pigmented disorders, some of which are normally difficult to manage. They can help reduce symptoms caused by inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, and actinic lentigins. 4. Can Reduce Psoriasis Symptoms Retinoids can help reduce hyperproliferation and shedding of epidermal skin cells that contribute to psoriasis. They are also used to control inflammation and restore normal epidermal differentiation. Here are some common legends that turned out to be untrue about retinoids, although many people think: - If it causes irritation, you should stop using it. Fact: It is common for these products to cause mild reactions such as redness, dryness, and even some peeling for the first one to two weeks. While your skin is being adjusted, you can continue using small amounts, as long as your reaction is not serious or painful. - Stronger products are better. Fact: Using a concentrated product can be too much for your skin to function at first, which can trigger strong side effects. It is best to start using a weaker product, and after you learn that it is well tolerated, gradually switch to a stronger retinoid. While some dermatologists think tazarotene is stronger than tretino, adapalene is considered to be the most gentle. - Smoothes the skin with exfoliation. Fact: Unlike other ingredients that really exfoliate the skin by removing dead skin cells, retinoids work differently at the cellular level. They can cause your skin to peel, but it’s not actually the benefits of softening. - They work fast. Fact: If you don’t use retinoids regularly for about 12 weeks or more, you probably won’t notice the real result. The retinoid cream tends to be strong depending on its type, so usually applying just a few drops or a pea-sized amount is enough to see the results. If you are using a retinoid prescription, carefully follow your doctor’s dose recommendation to avoid side effects. Prescription topical retinoids are usually present in a 0.1 percent strength formulation, while prescriptions can contain 0.3 percent retinol. Ideally, buy a product packaged with aluminum, as this prevents changing the formula due to exposure to air and light. When you first start using these products, just apply them every three days or two days to give your skin time to adjust. Then, as long as you do not experience any adverse effects, gradually proceed to the nightly applications. Most specialists take retinol cream, serum, etc. at night. It recommends you use it, because sunlight can change the way this component works. If you wait 15 to 20 minutes after washing your face before applying, you can absorb the product in the best way. Since retinoids can increase peeling and redness (although there is absolutely no sensitivity to light according to some recent studies), most dermatologists recommend using sunscreen during the day and / or being careful to limit exposure to direct sunlight. Where should you apply these products on your face? You can put it all over your face in a thin layer, up to your eyes (but not your eyes). Apply your favorite moisturizer on it. You can also apply it to your neck, chest, hands, and forearms. How long do you need to use retinoid products to see the developments in your skin? Most studies have found regular use of about three to six months before seeing remarkable results. Most people get the best results if they use retinoid creams and other products for about six to 12 months. Would you like to try to make your own retinol cream at home? Try this recipe for DIY Rosehip Retinol Cream with Lavender. These skin nourishing recipes use moisturizing and anti-aging ingredients such as rosehip seed oil, carrot seed oil, shea butter, green tea extract, lavender essential oil, and sweetgum oil. Risks and Side Effects Are retinoids safe? Although they are generally safe for most people when used in recommended doses, some people may experience adverse reactions when using retinoid products, especially if they have sensitive skin or if they are using too much. Side effects are most common when you start using retinoids or switch to a stronger product. It is possible that retinoid side effects include: - Dry skin and peeling - Redness and irritation - Slight burning sensation or warmth to the skin - Stinging and tingling - Slight discoloration of the skin To limit side effects, use a small amount before a weaker product. You can also moisten it on your retinoid to prevent excessive dryness. In addition, be careful not to over-wash your face, which can increase irritation or not spend a lot of time in the sun. If you notice signs of an allergic reaction, such as hives and swelling, stop using this product and consult your doctor. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, get your doctor’s opinion before using these products. What is a retinoid? Retinoids are skin care products that contain the retinol component, a derivative of vitamin A. - Retin-A is a popular type of retinoid cream that requires a prescription. There are many other types that can also be effective on the countertop. - The benefits of these products include acne, wrinkles, dark spots, irregular pigmentation, clogged pores, and skin inflammation treatment. - It is best to start with a weak product first to accommodate your skin. Next, consider using a more powerful product, such as that available at about 0.3 percent forces. - Some side effects may occur initially, such as redness, dryness, and peeling. These should be resolved within a few weeks. - The best results are seen when these products are used for at least 12 weeks, ideally up to a year.

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Properly handling of Fats, Oils and Grease (FOG) is important to minimize impacts to the environment and maintenance of the sanitary sewer and storm water systems. FOG should be kept out of both the sanitary sewer and storm drains. What is FOG? Fats, Oils and Grease are also known as FOG which comes from food such as cooking oil, lard, shortening, meat fats, sauces, gravy, mayonnaise, butter, ice cream and soups. Sink, dishwasher, hood and floor cleaning wastewaters and food scraps may also be sources of FOG. FOG can either be liquid or solid and may turn viscous or solid as it cools in the underground sewer. When not disposed of properly, FOG can cause blockages in the sanitary sewer which can result in sewer backups inside a restaurant or spew wastewater from sewer manholes onto private property and the streets. Leaking and overfilled outdoor grease bins can contaminate stormwater with FOG. These backups, leaks and overflows then pollute our streams, the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay. FOG can cause costly repairs! FOG can create acidic conditions that can corrode or dissolve concrete or iron sewer pipes. Wastewater overflowing out of sewers can potentially “wash out” roads, contaminate groundwater and pollute our environment. Dischargers of FOG may be held liable for cleanup and repair costs related to sanitary sewer damage, backups and overflows. Best way to dispose of FOG Learn to control the disposal of FOG during food preparation, cleanup and kitchen maintenance. Wipe off dishes, pots, pans and cooking utensils before rinsing or washing. Collect waste cooking oils for recycling. Residents and Businesses can dispose of cooking oil any day during Household Hazardous Waste hours at one of the county disposal facilities at the I-66 Transfer Station or I-95 Landfill Complex. Only cooking oil is accepted, not fats and grease. "Can the Grease" and dispose of it in the trash. How can you control FOG damage? To control the disposal of FOG during food preparation, cleanup and kitchen maintenance, wipe off dishes, pots, pans and cooking utensils before rinsing or washing. Collect waste cooking oils in grease barrels and schedule the pickup of the barrels before they are full. Install a grease trap (typically inside) or grease interceptor (typically outside) to trap the FOG before it enters the county sewer lines. Check the depth of grease and food solids in the trap/interceptor regularly. Grease traps and interceptors must be cleaned by restaurant staff or a licensed sewage handler. This is required by Fairfax County Code Chapter 67.1, Article 3. Schedule a clean out by a licensed sewage handler before the combined depth layer of the floating FOG and settled solids total more than 25 percent of the operating depth of the grease unit on the outlet side of the tank. The operating depth is the depth from the water level at the outlet pipe to the bottom of the tank. Track the performance of your grease trap/grease interceptor! Keep a record of the cleanout dates, the depths of the floating FOG layer and settled solids in the grease tank, approximate volume removed, and the name of the employee/licensed sewage handler who cleaned the grease tank. Post the maintenance log near the sink or maintain it in a file. This is required by Fairfax County Code Chapter 67.1, Article 3. Fairfax County inspectors will periodically check the record during inspections. Control greasy wash water and leaky bins Don't dump greasy wash water outdoors where it can run into a storm drain. Distance grease bins from storm drains to the extent that it is practical and keep grease bins closed. Clean up leaks and spills around grease bins promptly (not allowing wash water into storm drains), routinely check grease bins for leaks, and schedule regular pickups for proper disposal of FOG from grease bins.

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Nowadays, organizations need not only server virtualization and virtualization services but also all data center infrastructure including network infrastructure such as switches, routers, firewalls or storage infrastructure. Server virtualization is a way to install and run multiple operating systems simultaneously and independently on the server’s hardware. This mechanism, in addition to energy savings, increases the efficiency of the hardware, reduces the temperature and power consumption of data centers and better use of data center space also will follow. All network virtualization in the network infrastructure such as switches, routers and firewalls installed and configured the virtual. This model of organization from dependence on hardware virtualization saves. The cloud of desktop systems and end users will be able with any operating system and from any location on your desktop with the lowest broadband access. Desktop virtualization, desktop logical separation of physical machine.

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- Why is market value important? - What is market value of a checking account? - What defines market value? - How is market value calculated? - How do you determine market value of a house? - What is the best definition of market value? - Is market value the same as market cap? - What is market value with example? - What does full market value mean? - What is market value of a home? - How do I find the current market value of my home? Why is market value important? One of the main reasons why market value is important is because if provides a concrete method that eliminates ambiguity or uncertainty for determining what an asset is worth. The primary goal of determining market value is to provide a fair assessment of the worth or value of the asset.. What is market value of a checking account? The market value here is simply the value of the accounts expected to be received within one year. Simply determine which accounts are expected to be paid within the year (which should be most of them). However, some accounts may never be paid. What defines market value? Global Valuation International Valuation Standards (2017) ¶ 30.1 Market Value is the estimated amount for which an asset or liability should exchange on the valuation date between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an arm’s length transaction, after proper marketing and where the parties had each acted … How is market value calculated? Market value—also known as market cap—is calculated by multiplying a company’s outstanding shares by its current market price. How do you determine market value of a house? Divide the average sale price by the average square footage to calculate the average value of all properties per square foot. Multiply this amount by the number of square feet in your home for a very accurate estimate of the fair market value of your home. What is the best definition of market value? Market value is the most probable price that a property should bring in a competitive and open market under all conditions requisite to a fair sale, the buyer and seller, each acting prudently, knowledgeably and assuming the price is not affected by undue stimulus. Is market value the same as market cap? Market capitalization is basically the number of a company’s shares outstanding multiplied by the current price of a single share. Market value is more amorphous and more complicated, assessed using numerous metrics and multiples, such as price-to-earnings, price-to-sales, and return-on-equity. What is market value with example? It should be noted that market value represents what someone is willing to pay for an asset — not the value it is offered for or intrinsically worth. For example, say a person is selling their house for $300,000. However, no one is willing to buy the home for more than $250,000. What does full market value mean? What is meant by value, full value, fair market value, or full market value? They all have the same meaning for assessment purposes. It is simply defined as the price a willing buyer would pay a willing seller in an arm length transaction. What is market value of a home? Market value is an opinion of what a property would sell for in a competitive market based on the features and benefits of that property (the value), the overall real estate market, supply and demand, and what other similar properties have sold for in the same condition. How do I find the current market value of my home? How to find the value of a homeUse online valuation tools.Get a comparative market analysis.Use the FHFA House Price Index Calculator.Hire a professional appraiser.Evaluate comparable properties.

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(RxWiki News) Living everyday with arthritis pain can take its toll on the body and mind. As if having the disease wasn't bad enough, people with arthritis may be less healthy than their friends and family, but need to excercise more often. In a recent study, people with arthritis reported having worse mental and physical health than people without the disease. In other words, arthritis patients have a poorer health-related quality of life. "Arthritis patients need to take action to live healthier." According to Sylvia Furner, M.P.H., Ph.D., from the School of Public Health at the University of Illinois at Chicago, researchers need to figure out ways to improve both the physical and mental health of arthritis patients. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Dr. Furner and colleagues compared the health-related quality of life of people with arthritis and those without the condition. Dr. Furner adds that getting patients to exercise more, reducing the impact of other health conditions, and increasing access to health care providers could improve the quality of life for arthritis patients. This study's finding is concerning as the US population grows older and more people are being diagnosed with arthritis. The growing number of arthritis patients could end up being a strain on both hospitals and pocketbooks. - The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a survey that asks people questions about health-related quality of life, demographics, and behavioral risks. Every other year, the survey asks questions about arthritis. - For this study, the researchers looked at data from over one million people who responded to the survey in 2003, 2005, and 2007. They found that 27 percent of survey respondents with arthritis reported fair or poor health, compared to only 12 percent of those without arthritis - People with arthritis reported having about seven physically unhealthy days per month, compared to three days for those without arthritis - People with arthritis reported having about five mentally unhealthy days per month, compared to three days for those without arthritis - People with arthritis reported having about four days per month in which their activity was limited, compared to one day for those without arthritis - People with arthritis who stayed physically active were less likely to report fair or poor health

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According to the report from the Government Meteorology Department, the temperature of Rangoon (Yangon) during this winter is coldest in 30 years. The average temperature of Yangon is 18 degree Celsius during the winter months. However, this year, the temperature dropped to 11.8 degree Celsius on 14 January and 12.2 degree Celsius on 15 January. According to the Meteorology department, the cause of this unusual drop in temperature is due to stronger North wind from China. The temperature of Yangon is expected to be below average until the end of January, and there might be strong winds in the coastal regions of Myanmar. Other regions in Myanmar also experience below average temperature during January: 5 degrees below average in Thaninthari region, 3 degree below average in Shan State, and 2 degree below average in Chin, Mon and Sagaing regions. Other temperatures of note were 1 degree in Loilin (Shan State), 2 degree in Hakha (Chin State), 3 degree in Pinglaung (Shan State) and 4 degree in Mogoke (Mandalay) on 15 January 2009. (Last Updated On: January 18, 2009)

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Spring is a perfect time to set out new bird feeders. In addition to attracting local avian residents, you'll also attract birds during their stopovers as they migrate north. Keeping several different types of feeders stocked year-round ensures that a variety of birds will visit as they nest, feed, migrate, and/or overwinter in your region. Many species of birds are particular about what they'll eat. Some prefer sunflower or nyjer seeds; others prefer suet or nectar. Here are some common bird foods and the types of the birds they'll attract. Sunflower seed. The high fat content and thin shells of black-oil sunflower seed combine to make it the is the preferred food for many common birds. Striped sunflower seed has a thicker shell and attracts large-beaked birds, such as cardinals and grossbeaks. Ready-to-eat hulled sunflower attracts an especially large variety of birds. Millet. Millet appeals to many small-beaked, ground-feeding birds; most seem to prefer white proso millet over the red variety. It's eaten by doves, sparrows, juncos, towhees, and red-winged blackbirds, to name a few. Cracked corn. Cracked corn is on par with millet as a popular food for ground-feeding birds, but it spoils quickly if it gets wet. Put out small quantities or place it in a covered feeder. Cracked corn attracts quail, doves, crows, jays, sparrows, juncos, and towhees. Milo. Milo (or sorghum) seed is less popular than other seeds, but will attract some ground-feeding birds. Nyger. Sometimes called niger or thistle (although unrelated to native thistles), it's a favorite of goldfinches, siskins, and redpolls. Peanuts. Chickadees, nuthatches, woodpeckers, jays, cardinals, wrens, mockingbirds, and sparrows are attracted to peanuts. Offer them whole or shelled. Safflower. A favorite of cardinals, safflower seed will also attract grosbeaks, sparrows, and doves. Suet. Suet will attract a variety of woodpeckers, as well as cardinals, nuthatches, chickadees, and wrens. It's loaded with calories, making it an ideal cold-weather food source. But during hot weather, avoid feeding supermarket suet in hot weather because it becomes rancid. Instead, offer small pieces of commercial suet cakes and refrigerate the extra. Nectar. The primary food of hummingbirds, the nectar you use in feeders mimics that found in flowers. You can make your own nectar by dissolving one part sugar in four parts boiling water. Allow to cool, then pour into feeder. Refrigerate extra nectar, and clean and refill the feeder every 4 or 5 days. Bird-Feeding Dos and Don'ts

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Recreating the Plot Game with Three Coffee Cans: Put students in small groups after playing the button-pressing game above. Tell them you want the class to recreate the button-pressing experience but change the way the game is played. Instead of online buttons, this lower-tech version will involve three coffee cans. Hand each group eighteen index cards or Post-its. As a group, they are to come up with six original ideas for story characters (ones not seen when pressing the buttons above), six original ideas for interesting settings, and six original ideas for conflicts. Require them to check their spelling as they record their ideas--one per card. Challenge them to be creative here: "a guy" is a pretty vague character idea, but "a sportswriter" comes across as more specific and interesting. Same thing goes with setting; don't forget to remind them to include adjectives: "a murky cave" instead of just "a cave." When they create the six conflict cards, they are not to associate the conflict with any specific character they have brainstormed; for example, if they have "a sportswriter," they aren't to make a conflict that only the sportswriter would experience. Instead, their conflicts should be general enough to be able to be applied to any character. Press the "Conflict" button above to see what we mean. Your student groups are to make six general (and original) conflicts that fit the following categories: two person against person conflicts (like the police are chasing your character) two person against nature conflicts (like your character is lost in the snow) two internal conflicts (like your character is too proud to accept charity) Check your students' work as they carefully print their finalized ideas neatly on the index cards or Post-it Notes. If groups finish earlier than others, have the group put their cards into three piles face down, shuffle them, and randomly draw one from each pile. The goal is to see if their three random (serendipitous) cards happen to work together as an idea for an original storyline. When all the groups have their eighteen cards completed, separate them into three piles, then put them in three different coffee cans (or some sort of holding device). And voila! You have re-created the button-pressing game from above. If you have students (in the future) ever in need of a story idea, they can draw three cards from these coffee cans for instant plot ideas. Have students come up and each draw three cards. You can play "trading cards for a while," having students swap setting cards for setting cards, if they like someone else's setting idea better. Of course, students are allowed to come up to the coffee cans if they have one card that doesn't work for them and swap it that way too. Every student should end up with three cards (setting, character, conflict) that they believe they could turn into an interesting storyline. Creating the Writer's Notebook Page: Now the goal of all this random card-making is to actually give students ideas for original story plots. Explain that you would like them to devote a page in their notebooks to the three types of conflict they have learned about. Stress that they are only allowed to record conflict ideas for stories that actually would be interested in writing during a future writer's workshop idea; this page is supposed to be useful for reviewing plot and useful for inspiring an original piece of writing on a future date. Our webmaster, Corbett Harrison, who always creates/shares a page from his own writer's notebook to accompany our writing lessons of the month, shares his page here. Corbett teaches his students to use Mr. Stick as their notebooks' margin mascot. You could certainly set-up the page so that it doesn't include visuals, but when students flip back through their notebooks for ideas for writing, it's the pages with visuals that make them stop more often and re-read their ideas carefully. The notebook page might include the following: labels for the three types of story plots and labels that identify the character, setting and conflict for each of the three stories; 2 or 3 sentences that would immediately introduce the character, setting, and conflict to a reader, if these sentences served as a story introduction; an illustration to represent each plot/conflict; this quote from Ralph Fletcher: "Trouble is a necessary ingredient to writing." Writing the two or three sentences that introduce character, setting, and conflict is a challenge that normally won't be accomplished in a single try. We suggest you have students draft and revise the two or three sentences introducing each plot on a piece of scratch paper. Then students can carefully copy their best version of the sentences into the notebook. You'll have a livelier workshop if you have students share their ideas for introductory sentences out loud before they start writing down on scratch paper! Crafting a Follow-up Piece of Writing: Following Fletcher's explanation of Internal Conflict in this lesson's cited chapter of Live Writing, he offers four good pieces of advice about planning/explaining plots and conflicts in writing. The following follow-up writing activity, which you can do a few days after students finish their notebook pages, is designed to have them begin practicing the first two pieces of advice Fletcher shares: The other two pieces of advice from the author in this chapter focus on how to end a story that has a conflict in it. Since this follow-up writing task focuses on simply starting a story, we'll leave it up to you to eventually discuss those other two pieces of advice with your students. If you can inspire them to write a really great story beginning here, they can be easily convinced to complete the story they begin this day during an upcoming writer's workshop session, and those two latter pieces of advice will make more contextual sense to your writers. Today, students are going to take one of their three favorite plot/conflict introductions from their notebook page, and they are going to create an opening paragraph (or two or three) that follows the two bulleted pieces of advice above. Before choosing which plot idea to do this with, you might explore and discuss Ralph's first bullet-point advice (from above) by sharing the two pieces of student writing Ralph Fletcher includes in this lesson's cited chapter. Both "Which Life for Me?" and "My Dad" jump right in and explain their conflicts within the first few sentences. Tell students when they write their opening paragraph(s) for their fictional stories today, you need them to jump right in and let the reader know what the conflict is; if they have set-up their writer's notebook page using the suggestions of our webmaster, this step is practically complete already, and students simply need to decide what other details would need to be shared in a more complete, thorough paragraph that launches the story. The second thing you want them to work on is a showing skill: slowing down important moments that you are writing about. Ask students to think of a favorite movie of theirs that uses slow motion techniques; with action/adventure movies, slow motion moments have become a pretty common trait of the genre. "Why do they slow the movie down?" is a great question to pose. Discuss this, then make the transition to applying the idea to writing (instead of directing a film). When time simply passes much slower than normal while writing about a conflict, the reader sees more precise details, and he takes more interest in the suspense and action. Adding a bit of dialogue and/or explanations of what the character is thinking are other ways to slow down a moment in writing. A few chapters ahead in Live Writing (chapter 9: "It's About Time"), there is a writing sample called Member of the Family that Ralph shares from his own portfolio. It's a great sample that shows writing in slow motion. You might have Have students discuss this slowed-down tale about the first time a family sees a new family member emerge from an airplane. For further information on slowing down time to show writing better, you might consult Barry Lane's Reviser's Toolbox. The author calls the technique Slow-Motion Moments in this book, and the book has some great resources for additional mini-lessons on slowing down moments while writing. Now it's time for your students to write an introductory paragraph (or two or three) about one of their serendipitous plots/conflicts from their writer's notebook. They can write this on the adjacent page in their writer's notebook, or they can write it on scratch paper. Their goal in writing should be to follow the two bulleted pieces of advice from the author in one or two paragraphs that would introduce a reader to their best plot/conflict. Give students ten or fifteen minutes to draft a paragraph or two (or three). When they have a written story introduction that shows their conflicts, have students analyze their own use of techniques in the following way: Have students re-read their own writing quietly Have students rank the following three skills in their own writing against each other; ask them to award themselves one Gold (G) Medal, one Silver (S) Medal, and one Bronze (B) Medal based on the following three skills. When "ranking," they can only award one of each type of medal to themselves, which requires them to analyze their use of the three skills and evaluate their own success with them. - ______ I jumped quickly enough into the action/conflict - ______ I focused on precise details to slow down time - ______ I included dialogue/character thoughts to slow down time Have students work with a partner, explaining their rankings to each other; you'll most likely have students who simply rank without re-reading carefully and honestly thinking about the skills, and listening in on the conversations will help you determine who really can justify their rankings, and who might need to think about them a bit deeper. Have partners switch papers, asking them to read and re-read their partner's drafts carefully, determining if they agree or disagree with the author's own rankings. Based on the final rankings, have each partner give one piece of advice for making the draft a little better when revising it. Put the draft away for a few days; continue to look for writers who use the "slowed down moment" showing skill in the readings your students do during the next week or so. Challenging Students to Create a Longer Story: The notebook page and the follow-up writing tasks above are designed to teach the three types of conflict and to practice the "slowed down time" showing skill. For the rest of the year, students can be asked during reading time, "What type of conflict is that? What showing skills has the author used here?" Now...If you have a writer's workshop in place, you can easily challenge your students to choose the rough draft they created here and turn it into a longer piece of writing they can take through the whole writing process. A writer's workshop environment is based on students being allowed to choose practice writing tasks (like that done in this lesson) and develop into a longer piece of writing for their writing portfolios. If you have students who successfully take all the way through the process the storyline they started here, we invite you to share them online at our Ning Posting Page dedicated to this lesson. At our Ning, a teacher is allowed to publish up to three of their students' best stories; doing this is great motivator to challenge your students to work hard enough on their revision and editing so that they might be selected to have their work be put online where tens-of-thousands of teachers and their students could view it and discuss why it's a solid example of showing a conflict/plot to a reader. An Invitation to Share Students' Finished Stories: WritingFix Safely Publishes Students from Around the World! In 2008, we first began accepting students samples from teachers anywhere who use WritingFix lessons and prompts. Hundreds of new published students now go up at our site annually! We're currently seeking student samples for all grade levels for this writing lesson! Help us obtain some from your students, and we'll make them a little bit more "famous" to the thousands and thousand of teachers and students using our site! It's pretty great motivation to see your writing posted at WritingFix! You can post your students' finished stories (as well as photographs of the notebook pages that inspired them) at this posting page set-up for this on-line lesson.

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Yeast is a microorganism that is commonly used in baking for leavening breads and pastries. It feeds on sugars and produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct, which causes dough to rise. However, yeast is a living organism that can be killed by excessive heat. Here is a detailed look at yeast, what temperatures kill it, and how to avoid killing yeast when baking. What is Yeast? Yeast is a unicellular fungus that reproduces through budding. There are over 1,500 known species of yeast, but the most common yeast used in baking is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This species feeds on sugars and converts them into carbon dioxide and ethanol. The carbon dioxide gas produced by yeast is what makes bread dough rise. As the yeast metabolizes sugars and produces gas, it fills air pockets in the dough, causing it to expand. This gives baked goods their soft, spongy texture. What Temperatures Kill Yeast? Yeast is a living organism and like all living things, it has a temperature tolerance range. In general, yeast thrives at temperatures between 75-110°F (24-43°C). Temperatures above 130°F (54°C) will kill yeast cells. Here are some key yeast temperature guidelines: - 75-110°F (24-43°C) - Ideal temperature range for yeast growth and leavening. - 130-140°F (54-60°C) - Temperatures above 130°F begin to kill yeast. - 140°F (60°C) and above - Most yeast cells are killed after prolonged exposure. - 160°F (71°C) - Virtually all yeast is killed instantly. So in summary, yeast will die when exposed to sustained temperatures over 130°F. Temperatures above 160°F will kill yeast instantly. Why Heat Kills Yeast Heat kills yeast because it causes proteins in the yeast cells to denature and break down. Enzymes and structural proteins stop functioning properly after being subjected to high heat. As the proteins denature, they lose their shape and ability to perform their roles within the cell. This essentially cripples the yeast's cellular machinery and ability to metabolize and grow. Eventually the buildup of damaged, non-functioning proteins leads to cell death. This is why subjecting dough to very high temperatures, such as above 130°F, will prevent the yeast from leavening the bread. The cells become damaged and die before they can produce enough carbon dioxide. Tips to Avoid Killing Yeast When Baking When baking bread or other yeast-leavened products, be mindful of temperatures to avoid killing the yeast prematurely. Here are some tips: - Proof yeast between 75-110°F. This is the ideal temperature range for yeast to grow and produce gas before baking. - Don't proof dough in excessively hot areas. Avoid proofing near heating vents, direct sunlight, or other hot spots. - Don't overheat dough when kneading. Kneading creates friction and warms dough, so don't over-knead to the point of overheating. - Let dough rise until doubled in size. This ensures adequate gas production before baking when heat kills the yeast. - Avoid cooking dough directly from fridge. Let cold dough warm up before baking to prevent thermal shock. - Don't bake bread over 430°F. Breads baked over 430°F can kill yeast before full rising/browning occurs. Bake most bread between 350-425°F. - Add yeast to liquid less than 120°F. When activating yeast in liquid, use water between 105-115°F for optimal results. By following these precautions, you can prevent your yeast from dying during the baking process. The key is regulating temperatures during proofing, rising and baking to keep your yeast alive. What Happens When Yeast is Killed? When yeast cells are killed by excessive heat during baking, it impacts the final product in the following ways: - Poor rising - With fewer active yeast cells, less carbon dioxide is produced and dough doesn't rise properly. - Dense texture - Bread is heavy, dense and lumpier due to lack of yeast leavening action. - Poor flavor - Yeast contributes to flavor complexity during rising/baking which is diminished. - Won't keep - Yeast has natural preservative effects so bread stales faster. - Poor crumb structure - Insufficient carbon dioxide leads to low volume and uneven crumb. - Short shelf life - Yeast produces acids that prolong shelf life so bread goes stale quickly. Overall, killing yeast too early when baking results in bread that is dense, heavy and lacks the light, airy texture associated with properly leavened loaves. The flavor is also flat and undeveloped. Alternatives When Yeast is Killed If you realize yeast has been killed during the baking process, there are a couple ways to salvage the dough: - Add more yeast - Knead in another packet of yeast after dough has cooled down. Let it proof again before baking. - Rely on chemical leaveners - Add baking powder/baking soda to provide chemical leavening instead. - Use dough as flatbread - Don't proof again. Bake as dense flatbread like focaccia without risen loaves. However, doughs that have substantial yeast death may never rise properly. It's usually better to discard fully and start the dough over with new active yeast. Be sure to adjust your process to avoid killing yeast on the second attempt. Letting dough adequately cool and proof yeast properly before baking can prevent yeast death. Q: Can yeast be revived after being killed? A: No, yeast cells that are killed by excessive heat cannot be revived. However, you can try kneading new active yeast into the dough to provide leavening power. Q: Can I use dough that had yeast killed in it? A: Dough with significant yeast death can still be baked but it will be dense and flat. It's best to start over with new yeast unless you intend to bake it as a flatbread. Q: Is there a way to test if yeast is still active? A: You can test yeast by dissolving a small amount in warm water with sugar. If it foams and bubbles within 5-10 minutes, it is still active. No bubbling means the yeast is no longer viable. Q: What temperature does yeast start dying at? A: Yeast begins dying at sustained temperatures above 130°F (54°C). Approaching 160°F, yeast cells are instantly killed. Ideal proofing range is 75-110°F (24-43°C). Q: Should all yeast doughs be baked above 400°F? A: No, most yeast breads and pastries should be baked between 350-425°F to prevent killing yeast before full rising occurs. Baking above 430°F can damage yeast prematurely. Yeast is essential for leavened baked goods but delicate to work with. Temperatures above 130°F begin killing yeast cells by denaturing proteins. Once substantial yeast death occurs, dough will not rise or bake properly. Prevent yeast death by regulating temperatures during proofing, kneading and baking. With the proper handling, your yeast will produce light and airy baked goods.

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Could Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Help People With Idiopathic Hypersomnia or Narcolepsy? Idiopathic hypersomnia and narcolepsy are both sleep disorders. Specifically, they are both considered hypersomnia disorders. This means the main symptom is excessive sleep for both disorders. New research shows cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may help treat idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) and narcolepsy.1,2 What is cognitive behavioral therapy? Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a treatment option that is used for many different conditions. CBT is based on addressing the role our thoughts may have in a condition. The treatment is focused on learning and developing new habits and thinking patterns. By changing their thinking patterns, people may be able to manage or control their symptoms.3 CBT is used to treat other sleep disorders like insomnia. When it is used to treat insomnia, it is called cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). Doctors have thought CBT could be used to treat hypersomnia disorders. However, until recently there were no specific techniques.4 Research on cognitive behavioral therapy for IH or narcolepsy A 2020 study examined a CBT program used by 35 people with hypersomnia. The researchers developed a program called cognitive behavioral therapy for hypersomnia (CBT-H). The program was 6 sessions long and performed over video calls. Some sessions were individual, and others were in small groups.2 The program focused on building healthy and positive habits. Doctors believe these habits may help people control thoughts that negatively impact their sleep. Some techniques they used included:5 - Managing any depression and anxiety from hypersomnia - Keeping a regular daytime and nighttime schedule - Improving self-efficacy, which means a person’s belief in their ability to achieve goals The researchers found after the CBT-H program, about 40 percent of the people in the study had significant improvement in their depression symptoms. The study participants also felt a significant improvement in self-efficacy. Many described the tools they learned as useful. The program benefits were about the same for people with idiopathic hypersomnia or narcolepsy.5 The study participants also responded well to the use of video call technology. This means that video call technology may help more people access hypersomnia treatment.3 What do these findings mean? These findings may help people with IH or narcolepsy. Currently, there are no verified programs for improving mental health challenges in people with hypersomnia disorders. These findings show CBT may be helpful for treating IH or narcolepsy.5 There are some benefits to using CBT as treatment. Unlike medicine, with CBT you may be addressing the root of a problem instead of just treating symptoms. This can be a more permanent solution and lowers the risk of becoming dependent on medicine. The downside of any CBT is that it can take a long time to feel meaningful effects. A combination of CBT-H and medicine may work best for some people.6 If you have IH, narcolepsy, or another hypersomnia disorder and would like to try CBT-H, try finding a doctor who has experience with CBT. CBT must be given by qualified doctors.5 Where are you in your narcolepsy diagnosis journey?

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Until just recently, if you exercised for at least 60 minutes a day, you were considered physically active. Now, new research suggests it is entirely possible to meet current physical activity guidelines while still being incredibly sedentary. Furthermore, that simply the act of excessive sitting increases your risk of disease and even death, even with regular exercise. In the same way that smoking is bad for you even with regular exercise, so too is the simple inaction of sitting. Research has linked sitting for long periods of time with a number of health concerns, including obesity, increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, abnormal cholesterol levels, and increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cancer. One recent study compared adults who spent less than two hours a day in front of the TV with those who logged more than four hours a day of recreational screen time. Those with greater screen time had: Nearly 50% increased risk of death from any cause! 125% increased risk of events associated with cardiovascular disease, such as chest pain (angina) or heart attack! I think it’s clear that sitting for too long is bad for us, but with many desk jobs or jobs that require a lot of driving or flying, what are we to do? What options do we have? Here are some ideas to help: Stand while talking on the phone or eating lunch. If you work at a desk for long periods of time, try a standing desk — or improvise with a high table or counter. Walk laps with your colleagues for meetings rather than sitting in conference rooms. Make sure to take “standing breaks” every 30 minutes throughout the day. Walk around your house during the commercials of your favorite television show. Movement is the key to health. Breaks, even as short as one minute, can make drastic changes in how you feel and prevention from a number of illnesses. So stand up already! Sources and More Info:

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She sits at the door of her soddy with her faithful tabby in her lap and is content. Professor soddy says, "Natural philosophy may explain a rainbow but not a rabbit." It required no high-priced, skilled labor to build a "soddy," and properly built they were quite comfortable. The modern dynamo, as Professor soddy puts it, may be looked upon as an electron pump. He had arranged a blind in the brush from which he could see the back of the Menendez "soddy." Professor soddy has given an interesting picture of what might happen when the sun's light and heat is no longer what it is. So far Professor soddy, but let the writer add that there is this point about the scientific world not to be overlooked. I had abandoned my little "soddy" and was living in a house on the old townsite, where I intended staying until spring. Lakes at the lower levels become meadows, then trees arrive; they overrun the soddy ground, the snow-manured moraines. The Ranger opened the door of the "soddy," stepped through, and closed it behind him. British chemist who was a pioneer in the study of radioactivity. With Ernest Rutherford, he explained the atomic disintegration of radioactive elements. Soddy also coined the word isotope to describe elements that were chemically identical but had different atomic weights. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1921.

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| Platt Amendment, 1903 By Senator Orville Platt Mar 17, 2006, 11:38am At the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898, the United States found itself in control of several overseas territories, including Cuba. (see the de me letter) In April of 1898, Senator Henry M. Teller, of Colorado, proposed an amendment to the United State declaration of war against Spain, which stated that the United States would not establish permanent control over Cuba. The Senate adopted the amendment on April 19. Read more on the Teller Amendment Nonetheless, the occupation of Cuba by U.S. troops continued for several years after the war was over. Under the military governor, Gen. Leonard Wood, a school system was organized, finances were set in order, and significant progress was made in eliminating yellow fever. In July 1900, the Constitutional Convention of Cuba started its deliberations and was notified that the U.S. Congress intended to attach an amendment to the Cuban Constitution. In 1901, Secretary of War Elihu Root drafted a set of articles as guidelines for future United StateCuban relations. This set of articles became known as the Platt Amendment, after Senator Orville Platt of Connecticut, who presented it. He sponsored this amendment as a rider attached to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901. Cubans reluctantly included the amendment, which virtually made Cuba a U.S. protectorate, in their constitution. The Platt Amendment was also incorporated in a permanent treaty between the United States and Cuba. |By Navy JOC John F Williams 8/22/03| The Platt Amendment stipulated the conditions for U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs and permitted the United States to lease or buy lands for the purpose of the establishing naval bases (the main one was Guannamo Bay) and coaling stations in Cuba. It barred Cuba from making a treaty that gave another nation power over its affairs, going into debt, or stopping the United States from imposing a sanitation program on the island. Specifically, Article III required that the government of Cuba consent to the right of the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs forthe preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba The Platt Amendment supplied the terms under which the United States intervened in Cuban affairs in 1906, 1912, 1917, and 1920. By 1934, rising Cuban nationalism and widespread criticism of the Platt Amendment resulted in its repeal as part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America. The United States, however, retained its lease on Guannamo Bay, where a naval base was established. Citation: An Act Making appropriations for the support of the Army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and two, March 2, 1901; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives. Transcript of Platt Amendment (1903) Whereas the Congress of the United States of America, by an Act approved March 2, 1901, provided as follows: Provided further, That in fulfillment of the declaration contained in the joint resolution approved April twentieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, entitled "For the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect," the President is hereby authorized to "leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people" so soon as a government shall have been established in said island under a constitution which, either as a part thereof or in an ordinance appended thereto, shall define the future relations of the United States with Cuba, substantially as follows: "I.-That the government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes or otherwise, lodgement in or control over any portion of said island." "II. That said government shall not assume or contract any public debt, to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable sinking fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the island, after defraying the current expenses of government shall be inadequate." "III. That the government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the government of Cuba." "IV. That all Acts of the United States in Cuba during its military occupancy thereof are ratified and validated, and all lawful rights acquired thereunder shall be maintained and protected." "V. That the government of Cuba will execute, and as far as necessary extend, the plans already devised or other plans to be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein." "VI. That the Isle of Pines shall be omitted from the proposed constitutional boundaries of Cuba, the title thereto being left to future adjustment by treaty." "VII. That to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified points to be agreed upon with the President of the United States." "VIII. That by way of further assurance the government of Cuba will embody the foregoing provisions in a permanent treaty with the United States." © Copyright 2006 by Classbrain.com Top of Page

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Laws for ground distribution of herbicides Check current chemical licensing fees. A herbicide, a category of agricultural chemical, is defined as any material used or intended to be used for destroying, or preventing the spread of plants. Herbicides are registered by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA). The misuse of herbicides has the potential to harm agriculture or livestock, the environment, trade, or human health. Legislation is in place to ensure that commercial operators and their businesses distribute herbicides from ground equipment responsibly. The following legislation regulates the ground distribution of herbicides: - Agricultural Chemicals Distribution Control Act 1966 - Agricultural Chemicals Distribution Control Regulation 1998 - Chemical Usage (Agricultural and Veterinary) Control Act 1988 - Chemical Usage (Agricultural and Veterinary) Control Regulation 2017. - Learn more about agricultural chemicals and their use.

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As events in Libya continue to explode and the Middle East as a region seems to beginning a phase of historical turmoil and change we may well reflect on how this all beginning to play out in the classroom. To answer the question as to how are teachers responding to all this we now have Education Week's most recent article "U.S. Teachers Find 'Teachable Moment' in Egyptian Protests" to turn to. While Michelle Anderson's piece is timely enough, it only provides us with a glimpse of what might be happening in classrooms across the US -- not yet a full enough pictureto draw any major conclusions. One theme seems to be the effort by teachers to connect the American revolution with the events in Egypt. The article makes us also very aware that the teaching of Middle East history is pretty sporadic. Anderson's reporting is also limited by the narrow range of quite privileged teachers she interviewed-- just those few who managed to attend a recent Harvard Forum with many who had had the additional benefit of having been widely traveled in the region. What most teachers seem to be doing was "connecting the uprising to historical events, such as the writing of the Declaration of Independence and the Boston Tea Party." These kinds of lessons as valuable as they are in connecting students to the current events are probably the kinds of lessons that are going on throughout the US--in one shape or form --related to of course grade level and subject--one would hope across thousands of classrooms in the US. What is clearly of more value is whether teachers are able to use the event to sustain an interest in the Middle East and help connect them to more issues. How to do that? There do not seem any clear pathways at the moment --but it would be a missed opportunity if we were not able to take the further everyone's clear fascination with seeing the revolutionary events unfold in such stark detail on their TV sets. That kind of thing does not happen as they say every day or every generation. Getting to those deeper issues related to sustainable pathways and understanding further how cultural and media issues affect our understanding is of course a more complicated challenge. On a more optimistic note the task, as Anderson is careful to note, is made easier by sites like Brown University's Choices Program with the goal to "make complex international issues understandable and meaningful to high school students." Interestingly their offerings are not defined by grade level or subject area--the approach is simple and clear--the heading is "Teaching with the News" and the site just provides a range of tools from a very simple graphic organizer that helps students just recall key points from the video and other materials supplied to more challenging assignments. What is interesting and could be a valuable research strategy is what teachers want to do with the more advanced materials supplied --there is one for example that provides a series of interesting photos from the demonstration. Just deconstructing one would be a valuable experience (take the one below for example from a collection organized as a PowerPoint slide show on the resource page referenced above): I suggest you expand the size of the picture by clicking on it to get a better view. It does not seem at first blush we need a lot of cultural information to interpret the picture or do we? 1. What is the the cultural meaning of a woman dressed in a hijab protesting the government--(as the wikipedia entry on hijab indicates, in the colonial struggles in the past the hijab was a symbol of resistance not as it is often interpreted today in non Arab countries an indication of female subjugation?) Is this woman telling us something by wearing a hijab ? If so what is that message? 2. From the way that the sign seems so spontaneous using the remnants of an old ripped cardboard box- written with haste--was it something she decided to do on the spur of the moment or was this a more planned type of communication? 3. To what extent is the fashionable western style purse that hangs from her shoulder a clue to her more affluent life style and aspirations? 4. What is the significance of those black gloves? The way the gloves appear stretched over her skin suggest that these gloves are made of latex does this offer any clues? Perhaps after all this is a deeply religious woman who wants to ensure that every part of her skin is covered? or is so unused to street life that she is afraid of being contaminated from touching this very ragged piece of cardboard? 5. Who are the signs for? For Western eyes clearly --but notice too how she stands apart from the crowd. By firmly holding her sign up she reinforces the idea that she is keen to be observed and is aware that she needs to provide a different message for both of the cardboard folds--as they appear at different angles as if she is posing for a particular aerial mounted camera. Where can you go to get information to help with this activity --surely libraries and the internet can help--but a key source would be people--people from the country itself who can help us understand more completely how common it might be to have a woman in full hibja protest in public? What is the risk to her? How representative is she of all women in Egypt or just certain segments? Students must themselves become like journalists and try to ferret this information out. It is the type of research that lends itself to the Web 2.0 tools that I refer to in my book Global Education: Using Technology to Bring the World to Your Students. These types of explorations maybe as important as connecting US historical events because they engage learners and as they do sharpen their cultural, media and visual literacy. It takes some effort to organize but not a huge amount and once you do it the first time you may never look back. Liberation (particularly from a way of doing business that no longer makes any sense) comes in many forms.

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Chemists and their contributions to science!! Sarah Garcia Michael Faraday  Was an English chemist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism.  Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the Bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion. Antoine Lavoisier    A French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry. He named both oxygen and hydrogen and helped construct the metric system, put together the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. Lavoisier's researches included some of the first truly quantitative chemical experiments. He carefully weighed the reactants and products in a chemical reaction, leading to the discovery of the Law of Conservation of Mass. FYI: The periodic table is considered a work of art. Amedeo Avogadro  He is most noted for his contributions to molecular theory, including what is known as Avogadro's law. In tribute to him, the number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or other particles) in 1 mole of a substance, 6.02214179(30)×1023, is known as the Avogadro constant. Robert Boyle  Boyle is widely known today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method. He is best known for Boyle's law, which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system. Émilie du Châtelet        Came up with Square roots Very young Very rich, ancestor of the king Had a lot of money and time to do science experiments. Harlot Pregnant very late, she died of an embolism. (pressure in your veins goes up and they explode) Publicly disagreed with Newton's laws. Albert Einstein     One of the most prolific intellects in human history He came up wit E=mc2 also called the law of relativity Contributed to research on atomic structure He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics. Otto Hahn & Fritz Strassman  Pursued atomic bomb research  Took what Einstein did and made weapons of mass disruption.  Created the atomic bomb, NOT EINSTEIN Lise Meitner   An Austrian physicist who worked on radioactivity and nuclear physics. Meitner was part of the team that discovered nuclear fission. Lise Meitner was treated poorly because she was a woman in a profession that was male dominated. And she was Jewish and was smuggled from Europe to America. Marie Curie   Polish chemist who was famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes—in physics and chemistry. She was the first female professor at the University of Paris, and became the first woman to be acknowledged for her accomplishments. Her achievements included the theory of radioactivity (a term that she came up with), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium.

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After learning about the history and science of lenses, and gaining some knowledge about the properties of modern lenses, it’s time to take a deeper look at depths of field and how it’s affected by sensor size. Kick back as John Hess of Filmmaker IQ takes us on a 17-minute long journey through the optics, the terms and the calculations that will help you understand how depth of field works once and for all. Beginning by defining depth of field (DoF) and how deep and shallow DoF vary, going on to explain how it is affected by the aperture, and explaining the circle of confusion, this is another excellent video you should definitely take the time to watch. Other topics such as crop factors and lens equivalency and how resolution affects DoF are also covered and any photography newbie should learn these things, while many professionals could probably do with a refresher. While it’s true that you don’t always need to know why or how something works to get the results you want, some of this information can come in very handy at times. If nothing else, you can use it to confuse your clients when they start talking about how they can get the same photos as you since they bought a similar camera. After all, some people claim the hot trend for 2016 is to refrain from hiring professional photographers.

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Bayard & Holmes ~ Jay Holmes On July 19, 1992, Italian Anti-Mafia Task Force leader Judge Paolo Borsellino–one of the most important men in the history of Italy–and five police body guards*, were murdered by a car bomb in Palermo, Sicily. Their deaths would not be the last in the long war against the Mafia. After the decline of the Sicilian feudal system in 1812, powerful regional crime groups took root throughout Sicily. A variety of claims about the origin of the Cosa Nostra have been put forth. Depending on whom we listen to, the Mafia can be traced to anywhere from rural Sicilian land owners of the late 1700s to secretive Arabic gangs from before the time of Christ. Regardless of the lack of agreement concerning its birth, by the 20th century, the Mafia, had amassed tremendous power and wealth across Sicily, and had exported its organized crime franchises across the United States, Canada, and parts of South America. In Sicily, individual Mafia gangs were organized along territorial borders. In the 1930s, when heroin supplies from China and Japan dwindled due to the war raging in Asia, heroine labs opened in Sicily and in the area around the port city of Marseilles, France. In Sicily, the Mafia was able to use its growing heroin profits to influence government and insulate itself from the law. That influence grew to crippling proportions. A seemingly endless series of murders paralyzed Sicily. The Mafia appeared omnipotent, and fear of it prevented the Italian government from acquiring enough witnesses to prosecute those murders. A variety of Italian governments made attempts to curtail the Sicilian Mafia and other organized crime systems in Italy, but their success was limited. Immense wealth coupled with a multi-generational membership system made Italian organized crime groups very difficult to penetrate. Paolo Borsellino was born in Palermo on January 19, 1940, at a time when Benito Mussolini and his fascist party were at war with the Sicilian “Cosa Nostra.” Borsellino came from a working class family. During his youth, poverty racked Sicily, and education was difficult to obtain, but Borsellino managed to attend Palermo University. During his University days, Paolo befriended like-minded youths, and he joined the right-wing Fronte Universitario d’Azione Nationale. Through this student political group, Borsellino formed long-lasting relationships with men who he was able to trust in his later battle against the Mafia. Paolo persevered in his studies, and, in 1962, he graduated from the law school at Palermo with honors. In 1963 he passed the judicial exam and was assigned to various courts throughout Sicily until his return to Palermo in 1968. The humble, native son returned to his birthplace with the intention of restoring Palermo, and all of Sicily, to its rightful owners: the honest, working people of Sicily. No normal man would have started such a fight. Fortunately for Italy, Paolo Borsellino was not a normal man or an average judge. Along with his trusted colleagues, Prosecutor Rocco Chinnici, and Magistrate Giovani Falcone, Borsellino organized an elite, anti-Mafia crime fighting unit. Handpicked Carabinieri with distinguished records were assigned to the task force. You might wonder why these men didn’t expect the powerful Sicilian Mafia to target them. Actually, they did. The task force was formed with the intention of passing institutional knowledge of the Mafia from one generation to the next, no matter how “short” a generation’s tenure might be. These men assumed that they would eventually pay with their lives for what they were doing. Though they knew they would not survive the war, they wanted the war to survive their passing. The group formulated a massive body of history and current knowledge about the Mafia. New members of the task force were surprised and sometimes frustrated at the time they had to spend studying the history of the Mafias of Sicily before they were allowed to become active in operations. But when seasoned Carabinieri entered the battle against the forces of the Mafia, they knew who was who. They knew who their ancestors were, what the borders of the gangs were, and what methods the gangs had and did use. Most importantly, they trusted the men they fought alongside of, and the prosecutors and judges who they would work for. In the late 60’s, as the task force began to rack up victories against the wealthy and powerful Mafioso groups of Sicily, a new factor emerged in the war against the Sicilian Mafia. A hitherto insignificant Mafia faction from rural Corleone, led by Toto Riina and Bernardo Provenzano, started making inroads into the lucrative streets of Palermo. The Palermo Mafia families apparently underestimated the determination and ruthlessness of the new leaders of the Corleone Mafia. That underestimation would cost them their lives. Provenzano used patient tactics and preferred to remain in the background. The brash Riina wanted to use terror to gain power. The Corleonesi carefully crafted strong alliances with other, less powerful families, and then proceeded to wreak havoc in Palermo. Their campaign of murder against officials and rival families was designed to implicate the Palermo families. It was effective in weakening the Palermo families and keeping the Anti-Mafia Task Force busy. The Carabinieri estimate that from 1980 to 1983, a period known in Sicily as “The Second Mafia War,” the Corleonesi Mafia was responsible for the murders of at least a thousand people. Those murders included Carabinieri, magistrates, prosecutors, and innocent children. As the old Mafia establishment of Palermo crumbled, Riina and Provenzano picked up the pieces. Within four years, they were able to gain control of the lucrative Palermo heroin export. But Riina and Provenzano miscalculated, just as their victims had. A particularly popular and highly respected Carabinieri by the name of General Carlo Dalla Chiesa was summoned to reinforce the Task Force. On May 1, 1982, during the height of the Second Mafia War, the general became prefect of Palermo. Carlo Dalla Chiesa had earned the adoration of Italy and the trust of the US intelligence establishment because of his highly successful work against the Italian Red Brigade terrorist group. When the Brigade kidnapped American Army General James Dozier on December 16, 1981, the Italian government rejected offers of help from President Reagan, but the White House, the Pentagon, and the CIA did not trust Italy to act with alacrity and integrity. So America dispatched its own handpicked agents to “assist” in the Italian manhunt. Those agents were not expected to go through normal channels. One of the young members of that group decided to take the risk of reaching out directly to Dalla Chiesa. It was his judgment that Dalla Chiesa could be trusted. It was Dalla Chiesa’s judgment that the American intruders who had appeared from outside of normal channels could be trusted. An alliance was quietly formed, and, thanks to the hard work and courage of the Carabinieri, General Dozier was recovered alive. When Dalla Chiesa arrived in Sicily, he quickly and effectively deployed new manpower, and the pressure on the Mafia increased. Arrests became frequent. Mobster Toto Riina decided that the war against the government of Italy should be expanded to “teach them a lesson.” On September 3, 1982, General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, his wife Emmanuela Setti Carraro, and his bodyguard were ambushed and murdered in Palermo. Italy had lost a great and honest leader, but unfortunately for Riina, Provenzano, and the Corleoni crime machine, the people of Sicily did not respond with the anticipated fear. Sicilians began to loudly protest against the Mafia and the Italian government’s corruption. Members of the US Intelligence establishment did not forget the honest general who had kept his word. It is rumored that, after the death of Carlo Dalla Chiesa, they offered various resources to the Anti-Mafia Task Force in Sicily outside of formal channels. Riina didn’t back down. On July 29, 1983, the new Task Force leader, Rocco Chinnici, and two bodyguards were murdered by a car bomb. The people of Sicily didn’t back down. The war continued. Then a crack began to form in Toto Riina’s armor. A member of one of the families he had nearly wiped out decided that it was time to stop Riina. Because of his rage for Toto Riina, this member agreed to turn against the Mafia. Tommaso Buscetta became one of the most valuable informants ever in the war against the Mafia. In 1986, with the help of Buscetta’s testimony, Prosecutor Giovani Falcone and Judge Paolo Borsellino were able to obtain convictions and long sentences against 350 Sicilian Mafioso. It was the greatest single hammer blow against the Mafia. Several mob families collapsed as a result of the mass convictions, but Riina and Provenzano remained at large. Judge Borsellino knew that he was living on borrowed time. On July 19, 1992, the magistrate was murdered by a car bomb. The Italian public reacted with sustained outrage. They had had enough. They wanted their country back. For the first time, Sicilians brazenly defied the Mafia. Their rage had overcome their fear. Large signs were posted on homes and businesses demanding the death of the Mafia. Prior to his murder, Borsellino videotaped an interview in which he implicated wealthy businessman and future Italian Prime Minister, Silvio Berlusconi as being connected to the Sicilian Mafia. Berlusconi has always denied the allegation. On January 15, 1993, Toto Riina was captured, and he is serving multiple life sentences. Many believe that Bernardo Provenzano had grown tired of Riina’s bloody direct attack against the government and judicial system of Italy, and that he tipped off the task force with Riina’s whereabouts. I am among those believers. The arrest of Riina was followed by the arrests of his closest assistants and the collapse of Riina’s violent reign. With Riina out of the way, Provenzano quietly, and far less violently, ruled the Sicilian Mafia. He pleaded with the various families to avoid violence, lecturing that, in the wake of Riina’s bloody massacres, the people of Sicily would not tolerate open mob violence. Provenzano lived on the run and avoided the opulence and noise preferred by his old cohort Riina. He usually hid in sheep herder shacks and cabins in rural mountain areas, relying on a cautious messenger system to rule the Sicilian Mafia from afar. Few Mafia bosses were granted even brief face time with him. His wife and two sons did not see him for years. To his credit, Provenzano had learned enough about Mafia life to want his sons to take no part in it. Toto Riina’s two sons are serving life sentences with him. Provenzano’s sons have never been suspected of any crime beyond speeding tickets. In 2006, the Carabinieri began to close in on Bernardo Provenzano after the capture of a messenger. Two waves of arrests netted over 100 Mafioso in the Corleone area, but not Provenzano. On April 11, 2006, after over four decades on the run, Bernardo Provenzano was captured when an alert Carabinieri team managed to tail a delivery of medicine and fresh clothes sent to him from Corleone. Provenzano, Riina, and hundreds more Mafioso remain in maximum security prison. A man who I admired and trusted, General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, is long dead. He has not been forgotten. Prosecutor Giovani Falcone, Judge Paolo Borsellino, and dozens of other prosecutors, judges, and honest Carabinieri and policemen are gone. Dozens of innocent bystanders, including an eleven-year-old boy who was tortured and strangled to death by Riina’s goons, are gone. But something remains. The people of Sicily know that there are men and women who will not be bought or cowered by the vermin in the Mafia or any other criminal gang. They found their voice. They have not lost it. There is still a Mafia, and there will always be corruption, but as long as the sacrifices of men and women like Paolo Borsellino are remembered, evil will likely never be allowed to openly rule the people of Sicily again. On July 1, 2011, Toto Riina’s brother, Gaetano Riina, and three other Mafiosi were captured. They will not see the light of day. In Via d’Amelio, Palermo grows an olive tree–a memorial to Paolo Borsellino. The plaque at the base of the tree reads, “You that come here to regard, remember: Not all Sicilians are mafiosi, and not all mafiosi are Sicilians.” Any questions about the Cosa Nostra of Sicily? *Agostino Catalano, Walter Cosina, Emanuela Loi, Vincenzo Li Muli, Claudio Traina

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The common cold is a top reason for missed work and school days. Most of us have two or three colds per year, each lasting at least a week. There’s no real cure, but studies from the last several years show that some supplement containing zinc can help shorten the duration of cold symptoms by up to 40% — depending on the amount of the mineral in each dose and what it’s combined with. Zinc has an interesting back story. It wasn’t even acknowledged as an essential mineral for human health until the 1970s. But that changed thanks to the work of Dr. Ananda Prasad — a 91-year-old doctor who, decades ago, had a hunch that led to a better understanding of zinc’s role in immunity. Eventually, in the 1970’s, the National Academy of Sciences declared zinc an essential mineral, fundamental to many aspects of cell metabolism. NAS established a recommended daily allowance, which is the daily amount that’s sufficient for good nutrition. (Most of us today get plenty of zinc from foods such as beans, nuts, whole grains and fortified cereals.) Prasad says he felt vindicated by this action. “Absolutely,” Prasad told us from his home in Michigan, where he’s a researcher and professor at Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit. What came next in his career may be just as surprising. Prasad had demonstrated that zinc had an effect on immunity — so he figured that it might help against a ubiquitous scourge — the common cold. “Lo and behold, when I did the analysis it indeed did shorten common cold symptoms by about two or three days, ” Fitzgerald says. “I was stunned by that result.” Zinc’s been studied for years, and not all studies have pointed to a benefit, but that may be because of the dosage and composition of the lozenge used. Most recently, a meta-analysis published in 2017 by Harri Hemilä at the University of Helsinki concludes that 80 to 92 milligrams per day of zinc, given at the onset of cold symptoms, reduced duration of the common cold by 33%. The study finds that two different zinc compounds — zinc acetate and zinc gluconate — are botheffective. And there’s no evidence, the researchers say, that increasing those doses of zinc (to 100 milligrams per day or more) leads to any greater efficacy.

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The Da Vinci Code The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 book by Dan Brown. The book talks about a religious group called Opus Dei, a famous artist named Leonardo da Vinci, and some famous paintings he made called the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. According to Sharan Newman in The Real History behind the Da Vinci Code, Dan Brown based The Da Vinci Code on a book called Holy Blood, Holy Grail by Baigent and Leigh. This book was based on some papers found in the National Library of France, and which were forgeries. The papers were written to show that the man who wrote them was really the true king of France and head of an ancient secret society.

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Alvin Tollestrup is one of the world’s most influential modern physicists. But you wouldn’t have predicted it from his childhood. Growing up in Utah during the Great Depression, Tollestrup was hardly the model student. In fact, he told an interviewer in 1994, he didn’t even read books until the sixth grade. But it was a teacher in elementary school in Logan, Utah, who helped unlock Tollestrup’s genius. She gave him a book about scientific experiments, he recalled. That book sparked an interest in science that would eventually lead to a doctorate in physics from the California Institute of Technology and a huge hand in developing the Tevatron particle accelerator and, in turn, the Super Conducting Super Collider. Tollestrup, then a member of the Caltech faculty, arrived at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in 1975 for what was to be a six-month sabbatical project. His career there would span decades and include major advancements in the magnets used in the Tevatron, which has been crucial to the Superconducting Super Collider particle accelerator. An award in his name is given each year for outstanding postdoctoral research in at Fermilab or in collaboration with Fermilab scientists. By Robert Warren

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By RACHAEL GLEASON Capital News Service LANSING — Answers to Great Lakes climate questions may show up in an unlikely place — the rings of trees growing in the Pacific Northwest. “We use tree rings to tell us how the past climate changed before written history,” said Professor Gregory Wiles, chair of geology at the College of Wooster in Ohio. Wiles and a graduate student have put together a 265-year reconstruction of Lake Erie water levels based on this method. Tree rings, which are evidence of new growth in a tree, reveal more than just age. They show cycles of wet weather, drought and temperature changes. “What it comes down to is weather,” Wiles said. “When it’s really warm, they are going to put on more wood and have stronger growing seasons.” His laboratory develops the tree ring data into chronologies, which are used to detect a range of climate conditions. The Department of Environmental Quality says the combined influence of a variety of factors determine Great Lakes water levels, including precipitation, surface water runoff, evaporation, agricultural irrigation and water level regulation. “The interplay between human activities, such as dredging, consumptive uses, in- and-out-of basin-diversions, wetland reduction, urbanization and agriculture, and the ecology of the lakes is highly complex,” according to the department. A longstanding climate relationship between the Great Lakes and the Pacific Northwest explains how weather in the Gulf of Alaska, as illustrated in tree rings, corresponds to Lake Erie water levels, he said. The reconstruction shows Lake Erie has been higher in the past few decades than it’s ever been. Lake Michigan waters are also high, according to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Detroit office. Its latest water summary shows the lake is 9 inches higher than last year due to above-average precipitation and could reach its long-term average by October. When there’s cooler weather in the North Pacific, lake levels tend to be higher, he said. The opposite is true when it’s warmer up north, Wiles said. “Looking in the past, the levels today aren’t that unusual — the ups and downs,” he said. The connection could be key to understanding what’s in store for the Great Lakes region. The laboratory doesn’t use the research to predict future water levels or climate conditions, but past cycles could be studied for that purpose. “The data gives us a wider window of opportunity of what it could be,” said Wiles, who also oversees tree ring projects in Alaska. “What happens in one part of the world really does explain, in part, the changes that occur in the Great Lakes region.” Rachael Gleason writes for Great Lakes Echo.

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The results section of your dissertation study and subsequent document is the place where you need to report on your findings exactly the way they presented themselves while you were observing them. There is no room for any personal biases, ideas, or opinions – just straightforward information of what it is you found. For this reason, this is often seen as the section that is the easiest to write. But even so, there is a right way and a wrong way to organize the results properly. This article is information that we gathered from world class dissertation writers and is sure to help you tremendously in the development of this section: Don’t Interpret Information. Just Stick to the Facts. Usually, one can quickly tell which student sought professional help (the smart choice) and which one decided to work on his or her own: It’s all in the way factual information is presented in the results section. I hired a professional to write my dissertation and found that the results section is written completely free of any interpretation. One of the problems I had was that I would incorporate my own ideas about the way my study turned out. This is a big mistake and if it hadn’t been for the professional I would have left my interpretations in and would have received a lower grade. Use Visual Tools (Graphs & Tables) to Present Results As we stated earlier, the results section is often considered quite easy to write. If you look up online dissertations samples you will find that some of the more complicated ones use a lot of graphs, tables, and figures to present information. Have a look how you can summarize your findings by using any one or a combination of these visual tools. By using a visual tool you can help the reader reference and quickly interpret even some of the most complicated information, thus making it a better read. Use an Appendix to Help Streamline Your Research Students forget that the use of an appendix can hold a lot of data that does not particularly need to be reported in the results section but can still be useful when referencing tangential but related material. This is an exercise in cutting out the excessive content from the results section and plugging it into an appendix. Many word processors have a simple function to gather and arrange information, so be sure to check to see if you can do this with a few clicks. A lot of students find that the use of a well-written sample or dissertation template will help them create a well-organized results section of their own. You can get these, as well as several other resources, from a good dissertation writing service. A reliable service can be found by conducting a simple keyword search (using terms related to your discipline or area of study) along with a review of customer testimonials or ratings. With a project like this you will want to make sure you find a service early so that you are not left having to pay higher prices for last minute help with dissertation project and writing needs. Sometimes even before you start writing your dissertation you’re overwhelmed with the amount of writing work. In that case don’t hesitate to use the service of My Homework Done.

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How Does a Dog Microchip Work?by Kimberly Caines A microchip can help return a lost dog to his owner. If you think your dog's identification tag is going to help to bring him home if he gets lost, think again. Although instantly visible, tags can accidentally come off, leaving no other way to identify who the dog belongs to. Microchipping your furry pal, in addition to wearing a tag, can offer extra protection that increases your chances of reuniting with your dog. The Microchipping Process A microchip is usually implanted between your dog's shoulder blades under his skin. Implanting this computer chip, which is the size of a rice grain and made to work for 25 years, is done with a large-bore needle. It's painless and done within one minute. You'll have to submit requested information to the microchip company to register your dog. He'll also get a visible tag, which likewise discloses the registry's phone number and the chip number. How It Works If your dog gets lost, a finder can use your pet companion's tag to contact the registry to find out who he belongs to. In the absence of a visible tag, a veterinarian or local shelter can read the radio frequency of the chip with a handheld scanner. Then, they can contact the registry to determine who the dog belongs to and reunite him with his owner. A veterinarian or local shelter might charge a fee to have the microchip implanted. The microchip company might also charge a one-time fee to register your dog. Consult a veterinarian if you're interested in microchipping your dog. Video of the Day - John Howard/Lifesize/Getty Images

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James H. Fullard Dept. of Zoology, Erindale College, Univ. of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada Certain tiger moths (Arctiidae) generate trains of high-frequency clicks from specialized structures (tymbals) on their thorax. Although social functions for the sounds have been demonstrated, debate continues on their anti-bat defensive role with aposematism, startle, and/or echolocation disruption being offered as to how the sounds operate. The controversy arises primarily from the near impossibility of observing natural, in-flight behavior of moths and hunting bats. As a result, most of the experiments attempting to explain the sounds have used indirect methods to infer their actions. These studies include examinations of the structure of the sounds, stimulation of stationary moths with artificial bats, and stimulation of trained, laboratory bats with artificial moths. Other laboratories have attempted to exploit the foraging behavior of wild bats in controlled conditions. These studies have not yet satisfactorily explained why arctiids talk but one observation that has become clear is that the defenses of tiger moths, as with most animals, are directed against a variety of predators and that single explanations do not exist for complex behaviors.

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(Reuters) - Home blood pressure monitors may be useful to some older adults who have suffered a stroke, but little help to others, according to a UK study. Past studies have found that home monitoring may aid blood pressure control, with a 2010 review of 37 clinical trials finding that, overall, people who used monitors shaved a few extra points from their blood pressure. They were also more likely to cut down on medication. The new study, which appeared in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, focused on patients who'd recently had a stroke - a group that hasn't really been studied when it comes to home blood pressure monitoring. "Overall, home monitoring did not improve blood pressure control in patients with hypertension and a history of stroke," wrote lead researcher Sally Kerry, a researcher at Queen Mary, University of London. The exception, though, was patients whose blood pressure was poorly controlled at the study's start, meaning it was above the standard high blood pressure cutoff of 140/90 mm Hg. In that case, patients given a home monitor cut an average of 11 points from their systolic blood pressure - the top number in the reading. That compared with just under five points among patients who were not given the devices. Kerry's team randomly assigned the patients to either stick with standard care only or get a home monitor, along with instructions on how to use it and periodic phone calls from a nurse to check on how they were doing. Over the next year, the results were mixed. Among the patients who didn't seem to benefit were those who'd been left disabled by their stroke, while non-disabled patients cut about four points. "Some patients had difficulty carrying out monitoring because they did not have a carer who lived with them to help," said Kerry. Many people with high blood pressure already have home monitors, and these findings don't mean that stroke survivors can't benefit, although a person left disabled by a stroke may be "not the best" candidate, said Hayden Bosworth, a professor of medicine at Duke University, who was not part of the study. And for a monitor to benefit anyone, the numbers have to be put to good use, he added. That means a healthcare provider has to know what they are and make any needed adjustments to a patient's medications. (Editing by Elaine Lies)Copyright © 2015, Chicago Tribune

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For thousands of years, in the myths and folktales of people around the world, animals have spoken in human tongues. Western and non-Western literary and folkloric traditions are filled with both speaking animals, some of whom even narrate or write their own autobiographies. Animals speak, famously, in children’s stories and in cartoons and films, and today, social networking sites and blogs are both sites in which animals—primarily pets—write about their daily lives and interests. Speaking for Animals is a compilation of chapters written from a variety of disciplines that attempts to get a handle on this cross cultural and longstanding tradition of animal speaking and writing. It looks at speaking animals in literature, religious texts, poetry, social networking sites, comic books, and in animal welfare materials and even library catalogs, and addresses not just the "whys" of speaking animals, but the implications, for the animals and for ourselves. Table of Contents Introduction Part I: (Mis) Representing Animals: The Limits and Possibilities of Representation 1. What Do We Want from Talking Animals? Reflections on Literary Representations of Animal Voices and Minds Karla Armbruster 2. Our Animals, Ourselves: Representing Animal Minds in Timothy and The White Bone Ryan Hediger 3. Investigations of a Dog, by a Dog: Between Anthropocentrism and Canine-Centrism Naama Harel Part II: Animals in Human Traditions 4. With Dogs and Lions as Witnesses: Speaking Animals in the History of Christianity Laura Hobgood-Oster 5. The Speaking Animal: Non-Human Voices in Comics Lisa Brown 6. Who'll Let the Dogs In? Animals, Authorship, and the Library Catalog Nancy Babb Part III: Animal Self, Human Self 7. Mistresses as Masters: Voicing Female Power Through the Subject Animal in Two Nineteenth-Century Animal Autobiographies Monica Flegel 8. Catster.com: Creating Feline Identities Online Jennifer L. Schally and Stephen R. Couch 9. Identity, Community and Grief: The Role of Bunspace in Human and Rabbit Lives Margo DeMello Part IV: Interspecies Communication and Connection 10. Talking Dogs, Companion Capital, and the Limits of Bio-Political Fitness Merit Anglin 11. If We Could Talk to the Animals: On Changing the (Post) Human Subject Kathy Rudy Part V: Speaking and Knowing: Accessing Animal Subjectivity 13. The Power of Testimony: The Speaking Animal’s Plea for Understanding in a Selection of Eighteenth-Century British Poetry Anne Milne 14. "Straight from the Horse’s Mouth": Equine Memoirs and Autobiographies Marion Copeland 14. First Friend, First Words: Speaking of/to Talking Dogs Jill Morstad Part VI: The Ethics and Value of Speaking for Animals 15. Horse Talk: Horses and Human(e) Discourses Natalie Corinne Hansen 16. Speaking For Dogs: The Role of Dog Biographies in Improving Canine Welfare in Bangkok, Thailand Nikki Savvides 17. The Elephant Letters: The Story of Billy and Kani G.A. Bradshaw Margo DeMello lectures at Central New Mexico Community College, teaching sociology, cultural studies, and anthropology.

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To set the background colour on your beloved old C64 (and C128 in 40 column mode) you have to POKE the colour value into two registers, one for the background and one for the border. The poor little guy only had 16 colour values, 0 for black, 1 for white, etc. To change the background to black: - poke 53280,0 (for the border) - poke 53281,0 (for the background) Likewise you can read the current background colour out using PEEK: - bo = peek (53280) - bg = peek (53281) The text colour has to be set before any text is written. You can do this either by PRINTing the PETSCII character which will come up automatically once you type the first quote (and stop appearing when you type the second) – much like you can print cursor commands. It’s tacky, but it works. Another (perhaps better) way is to print a colour value using PRINT CHR$(x), where x is the value of the colour you’d like to write in. Yet another way would be to set the colour for each existing character on the screen, starting at 55296 via POKE (you’d have to do this 1024 times, once for every character). Refer to this handy table for all C64 colour values – courtesy of the C64 Wiki:

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Seabirds always know where they are and how to get 'home' thanks to innate navigation ability – but can't remember landmarks or obstacles - Scientists tracked more than 700 Manx shearwaters, which are native to Britain - The birds could direct themselves home but forgot about obstacles on the route - They ended up flying around them multiple times, making their flights longer - But they were able to plan ahead and leave early if they had further to go Seabirds can remember the distance and time they have to travel to get home, but forget the landmarks along the way, research has revealed. A study of Manx shearwaters, which live off the west coast of England, Scotland and Wales, found they didn't seem to remember obstacles. Among these obstacles were bodies of land such as islands and peninsulas, which the birds refused to fly over so had to navigate their way around. Researchers led by the University of Oxford tracked the flights of birds called Max shearwaters which fly, sometimes more than 100 miles, over the ocean to look for food (stock image) Researchers from University of Oxford tracked the flight paths of 707 of the small birds, which weigh around 0.8lbs (400g) each. The birds flew on trips to forage for food and would sometimes range more than 100 miles away from their colonies. At the beginning of their return journey, the birds tended to be 'well oriented', the scientists found. They seemed to be able to organise themselves, leaving earlier if they had further to travel, and could point themselves in the right direction from the start. But, the researchers wrote in their paper: '[The shearwaters] often fail to encode intervening barriers over which they will not fly, constrained to flying farther as a result. The Manx shearwaters the scientists tracked were able to orient themselves in the right direction every time but didn't seem to remember deviations on the route to go around islands 'Second, shearwaters time their homing journeys, leaving earlier in the day when they have farther to go, and this ability to judge distance home also apparently ignores intervening obstacles.' The shearwaters would refuse to fly over bodies of land – such as islands or peninsulas – for a long time, the researchers said. Therefore, they would fly in a straight line until encountering one of these, then – because they had not remembered it was there – fly around it. This would make the birds' journeys longer than they had intended. Based on their study, the scientists suggested the birds could either try to remember basic maps of their local area, or that they found their way home by thinking about the angles of how they rotated their bodies on the way somewhere. The researchers, led by Dr Oliver Padget, wrote: 'First, perhaps least likely, is the possibility that they have formed through previous experience a large-scale familiar area map encoding the unique features of remote locations from which they have homed before... 'However, this would essentially require memorizing information pertaining to routes that had not actually been experienced, so it is unclear what learning mechanism could achieve this. 'The second possibility is that the birds, like ants, use path integration to compute a running egocentric homing vector by registering the rotations and translations that they experience on their outward journey, which would naturally be blind to obstacles in the homing path.' The team said theirs is some of the most detailed evidence to date of how seabirds navigate their way around. Their research was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). WHAT IS THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD AND HOW DO BIRDS USE IT? Scientists believe the Earth's core is responsible for creating its magnetic field which is a force created by moving electrical charges. As molten iron in the Earth's outer core escapes it creates convection currents. These currents generate electric currents which create the magnetic field. This is a natural process known as a geodynamo. This creates a geomagnetic field that extends from the interior of the Earth to where it meets the solar wind, which is charged particles coming from the sun. Birds use this magnetic field to plot their migratory routes. This has often been called their 'sixth sense'. For a bird to know roughly where it is in the world – and correct itself if it goes off course – it needs what is known as ‘true navigation’. This means it can somehow work out its latitude and longitude. For humans, the problem of longitude - the co-ordinate that specifies an east-west axis position on the Earth’s surface - proved unresolvable until the invention of accurate clocks. For a bird to know roughly where it is in the world – and correct itself if it goes off course – it needs what is known as 'true navigation'. The Earth's magnetic field (stock image) is pictured The North and South magnetic poles are generally located near the geographic poles. However, they vary over geological time and once every several hundred thousand years they flip. While a compass needle points to the magnetic north, this is not the true north – the North Pole. Depending on where you are, magnetic north is either one or more degrees further east or west of the north pole. New research suggests birds rely on a protein in their eyes that means they can 'see' Earth's magnetic field and this stream of charged particles. Scientists from Lund University in Sweden looked at zebra finches, while researchers from Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg in Germany studied European robins. According to researchers a protein called Cry4, which is present 24 hours a day and means birds can still navigate during night, is responsible for this. This means they can 'see' these magnetic fields over their normal vision. Researchers also found European robins had increased Cry4 expression during the migratory season.

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The Gaulish Langauge is a key element to having a cultural understanding of the Gauls, as this helps us to navigate away from a western context of reality. The language opens us up to more in-depth navigation. As one does research you will come across Deuoi with names you have not heard of and this is when the language is useful as the meaning behind the name can help you to understand said Deuoi. You might want to read the inscription or Curse tablets to find out more about what was said. As what was said again can help us to understand the Senogalatis. The revival of the is a big task that only a handful of folks are doing. Some take different approaches to this like looking at PIE languages and finding cominalities and of course, this can lead to many different outcomes. Some folks reconstruct words by looking at neighboring cultures of the Senogalatis. However, one’s approaches are to the reconstruction of the language, it is paramount, hard, and, tedious work. As a lot of us want to have the language for Ritual purposes and even the creating of myths and it takes the dedicated work of those who are doing that to make that happen. Below is a simple list of terms and phrases you can opt to use to include a little more Gaulish in your daily life. We will be using lextis Nouiogalaticos (a modern Gaulish dialect adopted by Bessus Nouiogalation) Remember, more will come as more work is done on the language we are using, so check back periodically! Greetings / Farewells (Subutâ! Which means Welcome!) Or, for someone you know well, Rocenon! Which works as “It’s been so long!” Bye/Suauelon! “Good wind!”. (Like a good wind in your sails) I’ll see you again (Sunoxten / Sunox (short)) Blessings / Cheers (“Thank you!”) [For plural, substitute “te” for “suis” or “suos”.] (Bratun (/Braton) te!) Dêuoi with you Health to you! (Insert Dêuoi here) approach you________ nessâtu te Eye of (Insert Dêuoi here) upon you/Dercon ________ uer te And Sucellos strike hammer to post!” [Don’t let the door hit your behind on the way out!]) (Etic Sucellê boîtu ordon clitân!) I love you / you all (Lubiumi te / suos!) I’m going to work / I’m free from work (Iâiumi uercon / Immi rios exuercû) Hold my beer (Delge curmi imon)

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In 1955 14-year-old Emmett Louis “Bobo” Till was lynched for whistling at Carolyn Bryant, a 21-year-old white woman, in Money, MS. Since Clenora Hudson’s 1988 Ford Foundation University of Iowa doctoral dissertation, “Emmett Till: The Impetus of the Modern Civil Rights Movement,” and its 1994 publication, many Till books have been written. A recent book contends that the author has finally found the key to Till’s fate—Bryant’s testimony, which she is now recanting. Many are outraged with her statement that the whole thing was a lie, concluding that Till would never have been murdered had she not made her accusations. Truth is, it was the whistle, not the testimony that instigated the lynching. Hudson’s research in 1988 confirmed that he indeed whistled at Bryant. Till’s mother Mamie claimed that it was his way of getting a word out, since he stuttered. The men playing checkers on the porch heard it. Bryant did as well, and she chased Emmett and Simeon, his 12-year-old cousin, out of the store. His 16-year-old cousins Wheeler Parker and Maurice Wright heard the whistle and witnessed Bryant’s response in her racist threats, while firing her pistol. Still, although Till did whistle, that did not give them the right to kill him. Bryant’s exaggeration came only after the lynching, in an attempt to mar Till’s character. Relative to his fate, her “breaking silence” today has no more significance now than did her testimony in 1955. Finally, Till’s father, Louis Till, is very important as he is a seminal part of the family equation, too often ignored, thereby leaving the family both vulnerable and unprotected. He was the 23-year-old soldier in the Army, stationed in Italy 10 years before Emmett’s death. He was executed for allegedly raping two white women and killing another, an allegation never proven: “It was rumored that many Black soldiers were accused and killed for such activities, as a scare tactic for discouraging interracial dating,” (Hudson, “Emmett Till,” p. 37). Because of the father’s alleged history, the murderers were acquitted. As quoted in Hudson’s dissertation, from “University Students Rap Till Verdict,” “the verdict rendered by the jury will be remembered as one of the most notorious miscarriages of justice ever handed.” (Chicago Defender, October 22, 1955, p. 55) Hudson’s activities—from unearthing Emmett, dormant for 33 years, to challenging the Academy, to rigorous research, to writing the film script, “Liberating Emmett”—were intended to “liberate” us all. The work has been dedicated to the whole truth with Emmett’s legacy as catalyst. As all our lives are interconnected, it becomes clear that we must come together to work for a better world for all humanity. To read Dr. Clenora Hudson-Weems’, “Emmett’s Murder Remains the Centerpiece of the Ugly American Tragedy: All Facts Recorded in Hudson’s ‘88 Doctoral Dissertation” visit the Chicago Crusader Newspaper website at www.chicagocrusader.com.

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Impressions of Lesser Antilles#The Lesser Antilles are a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. They form a long, partly volcanic island arc between the Greater Antilles to the north-west and the continent of South America. The islands are more remote than the Northern Antilles and many can only be visited by smaller cruise ships or even only using local ferries and boats. For this reason, they are particularly charming. From a political point of view they are complicated: Some are independent small nations, others are either administered by the UK, France, the Netherlands, the US or Venezuela (off-shore islands). The most important ones are shown on the map Martinique, Antilles , and are, on the map from top to bottom (with status and rough population shown in thousands in brackets): - Virgin Islands (US part,110 and UK part,27) - Anguilla (UK, 14) - St Kitss & Nevis (independent, 55) - Antigua and Barbuda (independent, 87) - Montserrat (UK, 5) - Guadeloupe (France, 440) - Dominica (independent,73) - Martinique (France,400) - St Lucia (independent,174) - St Vincent and the Grenadines (independent, 110) - Grenada (independent, 100) - Trinidad and Tobago(independent,1.350) - Margarita / Porlamar (Venezuela, 400). Thus, more than half of the population of about 2,2 million (this exludes Margarita, really a part of Venezuela) lives in Trinidad and Tobago, and about one third in islands administered by France. The following impressions were compiled by Dr. Claudia Brandstätter in 2018 and made available to the Austrian Forum. See also the many 360° Panoramas of Lesser Antilles#

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Some dogs are prone to eye infections and certain breeds are more susceptible if the hair around the folds of skin near the eyes acts as an irritant. Other dogs get infections because of blocked tear ducts, contagions, or bacteria-harboring particles in the eye leading to poor eye health. What are the dog eye infection symptoms? Just like humans, dogs can get eye infections. When your dog has an eye infection, he may also exhibit certain behavioral changes, including a lack of interest in food, crying or whining. He may also paw at his eyes. Visible dog eye infection symptoms include: • Thick green or yellow secretion around the eye • Watery discharge • Eye redness • Ocular tenderness • Excessive tearing • Visible squinting • Light sensitivity Eye infection treatment If you suspect your dog has an eye infection, take him to a veterinarian, who will determine an appropriate eye infection treatment. Certain eye infections such as conjunctivitis, allergies, and cherry eye require specific types of antibiotics, creams, or drops. If your veterinarian diagnoses him with one of the more common eye infections, you may need to administer eye drops. Before applying any medicine, first, remove residue that may have collected around your dog’s eyes caused by the infection. Use cotton balls moistened in a sterile eye solution, such as artificial tears to gently wipe away discharge. 7 Step eye-drop treatment plan Follow these easy steps to safely administer eyedrops to a dog: 1. Lay him on his side. 2. Keep him calm and comfortable by petting him and praising him. 3. Gently restrain the dog’s snout with one hand and hold the eyedropper with the other. 4. Rest the side of the hand with the eyedropper on the dog’s forehead 5. Drop the medicine in the corner, under his lower eyelid. 6. Release him and give him lots of praise or a small treat. 7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 on the other eye if it is also infected. Which breeds get eye infections? Although a dog of any breed can get an eye infection, short-nosed breeds and loose-skinned dogs are especially prone because hair around the folds of skin near the eyes can act as an irritant. In many cases, infection is also caused by blocked tear ducts. Some of the breeds commonly contracting eye infections include: - Shih Tzu - American Cocker Spaniel - English Cocker Spaniel - English Bulldog - Saint Bernard How to prevent dog eye infections You can help prevent eye infections by following a good eye care routine and incorporating it into your regular dog grooming. Use clean cotton balls moistened with lukewarm water to gently wipe away dirt and muck that naturally gathers around the eye and can contain harmful bacteria. Use a new cotton ball for each eye to avoid spreading infection. Learn more about caring for a dog

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Model Course Pathways in Mathematics The K-12 Common Core State Standards (CCSS) in mathematics and English Language Arts were developed through a state-led process managed by the National Governors Association (NGA) and the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO). Achieve partnered with NGA and CCSSO on the Initiative. The CCSS for high school mathematics are organized by conceptual category (number and quantity, algebra, functions, geometry, modeling and probability and statistics). This was done purposefully, to allow states and districts maximum flexibility in deciding how best to organize their high school courses while still ensuring that all students have access to a mathematics course sequence that will culminate in being fully prepared in mathematics for college and careers. Still, the task of organizing standards into possible courses is a daunting one and during the development of the standards many states and districts expressed an interest in seeing models about how this task could be accomplished. To meet that need, Achieve (in partnership with the CCSS mathematics writing team) convened a group of experts to develop Model Course Pathways in Mathematics based on the Common Core State Standards. Four model course pathways were created, each of which is intended to significantly increase the coherence of high school mathematics courses: - A more traditional approach, with two algebra courses and a geometry course and data included in each; - An integrated approach, with three courses that each includes number, algebra, geometry, and data; - A “compacted” version of each pathway that begins in Grade 7 and allows students to study Calculus or other college level courses in high school. In considering the pathways, there are several things important to note: - The pathways and courses are models, not mandates. They illustrate possible approaches to organizing the content of the CCSS into coherent and rigorous courses that lead to college and career readiness. States and districts are not expected to adopt these courses as is; rather, they are encouraged to use these pathways and courses as a starting point for developing their own. - All college-and career-ready standards (those without a +) are found in each pathway. A few (+) standards are included to increase the coherence of a course. - The course descriptions delineate the mathematics standards to be covered in a course but they are not prescriptions for curriculum or pedagogy. Additional work will be needed to create coherent instructional programs that help students achieve these standards. The Model Course Pathways in Mathematics are published as Appendix A to the CCSS.

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For many in the United States, the knowledge around the importance of Vital Records is minimal, even though information and tracking are key to the health of our world. Data access for Vital Records has recently increased in production, accuracy, and timeliness of delivery for this crucial information. This is due in large part to help from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). So, why should this matter to you? First, fast access to accurate data saves lives. With the advancement and improvement of state Vital Records systems and processes, decision makers like the CDC are able to analyze the information, see patterns of disease within population areas, and take action on “significant population health concerns.” The CDC, as well as other organizations, rely on the data provided by local and state Vital Records offices (and those offices in turn rely on the doctors, hospitals, funeral homes, and many others) to provide data on births, deaths, and a host of other information. You can see how this gets complicated…and why modernization of the process helps at every step of the data’s journey, from an individual to a physician to Vital Records to CDC. Second, fast access to accurate data keeps us healthier. Tracking health problems, such as cancer or an Ebola breakout, is a challenge. Being able to discern the origin, cause, degree of spread and populations most affected, are crucial for controlling illnesses. Fast, accurate data is the top priority. In today’s world, accurate not only means true, detailed data, but timely as well. The more real-time the data is, the more valuable it is to study and make quicker, more informed decisions that save lives. Today, organizations like CDC and the National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems (NAPHSIS) are making headway by dedicating resources to continual modernization of the Vital Records systems across the country. This allows near real-time access to data, focused attention to analyzing patterns, and ultimately, improving the quality of life for individuals across the world. One example of the impact of Vital Records can be seen in the recent allocation of resources in trying to reverse the rise of substance-related deaths, particularly the rise of opioid related deaths. Because of prompt data provided to the CDC and organizations like NAPHSIS from modernized Vital Records systems and programs, they were able to pin point the death trend, and have begun working to fix this serious public health concern. Without good Vital Records data it is impossible to accurately track disease and health patterns, therefore limiting the ability to disperse needed cures, resources, and help to the affected areas and populations. State Vital Records offices are the key providers of health data, and as such, they are meeting the needs of the 21st century world one record at a time. So, why should Vital Records matter to you? Put simply: Vital Records data saves lives and makes our world a healthier place to live. ‘Till Death Do Us Part: NAPHSIS and Partners Talk Value of Death Data on Capitol Hill | NAPHSIS Modernizing the National Vital Statistics System | NCHS CDC Works to Improve Public Health Data Analytics, Surveillance | Jennifer Bresnick The U.S. Vital Statistics System: A National Perspective | NCHS The U.S. Vital Statistics System: The Role of State and Local Health Departments | Steven Schwartz

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Routing of light in a liquid crystal by a magnetic field (B). The orientation of the field determines the orientation of rod-shaped molecules of the liquid crystal and defines direction of the light trajectory. This trajectory can be rapidly changed by changing the orientation of the magnetic field.Credit: ANU Research led by The Australian National University (ANU) on the use of magnets to steer light has opened the door to new communications systems which could be smaller, cheaper and more agile than fibre optics. Group leader Professor Wieslaw Krolikowski from the ANU Research School of Physics and Engineering (RSPE) said the team’s breakthrough would be crucial for developing tiny components to process huge amounts of data. “This technology is also expected to be applicable in sensors, data storage and liquid crystal displays,” said Professor Krolikowski. Today’s communication technologies aim to maximise data transmission rates and require the ability to precisely direct information channels. These technologies use electronic components for signal processing such as switching, which is not as fast as light-based technology including fibre optics. Professor Krolikowski said the team used a magnetic field to stimulate liquid crystals and steer light beams carrying data, which enables an innovative approach to data processing and switching. “Our discovery could lead to communications technology that could power a new generation of efficient devices such as compact and fast optical switches, routers and modulators,” he said. Co-researcher Dr Vladlen Shvedov from RSPE said the team’s innovation, based on liquid crystals with properties modified by light, promised a much more agile system than fibre optics. “This touch-free magneto-optical system is so flexible that you can remotely transfer the tiny optical signal in any desired direction in real time,” Dr Shvedov said. Co-researcher Dr Yana Izdebskaya from RSPE said while the innovation was in the early stages, it was highly promising for future communications technology. “In the liquid crystal the light creates a temporary channel to guide itself along, called a soliton, which is about one tenth the diameter of a human hair. That’s about 25 times thinner than fibre optics,” Dr Izdebskaya said. “Developing efficient strategies to achieve the robust control and steering of solitons is one of the major challenges in light-based technologies.” Dr Izdebskaya said controlling solitons in liquid crystals had only been achieved by applying voltage from inflexible electrodes. “Such systems have been restricted by the configuration of electrodes in a thin liquid crystal layer. Our new approach doesn’t have this limitation and opens a way to full 3D manipulations of light signals carried by solitons,” Dr Izdebskaya said. Source: Australian National University Yana Izdebskaya, Vladlen Shvedov, Gaetano Assanto, Wieslaw Krolikowski. Magnetic routing of light-induced waveguides. Nature Communications, 2017; 8: 14452 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14452

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Researchers worldwide continue search for better luminescent materials for OLED manufacturing. Two new compounds with europium complexes developed at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw display in their class record high luminescence efficiencies in red, and their properties enable faster, low cost manufacturing of thin OLED films. Researchers from the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IPC PAS) in Warsaw developed two new materials with record high luminescence efficiency. The compounds were prepared using phosphine oxides (oxidised organic compounds containing phosphorous-carbon bonds) as co-ligands in europium ion-based complexes. A research group from Scotland's University of St. Andrews collaborating with the IPC PAS used the developed compounds to build prototype OLEDs generating nearly monochromatic red light. "Both compounds, carefully designed by us, display in their class a record-breaking luminescence efficiency. As a matter of fact, we know red emitters with somewhat higher efficiency, containing iridium, but it's completely different type of materials", notices Prof. Marek Pietraszkiewicz from the IPC PAS. Red light emitted by europium complexes with phosphine oxides is of well-defined wavelength, about 612 nanometer (a billionth part of a meter). The luminescence quantum yields of these compounds reach 90%. "A narrow emission wavelength range and the record-breaking efficiency result from our approach to molecular design. We attach extended, highly rigid phosphine oxides to europium complexes. As a result, the energy delivered to the molecule is not dissipated in unnecessary vibrations or rotations. Instead of delivering heat to the surrounding we have higher efficiency and virtually monochromatic light", explains Michał Maciejczyk, a doctoral student from the International Doctoral Studies at the IPC PAS. An important advantage of the luminescent materials developed and produced in the IPC PAS is their stability – they do not degrade when exposed to oxygen or light. Equally important is, however, the possibility to produce films of these materials from solutions. Existing manufacturing technologies for production of OLED films required usually the use of high vacuum evaporation and deposition. The vacuum deposition technique is very expensive, troublesome, and not everywhere available. It also requires that material is warmed up to 200-300 degrees centigrade, a temperature not well-tolerated by all compounds. The problems disappear when the films can be deposited directly from solution – and this is possible for phosphine oxides with europium complexes. Potential applications of the new materials include not only OLED displays or lighting components, such as rear lights of mechanical vehicles, but also flexible elastic dermal patches for use in anticancer therapies. The europium complex-based compounds incorporated in such patches would generate light of exactly known wavelength that could locally activate appropriately selected active ingredients, delivered earlier with other methods to patient's ill skin cells. During therapy, the dermal patch would require only a small power supply from a battery. Patient mobility would be minimally affected, and hospitalisation would not be needed any longer. The research on luminescent materials based on europium complexes at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the PAS was supported by funds from the Polish National Science Centre. This press release was prepared thanks to the NOBLESSE grant under the activity "Research potential" of the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union. The Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences was established in 1955 as one of the first chemical institutes of the PAS. The Institute's scientific profile is strongly related to the newest global trends in the development of physical chemistry and chemical physics. Scientific research is conducted in nine scientific departments. CHEMIPAN R&D Laboratories, operating as part of the Institute, implement, produce and commercialise specialist chemicals to be used, in particular, in agriculture and pharmaceutical industry. The Institute publishes approximately 200 original research papers annually. Journal of Materials Chemistry

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Richard (Rick) Mills Ahead of the Herd As a general rule, the most successful man in life is the man who has the best information Greenland, the largest island in the world - Australia is considered a continent - and the only territory ever to leave the European Union (Greenland joined the European Community, now the EU, with Denmark in 1973. Greenland dropped its EU membership over tightened fishing quotas in 1985) is located in the North Atlantic Ocean adjacent to the Canadian arctic archipelago. Its maximum length is 2,655 kilometers (km), maximum distance from east to west is 1,290 km and the length of its coast, which is deeply indented with fiords, is estimated at 5,800 km. About 84 per cent of Greenland is ice cap that can be up to 3kms thick. Approximately one-twentieth of the world's ice and one-quarter of the earth's surface ice is found in Greenland – the ice-free zone around the ice cap is up to 300 kms wide and covers an area of 410,000 km² (area of Germany is 357,000 km). Eric the Red discovered Greenland in the 10th century, or as the Inuits called the country back then, Inuit Nunaat - country of human beings. Today the Inuits call Greenland Kalaallit Nunaat - Country of the Greenlanders. The population of Greenland is 56,648 with 14,719 inhabitants living in the capital Nuuk (formerly Godthab). The majority of Greenland’s population live in towns along the fjords in the southwest of the country where the climate is relatively mild. The second largest city is Sisimiut, followed by Ilulissat and Qaqortoq. While geologically part of North America, Greenland is, historically and economically, closely tied to Europe. It’s a bilingual country, Greenlandic is the main language and Danish is the other with English also widely spoken. Greenland has had “Self Rule” since June 21, 2009 (including control over minerals and petroleum) - which means that the country has assumed making the political decisions that previously come from Denmark. The only way to travel directly to Greenland is by air to one of the main gateways: Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strønfjord) in the West or Narsarsuaq in the South, both former American air bases. There are no roads between the towns on the coast so people travel by airplanes, helicopters or by boat – Air Greenland, with ten planes and 600 employees, has just announced regular flights, starting this summer, between Nuuk and Iqaluit. Travel by sea is possible throughout the year from Nanortalik, in the South, to Sisimiut in the north west (ports have a year round shipping season), but travel from Sisimiut to sites further north doesn’t start till May, at the earliest, because of ice. A report by the World Meteorology Organization (WMO) shows that temperatures in Greenland have risen around 3C above average over the last year. The WMO also reported that December 2011 was much warmer than usual with rainfall, instead of snow, recorded for the first time in Kuujjuaq. In 1721, the Danish-Norwegian priest Hans Egede came to spread the gospel in Greenland. Apparently Hans split his time between missionary work and prospecting for mineral resources. This author is not sure of his spiritual success among Greenland’s citizens but Hans did report finding graphite twenty years after arriving. Coal was being mined in the Disko Bay area by German miners in 1780, in 1851-1852 copper was being mined by an English company. Cryolite was valuable for soda and enamel production and in the 1890s was recognized as crucial for the production of aluminium. Mining in Greenland was dominated by cryolite production at Ivittuut from 1900 on. The Cryolite mine, operated by the Danish Cryolite Company, was abandoned in 1987 after 130 years of mining. The lead-zinc mine in Mestersvig, in central East Greenland, was operated by the Northern Mining Company from 1953-59. The Black Angel lead-zinc-silver mine, near Uummannaq in West Greenland, is 400 km north of the Arctic Circle and was operated by Cominco Ltd from 1973-86, and from 1986 to 1990 by Boliden AB. The mine was closed with ore reserves of approximately 2Mt remaining – this mine will be reopened. As mentioned approximately 80% of Greenland is covered by the ice sheet, with the exposed area forming a fringe around the coast. These non ice covered coastal areas - geological terrain that is simply an extension of the *Canadian Shield - expose numerous mineral belts that are highly prospective for gold, nickel, platinum group elements (PGE), copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, tantalum and niobium, iron ore, several forms of industrial minerals, diamonds, rubies and rare earth elements (REEs). *Greenland’s geology is continuous with that of Canada and Northern Europe. It includes: - Archaean cratons - potential for diamonds, gold, REE - Palaeoproterozoic mobile belts - potential for base metals, PGE’s, gold and tantalum - Lower Palaeozoic sediments - potential for base metals - Carboniferous Cretaceous sediments - potential for coal - Lower Tertiary intrusive complexes, the Skýrgaard intrusion being the most important in terms of gold and PGE potential Greenland’s offshore geology is highly prospective for petroleum. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimated, in 2007, that the East Greenland Rift Basins Province could hold over 31 billion barrels of oil, gas and natural gas liquids. The USGS also estimated that the waters off Greenland’s west coast could contain more than 110 billion barrels of oil (roughly 42% of Saudi Arabia’s reserves). ExxonMobil, Chevron, Husky, Encana, the UK’s Cairn Energy and Denmark’s Dong Energy are among the companies that have either already won or applied for exploration licenses from Greenland’s Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum for acreage. The Government of Greenland recognizes the future of the country lies in the development of its mineral resources and public pressure is increasing for better schools, health care and retirement plans. With the Danish government looking to reduce its subsidy of Greenland (approximately half of government revenues comes from grants, about $650 million in 2009) and an economy historically dependant on shrimping, declining fishing (82% of exports), sealing and fish and seal product exports (Europe has banned seal product imports) development of resource projects is now high on the governments list of priorities. In May 2007 a US aluminum producer concluded a memorandum of understanding with the Greenland Home Rule Government to build an aluminum smelter and a power generation facility in the Maniitsoq area – Greenland has abundant hydropower potential. Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP) The BMP is the authoritative body for all administration in relation to the mineral resources industry in Greenland. Licensees only have to apply to one place to obtain all their necessary licenses – the BMP is very much a ‘one stop shop’ – ensuring efficient administration in the area of mineral resources. The BMP has the regulatory authority to review, evaluate and approve all SIA’s, licenses and facilitate public hearing processes. Process of Mineral Applications The BMP took over from the Danish authorities in 1998. Because of a lack of awareness of Greenland’s mineral/petroleum potential the resource extraction industry suffered a general decline in interest. This trend continued to the all time low in 2002. The BMP designed a resource awareness marketing strategy focused on the two biggest mining countries in the world: Australia and Canada. From 17 exclusive licenses in 2002 the number grew to more than 70 in 2010, and in April 2011 the number had grown to 94 including current applications. In the same period the number of non-exclusive prospecting licenses went from six in 2002 to 20 in April 2011. A list can be downloaded here showing all active licences and current applications. From 2003 to 2010 the Government of Greenland issued four exploitation licenses for mining activities; Angel Mining is producing gold; Black Angel Mining has a mine under construction; QuadraFNX Minnig Ltd. is waiting for higher market prices and one mine is temporarily closed (Minelco). London Mining wants to see the Isua iron ore mine, which hugs Greenland’s ice sheet about 150 kms northeast of Nuuk, in operation by 2015. Canada experienced a growth in expenditures (exploration expenses and activities) of 35 percent from CAD $1.911 billion in 2006 to CAD $2.624 billion in 2010. Greenland, in the same period, experienced an increase of almost 390 percent from DKK 135 million to a record DKK 524.5 million in 2010. Australia experienced a growth between of 116 percent from AUD 1.028 billion in 2004 to AUD 2.223 billion in 2009. Australian and Canadian listed company’s represent more than 55 percent of the resource sector companies currently working in Greenland. Greenland is politically stable, maintains a long lived democracy and tax system, is open to foreign investment, and is mining friendly being eager to attain political independence from Denmark. But how will Greenland pay for the responsibilities it may eventually take over from the Danish state? The main challenge to securing greater self-government is overcoming the reliance on the annual grant Greenland receives from Denmark and replacing it with revenues generated from within the country. Mineral mining and oil and gas production would ease this dependence. Fortunately Greenland is highly prospective for minerals and is hugely underexplored - the country is a new, and one of the last, frontiers for mineral and petroleum exploration. "…climate change has already opened new areas for the exploitation of mineral resources as the ice cap is retreating. And in combination with the political and economical control of our mineral resources it will open new opportunities for Greenland to gain more economical and political independence from Denmark.” Josef Motzfeldt, MP in Greenland’s Home Rule government Aheadoftheherd.com will be featuring two companies working in Greenland in future articles. The first has a 100% interest in 1,300 sq km being highly prospective for rare earths, diamonds, specialty and base metals. Our second featured company has acquired an exclusive exploration license for 4,841 sq km covering numerous outcrops of nickel-copper sulphide and other metals. Greenland should be on every resource investors radar screen. Is it on yours? If not, maybe it should be. Richard (Rick) Mills If you're interested in learning more about the junior resource sector, bio-tech and technology sectors please come and visit us at www.aheadoftheherd.com Site membership is free. No credit card or personal information is asked for. Richard is host of Aheadoftheherd.com and invests in the junior resource sector. His articles have been published on over 300 websites, including: Wall Street Journal, SafeHaven, Market Oracle, USAToday, National Post, Stockhouse, Lewrockwell, Uranium Miner, Casey Research, 24hgold, Vancouver Sun, SilverBearCafe, Infomine, Huffington Post, Mineweb, 321Gold, Kitco, Gold-Eagle, The Gold/Energy Reports, Calgary Herald, Resource Investor, Mining.com, Forbes, FNArena, Uraniumseek, and Financial Sense. Legal Notice / Disclaimer This document is not and should not be construed as an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to purchase or subscribe for any investment. Richard Mills has based this document on information obtained from sources he believes to be reliable but which has not been independently verified; Richard Mills makes no guarantee, representation or warranty and accepts no responsibility or liability as to its accuracy or completeness. Expressions of opinion are those of Richard Mills only and are subject to change without notice. Richard Mills assumes no warranty, liability or guarantee for the current relevance, correctness or completeness of any information provided within this Report and will not be held liable for the consequence of reliance upon any opinion or statement contained herein or any omission. Furthermore, I, Richard Mills, assume no liability for any direct or indirect loss or damage or, in particular, for lost profit, which you may incur as a result of the use and existence of the information provided within this Report.

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Charles' Law Mini Lab Does temperature affect volume? That's the question I'm asking myself for this experiment. I'm doing this lab to test Charles' Law and I'm looking to find how volume increases when temperature increases, and the volume decreases when the temperature decreases. The Charles' law came from a man named Jacques Charles, and he was a French scientist. The law didn't actually come from him but by Joseph Louis Lussac in 1802, but named it in his honor. This picture shown here is the man himself, Jacques Charles! Safety Procedures and Safety Equipment Goggles- You always need to be wearing googles when doing an experiment, and this one is no exception! You don't want to water to splash in your eye or the balloon to pop in your face. Gloves- You need gloves to protect your hands from the boiling water in case it spills, and to bring the erlenmeyer flask to the ice water. Apron- An apron is a necessity so nothing spills on your clothes. Don't skip the safety portion! It's very important! - Put your gloves, apron, and goggles on. - Get the bucket and fill it 1/2 to 3/4 full with ice water. - Fill your graduated cylinder up to the 15mL line. - Pour the 50mL of water into the Erlenmeyer flask. - Plug the hot plate in and put the Erlenmeyer flask on the plate. - Turn the nob on the hot plate to 10 and wait for the water to boil. - Get the balloon and put it on top of the Erlenmeyer flask when the water is boiling. - Leave balloon on the Erlenmeyer flask for 3-5 seconds or until it expands to a moderate size. - Turn off the hot plate. - Grab Erlenmeyer flask with the hot pads. - Put the Erlenmeyer flask into the bucket with ice water and hold it there until the balloon shrinks and then is sucked into the erlenmeyer flask. - You've completed the experiment! Now clean up and put everything back where you got it.

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In India, a black, fluffy fungal growth was observed on the auricles of older leaves on either side of the leaf sheath. The fungus was identified as Microxyphiella hibiscifolia Bat., Nasc., & Cif. Elongate to linear pycnidia, black to dark olive in color, attach superficially to epidermal cells. Although described as a pathogen (Singh and Grover 1968), sooty mold fungi generally colonize insect honeydew or plant exhudates and are not considered to be plant pathogens. |previous page||next page| The material on this page is in the public domain. Original posting: June 5, 1999.

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Chip designer Ambarella has announced a new computer vision chip for artificial intelligence at the edge of a computer network, such as in smart cars or security cameras. The new CV28M camera system on chip (SoC), the latest in the CVflow family. It combines advanced image processing, high-resolution video encoding, and computer vision processing in a single, low-power chip. Ambarella packed a lot of AI processing power in the chip because of the way that computer networks will evolve in the future as everything gets connected to the internet. Since the networks could get inundated with data traffic, many applications like self-driving cars will have do their processing at the edge of the network, or in the car itself, rather than interact a lot with datacenter processors. That means that the sensors and image processors in edge devices will have to be very powerful, said Chris Day, vice president of marketing at Ambarella, in an interview with VentureBeat. “We’re working on new markets, including IP security cameras, consumer home monitoring cameras, drones, automobiles, and autonomous vehicles,” Day said. “This one is at the low end and it enables us to do applications at different price points and features.” He said the applications for the CV28M could include home security, retail monitoring, consumer robotics, and occupancy monitoring. As privacy laws become more strict and people care about their privacy more, it’s also important to do processing at the edge, rather than said private data to the cloud. One example of where the chips could be used is cameras that monitor the elderly, detecting whether a person has fallen down in their home. The camera would not record anything while the person is fine. But if the sensors detect a fall, the camera could turn on and ask the person if they are OK, Day said. Some elderly-monitoring devices use radio to detect a fall, but Day said the need to communicate with a person to eliminate false positives means that the application needs a video communication capability. “The privacy of the person you’re monitoring is not impacted,” Day said. “You can’t and you don’t want to be monitoring them 24 hours a day. But you do want to know when there is a problem.” For internet-connected security cameras, the CV28M features AI-based rate control to optimize image quality while reducing video storage and network bandwidth requirements. Ambarella’s AI Timelapse scene-aware recording avoids the time needed to scan through video timelines to retrieve moments of interest. “AI time lapse reduces the storage requirements and means you don’t have to record and watch a whole lot of video when nothing is happening,” Day said. “In retail monitoring, we can actually monitor shopper behavior, see how many people are in the store, and where people are congregating in a particular area. We can create heat maps based on that.” In consumer robotics applications, the CV28M can be connected to sensors such as visible, structured light, and time-of-flight (ToF) to capture, and then process, the data required for navigation. With the pandemic, the cameras could be used to detect whether people are appropriately standing six feet apart or more, Day said. The CV28M can also do efficient video encoding in both AVC and HEVC formats. The chips are fabricated in 10-nanometer manufacturing. The CV28M chip shares a common SDK and computer vision (CV) tools with Ambarella’s CV25, CV22, and CV2 CVflow SoC families. It has a dual-core 1-GHz Arm Cortex-A53 processor, and it only consumes around 500 milliwatts of power. The Santa Clara, California-based company, which went public in 2012, started out as a maker of low-power chips for video cameras. But it parlayed that capability into computer vision expertise and launched its CVflow architecture in 2018 to create low-power artificial intelligence chips. Now it has 800 employees and is competing with the likes of Intel and Nvidia, though with a focus on low-power applications. The company generated $220 million in revenue in 2019. The CV28M chips are available in sample quantities now. But the company did not say when they would be in mass production. How startups are scaling communication: The pandemic is making startups take a close look at ramping up their communication solutions. Learn how

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Product development of any sort requires R&D, and when evaluating the effect of nutraceuticals on brain health and elucidating the underlying mechanisms involved, there are new testing models and techniques available, including the Amylgen technical platform. New models have been developed to reproduce the brain ageing processes, and studies on senescence-accelerated mice (SAM) are particularly recommended. Parallel to their premature ageing, SAM-P8 mice also exhibit increased neurological senescence, immunosenescence, and age-related hematopoietic deficits, which closely mimic typical human ageing characteristics. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and increased somatic DNA mutation rate all appear to be involved in the mechanisms responsible for the accelerated ageing process. This mouse system, with its homogeneous genetic background, provides an excellent experimental model for studying anti-ageing therapeutics. Another model proposed for more rapid testing is the D-galactose (DG) induced ageing mouse model. In rats and mice chronically treated with DG, a reducing sugar oxidative stress generator, an acceleration of senescence is observed, which is very similar to the natural ageing process in animals: cognitive dysfunction, neurologic impairment associated with the increases of brain oxidative stress and the decreases of antioxidant enzyme activity, cholinergic degeneration, impairment of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, altered expression of amyloid-beta metabolism-associated molecules, reactive gliosis, and neuroinflammation. A final model is using young rats or mice to test a product’s effects on learning capacity in normal animals or in animals with a learning deficit produced by prenatal stress in the mother. A series of behavior tests have been designed to explore the various aspects of brain health during ageing. The most frequent complaint related to advancing in age is a decrease in intellectual performance concerning attention capacity, focus, flexibility, speed, creativity and memory. Further memory tests allow research and analysis of many aspects of memory such as working memory, short-term and long-term memory, spatial and contextual processes, recognition, episodic memory, and positively and negatively reinforced memory. Alongside these memory tests, tests should evaluate depression and anxiety; two mood disorders that are very often linked to or responsible of memory troubles. It is possible to evaluate a product’s effect by observing the symptoms of an ageing brain such as oxidative stress by measuring lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial function, and synaptic function. Cholinergic system integrity, which is representative of cognitive performance, is assessed by labelling Ach neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and cholinergic projections in the hippocampus. Neuroinflammation is also related to brain ageing and this can be studied through astroglial labelling with GFAP and microglial labelling with Iba1. When researching the cellular cycle, it is possible to study neurogenesis capacity by immunolabelling newly formed neurons and mature neurons after BrdU immunohistochemistry. Finally, growth factors (NGF, BDNF) tissular levels are clear indicators of brain health. Dr Francois Roman founded FRconsulting and collaborates with several biotech companies and universities as a consultant. In 2009, he cofounded Amylgen S.A.S, a company focusing on CNS and neurogenerative disorders, which develops research models and techniques to partner with other companies in brain health research.

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Computers worldwide speed search for anti-smallpox drugs A major computer project has been launched today to analyse millions of different chemicals in the search for drugs to combat the bioterrorist threat of smallpox. The smallpox research project will use the ‘screensaver downtime’ donated by up to two million computer users worldwide to screen 35 million compounds and identify those most likely to be suitable for drug development. Currently no drugs are available to combat the smallpox virus after infection, and the only prevention is vaccination, with a vaccine known to have harmful side effects. The Smallpox Research Grid Project involves scientists from the Universities of Oxford and Essex, the University of Western Ontario, biotechnology company Evotec OAI, and technology companies IBM, United Devices and Accelrys. Professor Chris Reynolds from the Department of Biological Sciences at Essex explained: ‘New technology has given us a great opportunity to reduce the cost, and speed up the process, of developing new drugs. It is like trying to place a jigsaw piece when all the jigsaws in the world have been mixed up. The donated computer capacity allows pieces to be screened for those the right shape to block a key enzyme in the smallpox virus.’ This type of research has already been used successfully to accelerate the search for drugs to fight cancer. A human enzyme similar to one in the smallpox virus becomes unregulated when cancer develops. This means any compound that hits against the smallpox enzyme but not the human version may give rise to drugs which could combat a smallpox attack. The project amounts to an initial screening step, narrowing down a list of potential drugs for smallpox from millions to just thousands, a more realistic number to test further in laboratories. A new phase of the grid computing project was launched recently to refine the search for anti-cancer drugs. Volunteers who donate the spare capacity of their PCs are informed what project is running on their machine. To volunteer your PC, log on to www.grid.org and follow the instructions. Kate Cleveland | alfa The most recent press releases about innovation >>> Die letzten 5 Focus-News des innovations-reports im Überblick: Our brains house extremely complex neuronal circuits, whose detailed structures are still largely unknown. This is especially true for the so-called cerebral cortex of mammals, where among other things vision, thoughts or spatial orientation are being computed. Here the rules by which nerve cells are connected to each other are only partly understood. A team of scientists around Moritz Helmstaedter at the Frankfiurt Max Planck Institute for Brain Research and Helene Schmidt (Humboldt University in Berlin) have now discovered a surprisingly precise nerve cell connectivity pattern in the part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for orienting the individual animal or human in space. The researchers report online in Nature (Schmidt et al., 2017. Axonal synapse sorting in medial entorhinal cortex, DOI: 10.1038/nature24005) that synapses in... New technique promises tunable laser devices Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are used to make tiny micro-lasers, sensors, switches, routers and other devices. These tiny structures rely on a... Using ultrafast flashes of laser and x-ray radiation, scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (Garching, Germany) took snapshots of the briefest electron motion inside a solid material to date. The electron motion lasted only 750 billionths of the billionth of a second before it fainted, setting a new record of human capability to capture ultrafast processes inside solids! When x-rays shine onto solid materials or large molecules, an electron is pushed away from its original place near the nucleus of the atom, leaving a hole... For the first time, physicists have successfully imaged spiral magnetic ordering in a multiferroic material. These materials are considered highly promising candidates for future data storage media. The researchers were able to prove their findings using unique quantum sensors that were developed at Basel University and that can analyze electromagnetic fields on the nanometer scale. The results – obtained by scientists from the University of Basel’s Department of Physics, the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, the University of Montpellier and several laboratories from University Paris-Saclay – were recently published in the journal Nature. Multiferroics are materials that simultaneously react to electric and magnetic fields. These two properties are rarely found together, and their combined... MBM ScienceBridge GmbH successfully negotiated a license agreement between University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) and the biotech company Tissue Systems Holding GmbH about commercial use of a multi-well tissue plate for automated and reliable tissue engineering & drug testing. MBM ScienceBridge GmbH successfully negotiated a license agreement between University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) and the biotech company Tissue Systems...

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THE PUBLIC SPECTACLES: A DWARF AND A GIANT Despite the eighty-year gap between Emma Leach’s appearance in Boston in 1771 and Sylvia Hardy’s exhibition by P.T. Barnum in his American Museum, both were public spectacles. What we know about Leach’s exhibition is ambiguous: she “made her appearance,” though to whom remains unknown. By Hardy’s time, however, dime museums and institutions of natural science had whetted the public’s appetite for the peculiar. Entertainment and education had become intertwined. The definition of normality for the lay public and the scientist alike relied upon examinations of the abnormal. In addition, anatomy textbooks had long presented the male body as the norm, positioning the female body as abnormal. Thus, Sylvia Hardy was exhibited as doubly abnormal, a woman with extremely unusual proportions. A chair is used as a prop in both images to highlight the unusual proportions of each woman.

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U. ILLINOIS (US) — When faced with a choice between a deluge or a controlled deluge in May 2011 that would protect the city of Cairo, Illinois, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers chose the latter. But was ordering an intentional breach of the Mississippi River levee at Bird’s Point the right decision? “The decision was a difficult and complex engineering problem with significant social and political trade-offs between loss of human lives and loss of properties in urban and rural areas,” says University of Illinois researcher Ken Olson. “But it was a calculated risk built on a growing body of river science and prior flooding experiences.” The failure of the seawall and levee system would have covered the city of Cairo with 22 feet of floodwater for days and could have resulted in significant loss of life and severe damage to more than 600 buildings in the area. (Credit: Lois Wright Morton) A tugboat rests above the Cairo seawall on the Ohio River. (Credit: Kenneth Olson) The city of Cairo occupies a small sliver of land about 2 square miles or 1,300 acres in size, which is only 1 percent of the size of the New Madrid Floodway (210 square miles or 133,000 acres). “Due to the size of Cairo and lack of an outlet, even if the sea wall or the earthen levee system which protects Cairo had failed, the filling of the city with floodwater would have done little to drop the record Cairo gauge peak of 61.72 feet on May 3, 2011, and threats to downstream levees would have continued to be a high concern.” According to Olson’s study, published in the Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, the greatest danger to levee failure is constant water pressure against the levee. The weight of the river pushes water underneath the levee, creating boils and undermining the strength of the levee and its capacity to hold water. Consequently, allowing the levee to break on its own would have created much more damage. “Cairo levee failure was a real possibility because there was a serious sand boil situation on the earthen levee which was apparently part of the reason the Corps of Engineers rushed to open the floodway on May 2nd,” Olson says. By the end of April, the floodwaters on the levee and seawall at Cairo, Illinois, had reached 18.6 meters (61 ft) and were rising. “Floodwaters were starting to put significant pressure on the Cairo seawall and levee system with some seepage or sand boils.” In Olson’s opinion, the failure of the seawall and levee system would have covered the city of Cairo with 22 feet of floodwater for days and could have resulted in significant loss of life and severe damage to more than 600 buildings in the cities of Cairo, Future City, and Urbandale, Illinois. “Given that scenario, any Illinois citizens who failed to follow evacuation orders issued on May 1 would have been in serious trouble, and the Cairo levee or seawall breech could have resulted in the loss of life as well as significant damage to city infrastructure and buildings,” he says. The Future City area has the capacity to provide an additional 3,000 acres of unintended floodwater storage and an additional 30,000 to 45,000 acre-feet of floodwater storage if the Cache River levee break had occurred, Olson writes in the study. “This area, which is at a slightly higher elevation, could store water to a 10- to 15-foot depth, depending on the location, and also includes levee-protected Illinois farmland,” Olson says. “Ultimately, the Illinois agricultural land inside the Cairo seawall and levee system was protected from flooding, and there was no crop loss or soil damage. “The Illinois cropland outside the levee was flooded before the 2011 crop was planted, and the water dropped sufficiently by June 10, 2011, to permit the planting of soybeans.” More news from the University of Illinois: http://aces.illinois.edu/

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Abe Lincoln once said – “Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.” Words which hang heavy in the air as I step into Elmina castle. Castles conjure dreams of fairy tales and knights in shining armors. Amidst all the tales of gruesome wars and blood baths also lie tales of heroism and romance. Elmina is a far cry from all of this. The castle was first established as a trade settlement by the Portuguese. After many a takeover, it became one of the most important stops on the route of the Atlantic slave trade. Located on the Gold Coast and exploited for its importance as a crucial source of gold, Elmina grew in importance in the 18th century. With that also grew the demand and supply of Africans as slaves. Elmina and its surrounding region soon became a holding point for people marched from interiors and held captive here for countless days under inhuman conditions throughout this period. First view of Elmina Castle on the Cape Coast road The entrance to the Castle. The white castle against the backdrop of the azure sky and sea paints a pretty Grecian picture today. For people in history, this was the most dreaded place they knew. The central courtyard. The rooms, or shall I say cells, circling this was where the captives were held before transport. They were just crammed into tiny rooms – like peas in a pod – joined together to live or die in their own sweat and tears, blood and excreta. A tiny slit in the wall without a direct view was the only source of fresh air and natural light. This was the Door of No Return – a small, slim door through which the captives boarded the waiting ships to sail to far away shores. When I asked my guide about the slimness of the exit, he merely said there was just a skeleton left by the time the people reached this door. Many never made it to this door and many did not make it to the shores beyond. Punishment for any sort of disobedience was harsh. For the rulers and the ruled. A dark cell was the answer but no it wasn’t the same for both. The cell (again crammed to maximum capacity for the slaves) for the ruled had an iron door with just a few holes for air and a slit in the wall whereas the ruler punishment cell was a little airy and usually empty. The door on the left with the skeleton face and cross below was for the prisoners while the door on the right was for any misbehaving soldiers. Today a bustling town greets the visitor at Elmina. With a beautiful coastline and ample fishing opportunities the locals here thrive. Located close to the capital Accra, this is a popular weekend getaway and resorts offering virtually private beaches dot the coast. Local tradesmen carrying their goods cross the golden sandy beaches Just round the corner from all this, Elmina castle stands. It has survived the most ruthless chapter world history has ever witnessed and its people have come out stronger for it.

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The keystone aquatic herbivore Daphnia has been studied for more than 150 years in the context of evolution, ecology and ecotoxicology. Although it is rapidly becoming an emergent model for environmental and population genomics, there have been limited genome-wide level studies in natural populations. We report a unique resource of novel Single Nucleotide Polymorphic (SNP) markers for Daphnia pulicaria using the reduction in genomic complexity with the restriction enzymes approach, genotyping-by-sequencing. Using the genome of D. pulex as a reference, SNPs were scored for 53 clones from five natural populations that varied in lake trophic status. Our analyses resulted in 32,313 highly confident and bi-allelic SNP markers. 1,364 outlier SNPs were mapped on the annotated D. pulex genome, which identified 2,335 genes, including 565 within functional genes. Out of 885 EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups that we found from outlier SNPs, 294 were involved in three metabolic and four regulatory pathways. Bayesian-clustering analyses showed two distinct population clusters representing the possible combined effects of geography and lake trophic status. Our results provide an invaluable tool for future population genomics surveys in Daphnia targeting informative regions related to physiological processes that can be linked to the ecology of this emerging eco-responsive taxon. High-throughput sequencing methodologies have opened up exciting possibilities in the fields of population genetics, conservation and evolutionary biology by enabling the assessment of genetic variation at genome-wide scales. The genotyping-by-sequencing strategy (GBS)1 is a next generation sequencing (NGS)-based method providing a cost effective approach to reduce genome complexity using restriction enzymes, being currently applied in numerous species2. In such a way, one can sequence part of the whole genome and generate hundreds or thousands of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), providing a direct way to characterize bi-allelic molecular markers with a more-or-less uniform distribution throughout the genome. These improvements in methods and bioinformatics tools are promoting the shift from the use of few/tens of microsatellite nuclear markers to analyses of massive SNP markers in specific variable genomic regions3. The purpose of this study was to apply the GBS approach to generate and characterize a genome-wide SNPs map in the water flea Daphnia pulicaria (Forbes 1893), a keystone aquatic herbivore inhabiting many lakes across the Nearctic. Daphnia pulicaria is a member of the D. pulex species complex, being considered as the “lake pulex” because of its closely-related sister taxon D. pulex, which inhabits small ponds. Daphnia pulex was the first crustacean to have its whole genome sequenced4. Daphnia species complexes have been the subject of numerous genetic studies5,6,7,8,9, and, despite the use of relatively low numbers of molecular markers (microsatellites and/or SNPs), key ecological and evolutionary insights (e.g., behaviour in presence of predator, response to anthropogenic impacts) on local and environmental adaptation have been revealed10,11,12. Daphnia are phosphorus (P) rich crustacean herbivores, considered to be P-limited in natural habitats and play a major role in whole-lake energy and phosphorus cycling13 (and references therein for an ecological stoichiometry review). In this way, P-supply to Daphnia in their habitat (ponds or lakes) seems to have an effect on this organism at several levels such as life-history variation and phenotypic plasticity14, physiological adjustments15, ribosomal RNA and DNA structure16 and genomic responses (e.g., gene expression)13,17. Here, we generated a set of SNPs covering the whole D. pulicaria genome from clonal lineages isolated from five natural (lake) populations that varied in trophic (i.e., nutrient) status. By using these populations with different phosphorus load/supply (i.e., different eutrophication status ranging from 21 to 220 μg/L of P), we characterized outlier SNPs (i.e., particular variable positions with differentiation among populations higher than average that are likely candidates to be affected by natural selection) and mapped them to the D. pulex annotated genome. Our results revealed 294 outlier SNPs that play a role in important metabolic pathways potentially involved in phosphorus use and processing, ranging from cellular to ecosystem levels. The development and characterization of hundreds of SNPs with a regular distribution across the genome will provide an invaluable genetic resource in this emergent model organism and should give us the option to screen regions under selection. This new methodological approach will allow us to face challenges such as identifying the mechanisms and processes related to the genetic basis of adaptation in natural populations18. SNP calling and mapping A total of 159 900 538 good barcoded reads (ranging from 571 683 up to 31 600 240) were obtained for the 53 clones/samples analysed, resulting in 57 440 139 tags (i.e., contigs containing the same sequence). Despite mapping short reads against a different reference genome that can limit identification of DNA variants, we detected 32,313 SNPs by mapping our reads onto the Daphnia pulex genome after filtering by biallelic and highly confident positions and without linkage disequilibrium (LD) within a scaffold. Finally, we removed those SNPs with expected heterozygosity (He) greater than 0.5 since they might represent paralogous regions (i.e., gene duplications). Confident SNPs were included in a total of 476 scaffolds out of 9,080 described for the D. pulex reference genome (see Fig. 1A). The D. pulex reference genome is available in scaffolds with different sequence lengths (ranging from 1,000 bp to 4.1 Mb) and the number of SNPs per scaffold depends on scaffold length. We found 93.84% of SNPs (i.e., 30,323) in the first 220 scaffolds, whose individual length is greater than 100 Kb. Population analyses of genotyping results Analysis of highly confident SNPs for 53 samples performed with PCoA showed five clusters corresponding to the five lakes sampled (Fig. 2). On the other hand, the STRUCTURE clustering analysis estimated that two genetic clusters (i.e., K = 2) were most likely, as determined by the ΔK method of Evanno et al.19. Our plot (Fig. 3) showed that the two genetic clusters correspond to northern and southern populations (i.e., HILL and ELK – North; SC, MAD and SHAOK – South). Description of outlier SNPs (gene annotation and role in metabolic pathways) 1,499 outlier SNPs were detected by the Lositan programme (only 1,364 SNPs could be mapped on to the annotated D. pulex reference genome) along 212 different scaffolds (Fig. 1B). The Bayescan analysis found a lower number of outlier SNPs, which were represented in the list obtained from Lositan. Potentially adaptive SNPs identified by Lositan resulted in 2,335 Daphnia pulex official JGI_V11 ID annotated genes (according to wFleaBase - dpulex1_JGI_V11_annotatedgene.gff.gz), from which 401 genes contained at least one outlier SNP position. The number of SNPs within gene ID ranged from one to six (see Appendix 1 for details). Plots obtained from iPATH v2 resulted in 294 KOG genes associated mainly with three metabolic pathways (172 genes have a role in the metabolism of nucleotides, amino acids and lipids; Fig. 4A) and four regulatory pathways (122 genes have a role in transcription, translation, replication and repair and folding, sorting and degradation; Fig. 4B). Genomic resources have increased our ability to study the evolutionary ecology and population genetic structure of the Daphnia pulex species complex in more detail in recent years4, but can be greatly improved upon by NGS technologies currently available or soon-to-be available in the near future20. Using GBS methodology on genomic DNA from 53 samples/clones of D. pulicaria, we developed the first whole-genome resources for this important widely-distributed Nearctic lake species. Our dataset presents complementary information that can be compared with recent studies reporting differential gene expression in the transcriptome of D. pulex in response to phosphorus supply13,17. A production of high-quality SNPs was achieved, analysed and illustrated by different approaches, obtaining information on annotations blasted onto the current D. pulex reference genome. These GBS-derived genomic resources provide valuable molecular resources for high-resolution linkage mapping, association analysis and gene verification, which will be of great use to better understand demographic, adaptive and micro-evolutionary processes in the keystone and emergent eco-responsive model organism, Daphnia. Population genetic differentiation among populations of passively dispersed aquatic invertebrates in most cases has been found to be strong, despite the potential dispersal capacity facilitated by water birds and other vectors transporting their diapausing eggs21,22,23. In Daphnia, where diapausing eggs are enclosed in the protective ephippium, population genetic differentiation has been observed even at small/medium (i.e., less than 1 Km) spatial scales24,25. Our results are in agreement with a highly structured population model (Fig. 2) across the whole genome (i.e., 8,190 SNPs). This would indicate a low likelihood of colonization by novel genotypes/clones in already established populations, which has been reported in previous studies26,27,28. However, our inference of population structure using a Bayesian approach (i.e., STRUCTURE program) indicates a co-ancestry relationship with clustering of clones into two main lake groups: (i) Hill Lake and Elk Lake and (ii) Madison Lake, Shaokotan Lake, South Center Lake (Fig. 3). These results could be indicative of a geographic and/or an environmental association. One cluster includes the two northern lakes (Hill and Elk), whilst the other cluster includes the three southern ones. In the present study, we cannot reject an isolation-by-distance effect due to a historical colonization event, but a relationship between genomic response and ecological traits cannot be ruled out since both Hill and Elk lakes are located in a different ecoregion, when compared to the other three lakes (South Center, Madison and Shaokotan). In addition, the phosphorus (P)-loadings of Hill and Elk lakes are on the lower end of the trophic state range for the five lakes sampled (see Table 1), which could also be affecting the genetic clustering relationships noted. Preliminary analyses performed in D. pulicaria sampled from one of our five lakes (South Center), using hyper-variable nuclear markers (i.e., microsatellites), support clear evolutionary consequences of anthropogenic environmental change (i.e., change in P-supply) on population structure through time12. These results are consistent with previous reports indicating that Daphnia populations show genotype x environment interactions when subjected to different P-conditions. As a consequence, different clones/genotypes are sensitive to P-availability15,29, which can include the differential expression of hundreds of genes13,17 when subjected to nutritional environments that vary in P-supply. Our results indicate that the outlier (and potentially adaptive) loci found might, amongst others, have important roles in phosphorus processing including assimilation and maintenance (see Fig. 4A,B). In fact, evidence suggests that variation in the environmental supply of P affects expression of highly conserved genes15 (for a review). It has also been reported that phosphorus supply drives rapid turnover of membrane phospholipids in phytoplankton30. Particularly, in Daphnia it has been shown that under low quality food (i.e., high carbon – C to low phosphorus – P ratio: C:P), this organism can maintain P-homeostasis by reducing C-uptake and/or increasing P-retention, which is in agreement with stoichiometric theory31. Additionally, it has been suggested (and assessed) that the role of organismal C:P ratios may be functionally related to the structural and copy number variation of ribosomal-RNA genes16. Recent studies have reported large differences in gene expression levels under different P-diets in Daphnia at the intra-specific level17,31. These previous studies have found hundreds of differentially expressed genes in a comparison between genotypes run under low and high P environmental conditions. Important KEGG (i.e., Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways involving differentially-regulated genes have been noted for glycogen synthesis and lipid metabolism, among others. Our results, at the genomics level, indicate that some functional genes annotated on the current Daphnia pulex reference genome, might have an important role in lipid metabolism, mainly when considering exclusive genes involved directly in metabolic pathways (i.e., removing those genes linked to both metabolic and regulatory pathway; see Suppl. Figure). Whereas none of the outlier SNPs involving functional genes are related to three main regulatory pathways (cell mobility, membrane transport or signal transduction; see Fig. 4B), they are highly represented on regulatory pathways such as transcription, translation, replication and repair and folding, sorting and degradation. The new genomic resources reported in our study include parts of the genome that appear to be less affected by selection and thus, may prove useful for future demographic studies. In addition, we found signatures of selection for candidate genes (see Appendix 1) related to abiotic stressors that will help to unravel adaptive molecular processes related to variation in environmental conditions such as lake eutrophication. Future analyses on these and other gene annotations should shed light on the selective forces structuring, at the genome-wide level, different genotypes and natural populations influenced by environmental pressure. Additionally, our resources and results may improve our understanding of how the genome interacts with the environment to produce the diversity of phenotypes found at the intra-specific level. Future work that integrates molecular markers, ecological traits and geographic parameters will be necessary to shed light on the effects of both abiotic and biotic environmental factors as selective forces impacting the population genetic structure in Daphnia species complexes. In our case, we have identified candidate genes that can be used in the near future to study/manipulate natural populations in assessing physiological responses to varying nutrient environments (i.e., C:P ratios). Study system and sampling The life cycle of most daphniids is characterized by an asexual (parthenogenetic) mode of reproduction, shifting to a sexual phase at the end of the growing season when resources are scarce or environmental conditions are not favourable. During the first stages of sexual reproduction, some direct-developing (i.e., subitaneous) eggs produced by female Daphnia can develop into males, which are genetic replicates of the mothers, since Daphnia have environmental sex determination. These males can then mate with sexually-receptive females, which leads to the production of sexual (i.e., recombinant) eggs that are produced inside a scleroterized structure termed an ephippium. When the mother molts, the ephippium is shed into the water column, where it either sinks to the bottom sediments or rafts to the shoreline. Ephippia serve as both a diapausing stage as well as a (passive) dispersal stage, which increases the likelihood for population survival during harsh environmental conditions. Ephippial (diapausing) eggs will hatch when favourable conditions appear in natural populations. However, isolated resting eggs (i.e., different clones from sexual reproduction) can be hatched under laboratory conditions (i.e., resurrection ecology) allowing one to address studies on population genetic structure, evolutionary biology and adaptive response to environmental changes12,32,33,34. In this study, we hatched diapausing eggs from the upper sediment layers (i.e., down to a depth of ~4 cm) of five lakes located in Minnesota (USA). In addition, we established clones from live-caught animals from the water column. The lakes covered a range of trophic states from mesotrophic to hyper-eutrophic conditions. Considering phosphorus concentration ([P]) as one of the major factors involved in lake eutrophication, we covered a range from ~21 to ~220 μg/L [P] (Table 1). Additionally, the geographic distribution of the lakes covered up to three different ecoregions in Minnesota as described by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (Fig. 5). DNA extraction, genome reduction and sequencing A total of 53 D. pulicaria clones from the five lakes (ranging from 5 to 15 clones per lake) were raised in separate 900 ml glass jars in the lab. DNA from ~100 pooled individuals per clone was isolated using a commercial kit (DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit, Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA, US). DNA concentrations were measured with a Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer (Life Technologies), with values ranging from 8 to 73 ng/μL (194–3285 ng of total DNA). Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) libraries were constructed at the Institute for Genomic Diversity (IGD, Ithaca, NY, US) and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2000/2500 (100 bp, single-end reads), according to Elshire et al.1, using the restriction enzyme ApeKI (GCWGC) for digestion. A library with unique barcodes for each clone, plus a blank sample, was created. SNP calling and population structure analyses The GBS analysis pipeline (Tassel ver. 4.0), an extension of the Java program TASSEL2,35, was used to call SNPs from the sequenced GBS library (.fastq rawdata set; see Appendix 2). Tags were aligned to the Daphnia pulex reference genome wfleabase.org/genome/Daphnia_pulex/current/fasta/dpulex-all-chromosome-jgi060905.fasta.gz, which contains 9,080 scaffolds. A variant calling format (VCF) file was filtered for variant sites to cover at least 90% of individuals and for biallelic positions. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between pairs of variant sites was evaluated by using the software package TASSEL (LD type: Full Matrix35) and estimated by using standardized disequilibrium coefficients (D’36) and squared allele-frequency correlations (r2 37). The probabilities of obtaining LD estimates at least as extreme as those observed under a hypothesis of linkage equilibrium (p-values) were calculated by using Fisher’s exact test for site pairs with two alleles each. P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant to remove all but one linked SNPs for further analyses. Population genomic analyses were performed as follows. First, we ran a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) using the codominant genetic distance matrix generated from highly confident SNPs to elucidate the genetic relationships for the geographic area sampled using GenAlEx ver. 6.50138,39. Second, the extent of admixture and the origin of the different genetic proportions were investigated using a Bayesian clustering method implemented in the STRUCTURE ver. 2.3.4 program40. We calculated the posterior likelihood values for a range of clusters from K = 2 to 5. For each K, we ran four simulations with a burn-in of 30,000 Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo (MCMC) iterations and 300,000 iterations after burn-in. We applied the correction of Evanno et al.19 to estimate the most likely value for K by using the CLUMPAK server (http://clumpak.tau.ac.il/bestK.html). Outlier identification and mapping annotation We performed a genome scan analysis on all individuals to identify the potential adaptive loci, which can be directly under selection or closely-linked (i.e., “hitchhiking”) to loci under selection. We used two methods, Lositan programme41 and Bayescan42,43 for this purpose. Lositan uses FDIST44 based on an infinite island model of populations45. Bayescan uses multinomial-Dirichlet distribution and estimates posterior probabilities of a locus to be under selection or not. In Lositan, we used 100 000 simulations with neutral mean FST (force mean FST) and 0.99 confidence interval. In Bayescan, we used 100 000 iterations with a sample size of 10 000 and thinning interval of 10. Finally, we mapped the outlier SNPs to the Daphnia pulex genome based on the published gene models at http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Dappul/Dappul.download.ftp.html (FrozenGeneCatalog20110204.gff.gz4) using BEDTOOLS window feature (-w 5000), which takes into account the given number of base pairs upstream and downstream of the outlier SNP/position due to the fact that an identified SNP may not be directly under selection, but linked (“hitchhiking”) to a locus under selection, covering 10,000 base pairs in total. Annotated genes included into the KOG_JGI nomenclature (i.e., EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups, a tool for identifying orthologous and paralogous proteins) were plotted by iPATH v2 tool46,47 (interactive Pathway Explorer 2; http://pathways.embl.de/iPath2.cgi#) resulting in the different cellular pathways (metabolic, regulatory and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites). How to cite this article: Muñoz, J. et al. Characterization of genome-wide SNPs for the water flea Daphnia pulicaria generated by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Sci. Rep. 6, 28569; doi: 10.1038/srep28569 (2016). Elshire, R. J. et al. A robust, simple genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach for high diversity species. PLos ONE 6(5), e19379 (2011). Glaubitz, J. C. et al. TASSEL-GBS: A high capacity genotyping by sequencing analysis pipeline. PLos ONE 9(2), e90346 (2014). Helyar, S. J. et al. Application of SNPs for population genetics of nonmodel organisms: new opportunities and challenges. Molecular Ecology Resources 11(Suppl. 1), 123–136 (2011). Colbourne, J. K. et al. The ecoresponsive genome of Daphnia pulex. Science 331, 555–561 (2011). Colbourne, J. K., Robinson, B., Bogart, K. & Lynch, M. Five hundred and twenty-eight microsatellite markers for ecological genomic investigations using Daphnia. Molecular Ecology Notes 4, 485–490 (2004). Cristescu, M. E. A., Colbourne, J. K., Radivojac, J. & Lynch, M. A microsatellite-based genetic linkage map of the waterflea, Daphnia pulex: On the prospect of crustacean genomics. Genomics 88, 415–430 (2006). Marková, S., Dufresne, F., Rees, D. J., Berný, M. & Kotlík, P. Cryptic intercontinental colonization in water fleas Daphnia pulicaria inferred from phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA variation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44, 42–52 (2007). Orsini, L., Jansen, M., Souche, E. L., Geldof, S. & De Meester, L. Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery from expressed sequence tags in the waterflea Daphnia magna. BMC Genomics 12, 309 (2011). Tucker, A. E., Ackerman, M. S., Eads, B. D., Xu, S. & Lynch, M. Population-genomic insights into the evolutionary origin and fate of obligately asexual Daphnia pulex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 110(39), 15740–15745 (2013). Cousyn, C. et al. Rapid, local adaptation of zooplankton behavior to changes in predation pressure in the absence of neutral genetic changes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98(11), 6256–6260 (2001). Orsini, L., Spanier, K. I. & De Meester, L. Genomic signature of natural and anthropogenic stress in wild populations of the waterflea Daphnia magna: validation in space, time and experimental evolution. Molecular Ecology 21, 2160–2175 (2012). Frisch, D. et al. A millennial-scale chronicle of evolutionary responses to cultural eutrophication in Daphnia. Ecology Letters 17, 360–368 (2014). Jeyasingh, P. D. et al. How do consumers deal with stoichiometric constraints? Lessons from functional genomics using Daphnia pulex. Molecular Ecology 20, 2341–2352 (2011). Jeyasingh, P. D. & Weider, L. J. Phosphorus availability mediates plasticity in life-history traits and predator-prey interactions in Daphnia. Ecology Letters 8, 1021–1028 (2005). Jeyasingh, P. D. & Weider, L. J. Fundamental links between genes and elements: evolutionary implications of ecological stoichiometry. Molecular Ecology 16, 4649–4661 (2007). Weider, L. J., Glenn, K. L., Kyle, M. & Elser, J. J. Associations among ribosomal (r)DNA intergenic spacer length, growth rate and C:N:P stoichiometry in the genus Daphnia. Limnology and Oceanography 49, 1417–1423 (2004). Chowdhury, P. R. et al. Differential transcriptomic responses of ancient and modern Daphnia genotypes to phosphorus supply. Molecular Ecology 24, 123–135 (2015). Orsini, L., Andrew, R. & Eizaguirre, C. Evolutionary ecological genomics. Molecular Ecology 22, 527–531 (2013). Evanno, G., Regnaut, S. & Goudet, J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14, 2611–2620 (2005). Mayer, C., Leese, F. & Tollrian, R. Genome-wide analysis of tandem repeats in Daphnia pulex - a comparative approach. BMC Genomics 11, 277 (2010). Mills, S., Lunt, D. H. & Gómez, A. Global isolation by distance despite strong regional phylogeography in a small metazoan. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7, 225 (2007). Muñoz, J. et al. Phylogeography and local endemism of the native Mediterranean brine shrimp Artemia salina (Branchiopoda: Anostraca). Molecular Ecology 17, 3160–3177 (2008). Ventura, M. et al. Local and regional founder effects in lake zooplankton persist after thousands of years despite high dispersal potential. Molecular Ecology 23(5), 1014–1027 (2014). Hamrová, E., Mergeay, J. & Petrusek, A. Strong differences in the clonal variation of two Daphnia species from mountain lakes affected by overwintering strategy. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11, 231 (2011). Yin, M., Wolinska, J. & Giessler, S. Clonal diversity, clonal persistence and rapid taxon replacement in natural populations of species and hybrids of the Daphnia longispina complex. Molecular Ecology 19(19), 4168–4178 (2010). Louette, G., Vanoverbeke, J., Ortells, R. & De Meester, L. The founding mothers: the genetic structure of newly established Daphnia populations. Oikos 116(5), 728–741 (2007). Ortells, R., Vanoverbeke, J., Louette, G. & De Meester, L. Colonization of Daphnia magna in a newly created pond: founder effects and secondary immigrants. Hydrobiologia 723(1), 167–179 (2014) De Meester, L., Gómez, A., Okamura, B. & Schwenk, K. The Monopolization Hypothesis and the dispersal-gene flow paradox in aquatic organisms. Acta Oecologica 23, 121–135 (2002). Jeyasingh, P. D., Weider, L. J. & Sterner, R. W. Genetically-based trade-offs in response to stoichiometric food quality influence competition in a keystone aquatic herbivore. Ecology Letters 12(11), 1229–1237 (2009). Martin, P., Van Mooy, B. A., Heithoff, A. & Dyhrman, S. T. Phosphorus supply drives rapid turnover of membrane phospholipids in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. ISME J. 5(6), 1057–1060 (2011). Chowdhury, P. R., Lopez, J. A., Weider, L. J., Colbourne, J. K. & Jeyasingh, P. D. Functional genomics of intraspecific variation in carbon and phosphorus kinetics in Daphnia. Journal of Experimental Zoology 321A, 387–398 (2014). Weider, L. J., Lampert, W., Wessels, M., Colbourne, J. K. & Limburg, P. Long-term genetic shifts in a microcrustacean egg bank associated with anthropogenic changes in the Lake Constance ecosystem. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 264, 1613–1618 (1997). Hairston, N. G. et al. Lake ecosystems - Rapid evolution revealed by dormant eggs. Nature 401, 446 (1999). Caceres, C. E. Interspecific variation in the abundance, production and emergence of Daphnia diapausing eggs. Ecology 79, 1699–1710 (1998). Bradbury, P. J. et al. TASSEL: software for association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples. Bioinformatics 23, 2633–2635 (2007). Hedrick, P. W. Gametic disequilibrium measures: Proceed with caution. Genetics 117, 331–341 (1987). Weir, B. S. Genetic Data Analysis II (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, 1996). Peakall, R. & Smouse, P. E. GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Notes 6, 288–295 (2006). Peakall, R. & Smouse, P. E. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics 28, 2537–2539 (2012). Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945–959 (2000). Antao, T., Lopes, A., Lopes, R. J., Beja-Pereira, A. & Luikart, G. LOSITAN: A workbench to detect molecular adaptation based on a Fst-outlier method. BMC Bioinformatics 9, 323 (2008). Foll, M. & Gaggiotti, O. A genome-scan method to identify selected loci appropriate for both dominant and codominant markers: A Bayesian perspective. Genetics 180, 977–993 (2008). Fischer, M. C., Foll, M., Excoffier, L. & Heckel, G. Enhanced AFLP genome scans detect local adaptation in high-altitude populations of a small rodent (Microtus arvalis). Molecular Ecology 20, 1450–1462 (2011). Beaumont, M. A. & Nichols, R. A. Evaluating loci for use in the genetic analysis of population structure. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 263, 1619–1626 (1996). Lewontin, R. & Krakauer, J. Distribution of gene frequency as a test of theory of selective neutrality of polymorphisms. Genetics 74, 175–195 (1973). Letunic, I., Yamada, T., Kanehisa, M. & Bork, P. iPath: interactive exploration of biochemical pathways and networks. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 33(3), 101–103 (2008). Yamada, T., Letunic, I., Okuda, S., Kanehisa, M. & Bork, P. iPath2.0: interactive pathway explorer. Nucleic Acids Research 39(suppl 2), W412–W415 (2011). We thank the European Union (EU) Marie-Curie International Outgoing Fellowship Program (FP7-PEOPLE-2010, ADAPT-ENVGENOME, project code #271485) to J.M., A.J. Green and L.J.W. and the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF-IOS-OEI) collaborative grants #0924289 and #1256881 to L.J.W. and grant #09244019 to P.D. Jeyasingh for funding this project. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. National Science Foundation. J.M. was also supported by the European Science Foundation (ConGenOmics, project code #4810) to develop the bioinformatics part of this study. L.J.W. also acknowledges the support of the KU Leuven Research Fund (fellowship SF/12/009), which allowed him to visit KU Leuven during the course of this project. A.C. was financed by the KU Leuven Research Fund excellence center financing PF/2010/07 during this project. We thank to MNDNR Section of Fisheries (Sentinel Lakes Program) and MN Pollution Control Agency for providing us with the map and phosphorus parameters, respectively. Two anonymous reviewers provided invaluable comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. The authors declare no competing financial interests. About this article Cite this article Muñoz, J., Chaturvedi, A., De Meester, L. et al. Characterization of genome-wide SNPs for the water flea Daphnia pulicaria generated by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Sci Rep 6, 28569 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28569 Genome analysis of the monoclonal marbled crayfish reveals genetic separation over a short evolutionary timescale Communications Biology (2021) Scientific Reports (2018) Characterisation and pharmacological analysis of a crustacean G protein-coupled receptor: the red pigment-concentrating hormone receptor of Daphnia pulex Scientific Reports (2017)

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Acoustic headband with ear trumpets, Europe, 1901-1930 Imagine you were losing your hearing and decided you needed assistance. How might you choose a device that could help you? Perhaps you’d simply choose the gadget that let you hear most clearly. Or maybe you’d prefer the one that was easiest to use, or most convenient to wear. Would it be the most affordable or just one that nobody else could see? These may look like a strange form of headphones, but the ‘acoustic headband’ was a type of hearing aid some people chose to wear at the turn of the 20th century. Each trumpet would be plugged into the ear and kept in position by the headband. They could be surprisingly effective at amplifying and directing sound into the ear. Surprisingly – given its outlandish appearance – the acoustic headband was actually designed to be concealed. Then, as now, some people just didn’t like others to know that they had naturally poor hearing. Instead they chose hearing devices that could be hidden or disguised, as things such as fans, clothing and even furniture. Using the camouflage of extravagant Victorian hairdos, hats and other decorations, acoustic headbands like this one could actually be disguised quite effectively. Concealment remains important to hearing aid design today, where new ‘in-ear’ hearing aids are undetectable by observers. However, many earlier concealed devices were often less effective than those which were more visible. That people chose to use them perhaps reveals something about how society thinks about deafness. Are we simply afraid of admitting imperfect hearing? Choosing which hearing aid to use, if at all, clearly remains a highly personal decision. Related Themes and Topics There are 538 related objects. View all related objects A condition where the hearing in both ears in not functional to ordinary levels. Glossary: aural aid

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Programs - Our Work Here is a list of the major programs and projects the Two Rivers Coalition is involved in: Volunteer Stream Monitoring Program - Macroinvertebrate Sampling Pollution Hotlines - Who do I call to report activites causing water pollution? - Phosphorus Reduction - Zero-In-The-Middle lawn fertilizers - Septic System Best Practices - Keep your septic system healthy - Aquatic Buffers - Sustain the integrity of stream ecosystems and habitats. - Wetland Protection and Restoration - $1.6 million program in the Two Rivers watersheds. - Garlic Mustard - A major threat to our woodlands - Waterfront Wisdom - Given that the number one source of water pollution today comes from storm water runoff that enters our lakes and streams without prior treatment, waterfront property owners have a special responsibility to protect our water resources. Where do you wash your car? It matters! This page last updated on 2/8/2017.

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Push to establish CS as a core K–12 subject. Use your collective voice as industry leaders to join with, champion, and financially support the states and school districts that are seeking to improve K–12 provision of CS education. Advocate for increased funding for public education generally, and push states and the federal government to reduce wider educational inequities. Advocate for computer science to be required in all schools Partner with the Expanding Computing Education Pathways (ECEP) Alliance to initiate and support state and district-based policy reform to improve CS education. Encourage increased local, state, and federal investment in CS educational policies and well-prepared teachers. Leverage site selection for business expansion to drive investment in K–12 CS funding. ECEP: EXPANDING COMPUTING EDUCATION PATHWAYS ALLIANCE ECEP is a 23-state alliance sharing best practices to increase the number and diversity of students in the CS talent pipeline through state-level educational reforms. Only 47% of high schools in the U.S. offer a CS course, and only a small subset requires CS for graduation. In other words, most high school students in the U.S. never have to learn computer science—an egregious omission in the 21st century. ECEP supports states and districts in establishing policies to make CS courses fundamental to K-12 education. To date, ECEP claims several successes, such as: - 18 states have a plan for K–12 CS education. - 29 states fund professional development for CS teachers, though most recently cut funding because of the COVID-19 pandemic. - 20 states established a requirement for all high schools to offer CS, and 48 states allow CS to meet a high school graduation requirement. But only two states, Nevada and South Carolina, require CS for graduation. Want to know how the states where your company operates are doing? Read the 2020 ECEP report.1 Most high school students in the U.S. never have to learn computer science—an egregious omission in the 21st century. ECEP supports states and districts in establishing policies to make CS courses fundamental to K-12 education.

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Conscientious objectors are people who refuse military service on the grounds that their conscience won’t allow them to kill and harm the enemy of their country. It surprises some Americans to learn that this is legally permitted in the United States, provided that the definition of the refusal meets the criteria of the Selective Service System. These criteria are: - Being conscientiously opposed to participating in any and all wars. - The objection must be based on moral, ethical and/or religious beliefs and training. - The objection must be sincere, deeply held, or play a significant role in one’s life. In other words, you can’t pick and choose your wars, agreeing to serve in one and not another. The objection is most likely to be respected by a draft board if it is religiously based, and the objector can argue that all the moral and ethical decisions of one’s life are rooted in religious faith. It is probably most persuasive when the religious group is one of the “historic peace churches” (Quakers, Mennonites [with all their branches] and the Church of the Brethren). Many Jewish, Catholic and Protestant denominations have formal statements rejecting war that can be used to buttress a claim. A life-long association with a religious group helps, and ministers and clerics are usually successful in a claim for themselves. The third criteria encourages potential COs to document their intention to claim CO status and the basis of their claim over a period of time, and to be prepared to produce these documents for the draft board if the draft is ever reinstated. Note that draft boards do not currently grant anyone CO status, because there is no draft. But if the draft is ever reinstated, the draft boards will immediately spring into action, and there will be little or no opportunity to go through the time-consuming process of preparing a file of documents to support a claim. This is the main reason that Quakers are encouraging all American men from ages 18-26 to consider whether they would want to make a claim for Conscientious Objector status. If they wait until Congress reinstitutes the draft, it will almost surely be too late to produce a file that would convince a draft board that the conviction is sincere, deeply held, and plays a significant role in the person’s life. And there has never been a draft that included women in the past, but nowadays women are enrolled as volunteers in all the branches of military service, and are included in combat. It seems likely that if the draft is reinstated, that women too may be drafted. It follows that women, too, should prepare for this possibility by giving serious consideration to the question of Conscientious Objection.

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Since the HCG is produced by the placenta, the levels of HCG rise as the pregnancy develops, and there is very good correlation between the health of the pregnancy and the HCG level for the first few weeks of the pregnancy ( from about week 4 - week 7, as calculated from the LMP, last menstrual period). However , it can be hard to make sense of your HCG blood levels. Let's look at some of the pitfalls in monitoring your beta levels. Most patients naively assume that a beta of more than 1 mIU/ml means that it's positive and that they are pregnant. This is not true. The new kits are very sensitive , and even men can have levels of upto 10. This means that a level of less than 10 mIU/ml should be considered to be negative. Secondly, remember that the HCG is produced by the placenta and not by the fetus. This means that the HCG levels may rise , even if the pregnancy is not viable ( such as an anembryonic pregnancy or a missed abortion). Since HCG levels rises exponentially, there is a very very wide range of normal. This is why it's very hard to interpret just one level in isolation . It's important to check at least 2 levels at least 48 hours apart to determine the trend . In a healthy pregnancy, the levels should double every 48 - 72 hours. If they do not do so, this suggests your pregnancy may not be healthy. It's not possible to determine whether the pregnancy is single or multiple based only on the HCG level. While it's true that HCG levels are higher in multiple pregnancies than in singletons, because there is so much overlap, you cannot jump to any conclusions based on the HCG level alone. This is why it's important to interpret the HCG level in conjunction with vaginal ultrasound scanning results. Also, normal ranges can vary widely from lab to lab, because they use different kits. This is why it is important to check your HCG level from the same lab each time ! Finally, HCG levels are useful only in the first 7 weeks of pregnancy. After this, ultrasound scans are far more useful because they provide much more information about the location of the pregnancy; how many sacs there are; and whether the fetus is growing or not. NORMAL SINGLE PREGNANCIES |Day after HCG or LH ( DPO)||Average |

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If you have a high school senior who is planning to attend college next year, the coming months may be an emotional roller coaster for the whole family. The college application process can feel overwhelming, and some kids cope with their anxiety by avoiding the whole subject. They never get around to narrowing a list of schools or writing an essay. Their procrastination makes their parents feel anxious, which makes the kids feel even more anxious, and nothing gets done. It may seem like it would be easier to just complete the applications yourself. But in addition to being unethical, taking over a child’s college application process communicates that you don’t think he’s capable of doing it himself, at a time when he needs to develop the confidence to go off to college and manage his life. It also deprives him of the opportunity to engage in a thoughtful exploration of his goals and interests, an important task for adolescents. That doesn’t mean parents should be completely removed from the process. Most students need help getting organized. You can help your child make a chart with each school’s requirements and deadlines. Knowing what you need to do and when you need to do it makes the process less overwhelming. If your child thinks he has nothing to write about, you can brainstorm essay ideas together. Pointing out some of his best qualities and recalling funny or interesting stories about his life can help generate essay ideas and boost his self-esteem. If he asks you to read his application, it can be helpful to mention an activity he neglected to mention that demonstrates his caring nature or intellectual interest. But rewriting an essay undermines his confidence and could sink his application, as admissions officers can recognize when an essay is written by a 45-year-old. You can be a valuable sounding board and supporter. Reassure your child that even though this is a stressful time, things will work out and he will go to college. Let him know that he can be successful and happy at more than one college. Ask what he wants in a college and encourage him to explore some schools he (and you) might not know much about that offer what he’s looking for. By allowing a child to be responsible for his college application process, you help him feel competent and ready for a successful college experience.

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Today, we try not to breathe the evil vapors of the night air. The University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. Here're two words for you: Malaria literally means "bad air." Miasma was a word we once used for air that carries diseases like malaria. A miasma was air, usually night air, tainted with poison. That's why a Shakespearean suitor said of his love, O, when mine eyes did see Olivia first,All through the 19th century we still believed that bad air, actually smelly air, caused disease. Microscopes had shown us germs swimming in water, but we didn't connect them with disease. Methought she purged the air of pestilence. Then, in 1853, an English doctor, John Snow, struggled with a cholera epidemic in London. The stink of death and sickness was all around. People thought that stink carried the disease. But Snow studied statistics. He finally pin-pointed a well whose water was fed by sewage from a public toilet up the hill. After that, Lister, Koch, and Pasteur identified disease-carrying germs. They learned to kill them. But the concept of miasma didn't go away. In 1870 the English physicist Tyndall proved that particles in air can carry germs -- the aerosol droplets we cough up, or dust. The air itself carries nothing But we still believed in miasma. Tropical diseases like malaria and yellow fever seemed to be carried by miasma. You caught them without touching the sick. Africans had correctly told the English explorer Richard Burton that mosquitoes carried yellow fever. He laughed at natives who didn't understand that bad air simply arrived during It was 1897 before two doctors, Ronald Ross working in India, then Walter Reed working in Havana, began looking at mosquitoes. In 1897 Ross cut mosquitoes open. He found evidence of the bacterium that caused malaria in their stomachs. He was so excited that he sat down and wrote bad poetry about it: Henceforth I will resound, But praises unto Thee; Tho' I was beat and bound, Thou gavest me victory. By now typhoid and yellow fever were taking a terrible toll among our soldiers in Cuba. Walter Reed went looking for the cause. At first he suspected the miasma. However, by 1900 his team had proved that water carried typhoid. Two years later they showed that mosquitoes, not bad air, were carrying yellow fever. So we had, at last, "purged the night air of pestilence." Now we embraced fresh air as never before. We began building our houses with outdoor sleeping porches. Fresh air was still the great cure-all when I was a child. And maybe rightly so. For a new miasma of airborne carcinogens and pollutants is afflicting us. Today, we might well need fresh air, purged of pestilence, more than we ever did. I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston, where we're interested in the way inventive minds Tyndall, J., Essays on the Floating-Matter of the Air (Reprinted from the New York Edition of 1882, R.N. Doetsch, ed.). New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1966. (See also Episode 642 on this work by Tyndall.) See articles on Ross and Reed in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography. (C.C. Gilespie, ed.) Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1970-1980, and entries for miasm and miasma in The Oxford English Dictionary. Root-Bernstein, R.S., "Ends & Means," The Sciences, March/April, 1991, pp. 10-12. The Shakespeare lines are spoken by Orsino in the opening scene of Twelfth Night: O, when mine eyes did see Olivia first,The connection between Ross's work on mosquito-borne malaria and sleeping porches is part of research in progress by Margaret Culbertson, UH Art and Architecture Library. Martha Steele, UH Library, points out that in the late 19th century Henry James calls the miasma down on one of his literary characters. His Daisy Miller foolishly dares to venture out one night in Rome to visit the Coliseum. She contracts a disease that James vaguely calls "Roman Fever" from the night vapors and dies of Methought she purged the air of pestilence! That instant was I turn'd into a hart; And my desires, like fell and cruel hounds, E'er since pursue me. The Engines of Our Ingenuity is Copyright © 1988-1997 by John H. Episode | Search Episodes |

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Why do newborns cry? It is not easy to know why a newborn cries, especially amongst first-time parents. Although the main reasons are hunger, pain, anger and fear, adults cannot easily recognise which emotion is the cause of the tears. “Crying is a baby’s principal means of communicating its negative emotions and in the majority of cases the only way they have to express them,” as explained by Mariano Chóliz, researcher at the University of Valencia. Chóliz participates in a study along with experts from the University of Murcia and the National University of Distance Education (UNED) which describes the differences in the weeping pattern in a sample of 20 babies between 3 and 18 months caused by the three characteristic emotions: fear, anger and pain. In addition, the team observed the accuracy of adults in recognising the emotion that causes the babies to cry, analysing the affective reaction of observers before the sobbing. According to the results published recently in the Spanish Journal of Psychology, the main differences manifest in eye activity and the dynamics of the cry. “When babies cry because of anger or fear, they keep their eyes open but keep them closed when crying in pain,” states the researcher. As for the dynamic of the cry, both the gestures and the intensity of the cry gradually increase if the baby is angry. On the contrary, the cry is as intense as can be in the case of pain and fear. The adults do not properly identify which emotion is causing the cry, especially in the case of anger and fear. Nonetheless, “although the observers cannot recognise the cause properly, when babies cry because they are in pain, this causes a more intense affective reaction than when they cry because of angry or fear,” outlines Chóliz. For the experts, the fact that pain is the most easily recognisable emotion can have an adaptive explanation, since crying is a warning of a potentially serious threat to health or survival and thus requires the carer to respond urgently. Anger, fear and pain When a baby cries, facial muscle activity is characterised by lots of tension in the forehead, eyebrows or lips, opening of the mouth and raised cheeks. The researchers observed different patterns between the three negative emotions. As Chóliz notices, when angry the majority of babies keep their eyes half-closed, either looking in apparently no direction or in a fixed and prominent manner. Their mouth is either open or half-open and the intensity of their cry increases progressively. In the case of fear, the eyes remain open almost all the time. Furthermore, at times the infants have a penetrating look and move their head backwards. Their cry seems to be explosive after a gradual increase in tension. Lastly, pain manifests as constantly closed eyes and when the eyes do open it is only for a few moments and a distant look is held. In addition, there is a high level of tension in the eye area and the forehead remains frowned. The cry begins at maximum intensity, starting suddenly and immediately after the stimulus. Mariano Chóliz, Enrique G. Fernández-Abascal, Francisco Martínez-Sánchez. Infant Crying: Pattern of Weeping, Recognition of Emotion and Affective Reactions in Observers. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2012; 15 (3) DOI: Responding Sensitively to Infant Crying Infant and Preschool Learning research has told us that infants whose mothers respond quickly, consistently, and warmly when they cry have healthier emotional development than infants whose mothers are less sensitive to their cries. A new study has found that mothers whose childhood experiences with caregivers was positive and those who have come to terms with negative experiences are more infant-oriented when they see videos of babies crying and respond more sensitively to their own babies’ cries. The researchers sought to identify characteristics that differentiate between mothers who behave sensitively when their infants cry and mothers who don’t. “Responding sensitively to infant crying is a difficult yet important task,” notes Esther M. Leerkes, professor of human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, who led the study. “Some mothers may need help controlling their own distress and interpreting babies’ crying as an attempt to communicate need or discomfort. Home visiting programs or parenting classes that help parents become more aware of stress and teach ways to reduce it, as well as individualized parent education efforts, may help build these skills.” Mothers who experienced depression or had difficulty controlling their emotions responded to videos of babies crying by focusing on themselves rather than seeing the needs of the distressed babies as the priority. Mothers whose physical stress was poorly controlled (measured, for example, by skin conductance — how much sweat was on their skin in response to the stress — and rapid heart rate) in response to the videos were also more likely to focus on themselves and responded more negatively to the videos (they perceived crying as a nuisance or manipulation). In addition, mothers who responded more negatively and focused more on themselves prenatally were less sensitive to their own infants when the babies were 6 months old. The researchers observed 259 first-time mothers from a range of racial and socioeconomic backgrounds who were followed from pregnancy until their babies were 6 months old. Expectant mothers filled out questionnaires about their personalities and emotional characteristics, and they were interviewed about their childhood experiences with their parents or caregivers, including how those experiences affected them over time. Next, the expectant mothers watched short videos of four crying babies. Their skin conductance and heart rate were measured while they watched to determine how their bodies reacted physiologically when exposed to the crying. After watching the videos, the mothers answered questions to determine how they thought and felt about the crying. Mothers were considered to be infant-oriented in their thinking about crying if they could accurately identify infant distress, reported feeling empathy for the infants, thought the infants were crying because they needed care, and believed crying is how babies communicate. Mothers were considered mother-oriented in their thinking about crying if they believed crying was a nuisance and thought the babies in the video were crying to be manipulative. Months later, 211 of the original 259 mothers and their 6-month-olds were videotaped together during three activities. The study also found that what predicted how mothers thought, felt, and behaved in response to infant crying didn’t differ by race. “This adds to evidence supporting the universality of the processes that promote mothers’ sensitivity to distress,” notes Leerkes. Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, with input from colleagues at Fuller Theological Seminary and Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

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What is reality? French physicist Bernard d'Espagnat, 87, has spent a lifetime grappling with this question. Over the years, he has developed the idea that the reality revealed by science offers only a "veiled" view of an underlying reality that science cannot access, and that the scientific view must take its place alongside the reality revealed by art, spirituality, and other forms of human inquiry. In recognition of these efforts, d'Espagnat has won this year's Templeton Prize, a £1 million ($1.4 million) award sponsored by the Templeton Foundation, which supports research at the intersection of science, philosophy, and religion. In classical physics, what you see is what you get: Any measurement is presumed to reveal an intrinsic quality--mass, location, velocity--of the thing measured. But in quantum mechanics, things aren't so clear-cut. In general, the measurement of a quantum object can yield a range of possible outcomes, so that the original quantum state must be regarded as indefinite. More perplexing still are "entangled" states in which, despite being physically separated, two or more quantum objects remain linked, so that a measurement of one affects the measurements of the others (ScienceNOW, 13 August 2008). Albert Einstein and others objected to the implications of these lines of thought and insisted that quantum mechanics was an incomplete theory precisely because it did not support old-fashioned literal realism. But that's a lost cause, says d'Espagnat, who studied particle physics early in his career. Instead, he has concluded that physicists must abandon naïve realism and embrace a more sophisticated philosophy of reality. Quantum mechanics allows what d'Espagnat calls "weak objectivity," in that it predicts probabilities of observable phenomena in an indisputable way. But the inherent uncertainty of quantum measurements means that it is impossible to infer an unambiguous description of "reality as it really is," he says. He has proposed that behind measured phenomena exists what he calls a "veiled reality" that genuinely exists, independently of us, even though we lack the ability to fully describe it. Asked whether that entails a kind of mysticism, d'Espagnat responds that "science isn't everything" and that we are already accustomed to the idea that "when we hear beautiful music, or see paintings, or read poetry, [we get] a faint glimpse of a reality that underlies empirical reality." In the possibility of a veiled reality that is perceived in different and fragmentary ways through science, art, and spirituality, d'Espagnat also sees, perhaps, a way to reconcile the apparently conflicting visions of reality that science and religion provide. Arthur Fine of the University of Washington, Seattle, points out that these views--as d'Espagnat acknowledges--have their roots in Immanuel Kant's distinction between "a world of noumena, the essentially unknowable but real stuff, [and] the world of phenomena." But it's problematic, he notes, to think of noumenal concepts as having scientific value if you can't say precisely what they are. D'Espagnat's writings on quantum mechanics lay out with great clarity the genuine puzzles that quantum mechanics presents, says Jeffrey Bub of the University of Maryland, College Park. But he's skeptical about finding common ground among notions of reality from art, science, and spirituality. As he puts it, if there's something about the physical world that quantum mechanics isn't telling you, "it doesn't follow that those gaps can be filled with poetry."

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Silver chain manufacture. Peter Johns (2007) Silver chain manufacture. EP1699581. Full text is not in this repository. The production of silver chain is a high volume business. Traditionally Silver chain is produced using two methods of production. In the USA a solid wire with a solder core is used. In this process a large billet is cast and then drilled down its centre. A solder is then melted into the centre hole before the billet is reduced by rolling and drawing to the final size required for the chain. After the links of the chain have been formed it is passed through a furnace to melt the solder in the core, which then flows out and joins the links. A method called “powder packing” is used in most other jewellery production centres in the world. In this method a solid wire is first drawn and then formed on a chain-making machine. To join the chain a zinc powder is packed between each link and the complete chain is then passed through a furnace. Both of the standard production methods for silver chain are time consuming and expensive for different reasons. Gold chain by contrast is generally joined using lasers. The lasers are mounted directly on the chain-making machine and as each link is formed, the laser fires a single shot to the join link. Up to four hundred links a minute can be joined and when the chain leaves the chain-making machine, no further work is required. Standard sterling silver because of high conductivity and reflectivity has not proved to be suitable for laser joining. It does not produce welds with sufficient strength. EP1699581 describes a method of making chain more efficiently with silver copper germanium alloys, using a laser to join the links. Silver is the most conductive of all metals and this is one reason it is difficult to weld. The addition of germanium to sterling silver increases the thermal and heat resistivity of the alloy. A resistive alloy traps the energy and welds more efficiently. Steel is a good example of a resistive metal that welds easily The infrared spectrum of the germanium also aids the laser light to couple with the silver. Sterling silver normally will reflect the majority of the laser power away from its surface. |Research Areas:||A. > School of Art and Design| |Depositing User:||Repository team| |Date Deposited:||28 Apr 2011 13:55| |Last Modified:||15 Feb 2016 15:05| Actions (login required)

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As we end a year and bring in 2017, reflection and goal setting is natural. We have much around us to be thankful for, yet we don’t alway remember to give thanks for the people, ideas, gifts and experiences that improve our lives. The simple thing to do, and important thing, is to say ‘thank you’, yet how can we become a person who others want to thank? For those who we owe thanks, do something for them that is worthy of thanks in return. When a simple ‘thank you’ isn’t enough, the next level is to seek symbiosis. Just as the tree gets its nourishment and life from soil, it gives back to the soil each autumn by shedding it’s leaves and replenishing the nutrients within. Both benefit and freely give, giving true thanks and appreciation of the other. How can you nourish and replenish others around you? Relationships work best when they go both ways. It’s something we could all work to improve upon, and when we do, we all benefit. Symbiosis: interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

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A) A brain conference is one where teachers gather around in a conference room and talk about teaching ways. B) Also, it is used in math class when using a calculator. C) A way to "brain conference" is putting your two fingers up to your temples, shaking your head, and saying brain conference in a spooky way. A) Hey, I heard Mrs. Keller is going to the brain conference! B) Hey, please do not bring your brain conference calculator to math class today. It is getting really annoying. C) Hey, did you see the Stiers at the dance last night? He was doing the brain conference! Email diário grátis Digite seu endereço de email abaixo para receber nossa Palavra Urbana do Dia grátis toda manhã! Os emails são enviados de firstname.lastname@example.org. Nós nunca enviaremos spam para você.

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Sep 12 Blog By: Biblical Archaeology Society Staff Aug 31 Blog For more than a hundred years, an extraordinary water tunnel in Jerusalem has been attributed to King Hezekiah, who dug it to protect the city’s water supply during the Assyrian siege of 701 B.C.E. Hence its name, Hezekiah’s Tunnel. However, recent scholarly publications now argue that the tunnel was not built by Hezekiah but by his predecessor or his successors. Jul 12 Blog

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In the United States, juvenile courts are a special type of court that handles cases involving minors, typically those aged ten to eighteen. Cases heard in juvenile court may include criminal offenses, as well as matters such as child custody and support, truancy, and mental health issues. The goal of the juvenile justice system is rehabilitation rather than punishment. This means that judges in juvenile courts often have more discretion when sentencing juveniles than they do in adult courts. In the following article, juvenile crime bail bond experts in Connecticut take a closer look at typical sentencing options in juvenile courts. Read on! What are the most frequent sentences in juvenile courts? In general, the primary aim of the juvenile court is to rehabilitate the child, rather than punish them. This can involve various forms of sentencing, such as rehabilitation programs, restitution, detention, probation, and community service. Rehabilitation is key when it comes to juvenile sentencing. When young offenders are given the opportunity to reform and become productive members of society, it not only benefits them but also society as a whole. This is why rehabilitation should always be considered a primary goal in juvenile court proceedings. There are many different rehabilitation programs available for young offenders. Some common programs include educational and vocational training, counseling, and substance abuse treatment. The type of program that is best suited for a particular offender will vary depending on the individual’s needs and circumstances. It is important to remember that rehabilitation is not easy. It takes time and effort on the part of both the offender and the rehabilitative staff. However, when it is successful, the benefits are worth the effort. Rehabilitated offenders are less likely to commit crimes in the future, and they often become productive members of society. This is why rehabilitation should be a key consideration in juvenile sentencing proceedings. Sentencing in juvenile courts typically involves probation, which is a type of community supervision. Probation can include a number of conditions that the juvenile must meet, such as regularly reporting to a probation officer, attending school or job training, not using drugs or alcohol, and not committing more crimes. If the juvenile violates any of the conditions of probation, he or she may be sent to jail or prison. Probation can last for a period of time determined by the judge, or until the juvenile turns 18 years old. In some cases, juveniles may be placed on probation even if they are convicted of a serious crime. 3. Community service Since the early 1990s, community service has been an increasingly common sentence for juveniles convicted in juvenile courts. Proponents argue that it provides a valuable service to the community, teaches juveniles the importance of responsibility and accountability, and helps keep them out of trouble. Critics argue that community service is often used as a way to avoid more serious punishment, is ineffective, and can actually do more harm than good. There is no one right answer to whether community service is an effective sentence for juveniles. It depends on the specific case and the community where the service is performed. The decision to send a juvenile to prison should not be taken lightly. The court must consider the age of the juvenile, the severity of the crime, and the likelihood of rehabilitation. If a juvenile is sentenced to prison, the parents or guardians will be responsible for paying for the child’s incarceration. When a juvenile is convicted of a crime, the court may sentence the juvenile to prison. The type of prison will depend on the severity of the crime and the age of the juvenile. Juveniles who are older than 16 years old may be sentenced to an adult prison. However, most juveniles are sent to a juvenile detention center or a youth correctional facility. In some cases, a juvenile may be sent to a secure facility instead of a prison. A secure facility is a place where juveniles are held until they are released to their parents or guardians. The purpose of a secure facility is to provide a safe place for juveniles who are not able to live with their parents or guardians.

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