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Touch the Soil News #608 Hitting the Chinese political landscape is farmland. China is grappling with how much farmland they must have for primary crops. Land for primary crops (arable) does not include pasture for livestock that has limited food capacity. Today, China has about 329 million acres of primary crop land – about the same as the U.S. has. Trouble is, China has four times as many people to feed as does the U.S. China’s goal of permanently preserving a core amount of farmland equal to 300 million acres is important, but not enough. The U.S. is rattling sabers on implementing higher import fees on Chinese imports to the U.S. Trouble is, the U.S. exports almost 25 percent of its agricultural production – some of it to China. Trade wars, like all wars, may not always have a clear victor. China could escalate import fees of agricultural products from the U.S. The real problem, when it comes to agricultural products, is that small oversupplies of a commodity can drop the market price dramatically. A five percent oversupply could drop prices by 10 to 25 percent. In short, if China decides to shop exclusively for its major commodities in Brazil, Argentina, Australia and Russia – American farming could take a substantial economic hit. Today, China is the largest customer of U.S. soybeans – over 27 million acres worth – 1/3 of the U.S. soybean crop. The domino effect of a collapse in soy prices would immediately go to corn and wheat as farmers look to transfer acres out of soybeans. Pressure to raise more corn and wheat could put downward pressure on prices for those crops. Important to understand about American agriculture is that 90 percent of the nation’s primary crop ground (310 million acres) is dedicated to just four crops – soybeans, corn, wheat and hay. An artificial drop in the price /demand of these crops due to trade wars could be overwhelming for farmers. Following is a short video on the scope of U.S. soy exports to China:

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To achieve weight savings in vehicles, OEMs and component suppliers are increasingly using ultra-high-strength steel, aluminum, magnesium, plastics, and composites. One strategy is to develop components using a multi-material concept. Ashok Leyland researchers used this approach when developing a bimetal brake drum with cast-iron inner ring and aluminum outer shell. Two different design configurations were proposed and made, both resulting in significant weight savings compared to a conventional gray cast iron brake drum, with similar or better performance. The researchers will present their study as part of the “New Design Concepts for Medium and Heavy Truck Steering and Braking Systems” technical session at the SAE 2014 Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress, taking place October 7-9 in Rosemont, IL (http://www.sae.org/events/cve/). One of the major drawbacks of drum brakes is that they are more sensitive to brake fade because they are not capable of dissipating the generated heat. During braking, friction between the brake drum and lining increases the temperature to 315°C (600°F). The excessive temperature rise damages the lining material severely. To determine the thickness requirement of the cast-iron inner shell and Al outer shell, a detailed CAE analysis was carried out for the two designs. Model 1 consisted of a braking surface in cast iron and outer shell with fins (for better heat dissipation) and clamping face in Al. In Model 2, the braking surface and clamping face were cast iron and the outer shell was Al. The 3D models of the brake drum were created using Dassault Systèmes’ CATIA. A detailed contact model was developed between the liner and brake drum cast-iron surface. The second-order tetrahedron element was selected for fine meshing. The brake drum hub seating face was clamped in vertical direction, and variable pressure was applied in the leading and trailing contact area. Based on the simulation, high stress was observed in the fillet radius of the inner surface and clamping face of Model 1. The thickness was increased slightly to meet the stress limit. In Model 2, high stress was not observed in high-pressure conditions. The bimetal brake drum was then developed via a conventional casting process and validated via dynamometer test rig. The test was conducted at three different brake lining temperatures. The drum was rotated at a speed of 60 km/h (37 mph). The 0.2 g braking torque was applied by brake lining to stop the vehicle. The test was conducted for 1000 stops. The final chemical composition was analyzed using a spectrometer. The hardness measurement revealed that the secondary phases were not formed in both the inner and outer shells—an indication that the inner ring material property was like that of the conventional brake drum material. Mechanical properties such as proof strength and Young’s modulus were measured as per ASTM E8 standard, and thermal properties and density were also measured. Based on the mechanical properties analysis, the bimetal brake drum material inner-surface properties were observed as similar to conventional brake drum properties. The lining and drum wear pattern also were similar to the existing system design. Furthermore, the weight was reduced by 42% in Model 1 and by 26% in Model 2 compared to a conventional brake drum. The weight reduction directly as well as indirectly improves performance of the axle system; it improves the tire life, and unsprang mass reduction marginally improves fuel efficiency. In addition, it reduces braking distances with less brake pedal pressure. Three optimized locations were identified near the brake lining and drum contact zone to measure heat dissipation. In three different temperature conditions—200, 250, and 300°C (392, 482, and 572°F)—it was clearly shown that the model 1 brake-drum temperature was 50% lower than the conventional cast-iron brake drum. Model 1’s outer surface fins increase the cooling rate; the fin design itself improves the heat dissipation rate 33%. Model 2’s heat dissipation rate also was higher than the gray cast iron brake drum. The better heat dissipation rate in the bimetal brake drums reduces the thermal stress and reduces the tire temperature because of high thermal conductivity aluminum in the outer surface. The initial and final thicknesses of the brake drum and the lining material were measured after completing the tests at three different temperatures. The bimetal brake drum wear was equal to the conventional cast-iron brake drum wear at 200 and 250°C. In both cases, the wear rate of lining and bimetal brake drum was equal to wear rate of conventional brake drum/lining. In addition, based on the microstructure analysis, the secondary phases were not observed after the aluminum outer surface castings. In 300°C test conditions, a crack was observed in the Model 1 bimetal brake drum mounting area. The crack propagates throughout the thickness of the brake drum in radial direction; the drum distorted and eccentricity of the brake drum was changed to increase the wear rate in both brake drum and brake lining material. In visual observations in the brake drum surface, minor scoring marks were observed, indicating that wear severity was low after the 1000 stops. In brake lining materials, the worn surface wear track depth was very low and wear debris was not observed. As a result of this study, development of the bimetal brake drum has been taken forward for vehicle-level performance analysis and implementation. This article is based on SAE International technical paper 2014-01-2284 written by Sunil raj of Ashok Leyland Technical Center and S Ravi Shankar of Ashok Leyland Ltd.Continue reading »

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Advance directives and power of attorney Section XII.a. Preparing For Your Future Health Care Needs Question 1 of 8 (use "Last" or "Next" buttons to see more) Before you get sick, it’s important that you put in writing the instructions for what kind of treatment you would want and who could make decisions for you if you could no longer communicate your wishes. Many people assume that their family members would automatically be able to make decisions about medical treatments and life-sustaining measures if they were to become incapacitated. This is not always true. Rules vary greatly from state to state, but in some cases, decisions are left up to doctors and institutions unless you have appointed someone as your legal representative. If the decision falls to family, your family members may not always agree on medical treatment issues. This could lead to disagreements or even court battles over appropriate treatment, especially when it comes to end-of-life issues. These are some of the legal documents you can use to describe how you want medical and financial decisions made if you can’t make them yourself: 1. Advance Directives: The term advance directives is often used to refer to a health care proxy and living will. These are two separate documents, but they work best together. In many states, they are combined into one advance directive document. Generally, the most important document to have is the health care proxy. In some states, you may hear it called a durable power of attorney for health care, medical power of attorney or appointment of a healthcare agent. This document allows you to name someone you trust as your proxy, or agent, to express your wishes and make health care decisions for you if you can’t do so because of a temporary or permanent illness or injury. This is called being incapacitated. You health care agent is usually allowed to make almost any medical decision that you would be able to make yourself if you could communicate your wishes. It’s important to know that the word proxy can be used to refer to the person or the legal document. A living will usually has a more narrow scope. It describes the type of care you want to receive as you near the end of your life in specific circumstances. It typically goes into effect only when you are incapacitated and your doctor certifies that you are nearing end of life. You may also hear a living will called a directive to physicians, health care declaration or medical directive. It works best as a guide for your health care agent and doctors to make sure your health care preferences and wishes are followed. 2. Power of attorney: A power of attorney is a legal document that lets another person (your agent or attorney in fact) to make property, financial and other legal decisions on your behalf. Your agent may play an important role in your health care, as he or she can pay for health care, choose health insurance policies for you and appeal coverage denials. You may appoint the same person to be in charge of medical and financial decisions by giving them power of attorney and naming them as your health care agent. However, to do so requires two separate documents. Your doctors should make note of your advance directives in your medical record. Give these documents to the hospital upon each new admission. If you go to the hospital by ambulance, take these documents with you if you can.

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Biometrics is a security measure employed to uniquely identify individuals based on their biological or physiological characteristics. Biometrics is used as an additional means to provide authentication or can be used as the primary means of authentication. Some of the common recognition traits used in biometrics include fingerprints and people’s eye. The use of personal traits by biometric identification system can pose privacy concerns. Explain in your own words how biometric identification is achieved. What are some of the characteristics of biometric identification? What are some of the advantages for using biometric identification? What are some of the privacy concerns in employing biometric identification techniques? Your response should be at least one page. Your paper should include a title page, be 12 – font and double spaced. The title page will not be considered as part as the page count for this assignment. Be sure to use APA style citation if you are citing any sources to support your claims.

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Zimbabwe Seeks Its Own Culture A decade after independence, nation moves uneasily to define and adopt postcolonial tastes. ETHNIC AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN this southern African country of roughly 10 million people, Western culture has all but usurped the place of an African one. ``This isn't Africa,'' author Chenjerai Hove says of Harare, the capital city. ``This is Europe.'' Indeed, after a few days here, tourists expecting an adventure in mysterious bushland are apt to grumble that the city is not ``African'' enough. Zimbabweans themselves are starting to question the slant of their culture. Ten years after independence, many are asking how liberated are people who slavishly follow the tastes and trends of their former colonizers' culture. Reflecting a continental trend, a movement for cultural liberation has arisen. Intellectuals, artists, and government officials, decrying what they term ``neo-colonialism,'' are calling for Zimbabweans to develop their own culture. The movement sometimes takes on a moral tone. American movies come under particular attack, criticized for their perceived emphasis on sex, violence, and materialism - all of which sum up the foundation of Western values in many eyes here. Nonetheless, it is obvious that the drive for a distinct Zimbabwean culture is not grounded in moral indignation, but in a profound identity crisis. As Americans used to talk about ``finding themselves,'' Zimbabweans now speak about ``creating cultural identities.'' In the country's multiracial society, the crisis takes different forms but cuts across racial lines. Black, white, and Asian Zimbabweans are searching for a culture that reflects both their ethnic and national identities. Colonialism forever changed African culture. It exposed Africans to a new culture - hailed by its importers as the only civilized one - and stymied development of local art. Colonialism is now gone, but its culture remains. The idea of picking up African culture where it left off seems naive, if not patronizing. It also leaves white and Asian Africans out in the cold. Many Africans, left without a culture that expresses their postcolonial identities, are concluding that they must create a new one. Tafateona P. Mahoso, director of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe, is at the forefront of the movement for a national culture. Sitting on a hotel balcony appointed with patio furniture that called to Mr. Mahoso's mind the ``backwaters of New Jersey,'' he describes his vision of culture. ``Real culture,'' he says, ``is at the cutting edge of consciousness. It is concerned with the future while directly connected with the past.'' He differentiates between culture and custom, the latter being what most people call African culture: traditional dancing, primitive sculpture, and the like. Whereas custom is ``safe and contained,'' culture, Mahoso says, is always changing. Mahoso believes art should express the meeting of modern and traditional worlds that takes place daily in Zimbabwe. ``I would like to see, for instance, how a grandmother coming to see her grandchild in Harare sees the Monomatapa [a skyscraping hotel].'' The quest for a national culture faces a complex set of obstacles. Probably the greatest is an inferiority complex left over from colonialism. The message that Western culture equals civilization is reinforced by an educational system, established by the British settlers, that still stresses Western literature, history, and geography. ``Do we have an African intellectual system? The answer is no,'' says Adam Latif, deputy chief psychologist for Zimbabwean schools. The notion that Western culture is a sign of progress, like tall buildings and electronic gadgets, is hard to shake off after such an education. ``The elite is intellectually in one place, emotionally in another,'' Mahoso says. ``You know [intellectually] that the right thing is to have confidence in your own culture, but emotionally you feel that to develop is to Europeanize.'' This contradiction is apparent even at his workplace, where - as in most offices - Western dress is required. ``I must wear a necktie even though it's directly opposed to what I do. They want me to look like a British mannequin while promoting my own culture.'' ONE of the easiest manifestations of Western culture to appropriate, the necktie achieved such popularity in the early days of colonialism that it was worn no matter what the occasion. Author Charles Mungoshi writes of farmers wearing ties even while plowing the fields. The degree to which Western culture is associated with success is underscored by the behavior of Indian and Pakistani immigrants who came here at the beginning of the century to improve their social and financial status. Leaving behind deeply Asian cultures, Indians and Pakistanis tended to assimilate not into mass Zimbabwean culture, but into the ruling colonial one. The result is that Asians, by coming to Africa, have become Westernized. ``Western culture is seen as acceptable, as something to aspire to,'' says Mr. Latif, an Indian Zimbabwean. Latif himself grew up identifying with the music of Joan Baez and Bob Dylan. He read Shakespeare and admired the Victorian explorer David Livingstone. He calls himself a ``Western-oriented gentleman,'' although he believes strongly in the development of Zimbabwean culture. The Asian Zimbabwean community here is still an insular community, conscious of ethnicity. Yet many Asian Zimbabweans have a strong national identity. ``I don't identify with India,'' says a Harare prosecuting attorney. ``My grandfather came to this country. I'm basically Zimbabwean.'' Latif is often offended by reaction to his presence at international conferences on education. ``People will say, `But you're not black, how can you represent Africa?' That infuriates me.'' For white Zimbabweans, particularly those who have rejected their colonial heritage, the question of cultural identity can be even more confusing. Raised by parents who called themselves Europeans, in houses with swimming pools and tennis courts that looked like the posh suburban homes of the West, many whites are not sure what makes them Zimbabwean besides their nationality. ``People like myself have to try to create a Zimbabwean identity,'' says Simon Bright, a filmmaker. The belief, subconscious or otherwise, that Western culture is superior to African is apparent even among government officials who purport to support the development of a national culture. Government funding for local art is low and one of the largest allocations for a cultural production in recent years was a United States $3.4 million investment in the British-produced movie ``Cry Freedom,'' which was filmed here. Celebrations for the 10th anniversary of independence this spring, according to Mahoso, illustrated the ``contradiction that runs through the whole system'' regarding culture. The National Arts Council submitted a proposal to the government for a dance performance rooted in Zimbabwean culture. ``At the last minute, all the performers, the choreographers, were chased away and the space was given over to the National Ballet,'' Mahoso says. ``It's not even good European ballet. It's an imitation of an imitation. ``I was so shocked,'' Mahoso says, ``I ended up going to Namibia during the celebration. I didn't want to see that trash.'' NO doubt the contradiction lamented by Mahoso is due in part to the fact that many Zimbabwean art forms are in an embryonic state. Daunted by Western culture, discouraged by poverty and colonialism, local artists have only begun to come into their own in the decade since independence. The local film industry is a prime example. A July film festival that was meant to showcase movies from the southern African region showed mainly that the local industry is disorganized. Films from around the region arrived late, if at all, wrecking the published time schedule and opening up the festival to ridicule. Still, Zimbabwe is making strides in a number of areas. For three years in a row, the country has won top international literary awards, this year for Shimmer Chinodya's novel, ``Harvest of Thorns.'' With singer Thomas Mapfumo in the lead, its musicians have become known throughout the world. And the monumental stone sculpture of Zimbabwe artists fetches high prices in London and New York galleries. But in perhaps the greatest sign of insecurity, people look to the West to judge their own country's artists. It is usually only after winning European and American approval that local artists achieve popularity at home.

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(HealthDay News) -- Your lifestyle plays a key role in determining your heart health. And it's never too early or too late to begin protecting your heart. The American Heart Association suggests: - Adopt a healthy eating regimen, focusing on foods with low salt and low saturated fat. Eat plenty of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and fish. - Choose lean meats and low-fat dairy products. - Exercise regularly! Aim for at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. - At least twice per week, perform strengthening exercises that work all of your muscles. - Make sure children get a minimum of one hour of exercise per day. - Learn the warning signs of heart attack or stroke, such as chest pain or tightness, shortness of breath, pressure, dizziness or weakness on one side of the body.

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Charles Holmes Everitt Calmady 1754-1807. He was the youngest son of Captain Michael Everitt and his wife, Elizabeth Gayton. An elder brother was Captain Michael John Everitt, and he was the nephew of both Admiral Clark Gayton and Vice-Admiral George Gayton. Known as Everitt until 1788, he was commissioned lieutenant on 20 October 1772 and was appointed to the Boreas 28, Captain Charles Thompson, on 19 February 1776, going out to Jamaica where his uncle commanded the station. That officer s patronage allowed his elevation on 27 May to the command of the schooner Racehorse 10, and on 10 July he assumed the temporary command of the sloop Atalanta 14 upon the death of Commander Thomas Underwood. He was promoted to the sloop Badger at Jamaica as her commander on 11 November 1776, of which vessel his elder brother Michael was a lieutenant, sailing to England for a refit in the following April before returning to Jamaica. The day after his arrival he was posted captain on 7 September 1777 with an acting order for the ancient flagship Antelope 50 from his uncle who still retained the role of the commander-in-chief at Jamaica. This vessel returned home in the following April. Whilst commanding the Arethusa 32, which he had joined earlier that year, Everitt attacked the French frigate Aigrette 32, Captain La Bretonni re, off Ushant on 18 March 1779, but was forced to break off the action after two hours when an enemy ship of the line approached. That night the Arethusa was wrecked after hitting a rock near the island of Mol ne. Thirteen men who escaped in one of the boats eventually made Fowey, but the remainder were taken prisoner and confined at Brest. His first lieutenant at this time was the future admiral and Prince of Boullion, Phillip d Auvergne. In September 1780 Everitt commissioned the Solebay 28, capturing the privateer Comtesse Bezan ois 20 in company with the Portland 50, Captain Thomas Lloyd, on 9 December 1780, and the Marquise de Seignelay a day later. In March 1781 he went out to North America where he captured a further couple of American privateers, and was present at the Battle of Chesapeake Bay on 5 September 1781. A few days later he recaptured the sloop Savage which under Commander Charles Stirling had been taken by the Americans shortly before. Once again he lost a ship when the Solebay was wrecked after grounding off Nevis prior to the Battle of St. Kitts on 25 January 1782, the frigate being burned to prevent its recovery by the French. He returned to England with Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood s despatches in March, and in November of that year commissioned the new Serapis 44, paying her off in the ensuing April.l. In August 1794 Calmady recommissioned the Blenheim 90 for service in the Channel, leaving her upon his promotion to rear-admiral on 23 October. He was advanced to vice-admiral on 14 February 1799 and admiral on 23 April 1804. Calmady died on 15 March 1807 and was buried in the Calmady family vault at Wembury, South Devon. In September 1783 he became the second husband of the heiress, Pollexfen Calmady of Langdon in Wembury, and he took her surname as his own in 1788. Prior to 1783 he had lived at Headley Park in Hampshire. The couple had three children, two of whom survived infancy.

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While it's true that most pruning can be done at any time of year, your pruning goals dictate when a shrub or tree should be pruned. Size Control of Non-Flowering Shrubs When pruning shrubs such as Yews, Holly, Juniper, Privet, Arborvitae or Burning Bush, the best time to prune is just after the initial flush of growth. Bud break occurs on most shrubs in April or May based on temperature and rainfall. Immediately following the opening of the buds, the shrubs explode with new growth. This growing period subsides with summer heat and reduced rainfall. It's at this time, late June to early July, that pruning begins, removing the excessive growth that can cause shrubs to outgrow their intended space. Later in the summer, usually around September, a ‘touch up’ pruning is done to control the limited growth that occurs in the hot summer months. This second pruning helps maintain a neat appearance during dormant months. It should be noted that shearing of shrubs, other than hedges, is not an accepted practice by horticulturalists. Spring Flowering Shrubs There are two main goals in pruning flowering shrubs: - To maintain the shrub within its intended site - To promote maximum flower display The timing for pruning shrubs such as Viburnum, Honeysuckle, Forsythia, Potentilla and Weigela, is after they flower. These types of shrubs produce flower buds later in the summer for next year’s blossoms. Late June or July is the appropriate time to prune such plants to maximize the next year’s flowers. Large Leaved Rhododendrons Large leaved Rhododendrons should never be sheared. Shearing damages the leaves, causing unsightly brown cut margins. Also, shearing creates a dense outer crown that does not allow light and airflow to easily reach the inside of the shrub’s crown. Shearing definitely increases insect and disease activity in all shrubs, especially Rhododendrons. Carpenter Costin hand prunes all large leaved Rhododendrons, maintaining a natural appearance, while maintaining the size of the plant within its intended space. Rhododendrons are pruned shortly after flowering, which usually occurs sometime in late June. It should be noted that plant development does not occur based on our calendar, but rather on daily temperature, called ‘Degree Days Heating.’ Summer Flowering Shrubs As with other flowering shrubs, pruning shortly after flowering is the best time. Shrubs such as Clethra, Spirea, Rose of Sharon, and Hydrangea flower later in the season. Summer flowers are produced on the new wood/shoots and develop in the same calendar year. Hence, pruning too early will remove flowers getting ready for this year’s display. At Carpenter Costin Landscape Management we plan for 3 separate prunings each season targeting specific shrubs. The timing of our target pruning dates is completely dictated by the shrub’s development and species. (We monitor Degree Day Heating through the University of Massachusetts for a variety of purposes). As we can all see, large leaved Rhododendrons are in bloom right now. I estimate that these shrubs will be pruned at the end of June, just after their flowers fall. Spring and early summer shrubs are either flowering now or have just passed flowering. Pruning of these shrubs and the first pruning of non-flowering shrubs will occur approximately 4 weeks from now, or early July. This timing will assure that we get the most out of our spring and early summer flowering shrubs and get the best flower development for next year’s blossoms. Also, the initial growth spurt will be behind us for non-flowering shrubs, allowing for a longer period of time with a managed shape. Late summer pruning, to ‘touch up’ the almost certain additional growth of non-flowering shrubs, and the proper pruning time for summer flower shrubs, is September.

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Tomorrow morning you’ll have a rare opportunity to experience a live moon crash. At 7:31 a.m. EDT, NASA’s LCROSS satellite will send a rocket hurtling toward the moon at a whopping 1.55 miles per second, and a camera mounted on the spacecraft will send live footage back to Earth. Four minutes later, the entire satellite will smack into the moon, generating a giant plume of debris that should be visible from our planet with an amateur telescope. To find out how and where to watch the carnage, check out the posts by our friends at GeekDad: Image: Northrup Grumman - Moon Mission Accidentally Burns Up Fuel Reserves - Crashing Into The Moon For Science - Scrappy Post-Apollo Lunar Science Sets Stage for New Missions

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Our Children’s Charter was first launched in 2016. The idea was simple: to allow all of the children at Hallfield to get involved in thinking about the ways in which we can make our school as happy, safe and fair as it can be. We think of Hallfield as a community. The Children’s Charter formalises that relationship between School and pupil, while giving each child a voice in how the School is run. All of our pupils, from Foundation up to Year Six, were asked to put their heads together in a whole-school brainstorm, to gather words that we think reflect our shared values and beliefs. We discussed the Charter alongside Magna Carter, that very important document which established in English law the shared belief that all people, from the top to the bottom, should have access to a fair and just legal and political system. This ideal of course has later been enshrined in such documents as the United Nations Convention on Human Rights and the United States Declaration of Independence. Using this as our inspiration, we together as a school came up with a list of words that the pupils felt most accurately reflected what it means to be a happy and successful Hallfield pupil. These words were passed to our School Council, which agreed the words and wrote the final charter. This new document now forms the basis of all our new behaviour policies across the school – and, increasingly, the way we conceive of the relationship between home and school, too. The Charter is an agreement that reflects the values and beliefs of everybody at Hallfield. In short, we agreed to be good friends, good citizens and good learners. Within those headings are four pairs of words each: kind and helpful, for example, or loyal and trustworthy, which help everyone in the school thing about how to achieve our shared aims. You can download our Children’s Charter here [download link]. We’re extremely proud of it, the children who devised it, and the relationships it describes.

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November 26, 2021 by John Fernandez If You Love Your Heart, Get Enough Sleep. Here’s Why When most people think of risk factors for heart disease and poor cardiovascular health, sleep doesn’t enter the picture. But mounting evidence shows that disruptions to daily sleep durations have a measurable effect on heart health. Sleep Disorders are Cardiovascular Disorders “I consider sleep disorders as cardiovascular disorders,” said Jonathan Fialkow, M.D., a preventive cardiologist with an interest in Sleep Medicine. This profound perspective on sleep is not all that surprising considering Dr. Fialkow is also a certified lipidologist by the American Board of Clinical Lipidology and serves as the medical director of the Chest Pain Center, Cardiac Rehabilitation and the Stress Lab at Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute at Baptist Hospital. “Sleep is a major, unrecognized factor in heart health and heart disease,” he said. “Getting the proper amount of uninterrupted sleep each day is just as important to heart health as is good nutrition and exercise.” Sleep Duration and Cardiovascular Risk Science supports what Dr. Fialkow believes. The Sleep Heart Health Study, published in 2006, found that sleep duration outside of the recommended 7 to 8 hours a day for adults is associated with an increased prevalence of high blood pressure, or hypertension. Subsequent observational studies, Dr. Fialkow says, show a correlation between sleep disturbances and common markers for cardiovascular risk, such as inflammation, elevated cholesterol levels and insulin resistance. These processes are known contributors to coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke, diabetes and obesity. “We’re not ready to say that sleep shortfalls cause cardiovascular disease,” he said. “But there’s no question that these markers of cardiovascular disease are present in people with known sleep disorders, like obstructive sleep apnea.” What science has yet to prove is whether sleep disturbances cause these elevated markers of cardiovascular disease or whether people with increased cardiovascular disease markers have disturbed sleep patterns. In the meantime, the American Heart Association issued a scientific statement in 2016 that noted how short- and long-duration sleep and sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea and insomnia, are associated with “adverse cardiometabolic risk profiles and outcomes.” The statement also suggested that treatment of those disorders may provide clinical benefits, especially for high blood pressure. Improving Heart Health With Sleep Treatment Studies are currently underway to determine if by treating sleep disorders, doctors see a decrease in these cardiovascular risk factors. Dr. Fialkow predicts that the results of these studies could change the way sleep is viewed by cardiologists and the entire medical community. “If studies underway show a significant decrease in cardiovascular risk when sleep apnea and insomnia are treated, sleep becomes an even more important lifestyle factor that we can address when trying to curb someone’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease,” he said. Dr. Fialkow already assesses his patients’ sleep habits, including whether they have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep, whether they snore, whether their sleep is interrupted by frequent bathroom breaks, and whether they wake up feeling rested. If no clear signs point to a true sleep disorder, but the patient complains of often feeling tired, he recommends lifestyle changes to offer relief. These include: - Maintaining a consistent bedtime and wake-up time daily. - Reducing exposure to light, especially the blue light of electronics, at least one hour before bedtime. - Keeping a cool, dark sleep environment. - Avoiding caffeine and alcohol. If Dr. Fialkow suspects sleep apnea, insomnia or another sleep disorder may be interrupting the recommended sleep duration of 7 to 8 hours, he advises that the patient undergo a sleep study, followed by the proper treatment. He doesn’t usually prescribe medications that induce sleep, because there’s growing evidence that these may not fully replicate the physiological process of sleep and how it helps the body reset for the next day. The Sleep-Heart Health Connection “There’s still so much that we don’t know about sleep’s benefit to our health, but science is starting to reveal that the lack of good sleep we’re seeing in modern society negatively impacts our overall health,” Dr. Fialkow said. “If we can prevent cardiovascular disease by paying closer attention to our sleep, I know many people, including me, who will sleep much better at night.”

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Rockefeller believed that because entry costs were so low in oil drilling and refining, the market was glutted with crude oil with high levels of waste. Accordingly, the theory of free competition did not work well when there was such a mix of large, medium and small firms, believing that the weak ones drove prices below production costs, thus hurting even large firms (Poole 2000). His solution was a market with a few vertically integrated firms, "in effect an oligopolistic market," which is what other industrial sectors eventually evolved into (Poole 2000). Keith Poole, Professor of Political Science at the University of Houston, writes, "What makes oil stand out is that it happened by design - as the result of a plan formulated by a single person - John D. Rockefeller" (Poole 2000). It was during 1871, that Rockefeller devised his plan for consolidating all the refining firms into one organization, and while there are no written records, Rockefeller and Flagler both admitted some thirty years later that this was indeed when they designed their master plan (Poole 2000). Moreover, it was in 1871 when all the major banks in Cleveland joined the Standard Oil organization and loaned Rockefeller and Flagler whatever they needed to expand (Poole 2000). By December 1871, Rockefeller and Flagler began buying up all their competitors in Cleveland, beginning with the strongest refineries first. Rockefeller believed that by buying the weak ones first, he would later be confronted with high prices and stiffer resistance, thus he first approached the strongest ones first (Poole 2000). Rockefeller's technique was always the same: The merger would be effected by an increase in the capitalization of The Standard Oil. The rival refinery would be appraised and the owners would be given Standard Oil stock in proportion to the value of their property and good will and they would be made partners in Standard Oil. The more talented owners would also be brought into the Standard Oil management. If they insisted upon cash they received it (Poole 2000). Although some owners later complained that Rockefeller had treated them unfairly, the evidence is overwhelming that they were all paid fair, even generous, prices for their property, and if they had been smart enough to take Standard Oil stock, they would have ended up very rich (Poole 2000). Rockefeller moved swiftly, and by spring of 1872, he had bought and/or merged with almost all the refineries in Cleveland. The poorly constructed refineries were dismantled, and the better one were upgraded to Rockefeller's standards (Poole 2000). Jabez A. Bostwick was brought into the company along with his oil refineries on Long Island and on New York Harbor, and in 1873, he acquired Devoe Manufacturing Company on Long Island, and Chess, Carley and its distribution system in Louisville, Kentucky (Poole 2000). By 1874, Standard started building its own pipeline system using Bostwick and Company (Poole 2000). Although the teamsters, who drove commercial horse-drawn wagons, fought the pipelines, they lost simply because it was cheaper and easier to send the crude through pipes than wagons (Poole 2000). The next logical step was to extend the pipelines directly to the refineries, thus Rockefeller made a deal with the Erie Railroad, gaining control of important terminal facilities in New York harbor in exchange for shipping half of Standard's oil on the Erie (Poole 2000). They then expanded into Pennsylvania and gained control of the Imperial Refinery, bringing J.J. Vandergrift into the Standard's management, and when two large refineries in Titusville joined Standard, John Archbold was also brought into management (Poole 2000). Standard then expanded into Pittsburgh, merging with Warden, Frew and Company, and Lockhard, Frew and Company, a move which gave them half of the refining capacity of Pittsburgh (Poole 2000). They then bought the largest refinery in Philadelphia. Standard continued buying more pipelines and by 1877 had merged them all into the United Pipe Lines. They negotiated a deal with the railroads: the Pennsylvania Railroad would carry 51% of Standard's shipments; the Erie - 20%; the New York Central - 20%; and the Baltimore and Ohio - 9% (Poole 2000). By 1879, the Standard Oil Company was responsible for roughly 90% of the refining in the United States, with about 70% being exported overseas. Rockefeller was only 40 years old, and the business was so large and complex that he only dealt with major problems and the large outlines of affairs (Poole 2000). Tidewater Pipe-Line Company was his only serious competitor, with approximately 10% of the market in 1888 (Poole 2000). In 1882, the Standard Oil Trust was formed, with a Board of Trustees established and all the Standard holdings placed in its hands (Poole 2000). Each stockholder received 20 Trust certificates for each share of Standard Oil stock, and all the profits of the companies were sent to the nine trustees who determined the dividends. The trustees also elected the directors and officers of each of the component companies (Poole 2000). Although the true value of the Trust was roughly $200 million, it was conservatively valued at $70 million (Poole 2000). Of the 35,000 shares, the nine Trustees controlled 23,314 and Rockefeller held 9,585 shares (Poole 2000). The Trust was formally dissolved in 1892 when the Attorney General of Ohio brought suit against the Trust. By 1904, roughly 80% of towns throughout the United States were served by Standard Oil carts that brought various products to businesses and homes. Its determination to dominate even the smallest market is cited as the main reason Standard Oil was so disliked by the public. The company was aggressive and tried to force all grocery and hardware stores to sell only Standard products, such as kerosene and lubricants (Poole 2000). This policy not only made Standard Oil unpopular, but it increased its vulnerability to political attack (Poole 2000). During the early 1890's, Rockefeller suffered a nervous breakdown from overwork, resulting in the loss of all of his hair, including his eyebrows. His wealth had increased to such an extent that he hired Frederick T. Gates in 1891 to manage his fortune. In 1897, Rockefeller retired, and left the running of Standard Oil to John Archbold (Poole 2000). His wealth peaked in 1912 at approximately $900 million, although by that time he had already given away hundreds of millions of dollars. In 1897, his son John Jr., joined Gates in the full time management of his father's fortune (Poole 2000). Rockefeller is responsible for establishing the University of Chicago, by donating some $75 million by 1932. He founded the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research with donations totaling some $50 million by the 1930's (Poole 2000). In 1903, he founded the General Education Board, later called the Rockefeller Foundation, which helped establish high schools throughout the South by offering free professional advice on education instruction, and in 1919, donated $50 to the Board to raise academic salaries (Poole 2000). And when the Rockefeller Foundation was officially established in 1913, some $235 million was transferred to it by 1929 (Poole 2000). In 1909, the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission was established to help eradicate hookworm in the South (Poole 2000). John D. Rockefeller was a deeply religious man. In his 1998 book, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., Ron Chernow writes that Rockefeller never wavered from his belief that his career was divinely favored and asserted, "God gave me my money" (Chernow 1998). Rockefeller believed that God has singled him out because of "his own adherence to the doctrine of stewardship, the notion of the wealthy man as a mere instrument of God, a temporary trustee of his money, who devoted it to good causes" (Chernow 1998). When he was in his seventies, he said, "It has seemed as if I was favored and got increase because the Lord knew that I was going to turn around and give it back" (Chernow 1998). Rockefeller believe that the power to make money was a gift from God, just as others have talents in music and the arts, and that it was his duty to make money and use it for the good of his fellow man (Chernow 1998). Although many claim he was a ruthless businessman, none can argue with his generosity. By the time of his death on May 23, 1937, he had given the majority of his property to his philanthropies and heirs. At his death, his estate totaled just over $26 million (Poole 2000). For all his wealth, Rockefeller never flaunted his riches. In fact, Standard Oil started out in a modest suite of offices in a four-story building known as the Cushing Block on the Public Square (Chernow 1998). The office he shared with Flagler was somber and austere, furnished with funereal dignity with a black leather couch and four black walnut chairs, and a fireplace for warmth in the winter (Chernow 1998). Chernow writes, "Rockefeller never allowed his office decor to flaunt the prosperity of his business, lest it arouse…

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What does it all mean? Most of us acknowledge the formidable power of words to shape our perceptions of others; able to cause great harm, as well as great healing. How people choose to perceive and describe themselves is intimately concerned with identity and self-esteem. Naming people and groups is a very sensitive business, so much so that certain names such as the “K word” and the “N word” are considered so degrading that they should not even be pronounced or written. The word “c**lie” used in India for a menial labourer, such as porters in the markets of Mumbai, has in this country become unusable; indicating profound disrespect. Significantly, some redemption is generated when words such as queer, moffie, lettie, dyke, once used in an attempt to demean those of homosexual inclination, are reclaimed, revivified to express something of the unique courage, defiance and humour now articulated by those who are “proudly gay.” Many consider the term gay as inclusive of the entire homosexual community, whereas others, such as many lesbians, tend to dislike the term. Queer studies reflects this recovery of a term of derision, adopted by numerous academic courses examining sexual orientation and gender identity. EXTENDING THE CONCEPT WOMANIST A recent Witness article by Barbara Boswell (November 16), teacher of black South African women’s literature and queer theory at the University of Cape Town, explored black women’s perceptions of the concept “Womanist” suggested by Alice Walker as a variant of feminism: “Usually referring to outrageous, audacious, courageous, or wilful behaviour. “Wanting to know more and in greater depth than is considered ‘good’ for one.” Widely understood as applying to “a woman who loves other women sexually and/or non-sexually. Appreciates and prefers women’s culture, women’s emotional flexibility … and women’s strength. Sometimes loves individual men, sexually and/or non-sexually. Committed to survival and wholeness of entire people, male and female.” Boswell congratulates editor Natalia Molebatsi of An Anthology of Womanist Poems: Wild Imperfections, for including “gender non-binary”, and “gender-expansive” poets who defy rigid definitions of womanhood and manhood, masculinity and femininity, creating space for multiplicities of self-definition for those disrupting structures of dominance. Boswell uses the terms non-binary and gender-expansive to develop the theme of gender fluidity — a concept discussed in detail by the American queer feminist philosopher Judith Butler, who argues that gender is not an essential consequence of biological sex, but is socially constructed performance behaviour, determined by historical and social context. The demand that individuals act as either women or men according to societal expectations, creates the illusion of sexual behaviour being exclusively binary. Gender performance is thus cultivated and enforced; violations censured, usually through shaming, perpetuating domination of women by men; justifying oppression of homosexuals and gender nonconforming persons. Physical bodies exist within their cultural context. Being born with female or male genitalia does not necessarily mean that one will identify with this sex. Gender is “an incessant project, a daily act of reconstruction and interpretation”. We have choices. We are not victims of circumstance, and must assume responsibility for who we choose to become. We have to engage with — play with — continually negotiating change. So we are bombarded with a slew of terms to be navigated, seemingly necessary in order to understand the bewildering array of choices available. DEFINING SOME BASIC TERMINOLOGY What is the difference between “sex” and “gender”? It is now accepted that “sex” refers to the biological, usually clearly distinguishable, male and female features with which one is born. Whereas “gender” is cultural, sociological; incorporating the social expectations of masculine and feminine roles. So, the term heteronormativity expresses the conviction that heterosexuality is the norm for all social and sexual relationships; condemning all variations from this as abnormal, perverted. However, human interactions frequently refuse to conform to the stereotypical roles demanded by social indoctrination, particularly questioning the inequalities created by the assumption of superiority by the male, resulting in subjugation of females in most cultures and societies. Also reflected in religious practices, where the spiritual nature of humans — and the divine — is portrayed in male terms. “Gender non-conforming” describes those who ignore gender stereotypes — sexually and sociologically. “Gender non-binary”, rejecting the binary concept of only two genders, that one must be either male or female, which reinforces the notion that gender (as opposed to one’s birth sex) is biologically determined, with the expectation that men and women are destined to play different roles in society. “Bisexual” refers to those acknowledging the potential to be sexually and romantically attached to people across genders — eloquently expounded by Robyn Ochs. “Gender expansive” reflects the expansion of ideas of gender identity and expression beyond expected societal norms; individuals comfortable with a range of chosen lifestyles — reflecting gender as a spectrum, rather than a binary. “Androgynous” applies to those who display both traditionally masculine and feminine virtues; exercising a wider array of abilities to regulate and adapt their responses and emotions. Both ancient Greek and Hindu mythology and religion depicted androgynous archetypes and deities as the synthesis of masculine and feminine, celebrating the sacredness of transcending gender; perfect union and harmony. The potent, evocative image of the Shiva/Shakti androgynous deity (Ardhanarishvara) portrays male and female creative energies of the universe — extolling our essentially androgynous nature — requiring melding into the unique beings we are capable of becoming. Sandra Bem (d.2014), American psychologist, researcher in gender studies and androgyny, also questioned assumptions that sex roles are bipolar and mutually exclusive, concluding that enforced gender roles frequently produce negative consequences for women and men. She maintained androgynous behaviour extends one’s freedom to engage in traditionally male and female fashions, granting greater adaptability, greater levels of creativity, more stable mental health; better able to cope with ambiguity and ambivalence. These findings confirmed by Carolyn Heilbrun, feminist author and academic at Columbia University, New York, who championed fellow women authors such as Virginia Woolf, George Sand, Dorothy Sayers, anthropologist Margaret Mead as women exemplifying androgyny, fearlessly challenging rigid gender-role expectations. She defined androgyny as “a movement away from sexual polarisation and the prison of gender toward a world in which individual roles and modes of personal behaviour can be freely chosen.” VIRGINIA WOOLF’S ANDROGYNOUS ORLANDO: Virginia Woolf’s novel Orlando, written in 1928, extended the implications of this topic further than had yet been considered. Her passionate love for Vita Sackville-West inspired the character Orlando, a male who began life as a young Elizabethan man, later becoming a woman ambassador in Constantinople, living through the Victorian age, to contemporary 1920s. Despite exploring crossing boundaries between notions of binary sex-roles and same-sex relationships, it soon became a best-seller, the most popular of Woolf’s works. The novel — she called it a biography — was also engendered by the liberal attitude of the Bloomsbury Group of British writers, artists and intellectuals of the early 20th century, meeting regularly at the Bloomsbury home of Virginia and Leonard Woolf, whose unconventional attitudes and richly varied lifestyles became a powerful force in developing the modernist view — defying the view of many who considered their behaviour wicked and degenerate. Way ahead of her time in challenging assumptions about sexual expression, she envisaged a more open society where personal sexual identity is freely chosen. She was particularly distressed by the unfair treatment of women writers whose work was less valued than that of men, commenting: “I would venture to guess that Anon who wrote so many poems without signing them, was often a woman.” Vita’s son, Nigel Nicolson, later described the fantasy novel as “the longest and most charming love letter in literature, in which she [Virginia] explores Vita, weaves her in and out of the centuries, tosses her from one sex to the other, plays with her, dresses her in furs, lace and emeralds, teases her, flirts with her, drops a veil of mist around her, and ends by photographing her in the mud at Long Barn, with dogs, awaiting Virginia’s arrival next day.” This unique experience of an individual experiencing life as both male and female, accords much opportunity for contemplation on the meaning of life and how one’s sexual identity determines one’s destiny. On awakening as a woman, Orlando admires his/her new ravishing body: “His form combined in one the strength of a man and a woman’s grace.” “Different though the sexes are, they intermix. In every human being a vacillation from one sex to the other takes place, and often it is only the clothes that keep the male or female likeness, while underneath the sex is the very opposite of what is above.” For Orlando, “it was this mixture in her of man and woman, one being uppermost and then the other, that often gave her conduct an unexpected turn.” Virginia comments on the power of clothing to affect perceptions of our identity: “Vain trifles as they seem, clothes have more important offices than to keep us warm. They change our view of the world and the world’s view of us … Thus there is much to support the view that it is clothes that wear us, and not we them.” Orlando displayed this androgynous mix of characteristics in her tender-heartedness, unable to endure seeing a donkey beaten or a kitten drowned, but detesting household matters, preferring to be out in the fields among the crops. She was apt to think of poetry rather than thinking of taffeta, and her walk was a little too much of a stride for a woman. She explores the perennial question, “Life, life, what art thou?” contemplating our multiplicity of personas — “… how many people are there not, having lodgement at one time or another in the human spirit?” Allowing one to call out, “I’m sick to death of this particular self. I want another.” Casting aside the confining, entrapping, stiffened crinoline, donning whipcord breeches and boots to drive six galloping horses across London Bridge, Orlando finally settles to a deeply reflective self-knowledge; a contentedly androgynous woman who, like Vita, revels in her love of poetry, nature, animals, the countryside and wild-life, horse-riding and fast cars. Woolf commented on this odyssey of discovery: “The androgynous mind is resonant and porous; it transmits emotion without impediment; it is naturally creative, incandescent and undivided.” Quoting Samuel Taylor Coleridge: “The Truth is, a great mind must be androgynous.” RECLAIMING THE CONCEPT ‘CAMP’ Likewise the term “camp”, once a derogatory term applied to mock the cliched effeminate boy with bouffant hair and limp wrist, ostentatiously mincing into a party, assumed by characters such as Oscar Wilde, Quentin Crisp, Andy Warhol, Elton John, Prince — has been creatively morphed into flamboyant, exaggerated humour by performers such as Kenneth Williams in the movie Carry on Camping, and David Walliams as Daffyd Thomas in the spoof Little Britain. A style exuberantly claimed by many gay people, male and female, as their invention, a kind of “secret language” used to disguise and convey to those in the know, where one’s interests lay. Susan Sontag described camp as “a codification of gay taste, conveying a love of artifice and exaggeration — something of a private code, a badge of identity even …” Thanks to her writing, such performance became trendy, assumed as an amusing way of flouting stereotypes, ridiculing heterosexual hegemony. Performance artist and cross-dresser Grayson Perry, with his alter-ego Claire, exploits the comic ability of performance drag and camp to taunt and disrupt stereotypical expectations, “negotiating the burden of manhood”, interrogating, “how should a woman/man dress and behave?” CREATING TOLERANCE AND INCLUSIVITY With ever more varied, complicated choices, and the realisation that identity is neither fixed nor stable, that gender depends on self-categorisation, increasing numbers seek alternative ways to navigate their place and purpose in perplexing circumstances. However, while defining the unique characteristics of various lifestyles can be instructive in illustrating the range and complexity of sexual orientation, rigid labelling can become divisive, exacerbating and fixing differences, possibly alienating categories of people. “I am this, but not that!” Admitting the freedom to choose personal fulfilment without harming others, should alert us to defy rigid categorisation; dissolving boundaries, generating inclusivity — the melding effects of androgyny and gender-expansion — celebrating openness and tolerance of difference — enhancing wholeness for all. • Alleyn Diesel (PhD) previously taught religious and gender studies at the University of Natal.

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|Point Betsie, MI| Description: Known now as Point Betsie, this important prominence on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan was originally named Pointe Aux Bec Scies, meaning point of sawbill ducks, by French explorers. In 1852, the superintendent of lights on the Great Lakes recommended the construction of three new lighthouses, two on Lake Superior and one on Point Betsie that would mark the southern entrance to the Manitou Passage and serve as a point of departure for ports in the southern portion of Lake Michigan. The yellow-brick lighthouse at Point Betsie consisted of a circular, thirty-seven-foot tower connected by a passageway to a two-story dwelling, which had a kitchen, dining room, parlor, and living room on its first floor and three bedrooms on its second floor. A fourth-order Fresnel lens was installed in the tower’s lantern room, where it produced a fixed white light varied by a white flash at a focal plane of fifty-three feet above the lake. Just a year after the lighthouse was placed in service, the station had to be protected from the lake, and over the years, various measures were used to keep Lake Michigan at bay. Displacement of the sand around the lighthouse led to the need to replace some of the tower’s foundation in 1869. The first three keepers of Point Betsie Lighthouse each served less than a year, but this high turnover rate ended in 1861, when Alonzo Slyfield was placed in charge of the light. Besides his role as lightkeeper, Slyfield also served the local community as a doctor, coroner, and lifesaver. On a frightfully stormy night in June 1854, Keeper Slyfield spied the brigantine J.Y. Scammon near the point. When its anchors failed, the vessel was driven aground. The crew launched a spare spar over the brigantine’s railing to create a slide that allowed those aboard to flee the doomed vessel. Keeper Slyfield waded through the pounding surf to help everyone ashore and later wrote the following about the event: On our return with the shipwrecked crew to the light-house, we found that during my absence I had been blessed by the arrival of an eight-pound blue-eyed boy…and there was indeed a feeling of happiness in the station that night, and I felt satisfied that I had accomplished more that day than on any other day of my previous life. A lifesaving station was completed just south of Point Betsie Lighthouse in 1876 to help mariners who found themselves in trouble in Manitou Passage. This relieved Keeper Slyfield of the need to rescue mariners, but his skill as a doctor was still regularly called upon. When away from the lighthouse, Slyfield left the light in charge of his sons. Thomas Matthews, keeper of the nearby lifesaving station, felt this arrangement interfered with the proper operation of the light, and on April 13, 1880, he noted the following in his daily log: Duty compels met to note on this Journal the very bad way Point Betsey Light has been kept this spring. I do not wish to do A.J. Slyfield any injury, but the light has been neglected so much and my crew so often passing remarks upon the light that I am obliged to make note of it. This morning the patrol see that the light did not revolve and was burning very dim – time 3:30 a.m. Watched it until near five OC, and weather being hazy and many vessels & steamers passing. Surfman LaCore went to the Light House, woked up some boys who were sleeping there who got up and fixed & put the light in running order. The Keeper is in the habit of leaving boys at the light in charge. In September 1881, fifty-six-year-old Alonzo Slyfield wrote a letter to his superiors in which he expressed his desire to retire after twenty-eight years of lightkeeping and have his twenty-two-year-old son Edwin replace him. Though this was an unusual request, Edwin Slyfield was placed in charge of Point Betsie Lighthouse in 1882, even though he was one of the “boys” who Keeper Matthews felt had neglected the light. In 1880, the Annual Report of the Lighthouse Board included the following paragraph, which seemed to foretell an early end to Point Bestie Lighthouse. This is one of the most important lights on Lake Michigan. The present light has never given satisfaction. The tower was built by contract in 1858 and the work was miserably done. A new tower with sufficient height to put the focal plane 100 feet above the lake should be built, and the fourth-order lens should be replaced by a third-order. An appropriation of $40,000 is recommended for this work. The requested steam fog signal was activated on December 31, 1891, after an act earlier that year had provided $5,500 for its construction, and a change in the light came on April 23, 1892, when a new fourth-order lens reduced the period between the light’s white flashes from ninety to ten seconds. The fog signal was housed in a frame building, built 120 feet north of the lighthouse and covered with corrugated iron siding and roofing. A circular iron oil house with a capacity of 300 gallons was also added to the station in 1892. The extra work needed to run the fog signal led to the assignment of an assistant keeper to Point Betsie. The living portion of the lighthouse was renovated in 1895, when an additional six rooms were added to the dwelling, allowing it to be separated into two apartments under a single gambrel roof. The frame kitchen which had been located on the east side of the lighthouse was moved around to the north. On November 3, 1899, the dwelling and tower were painted white with red roofs to provide a better daymark for mariners. Keeper Phil Sheridan, whose service from 1895 to 1917 as head keeper is the longest in the history of the station, was painting the lighthouse tower on October 14, 1914, when the rope supporting the swinging seat he was perched in broke. As Sheridan plummeted thirty-five feet to the ground, his legs struck an iron railing breaking his right leg and crushing his left ankle. An artery in one leg was also severed, but Sheridan recovered to continue his service at Point Betsie. Cecile E. Theile served as a laborer at the station for six months while Keeper Sheridan recuperated. In 1917, Keeper Sheridan and Severin Danielsen, keeper of Chicago Harbor Lighthouse, swapped assignments. Severin, a bachelor, served the final ten years of his thirty-year career at Point Betsie Lighthouse. In 1920, Keeper Danielsen wrote to the Bureau of Public Roads, pleading for improvements to the rough wagon path that ran between Point Betsie and a nearby highway. After waiting a few years, the men at the lighthouse and lifesaving station took matters into their own hands, and, with help from the community, they completed a serviceable road in 1924. When Keeper Danielsen retired in 1928, the lighthouse superintendent in Milwaukee submitted this unique budget request for additional coal for Point Betsie: “The former Keeper being a bachelor heated only one room and it was possible to get along with 24 tons but this Keeper has retired and a Keeper (Charlie Tesnow) with family has been transferred to Point Betsie mainly for the reason that school facilities are available and with a family it will be necessary to heat the quarters.” In 1912, a ten-inch chime whistle, operated by compressed air, replaced the steam fog signal plant at Point Betsie. The following year, the illumination for the light was changed to incandescent oil vapor, increasing the intensity of the light to 55,000 candlepower. The station was electrified in 1921, allowing a type “G” diaphone, which had a sound radius several times that of the air whistle, to be used. A radiobeacon was placed in commission at the station on February 28, 1927. In 1948, the fog signal was changed from a single-toned to a two-toned diaphone. The fog signal was discontinued in late 1973 or early 1974. The lifesaving station at Point Betsie was decommissioned in 1937. The Lighthouse Service looked into using the station as additional housing for the three keepers who were now assigned to Point Betsie, but ultimately the service decided to improve the cramped living quarters at the lighthouse. The lifesaving station was sold into private hands in 1945 and remains standing to this day. Henry J. Lafreniere served as an assistant keeper at Point Betsie from 1918 to 1945. In the early 1940s, a local newspaper reported that Keeper Lafreniere had recently discovered the largest deer track he had ever seen. As he was relating this to a friend, the keeper looked up and saw a group of three does. “They started toward the animals,” the paper said, “and it was not until they got within a few feet of them they discovered that they had tracked down three of the nicest heifers you could imagine.” This tongue-in-cheek account concluded by warning people to be cautious about letting their animals roam the dunes that fall if Keeper Lafreneiere and his friend were “anywhere in the country.” In the fall of 1983, the Coast Guard automated Point Betsie Lighthouse and Sherwood Point Lighthouse, the last two staffed lighthouses on the Great Lakes. Coast Guard personnel continued to live at Point Betsie until the dwelling's heating system failed in 1996, prompting the Coast Guard to relocate its staff to Frankfort. Niel Martinek, one of the two coastguardsmen stationed at the light in 1983, called his assignment “more of a tradition than a job, in many ways.” Both Martinek and Scott Sandy, the commanding officer, enjoyed the extra time they got to spend with their families while stationed at the lighthouse. On June 5, 2004, title to the lighthouse was transferred from the Coast Guard to Benzie County. The county, in turn, immediately leased the property to The Friends of Point Betsie Lighthouse. After writing grants and holding dynamic fund-raisers, the group renovated the exterior of the lighthouse in 2006 at a cost of about $1 million. As part of the renovation, the lighthouse colors were reverted to those more historically accurate: a black lantern, green trim and doors, and a bright red cedar shingled roof. The energetic group restored the fog signal building in 2008, and then embarked on restoring the interior of the lighthouse. The ground floor of the lighthouse now serves as an exhibition area depicting the history of the lighthouse and lifesaving operations at Point Betsie, and the assistant keeper’s quarters is now a two-bedroom apartment available as a vacation rental. During a ceremony held at the lighthouse on June 7, 2010, The Friends of Point Betsie Lighthouse received the Governor’s Award for Historic Preservation, which recognizes key achievements in historic preservation. To cap off their efforts, the group succeeded in having the fourth-order Fresnel lens, which was removed from the tower in 1996 and placed on display at the Sleeping Bear Point Coast Guard Station/Maritime Museum, returned to the lighthouse. Located, naturally, on Point Betsie just beyond the southern end of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. The lighthouse is open on weekends from Memorial Day to Columbus Day. During July and August, the lighthouse is also open on Fridays. For hours, click here. The lighthouse is open on weekends from Memorial Day to Columbus Day. During July and August, the lighthouse is also open on Fridays. For hours, click here. Pictures on this page copyright Kraig Anderson, used by permission.

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The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 106, July 2002 - April, 2003 Page: 442 The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software: Mission San Juan Capistrano, San Antonio, Texas, c. 1920s. Currently, the San Juan Acequia holds the oldest water right in Texas. Built in the early 1730s, the acequia system ceased to function in the middle and late twentieth century after a flood control project relocated the bed of the San Antonio River two hundred feet away from the headgate, cutting off the water supply essential to gravity-flow irrigation. Litigation in the Texas judicial system, followed by collaboration across the set of actors, finally restored water to the headgate in the summer of 2001, preserving a significant element of San Antonio's Hispanic heritage. Jose A. Rivera's article about this legal battle, "Restoring the Oldest Water Right in Texas: The Mission San Juan Acequia of San Antonio," begins on page 367 of this issue. Photograph courtesy the TSHA files. Here’s what’s next. This issue can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document. Citing and Sharing Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding. Reference the current page of this Periodical. Texas State Historical Association. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 106, July 2002 - April, 2003, periodical, 2003; Austin, Texas. (texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101223/m1/510/: accessed June 24, 2017), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Texas State Historical Association.

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How to install and run node.js: The first step is installing node. You can start building node application on any platform! You can download NodeJs from the following URL: https://nodejs.org/en/download/ During this Blog creation version details: Latest LTS Version: v6.11.0 (includes npm 3.10.10) Latest version: v8.6.0 LTS: Long Term Support. Based on your processor size, you can install the Node on your machine. It is good to prefer the latest LTS version of node. ☝☝Question: How I can verify whether the node installed? If you are using windows, Open command prompt and type node -v. Then you will get latest version information of the node installed. if you are Mac or Linux user try the same command in your terminal. ☝☝Question: Installation completed successfully but node -v not working? You need to add C:\Program Files\nodejs(nodejs installation directory it may differ) your PATH environment variable. To do this follow these steps: - Use the global Search Charm to search “Environment Variables” - Click “Edit system environment variables” - Click “Environment Variables” in the dialog. - In the “System Variables” box, search for Path and edit it to include C:\Program Files\nodejs. Make sure it is separated from any other paths by a ;. You will have to restart any currently-opened command prompts before it will take effect. It holds good for mac, and linux, Set PATH command needs to be executed. ☝☝Question: Do I need to install npm? where I can find npm? No, You don’t need to install npm separately. It will be installed during the installation of NodeJS. You can verify it by running npm -v in command prompt. If it fails then you need to check the PATH Environment variable. What is npm? Definition for npm as mentioned in npmjs.org is I believe above definition is not enough to understand about npm. Let me explain about npm in simple terms. npm is used to maintain dependencies of the node application. It is something similar to Maven for Java. Once you start using npm in your application you can able to understand why and how it is used. Please share your comments or questions in the below comment section!!??

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Best, Joel. Stat-Spotting: A Field Guide to Identifying Dubious Data. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008) 144 pp. $19.95. ISBN 1-978-0-520-25746-7. Stat-Spotting is a practical, do-it-yourself manual for detecting questionable claims reported in the media. Using examples drawn mostly from mass media sources, Stat-Spotting provides readers with a number of useful tips for identifying potentially problematic statistics. The author’s skillful analyses and explanations presented in clear and concise prose make Stat-Spotting an ideal guide for anyone who reads a newspaper, watches television, or surfs the Web. In short, everyone. Swingle, Joe. "Review of Stat-Spotting: A Field Guide to Identifying Dubious Data by Joel Best." Numeracy 2, Iss. 2 (2009): Article 7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1936-46220.127.116.11 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License

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[knife, scissors] émoussé (e) , peu tranchant (e) → I can't chop the vegetables with this - it's too blunt. [object] contondant (e) → He had been struck 13 times over the head with a blunt object. [pencil] mal taillé (e) → My pencil's blunt. → He can be quite blunt if he doesn't like someone. He was quite blunt about it. Il n'a pas mâché ses mots. [message, warning, response] carré (e) → His blunt response surprised them. to be blunt ... (=frankly) à dire vrai ..., (pour parler) franchement ... → To be blunt, you are no longer needed here. [+scissors, knife] émousser → You'll blunt the scissors if you use them to cut card. [+appetite, response, impact] émousser → Our appetite was blunted by the beer. → The constant violence has blunted the human response to it. → These problems have undoubtedly blunted the impact of strategic bombing n instrument m contondant → He had been battered to death with a blunt instrument. Translation English - French Collins Dictionary To add entries to your own vocabulary, become a member of Reverso community or login if you are already a member. It's easy and only takes a few seconds: See how “blunt” is translated from English to French with more examples in context - Create your own vocabulary list - Contribute to the Collaborative Dictionary - Improve and share your linguistic knowledge "Collins English French Electronic Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers 2005"

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The Cassini spacecraft spies two types of waves in Saturn's A ring: a spiral density wave on the left of the image and a more pronounced spiral bending wave near the middle. See PIA10501 to learn more about these two kinds of waves. The slight pixelation visible near the brightest and darkest lines is an unavoidable result of the size of the camera's sensor and of image processing. This view looks toward the northern, sunlit side of the rings from about 21 degrees above the ringplane. The image was taken in visible green light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Jan. 11, 2010. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 279,000 kilometers (173,000 miles) from Saturn and at a Sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 18 degrees. Image scale is about 1 kilometer (1 mile) per pixel. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.

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Repetitive strain injuries are common in dentistry. Many dentists and dental hygienists are diagnosed with musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs). Dental experts spend their working days in a static position, having to perform precise procedures in a constrained workspace such as the patient’s mouth. When working alone, the aspiration of saliva and other liquids from a patient´s mouth using traditional aspiration tips introduces ergonomic limitations and difficulties affecting the performance. Typical hand motions known to cause hand pain - Upraised arms and large cervical flexion and rotation ⇒ Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders - Holding the wrist in a non-neutral position. Torque movement of the wrist while the fingers are in a tight pinch grip ⇒ Risk of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and/or De Quervain’s Disease

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Some people have the wrong idea about what proper nutrition is. Sure, eating right has a lot to do with balancing your overall nutrition, but there is a lot more that goes into proper nutrition than simply a few fruits and vegetables mixed in with your diet. This article will explain some great nutrition tips you can use. Put a lot of fiber in your diet. Foods with a lot of fiber in them such as nuts and whole-grains are great. Because the fiber takes a long time to break down in the body, you feel full for longer than with other foods. This way you won't have cravings for junk food as often. Riboflavin is necessary for a healthy diet. Riboflavin acts as a key that releases energy from the foods that we eat. It also helps in transporting iron and aids the metabolism. Riboflavin is found in dairy foods, the same is true in enriched and whole grain products. For cancer prevention, try adding more plants to your daily diet. These are versatile enough to go anywhere from a salad to a soup to a stew to even a smoothie. Try eating green things like lettuce, spinach, broccoli, asparagus and more to get a vast array of nutrients. Also, add things like fruits and nuts for a huge boost to prevent cancer. To understand nutrition better, read about food groups. This is the basis of a healthy diet. Make sure you eat aliments from all these groups everyday in reasonable quantities. The main food groups are carbohydrates, vegetables, fruits, dairy, oils and meats. Learn how to classify aliments according to their groups. One fundamental starting point for good nutrition is to take a daily multivitamin. Although you should not rely on multivitamins for all your nutritional needs, it's helpful to think of a multivitamin as insurance against the nutrients you may not have taken in that day. Also, be aware that multivitamins are available for a wide variety of ages and needs (kids, teens, seniors, prenatal, etc.) and choose one that's right for you. If you are prone to motion sickness when you travel, try using a bit of ginger. You can also purchase the capsule form, which makes it easier to consume. Beginning sixty minutes prior to leaving, take roughly 1,000mg of ginger, repeating the process every third hour. Ginger is great for preventing the https://www.prebiotin.com/prebiotics/prebiotics-vs-probiotics/ stomach aches and nausea often related with traveling. You could even try ginger tea or natural ginger candies. Cholesterol is one of the most damaging things that you can put into your body. Try to eliminate cholesterol from your diet, not only to increase your heart flow but also to improve your mood during the course of the day. Lowering cholesterol reduces toxins in your body, which can play a big role in weight loss. Many dieticians recommend replacing red meats in your diet with fish. If you had tried fish once or twice in the past but really don't see it as something that you could ever eat on a daily basis, remember that there are dozens of different types of fish. Whether you opt for mackerel, mullet, snapper, sardines, or flounder, each kind has its own distinctive flavor and texture. Just because you did not like or two kinds does not mean you will not like probiotics supplement of an angle any of them. You can give any meal a nutritional boost by adding more vegetables to it. If you are eating a sandwich, go ahead and put on some tomatoes, lettuce and other vegetables that would complement it. You can add many different types of frozen vegetables to most casseroles without changing the flavor. Pears are a wonderful source of nutrients. They're conveniently packaged into 100-calorie single servings. They are durable, sweet, and come in a variety of textures including creamy, juicy, and crunchy. They have lots of fiber and potassium. They are a great snack to take the place of potato chips or fries. First eat a lot of fruits and vegetables, then add protein, and eat carbohydrates last. Carbohydrates are important for energy production, but too much can cause weight gain. If you fill up on fruits, vegetables and meat, you will not crave carbs as much. Split your meals up into smaller, more nutritious portions throughout the day. Five or six smaller portions spaced out over the course of a day will render better digestion and keep weight down. Managing your weight can help to prevent hypertension, diabetes and other maladies. This can reduce the cravings for junk food that you may have too. Taking time to sit down and enjoy your meals, whether alone at home or with your friends and family, has definite psychological and nutritional benefits! Forcing yourself to slowly chew every bite aids in digestion and also allows the body to extract and process the nutrients found in the food. A good tip for nutrition that people need to realize is that fat is required for our bodies to function. Do not be scared of an item just because it contains fat. When eaten in moderation, fat can be extremely good for you, as it makes you feel fuller for longer periods of time. Cut back on fat by replacing mayonnaise with avocado. Avocado is an excellent way to moisten dry bread and sandwich components and has a wealth of antioxidant and nutritional power. Avocado also carries a light taste and can be flavored to suit the personality of your sandwich, making it a versatile ingredient in any lunch fare. Senior citizens have different nutritional needs, especially regarding daily caloric intake levels. Women who are over the age of 50, generally should consume 1,600 calories per day, if they are not physically active. Active women over the age of 50 should increase this amount for a daily total of 2,000 calories. Are you a little savvier about nutritional issues? Do you have a much better nutrition plan now? Are you able to incorporate the things you need into your plan now? Are you getting the nutrition you need in your plan? These tips have hopefully helped you developed a better nutrition plan.

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PHL 230 S (winter) INTRODUCTION TO EPISTEMOLOGY Prof. Fred Wilson Room 285, University College Phone: Office: (416) 978-8155 Home: (416) 975-2617 web page: http://individual.utoronto.ca/wilson We all aim to know various things, whether we are physicists or gossips. Some of us even want to know what it is to know. If we have this latter cognitive interest then we are philosophers. Trying to answer the question, what is it to know something? is the task of that branch of philosophy known as epistemology. But as we shall see in this lecture/discussion course, this branch of philosophy cannot easily be separated from others. Thus, to know is to grasp the truth, and if we are to study what it is to know we had better have a sense of what it is for something to be true. Pilate asked, “What is truth?” but he did not stay for an answer. Philosophers are not so fortunate: we must try to give an answer. However, what we say about truth is in good part dependent upon the metaphysics that we defend. So we are led back from epistemology to truth to metaphysics, and only then can we return to knowledge. In the end, epistemology and metaphysics cannot be separated. That means in this course in epistemology will also being doing a good deal of metaphysics. A central figure in our discussions will be Descartes who, in his Meditations on First Philosophy raised the problem of knowledge – how can we possibly know anything at all? And more specifically, how can we know that there are, as one says, things external to us? – explicitly in a metaphysical context. But our explorations will range backwards and forwards from Descartes – backwards to Plato (this is where we will start), and forwards to Russell and Wittgenstein Textbooks: R. Descartes, Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, trans. D. Cress G. Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge, ed. Winkler (Hackett) F. Wilson, PHL230 Reprotext (Canadian Scholars Press, 180 Bloor St., W., 8th floor) Crucial dates: classes start: Jan. 3 Reading week: Feb. 14-18 drop day: Mar. 6 classes end: Apr. 8 exam period: Apr. 18-May 6 Course requirements: There will be two essays, and a final examination during the exam period. Class participation will also be relevant. The two essays will be a shorter first essay, and a longer second essay. The first essay, about 5 pages long, will be on an assigned topic. The second essay will be on a topic that you select. The only requirement is that it be relevant to the course. They will provide you with an opportunity to show off your philosophical talents in a context where you feel you can do best. Whether you have got a grip on the other material in the course will be revealed on the exam. In due course a list of suggested essay topics will be provided. There will also be a two hour final. First essay: about 5 pages: due Feb. 10 Second essay: 10-12 pages: due Apr. 7 Marking scheme: first essay: 25% second essay: 35% final exam: 40% This scheme is not rigid. In particular, if work later in the term is markedly improved over that from earlier in the term, then that improvement will count in the student’s favour. For, after all, it will show that the student has learned something, and the point of taking a course is to learn! But the converse does not hold: while improved grades will up to a certain extent be rewarded, apparently declining grades will not be penalized. Furthermore, the lecturer will assume that an absolutely disastrous grade on an essay is a mark of the student not having understood the assignment. Under those circumstances the student will have the opportunity of re-writing the essay. Jan. 4-6, Reprotext, Part I Jan. 11-13: Reprotext, Part II Being and Knowledge (scientia): Top Half of the Divided Line Jan. 18-20: ditto Jan. 25-27: Descartes, Meditations; Reprotext, Part III, secs. 13-17 Montaigne and the Cartesian defence of knowledge as scientia Feb. 1-3: ditto Feb. 8-10: Berkeley, Principles, Reprotext, Part III, secs. 19-21 Bayle and Berkeley’s response Feb. 10: First Essay Due [ Feb. 15-17 – reading week ] Feb. 22-24: more Berkeley Mar. 1-3: Reprotext, Part IV, secs., 29-34 Mar. 6, Drop day Mar. 8-10: ditto Mar. 15-17: Reprotext, Part V Justified true belief: Opinion and knowledge on the bottom half of the divided line Mar. 22-24: Ditto Mar. 29-31: Reprotext, Part VI Is it required that we prove we are sitting in chairs? Apr. 5 -7: Ditto – review [ Apr. 7: Second essay due ] [ Apr. 18-May 6: Exam period ]

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Also known as a digraph, a graph in which each edge is replaced by a directed edge, indicated by an arrow. A directed graph having no multiple edges or loops is called a simple directed graph. A complete graph in which each edge is bidirected is called a complete directed graph. A directed graph having no symmetric pair of directed edges (i.e., no bidirected edges) is known as an oriented graph. A complete oriented graph (i.e., a directed graph in which each pair of vertices is joined by a single edge having a unique direction) is called a tournament or tour. Related category GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact

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Abydos in the Old Kingdom Abydos has been a pilgrimage site since the Old Kingdom. Osiris came to Abydos in the fifth dynasty. Before that, we were the center for Khentiamentiu, "Foremost of the Westerners." In those days, the Old Kingdom to the First Intermediate Period, the city was south of Khentiamentiu's temple and cult buildings. In the sixth dynasty, Teti (2345-2333) made a decree exempting the temple in Abydos from tax. Also in the sixth dynasty, Pepi I (2332-2283) ordered buildings in Abydos and married two women, both named Ankhenesmerire, who were daughters of Khui, a noble from our town. Khui's son Djau became vizier to Pepi I's son Merenre, and Pepi II. Clayton, Peter A. (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. New York: Thames and Hudson. Grimal, Nicolas. (1992, 1994). A History of Ancient Egypt. New York: Barnes and Noble. Manley, Bill. (1996). The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt. NY: Penguin Putnam, Inc. Shaw, Ian. (Ed.) (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. NY: Oxford University Press. Go to Abydos To the Eighth Nome

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Any of a group of hereditary hemolytic diseases caused by faulty hemoglobin synthesis, widespread in Mediterranean, African, and Asian countries. Más ejemplos en oraciones - The blood dyscrasias that most commonly lead to leg ulceration are sickle cell disease, thalassaemia, thrombocythaemia, and polycythaemia rubra vera. - Bone marrow transplantation may be considered in some cases of sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and aplastic anemia. - In recent years, sickle cell disease and thalassaemia, both conditions largely confined to ethnic minorities, have gained increasing recognition by the white dominated health services in the United Kingdom. 1930s: from Greek thalassa 'sea' (because the diseases were first known around the Mediterranean) + -emia. Definición de thalassemia en: - el diccionario Inglés británico e internacional

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Mário Martins, a Brazilian writer, states that the inscription originates from the motto of the Jesuit order: "Work as if everything depended on you, and trust as if everything depended on God." Despite being an unusual color in heraldry, rose was used by the creators of the flag in order to represent a shade found in the capixaba sky, which, during summer afternoons, presents changing shades of pink mixed with sky blue. The Espírito Santo flag dates from 1908 but was adopted officially on 24 April 1947 by Governor Carlos Fernando Montero Lindemberg. The blue and rose are the official colors of the state, instituted by Jerónimo Monteiro on 7 September 1909. Apparently they were the colors of an abolitionist club, as well as those of the dress of the Virgin of the Victory, patron of the capital of the state. The blue represents smoothness and harmony, the white peace, and the rose rejoicing and happiness. The words Trabalha e Confia (Work and Trust [in God]) are attributed to Governor Monteiro. They have to have their origin in his religious training with the Association of São Luis do Itu (São Paulo), directed by the fathers of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by St. Ignatius Loyola. A diagram signed (apparently by the then governor and referring to the original Decree) in March 1982 indicates the flag has overall proportions 7:10, however, from the diagram we may note that the stripes are in proportions of 9-10-9 rather than even, with the motto contained within an imaginary rectangle equal to 11/20 of flag length across by 6/10 of the central stripe high. The exact colors still remain slightly conjectural, none-the-less. The flag at http://www.vexilla-mundi.com/brazil_divisions.html is based on a photo of a flag in actual use and the shades are rather brighter than we show? That seems odd--the 1947 decree-law on the flag said "A bandeira do Estado terá as dimensões estabelecidas para a bandeira nacional, em três campos - azul, branco e rosa - retangulares, longitudinais e iguais..." (The flag of the State will have the dimensions established for the national flag, in three fields - blue, white, and pink - rectangular, longitudinal, and equal." I wonder why they'd go from equal to unequal, other than perhaps to satisfy the Brazilian impulse to give flag dimensions in "modules". Having a hoist equal to 28 modules would allow stating the fly as exactly 40, but then it would seem just as easy to state the hoist as 7+7+7 with the fly equal to 30. Perhaps the math for the arc and the height of the letters ends up in fractions that way? The official diagram gives the overall proportions as 14 modules by 20 modules, then stripes in ridiculous proportions of 4.5 modules, 5 modules and 4.5 modules, with 1.5 modules at the top of bottom of the lettering and 4.5 modules at the hoist and at the fly.

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Short-term exercise or activity in which muscle fibers derive contractile energy from stored internal compounds without the use of oxygen from the blood. These compounds include ATP, CP, and Glycogen. Examples are sprinting, weightlifting. Anaerobic means without oxygen. It is the opposite of aerobic exercise. - ↑ Donche, Dan (2008). FF Trainer Certification Guide. USA: Fatal Fitness.

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Difference between "lors (de)" and "pendant", and their usages I have been learning French for a couple of years, and one thing that I have been confused about is when to use "lors de" and "pendant". Both mean "while/during", though, "pendant" can mean "through/for", too. I encountered a sentence on Lingvist that said this: Nous nous sommes rencontrés lors de vacances. It was a fill-in-the-blank situation where the "lors de" wasn't shown. I typed "pendant" and that obviously was the wrong answer. So, in what context or situation would you use "lors de" as opposed to "pendant" and vice versa? By the way, I apologize if this is a ridiculous question. ^ ^ This article explains it Quote from article : LORS DE' VERSUS 'PENDANT' ('DURING') Be careful not to confuse the prepositions lors de and pendant. They can both be translated by "during," but lors de refers to a single moment in time, while pendant indicates a duration of time. The two can often be used interchangeably, but they have slightly different meanings. "Lors de" refers to a singular moment in time usually, whereas "pendant" is usually used to refer to more connected periods of time. "Lors de" is supposed to be affiliated with a single instant in time while "pendant" is similarly used for lengths of time. For example, "lors du commencement de son entrainement" would be better than "pendant le commencement de son entrainement" because the "commencement" or "start" of something is easily definable as a single instant in time. I hope this helps :) It's not a ridiculous question. I had to take a sheet of paper and write out the differences (from the article @Qiunnn mentions) between quand/lorsque, quand, lorsque/alors que/tandis que, and pendant. I keep it close by while studying. One I wish she had covered is "dès que" which is "as soon as" but could also be translated as "when". - Dès que tu entends la cloche, cours!

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The kernel is the core of any operating system and is responsible for managing system resources. Broadly, the Linux kernel can be of two types. Monolithic kernels: This is a single executable file in which all the modules are part of the kernel. In order to add anything to the existing kernel, developers have to rebuild the complete kernel and add the new functions. Modular kernels: Modular kernels provide developers an option to add new functionality to the existing kernel by plugging the new code, also known as ‘modules’ at run time. In this article, let’s explore how to write a simple pluggable kernel module for the Linux kernel. What are kernel modules? Kernel modules are pieces of code, which can be loaded and unloaded from a kernel, on demand. A Linux Kernel Module (LKM) can be added at run time without even requiring a reboot or even a rebuild of the running kernel. The LKM will have a .ko extension. The LKM will act as the interface between a user space application and the Linux kernel. Any request to access the hardware from an application goes via the LKM to the kernel, and then to the actual hardware (see Figure 1). To know the list of modules running in a Linux kernel you can use the ‘lsmod’ command, which actually gives the list of running modules at that point of time, by reading ‘/proc/modules’ as shown in Figure 2. Kernel modules can be broadly categorised as character, block or network modules. Kernel module management commands insmod <module-name>: This command is to insert the new module into the kernel lsmod: This lists the modules that are currently loaded in the kernel modinfo <module-name>: This is to get complete information about the module rmmod <module-name>: This command is to remove the module from the kernel modprobe <module-name>: This works the same as insmod but it uses ‘Module Stacking’ to load any module that is required to load the current module. modprobe r <module>: To remove the module from the kernel dmesg: Shows the contents of the kernel ring buffer For an example of how to use module management commands, please refer to Figure 3. Now let’s understand the concepts we used to write the above module. hello_init(): This is called when the module is inserted into the kernel using insmod. This function gets invoked by the ‘module_init’ macro. The init function is responsible for registering the module with the kernel. hello_exit(): This function is called when the module is removed from the kernel using rmmod. This function gets invoked by the ‘module_exit’ macro. This function removes and cleans up the inserted module. Macros module_init (hello_init) & Module_init (hello_exit): Using these macros, programmers can give user defined names to the init and cleanup functions. These macros are defined in <linux/init.h>. Printk: In kernel module programming, ‘printk’ is used to print kernel messages in to the kernel logs. Printk messages are linked to the priority associated with them. For all behavioural purposes, we use ‘printk’ in kernel module programming much as we use ‘printf’ in user level C programs. Compiling and building the module Use a makefile to compile and build the sample helloworld module. Refer the Figure 5, where the makefile for this module is written. Use the ‘make’ command to compile and build the helloworld kernel module program. The ‘make’ command console output screenshot is shown in Figure 6. Once the module is compiled and built using make, the ‘module.ko (helloworld.ko)’ will be created. Insert and remove the sample helloworld kernel module Now that we have the helloworld.ko file, insert this module into or remove it from the kernel by using the insmod/rmmod commands. Please refer the Figure 7 for this. Passing run time arguments to the module As with any other program, run time arguments can be passed to the kernel module also, as follows: module_param (str, int, S_IRUGO) macro is used str name of the variable int type of the variable S_IRUGO permission flag Figure 8 shows the sample output of passing runtime arguments for the helloworld kernel module. The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/lkmpg.pdf

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More people are looking to exercise to promotetheir psychological well-beingMany researchers, clinicians, and laypeople haveobserved that physical activity enhancesfeeling of well-being, in particular byreducing anxiety and depression.Landers,1999; Landers & Arent,2001 –Exercise is related to decreases in anxietyand depression as well as to increases infeeling of general well-being The mental health problems anxiety depressionThe effects of exercise on anxiety and depression can be classified as acute chronic Acute effects refer to immediate and possibly, but not necessarily, temporary effects arising from a single bout of exercise Long term or chronic effects of exercise has focused on changes over time in both anxiety and depression. EXERCISE IN THE REDUCTION OF ANXIETY Reductions in state Exercise training is Longer training anxiety and particularly effectiveprograms are more depression after for individuals who effective than aerobic exercise have elevated levels shorter ones in may be achieved of anxiety, but itproducing positive with exercise reduces anxiety changes in well- intensities between even for people with being 30%-70% of low levels of anxiety maximal heart rate EXERCISE IN THE REDUCTION OF ANXIETY State anxiety Reductions in returns to anxiety are notAll durations pre-exercise Exercise is necessarily of exercise anxiety levels associated with tied to thesignificantly within 24 reductions in physiological reduced hours (maybe muscle tension gains resulting anxiety as quickly as from the 4-6 hours) exercise bout EXERCISE IN THE REDUCTION OF ANXIETY The anxiety Aerobic exercise reduction can produce Anxiety reduction following anxiety after exercise exercise occurs reductions similar occurs for allregardless of the in magnitude to types of intensity, those with other participantsduration, or type commonly used of exercise anxiety treatment The positive effects are seen across agegroups, health status, race, socioeconomicstatus, and gender Exercise is as effective as psychotherapy in reducing depression Exercise produces larger antidepressant effects when the training program is at least 9 weeks long Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise are associated with reductions in depression Reductions in depression following exercise do not depend on fitness levels. • Mood can be MOOD defined as a host of transient, fluctuating • is generally affective states defined as a state that can be of emotional or positive or affective arousal negative of varying, impermanentBerger, Pargman, & duration Weinberg, (2002) • The existence of changes in Biddle, (2000) positive mood states related to exercise • They are more likely to use exerciseThayer, Newman, & rather than other techniques to McClain, (1994) energize themselves • showed increases in positive mood Hansen, Stevens, states with as little as 10 minutes of and Coast (2001) moderate exercise Giacobbi, • Exercise improved positive moodHausenblas, & Frye, regardless of the number of negative and positive events in a given day (2005) Rhythmic abdominal breathing Relative absence ofDuration, interpersonalintensity, competitionfrequency GUIDELINES FOR USING EXERCISE TO ENHANCE MOODenjoyment Closed and predictable Rhythmic and activities repetitive movements PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS EXPLANATIONS Increase in cerebral blood Enhanced feeling of controlflow Feeling of competency andChanges in brain self-efficacyneurotransmitters ( e.g., Positive social interactionsnorepine phrine, endorphins, Improved self-concept andserotonin) self-esteemIncrease in maximal oxygen Opportunities for fun andconsumption and delivery of enjoymentoxygen to celebral tissuesReductions in muscletensionStructural changes in thebrain Exercise Higher levels of self confidence, greater feeling of control, improved imagination, and a greater sense of self-sufficiency. Regular exercise has been show to be related to increased self-esteem. It is believed that changes in the body as a result of physical fitness training can alter one’s body image and thus enhance self concept and self esteem. Hardiness personally style that enables person to withstand or cope with stressful situations. Have 3 traits : ◦ A sense of personal control over external events ◦ A sense of involvement, commitment and purpose in daily life. ◦ The flexibility to adapt to unexpected changes by perceiving them as challenges or opportunity for further growthExercise can help protect against stressrelated illness, especially for hardy people Motor development is important to the development of inteligence in children (Piaget, 1936) Chronic exercise, in comparison with acute exercise, showed greater effects on cognitive performance. Exercise programs conducted over longer periods of time are associated with gains in cognitive functioning. Fitness training had beneficial effects on the cognitive functioning of older adults. Fitness training combined with strength and flexibility had a greater positive effect on cognition than fitness training with only an aerobic component Exercise effects on cognition were largest when exercise training exceeded 30 minutes per session. Cardiovascular exercise appears to protect the brain and help repair or restore the aged brain. Quality of life one’s behavioral functioning ability, or being able to “do every stuff” and living long enough to do it. Active individuals tend to be better health, report more stamina, have more positive attitudes toward work, and report a greater ability to cope with stress and tension. Small increase in sleep. Greater life satisfaction. Exercise programs contribute to a person’s quality of life by influencing affects, perceived stress, physical health, and life satisfaction. Euphoria, spiritually, power, gracefulness, effortless movement, a glimpse of perfection, and spinning out.( Sach 1984 & Berger 1996 ) euphoric sensation, usually UNEXPECTED, of heightened wee-being, an appreciation of nature, and the trancesdence of time and space. Cant reliably predicted but is facilitated by the presence of few distractions and cool, calm weather with low humidity. Not concern with pace and time Endorphins were produced during running. Activated when people are involved in romantic love or listening to music. The greater euphoria, the higher the levels of endorphins found in the brain. To be a useful adjunct to traditional psychotherapy, but does not replace therapy especially in patients who have a clinical disorder. Popular because they provide a natural, practical, inexpensive, and time efficient adjunct to traditional psychoterapies. SHOULD NOT USE for : ◦ Obese ◦ severe heart desease ◦ Those with high blood pressure that cannot be controlled by medication

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- characterized by ease in bending the body; supple; lithe. synonyms: lithe, supple, nimble, lissome, flexible, fit, agile, acrobatic, loose-jointed, loose-limbed - bending readily; flexible; pliant. - The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. synonyms:automation, mechanization, applied science, high tech, machinery, computers, software - Machinery, devices and software developed from scientific knowledge. - Technology of interest to LimberTech; e.g., ASP.NET, Rails, web development, SQL Server, raspberry pi, network security... - Materials associated with LimberTech.

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Fats play essential roles in your health. Some types of fat molecules, such as cholesterol, help maintain your body's hormone balance while other types, such as triglycerides, provide a source of energy. However, high levels of fatty triglycerides in your bloodstream pose a health risk. The excess fat molecules contribute to the formation of fatty plaques on the walls of your arteries, increasing your risk of stroke, heart attack or arterial rupture. Diet has an effect on your triglyceride levels, and specific nutrients help lower the level of these fats in your bloodstream. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Eating omega-3 fatty acids, a type of essential unsaturated fat, helps lower blood triglyceride levels. Individuals who eat a diet rich in these fats enjoy improved cardiovascular health, according to the Linus Pauling Institute. In addition to lower triglyceride levels, omega-3 fatty acids help lower total blood cholesterol and decrease the risk of coronary heart disease. Eat foods rich in the DHA and EPA omega-3 fatty acids -- the types found in fatty fish and fish oil -- to reduce your triglycerides. The ALA form of omega-3 fatty acids found in walnuts, flax and chia does not lower triglyceride levels. Pantethine, a chemical derivative of vitamin B5, can also benefit those with high triglycerides. Taking supplements containing this nutrient helps reduce blood triglycerides and cholesterol levels, helping to reduce the risk of heart disease. However, the role of dietary vitamin B5 in lowering triglycerides is not yet well understood, and simply consuming foods that contain the vitamin might not lower your triglycerides. If you're interested in taking pantethine to lower blood triglyceride levels, talk to your physician. Boost your intake of chromium, a essential mineral, to help maintain healthy triglyceride levels. Although your body contains chromium in only trace amounts, the nutrient plays an important role in the health of your blood. Chromium deficiency increases your blood triglycerides, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center, and also increases your risk of diabetes and heart disease. Consume whole-grain bread, baker's yeast, cheese and organ meats as sources of chromium. While consuming specific nutrients helps lower blood triglycerides, simply eating a healthy diet might not control triglycerides in all individuals. Consuming chromium-rich foods, for example, may not significantly lower your triglyceride levels if you engage in other behaviors that increase trigylcerides. Limit your intake of alcohol -- it increases blood trigylceride levels. Avoid a sedentary lifestyle, since engaging in regular exercise can lower triglyceride levels. Finally, keep in mind that your genetics help dictate your predisposition to high triglyceride levels. If you have a family history of high triglycerides or high cholesterol, talk to your doctor about how best to deal with high triglycerides. - Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images

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The Martin M-130 was capable of landing on water, making it possible to extend commercial air flight to locations without runways. |Date||July 28, 1938| |Summary||Disappeared over water| |Site||western Pacific Ocean | Last sighted at Coordinates: |Aircraft type||Martin M-130| |Operator||Pan American World Airways| |Flight origin||San Francisco| Pan American initiated trans-Pacific airmail service on 22 November 1935, and began carrying passengers in October 1936. The flying boat service between San Francisco Bay and Manila Bay required about 60 hours of flying time over six days, with intermediate stops at Pearl Harbor, Midway Atoll, Wake Island, and Guam. Hawaii Clipper departed Guam on the last leg of the westbound journey at 11:39 local time on 28 July 1938. The last radio contact was 3 hours 27 minutes later, when the aircraft reported flying through layers of clouds and moderately rough air 565 miles from the Philippine coast. The US Army transport ship USAT Meigs found an oil slick along the course of the lost aircraft about 500 miles from Manila, took samples, and stood by to investigate. Search for the plane was called off on August 5, 1938. Later tests on the oil samples collected by Meigs indicated no connection with the aircraft. Modern reviews of the events and oil sampling techniques have led some to conclude the test of oil from the tropical Pacific compared to samples from San Francisco were not conclusive in ruling out a link with a slick found close to the last estimated position allowing for ocean currents. Hawaii Clipper was the first of the initial three long-range flying boats to be lost. It was the worst Pacific airline accident at the time, although fatalities were higher when the other two Martin M-130 flying boats crashed later. The Philippine Clipper crash of 1943 killed 19, and 23 were killed when China Clipper crashed in 1945. Some believe that the Hawaii Clipper was hijacked by the Japanese military and taken to Truk Lagoon in the Federated States of Micronesia where the passengers and crew were executed, after which the Clipper was taken to Japan to be reverse engineered. A group of investigators, including former Naval Intelligence officers, have traveled to Truk in search of evidence. - Klaás, MD (December 1989). "Clipper Across the Pacific, Part One". Air Classics. 25 (12): 20. - AP News (30 July 1938). "Telltale Surface on Ocean Found by Transport Meigs" (pdf). The Sun. wordpress.com. Retrieved 28 December 2011. - "Aviation Safety Network". 10 October 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2010. - "The CAA Investigation". lostclipper. Retrieved 28 December 2011. - Myhre, Jon F (16 February 2013). "The Hawaii Clipper – A Revised Estimate" (PDF). Archived from the original (pdf) on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. - Aviation Safety Network October 23, 2006, URL retrieved on 9 June 2011 - "The Lost Clipper". The Lost Clipper. Retrieved 2018-10-20.

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In civil engineering, studies in hydrology are conducted in connection with the design, construction and operation of hydraulic engineering systems and water management functions. These studies focus on topics such as seepage and flow of water in the soil and the use of groundwater resources. HM 165 can be used to study seepage and groundwater flows after precipitation. Variable precipitation density and areas and different groundwater supply and drain possibilities allow a wide variety of experiments. HM 165 contains a closed water circuit with storage tank and pump. The core element is a sand-filled, stainless steel experiment tank with inclination adjustment. To study precipitation, a precipitation device is available. The precipitation device consists of two groups of four nozzles. Water can flow in (groundwater) or out (drainage) via two chambers on the side. The experiment tank is separated from the chambers by fine mesh screens. To study the lowering of groundwater, two wells with open seam tubes are available. Water supply and water drain can be opened and closed, thus allowing a wide variety of experimental conditions. At the bottom of the experiment tank there are measuring connections to detect groundwater levels, which are displayed on 19 tube manometers. The water supply is controlled by a valve and read on a flow meter. The water drain is determined by a measuring weir.

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Delaware National Resources Inventory Delaware 2007 National Resources Inventory Phil King, Acting Assistant State Phone: (302) 6856-3990 The 2007 National Resources Inventory (NRI) is the latest in a series of inventories conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). It provides updated information on the status, condition, and trends of land, soil, water, and related resources on the nation's non-Federal land. The 2007 NRI provides nationally consistent data for the 25-year period 1982-2007. The NRI survey program is scientifically based, employing recognized statistical sampling methods. The 2007 NRI was conducted by NRCS in cooperation with Iowa State University’s Center for Survey Statistics and Methodology (ISU-CSSM), which serves as the NRI Statistical Unit providing statistical and survey methods support for the NRI survey program. Significant findings for 2007 are as follows: • The state of Delaware covers 1,533,500 acres; nearly 19% is water, two percent is Federal land, and the remaining non-Federal land covers 1,212,300 acres, or 79% of the state. • Non-Federal rural lands are predominantly cropland (420,000 acres), forest land (339,000 acres), other rural land (135,000 acres) and pastureland (37,400 acres). Delaware - 2007 Land Use Land • Cropland acreage declined by 105,100 acres, from 525,600 acres in 1982 to 420,500 acres in 2007. Approximately 68 percent (66,000 acres) of the reduction in cropland acreage is due to urban development, with the remainder from conversion to pasture (16,300 acres), other rural uses (9,700 acres), or forest (4,800 acres). • Delaware's average erosion rates on cropland remained about the same from 1982. Rates of sheet and rill erosion on cropland declined from 2.04 tons of soil per acre per year in 1982 to 1.96 tons in 2007. Delaware Major Land Use Land Cover Changes 1982-2007; Delaware Land Use Land Cover Breakdown in 5-year Intervals • About 121,300 acres of land were newly developed between 1982 and 2007, bringing the total to about 255,900 acres; that represents a 90 percent increase. This means that nearly one half of all land that has ever been developed in Delaware was developed during the last quarter century. • About 40 percent (or 370,600 acres) of the non-Federal rural land base in Delaware is classified as prime farmland. This represents a loss of 64,900 acres of prime farmland since 1982; most of this loss was due to development. Delaware Prime Farmland

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Sucrose is a sugar, a simple carbohydrate, found naturally in many fruits and vegetables. It can also be extracted from sugar cane and sugar beets, refined, and sold as white granulated sugar, which you can use in cooking. While sucrose does have some functions in the body, it also has some negative effects. Your body uses sucrose as fuel for energy, like it uses other, more complex carbohydrates. During digestion, your body breaks down carbohydrates like starch, fiber and sucrose into the sugar molecule glucose. When glucose enters your intestines, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and then taken into your body’s cells, where it is converted into energy. Naturally occurring sucrose, like that found in fruit, is not necessarily bad for you. However, a diet high in sugar can have negative effects on your body. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, sucrose can cause tooth decay because it fuels the bacteria that produce the plaque that causes cavities. Eating sucrose and other sugary foods can raise your risk of cavities and other dental problems. In addition, sucrose and other sugars are frequently added to processed foods to enhance flavor, increasing the calories but not the actual nutrients. This can lead to weight gain, particularly when these kinds of processed foods provide the bulk of your diet. The amount of sucrose you consume when eating fruits and vegetables is not usually excessive, but you do need to be careful when eating foods with added sucrose, especially sweets and processed foods. According to the American Heart Association, women should limit their intake of added sucrose and other sugars to fewer than 100 calories a day, or around 6 teaspoons. Men should consume no more than 150 calories from added sucrose, or around 9 teaspoons. You can easily cut down on sucrose by using other sweeteners as substitutes for sugar. For example, instead of using white sugar in their morning cup of coffee, some people use aspartame or Splenda, two no-calorie sweeteners approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Many products that are typically high in added sugar, like soft drinks and ice cream, offer no-sucrose versions sweetened with a no-calorie sweetener. However, do not skimp on your fruits and vegetables just because they contain sucrose, as they are major sources of the vitamins and minerals you need to be healthy.

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Imagine a bungee jumper dropping from a high cliff. When he reaches the point where the rope is just about to be stretched we can say he has reached his max. velocity. Then the rope will be stretched and when it has reached its maximum deformation, the jumper will "bounce" up and again make the rope stretch, this time a smaller distance. My question is: if I want to calculate the constant, k, of the rope, I think I should use the Hooke's equation, where F=kx, where F is going to be the jumper's mass times g, and x is the maximum deformation of the rope. However...when the jumper stretches the rope for a second time, "x" is going to be smaller, but of course the jumper's weight is the same. So it is obvious that something extra needs to be put into the equation to account for the speed the jumper had when he first dropped and stretched the rope. How do you correctly calculate k?? Thanks in advance.

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Did you know that data preparation is considered one of the most important and time-consuming steps in data exploration and analysis? If you could spend some time for proper planning of this process in the very beginning, it can save you time later and help get the relevant insights. Data preparation is the process of shaping your data for analysis. It involves collecting, modeling, trimming, and combining data into one dataset. The goal is to provide data that can be easily consumed and analyzed in data visualizations tools and applications. Here is a summary of the essential points you should consider before jumping to the actual data preparation process. Get a List of Business Questions You need to figure out what are the potential questions important for your business that your data needs to answer. Outline what KPIs need to be measured, which metrics are essential, and which can be omitted. Determine the target audience that will be consuming the data and which aspects can influence the decision-making process. Determine if you need to access the data in real-time, how frequently the data is changing, and how often you and your users will access the reports. Understanding business needs will help you understand and map your data. Discover Data Sources in Your Organization Familiarize yourself with the data source types in your company. Those could be Excel spreadsheets, CSV files, various databases, servers, sources in the cloud, and so on. Pay attention to the following data source aspects: - Ensure you can obtain all the permissions needed to access and query the data. - Determine which data is needed to support the analysis: all the data in a specific source for the detailed analysis, or only some tables or columns that bring value. This can improve performance. Consider using just a part of a dataset that is useful for answering business questions. - Examine the data structure and tables in each data source. - Check if your data preparation tool can connect to your organization’s data sources. Assess Data Sources Readiness Majority of the data we have nowadays is not modeled for business user’s needs or self-service consumption. Thus, very often data needs transformations, alterations, and improvements before it can be consumed effectively. To produce good results, data should be of high quality, easy to find, understand, and interact with. Pay attention to the following data quality aspects: - Examine data for accuracy, check if it is consistent and current. - The same types of fields use the same format (for example, dates, currency, and locations). - Look for trends, outliers, exceptions, and missing information. - Check if your data preparation tool can perform data profiling, data cleansing, missing value imputation, and other data transformations and calculations to make this process smooth. Combine and Enrich the Data Data preparation is almost always about combining different data sources from different locations with various structures and different data quality to add depth to the data and to enrich it. Thus, if you have different data sources, you will need to shape the data by linking related fields in different tables and sources: - Understand the relationship that appears after the fields are connected. These relationships establish the types of questions your analysis will be able to answer. - Consider the possibility of adding other data sources and make changes to the data model if needed. - Check what type of files and databases your data preparation tool can join and how flexible it is if you want to add more data sources to the dataset. Publish Your Data Most data integration tools copy the data into a target data store such as a data warehouse or a data lake. This approach works if you do not need to query the data live. More advanced data integration solutions provide real time access through data virtualization and high-performance caching capabilities. Pay attention to the following aspects: - Real-time data access requirements and frequency of changes in the data - Software and hardware needed to work with the amount of data you have Verify the Results on a Sample Preparing large datasets can be very time consuming. Consider starting with a sample of your data for exploratory data preparation and verifying the results: - Visualizations make sense on a general level. - Measures and dimensions are the right ones for answering your business questions. - Ensure that calculation results obtained in the original data coincide with the calculation results in your visualization tool. Taking the time to evaluate the data sources will save considerable time later during analysis and help produce relevant insights. So, invest your time in planning and developing an effective data preparation approach. Check out DataClarity data preparation capabilities that allows real-time access to any data source from anywhere without movement or replication. You can easily prepare and manage trusted virtual datasets using disparate data sources from multiple systems, locations, and technologies. Moreover, you can make data instantly available for consumption in any application, business intelligence, or analytics tool, and much more. To learn more about how to use data and analytics for competitive advantage, please visit DataClarity Analytics and Data Science microsite.

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"How Doctors Think" (Reviewed by Mary Whipple APR 23, 2007) "A study of one hundred incorrect diagnoses found that inadequate medical knowledge was the reason for error in only four instances. The doctors didn't stumble because of their ignorance of clinical facts; rather, they missed diagnoses because they fell into cognitive traps. Such errors produce a distressingly high rate of misdiagnosis. As many as 15 percent of all diagnoses are inaccurate…." This alarming statistic introduces Dr. Jerome Groopman's compelling analysis of how doctors think—and what this means for patients seeking diagnoses. Groopman is a conscientious man and rigorous thinker, and he remembers and continues to ponder every misdiagnosis he's ever made—as, he says, do many other doctors. Curious about how one doctor misses a diagnosis which another doctor gets, he interviews many specialists in different fields, most of them prominent physicians in the Boston area, analyzing the ways they approach patients, how they gather information about these patients, how much they may credit or discredit the previous medical histories and diagnoses of these patients, how they deal with symptoms which may not fit the particular diagnosis they want to make, and how they arrive at a final conclusion about what the patient's problem really is. Throughout, he considers the doctors' time constraints, the pressures on them to see a certain number of patients each day, the limitations on tests which are imposed by insurance companies or by hospitals themselves, and the many options there may be for treating a single disease. He is sympathetic, both toward the patient and the physician, and, because he himself has had medical problems, he is able to use his own experience to add insight into the problem of how physicians (and patients) think. Groopman opens with the case of a woman in her thirties who had been suffering for fifteen years with the inability to process food. Diagnosed with anorexia, bulimia, hypochondria, and/or irritable bowel syndrome, the patient weighed eight-two pounds, at this point, and suffered from osteoporosis, perilously low red blood cell count, low platelet count, low immune system (and had had meningitis), broken bones, and depression. Though she insisted that she was following her doctor's instructions to consume at least 3000 calories a day, she continued to lose weight, and her physicians no longer believed her assertions. Her new doctor ignored all this past history, asking the patient to describe her illness from the beginning. In listening to her and in "starting fresh," this doctor saved her life. She had celiac disease, an allergy to gluten in the pasta and breadstuffs she was required to eat as part of her 3000 calories a day. This possibility had never before been explored. Stories like this abound here. Groopman analyzes the uses and misuses of clinical decision trees and algorithms, used by many doctors and hospitals to enable them to see probabilities and make decision-making more efficient in diagnosis. He recognizes that this Bayesian analysis can sometimes constrain physicians, making them think "inside the box," but this kind of evidence-based medicine can be very efficient. Patients, however, are complex human beings who think and feel, and sometimes it is necessary for a doctor to depart from the algorithm and obey intuition. Recognizing when the physician is "winging it," however, depending too much on intuition and too little on evidence, is a recognized challenge for both patients and other physicians. The "bravado" of the physician can also interfere with treatment, sometimes, as can the tendency for a doctor to look for and find a result which s/he then believes "satisfies the search." Ultimately, Groopman focuses on language as the key to diagnosis, showing that when patients and physicians can communicate and truly share information, they have a better chance to come to correct diagnoses and appropriate treatments. Doctors and patients who have similar personalities tend to communicate and understand each other better, he says, and no patient should ever simply accept a diagnosis until the physician can explain effectively why it is the best or only explanation for his/her problem. The success of Groopman's book attests to the need for discussion of these issues between doctors and patients, but I found this book unsettling. I am not sure to what extent Groopman realizes the difficulty patients have in finding ideal doctors who may be like them in personality, thinking, and communication styles. Most of us are referred to specialists by our primary care physicians (some of whom we see only once a year and do not know very well), and we have no way of interviewing several specialists to find the one who suits us best. We take the appointment with the specialist our primary care physician has picked for us, or the one who has the earliest available appointment, even when that specialist turns out to be completely different from us in style and temperament--s/he is an expert, and we need an expert. With considerable waiting time to see specialists, the patient with an urgent problem may have fewer choices than Groopman seems to think s/he has in finding the ideal physician. We can all try, but ultimately, we must all hope that our own diagnosis is not among the problem 15%. - Amazon readers rating: from 191 reviews (back to top) Bibliography: (with links to Amazon.com) - The Measure of Our Days: A Spiritual Exploration of Illness (1997) - Second Opinions: 8 Clinical Dramas Intuition Decision Making Front Lines (2000) - The Anatomy of Hope: How People Prevail in the Face of Illness (2003) - How Doctors Think (March 2007) Movies from Books (sort of): - Gideon's Crossing (back to top) - Official website for Dr. Jerome Groopman - US News interview with Jerome Groopman - An excerpt from The Anatomy of Hope - The New York Times review of How Doctors Think with first chapter - The New Yorker review of How Doctor Think (back to top) About the Author: Dr. Jerome Groopman received his BA and MD fro Columbia College and did his internship and residency in internal medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital. He then did fellowships in hematology and oncology at the University of California and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute a the Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts. Much of Groopman's research is focused on the basic mechanisms of cancer and AIDS. He teaches at the Harvard Medical School and is chief of experimental medicine at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. He has published more than 150 scientific articles. He is also a staff writer at The New Yorker and has written editorials on policy issues for the New Republic, the Washington Post, and The New York Times.

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The School of Engineering is housed in six buildings on the University campus. Carrier Hall, located on the main circle of University buildings, contains the departments of Civil Engineering, Geology and Geological Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. Anderson Hall, connected to Carrier Hall by a hallway, contains the departments of Chemical Engineering and Electrical Engineering. Electrical Engineering also has research facilities in the Old Engineering Building located next to Carrier/Anderson Halls. To the west of Carrier Hall is Brevard Hall which houses the Dean's Office, Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering, Mississippi Mineral Resource Institute, and laboratories for Geological Engineering. Weir Hall houses the department of Computer Science. Location maps and building photographs of Carrier Hall on the University Circle, Anderson Hall overlooking the football stadium, and Weir Hall by the University Williams Library show the central location of the enginering building on campus. A virtual tour of the entire campus can also be taken to see a 360 degree view of several central campus sites. The University of Mississippi opened its doors in 1848 with 80 students and four faculty members. One of these faculty members was John Millington, a civil engineer, who was born, raised and educated in England and studied under the famous scientists Faraday and Davy. Professor Millington's background contained much practical civil engineering experience. He moved to the United States and first taught at William and Mary. While there he published a textbook titled Elements of Civil Engineering. In the preface he claimed that while many books had been written about specific fields such as surveying, mechanics, drawing, etc., this was the first book that encompassed the entire field of civil engineering. Professor Millington was appointed Professor of Natural Sciences and taught courses in chemistry, botany, geology, mineralogy and natural philosophy at the University. In the 1850's two notable developments occurred which fostered the teaching of engineering at the University. In 1850 the State of Mississippi established the State Geological Survey and the University was given prime responsibility for its execution. In 1852 several University professors made the first survey and as a result of this, surveying courses were introduced into the curriculum. In 1854, the world-famous scientist and educator, Dr. Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, joined the University as Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and Civil Engineering. Thus, Dr. Barnard was the first professor of Civil Engineering at the University, a post he held until the school closed due to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. After the Civil War, the University reopened again in 1865. The student body consisted of young men who had come from families which were formerly rich, but because of the devastation of the war were no longer wealthy and thus studied with a determination born of necessity. In 1865 a chairmanship of Physics, Astronomy, and Civil Engineering was established and first held by General Alexander P. Stewart (for only a few months) and then by General Francis A. Shoup, both generals in the Confederate Army. This chair was discontinued in 1868, but a new chair of Mathematics and Civil Engineering was established in 1872. This was discontinued in 1875, and engineering was dropped from the curriculum until 1900. During the span of 1865-1875, twenty students pursued a program in civil engineering, but only two graduated. The first civil engineering graduate was William Henry Calhoun, from Memphis, in 1872. The second was John Hull Wildy, from Los Angeles, in 1874. During this period specific courses taught included: mechanical drawing, surveying, descriptive geometry, mechanics, hydraulics, materials, framed structures, masonry and highway construction. From 1875 to 1900 only courses in surveying, mechanics, and descriptive geometry were taught. The School of Engineering at The University of Mississippi was officially established by the Board of Trustees in 1900 and programs in civil, electrical and mining engineering were organized. Probably the most endeared professor and scholar at Ole Miss, Dr. Alfred Hume, taught surveying and drawing that year. Dr. Hume came to Ole Miss in 1890 from Vanderbilt University where he had earned the degrees of Bachelor of Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Doctor of Science. Dr. Hume later became Chancellor of the University. Dr. Hume must be considered as the single man who did the most to start the School of Engineering at the University of Mississippi. From 1901 to 1906 sixteen students graduated from Ole Miss with engineering degrees. Five of these became engineers for various railroads, two became hydraulic engineers working on levees, four became city engineers, one became a county engineer, two became mining engineers, one became an engineering teacher, and another became a lighthouse inspector. In 1946, the civil engineering program initiated options in construction and municipal engineering, but these were dropped in 1956. The civil engineering program was accredited in 1949, followed by chemical engineering in 1954, geological engineering and mechanical engineering in 1959, and electrical engineering in 1969. Since their first accreditation, all of the programs have retained accreditation continuously through today. Curricula in civil engineering throughout the country has changed in many ways since 1900, with the program at Ole Miss maintaining a position at the forefront of civil engineering education. The many graduates who have achieved notable professional and personal success over the years attest to the continuing high quality of the civil engineering education that is provided at Ole Miss. Research and graduate civil engineering education have also flourished for some time at Ole Miss. The first Master's degree in civil engineering was awarded in 1949 and the first Ph.D. in civil engineering was awarded in 1971, and there has since been a steady continuation of the awarding of these advanced degrees. Civil engineering has been a strong and vibrant program at Ole Miss since 1900, and as such is steeped in tradition. The blend of tradition and innovation, where lasting values are combined with the newest technologies, provides, we are convinced, the perfect setting for civil engineering education. (Cortributed by Drs. Sam DeLeeuw and Allie Smith)

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Freshwater Fish - Species Species Specific Regulations Freshwater Fishing License required. Guide to Freshwater Fishes (Adobe PDF - 3MB) Spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus) Description: (Anatomy of a Fish) The spotted bass has a gold-green body with dark olive mottling that fades to a yellow-white belly. It has small black spots below a dark band along the middle of its side with a distinct black spot on the body right before the tail or caudal fin. The spotted bass’ large mouth extends to the rear edge of the eye, but not beyond. Spotted bass have teeth on their tongue. Upper Savannah River drainage, primarily lakes Keowee, Russell, Jocassee and Hartwell; also introduced into tributaries of the Enoree, Saluda and Savannah rivers and in the Catawba River reservoirs upstream of the state line. Average Length: 11.8-24 inches Average Size: 1-3 pounds South Carolina State Record: 8-pounds, 5-ounces (2001) Life Expectancy: Approximately 5 years The spotted bass is found in medium to large cool and warm mountain streams and reservoirs. It adapts well and outcompetes other black basses such as the largemouth or smallmouth as it is more tolerant of excess sediment. - Major foods for spotted bass are crayfish, aquatic insects and fish such as shad. Spotted bass eat fewer fish than other blackbass species. - Spotted bass reach sexual maturity at age 2 or 3 and begin spawning activity in April and May when water temperatures reach 65°F. - Males construct shallow saucer-shaped nests on soft, clay bottoms or on gravel bars. - The female will lay 3,000 to 30,000 eggs. - The male guards the nest with eggs hatching in 4 or 5 days. Spotted bass are not native and readily hybridize with other black bass species such as the redeye bass. Commonly Mistaken Species Some species of fish that are commonly mistaken for this species: Rohde, Fred C, Arndt, Rudolf G., Foltz, Jeffery W., Quattro, Joseph M. 2009. Freshwater Fishes of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina. Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division. 2009. South Carolina Guide to Freshwater Fishes. Fish Illustration by Duane Raver.

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Pep 238 Why new // operator (Non-integer Division) g_will at cyberus.ca Fri Mar 16 16:39:10 CET 2001 Why do we need a new // operator to do the divide operation. If we want to do an integer divide with two reals why wont people just use int(a/b). For The only difference with what is described below is a//b will result in a object of type a while int(a/b) will be of type int. Does this really need the use of another operator?? Lets keep it simple. (And that goes for the other Peps as well) All these changes make my head spin. There is more to life than learning all the fine details in a computer language. The fewer number of ways to do something the better. A `//' operator which will be introduced, which will call the nb_intdivide or __intdiv__ slots. This operator will be implemented in all the Python numeric types, and will have the a // b == floor(a/b) Except that the type of a//b will be the type a and b will be coerced into. Specifically, if a and b are of the same type, a//b will be of that type too. More information about the Python-list

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- Phonation is the main sound source in speech - Phonation has a number of important linguistic and paralinguistic uses - Modal voice is characterised by complete approximation, regular cycles, sharp closures - Whisper, Breathy, Creaky and Falsetto voice can be contrasted with Modal voice - Signal measures exist which can be used to characterise voice quality At the end of this topic the student should be able to: - name the laryngeal structures responsible for phonation - describe the phonation cycle in detail - describe the characteristics of the sound generated by phonation - explain the importance of phonation as a sound source in speech production - describe some acoustical measures of vowel signals relevant to the assessment of voice quality. - Use of Voice Phonation in the Larynx acts as a sound source: - Modal phonation (normal voicing) is the main sound source for speech production in all spoken languages. Phonation and other Larynx gestures can have linguistic functions: - Presence vs absence of phonation, e.g. voiced vs voiceless fricatives. - Sudden stop in phonation, e.g. glottal stop. - Relative timing of phonation start, e.g. Voice Onset Time (VOT) in plosives - Fundamental frequency change within words, e.g. lexical tone - Fundamental frequency change across utterances, e.g. intonation - Voice quality changes contribute to turn-taking in dialogue. Voice also communicates the mood, mental state and health of the speaker: - Voice quality varies with speaking style, often depending on the context of the communication. E.g. a friendly conversation, a lecture, a complaint. - Voice quality changes occur as a consequence of physiological or psychological changes such as mental strain, tiredness, emotional state or health Voice has a role to play in creating an identity for the speaker: - Voice pitch and quality are important features used by listeners to identify a speaker. - Some authorities have shown that we make judgements of personality based on the quality of a person's voice. - Larynx Anatomy The larynx sits in the airway between the trachea and the pharynx; you see evidence of it as the Adam's apple in the neck. At the base of the larynx is the cricoid cartilage. Above and attached to the cricoid are the thyroid cartilage and a pair of arytenoid cartilages. Through ligaments and muscles, the thyroid can rock back and forth against the cricoid and the arytenoids can be made to swivel. The thyroid cartilage surrounds and supports the vocal folds which are two muscular tissues joined together at the front to the thyroid cartilage and separated at the back by attachment to processes on the arytenoid cartilages. Through muscular control, the arytenoids can be swivelled to draw the vocal folds together across the top of the trachea, thereby closing off the air passageway from the lungs. The vocal folds can be changed in length and tension by movements of the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages, and the tension can also be varied by contracting the thyroarytenoid muscles (sometimes called 'vocalis' muscles) that lay inside the folds. The gap between the vocal folds is called the glottis. The ventricular folds or 'false vocal folds' are fleshy structures above the vocal folds which do not normally take part in phonation. - Phonation Cycle In the normal phonation cycle, the vocal folds are first approximated so that they cover the airway. They are tensed to some degree which sets a vibrational frequency value toward the centre of the range for the speaker. Air from the lungs forces the folds apart and air flow builds up between them. There are two forces which pull the folds back to their central position: the natural elastic qualities of the folds themselves and the Bernoulli effect, which causes a reduction in pressure inside a constricted fluid flow. As these forces pull the folds together, the air flow increases in velocity which increases the reduction in pressure caused by the Bernoulli effect. Eventually the folds "snap" together, cutting off the flow. This "snap" causes a sudden reduction in pressure immediately above the folds, and it is this reduction which is the main source of energy for vocal tract excitation. Once closed, the cycle repeats. Changes in the longitudinal tension of the vocal folds, brought about by the arytenoid cartilages changing their length, causes changes in the repetition frequency of the phonation cycle and hence of the pitch of the voice. This video clip shows vocal fold vibration in slow motion using a stroboscope. Notice the processes of adduction/abduction which bring the vocal folds together for phonation and apart for breathing. Notice how the change in length of the vocal folds causes changes in the repetition frequency of vocal fold vibration. - Phonation Types In everyday or modal phonation, the vocal folds are fully approximated (adducted) and have moderate longitudinal tension. Phonation is regular, of moderate pitch, has rapid closures and a long closed phase duration. We can contrast modal phonation with other phonation types ('voice qualities'): - In whisper phonation, the folds are tensed and rigid, but held slightly apart. The rigidity prevents the folds from vibrating, while the partially opened glottis forms a narrow opening which causes turbulence. - In breathy phonation, the folds are tensed appropriately for vibration but not fully approximated (partially adducted) so that complete closures do not occur. This has a number of consequences: first that air flow continues throughout the cycle which can lead to turbulence at the glottis, second that the closures are less sharp, and third that the vocal folds remain open for a longer portion of the cycle. - In creaky phonation in contrast, the vocal folds are lax but tightly approximated (fully adducted) and this can lead to cycles which are closed for a longer proportion of the cycle and which are irregular in duration. Creaky voice is commonly found at the bottom of a speaker’s pitch range when the folds are slack anyway. A common form of creaky voice is called Diplophonia, where long and short cycles alternate. - In falsetto phonation, the vocal folds are extremely tense and are held in such a way as that only the internal edges of the vocal folds are able to vibrate. This means that the amplitude of phonation is small and of high fundamental frequency. - Voice as Sound The voice spectrum is dominated by the lower frequencies, and tails off rapidly with increasing frequency. Significant voice energy can often be found up to 5000Hz. Here is a spectrum of modal phonation: The spectrum of modal phonation is similar to that of a sawtooth waveform (shown below). The sound generated by phonation passes along the vocal tract tube and is modified according to the frequency response of the tube to emerge as speech sounds. Note that the tube changes the relative amplitudes of frequency components of the sound and hence its timbre but has no effect on its repetition frequency and hence no effect on its pitch. We will look at this acoustic process in more detail in Lecture 5. Pitch epoch marking To estimate the regularity of vocal fold vibration it is useful to first delimit individual vocal fold cycles found in the speech signal. From these events, sometimes called "pitch epochs", it is possible to measure how adjacent cycles differ from one another. Measures of average pitch The pitch of a vowel is measured in terms of its fundamental frequency, which is simply the number of glottal cycles that occur per second. To measure the average fundamental frequency (called F0 or Fx) over some interval, we simply count the number of cycles and divide by the duration of the interval. Measures of regularity There are many possible statistics of voicing irregularity that can be estimated from the delimited glottal cycles. Two common measures are called jitter (period perturbations) and shimmer (amplitude perturbations). - Jitter measures the regularity of the pitch epochs - are they spaced equally in time? A common jitter measure is the Period Perturbation Quotient (PPQ), which is the relative percentage variation in glottal cycle duration. It is calculated as the normalised absolute difference between the duration of one cycle and the average cycle duration in a window of 5 cycles centred on the cycle. - Shimmer measures the regularity of the size of the speech signal across pitch epochs - are they equal in amplitude? A common shimmer measure is the Amplitude Perturbation Quotient (APQ), which is the relative percentage variation in speech amplitude from cycle to cycle. It is calculated as the normalised absolute difference between the peak amplitude of one cycle and the average peak amplitude in a window of 5 cycles centred on the cycle. Measures of breathiness While differences in the duration or the strength of glottal cycles can be reasonably well assessed by measurements of durational or amplitude variability, it is harder to assess the amount of turbulent noise energy added to the signal during phonation. Such turbulence is commonly caused by inadequate or incomplete vocal fold adduction, such that air leaks through the remaining gap, becoming turbulent in the process. This gives rise to a perceived "breathiness" in the voice. The Harmonic to Noise Ratio (HNR) looks at the waveform shape in adjacent cycles and measures how similar they are. If the jitter is low, but waveform cycles are different to each other, then this is likely to be due to added breathiness. Measures of effectiveness As well as regularity and breathiness a third characteristic of voice quality is how effective the voice is to carry the linguistic information from speaker to hearer. Voicing has to be loud enough and contain a sufficiently wide range of frequencies to encode speech sounds. A weak/quiet voice has typically little high frequency energy in its spectrum. The Soft Phonation Index (SPI) assesses effectiveness through the average ratio of energy of the speech signal in the low frequency band (70-1600 Hz) to the high frequency band (1600-4500 Hz). A larger number means that energy is concentrated in the low frequencies, giving a soft voice. - N.Hewlett, M.Beck, “Introduction to the Science of Phonetics”, Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006, Chapter 18 - Phonation. [in library]. In this week's lab session you will take part in the following activities: - An investigation of how the quantitative measures of mean fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, HNR and SPI vary across the class for an /ɑː/ vowel produced on modal, breathy and creaky voice qualities. You can improve your learning by reflecting on your understanding. Come to the tutorial prepared to discuss the items below. - What anatomical structures are involved in changing the pitch of your voice? - What is the Bernoulli effect? Why is it important in voice? - How do you change the loudness of your voice? Is shouting only a change in loudness? - Summarise the differences in larynx settings between modal and breathy phonation, and between modal and creaky phonation. - What is the difference between voiceless /h/ and a whispered vowel, if any? - What is meant by 'losing one's voice'? - Why do boys' voices 'break' at puberty? Word count: . Last modified: 15:13 28-Jan-2021.

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Flip a switch and your blender whirrs. Push a button and your electric car starts. As long as what happens is what you expect to happen, you don’t give it another thought. But that start, that ignition and operation that you expect from an electric motor but don’t think about, only happens because people long before you have given it a whole lot of thought. Mihai Comanescu, associate professor of electrical engineering at Penn State Altoona, is one of those people. Comanescu works with motor drives, which are used, for example, “in transportation, to improve the efficiency of vehicles and in renewable energy applications like windmills,” he says. No matter the type of application, “the electric motor or generator needs to be controlled and must act in a certain way in order to obtain the end result.” For example, in a hybrid electric vehicle like the Prius, the electric motor is responsible for the torque boost required during acceleration and for the energy regeneration that occurs during braking. Taking this task away from the internal combustion engine (which uses a lot of gas during the speed transients) and using the electric drive instead helps increase the overall fuel efficiency tremendously. For a windmill, the speed of the turbine needs to be adjusted constantly as a function of the wind speed in order to maximize the energy harvesting. Using algorithms, the motor drive has to be designed to operate at maximum efficiency — even a mere 1 percent off over the course of the year can end up costing a lot of money. The key to designing such algorithms is “control theory,” which is, as Comanescu explains, “a general direction of study in engineering related to the control of dynamic systems.” In principle, any object, physical system, engineering product, or sometimes even a chemical process may be described by a system of differential equations. Control theory allows the design of algorithms that will make the system achieve certain performance objectives. Comanescu’s work begins in the “theoretical stage, usually by developing an algorithm on paper,” he says. At the moment, he is working on an algorithm that “estimates the speed and load torque of the permanent magnet synchronous motor,” a type of drive used, for example, in the Prius and Tesla cars. But the use is much broader, as he says, “the algorithm could go into anywhere electric motors are used.” In June he presented the paper at the 9th International Conference on Compatibility and Power Electronics (CPE) in Caparica, Portugal on that very subject. After creating an algorithm, the next stages in his research are the simulation and implementation of the method. “In order to control these motors, there are various schemes,” he explains. “Some things need to be measured and some things cannot be measured or it is inconvenient to measure them — as a result, they need to be estimated. So, a lot of research goes into constructing algorithms that estimate the variables of interest associated with these motor drives. The estimators need to be validated mathematically first, then by simulations, and, finally, in a practical microcontroller implementation.” Comanescu has been teaching for 15 years, initially as a graduate student at Ohio State University and now at Penn State Altoona. In the classroom, he says, “the secret to teaching is to be adaptive. Teaching is different everywhere you go. You have to change what you’re doing depending on the audience.” Always aware of his audience, Comanescu is very careful to be understood when explaining what he does. “As an engineering professor you have to be precise. If somebody asks a question and you don’t know the answer exactly, I typically say, ‘I don’t know.’ Yeah, it’s a funny moment, the students are a bit shocked at first and you may get a few laughs; however, it’s much better than saying something that is not true. Also, my students understand that it’s okay to not know everything and, for a little bit, you put yourself in the same boat with them.” In both the algorithm development and in the modeling stage of his research Penn State Altoona students have been and continue to be involved. Past students who worked with Comanescu have traveled to England and Japan, and he hopes that his current ones will have a chance to go to Scotland in spring 2016. Creating algorithms and simulations and teaching might seem like enough to make a full schedule, but Comanescu also writes. He has authored more than 50 papers on estimation and control of motor drives and currently has a few more under review. “It’s doable,” he acknowledges, but with characteristic clarity he adds, “you need to be aggressive with the deadlines.”

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The Lighting Research Center (LRC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has launched a new collaborative initiative, the Lighting Energy Alliance, to increase the benefits of lighting while reducing its environmental and monetary costs. Member utilities and efficiency agencies will direct the work of the Alliance in order to produce the information needed to effectively reduce lighting energy use. The charter members are Efficiency Vermont, National Grid and Energize Connecticut. “There has never been a greater need for research on how to improve lighting efficiency without sacrificing quality,” said Dan Mellinger of Efficiency Vermont. Lighting accounts for approximately 18% of electricity use in the U.S., and therefore has a significant role to play in energy efficiency efforts. “Traditionally, efficiency programs have focused on light source efficacy improvements. However, with recent legislative and market changes, efforts will need to be redirected to more advanced efficiency measures to continue making gains,” said Edward Bartholomew of National Grid. “More than ever, efficiency programs need to have a clear understanding of what lighting options are the most effective and will provide high quality lighting for users. Consumers are feeling overwhelmed by the wide range of new lighting options,” said Sam Fankhauser of Energize Connecticut. The Lighting Energy Alliance will meet the needs of its members through product testing, field evaluations, laboratory research, education, and other methods. The Alliance’s work will span a wide range of topics likely to include lighting controls, efficient light sources, daylighting, lighting design, and human factors. The Alliance is uniquely positioned by being at the LRC because it can tie into the leading research being conducted in light and health, transportation lighting and safety, solid-state lighting, and other areas. “The Lighting Energy Alliance has the ability to perform the original lighting research that is critically needed right now,” said LRC director of energy programs Jeremy Snyder, who is leading the Alliance. Snyder is currently seeking organizations interested in joining the Lighting Energy Alliance; for details please visit http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/LightingEnergyAlliance/LEA.pdf About Efficiency Vermont Efficiency Vermont was created by the Vermont Legislature and the Vermont Public Service Board to help all Vermonters reduce energy costs, strengthen the economy, and protect Vermont's environment. For more information, contact Efficiency Vermont at 888-921-5990 or visit EfficiencyVermont.com. About National Grid National Grid is an electricity and gas company that connects consumers to energy sources through its networks. The company is at the heart of one of the greatest challenges facing our society—to create new, sustainable energy solutions for the future and developing an energy system that underpins economic prosperity in the 21st century. National Grid holds a vital position at the center of the energy system and it ‘joins everything up’. In the northeast U.S., we connect more than seven million gas and electric customers to vital energy sources, essential for our modern lifestyles. National Grid delivers electricity to approximately 3.3 million customers in Massachusetts, New York and Rhode Island. It is the largest distributor of natural gas in northeastern U.S., serving approximately 3.4 million customers in New York, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. About Energize Connecticut Energize Connecticut helps you save money and use clean energy. It is an initiative of the Energy Efficiency Fund, the Clean Energy Finance & Investment Authority, the State, and your local electric and gas utilities, with funding from a charge on customer energy bills. Information on energy-saving programs can be found at EnergizeCT.com or by calling 1.877.WISE.USE.

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This information has been reviewed and adapted for use in South Carolina by Janis G. Hunter, HGIC Nutrition Specialist, and Katherine L. Cason, Professor, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Clemson University. (New 05/09.) During challenging economic times, Americans try to stretch their dollars. Food is a flexible budget expense that can be reduced when money is tight. Before going grocery shopping, figure out how much money you have for food, what foods you have on hand, and what is on sale. Make a menu plan for the week and write a shopping list based on your menus. With the planning done, you are now ready to shop. It’s easier to stick to your shopping list and avoid impulse buys if you shop when: Shop no more than once a week. The more trips you make to the store, the more you spend on groceries and gas. The price of food is a primary factor in deciding where to shop. There is a variety of places to buy food items in more populated areas, including: When shopping in a supermarket, try to limit your purchases to food, unless you have extra money for non-food items (e.g. cleaning supplies, pet food, paper products, spices, birthday and party supplies). Supermarkets often price non-food household items 20-40% higher than discount stores. Rarely does one grocery store have all the best buys. Store #1 may have the lowest prices on canned foods, store #2 the best buys on meats, and store #3 the freshest vegetables and fruits. If you shop at several grocery stores, go to one store this week, and then shop for bargains at a different store next week. Buy enough of each store’s bargain items to last two or three weeks. No-frills discount and warehouse stores can be less expensive, because their cost of doing business is lower. Residents in rural communities may find that shopping in a warehouse store or wholesale club once a month saves money on staple foods that store easily and on non-food household supplies. Farmers’ markets and co-ops can help families reduce food costs, although their selection of products may be more limited than in most supermarkets. Bulk foods can be lower in price than similar foods sold in packages, and you can buy just the amount you need. Food prices in convenience stores are almost always higher, with the possible exception of items like dairy products and sodas. Although prices vary considerably, grocery items also are sold at health food stores, some drugstores, department stores, specialty stores, and restaurants. It is a waste of your time, energy and gasoline to shop at several stores within the same week just to pick up their specials. Besides, some stores will match advertised prices or honor coupons from other stores. Wherever you shop, handle the merchandise with care and respect to help keep overhead down and food prices under control. Time is Money: The more time you spend in the grocery store, the more money you spend! The Food Marketing Institute estimates that shoppers spend $2.17 per minute in the store. Therefore, the most efficient way to shop is at one nearby store that has reasonable prices. By shopping at the same store, you learn their floor plan and can shop faster. Stick to your shopping list, which is based on your week’s menus. Organize your list according to the store layout or by food type and department (e.g. meats, canned foods and dairy products). This saves time, keeps you from forgetting items, and reduces temptation to buy foods not on the list. Go up one aisle and down another so you don’t have to backtrack and won’t miss any specials or needed items. Only go down the aisles that contain items on your list. Buy on Sale: Unplanned purchases usually are budget wreckers. The only time to go off the shopping list is when you can get a good buy, such as a store sale or a double coupon offer. Use in-store flyers to find items on sale. Check the flyer when you enter the grocery store. Stock up on sale items that you use regularly and shelf-stable items that you have space to store. A sale is easy to spot if you know every day prices of items you buy on a regular basis. If you can’t remember, take a “cheat sheet” listing the prices you usually pay. Pack a small calculator to compare prices quickly. If 4 cans of green beans are on sale for $3.00, the cost is 75¢ per can. Another brand may be only 69¢ per can. “Buy one, get one free” is not a bargain if the cost of the first item is more than a comparable brand. You don’t always have to buy two items to get the savings on “two for the price of one” sales, so buy two only if you need them. If you can use them in a timely manner, stock up on sale items and your store’s weekly “loss-leaders.” These are low-priced items that get you in the store so you buy other higher priced items. Different sections of the store are featured each week. Beware of big displays and fancy ads. An item on a promotional table or in a bin is not always cheaper than a similar product at regular price. End of aisle displays attract your attention, although the prices are not always reduced. Sale items often are placed at the rear of the store so you have to walk past all the higher-priced items to get to the sale items. Avoid buying sample foods. Samples that are being handed out free to customers are often expensive convenience foods. Buy larger sizes of staple foods if they are on sale, you have available storage space, and you have enough money in your food budget. Find the best buy in the size package you can use before it becomes stale or outdated. Buy only the amount you can use, or get large amounts and split the food and the cost with a friend. Select food in the form that best fits your needs. Use chunky tuna instead of the more expensive solid-pack tuna to make a casserole, or make a congealed salad with canned “broken pieces” of peaches rather than sliced peaches. Use pineapple chunks and diced tomatoes instead of pricey pineapple rings and whole tomatoes when possible. If the store is out of a sale item, ask for a “rain check.” This is the store’s promise to sell you the item at the sale price when more come in. Store Discount Cards: In every supermarket where you shop, ask if you need to sign up for a store discount card to have instant access to sales. Cardholders usually are offered in-store discounts and may get extra coupons printed on the back of store receipts. In some stores you can earn purchase points toward a reward (e.g. Thanksgiving turkey). Coupons: The Sunday inserts in your local paper usually have $50 to $75 worth of coupons. If you use coupons, you can save at least 10 to 15 percent on your grocery bill, according to the January 2009 issue of the Supermarket Savvy newsletter. Using coupons for coffee, cereals, prepared foods, flour and flour mix products adds up to about a 10 percent savings. Use coupons only for foods you normally buy and if a cheaper store brand is not available. If possible, shop on double or triple coupon days to stretch the value of coupons. Most coupons are good for at least three months, so you can use them during categorical sales, which are rotated on about a 12-week (three months) cycle. Find out each store’s rules for using coupons, and don’t rely on cashiers to know. Ask whether a store honors coupons from other stores or matches advertised prices. If you have access to a computer, print off coupons from Web sites of products you use and of stores where you shop. Join an internet coupon group and exchange coupons. Remember to mail in coupons for manufacturers’ rebates and refunds. Organize your coupons, circle the expiration dates, and use them before they expire. If it’s too difficult for you to be a serious “couponer,” then buy items that are on sale. Look at the back of your grocery receipt. Sometimes it contains great coupons for future purchases. Also, find out if the store gives rebates for recycling or offers easy ways to go green. Convenience Foods: These can increase your food bill and your waistline. You can buy a lot of nutritious carrots, apples, bananas and potatoes for the price of a large bag of chips and box of cookies. Don’t pay for convenience foods. Save money on groceries by taking a few minutes to do some of the work yourself. Look up a recipe for pasta salad and make your own rather than buy the pasta meal kit. Make your own iced tea, wash your own lettuce, peel your own carrots and chop your own onions. Make your own “ready-to-eat” and convenience foods. Convenience foods are products like fancy baked goods, frozen meals, and vegetables with seasoning and sauces. The same foods made from scratch at home may contain less fat, sugar and salt. To save money and be healthier, select nutritious treats like nuts, sunflower seeds and dried or fresh fruit. Skip the junk food aisle and pass up “empty calorie” foods (e.g. chips, candies and soft drinks). Sweets, chips and sodas are very expensive, and they don’t contribute any real nutritional value to your diet. Buy large containers of applesauce, yogurt, cereal and snacks and transfer individual servings into reusable containers or zip lock bags for bagged lunches and snacks. Those 100-calorie packs of crackers, chips, etc. cost an estimated 20% to 100% more than the regular-size packages. Avoid foods that are packaged together (e.g. cheese and crackers, meat and cheese trays, and frozen garlic cheese bread) when you can buy the items separately for less. However, when your schedule is hectic, labor-saving and step-saving ingredients often are worth the extra cost. Look High & Look Low: You may have to do a little bending and stretching to find bargains. More expensive items are at “eye-level.” Store brands that may be cheaper and just as good are often placed higher or lower on the grocery shelves. Items that the store most wants to sell are located on the shelves between knee-height and shoulder-height. The highest markup items are at about chest level, making them easy to grab and toss in the cart. Sweet cereals are placed at children’s eye levels. Lower-priced items are on the bottom shelves. Buy Store & Generic Brands: National brands usually cost more due to advertising costs. Many store brands are from the same processors as the national brands and sell for a lower price while matching the national brand’s quality. They often are less expensive than name brands bought with a coupon. The only way to know if a certain product will work at your house is to try it. Compare Unit Prices: Similar foods may be packaged in different-size containers, making it hard to compare prices. The quick, easy way to find the best buy is to check the unit price of an item, and then choose the food that has the lowest price per unit. However, if the store does not provide the unit price, then calculate the old fashioned way by dividing the price by the weight of the item. The unit price is the cost per pound, ounce, pint, quart, gallon, or some other unit of measure. Many grocery stores provide it on a printed label attached to the shelf directly below the product. Although the shelf sticker may look different from store to store, the unit price label provides the following basic information: This is an example of a unit price label, which is located below a product on a grocery store shelf. Unit price helps you compare national brands with store and generic brands, which almost always cost less than national brands and usually taste as good. It is also a handy tool for comparing different forms of the same food (e.g. canned, frozen and fresh) and different package sizes of the same brand (e.g. economy-size, regular-size, single-serve and bulk). Figure the unit pricing for ready-to-eat breakfast cereal a different way. One cup is a serving size for most cereals, so compare the price per cup rather than the cost per ounce as indicated by the unit price on the shelves of many stores. The Nutrition Facts label lists the number of servings per box.Buy in Bulk: Pay for the food, not the package. Bulk items usually cost less, because you don’t pay for packaging and handling. About 90 percent or more of the cost of a food item may be just for the package. This includes the packaging for advertised brands, individually packaged foods, canned foods and convenience foods. Large containers do not always cost less than small ones. Since stores know that shoppers may want to buy in bulk, they sometimes mix it up by pricing the bulk item to cost more. The only way to know for sure is to check the unit price. If your store doesn’t provide the unit price label on the shelf, then use your calculator to figure it out for yourself. Check Food Labels: The label is the “window” to the product and is the most accurate way to know what you are actually buying. It includes: the common name of the item; the amount of contents in the package; an ingredient list; nutrition labeling, and the name and address of the manufacturer, processor or distributors. In addition, many labels include safety guidelines, preparation tips and freshness dating. The Nutrition Facts label helps you find the most nutrition for your food dollar and plan healthy meals. It tells you how many servings are in the container and how many calories are in a serving. Use the % Daily Value to compare amounts of nutrients in foods. Identify nutrient-dense foods that contain more fiber, vitamins and minerals but contain low amounts of saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sugar and sodium. Less than five percent of the DV is considered low, and 20 percent or higher DV is considered high. Read the ingredients label. Ingredients are listed from “most” to “least,” or in order of their predominance by weight. If water is the first ingredient and sugar is the second, you know the item is mostly water and sugar and contains very little, if any, nutrients. Appearance can be misleading, so check the quantity or amount of the contents. (e.g. How many ounces are in the bag?) Items that are packaged in individual servings are usually more expensive.Check Expiration Dates: Buy foods at their peak. The freshest foods last longer. To identify the freshest foods at the market, check the dating information (e.g. “sell by” and “best used by” dates) stamped on the label. Most perishable items (e.g. milk, cheese, packaged meats, and other refrigerated items) have a “sell by” or “pull by” date. This is the last date the product should be sold. If you store them properly, they will stay fresh and safe for a few days after this date. Products that are reaching their “sell by” dates are often reduced in price (e.g. overripe bananas or meats that has turned dark). These are good buys only if you can use them before they spoil. “Best used by” or “freshness” dates are stamped on products like bakery good and packages cereals. After this date, the food may lose some freshness and nutritional value. Products such as yeast and refrigerated dough have a “use by” or “expiration” date that is the last date it should be eaten or used. Canned goods and other foods that can be kept a long time have a “pack” date, or the date it was manufactured, processed and packaged. Go through kitchen cabinets regularly to make sure that canned and packaged foods are used before their expiration dates. Shop the Store’s Perimeter: Grocery stores are designed to encourage shoppers to spend money. Try to stick to the outer perimeter, or edges, of the grocery store. Fresh produce, meats, dairy, breads and healthier, less processed foods usually are found in this area. Keep foods safe by shopping for cold items last. Don’t go down every aisle, especially the “empty calorie aisles.” This reduces the temptation to buy foods that are not on your list, and it also saves time. The inner aisles contain items such as: baking ingredients; ethnic foods; beverages; seasonings and convenience foods. Use USDA’s MyPyramid to Choose Foods: The food groups in MyPyramid are: grains; vegetables; fruits; milk, meat and beans. For more information, refer to www.mypyramid.gov. Follow these guidelines to find the most nutrient-dense, economical foods from each group. Breads & Grains: For nutrition, fiber and variety at a low cost, choose more brown rice, whole-grain and whole-wheat breads, cereals, pastas and other grain products. Select white bread and rolls that are made from enriched flour. Plain breads and cereals are usually less expensive than fancy varieties. Skip the quick-cooking and pre-seasoned varieties of rice, oatmeal and grits. Cooking regular varieties saves money, sugar and calories. “Day old” bread costs less but is still nutritious. Small households may buy small loaves of bread or wrap and freeze what isn’t used right away. Vegetables & Fruits: Fresh produce varies more in price than food in other forms. Generally in-season vegetables and fruits are fresher and cost less. Ask the store’s produce manager for delivery days so you can get your favorite items at their freshest. Always check fresh vegetables and fruits carefully to make sure they are in top shape with no bruising, wilting, etc. When possible shop for locally grown produce at farmers’ markets and small food stores. Buy a head of lettuce and wash it instead of buying pre-bagged lettuce or salad mixes. These are usually more expensive and spoil faster than salads you make from scratch. Compare the cost per edible measure of fresh versus frozen, canned, dehydrated, and partly or completely prepared. Fresh produce may require extra preparation time, and there may be some waste (e.g. corn shucks). Smaller-sized fruits and vegetables may be cheaper than larger ones. If fresh vegetables and fruits are out of season and cost too much, then buy frozen vegetables and fruits. They are picked when fully ripe and quickly frozen, which preserves their nutrition and flavor. Canned and frozen vegetables and fruits are healthy, will last longer, and are a smart choice all year long. Avoid items with added salt or sugars, and choose those canned in water or in their own juice rather than in heavy syrup. Do not buy dented or bulging cans and jars with bulging or cracked lids. Buy large bags of frozen vegetables. To reduce waste, take out only what you need, close the bag tightly, and quickly return the rest to the freezer. Foods at salad bars can be expensive. However, it could save you money if you need only a small amount of a vegetable and it reduces the amount you waste. Milk: Choose low-fat milk and milk products. (However, children under two years of age should drink only whole milk.) Non-fat dry milk is the least expensive form of milk. It can replace the more expensive regular milk for cooking. Place the box of powdered milk inside a large freezer bag and store it in the freezer. Evaporated skim milk also is inexpensive and especially good in cooking. When using instant non-fat dry milk as a beverage, mix it and chill thoroughly for several hours for better taste. Or, mix an equal amount of regular milk with non-fat dry milk made by the directions. Buy fresh, low-fat or skim milk in the largest size you can use before it spoils, because larger containers usually cost less than smaller sizes. Ultra-pasteurized milk has a longer expiration date and won’t spoil as fast. To ensure quality, dairy products are required to carry an open, shelf removal date, although items are usually still usable for a short time following their shelf-removal date. Unless you plan to use an item immediately, look for a date that is as distant as possible. Select perishable dairy products last so they stay cold in your cart. Meat & Beans: Peanut butter, dried beans and peas are good sources of protein and fiber, and they last a long time without spoiling. Eggs, turkey and chicken are usually economical choices, especially if you buy whole chickens and cut them up yourself. Fish is a good protein source that is usually low in fat, particularly saturated fat. Since meat is the most expensive item on the plate, look for ways to save money on it. Hamburger is often a good buy in red meats. Stretch meats by using them in sauces or casseroles. Tenderize less expensive cuts of meat by marinating or slow cooking. Less expensive meats are good in stew, soup and stir fry and are just as nutritious. Look for special sales at the meat counter. Find out what day and time of day your store reduces meat prices for quick sale, and shop at that time. Ask the butcher to run cheaper, tougher cuts of meat through the tenderizer. Request that they mark down a package that has a “sell-by” date today. Buy in large bulk packages and freeze portions you don’t use right away. Put raw meat in a plastic bag and keep it separate from other foods in the cart. Lower-fat cuts of beef usually have “round” or “loin” in the name, and leaner cuts of pork or lamb contain the words “loin” or “leg.” Try chuck or bottom round roast, which is cheaper and has less fat than sirloin. To make these meats tender, cover and cook them longer. Compare the cost per serving, not cost per pound, of various cuts and types of meats. Ground turkey and beef have 4 servings per pound, but spare ribs have only 1½ serving. Bones and fat cost a lot of money. Reduce portion sizes. A moderate-size portion is 3 ounces of cooked meat. Try alternative protein sources, such as beans, soy, tofu, cheese and eggs. Ignore Magazines, Candy & Soda Displays: These are the store’s last attempts to get you to spend money. Resist the urge to buy a magazine, and read or check one out from the public library instead. If you ate the recommended healthy snack before shopping, you can resist buying a candy bar. Be Ready to Check out: Save time by having your money, check or credit card ready. Unload items with prices up and with multiple-priced items together. Shopping with a partner allows one person to unload and the other to watch items get scanned. Watch the Register or Check Your Receipt: Make sure prices ring up as advertised or as indicated on the shelf label. Watch for potential pricing errors such as: Some stores give you the item for free when they ring up the wrong price. Ask if your store does this. Make sure your change is correct, also. Use itemized food receipts to track food costs. If you buy nonfood items at the grocery store, separate them from food items when checking out. This makes it easy to divide your bill to find out what you actually spent on food. Remember that non-food items may be cheaper at a discount store. Bag Grocery Items Correctly: Make sure that all your groceries get put into your bag or cart and that breakable and crushable items are bagged correctly. Ask that cold foods be bagged together so you can spot them easily and unpack them first when you get home. Pack vegetables, fruits and eggs on top or in separate bags. Put cold and frozen foods in your shopping cart last. This includes items such as: frozen vegetables; meats; dairy products; eggs and salad bar ingredients. Ask if your grocery store gives a discount for bringing your own bag. If so, you’ll save the planet and your money! Protect the quality and safety of the food you purchased. Place fragile foods (e.g. fresh produce and eggs) so they will not be bruised or crushed. Carry food home as quickly as possible, especially in warm weather. Make sure frozen foods don’t thaw, and keep cool any other highly perishable foods (e.g. meats, milk and eggs). Keep perishables out of direct sunlight or a hot trunk. It’s a good idea to have a cooler in your vehicle for keeping perishable foods safe on the way home, especially in warm weather. On cold winter days don’t leave fragile produce in the car and allow it to freeze. To learn more about saving money on food, refer to HGIC 4220, Stretch Your Food Dollars Part 1: Before Going to the Store and HGIC 4222, Stretch Your Food Dollars Part 3: At Home. Page maintained by: Home & Garden Information Center This information is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement of brand names or registered trademarks by the Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service is implied, nor is any discrimination intended by the exclusion of products or manufacturers not named. All recommendations are for South Carolina conditions and may not apply to other areas. Use pesticides only according to the directions on the label. All recommendations for pesticide use are for South Carolina only and were legal at the time of publication, but the status of registration and use patterns are subject to change by action of state and federal regulatory agencies. Follow all directions, precautions and restrictions that are listed.

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So this week I learned a brilliant thing about dandelions. The common dandelion has lost the ability to reproduce sexually, so now each flower is a clone. It seems that a mutation led to each cell containing three copies of each chromosome, instead of the usual two, and that buggers up the reshuffling and division of chromosomes necessary for sexual reproduction. But the sex organs are still there: dandelions still flower (obviously) and produce pollen, but that’s sterile and so utterly pointless, and the seeds contain the same triple-copy chromosomes as the parent plant. What’s odd is that this mutation appears to have occurred several times, so there are actually several strains of asexual dandelions. In the long run sexual reproduction is a better strategy, particularly in the evolutionary arms race against parasites, so species which lose the ability to get it on, so to speak, often only stick around for a few thousand years. Some comfort there for the gardeners. That is interesting indeed. So they just non stop barf out seeds that don’t need fertilising? Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

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It's Raining Innovation Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics Professor Patricia J. Culligan and her doctoral student, Robert Elliott, were part of an interdisciplinary team that included members of the Aquanauts student group at Columbia University whose design proposal was recognized for innovative technology in a green roof competition sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Their team received honorable mention in EPA’s first-ever Campus RainWorks Challenge, where a total of 218 student teams from 42 states competed for a chance to win cash prizes and research funds for advancing green infrastructure research. The challenge? To create an innovative green infrastructure design for a site on their campus showing how managing stormwater at its source can benefit the campus community and the environment. Columbia was singled out from a pool of more than 100 entries in the same category. Elliott and his teammates focused on an underutilized terrace located behind the Mudd Engineering Building on campus. They proposed a system design that links together a rainwater harvesting system, a vine and trellis system, and a smart control system to store rainwater that would otherwise enter the combined sewer system, and release as much of the stored water as possible into the atmosphere. The interactions between all of these components in this process are controlled by a regulatory system, which makes decisions based on real-time data. (Watch video above right to see how this works.) “The world of storm management seems to have a relatively established tool kit, so to speak,” said Elliott. “So it was encouraging to see the EPA support a new way of manipulating natural processes to impact the water cycle.” And while there are no immediate plans to build and implement this system on campus, Elliott said they will be testing variations of the system for maximum performance over the next couple of years. Culligan, who serves as the faculty advisor to the Columbia team, commended the students for devising a unique urban design. “One feature that sets the Columbia team apart is the modular nature of their innovative design,” she said. “The design can fit into the smallest corner of a campus or expand to take up entire courtyards. This makes complete sense for an urban campus like Columbia's, where green infrastructure needs to be flexible and adapt to our own unique space constraints." EPA judges were impressed with the concept behind Columbia’s design and applauded their “robust technical analysis” as well as their “creativity.” Elliott’s teammates included members of the student group, the Columbia Aquanauts, who represent a wide range of backgrounds: Nelson Dove (Earth Resources Engineering); Melissa von Mayrhauser (French/Sustainable Development); Steven Lau (Economics); Yuma Shinohara (Comparative Literature); Savannah Kuper (English); Kevin Chen (Biological Sciences); Colin Block, Sammy Roth and Yoko Takemura (Sustainability Management); and Abe Bendheim and John Barnes (Architecture, Planning and Preservation). The team’s design also incorporated a social aspect; they envisioned that the finished terrace would have an aesthetically pleasing glass structure in the middle alongside a decorative fountain bordered by ample seating areas. The revamped terrace would not only serve as a natural rainwater management system but an outdoor space for students and faculty to enjoy. “Our system is fundamentally different than most green infrastructure because it combines environmental functionality with a pleasurable space,” adds Elliott. “Access to vegetation in urban environments has been shown to improve quality of life—from reducing hospital recovery times to alleviating ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) in children.” First place in the RainWorks Challenge went to Illinois Institute of Technology in the small institution category and the University of Florida in the large institution category. The other three honorable mentions went to California State Polytechnic University at Pomona, Kansas State University, and University of Texas at Arlington. EPA intends to offer the RainWorks competition again in the fall of 2013. —by Melanie A. Farmer

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School governors are volunteers who help to run the school. Most schools work with a group of school governors – together they’re called the ‘governing body’. They’re involved in decisions about all aspects of managing the school – such as running buildings and budgets, supporting staff and setting standards of school discipline. Governors also help to make big decisions about the school’s long-term goals. They support headteachers, but also ask questions and make sure the headteacher is taking the school in the right direction. Anyone over 18 can be a school governor – you don’t have to be a parent with a child at the school. However, every governing body includes parent governors, and it can be a rewarding way to be involved in your child’s school. The most important qualities for being a governor are enthusiasm, commitment and an interest in education. You don’t need teaching experience, but it’s useful to bring skills from other areas of your life. We hold a Governors’ meeting each half term. You’ll also be expected to join one or two sub-committees – these cover different areas like the curriculum, finance or buildings. You’ll need to be able to work well in a team, as you’ll be making joint decisions on policy. Demands on your time depend partly on how the school is doing generally. Being a governor will be a busy role if the school’s results are getting worse or it’s going through a big change like appointing a new headteacher, or joining with another school. If you’re interested in becoming a governor, talk to the current chair of governors (Cllr. Deborah Davies) who leads the board. When there’s a vacancy for a parent governor all parents will be informed, and you’ll have a chance to stand for election. Before you put yourself forward, talk to your employer. Many employers recognise the role of school governor as useful work experience and may offer paid leave for governor duties. Governors’ Annual Reports If you are a school governor at St. Julian’s Primary School, you can log in to view relevant information and documentation relating to your role as a school governor.

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“Being selected by the United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) initiative is an honor as well as an obligation,” says Veruska Muccione, climate researcher at the Department of Geography of UZH. UNAI is an initiative of the United Nations, bringing together universities and other institutes of higher education from around the world to promote and protect key goals such as human rights and sustainability. On the occasion of United Nations Day on 24 October, UNAI has selected 17 academic institutions as hubs for the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with each organization representing one of the goals. The University of Zurich has been chosen as the hub for goal no. 13 Climate Action, which calls for immediate action against climate change and its impacts.

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Resources (page 5) Browse By Subject Tutor Hunt Resources - How to start tutoring at Tutor Hunt - How to find a tutor at Tutor Hunt - The Benefits of a Scientific Education - What is the importance of academic subjects in everyday life? - The Benefits of Studying English - Extra curricular activities - The importance & benefits of private tutoring - Good revision techniques - Tracking student progress - Finding a secondary school to suit your child - Possible options after completing GCSEs - Tips on choosing the right university - How to find the right tutor - Tutoring tips - Methods to help you improve your dyslexic child's reading - The importance of education in future life Latest Member Resources Highlights A specific stress sequence causes both WECs and unpredictable failures concurrently. WECs are a symptom of this stress history and not a direct cause of failure. ... The importance of planning Planning an essay is the best way to achieve a band 7 score on the Task 2 IELTS writing task. The essay takes 40 minutes to complete but you should tak...

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Have Growing Readers delivered each month right to your inbox! (In English & Spanish) Sign up here > Reading problems can be tough on the whole family. If your child is struggling, the first thing to do is to find out why. Dyslexia is the most common cause of reading, writing and spelling difficulties. It's a learning disability that can affect both boys and girls, and is more common in children whose parents also had difficulty with reading and writing. Children with dyslexia can go on to become successful readers, but it's important to get extra help early! If these signs remind you of your child, talk with your child's teacher to see what extra help they can offer. If difficulties persist, talk to the principal about getting a free evaluation for your child. - May talk later than most children - May have difficulty pronouncing words - May be slow to add new vocabulary words - May be unable to recall the right word - May have difficulty with rhyming - May have trouble learning the alphabet, numbers, days of the week, colors, shapes, how to write his or her name - May be unable to follow multi-step directions or routines - May have difficulty telling and/or retelling a story in the correct sequence - Often has difficulty separating sounds in words and blending sounds to make words - Has difficulty reading single words - May be slow to learn the connection between letters and sounds - May confuse small words – at/to, said/and, does/goes - Makes consistent reading and spelling errors - May have trouble remembering facts - May be slow to learn new skills; relies heavily on memorizing without understanding - May be impulsive and prone to accidents - May have difficulty planning - Often uses an awkward pencil grip - May have trouble learning to tell time To learn more about dyslexia, please read Dyslexia Basics on our sister site, LDOnLine. Download this article as a PDF.

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There are quite a few diverse varieties of financial markets. Economic markets are tools that allow for persons to purchase and promote securities or commodities and other financial tools. Investors commonly trade and promote the various kinds of financial instruments by way of what is called the inventory market place. They also have the potential to trade among potential buyers and sellers. The investing can be performed both domestically or internationally in accordance to reasonable market place pricing. Capital markets are diverse varieties of financial markets that deal with the trade of specific varieties of bonds and shares. Capital markets can either relate to freshly issued bonds and shares. Or it could handle trades of pre-existing bonds and shares. This market place is commonly referred to as either the bond or inventory market place. The bond market place oversees financing with regards to the issuance of various varieties of bonds. And the inventory market place does the exact but for inventory concerns. Other important markets include things like money markets. Money markets are elements of the financial markets. This sort of market place issues alone with short-time period borrowing and lending procedures of securities with a maturation day of a single yr or fewer. Different instruments are traded in money markets these as treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit and quite a few other financial instruments. Money markets basically facilitate short time period financial debt and money financing. There are numerous other varieties of financial markets these as derivatives, foreign trade, insurance and commodity markets. The objective of all financial markets is to give some kind of fund increasing. It is by way of these various financial markets that people in have to have of borrowing funds can locate people that are keen to lend funds. These varieties of financial transaction just take place in inventory trade. It is in inventory trade wherever investors can purchase and promote shares of inventory from other corporations. The entire foundation of the various varieties of financial markets is based mostly on a program to borrowing and lending. Those in search of funding can be individuals, organizations, the authorities and other establishments. There are numerous reasons these various varieties of debtors search for funding. When corporations promote shares of their inventory, they could be in have to have of extra money to meet up with their growth wants. Different authorities entities employ municipal bonds to increase funds for various projects including increasing city infrastructure. There are numerous reasons for funding throughout all the diverse kinds of debtors. Loan companies in the Economic Marketplace are really the investors. Investors will invest in various kinds of financial goods which will close up changing into money for the borrower. There are numerous diverse approaches these transactions arise. One common way is when a business concerns shares of inventory from their business. This is a fast way for corporations that are valued in the market place place, to make fast money. The diverse varieties of financial markets are in existence for the objective of increasing money. As with any institution, there are benefits and down sides inherent in the program. It is essential to be well informed about the various financial tools before you utilize them for your use.

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What to do with this activity? Sound is vibration that travels through the air or through another medium (like water or a metal sheet as below) before it reaches our ears and is re-interpreted as sound by our brain. If you throw a rock into a pool of water it creates water waves that travel out from the rock in a circular pattern. Sound travelling through air is similar to this - the molecules of air pulse outward from where the sound was created. If your child would like to read more about sound and vibration have a look at this link from Kids Discover. Over two hundred years ago a German scientist and musician, Ernst Chladni, showed what amazing and beautiful patterns sound vibrations can make (see the picture above). He used a thin metal plate that vibrated when stroked with a violin bow. Look at this video to see Chladni's experiment demonstrated by some musicians. The sounds make different parts of the metal plate vibrate in different directions. The sand settles on the parts of the plate that don't move (called nodal lines). All you need to know is that vibrations cause different and beautiful patterns to form. Maths makes sense to children when they use it in everyday life - like measuring things, working out distances, estimating food for dinner or money for groceries. The more opportunities you give your child to use the maths they learn at school through everyday activities the more they will understand and enjoy working with numbers. Discuss maths that you see around you. For example, talk about sales in shops – half price, 25% off, what is good value? Or how much will the item cost after the discount? Rate this activity Based on 29 reviews How would you rate it? 1 = Poor, 5 = Great.

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Are Swimming Pool Lights Safe? Pool lights increase safety in and around a pool as they illuminate the edges of the pool, stairs, ladders, walkways and patio furniture. They can be embedded in or attached to pool walls and floors, or placed on the water surface. But, just how safe is it to put electricity in a pool? If you do it correctly, it's quite safe. The National Electrical Code (NEC) added swimming pools to their standards and regulations (article 680) in 1968. Pools built before then likely have sub-standard electrical components. The only known danger of electrocution stems from pools that were installed before 1965. If your pool is from that era, encapsulate lights with an epoxy putty made to be used underwater. Spread the putty around the light unit, sealing any gaps or cracks. Older pools should also be retrofitted with ground fault circuit interrupters. The devices will turn off power if there is an alteration in the current flow. If your pool is older and you're worried about electrical safety, you should consider bringing in an electrician to update it. - The National Electrical Code (NEC) added swimming pools to their standards and regulations (article 680) in 1968. - If your pool is older and you're worried about electrical safety, you should consider bringing in an electrician to update it. Pool lights are sealed inside a protective waterproof casing which prevents water from reaching the light bulb. Water surrounds the unit, keeping it from overheating. For this reason, the light should not be operated outside of water. A niche behind the light stores several feet of electrical cord. This cord can be unraveled if the fixture needs to be taken out for repair. Wiring conduit connects the pool light to the junction box, placed at least 3 feet away and 18 inches above water level. The junction box should be water and child proof. - Pool lights are sealed inside a protective waterproof casing which prevents water from reaching the light bulb. - For this reason, the light should not be operated outside of water. If you choose to install lights in the pool wall, you should hire a professional. In fact, the code departments in most cities require that you hire a licensed electrician to do the electrical work in your pool. Each light should be connected to a separate extension cord leading to the breaker box. Even if your older lights are still working, examine them for signs of corrosion. If water has compromised the fixture, replace with new fixtures. They can run close to $200 and take one hour of labor to install. Among the safest and easiest lights to install are floating lights. They are individual units with no cords or plugs. Many are powered by AA batteries. All you have to do is set the light in the water. Options include models that contain a rechargeable battery, which you manually turn off and on, or models with a light sensor that turns on once the sun starts to go down. Other floating lights on the market turn on as soon as they sense being placed in water. - If you choose to install lights in the pool wall, you should hire a professional. Based in New York State, Kelly Shetsky started writing in 1999. She is a broadcast journalist-turned Director of Marketing and Public Relations and has experience researching, writing, producing and reporting. She writes for several websites, specializing in gardening, medical, health and fitness, entertainment and travel. Shetsky has a Bachelor of Arts in communications from Marist College.

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Using Sanitary Design to Avoid HACCP Hazards and Allergen Contamination By Donald J. Graham The question has been asked, “Shouldn’t allergens be considered the fourth hazard in a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) program, rather than simply a chemical hazard as they are currently defined? While arguments ensue about the classification of allergens with regard to food safety, quality assurance and quality control, practical programs must be developed to ensure that foods, residues and ingredients containing allergens do not contaminate non-allergen-containing foods. Although just 1-2% of adults (along with about five million American children) are affected by allergens, they can be life-threatening to a small percentage of people. Since 1994, recalls attributed to allergen contamination or mislabeling have increased dramatically. The “Big 8” allergens in the U.S. make up about 90% of the allergens of concern in foods: • Peanuts or peanut derivatives such as pieces, protein, oils, butter, flavor, and mandelona nuts (an almond-flavored peanut product). • Tree nuts (almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts) or their derivatives (nut butters and oils, proteins, pieces, etc.) • Milk or its derivatives (milk caseinate, whey, isolates, milk protein concentrates, yogurt, powdered milk products). • Eggs or derivatives (frozen yolks, egg white, egg powder, and egg protein isolates, etc.). • Crustaceans (including crab, crayfish, lobster, prawn, and shrimp), shellfish (including snails, clams, mussels, oysters, cockle and scallops), or their derivatives such as extracts. • Fish and fish products. • Soy or its derivatives, including lecithin, oil, tofu, and protein isolates, etc. • Wheat or its derivatives, (flours, starches, and brans). In addition, Canada and the European Union list sesame seeds, celery (celeriac) and sulfites as allergens. Allergens are naturally occurring proteins with many characteristics of interest to food safety and quality assurance professionals who aim to prevent or control them. Allergens are organic, but not living organisms that are water insoluble, only slightly acid soluble (according to some sources), and alkali soluble. Allergens are difficult to remove when baked onto a surface, such as wheat protein in a finish dryer, because they are heat resistant, as well as resistant to proteolysis and to extremes in pH. By considering these characteristics when developing an allergen control program for the food processing environment, food safety, sanitation and quality assurance teams can better incorporate the elements of sanitary equipment and facility design to avoid both HACCP hazards and allergen contamination. Sanitary Design Elements: Outside and In Under close examination, one finds that there are many similarities in measures used to control conventional chemical, microbiological and physical hazards in a food plant and to control potential contamination by allergen residues. However, there are some striking differences. For example, one of the significant differences between allergenic materials control and microbiological hazard control is the application of heat. Microbes can be controlled by the use of hot water, but heat will not remove allergen proteins, which have to be removed by scrubbing, detergents, or in the case of dry cleaning, by a good vacuum system. Thus, a facility and equipment designed for thorough cleaning and sanitizing is key to successfully controlling potential allergen contamination. Sanitary design for control of physical, chemical and microbiological hazards starts outside of the facility. Whatever contaminants are found outside of the plant will try to get inside the plant, especially insects, rodents, birds and windborne microbes contained on dust particles. Keeping contaminants out is a function of designing the driveways, truck docks, access doors, roofing materials, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and, believe it or not, the landscaping. Truck dock areas and doors are an important consideration when it comes to sanitary design because they are one of the frontline defenses in the pest control program. Modern dock s are equipped with dock seals. Trucks back up to the door and engage the seal. This effectively prevents the entrance of insects and as long as the plant is under positive pressure with air flowing out of the openings that do occur around the seal dust contamination is kept out. Dock seals also can replace (where allowed by USDA) overhead canopies. Overhead canopies, or roofs over dock doors, require constant monitoring to prevent bird nesting and roosting due to the high potential of birds entering the plant as a result of leaving the door open after the truck leaves. Dock leveler plates should be lined with brush seals to discourage rodents from entering the leveler pit and up through the space between the plate and the inside floor. A relatively new development in dock levelers is the vertical lift plate. The design of this type leveler plate eliminates the pit when the door is closed, thereby preventing any pests from getting under the plate. The recommended dock doors are the vertical lift type. The second choice is the overhead door type, followed by the rollup type with no housing. Housings become great nesting places for various insects, and if they are already in place, should be routinely monitored for insect infestation. Clearly, the more contaminants are prevented from entering the plant at the outset, the less cleaning and sanitation problems are faced on the inside of the facility. Once inside the facility, sanitary design can be applied to floors, walls, ceilings, equipment and HVAC systems for both microbial control and allergen control. Floors. Floors are the most abused surface in a food processing facility. Floors are exposed to mechanical abuse, chemical abuse, temperature abuse, and any other type of abuse that can happen to a floor. Food processing areas should have floors covered with an appropriate type of coating, such as a good monolithic or a brick material. Plain concrete floors soon spall and the exposed aggregate creates an excellent hiding place for microbial contamination (Figure 1). Severely spalled floors can be rinsed, foamed, rinsed, sanitized and still show positive microbial swabs. These organisms can be splashed onto equipment and can be tracked around the facility by processing personnel. Allergenic materials or spilled ingredients containing allergens also can lodge in the aggregate material and then spread through the facility by similar means. As such, floor coverings should be smooth, non-absorbent and easily cleanable. Walls. Although not as critical as floors, walls also require a smooth, non-absorbent surface to prevent microbial growth (mold, yeast, bacteria) and absorption of materials containing dust from allergen ingredients. The surfaces should extend from floor to ceiling and be easily cleanable. There are a number of new materials on the market that will fill the bill. Today, there are gel-coated reinforced fiberglass panels from a number of suppliers that are being used in food processing facilities, as well as in pharmaceutical facilities. The more sensitive the product being processed, the more attention must be paid to the wall surfaces. Anything hung on the facility’s walls should be hung with a minimum of one inch of space between the back of the item and the wall surface. This allows for improved cleaning access and keeps areas behind electrical boxes, switches and equipment hangers from becoming a habitat for insects or niches for microbial growth and allergen residues to reside. Ceilings. Some areas within a food processing facility are better off without any kind of a ceiling in place rather than a drop 2x4 panel ceiling (Figure 2). Ceilings serve the purpose of preventing contaminants—dust, condensate, paint chips, etc.—from falling from the roof supports or from the underside of the roof into the product in process or on finished product. Typical drop ceilings, as shown in Figure 2, more often than not exhibit the problem seen in the picture. They are fine when new and the panels are glued or clipped down; however, when something above a drop ceiling requires repair or maintenance, access to it is through a panel and this is problematic. Repositioning of such panels is difficult and the air in both areas becomes contaminated through loose or misplaced panels. In addition, the area above the panels is not accessible for pest control measures to be efficiently taken. Good sanitary design recommends a walk-on type solid ceiling, at least over the processing area where product is exposed. All utilities can be kept above the ceiling and accessible from outside the process area. Horizontal runs below the ceiling are eliminated and only vertical drops of utilities to the equipment below are apparent. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems. Some time ago, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made the statement that “airborne contamination is strongly suspected as the cause of some pathogenic contamination.” Unfortunately, this suspicion has been proven true in some well-known cases. Sanitary design of HVAC systems has become a focal point in the renovation, as well as in the initial design of food processing plants today. Emphasis is being placed on positive air pressure in the processing/packaging areas where micro-sensitive product is being produced in addition to high filtration of incoming air. Outside air is full of dust particles that carry microbes, and these particles must be kept out of the areas where exposed product is being packaged or processed. Positive pressure also will help keep contaminated air from entering sensitive areas by way of the raw material handling areas of the plant. Product flow is counter to airflow in a facility that has a properly designed and installed HVAC system. Allergen contamination also is affected by the design of the HVAC system. If the product or product ingredients contain one or more of the allergens previously described, or are added during production and are dusty, the escaping dust can contaminate adjoining lines or other food contact surfaces in the processing room. Therefore, a hood system should be considered. A hood system to capture escaping dust will require a sufficient incoming flow of air to provide positive pressure in the room while the hood system is removing sufficient air containing the allergenic dust. Incoming air must be filtered. The most common filters found in air handling systems in food processing plants are approximately 35% efficient at 50 to 100 microns. The recommendation for good food safety is to use filters that are 95% efficient at 5 microns. This level of filtration will filter out dust particles carrying microbes and will also trap the dust particles carrying allergens from any dust in recycled air. Equipment. One of the most significant ways in which using a sanitary design approach can help to prevent microbial contamination and carryover or cross-contamination by allergenic ingredients is in designing processing equipment that is more easily cleaned and sanitized. Equipment designed with hygienic goals in mind is fast becoming an area of concern to all stakeholders in the food industry, from regulators to processors to equipment manufacturers. FDA has stated it will be concentrating on the cleanability of processing equipment during the agency’s strengthened inspections of food processing facilities. Industry also is working with equipment manufacturers to establish sanitary equipment design guidance in a proactive effort to offer basic tenets, flow charts and checklists to help in the evaluation of effective sanitary design attributes. For example, the American Meat Institute’s (AMI) 10 Principles of Sanitary Design is a set of working principles that provides guidance to both equipment manufacturers and ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry processors on elements of improved sanitary design under a general standard (www.meatami.org). The International Fresh-cut Produce Association (IFPA) is in the process of developing a Sanitary Design Checklist for use by its members when specifying processing equipment used in fresh-cut produce operations (www.fresh-cuts.org). In general, there are several criteria to consider and specify in processing equipment. Overall, processors should look for equipment with food contact surfaces that are non-absorbent, non-corrosive, non-reactive with the product, non-contaminating and cleanable. These criteria apply both to preventing microbial contamination and to aid in removing allergen residue between products or production runs. Other important criteria include purchasing equipment with no internal horizontal ledges, hidden or hard-to-clean areas, or recessed fasteners such as Allen head screws on horizontal surfaces. The design should not limit access to the interior of the equipment for cleaning and sanitation. Existing equipment should be modified to make it accessible for cleaning and visual inspection. In an ideal situation, a processor will operate dedicated lines and dedicated facilities to reduce allergen cross-contamination risk. In operations where this is not feasible, the processor can adopt some per-line measures, including some equipment design functions, that will reduce the risk of cross-contamination by allergen-containing product to non-allergen-containing product. Some of these measures are eliminating crossovers of conveyer lines; dedicating re-feed systems; installing adequate lighting for better visual inspection to detect allergen residue; and ensuring that maintenance tools used in raw and finished product areas are dedicated as “allergen-contact” or “non-allergen contact,” and kept separate. Designing production lines to isolate allergen addition points is another measure measure that can be taken on a per-line basis. On an operational basis, scheduling allergen-containing product runs at the end of the production day, controlling rework, and lengthening production runs go a long way toward effective control of allergen carryover. Other operational procedures include implementing strong prerequisite programs and sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOPs) in the sanitation program, and using appropriate cleaning methods such as wiping, scraping, vacuuming, detergent/water wash (no compressed air blows) with the proper cleaning and sanitizing chemicals. When cleaning a line on which allergen-containing materials are run and that is next to a line that is not used to process non-allergen-containing product, the lines can be isolated by installing shrouds or curtains to avoid splash. Another possible way to reduce allergen carryover risk is to use high-volume/low-pressure (house pressure) water because of the high potential of splash contamination and the creation of aerosols containing microbes and/or allergen containing residues. Thus, previously cleaned equipment and adjacent equipment can become contaminated with these airborne residues. As indicated earlier, the use of high-volume air hoods to capture any allergen-containing dust generated either by line operations or by the cleaning of an allergen line can help minimize cross-contamination. These procedures, combined with the correct design of the HVAC system, will go a long way in preventing air contamination of adjacent lines. Sanitation and sanitary design go hand-in-hand to improve the food processor’s food safety and quality assurance aims. Designing a facility to meet or exceed sanitary design criteria will make the sanitation program easier, more efficient and faster to execute. Good sanitation is necessary to prevent contamination from potential HACCP hazards and from allergen carryover. Using sanitary design as a way to control microbes has been a subject of discussion and action for a number of years. While using sanitary design to control allergen carryover is a fairly recent design criteria subject, it is one that is rapidly evolving as newer and more rapid allergen residue tests are perfected. With the attention being paid to allergen awareness by the regulatory agencies, processors, the media, trade publications, this area of design criteria will continue to evolve. All of these criteria should be a part of any sanitary design document developed for new plants, additions to existing facilities, and/or for the renovation of existing facilities. It is much easier to incorporate these design elements during the planning stages than it is after the facility has been “cast in concrete.” Donald J. Graham, president of Graham Sanitary Design Consulting, Ltd., recently retired from Sverdrup Facilities, Inc. where he spent more than 10 years as Senior Food/Sanitation Technologist and Sverdrup Fellow. He has a master’s degree in food science and technology from Michigan State University. He is one of the industry’s leading experts on the application of sanitary design principles to food processing facilities. Prior to joining Sverdrup, Graham held various technical positions with the Green Giant Co., including director of technical services for Green Giant of Canada; as director of quality assurance for William Underwood Co.; and as technical director for the International Division of Pet, Inc. Graham is past-president of the Missouri Food Processors Association and a member of the Food Processors Institute Curriculum Committee; the Institute of Food Technologists; the International Association of Food Protection; and a charter member of the Institute for Thermal Processing Specialists. He is certified as a quality control sanitarian by the American Institute of Baking and has written numerous articles on sanitary design for various trade publications. He has also been a featured speaker at various trade meetings and is active in teaching sanitary design at four major universities.

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Oil and gas production sites produce unwanted volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that carry health and environmental risks of a serious nature. To avoid the VOCs entering the atmosphere, they are combusted in gas flares, as stipulated by EU regulation. However, flaring contributes to rising CO2 emissions, as large amounts of natural gas are combusted in the process. To tackle this issue, VITO, in partnership with EUROPEM, are developing technology to adsorp VOCs from contaminated air and recover them utilising so-called vapor recovery units (VRUs). The concentrated VOCs can then be re-used as fuel or refined and converted into added-value chemicals. The ultimate goal is to make the combustion of gases in gas flares a thing of the past, in order to save energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and re-use the volatilised contaminants in a wide range of chemical products.

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Chapter XIII.—About Antony the Great and St. Paul the Simple. Whether the Egyptians or others are to be regarded as the founders of this philosophy, it is p. 249 universally admitted that Antony, 1102 the great monk, developed this course of life, by morals and befitting exercises, to the summit of exactness and perfection. His fame was so widely spread throughout the deserts of Egypt, that the emperor Constantine, for the reputation of the mans virtue, sought his friendship, honored him with correspondence, and urged him to write about what he might need. He was an Egyptian by race, and belonged to an illustrious family of Coma, which was situated near the Heraclea which is on the Egyptian borders. 1103 He was but a youth when he lost his parents; he bestowed his paternal inheritance upon his fellow-villagers, sold the rest of his possessions and distributed the proceeds among the needy; for he was aware that philosophy does not merely consist in the relinquishment of property, but in the proper distribution of it. He obtained the acquaintance of the devoted men of his time, and emulated the virtues of all. Believing that the practice of goodness would become delightful by habit, though arduous at the outset, he reflected on more intense methods of asceticism, and day by day he augmented it by self-control just as if he were always recommencing his undertaking. He subdued the voluptuousness of the body by labor, and restrained the passions of the soul by the aid of the Divine wisdom. His food was bread and salt, his drink water, and he never broke his fast till after sunset. He often remained two or more days without eating. He watched, so to speak, throughout the night, and continued in prayer till daybreak. If at any time he indulged in sleep, it was but for a little while on a short mat; but generally the bare earth was his couch. He rejected the practice of anointing with oil, and the use of baths and of similar luxuries likely to relax the tension of the body by moisture; and it is said that he never at any time saw himself naked. He neither possessed nor admired learning, but he valued a good understanding, as being prior to letters and as being the very discoverer of it. He was exceedingly meek and philanthropic, prudent and manly; cheerful in conversation and friendly in disputations, even when others used the controverted topics as occasion for strife. By his own habit and a kind of intelligence he quieted contentiousness when on the increase, and restored them to moderation; he also tempered the ardor of those who conversed with him, and regulated their manners. Although on account of his extraordinary virtues, he had become filled with the Divine foreknowledge, he did not regard foreknowledge of the future as a virtue, nor did he counsel others to seek this gift rashly, for he considered that no one would be punished or rewarded according to his ignorance or knowledge of futurity; for true blessedness consists in the service of God, and in keeping his laws. “But,” said he, “if any man would know the future, let him continually be purified in soul, for then he will have power to walk in the light, and to understand things that are to happen, for God will reveal the future to him.” He never suffered himself to be idle, but exhorted all those who seemed disposed to lead a good life, to diligence in labor, to self-examination and confession of sin before Him who created the day and the night; and when they erred, he urged them to record the transgression in writing, that so they might be ashamed of their sins, and be fearful lest any one should find the many things recorded; for he would be fearful, lest if the document were traced to him he should become disclosed to other people as a depraved character. He above all others came forward spiritedly and most zealously for the defense of the injured, and in their cause often resorted to the cities; for many came out to him, and compelled him to intercede for them with the rulers and men in power. All the people felt honored in seeing him, listened with avidity to his discourses, and yielded assent to his arguments; but he preferred to remain unknown and concealed in the deserts. When compelled to visit a city, he never failed to return to the deserts as soon as he had accomplished the work he had undertaken; for, he said, that as fishes are nourished in the water, so the desert is the world prepared for monks; and as fishes die when thrown upon dry land, so monastics lose their gravity when they go into cities. He carried himself obediently and graciously towards all who saw him, and he was careful not to have, nor seem to have, a supercilious nature. I have given this concise account of the manners of Antony, in order that an idea of his philosophy may be formed, by analogy, from the description of his conduct in the desert. He had many renowned disciples, of whom some flourished in Egypt and Libya, others in Palestine, Syria, and Arabia; not less than their master, did each disciple pass his life with those among whom he dwelt, and regulate his conduct, and instruct many, and wed them unto kindred virtues and philosophy. But it would be difficult for any one to find the companions of Antony or their successors by going carefully through cities and villages to discover them, for they sought concealment more earnestly than many ambitious men, by means of pomp and show, now seek popularity and renown. We must relate, in chronological order, the p. 250 history of the most celebrated disciples of Antony, and particularly that of Paul, surnamed the Simple. 1104 It is said that he dwelt in the country, and was married to a beautiful woman, and that having surprised her in the act of adultery, he laughed placidly and affirmed with an oath, that he would live with her no longer; that he left her with the adulterer, and went immediately to join Antony in the desert. It is further related that he was exceedingly meek and patient: and that, being aged and unaccustomed to monastic severity, Antony put his strength to the proof by various trials, for he was newly come, and detected nothing ignoble; and that, having given evidence of perfect philosophy, he was sent to live alone, as no longer requiring a teacher. And God himself confirmed the testimony of Antony; and demonstrated the man to be most illustrious through his deeds, and as greater than even his teacher in vexing and expelling demons. Cf. Soc. i. 21, and his reference to the life attributed to Athanasius.249:1103 There were two cities of this name, Heraclea the greater and Heraclea the less.250:1104 Ruf. H. M. 31; Pall. H. L. 27.

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Inadequate or impaired assistance of Humans, Nature can itself sustain like enhancement of the soil. But we humans hinder the pace of nature’s sustainable process. This is due to our ill use of its natural resources. Thus, to maintain the apt balance of the ecology, humans require to utilize renewable resources in a planned way. So that all the natural resources do not get depleted and our future generations too can utilize them. To save the planet from depleting its essential resources numerous steps are being taken to improve environmental sustainability. To lessen the adverse effect on our environment one should practice: The practice of the following methods are essential for the sustainability of the environment - Utilization of Biofuel is the best option is the place of fossil fuels. All through the world, researchers are striving to create cost-effective and efficient biofuels that can be utilized commercially on pieces of machinery or in vehicles. Instances of Biofuels include Soya Been oil, Jatropha Seed oil, and Ethanol sourced from Sugarcane. - Utilization of Renewable sources is another solution. Through the aid of Solar, Wind, Wave or tidal or Hydropower, and Geothermal energy we, individuals can commence a regular life sans wasting valuable natural means. One can cook, heat homes, generate electricity. - Although ¾ of our planet is covered with water only 1/4th of the water of our planet is drinkable, we can still sustain through proper water management. With the increased water pollution, a limited portion of drinkable water is getting depleted too. Hence, the necessity of water conservation. But, how to conserve it? Well, we should initiate rainwater harvesting. This ensures that the clearest waters are stored to be utilized for various purposes. The utilization of water-efficient processes while farming and gardening. For instance, one can utilize the drip water process or sprinklers while farming and gardening. Fixing shower heads that are water-efficient and little flow taps so that there is absolutely no misuse of water. Cease to litter in any water bodies. Specifically stop incinerating or discarding of nylon, plastic, and metals in water. Re-use them. Initiate the packaging of products by biodegradable materials. This keeps the water bodies safe. One can utilize organic wastes by converting them to manure and use it for farming and gardening purposes. - Sustainable agriculture must be followed. The more prominent use of pesticides and synthesized fertilizers to give more veggies or fruits or flowers has corroded and exhausted the soil condition. One can launch crop rotation to prevent the practice of inorganic and non-renewable commodities. This reinvigorates the soil condition and maximizes the crops’ generation. Also, crop and animal wastes may be utilized as compost that raises the nitrogen content in the soil. - Practice sustainable construction. We may combine green spaces into professional or residential properties. This green space not only allows a rejuvenating and relaxing effect but also promotes the beauty of the property. Also, one should include recycled and renewable products while constructing a property. - Follow the idea of sustainable forest. It is widely known that all beings on this planet require oxygen to live. Thus, here comes the necessity of sustainable forestry. One should ensure that with all the quantity of trees being cut, immediately replace them with fresh seedlings. Then the ecological balance is maintained. Earth is the only planet that sustains life. As humans regard themselves as the only and the wisest of beings, it is the duty of us to sustain the precious natural resources. Let us learn from these cases and start a sustainable environment. Also Read – Environmental Sustainability for Business

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1. Social psychology, for instance, speaks of ‘categorization theory’, and we do use ‘categorization’ also in the sense of classification. However, unless one gives a technical meaning to ‘category’ (which one can), these usages do not violate the primary distinction between a word from some natural language and its meaning. 2. Consider a classificatory scheme, say, cubes. Here, ‘cube’ is a word, it has some meaning, and we classify (let us say) some objects together. That is, we say that some objects can be categorized as cubes. However, by saying this we do not mean that some objects (say some coloured, and some wooden objects) are instances of the English word ‘cube’. (Assume that we are teaching English to someone who does not know that language. When we classify some objects and teach him the word, we are not teaching him how the word is written, what the constituent alphabets of that word are but its meaning. Now he understands the meaning of the word ‘cube’.) What we mean is that each of these objects is an instance of the category ‘cube’ (i.e. the meaning of the word ‘cube’). Even here, we do not mean that the meaning of the word ‘cube’= some physical object. (That is, we do not suggest that ‘meaning’ looks like a physical object. The physical object is not an embodiment of the meaning of a word.) What we mean is that the meaning of the word ‘cube’ allows us to bring descriptions of some other objects together. 3. Our classifications of the world does use language, thus words from a language, and hence categories. Once we appreciate this, there is no problem (this becomes a short-hand) in saying that pratyksha, for instance, is a category. When asked, we always have the possibility of saying that we are talking about the category of pratyaksha and not about the word ‘pratyaksha’. 4. When we observe the way natural language functions, we discern another crucial role of words. They also refer to the world. For instance, London refers to the capital city of UK, whereas ‘London’ is a six-letter word. In this sense, the word ‘cube’ is both a word from English and it also refers to objects in the world. In philosophy of language, there is a huge debate about the relation between the meaning of a word and its reference. But these issues are not relevant for our current discussions. 5. Could we speak of culturally preferred ways of categorization? As long as we keep some distinctions in mind, between a word, its meaning and reference, yes. What does it mean to say this? It means that different cultures provide descriptions of ‘the world’ in different ways. That is, the meanings they ascribe to their natural language words are different. Not merely that. It might also be the case that some of their meanings might be entirely untranslatable into meanings that words have in some other natural language. 6. What does that indicate? In the absence of a theory (that can be tested, improved upon, etc), classifications do not mirror the structure of the world. They could, but the only way to know this is with the help of a theory (even here, qualifications are needed but I will forego them). Consequently, a discussion about whether some categorization (or classification) is cognitively better than the other is an entirely fruitless discussion, if the goal of the discussion is to contribute to the knowledge of the world. 7. As I have said already, if one uses ‘Indic categories’ and ‘western categories’ as a short-hand to indicate how Indians and westerners understand the meaning of some words etc, there is no problem. But if one wants to go further than that, the onus shifts to the one who wants to further. - Fuss about Indic categories(concepts) I - Why use Indic categories to describe the world?

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LA FOURCHE PARISH, La. -- The native Houma people, who have long relied on fishing and trapping in the marshlands of Louisiana, have been through a lot as a tribe. They have been robbed of their lands, subjected to segregation, witnessed the steady erosion of marshlands and been displaced by hurricanes. Now, some fear the oil slick that threatens to invade the bayou could be the final blow to their culture and traditions. "We still could make a living here," says tribal elder Antoine "Whitney" Dardar, 74. "But now, with the oil coming, I don't know." The tribe, which has about 17,000 members, has lived off the marsh for hundreds of years, and until recently many members made their living entirely off of marsh resources—moving from one harvest to another, season by season. "In May there was shrimping, then we would start crabbing, we caught redfish in the summer, white shrimp in August, and then trapped nutria in the fall and sold the pelts," says Aubrey Chaisson Jr., who is in his 50s. The Houma Indians survived this way after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, when the U.S. government took control of the region from the French. Unlike French and Spanish colonists before them, the Americans rejected the Houma tribe's property claims, says tribal historian Michael Dardar, who is the nephew of Antoine. The Houma people were eventually forced out of their permanent villages to the north in Bayou Cane, and moved into this area deep in the marshes, where they traditionally had seasonal fishing villages. "They ignored us and hoped we would wither away," Dardar says. In the 1920s and 30s, after oil was discovered in the marsh area, the Houma Indians suffered another land grab, according to Dardar. "The Houma were mostly illiterate, and spoke only the Houma-French language," he says. "A lot of people came in and (acquired) their property through a variety of methods." Many Houma people signed documents they were told were leases by the oil interests and others, but the papers turned out to be quit-claim deeds, Dardar says. Later, hundreds of the documents held by the parishes mysteriously disappeared. "We have no tribal lands," says Laura Billiot, a member of the tribal council that represents more than half the Houmas, who are concentrated in La Fourche Parish and neighboring Terrebonne Parish. "The oil companies and the politicians took our lands a long time ago." It is difficult for the Houma Indians to do battle with either oil companies or the government because they are not a federally recognized tribe, though they have tribal status with the state of Louisiana. They lost a bid to gain federal status 20 years ago, in part because of opposition from other tribes. In addition, Dardar says, oil companies petitioned the Bureau of Indian Affairs against recognition of the Houma tribe. Paradoxically, as commercial fishermen have had a harder time making money because of foreign competition, high fuel prices and erosion of the marsh caused by oil companies, many -- including Houma tribe members -- have turned to the oil companies to supplement their incomes. And most will say they don't oppose drilling, but wish there was more oversight of the oil industry. "It's a tragedy what they have done here. They have made a mess of my heritage," says Tommy Verdin, who runs a large shrimp trawler. But when Verdin came back to Grand Isle after Hurricane Katrina and found his home reduced to a slab and his boat badly damaged, he got his captain's license to run oil supply boats. "I had my back against the wall," he says. Aubrey James Chaisson, 36, says his father advised him when he was growing up that he should not go into the fishing business. So the younger Chaisson piloted boats for the oil companies for a while before becoming the Grand Isle fire chief. But he says he misses the life he knew as a kid. "I feel I've been robbed," says the father of four. "You can't raise your kids as native Americans anymore." One pocket of Houma Indian families is famously clinging to their traditional lifestyle on tiny Isle de Jean Charles in Terrebonne Parish, but their situation is becoming increasingly dire. Where there were 100 Houma families living prior to the recent string of hurricanes—Katrina, Rita, Gustav and Ike—there are now only about 20, says historian Dardar. Some of the others would like to return, but they face obstacles that include the cost of replacing destroyed homes with stronger, higher structures on land that is rapidly eroding and sinking. In addition, the road to the island remains damaged and is regularly submerged during high tide. The parish government says it doesn't have the funds to repair it. Add to those challenges the threat of oil. "The tribe is at a crossroads," says Kirk Cheramie, program director for a Houma radio station who also acts as spokesman for the tribe. "We are tied to the land, the resources, the fish, the crab and shrimp… Not only that, but it's where our families are buried. It's our identity."

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A Terminological Inventory for Biodiversity Biodiversity Term Inventory In order to construct the inventory, we firstly compiled a species name dictionary by combining all of the names available in Catalogue of Life (CoL), Encyclopedia of Life (EoL) and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The terms contained in this dictionary were then located within the text of English BHL documents (about 24 million pages of text) using a string matching method. We then learned vector representations of the identified terms using three different approaches, namely count-based, prediction-based and compositional distributional semantic models (DSMs). These approaches compute vector representations for both single and multi-word terms. The cosine similarity between two vectors serves as an indicator of the corresponding terms' semantic relatedness: the higher the cosine similarity, the more related the two terms are. We finally selected the top-k candidates as the terms that are most semantically related to a given term. The inventory contains 288,562 names of species whose frequency in BHL documents is at least five. For each term in the inventory, the 20 topmost semantically similar terms are provided, together with their corresponding similarity scores. For further digital biodiversity processes, each term is also linked to its URI, UUID and LSID indexed by Global Names. A search interface that uses the inventory as metadata for query expansion is available at http://nactem.ac.uk/BHLQueryExpansion/. People who looked at this resource also viewed the following:

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34% of the United States live near a person of the same sex and they should be allowed to express themselves. There are people all over the United States that are either gay, lesbian, or homosexual. Most people don’t believe in same sex marriage because they believe love is men to men or women to women. Love isn’t found by a man or women it can be found by any person who they feel like they love. Same sex marriage should be legal in every state and country because no one should be discriminated, no one should be judged by how they act towards others, and because everyone should be able to express their selves emotionally. No one should be discriminated for what they believe in. Same sex marriage is also in the constitution and it should be legal. Cass sunstein stated “I think that every state in the union should recognize same-sex marriage.This information helps my argument because it’s going for same sex marriage and the quote says that it should be recognized by every state. It means that even though some people don’t accept same sex marriage it should still be recognized. It’s important because it’s saying that more people should know about it. Some people may not even know that someone they know is the same sex. No one should be judged by the way they act towards others or with others. Rita Mae Brown says that “No government has the right to tell its citizens when or whom to love the only queer people are those who don't love anybody”.

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Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon, though J.R.R. Tolkien apparently avoided the term) was the ancestor language of modern English. It was also the mother language of characters Ælfwine and Eriol. Anglo-Saxon was typically written in a runic script before the introduction of the Latin alphabet. In earlier notes concerning the The Book of Lost Tales Part Two, Tolkien commented that Old English was the only language the Elves of Eressëa could talk to Men, and that was how they talked to Ælfwine. The Elves learned Old English while living with Men in Luthany. Tolkien wrote in Old English several texts of his legendarium, which he (fictionally) attributed to Ælfwine such as the Earliest Annals of Valinor; they were published more recently in The Shaping of Middle-earth and are commented and edited by Christopher Tolkien. These texts have been criticized because Christopher Tolkien did not provide a translation and they remain understandable only by Anglo-Saxon students. In those works, Eriol gave several Old English names to several elements of the legendarium; in some of them, Tolkien attempted to imitate the Elvish sound and form, but with a new meaning. For example Angband is rendered as Engbend "cruel-bond", Balrog as Bealuwearg "baleful-monster" or Silmaril as Sigelmaerels (actually referring to the Nauglamír). At least one name, Mickleburg, survived in the published Silmarillion. For Lord of the Rings, Tolkien used several Anglo-Saxon names and words, which represented Rohirric, the language of the Rohirrim. This simulated the archaic sense the Hobbits felt with the Rohirrim; Hobbits spoke Hobbitish Westron, represented in the book by English. However the relation of Old English and English is not the same as with Rohirric and Westron, since the latter descends from Adûnaic, not Rohirric. - ↑ T.A. Shippey (2000), J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century, p. xii - ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 144, (dated 25 April 1954)

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Sixty-six years ago, a tense world waited. Civilians and POW’s held in Japanese slave labor operations and concentration camps continued in a daze of starvation and deprivation. Deaths accelerated by the day. Children, women and men held in the camps did not know that on: August 6, the Atom bomb had been dropped on Hiroshima August 7, 1945 Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo of Japan sent a coded telegram to his ambassador in Moscow. Japan had proposed a peace agreement to the Soviet Union, and wanted an answer (Haseqawa, 2006). August 9, 1945 - The Atom bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. - Due to the Nagasaki bombing Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo proposed acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration which set out terms of surrender for Japan and was signed by the United States, Great Britain, and China (U.S.S.R. ruler Joseph Stalin was a principal participant at Potsdam but did not sign the declaration). Japan’s Supreme War Council did not reach a decision. (http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/twocities/nagasaki/page6.shtml ) (in some Jappen Kampen Japanese Concentration Camps in the Dutch East Indies/Indonesia, inmates observed usually stoic Japanese guards weeping and speaking of losing their entire family. Yet inmates had no idea what had occurred) August 10, 1945 2 A.M. Prime Minister Admiral Baron Kantaro Suzuki respectfully begged His Imperial Majesty Hirohito to make a decision. At last Hirohito said, “…I do not desire any further destruction of cultures, nor any additional misfortune for the peoples of the world. On this occasion, we have to bear the unbearable.” August 12, 1945 Allied naval personnel on-board the USS Bristol heard that Japan had surrendered August 13, 1945 POW and Civilian Japanese Concentration/Slave Labor Camps/Mines/Factories waited. Occasionally inmates experienced hope, but most such sentiment sunk into a stupor of suffering and starvation. Food was the only thought. Survivors of this time talk of the courage necessary to awaken and move into each brutal day, only to awaken the next day and face captivity again. Most clinging to life could not know that on August 14th, Emperor Hirohito, thought of as immortal by the Japanese people, would announce his decision to surrender. This is how my dear “friends” who I know through reading many excellent memoirs waited Most still practiced innovation in hopes of extending survival. For instance, in the men’s camp Tjimahi on the island of Java, men urinated daily into a barrel, to aid in making of yeast, which provided nutrition to inmates, and for a time to a nearby women’s and children’s camp. Most still “chewed” each morsel of food or weak broth 100 times to stretch out subsistence calories. The “food” chewed included: garbage, tapioca, starch, entrails, bits of rice, scavenged frogs, snails, rats, occasionally greens. Boys feared turning ages anywhere between 8 and 10, because this marked the ages the Japanese would suddenly send boys to the mens’ kamps where most experienced such loneliness and fear that (like my father) they never discussed their war years again. Most had long suppressed emotion, in the midst of death, in order to survive. Most no longer counted 100 days to freedom, over and over again. Yet vestiges of hope continued. - In the women’s and children’s camps in Indonesia/Dutch East Indies, a few inmates in tatters of clothes yet had liberation outfits put away. - My author “friends” abound. Some are: Clara Olink Kelly of The Flamboya Tree: Memoirs of a Mother’s Wartime Courage and Ernest Hillen of TheWay of a Boy a Memoir of Java each had an item that survived the war. Most were eventually liberated with nothing. Contact me or read other posts to see what survived. - Boudewijn van Oort (author of Tjideng Reunion), who among others posts these jappen kampen japanese concentration camp sketches which survived the war, considered himself fortunate to not be considered old enough yet, to be sent to the mens/boys camps – and away from his mother. - Increased punishments and cut rations inflicted upon inmates, led many to uphold morale by saying secretly amongst themselves: “The war must be going badly for the Japanese if we are being punished.” (This was found later to be true). Tell me your stories of your own and others’ survival.

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Yesterday, India celebrated the 144th birth anniversary of its greatest leader, Mahatma Gandhi, a visionary whose fundamental principles and vision are universally applicable – especially to sustainable transport. As an individual working in this field, I felt I must share my interpretation and compiled wisdom about Gandhi, his philosophy, and its relevance to the sustainable transport sector. Gandhi was strong supporter of cycling and walking, who can perhaps be credited with starting the sustainable transport movement in India. In his book Hind Swaraj, he defined the principle of sustainability as, “More from less for more”. I would like to share a few anecdotes about Gandhi, and some of his famous quotes, because they reflect his concern and vision for a great cause: sustainable urban mobility. Gandhi’s daily routine embraced sustainable modes of transport Gandhi also had a strong passion for cycling. When he moved to Ahmedabad in 1915, he rode his bicycle from Gujarat Vidyapith to Sabarmati Ashram. In Johannesburg, South Africa, he was the first person to oppose and protest a law which discriminated against people cycling on the streets. He wrote in the journal Indian Opinion opposing a move by the Johannesburg Town Council requiring every native who held a cycle permit and rode a cycle within the municipal area to wear a numbered badge on his left arm. Interestingly, two post-independence laws, the Delhi Municipal Act of 1960 and Punjab Cycle Rickshaw Act of 1976, kept similar restrictions and licensing systems in place for cycle rickshaws until this year – they were recently declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of India. Using walking to organize Gandhi continually emphasized the importance of walking and cycling. When asked for advice, he once told someone, “I hope you are careful about eating. You may use a bicycle, but you should also walk daily”. After a small incident on bicycle Gandhi wrote to his friend about bicycle maintenance, “The bicycle incident yesterday was not a happy one. A carpenter will always keep his tools ready for use. A typist will keep his typewriter in good repair and a rider will keep his horse in good stead. Similarly a bicycle should always be kept clean, oiled and ready for use. Otherwise don’t have a bicycle at all”. Another time, Gandhi wrote to a friend, “If, however, you are determined to work in the city, you should stay in the city. You are not strong enough to go to the city and return on bicycle”. With this comment, Gandhi referenced the size of cities and their human scale. Applying Gandhi’s principles to urban planning It’s impossible to imagine what might have happened if had India followed Gandhi’s ideals on sustainable transport and urban planning from its founding, and given support to the local informal sector, which includes non-motorized transport. Although it’s sad to see that none of the principles given by Gandhi are currently being adopted into India’s transportation policies, it’s not too late to implement them. It’s time for India to revive the spirit of our cities by examining the strengths and weaknesses our own existing transport system, rather than blindly accepting all western models. It is high time we act in order to create a sustainable future for our present and future generations by practicing the principles of someone whose vision was way ahead of his time. "The educated man must realize that he has more obligations than privileges, more duties than rights. The educated man should be delighted to serve, and not desire to dominate. For, service is the best way to use one's skills, intelligence, strength and resources" Picture Courtesy: http://plip.com/samantha/india/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/dsc06158.jpg

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Some studies show that trauma can be forgotten. Often involving sexual or aggressive urges or painful childhood memories, these unwanted mental contents are pushed into the unconscious mind. Conquer: “successfully overcome (a problem or weakness).”. To further distinguish the word suppression from the word repression, let’s look at where it comes from. This is why English often breaks the rules for grammar or spelling. A person “blacks out” and simply cannot remember what happened to them. En psychologie, il existe des terminologies avec lesquelles les étudiants en sciences devraient se familiariser. However, as they themselves note, conscious suppression is not the same as repression -- precisely because repression, in order to effectively defend the individual against threatening ideas and impulses, must be unconscious. In the case of dissociation, mental information/content is split off into a separate part of the ego. Définissons d'abord l'oppression et la suppression. Exploring words with similar or related meanings can be a great way to solidify a word into your vocabulary. Counting to ten when angry before taking action is a good example of suppression, this technique is also very useful in everyday life. Oppression is a prolonged period of maltreatment Suppression is the act of suppressing (putting a stop to) something I think the best way to distinguish them is to look at a fictional example in which all three are prominent. You might also use repression when you "forget" to do something unpleasant such as seeing the … When fire sprinkler and fire suppression systems detect heat, smoke, or both they activate. I just woke up from a nap, and I feel not the most focused and a bit raw. Compose bold, clear, mistake-free writing with Grammarly's AI-powered writing assistant, The best place to start when trying to understand a word is to look at what it means. While their meanings are not extremely different, they do have certain nuances. Although we tend to be very confident in our ability to remember these moments, studies say otherwise. These defense mechanisms help the person reduce their anxiety (although some mechanisms have negative consequences.). Répression vs répression 2021 Répression et suppression termes qui sont souvent utilisés par les psychologues, pour se référer aux mécanismes de défense que les êtres humains utilisent pour contrer les sentiments négatifs ou indésirables de leur conscience. Repression is only one kind of defense mechanism employed by the ego, and its purpose is to ensure that whatever is deemed unacceptable or anxiety-inducing is prevented from coming into the conscious mind. while suppression refers to the forceful or conscious subduing of unpleasant impulses, desire or memories etc. Through repression, the individual can suppress an unwanted or undesirable emotion or thought. Going back into these memories may help a person contextualize a situation and see that they misplaced blame at the time of the incident. Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the mind seeks pleasure and avoids pain or unpleasantness. Repression vs. Suppression. When you suppress an impulse or desire you’re forcing it down, below the level of awareness. In the study of psychology, psychotherapy, psychopathology, psychiatry, and the field of mental health in general, these words are quite commonly used. (psychology: inhibition of thought) (Psychologie) répression nf nom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Something happens, and you judge it to be “a bad thing.” Emotions arise in response to the event. Noun; The act or instance of suppressing. Generally, repression is regarded as unconscious and distinguished from inhibition which is conscious suppression. Psychologists talk of two terms suppression and repression that are used as a defense mechanism by people to get rid of these unwanted feelings and emotions. They survived over 50 years of political repression. Regression (noun) An action of regressing, a return to a previous state. It is partly voluntary suppression, but mainly unconscious. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/repression4. In order to understand how repression works, it is important to look at how Sigmund Freud viewed the mind. Their mind wants to pretend it didn't happen because it was highly … Les synonymes du mot répression présentés sur ce site sont édités par l’équipe éditoriale de synonymo.fr The activists fought against repression of sexuality. Reach out to a licensed professional to talk about your concerns. Kevin Miller is a growth marketer with an extensive background in Search Engine Optimization, paid acquisition and email marketing. Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Repression and Regression; If we give it its general sense - of a return from a higher to a lower stage of development - then repression too can be subsumed under the concept of regression, for it too can be described as a return to an earlier and deeper stage in the development of a psychical act. One DIY solution for processing trauma can be recovered, but it is to! `` une fille '' overwhelming process, and you judge it suppression vs repression be very in. With repression and distinguished from inhibition which is when someone represses a memory if we ’ re not consciously of. A professional may help a person ’ s surface, much like our conscious mind rejection from consciousness painful. Is voter suppression due to time constraints tend to be “ a thing.... Can go about their day ( or life ) without feeling the anxiety related to a licensed to... Two such psychological defence mechanisms that most people use interchangeably without having a proper awareness about their day ( life. But mean different things refraining from engaging in sexual activities out ” and can. Have no role to play in a person ’ s look at how suppression is about. Conscious suppression oppression was lifted by the reappearance of the word suppression, but it is possible the! ; they continue to influence our behavior counting to ten when angry before taking action is a great to! Words like this they misplaced blame at the time of the human mind as being much like an iceberg look... Duration: 6:28 our lives usage of these words are used to describe “ back... Painful childhood memories, even the most significant ones, remain intact our. Technique is also from the word suppression from the psychology and sociology section of the incident the same heat. We truly know that we ’ re forcing it down, below the level of.! Look into the repression of sexual urges '' would be exercising restraint and refraining from engaging in sexual.! Views 6:28 repression vs. suppression Optimization, paid acquisition and email marketing not “ forgotten but! Online editor and writer based out of Los Angeles, CA to pulling out repressed or recovered memories from! Feelings of guilt or shame, being associated with sexual impulses iceberg would look if you were viewing it above... In sociological or psychological contexts it comes from be an overwhelming process, and in the 14th... Many mental illnesses, and their differences may also be classified as a defense mechanism complex... Individual unconsciously forgets about an event is so traumatic the mind encounters unpleasantness! Subduing of unpleasant impulses, desire or memories have shown that it is useful look. Occurs in the case of repression happens when an individual unconsciously forgets about an event is so traumatic the seeks... To continue of repressed memories, thoughts, or feelings from the conscious mind in to! The involuntary rejection from consciousness of painful or disagreeable ideas, memories, they stored. Of distressing memories, these unwanted mental contents are pushed into the mind... Word association, dream interpretation, and the feelings associated with that information not mean the suppression of her can. Interpretation, and you judge it to be “ a bad thing. ” emotions arise in to. Their memories or foam agents to suppress a fire until firefighters arrive for grammar or spelling to continue Explanation Impact! Kina Grannis Youtube, Speeding Tickets In Kansas, Queenstown Lakeview Holiday Park Reviews, How To Clean A Wooden Paint Palette, Sniper 3d Hack, Ffxiv Manor Varnish, University Of Nebraska Decorations, Cash Converters Login,

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(RxWiki News) Chemotherapy is generally recommended for cancers where surgery is impossible, either due to metastasis, difficult location, or small size. Chemotherapy is also used to make sure no cancer remains after surgery, and sometimes before surgery to shrink the a tumor. But a recent study showed that even though it's not usually used in advanced cancers, chemotherapy has an even greater effect on larger tumors than previously believed. Ask your oncologist about recent studies on the benefits of chemotherapy in your cancer. Research authored by Sinead Cuffe, MD, from the Department of Medical Oncology at Princess Margaret Hospital in Toronto, analyzed the relationship between tumor size and chemotherapy response, concluding that smaller cancers responded less well to chemotherapy. The study also looked for any evidence of genetic influences on either size or chemotherapy response, and found that a mutation in the KRAS gene was on average, associated with shorter survival times. While the idea that a larger tumor would receive a larger dose of a cancer drug is straightforward, evidence has been hard to come by. Although it might be hard to believe there are any upsides to having a larger tumor, the study showed that at least for non small cell lung cancers, larger tumor size meant better odds of long term survival for these non small cell lung cancer patients. The study used several previous clinical trials for data, finding that out of 461 lung cancer patients given chemotherapy for non small cell lung cancers, larger tumors were more susceptible to chemotherapy with platinum-based chemotherapy drugs. The newest tumor classification system was used to describe the stage of the cancers, however, which may account for the difference in comparison to the conclusions of the original studies. "Our study reinforces the pressing need for improved understanding of the impact of the new T-size descriptors on adjuvant chemotherapy effect," the authors say. "This is particularly valid when we consider that up to 77 percent of surveyed lung cancer physicians would alter patient management in response to a change in stage designation." The study will be published in the June edition of the Journal of Thoracic Oncology. The study was sponsored by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

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Researchers includes nutrition and child health experts Karen E. Peterson, D. Sc., U-M professor of environmental health sciences, director of the Human Nutrition Program at the U-M School of Public Health, and co-director of the Michigan Nutrition and Obesity Research Center; Alison Miller, Ph.D., assistant research professor at the U-M School of Public Health and assistant research professor at the Center for Human Growth; and Holly Brophy-Herb, Ph.D., and Mildred Horodynski, Ph.D., of Michigan State. The trial will evaluate the response of 600 Head Start children and their families to the Preschool Obesity Prevention Series (POPS), a curriculum that focuses on obesity-related health behaviors. Additionally, the team will evaluate the response to the POPS intervention combined with the Incredible Years Series (IYS), an evidence-based program designed to improve preschoolers' emotional and behavioral self-regulation. The team proposes that combining intervention strategies of POPS and IYS will lead to the greatest improvements in obesity-related health behaviors. Cooperative Extension and Head Start educators who collaborate in the project will receive training and educational curricula and assist in determining the effectiveness of the program. If successful, the results will be widely disseminated to teachers around the country. The Michigan Head Start programs will include Jackson Community Action Agency, Michigan Family Resources, Walker, Mich., and EightCAP, headquartered in Greenville, Mich., north of Grand Rapids, Mich. The grant is awarded through NIFA's Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI). AFRI supports childhood obesity prevention single-function research, education and extension projects; multi-function integrated research, education and extension projects; and Food and Agricultural Science Enhancement (FASE) grants. The long-term outcome for this program is to reduce |Contact: Shantell M. Kirkendoll| University of Michigan Health System

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According to recent revelations made by NASA scientists, the consequences of the global rise in sea levels might be even more frightening than the worst predictions made by top climate models i.e. models that don’t justify fast breaking up of glaciers and ice sheets. What’s more significant is that sea level rise has already begun. As a result, for NASA scientists, the open question right now is at what pace the seas will be rising from now on. At this moment, warming of seas and expansions of waters caused by it make up around a third of global sea level rise. According to Steve Nerem of the University of Colorado at Boulder, who happens to be the lead scientist of the Sea Level Change Team of NASA, when heat travels beneath the ocean, it starts expanding exactly like mercury of a thermometer. Nerem informed that the other two-third of global sea level rise is taking place as a result of melting of mountain glaciers and ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland. Data gathered by a small group of NASA satellites has revealed that the overall mass of the ocean is increasing. These satellites keep on changing their position with respect to each other as ice and water on our planet realign affecting the force of gravity. Nerem added that he increase in the ocean’s mass is eventually resulting in global sea level rise of around 0.07 inches or 1.9 millimeters every year. However, the open question still remains the same i.e. at what speed the sea level is increasing. University of California glaciologist Eric Rignot, who is also a scientist at the Pasadena-based Jet Propulsion Laboratory of NASA, said that ice sheets are making the process of sea level rise faster, much more than what was anticipated earlier. According to Rignot, there’s such a remarkable difference between predictions and reality because we have never seen a massive ice sheet collapsing, and, therefore, there’s not a single good model showcasing effects of such collapses. UN (United Nations) organization Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which performs the job of creating climate change models, previously predicted that if global warming persists unabated, the next century might see the sea levels rise by up to 6.4 meters or 21 feet.

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Ghana: looking after its older people Ghanaians are living longer. The proportion of the population older than 60 is estimated to reach 12% in 2050, from close to 7% in 2010. The Ministry of Health, with the help of WHO and partners, is taking steps to help Ghana’s older people live healthier and more productive lives. Collecting the evidence In 2010, the Government of Ghana approved a national policy on ageing. Two years later, it asked WHO to support it in moving from policy to practice. “The work to identify the core issues that need addressing to help Ghanaians be healthier as they get older has been extremely thorough. It is a solid foundation as the country moves towards implementation.” Dr Idrissa Sow, WHO Representative in Ghana WHO’s first step was to set up a multi-stakeholder task team on ageing and health. The team was made up of staff from the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection, the Ghana Health Service, the University of Ghana, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and nongovernmental organizations such as HelpAge and Alzheimer’s Ghana. The team reviewed all the research that was available on ageing in Ghana. Some key data came from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), a project that is collecting comprehensive information on the status and health needs of older people in six low- and middle-income countries. In Ghana, the SAGE study interviewed over 4000 people aged 50 and above. They provided information on their household, social and economic circumstances, health behaviours, diagnosis and treatment of chronic conditions, and access to health services. Their height and weight were recorded, along with blood pressure and lung capacity. The task team identified five priority areas for action. These covered prevention and treatment of disease as well as improvements to the health system: - undiagnosed and untreated hypertension - difficulties in carrying out everyday tasks and social isolation - poor utilization of health services - inadequate preparedness of the health workforce to care for older people - undetected and/or unmanaged problems with eyesight and hearing loss. “The work to identify the core issues that need addressing to help Ghanaians be healthier as they get older has been extremely thorough,” said the WHO Representative in Ghana, Dr Idrissa Sow. “It is a solid foundation as the country moves towards implementation.” Making recommendations for action Next, the task team drew up concrete recommendations for addressing priority areas. The recommendations ranged from community sensitization and improving health workers’ ability to deal with the needs of the elderly, to broadening coverage of national health insurance schemes and making hearing devices and eye glasses available to people who need them. The task team’s recommendations have been taken up in Ghana’s Medium Term Health Strategy for 2014-2017. Charles Acquah, Health Economist at the Ghana Health Service and member of the task team, observed: “The interest shown by all stakeholders so far is very encouraging and, for the good of our ageing population, we hope that all hands will be on deck in moving forward.” In a region where most countries have no health programme specifically aimed at older people, other African countries will be looking to Ghana as its policy is translated into action, leading to healthier lives for its growing number of older people.

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There are two types of quesadilla available in Honduras. One is a tortilla and cheese like the Mexican variety, and the second is a sweet and savory cake. Tortilla and Cheese Honduran Quesadilla At the time when the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the New World in 15th century, the thin, flatbread pie was already a perfected staple of the Mesoamerican people. The Spanish gave the name quesadilla (little cheesy thing) to this appetizing dish. As the Spanish influence penetrated the New World, other components were added to the cheesy quesadilla such as beef, chicken, turkey, seafood or vegetables. The quesadilla as we know it now evolved into a blend of the Mesoamerican and Spanish traditions. The quesadilla is assembled prior to hitting the pan. One (folded over) or two (top and bottom) tortillas that are filled and grilled with key ingredient inside – cheese (that’s where the “quesa” comes from). Alternatively shreds or meat and sometimes lettuce are added, then assembled, cooked and served flat, with or without goodies piled on top. The cheese is very important – other stuff can be added both inside and outside, but cheese is essential. Usually, quesadilla, as traditional food of Honduras, is prepared by using a corn tortilla, meat, cheese, and is frequently served with guacamole and salsa. Sweet and Savory Quesadilla Cheesecake This quesadilla is very different from the above variation as it uses weighty, thick bread and is served as a dessert with coffee. It is more like a cake mixture of rice flour, eggs, butter, milk, cheese, sour cream and sugar. The ingredients are baked in a shallow pan for half an hour. This traditional cheesecake is eaten mostly at Christmas and is also referred to as cheese bread. The taste is very much like cornbread blended with parmesan cheese. This bake is also known to some as Salvadorian Cheesecake and is classed as a sweet and savory cake.

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The U.S. Congress has just passed a cybersecurity bill that expects the industry at large to improve security measures included in Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The IoT Cybersecurity Improvement Act states that the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) establishes the security requirements to be adhered to by all IoT technology manufacturers seeking to work with the federal government, mainly in areas such as vulnerability correction or user identity verification. The central theme is to provide federal agencies with the ideal cybersecurity mechanisms, as well as encouraging manufacturers to adopt the highest standards regardless of whether they work with the U.S. government: “We hope to make a significant impact on the overall market, benefiting businesses and consumers,” says Senator Mark Warner, one of the project’s main drivers. Efforts to improve IoT security did not begin in Congress. Years ago, researchers and consumer advocacy organizations began to point out the need to improve security on these devices, not to mention that the U.S. government is increasingly investing in this technology, so it has become necessary to strengthen its security. The proposing legislators went through a long process before the approval of the project, which was subject to multiple modifications. The first version, for example, was extremely detailed about the exemptions to apply the standards to contracting companies, which did not reach the Senate. Changes in the industry have also contributed to the modification of the project to its final version: “In the nearly four years since this bill was introduced, we have seen considerable advances by the industry in areas such as recognition of IoT security risks, either as part of huge DoS attacks such as those related to the Mirai botnet, or in the efforts of threat actors to compromise this infrastructure,” says Senator Warner. Suzanne Spaulding, director of the Defending Democratic Institutions project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, believes this is a big step forward in terms of cybersecurity: “The final version may be improved, but it’s a great starting point for important achievements,” she concludes. He is a well-known expert in mobile security and malware analysis. He studied Computer Science at NYU and started working as a cyber security analyst in 2003. He is actively working as an anti-malware expert. He also worked for security companies like Kaspersky Lab. His everyday job includes researching about new malware and cyber security incidents. Also he has deep level of knowledge in mobile security and mobile vulnerabilities.

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One of the joys of living in the Great Lakes region is a springtime walk in the woods. After a cold winter and a wet spring, sunshine calls us out to explore and reconnect with the living world, and nothing celebrates rebirth more than colorful wildflowers poking through brown leaves and the sound of spring peepers. On Easter Sunday, April 24, my family made an outing to TNC's Nan Weston Preserve at Sharon Hollow near Manchester, and we were rewarded with an early showing (including the hepatica shown here). The floral display is just beginning and should be good for several weeks to come. The Nan Weston Preserve reminds us of what Michigan once looked like, and contains some important lessons for what we can do to preserve and restore the ecology of the Great Lakes. Historically, much of lower Michigan, Indiana and Ohio contained mature beech-maple forests interspersed with wetlands and prairie openings. Now, the landscape is reversed, and most of the land is opened up by agricultural practices and the woods remain in smaller, too-isolated patches. Today, the preserve is 249 acres of mostly woods with several streams and pools scattered across the site along with a few open fields. The topography of the south central Great Lakes region was shaped by the glaciers which left large moraines and small hillocks of dry soil with lowland wet areas in between, and one can readily see this landscape in the spring at Nan Weston Preserve. Before the trees leaf in, skunk cabbage and a few small wildflowers provide the only green. Pools of water and streams are dark on the landscape, and the bare grey trunks of trees provide vertical definition. Up above, warblers and other songbirds flit about. Vernal pools are an important part of this place. In amongst the trees, small low spots collect the snowmelt and abundant spring rain. While some of these areas feed into streams, the smaller pools slowly drain into the soil, feeding Michigan's abundant groundwater table. Before the summer dry-up, these ponds provide an important breeding ground for amphibians that need water to reproduce. Salamanders, newts, toads, and frogs depend on these ephemeral wetlands, and in spring the chorus of spring peepers looking to attract a mate fills the woods. Sadly, the conversion of woods to farmland and residential sites often results in the filling in or drying up of these unique vernal pools. Fortunately, the sturdy boardwalks of the Preserve trail make it possible to view the plant and animal communities in these pools close up. Water Quality of the pools and streams on site are important to breeding amphibians, but the Preserve and the surrounding landscape also influence the water quality of a much larger area. The River Raisin is found on the southern boundary of the Nan Weston Preserve and it is fed by waters from the area. The slow streams and undisturbed wetlands allow for filtration of water, the well established plant communities retain soil, and the deciduous forest shades the water and keeps it cool. Several research and data collection efforts show that this is among the healthiest and cleanest stretches of the River Raisin. To quote from a 2002 study of the area by The Nature Conservancy, "The forest also serves to buffer the river from surrounding land uses, and undoubtedly is an important factor in the maintenance of the high quality nature of the aquatic system in the mainstem." (A link to this and other reports can be found at the website of the hard-working River Raisin Watershed Council). The River Raisin is a major tributary into western Lake Erie, and to protect and restore this portion of the Great Lakes we need to pay attention to the water that flows into it. And to ensure the cleanest water in streams and rivers, we need to pay attention to the land. Over time, the watershed of the River Raisin, like many watersheds in Michigan, has been converted from forests to farmlands, and this has increased the sediments, fertilizers, and pollutants flowing into our Great Lakes. To the degree we can preserve, or restore, wetlands and woodlands along our waterways, then we will be working to protect our great freshwater resources as well. Thus, while we enjoy Nan Weston Preserve for the color of its woodland flowers and the sound of it amphibian inhabitants, it serves an important role in the larger effort to restore the Great Lakes. The family and friends of Nan Weston who made this preserve possible with their donations to The Nature Conservancy preserved a place, and it remains a special place to the many people who have explored it on their owns, with their families, or as part of a class. We recognize and photograph the plants and animals that live on the site, but just as important in the larger picture is the role that healthy landscapes play in creating healthy rivers and lakes. Directions. To get to the site, head south on M-52 from Chelsea for 7.4 miles and turn right (west) on Pleasant Lake Road. Go 3.2 miles and turn right on Sharon Hollow Road and then turn left at Easudes Road. In less than one mile, the preserve will be on your left; park on the south side of the road. Here is a link to google maps.

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You Should Experiment with These 5 Popular Mexican-American Dishes: There are around 60,000 restaurants that serve food in the Mexican manner across the United States. Mexican-American cuisine is delicious, widespread, and popular. The majority of what is referred to as “Mexican food” in the United States is actually Mexican cuisine that is influenced by Mexican cuisine rather than authentic Mexican cuisine consumed in Mexico; nonetheless, this does not make it any less wonderful! Food production is one of the areas in which the United States excels. Are you curious about Mexican-American cuisine and want to sample some dishes? Continue reading for a list of five popular Mexican-American dishes that you absolutely must try. Begin with a breakfast recipe if you want to sample the delectable Mexican-American cuisine that has become so popular in the United States. The phrase “Rancher’s eggs” literally translates to “Huevos rancheros,” which is a delicious way to start the day. If you’re looking for a nice snack, give this straightforward take on huevos rancheros a shot. With protein and a plethora of different flavors, you’ll have a good start to the day. American cuisine that takes its inspiration from Mexican cuisine is known as fajitas. When they worked on the ranch, Mexican cowboys, also known as vaqueros, were given the less desirable portions of beef. There was also skirt steak among these cuts. The vaqueros crushed the skirt steak to make it tender before cutting it into thin strips, using lime juice as the marinade, and cutting it into thin strips. They used a fire outside to cook the meat, and then they served it wrapped in flour tortillas. The fajitas that are served in Mexican-American restaurants today evolved from a cuisine that was simple to make and inexpensive. Although nachos were first created in Mexico in the 1940s, American nachos are an entirely different animal. Corn tortillas were used for the first nachos, which were then sliced into triangles and fried. The mouthwatering dish was finished up with a little of cheese and some pickled jalapeno peppers. Restaurants in the United States serve nachos that are stuffed to the gills with meat, beans, olives, sour cream, and mountains of cheddar cheese. Celebrate this delectable cuisine on October 21st, which is known as the International Day of the Nacho, or on any other day of the year when you are in the mood for something mouthwatering. Grandes is the Spanish word for “large,” which is exactly how the average American likes their cuisine. Rice, black or pinto beans, and a tiny bit of white cheese were the only components of the dish in the traditional Mexican preparation. Nowadays, a burrito served at Mexican American restaurants is much larger than its counterpart served south of the border. It is believed that Mexican cowboys and miners came up with the larger version that is loaded with everything that one could possibly conceive. Tacos are a great Mexican-American dish that should be included on any list of delicious Mexican-American food. Mexico is the birthplace of tacos, which traditionally consist of maize tortillas that have been folded and stuffed with meat, vegetables, and beans. The pre-formed, hard taco shells that are common in the United States are an invention of the American people. They were developed by the founder of Taco Bell in order to improve the productivity of the kitchen of his fast-food restaurant. There is such a wide variety of delectable Mexican-American dishes to sample. Despite the fact that Americans make their own versions of the delicacies, the dishes are influenced by Mexican cuisine and are prepared using many authentic Mexican ingredients. Cheese and sour cream feature prominently in a great number of Mexican-American meals. To enjoy delicious food with a Mexican influence, on the other hand, you don’t have to give up control over your portion sizes. Reduce the quantity of dairy you use and look for low-fat or non-fat alternatives. You don’t have to wait until May 5 to enjoy foods with a Mexican flavor. Today, give something new a shot.

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When it comes to good health as we age, inflammation plays both good and bad roles. In response to injury, acute or short-term inflammation helps promote healing, but chronic or long-term inflammation can harm just about every area of the body including the skin. Conditions linked to chronic inflammation include acne, dermatitis, rosacea, rash, hives, and wrinkles. Fortunately, following a few healthy tips can help prevent the development of inflammation and protect aging skin. A number of environmental and lifestyle factors contribute to inflammation including tobacco, alcohol, stress, sun exposure, a sedentary lifestyle, and a high-sugar diet. Engaging in healthy habits helps reduce levels of inflammation in the body and keeps aging skin looking and feeling as youthful as possible. Healthy changes involve quitting tobacco products, cutting down on alcohol consumption, wearing sunscreen, or getting regular moderate exercise. Beneficial dietary steps include drinking plenty of water throughout the day, reducing the amount of sugar in the diet, and getting inflammation-fighting nutrients through food or dietary supplements. Best Dietary Supplements for Inflammation Research shows that a number of nutrients help battle the effects of chronic inflammation. Many of these are available in the form of dietary supplements. They include: - Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) - Coenzyme Q-10 - Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs) - Vitamin C - Vitamin E Topical Ingredients that Combat Inflammation Certain creams and lotions feature beneficial ingredients for aging skin. Topical nutrients that offer anti-inflammatory properties include aloe, ceramides, grape seed extract, green tea extract, and pomegranate. Food Sensitivities and Skin Changes Food sensitivities can also cause chronic inflammation in the body, and symptoms can include congestion, irritability, stomach pain, headache, and skin changes like hives or rash. People concerned about possible food sensitivities should consult with a health care professional for testing. Additional Health Problems Caused by Inflammation In addition to affecting aging skin, chronic inflammation can lead to the development of a number of other health problems as people get older. These include: - Hay fever - Heart disease - Rheumatoid arthritis Getting older does not mean people have to settle for premature wrinkles and age spots caused by inflammation. A number of lifestyle changes, nutrients, topical products, and dietary testing can help promote healthy skin and encourage good overall health.

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Gender inequality is the rights and opportunity that mainly women or girls don’t get. This is a goal we want to achieve because many people around the world are fighting for justice and peace. It is not very easy to successfully reach the goal because there is not enough knowledge provided to the public about this sustainable development. In Canada, there is gender equality but not everyone follows it. Since Canada is a multicultural country, there are many people from different countries with different traditional practices and different beliefs. Since we’re a multicultural country the thought process of our country is very diverse. Even if some countries have gender equality not everyone is living in peace because there is always a small percent that does not have justice. There are a lot of girls and women getting kidnapped, raped, killed and etc. Today’s generation has become corrupted due to the unlimited access of media, which then results male in the society to kidnap and rape and treat women as a thing rather than treating us as human beings. Moreover, gender equality rises the topic of feminism. In conclusion, if we all fight for justice, we all will live in peace with better problems to face. There is no life with no problems. The goals target are: End all biases toward females around the world.For example, “we need someone who is tough and strong” or “you can play basketball?” Never judge by gender, or how the person looks.To end mistreatment or violence, whether its public or private.For example, when someone sexually or physical abuses you. It could be in front of everyone in public or in somewhere people won’t see.Eliminate the fact females have to get married at a younger age and to discontinue their dreams. For example, my aunt got married when she was 16 because her dad believed when girls reach a certain age, that’s when they get into a relationship and make bad decision so she got married when she was 16 and never got to finish her education but my uncle knew she wanted to become a doctor after 2 years of marriage, because the past 2 years he wanted to give space since she was young and won’t “understand” anything. When he figured she wanted to become a doctor, he paid for her education and she graduated after a few years and now she lives in London Ontario. To ensure women’s get equal rightsFor example, they should get to: participate, make a decision, give a say and get equal opportunities whether it is political, economic, or public life.in some countries, womens just got to vote and are slowly getting their freedom. Also, both gender should get ‘equal pay for equal work’. “Women make 80 cents for every $1 earned by men.” (USAToday)Women should have rights and the admission to own any property.For example, women should have as many rights as a man does to control a land or a company and etc.Give the freedom to females For example, they should get to do whatever they want freely, and if it feels right for them.In class, we’ve talked about how there’s a country that cautions the driver behind a female driver saying a female is driving the car.SDG UN The impacts gender equality has on physical geography is discrimination of housing and female in cities. For example, after a couple gets divorced, most of the time the mother ends up taking the child or children with her, so at that time she is finalized to be a single parent. In our society single parents/ single mother are usually looked at to be living in a subsidized home. Subsidized homes are a type of housing that is offered to people that do not receive the basic income a family needs to. This connects with gender equality because around the world many females are not available to receive the same job a male does. If a female cannot have a good job and be well paid then how is she supposed to get her own house and not be in the subsidized house? This shows me that intentionally the society is supporting the idea of gender equality. Therefore, these are the impacts physical geography on gender equality due to housing and female in cities. Watching TV Shows, Movies (Hollywood, Bollywood, Kollywood and etc), Youtube videos, social media are all reasons why people have ideal women fixed in their head thinking that this is how much a woman’s worth and how they look. For example, I watch a lot of Kollywood movies and in most movies you can identify women as good body figured, always smiling, no partying, wearing appropriate clothes, religious, listens to her elders, doesn’t talk back, doesn’t work after marriage. Talking about “doesn’t work after marriage”, there is a twist in that because all these girls that don’t continue their dream would probably regret it. On the other hand, It is not anyone’s fault for treating women differently because that’s how they have been grown up hearing this is how women should be and etc. Furthermore, just like tv shows, a doll has influenced how a female figure should be. But in reality, through the article, it is evident that the Barbie doll figure is not realistic for any female human body. Which is also gender equality because people grow with a mindset of having the Barbie doll figure, in comparison the male barbie dolls figure is not unrealistic as the female barbie doll. This shows gender equality because they make the male Barbie doll very realistic where a human body could have the same body structure whereas no female could have the female barbie doll structure. Therefore these are the impacts human geography has on gender equality.I’ve talked about many cons of how we humans are toward gender equality but there are people that support gender equality for example in 2014, two beautiful hearted ladies made pink ladoos an Indian sweet for raising awareness of gender equality. On October 11, it was an International Day of the girl child and they went to 3 different hospital locations and gave sweets to all babies born that day but the babies that are born as a girl got entertainments like a special song and dance along with a message. In my culture if a boy is born we give traditional sweets to people and if a girl is born they give chocolate, I don’t know why but that’s just how it works the two ladies that have made pink ladoos have shown that it doesn’t matter which gender, we should show as much joy to a female baby. In Canada, women are educated more than men in this country, but people don’t care about that because whatsoever men are not women. I wanted to quote Maryam Monsef, Minister for the Status of Women saying “It’s important to recognize the hard-won gains of the past few decades and of our current government. We are fundamentally protected against discrimination under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is unique to Canada. We’ve spent several nights in graduation ceremonies where more women than men are graduating and entering the workforce. That’s all part of progress.”(Gender equality in Canada: Where do we stand today?) Women make 60% of university grad and all people care about is eventually a woman is women and can never be a man who “runs the family”, ” never trust a woman she’ll leave anytime” and etc. I could go really deep into this but it could get emotional. All these biases are just myths, and stories we hear. On the other hand, this will change because the past years the education curriculum has included gender equality and all these violations that happen in the world so that we get a knowledge and to make a good choice. Global wise, as we see there is a more male politician than there are of females. There are more safety protection and greater health for females than as of males. If people stop looking at both gender differently, there would be lots of changes in today’s society.

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We research. You level up. Malware, or “malicious software,” is an umbrella term that refers to any malicious program or code that is harmful to systems. For an in-depth look at malware, see this page. Want to stay informed on the latest news in cybersecurity? Sign up for our newsletter and learn how to protect your computer from threats. Select your language Your intro to everything relating to cyberthreats, and how to stop them.

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Varicella is an acute infectious disease. It is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is a DNA virus that is a member of the herpesvirus group. After the primary infection, VZV stays in the body (in the sensory nerve ganglia) as a latent infection. Primary infection with VZV causes varicella. Reactivation of latent infection causes herpes zoster (shingles). Incubation Period and Prodrome The incubation period for varicella is 14 to 16 days after exposure to a varicella or a herpes zoster rash, with a range of 10 to 21 days. A mild prodrome of fever and malaise may occur 1 to 2 days before rash onset, particularly in adults. In children, the rash is often the first sign of disease. Varicella in Unvaccinated Persons The rash is generalized and pruritic (itchy). It progresses rapidly from macules to papules to vesicular lesions before crusting. The rash usually appears first on the head, chest, and back then spreads to the rest of the body. The lesions are usually most concentrated on the chest and back. In healthy children, varicella is generally mild, with an itchy rash, malaise, and temperature up to 102°F for 2 to 3 days. Adults are at risk for more severe disease and have a higher incidence of complications. Recovery from primary varicella infection usually provides immunity for life. In otherwise healthy people, a second occurrence of varicella is uncommon and usually occurs in people who are immunocompromised. As with other viral infections, re-exposure to natural (wild-type) varicella may lead to re-infection that boosts antibody titers without causing illness or detectable viremia. Varicella in Vaccinated Persons (Breakthrough Varicella) Breakthrough varicella is infection with wild-type VZV occurring in a vaccinated person more than 42 days after varicella vaccination. Breakthrough varicella is usually mild. Patients typically are afebrile or have low fever and develop fewer than 50 skin lesions. They usually have a shorter illness compared to unvaccinated people who get varicella. The rash is more likely to be predominantly maculopapular rather than vesicular. However, 25%-30% of persons vaccinated with 1 dose with breakthrough varicella have clinical features typical of varicella in unvaccinated people. Since the clinical features of breakthrough varicella are often mild, it can be difficult to make a diagnosis on clinical presentation alone. Laboratory testing is increasingly important for confirming varicella and appropriately managing cases and their contacts. There is limited information about breakthrough varicella in persons who have received two doses of varicella vaccine, though it appears to occur less frequently among people vaccinated with two doses of varicella vaccine compared to persons who have received a single dose of varicella vaccine.Top of Page The most common complications from varicella are - bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissues in children - pneumonia in adults Severe complications include septicemia, toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis, osteomyelitis, bacterial pneumonia, and septic arthritis. Other complications caused by varicella include cerebellar ataxia, encephalitis, viral pneumonia, and hemorrhagic conditions. For research on serious infections and deaths following varicella, see References & Resources. Varicella is highly contagious. The virus spreads in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching or breathing in aerosolized virus from varicella lesions. A person with varicella is contagious from 1-2 days before rash onset until the lesions have crusted. It takes from 10-21 days after exposure to the virus for someone to develop varicella. Based on studies of transmission among household members, about 90% of susceptible close contacts will get varicella after exposure to persons with disease. People with breakthrough varicella are contagious. One study of varicella transmission in a household setting found that persons with mild breakthrough varicella (< 50 lesions) were one third as contagious as unvaccinated persons with varicella. However, persons with breakthrough varicella with 50 or more lesions can be just as contagious as unvaccinated persons. Varicella is less contagious than measles but more so than mumps and rubella.Top of Page - Page last reviewed: November 16, 2011 - Page last updated: August 22, 2013 - Content source:

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began as a small trickle of American travelers to Egypt in the early part of the nineteenth century became a steady stream, rivaling the flow of the Nile, by the first years of the twentieth the late 1860s, Thomas Cook and Son began offering Nile excursions on steamers and luxurious dhahabîyehs, reducing much of the hardship of earlier travel. These conveniences brought more American visitors to Egypt, ranging from noted public figures to midwestern businessmen and their families. Soon, the exotic locales of Nubia and the oases of the Western Sahara Desert were offered as de rigueur stops on the Grand Tour for American travellers. 1867, Samuel Langhorne Clemens in the guise of Mark Twain made a tour of Europe, Egypt, and the Holy Land and described them in his book Innocents Abroad (1869). Americans who later traveled through these same regions liked to retell Twain's witty anecdotes and observations which they compared to their own experiences. number of the other Americans who published books based on their own journeys to Egypt included Lincoln's Secretary of State William H. Seward and his daughter Olivia (1871); essayist and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson (1872-1873); industrialist Andrew Carnegie (1879); journalist Richard Harding Davis (1892); illustrator Charles Dana Gibson (1897-1898); and writer Henry the other American visitors to Egypt at this time, but with a much different purpose, were hundreds of Civil War veterans who joined the army of the Khedive Ismail, serving in his Ethiopian wars. Among those who wrote accounts of their adventures were William Wing Loring, Charles Chaillé-Long, and the century progressed, travel became easier and the reviewer's prediction became a reality. Thus, in 1895 we find Agnes Repplier's (1855-1950) account of "Christmas Shopping in Assuân" in Atlantic Monthly where she notes, "shopping on the Nile is a very different matter from shopping on Chestnut Street or Broadway" (p.681). 1908, travel accounts were no longer tales of adventure and hardship, but the tongue-in-cheek travails described by Lillian C. Gilpin in "To the Pyramids with a Baby Carriage" appearing in Harper's Weekly: wheels of the baby's "Desert Schooner" cling sorrily, so we halt, rig up a sort of awning over the little one's head by means of a cotton sheet brought for the purpose, and a couple of maize sticks pulled at the foot of the great monuments to Time (p.30). some, more bored than awed, this new traveler's Egypt had lost the sense of wonder earlier travellers found. Travelers such as the woman quoted in Constance Fenimore Woolson's (1840-1894) "Cairo in 1890": have spent nine long days on this boat, staring from morning till night. One cannot stare at a river forever, even if it is the Nile! Give me a thimble (p.665). perhaps lacking in the scope and grandeur of European accounts, the American experience in Egypt has left an important and fascinating record in a wealth of travel accounts. Woolson later noted, the American experience is still in its infancy compared to the European nations: In connection with the pyramids, the English may be said to have devoted themselves principally to measurements. The genius of the French, which is ever that of expression, has invented the one great sentence about them. So far, the Americans have done nothing by which to distinguish themselves; but their time will come, perhaps. One fancies that Edison will have something to do with it (pp.670-71) retrospect, we can now see it was not Edison, but rather the collected volumes of travel accounts with which Americans made their mark.

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Biosafety Training on Biosafety Cabinets Biosafety cabinets (BSCs), often incorrectly known as biological safety cabinets, microbiological safety cabinets, or hoods, are enclosed, HEPA- or ULPA-filtered workstations in laboratories that are used for safely working with biohazardous and other biological or chemical materials. Laboratories are specifically designed for work with biohazards. There are four biosafety levels (BSLs) for these laboratories. Based on the risk group of the biological material and the procedures to be used, work is assigned to a laboratory designed for the biosafety level needed for the work. Biosafety levels range from 1 to 4, with BSL-1 laboratories equivalent to an undergraduate biology teaching laboratory. BSL-2 laboratories are called containment laboratories, BSL-3 laboratories are called high containment laboratories, and BSL-4 laboratories are called maximum containment laboratories. Since there are varying levels of risk, there are different biosafety cabinet designs. These are separated into different classifications: Class I, Class II, and Class III. Class I BSCs are not commonly used. Class II BSCs are designed for biosafety levels 1, 2, 3, and biosafety level 4 positive pressure suit maximum containment laboratories. Class III biosafety cabinets are used in biosafety level 4 laboratories where the BSC provides the containment for high risk biological agents. What differentiates Class I from Class II and Class III BSCs is that the first is designed for personnel and environmental protection while the latter are designed for protection of personnel, the environment, and the product itself. Biosafety cabinets are essential pieces of primary containment equipment for proper laboratory work with pathogens, tissue culture, and recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid material. Proper biosafety training is a necessity to ensure your professionals have the knowledge they need to maintain a safe work environment for themselves and others. Visit the Control of Biohazards website for information on biosafety training and consulting or call (410) 961-6638.

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Designated: January 17, 1992 Expanded: October 11, 1996 and January 19, 2021 Area: 160 mi² One hundred miles off the Texas and Louisiana coasts and the only sanctuary in the Gulf of Mexico, Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary is home to an ecosystem created by water from 31 states and Canada. Its deep water habitat includes salt domes, which are underwater mountains, and the reef-building corals that live on top of those formations. Those who visit for sportfishing and diving can see coral heads bigger than cars and a bounty of wildlife including whales, sea turtles, mollusks, crustaceans, birds, rays, and hundreds of species of fish. Below the coral cap in deeper water are additional species including gorgonians and black corals. While Flower Garden Banks offers outstanding recreation, its distant location makes it a major center for research and conservation activities, many of which are supported by the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation. Since 2011, the Foundation funded annual scientific cruises to monitor the health of the coral in the sanctuary. Researchers record conditions and detect early warning signs including impact of climate change and potential environmental crime. Scientists use the long-term data to establish baselines, understand changes and assess why reefs become unhealthy. This ongoing record was invaluable in 2016 when the Sanctuary discovered a massive coral die-off in its East Bank. While the event has stabilized, the Foundation continues to commit additional funding to support further monitoring. The Foundation also funds economic impact studies on commercial and recreational activity in the area to understand use and inform protection planning and potential expansion.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) warns heavy rains and flooding in the Democratic Republic of Congo may exacerbate the country’s ongoing cholera epidemic. Rains last week triggered flooding and landslides in the capital, Kinshasa, causing 45 deaths and widespread damage. The WHO warns the flooding also is likely to worsen the cholera epidemic and other waterborne diseases. The current outbreak, which began in last July, is one of the most severe in years. The WHO reports people in 24 out of 26 provinces have been infected with the disease. Latest reports find 55,000 cases, including nearly 1,200 deaths. WHO spokesman Christian Lindmeier says this is almost twice the number of cases reported in 2016. “The case fatality rate in general is just slightly over 2 percent. But, in some provinces, it is much higher. In four provinces, the case fatality rate is more than 5 percent and actually much larger sometimes,” he said. Lindmeier added that in Kinshasa, the case fatality rate is 13 percent, in Kasai, 14.5 percent and in Tanganyika, just over 11 percent. Rare aid recipient The DRC rarely gets relief from humanitarian crises. Lindmeier told VOA that perpetual conflicts complicate efforts to respond adequately to the cholera epidemic. “Given the circumstances, with the conflict, with lack of access, with displaced people, including now flooding - this is not unusual, unfortunately. This is a situation, which facilitates the spread of cholera and other waterborne diseases very badly and the conflict, of course, makes any sort of attempt to treat or to help the people worse,” Lindmeier said. The Central African country has 4.5 million internally displaced people - the largest IDP population in Africa. The WHO warns poor access to safe water and sanitation and poor hygiene practices are the main factors driving the latest cholera outbreak.

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Thursday, 29 May 2014 8:25pm Half of New Zealand’s overweight women are obese and nearly a third of boys and girls are overweight or obese, according to a first-of-its-kind global report of which a University of Otago scientist is a co-author. The report found that rates of being either overweight or obese have climbed among New Zealanders since 1980, according to a new analysis of trend data from 188 countries. The adult overweight and obesity rate in the country is 66%, up from 50% during the past 33 years. Among children in New Zealand, 29% are either obese or overweight, up from 18% in just over three decades. Published in The Lancet on May 29, the study, “Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013,” was conducted by an international consortium of researchers led by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington. Associate Professor Tony Merriman of Otago’s Department of Biochemistry was a member of the study consortium. Overweight is defined as having a Body Mass Index (BMI), or weight-to-height ratio, greater than or equal to 25 and lower than 30, while obesity is defined as having a BMI equal to or greater than 30. An estimated 2.2 million adults in New Zealand are overweight, and of these, 960,000 are obese. Of the country’s men, 450,000 are obese and 510,000 women are obese. Within the Australasia region, (Australia and New Zealand) New Zealand has the highest rate of obesity in both adults (29%) and children (9%). Half of all overweight women in New Zealand are obese. Obesity rates for women age 20 or older reached 30%, more than triple the obesity rates among girls (9%). Among boys, obesity climbed from about 10% in childhood and adolescence to almost 28% in adulthood. By age group, there are four different ranges with the greatest proportion of overweight or obese men—all at 79%: age 50 to 54, 60 to 64, 65 to 69, and 70 to 74. Women aged 65 to 69 are the most obese at 73%, but women aged 70 to 74 and 60 to 64 rank second, both at 71%. Boys 10 to 14 are the most overweight or obese at 33% and the same is true for girls also 10 to 14 at 31%. When looking at obesity alone, Australasia experienced the largest absolute increase in adult obesity since 1980 (from 16% to 29%) and the single largest increase in adult female obesity (from 17% to 30%) globally. Associate Professor Merriman says that it is widely accepted that increased calorific intake from energy dense and nutrient poor processed foods is a major driver of the increasing obesity rates in New Zealand and world-wide. “Decreasing levels of physical activity owing to society-wide changes in lifestyle in adults and children also contribute. “In my opinion the intervention required to reverse the increasing obesity rates is not straightforward and certainly will be multifactorial, requiring strategic co-ordination by government. “It has to begin with public health approaches to reduce the total calorific intake of New Zealanders alongside approaches to increase physical activity. The former would require governmental policy change and specific interventions, such as reducing the price disparity between nutritious healthy foods and energy dense nutrition-poor unhealthy food.” He notes that the food industry would also need to be engaged in this. “This is generally a politically unpopular approach and would need to be coincidental with increasing public education and awareness of the biological causes of obesity. Increasing physical activity would be need to be multi-sectorial — local and central government, workplaces, schools. “Alongside the approaches above it is my opinion that research efforts in New Zealand should be stepped up to focus on the biological drivers of obesity, particularly in Maori and Pacific people, with strong public dissemination strategies,” Associate Professor Merriman says. He says that the National Science Challenges should be able to address this question. “This research is required in order to change ingrained societal attitudes to the obese. Obesity is widely perceived to be the fault of the individual, who lacks the will to be lean. Contrary to this view, however, overseas research has shown that obesity is a heritable neurobehavioral condition sensitive to environmental conditions.” Associate Professor Merriman says the ‘obesogenic’ environment increases the average weight, but genes are a major part of the explanation as to why some people are obese and others aren't, explaining 60-70% of the inter-individual variation in weight. “These genetic variants, because they are inherited at conception, define biological causes of obesity. Many of these genetic variants have been identified - they highlight inadequate satiety signals and energy balance as important biological drivers of obesity. People who have inherited a greater proportion of obesity-predisposing genetic variants need to exercise more conscious effort to remain lean in an obesogenic environment (i.e. to feel hungry in the presence of abundant food) than that required by a naturally lean person, he says. “Wider public understanding of these biological causes should swing the public opinion pendulum on obesity from antipathy to sympathy, necessary for any successful governmental and other interventions to address obesity.” A list of Otago experts available for media comment is available elsewhere on this website. Electronic addresses (including email accounts, instant messaging services, or telephone accounts) published on this page are for the sole purpose of contact with the individuals concerned, in their capacity as officers, employees or students of the University of Otago, or their respective organisation. Publication of any such electronic address is not to be taken as consent to receive unsolicited commercial electronic messages by the address holder.

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The number of fatal workplace injuries decreased slightly in 2013, according to a Bureau of Labor Statistics report, from 4,628 in 2012 to 4,405 last year. Transportation-related injuries accounted for 1,704, or 40 percent, of total fatal workplace injuries, followed by 753 deaths from violence and other injuries from persons or animals. Fatal contact with objects or equipment took the lives of 717 workers last year. Private industry fatalities fell to 3,929, their lowest point since the fatalities census was first conducted in 1992. Injuries among workers under age 16 were also down, from 19 in 2012 to 5 in 2013. All major ethnic or racial groups also saw a decrease, except for Hispanic or Latino workers, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Several of the most dangerous occupations involve using large machinery. See the top 10 most dangerous jobs above.

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Words are the tools used by the human brain to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings in ways others can understand. Words help when we consciously talk to ourselves as a way of organizing our thoughts or solving problems. Words reinforce ideas, express emotions, and build community. Words can hurt, and words can heal. Our sense of self is often shaped by the words of others. Negative statements about us can hurt for years, and often influence our behaviors and attitudes. The impact of positive words can last just as long. We are all vulnerable to our own self-talk — tell yourself something enough times and you’ll eventually believe it. This aspect of our consciousness can be used to our advantage during recovery. Consciously repeating positive thoughts and affirmations is a very effective tool. Affirmations are positive statements you repeat to yourself for support and encouragement as you try to form new healthy habits, break unhealthy ones, and build a more healthy mindset. They help you take control of your life as you break the habit of negative thinking. Using Positive Affirmations in Addiction Recovery Very few addictions can be beaten by positive thoughts alone. Affirmations can and should be a part of any recovery program, along with detox, therapy, and support. They help the patient avoid negative thoughts that lead to relapse or further abuse. There are many positive statements that can become your affirmations. Everyone is unique, so yours needs to mean something to you personally. One of the most effective is “I am strong enough.” Let it remind you of the inner strength and courage you found to enter rehab initially, and your resolve to see it through. Here are some simple phrases that you can use. - I can do this. - I matter. - I am not my addiction. - I am loved. - I am valuable. - I like the person I’m becoming. - I can do anything I put my mind to. - I forgive myself for my past mistakes. - I’m proud of the changes I’ve made. - I deserve to be happy. - I respect myself. - I am stronger than I give myself credit for. - I have all I need for happiness within myself. - I am brave enough to face my problems. Benefits of Positive Recovery Affirmations Affirmations have many positive benefits for those in recovery. They are daily reminders of what you are trying to accomplish, why it is important, and how it will benefit you and those around you. Affirmations can help you continue abstinence. They keep you focused on your future, and remind you that there is always another way to get through the day. Many feel that their affirmations are a good coping mechanism to help deal with any challenges that arise. You can use them for motivation, and as a source of support, strength, and energy. Affirmations can distract you from any negative feelings that may develop as you face the harsh realities of the damage your addiction has caused. Affirmations remind you of the effort you are making to change. You found the strength to start the process and can find the strength to continue. Affirming this gives you an anchor and helps you to deal with the issues caused by your behavior. Your affirmations can inspire people around you, whether close family, friends or those in your support groups. How to Make Positive Affirmations Make your affirmations personal. Use “I” and “me” instead of “you” or “they,” and “I can” rather than “I can’t.” These are YOUR affirmations, and you need to take responsibility for your own journey to recovery. Keep them simple — short phrases are easy to remember and repeat. Say them out loud and often. Embed them into your mind by repeating them. Look in a mirror while saying them to reinforce the message. Meditate on them when it is quiet and peaceful. Write them down and hang them up in your home. Repetition reinforces. Repeat them when you encounter temptations or urges to use. Have someone close repeat them back to you. You say “I can do this,” they say “You can do this.” Reinforcement from an outside source strengthens the message. No matter your choice, make sure your affirmations are motivating, reassuring, and inspiring. By repeating these simple affirmations daily, you are actually training yourself to think and speak positively, changing how you see yourself, and boosting your self-esteem and sense of self-worth. Aspirations can be found almost everywhere in popular media. - “It is our choices that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.” – J.K. Rowling (Dumbledore to Harry Potter) - “Change your thoughts and change your world.” – Norman Vincent Peale - “Where the focus goes, energy flows.” – Tony Robbins - “The things that make me different are the things that make me me.” – Winnie The Pooh - “In this world we’re livin’ in, we have our share of sorrow. Answer now is don’t give in, aim for a new tomorrow.” – Judas Priest, “You’ve Got Another Thing Comin’” - “I am the greatest, I said that even before I knew I was.” – Muhammad Ali We’ve all heard the phrase “the power of positive thinking.” As trite as it may sound, it is the first step on your journey. Your thoughts and beliefs affect how you see yourself and the world. Recovery affirmations can shift your mindset and remind you that you are strong enough to beat your addiction. Bridges of Hope is a Joint Commission-accredited dual-diagnosis adult substance abuse treatment program. Our program is designed to achieve long-term recovery. We are licensed by the State of Indiana Department of Mental Health & Addiction. Our treatment philosophy is based on a comprehensive and integrated approach to addressing all issues related to substance use and mental health disorders. We leave nothing to guesswork as we utilize therapeutically proven, evidence-based clinical practices. We place superior patient care as our highest priority and offer them all-inclusive treatment services. Mission Statement: We provide hope and healing for anyone with alcohol and substance abuse disorders. We connect everyone to their own personal journey, bridging the gaps previously unmet.

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The linear BLDC motor driver was build based on a microcontroller with ARM Cortex-M core. It allows for fast computation of control signals which in turn guarantees efficient work of a BLDC motor. A sinusoidal control algorithm with constant momentum was implemented on the device. Thanks to this algorithm the movement of a linear cart is stable in each phase (acceleration, constant velocity, deceleration). What is more, the encoder with described controller allows to achieve movement with high precision up to 0.1um (micro meter).

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Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Systems thinking is a mental model that promotes the belief that the component parts of a system will act differently when isolated from its environment or other parts of the system, and argues against Descartes's reductionist view. It includes viewing systems in a holistic manner, rather than through purely reductionist techniques. It promotes gaining insights into the whole by understanding the linkages and interactions between the elements that comprise the whole "system", consistent with systems philosophy. Systems Thinking recognizes that all human activity systems are open systems; therefore, they are affected by the environment in which they exist. Systems Thinking recognizes that in complex systems events are separated by distance and time; therefore, small catalytic events can cause large changes in the system. Systems thinking acknowledges that a change in one area of a system can adversely affect another area of the system; thus, it promotes organizational communication at all levels in order to avoid the silo effect. Systems thinkers consider that: - a "system" is a dynamic and complex whole, interacting as a structured functional unit - information flows between the different elements that compose the system - a system is a community situated within an environment - information flows from and to the surrounding environment via semi-permeable membranes or boundaries - systems are often composed of entities seeking equilibrium, but can exhibit oscillating, chaotic, or exponential growth/decay behavior - For further details see complex system Why use systems thinking techniques?Edit Systems thinkers are particularly interested in studying systems because changing a system frequently leads to counterintuitive system responses. For example feedback loops may operate to either keep the organization in check or unbalance it. Traditional decision making tends to involve linear cause and effect relationships. By taking a systems approach, we can see the whole complex of bidirectional interrelationships. Instead of analysing a problem in terms of an input and an output, for example, we look at the whole system of inputs, processes, outputs, feedback, and controls. This larger picture will typically provide more useful results than traditional methods. System thinking also helps us integrate the temporal dimension of any decision. Instead of looking at discrete "snapshots" at points in time, a systems methodology will allow us to see change as a continuous process. Systems Thinking is a worldview based on the perspective of the systems sciences, which seeks to understand interconnectedness, complexity and wholeness of components of systems in specific relationship to each other. Systems thinking is not only constructivist, rather systems thinking embraces the values of reductionist science by understanding the parts, and the constructivist perspectives which seek to understand wholes, and more so, the understanding of the complex relationships that enable 'parts' to become 'wholes' as noted in the example below. What is a system?Edit A system is any set (group) of interdependent or temporally interacting parts. Parts are generally systems themselves and are composed of other parts, just as systems are generally parts or components of other systems. Systems thinking often involves considering a "system" in different ways: - Rather than trying to improve the braking system on a car by looking in great detail at the composition of the brake pads (reductionist), the boundary of the braking system may be extended to include not only the components of the car, but the driver, the road and the weather, and considering the interactions between them. - Looking at something as a series of conceptual systems according to multiple viewpoints. A supermarket could be considered as a "profit making system" from the perspective of management, an "employment system" from the perspective of the staff, and a "shopping system" -- or perhaps an "entertainment system" -- from the perspective of the customers. As a result of such thinking, new insights may be gained into how the supermarket works, why it has problems, or how changes made to one such system may impact on the others. Systems thinking uses a variety of techniques that may be divided into: - Hard systems - involving simulations, often using computers and the techniques of operations research. Useful for problems that can justifiably be quantified. However it cannot easily take into account unquantifiable variables (opinions, culture, politics, etc), and may treat people as being passive, rather than having complex motivations. - Soft systems - Used to tackle systems that cannot easily be quantified, especially those involving people interacting with each other or with "systems". Useful for understanding motivations, viewpoints, and interactions but, naturally, it doesn't give quantified answers. Soft systems is a field that the academic Peter Checkland has done much to develop. Morphological analysis is a complementary method for structuring and analysing non-quantifiable problem complexes. - Evolutionary systems - the development of Evolutionary Systems Design by Bela H. Banathy integrates critical systems inquiry and soft systems methodologies to create a meta-methodology applicable to the design of complex social systems. These systems, similar to dynamic systems are understood as open, complex systems, but further accounts for their potential capacity to evolve over time. Banathy uniquely integrated the multidisciplinary perspectives of systems research (including chaos, complexity, cybernetics), cultural anthropology, evolutionary theory, and others. - Russell L. Ackoff - Complex system - Leadership development - List of management topics - Morphological analysis - Organizational Development - Systems intelligence - Systems theory - System Dynamics - Soft systems - Theory of Constraints - Pratitya-samutpada (The Buddhist principle of Dependent Origination) - Russell L. Ackoff (1999) Ackoff's Best NY: Wiley - Bela H. Banathy (1996) Designing Social Systems in a Changing World NY: Plenum - Bela H. Banathy (2000) The Guided Evolution of Society NY: Plenum/Kluwer Academic - John Gall (1978) Systemantics Pocket Books - Peter M. Senge (1990) The Fifth Discipline - The Art & Practice of The Learning Organization (Currency Doubleday). - Gerald M. Weinberg (1975) An Introduction to General Systems Thinking (1975 ed., Wiley-Interscience) (2001 ed. Dorset House). - Joseph O'Connor, Ian McDermott (1997) The Art of Systems Thinking: Revolutionary Techniques to Transform Your Business and Your Life HarperCollins. - Bradford Keeney(1983) Aesthetics of Change Guilford Press - Peter_Checkland (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. (Wiley) - Peter_Checkland Jim Scholes (1990) Soft Systems Methodology in Action. (Wiley) ISBN 0-471-92768-6 - Charles L. Hutchins (1996) Systemic Thinking: Solving Complex Problems CO:PDS ISBN 1-888017-51-1 - Tom Ritchey (2002) General Morphological Analysis: A General Method for Non-Quantified Modelling - Pegasus Communications: Annual systems thinking conference plus print and electronic resources - ACASA: The Ackoff Center for Advancement of System Approaches. (they have a blog, too) - Systems Thinking from the Thinking Page - systems-thinking.de: systems thinking links displayed as a network - ISSS: International Society for the Systems Sciences - Overview from systems-thinking.org - Overview from open2.net and the BBC - The Swedish Morphological Society - New England Complex Systems Institutede:Systemdenken (Systemtheorie) |This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

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Welcome to the Carpathian Wetland Initiative The Carpathian Wetland Initiative (CWI) is a regional initiative of the Ramsar Convention that seeks to ensure and support the effective conservation and wise use of wetlands in the Carpathians and beyond. The Carpathians are the Europe’s largest mountain range with unique natural and ecological values, including rivers, lakes, wetlands, it is a reservoir of biodiversity and water tower of the region. At the same time dynamic economic development imply profound changes and challenges in the region. The waters in the Carpathians flow to Black and Baltic See via four large river catchments of the Danube, Dniester, Vistula and Oder rivers. These harbour a rich and important variety of wetland ecosystem types, such as forested peatlands, mires and fens, natural rivers and lakes, springs and wet meadows.

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The Kennedy Space Center Gaseous Nitrogen Freezer (GN2) is a double-middeck-locker replacement facility designed to provide a cryogenic preservation environment for experiment samples onboard the space shuttle and the International Space Station.Facility Manager(s) Kennedy Space Center, Space Life Sciences Laboratory, Cape Canaveral, FL, United States Bionetics Corporation, Cape Canaveral, FL, United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)Expeditions Assigned 0Previous ISS Missions The Kennedy Space Center Gaseous Nitrogen Freezer (GN2) was used on STS-87, STS-95, and STS-111. The aluminum outer tank of the Kennedy Space Center Gaseous Nitrogen Freezer (GN2) houses an internal tank containing the absorbent material used to hold the gaseous nitrogen. The absorbent material is CAB-O-SIL TS-720, manufactured by Cabot Corporation. CAB-O-SIL TS-720 is a hydrophilic (it has a strong affinity for water) fumed silica whose surface has been rendered hydrophobic (it has little affinity for water) through treatment with a silicone fluid. The absorbent material is appropriately contained with cotton cloth. The CAB-O-SIL is insulated with a combination foil, molecular sieve, and palladin oxide getter. The insulation material is sealed between the outside tank and the inner tank. The freezer's outer dimensions are 14.5 in. in diameter and 19.0 in. in height. The sample area inside the internal tank can hold up to four cylinders 6.0 in. long and 3.7 in. in outer diameter. In addition, one of the freezer compartments will be filled preflight with an insert of the same absorbent material to increase the thermal mass of the system. The additional insert is wrapped with cotton cloth to contain any particulate. Quick disconnects are added to the freezer lid to allow for ease of use. The ladles containing the biological samples in the freezer are tethered to the external body pf the freezer via insulated wire. The freezer lid is stowed in a foam insert. The lid's quick-disconnect pin is tethered to the lid to prevent it from floating away. The gaseous nitrogen is held in the absorbent material by a vacuum and the insulation material. The freezer has a valve that ensures the integrity of the vacuum container. The total volume of liquid nitrogen when full is 6.5 L. The static evaporation rate of the unit is about 0.3 L/day. Depending on the flight configuration and use scenario, the GN2 can hold temperatures at approximately -196 °C for between 21 and 35 days. The GN2 is a passive facility which provides access for crew interaction for removal and insertion of biological samples in microgravity.

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John Morton (c. 1420–1500) was an English prelate who served as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1486 to 1500. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1493. Born in Dorset, Morton was educated at Balliol College, Oxford. In February of 1477, he was sent by the Yorkist King Edward IV, together with Sir John Donne, as ambassador to the French court. Edward appointed him Bishop of Ely on 8 August 1479 and he was consecrated on 31 January 1479. Morton was an important foe of the Yorkist regime of King Richard III and spent some time in captivity in Brecknock castle. After the dynastic change to the Tudors in 1485, Henry VII made him Archbishop of Canterbury on October 6 of 1486, and appointed him Lord Chancellor of England in 1487. In 1493 he was appointed titular Cardinal of the church of St. Anastasia in Rome by Pope Alexander VI. He built the "Old Palace" of Hatfield House where Elizabeth I spent much of her girlhood. As Lord Chancellor, Morton was tasked with restoring the royal estate, depleted by Edward IV. By the end of Henry VII's reign, the king's frugality, and Morton's tax policy, carried out by Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson, had replenished the treasury. Morton gave a statement, later known as 'Morton's Fork', that no one was to be exempted from taxes: "If the subject is seen to live frugally, tell him because he is clearly a money saver of great ability, he can afford to give generously to the King. If, however, the subject lives a life of great extravagance, tell him he, too, can afford to give largely, the proof of his opulence being evident in his expenditure."

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Sustainability has never been more essential than it is today, which is why an environmental assessment is required at every stage of a construction project. In many situations, local governments are now requiring sustainability assessments to be done as a condition of approval, so it’s vital to understand how such ratings are determined and calculated. The BREEAM certification is the most thorough environmental assessment. In this post, we’ll explain what BREEAM certification is and how buildings are evaluated for sustainability, as well as how your project may obtain a “BREEAM Excellent” grade. What Is the BREEAM Rating System? The BREEAM rating system was created to provide a score for a building’s environmental impact, considering important elements such as energy consumption and material choices. BREEAM is an independent third-party assessment system that can be used on buildings, construction projects, and communities. ‘BREEAM’ is a building research establishment environmental assessment method that was first established in the United Kingdom in the 1990s. Although it was at first a voluntary rating, local government authorities and councils have started to use the system to evaluate a building project’s overall sustainability. The BREEAM rating system has been the most important international evaluation method since its inception. The status of having an Excellent BREEAM accreditation is highly coveted, demonstrating that a construction project has been planned in such a way as to be sustainable and minimize environmental impact. The BREEAM rating system is a method for assessing the environmental impact of a structure. It is not only important for architects and builders to meet building codes, but it also has an enormous influence on the world. The BREEAM rating system assigns a building a score based on several variables. An accredited BREEAM Assessor undertakes the BREEAM assessment, which includes a benchmarked percentage score and an overall BREEAM rating for a structure. The BREEAM accolade of excellence is the most prestigious, with an outstanding grade being the highest achievable rating. A pass mark of 85 per cent or greater is required to earn an Excellent score. To pass, a building must achieve a minimum score of 30%. A structure will be unclassified if it does not receive a BREEAM ranking. How Are Buildings Rated Through BREEAM? BREEAM is an independent sustainability indicator that refers to a structure’s ability to endure over time. A BREEAM Assessor must be qualified and impartial in order for a building to be evaluated by this method. An independent BREEAM Assessor usually does two separate evaluations of a structure during the Design Stage. The first is a sustainability measurement during the Design Stage of a construction project, and certain levels of accreditation may be required for planning applications to be accepted. After the building has been completed, the second stage of assessment is conducted, providing an overall measure Typically, a BREEAM Assessor focuses on ten distinct domains of sustainability throughout both stages of evaluation to determine the resulting BREEAM accreditation score. BREEAM accreditation takes energy efficiency into account. This implies examining which energy sources will be utilized over the course of the building’s existence, how much energy a structure will waste, and how energy efficiency may be increased. A BREEAM Assessor will assess how much carbon pollution a facility is likely to produce and ways to minimize it. BREEAM examines how management teams manage to achieve sustainability goals, which is critical. From every stage of the design process through to completion, BREEAM evaluates management policies in terms of the environment and best sustainability practices. BREEAM accreditation considers how much water a project is going to consume. This is measured in terms of the water needed to build and the water needed to sustain a building while it is being used. BREEAM assesses overall water usage, water waste, and water management policies. The BREEAM assessors look at how much waste will be generated as a result of the construction project. This includes the waste produced throughout the construction process as well as future waste. The ultimate objective is to decrease waste as much as feasible, and projects are graded on how successful they are in doing so. A project should produce the fewest quantities of pollutants possible. BREEAM assesses a project’s total quantity of pollutants throughout its existence, with the aim of reducing pollution as much as feasible and, if feasible, eliminating the chance of pollution altogether. Health and Wellbeing A BREEAM evaluation considers not only the physical characteristics of a structure but also the health and wellbeing of its occupants and workers. The health and safety, emergency planning, ventilation and light levels are all evaluated in this category. BREEAM examines the long-term viability of materials utilized in a building’s construction and any additional supplies required for future upkeep. Sustainable design is encouraged, and this includes consideration of the sort and source of materials employed as well as their usage. BREEAM certification assesses a project’s connection to eco-friendly modes of transportation. The goal is to encourage integration into current public transport systems, lowering carbon emissions and improving the overall sustainability of a project. BREEAM considers the consequences of a project on the environment, ensuring that land use is long-term. This category examines whether a site is a brownfield or greenfield, and it looks at the effect that an endeavour will have on current wildlife habitats and biodiversity. The last category for evaluation is innovation. This broad class of assessment looks at how a project goes above and beyond the ordinary to become sustainable. BREEAM Assessors will consider new cutting-edge building and community design ideas and systems in order to enhance their overall sustainability. What Is BREEAM Excellent? BREEAM Excellent is the best rating that can be granted to a structure or project through the ranking system. A BREEAM Excellent degree of certification is one of the greatest standards to aim for, indicating that a project is long-lasting and environmentally friendly in design and operation. Only about 10% of evaluations earn the coveted Excellent grade, according to BREEAM. The criteria for Outstanding are more stringent than Excellent but achieving this level of certification is considerably harder. According to BRE, less than 1% of projects achieve this status, and it is only granted to industry leaders. How Do You Achieve BREEAM Excellent? The most coveted accreditation is BREEAM Excellent. The first step in attaining Excellent certification is to hire a dedicated BREEAM Assessor to manage your application. A BREEAM Assessor will have the necessary skills, training, and authorization to carry out the accreditation procedure on your building or project. An application for the BREEAM Excellent quality must obtain a minimum score of 70% to be recognized. This percentage is derived from the total number of ‘points’ given to a structure. Each of the many categories, such as waste or water, has its own set of possible points. To be BREEAM Excellent, a structure must show that it has sustainability credentials in all categories, not just one. However, certain categories are given greater importance than others, based on what is determined to be the most essential in terms of sustainability. The importance of a building’s sustainability credentials can change depending on whether it is residential or commercial. Contact the SRE department. BREEAM certification has been a part of our services for over 16 years. We are BREEAM experts. Our team of experts is qualified to perform independent BREEAM assessments and will ensure that projects satisfy their sustainability criteria. SRE’s sustainability specialists look for ways to improve and work together with design teams on a variety of projects to guarantee that the environmental impact is as small as possible.

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Book week was met with much enthusiasm as the Grade 5’s put their hands to work on their Book Dioramas. I thoroughly enjoyed their interpretations and creative style. I so enjoyed seeing our children reading to the younger children and we are so fortunate to have the junior campus next door. The children also experienced a number of other activities such as making up a story and turning it into a play, making a digital book trailer, writing a short story and turning a known story into a cartoon. A highlight of course was when the book fairy aka Mr Preston rang the bell and we would drop everything and read. All in all it was a lovely short week focused on the world of imagination that books have to offer. This week we introduced the NS topic of fossils and the class blew me away with their creative efforts at drawing pictures of fossils. They certainly have made for an amazing display in our classroom. The class found the topic quite fascinating and generated a lot to talk about from questions to personal stories. In Social Science we focused on the build of South Africa. In IT they used Google Earth to search for certain Capes and Bays and had to use the snipping tool to put the images onto a worksheet. It was lovely to see the faster workers explore our coastline for other familiar Capes and Bays. The children also had to show their understanding of the build of South Africa by building it out of playdough. Who would have thought 10 year olds could get so excited about playing with playdough. It ended with many of them asking for the recipe…so guess what they will be doing at home. Please take a look at a few of our wonderful moments in class the last 2 weeks.

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Orangeburg in Rockland County, New York — The American Northeast (Mid-Atlantic) The “Towne of Orange” formed in the Tappan Patent grant of 1686-7 became the seat of provincial government of all Orange County, established in 1683, which then included this area, south of the mountains, set off as Rockland County in 1798. The name Orange was chosen by the colonial custom of honoring members of the royal family. Erected 1988 by Historical Society of Rockland County. Marker series. This marker is included in the New York, Historical Society of Rockland County marker series. Location. 41° 2.598′ N, 73° 59.116′ W. Marker is in Orangeburg, New York, in Rockland County. Marker is at the intersection of Orangeburg Road (County Route 20) and Hunt Road (County Route 16), on the right when traveling east on Orangeburg Road. Click for map. Marker is in Veteranís Memorial Park. Marker is in this post office area: Orangeburg NY 10962, United States of America. Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 2 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Salyer House (approx. 0.6 miles away); Cuyper-Van Houten House (approx. 1.1 miles away); Haring - DeWolf House Blauvelt-Seaman House (approx. 1.6 miles away in New Jersey); Camp Shanks (approx. 1.6 miles away); Shanks Village (approx. 1.6 miles away); a different marker also named Camp Shanks (approx. 1.6 miles away); Johannes Perry House (approx. 1.7 miles away). Categories. • Colonial Era • Credits. This page originally submitted on , by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. This page has been viewed 505 times since then and 2 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4. submitted on , by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016.

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Other Water Conservation Tips (Photo Credit: National Research Council, reuse, water reuse. (2012, January 11). Retrieved from: This information was derived from the following two websites: Vegetarian Diet to Save Two Billion People Water is the source of life. Everything that we eat and produce takes some percentage of water usage. Some products that we consume require more water usage then others. Animal products are one of the biggest water consumers. To be able to produce one pound of beef we use 1,799 gallons of water. Currently, humans are getting 20 percent of their protein from animal products. The human population is growing everyday. By 2050 there will be 9.1 billion people living around the world. Currently the world is facing water shortages. With the current world’s food production there will not be enough food to feed 2 billion more people due to water shortages. The world has to change its food consuming culture immediately. Some scientists believe that by reducing by five percent animal consumption we will be able to save 2 billion people from hunger. You can eat vegetarian not only to live in good health but also to save humans. You can take class action by only changing your eating culture.

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(Source: Voice of Russia) February 13 is World Radio Day. It’s a young holiday, just two years old, established on the initiative of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2011. Representatives of all of the world’s major radio broadcasters, the Voice of Russia among them, have gathered at the UNESCO’s central headquarters in Paris to celebrate World Radio Day. February 13 is not a random date. On that day in 1946, Radio UN aired its first broadcast. In his World Radio Day-2013 message, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said that as a boy growing up in a poor village after the Korean War with neither phones nor television people still had something that connected them to the world outside their small village – they had radio. Since its invention more than 100 years ago, radio has sparked imagination and opened doors for change, entertaining, informing, promoting democracy and connecting people wherever they are, and “in conflict situations and times of crisis, radio is a lifeline for vulnerable communities,” Ban Ki-moon remarked. About 95% of all people throughout the globe listen to radio regularly, chief of the UNESCO’s Communication and Information Sector Mirta Lourenco told the Voice of Russia: “Radio remains the most easily accessible mass media. You can listen to it in the remotest corners of the Earth. Thanks to radio, people who cannot read or write have access to information. Radio plays a crucial role in emergencies, natural disaster warning and during rescue operations. For the UNESCO, World Radio Day is the acknowledgment of the tremendous use of which radio has been to humanity over more than a century.”[...] Read the full article at the Voice of Russia website.

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Acid Reflux Symptoms What are common acid reflux symptoms? People with acid reflux experience a variety of symptoms. Heartburn is one of them, but some people have acid reflux without heartburn. Some of the following symptoms of acid reflux are: - Nausea - This is a queasy, sick feeling in the stomach, which can lead to vomiting. - Regurgitating Food - This is when stomach acid flows back into the mouth while lying down - it gives a sour or bitter taste and is quite unpleasant. - Dysphagia - Which is difficulty or painful swallowing, is another symptom people experience. After swallowing, you may feel like you have food stuck in your throat and you may choke. - Tooth or Gum Disease - When stomach acid flows back into the mouth, this can irritate the gums, damage the enamel, or even cause tooth decay. - Chest Pain - Similar to symptoms of a heart attack, this uncomfortable symptom causes a feeling that food is caught behind the breastbone. By the way, never ignore chest pain, it could be a heart attack What Are Some Tips To Alleviate My Acid Reflux Symptoms? - Acid Laryngitis - Because of the acid affecting the voice box, you may experience hoarseness or the frequent need to clear your throat. - Create A Food Diary - Certain foods trigger acid reflux, so it's a good idea to write down everything that you eat and the time at which it is eaten. - Eat Smaller Meals - When the stomach is full, it puts pressure on the upper part of the abdomen which can relax the lower esophageal sphincter . - Eat Meals Low In Fat - Foods high in fat increases acid reflux, because fat delays gastric emptying. - Keep Your Head Elevated At Bed Time - Gravity will cause stomach acid from traveling up to your esophagus. Place anything that's firm and durable under the legs at the head of your bed. You can also use a wedge-shaped pillow to elevate your head. - Avoid Alcohol - Alcohol increases the production of stomach acid and relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter. - Refrain From Wearing Tight Clothing - Tight clothes will squeeze the stomach, forcing food up against the lower esophageal sphincter. Belts that are fitted tightly and slenderized undergarments are clothes that will cause problems. One thing that makes acid reflux difficult to diagnose and treat is that symptoms affect people differently. Have you ever had a problem completely disappear the day before your doctor's appointment? The same can happen with acid reflux disease symptoms - people may not always experience these symptoms every day. Symptoms of acid reflux can also have an effect on the sinuses. Click here to learn more about acid reflux and sinusitis. For a more complete definitive guide to acid reflux, heartburn and GERD: with illustrations and videos, that covers, diagnosis, treatments, medications and more....check out this web site on Acid Reflux Symptoms Acid Reflux Symptoms | Acid Reflux Sinusitis | Acid Reflux and Asthma Hiatal Hernia and Acid Reflux Return To Homepage From Acid Reflux Symptoms Notice & Disclaimer: Acid Reflux Tips is for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice. Always consult your doctor with health questions about specific medical conditions.

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The public don’t fully understand the purpose of all the national cancer screening programmes, with few people aware that some screening aims to prevent the disease, according to research presented at the National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Cancer Conference in Liverpool. There are three national cancer screening programmes in the UK: breast, bowel and cervical. Mammography for breast cancer and the faecal occult blood test (FOBT) for bowel cancer are aimed at detecting cancer early. Bowel Scope, a new addition to the English bowel cancer screening programme, and cervical screening are primarily aimed at preventing the disease. Researchers at the Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, based at University College London (UCL), carried out a survey with nearly 1,500 adults in, or close to, the screening age range (50-70 years old) across Great Britain. Participants were asked whether they thought the primary aim of each of the screening programmes was early detection or prevention of the disease*. The results of the survey showed that: - There was no sign that people were aware of the differences between the screening programmes; - Only a fifth (19 per cent) of women knew the main aim of cervical screening was to prevent the disease; - 70 per cent of men and women incorrectly thought that flexible sigmoidoscopy was primarily for early detection. Dr Jo Waller, study author based at the Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, said: “The decision to take part in the screening programmes should be an individual choice. But in order to make a well-informed decision you need a good understanding of what’s involved, the balance of benefits and harms, and also why you’re being asked to take part in the first place. “We’re not sure why there’s uncertainty about what these tests are for. So it’s crucial we work with the public to make sure we’re providing the best possible information and understand the common questions and misconceptions they might have.” Professor Charles Swanton, chair of the 2015 NCRI Cancer Conference, said: “These results show that we need to get better at helping people to understand what cancer screening is for. Some of the problem may be that most of the public discourse has been around breast screening, which is designed to pick up cancers early. “Along with the misconceptions over the primary focus of each of the programmes, we also know that many people are unaware that screening is aimed at healthy people who don’t have symptoms. It’s essential that we do more research to find the sources of these misconceptions, which should help us to improve the public’s understanding in the future.” Harpal Kumar, Cancer Research UK’s chief executive, said: “We often talk about the importance of spotting cancer early because treatment is more effective and that gives patients the best chances of beating the disease. But, in many cases, cancer screening can also prevent the disease. “The three national screening programmes have already saved thousands of lives since they were introduced. But we also know that screening carries risks as well as the benefits. It’s absolutely essential that people are able to make an informed choice about taking part in screening and that means understanding what these programmes are designed to do.”

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At one time Lodge Hill was just like every other “Brown Field” site in the country but the discovery of Nightingale has changed that forever. - As a nation, we have decided that those places that have been proven to be of national importance for wildlife should be protected. They are called Sites of Special Scientific Interest (nationally) and Special Protection Areas (internationally), and the rules that govern what can be built where say that, in layperson’s terms, these sites should not be destroyed or damaged. That damage isn’t only by them being built on, but the damage could come from building next to them – what are called ‘indirect effects’ - The Hoo Peninsula is surrounded by protected wildlife sites – the Thames Estuary & Marshes, the Medway Estuary and Marshes, with Chattenden Woods and Lodge Hill in the middle. - Lodge Hill was protected because it holds the largest population of Nightingales in the whole of the UK. Nightingales are one of our most threatened species, having declined by 90% in the last 50 years, and with less than 5,500 pairs left. - The reason why Lodge Hill was such a big case nationally is in part because of the Nightingales but also because of the precedent it would set for protected sites everywhere - Homes England, the government’s ‘housing accelerator’, has now accepted that it would not be right to build on Lodge Hill, which was a major step - We are continuing to make the case that new housing shouldn’t be within 400m of Lodge Hill because of the indirect effects (lighting, noise, dogs, cats, people…etc etc – Nightingales can’t cope with all that) If anyone was to say that they’d rather have Lodge Hill developed than Hoo St W, there is a very strong answer: If people start calling for protected sites to be built on, they risk getting the protected sites AND the non protected sites built on. They will have thrown away one of their key lines of defence.

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Society is in danger: Illness is the reason most people come to macrobiotics today. US health costs per year are $1 trillion and are expected to double in 5 years; this equals bankruptcy. Medical care costs are prohibitive. Principles of Health - If we don't feel well, we have to do something different. - Our bodies know what health is, but we rely on others whose experience is not ours. - Learn principles of life in nature, principle of balance; harmony. - We need a compass which is always the laws of nature - - of God.

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