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== April 2009 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. CardinalDan (talk) If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make any unconstructive edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings. Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. JCutter (talk) If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

59.86.170.179

184.57.3.235

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Teddybearsrock

Longkang

== May 2011 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Education in Ancient Rome, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Education in Ancient Rome was changed by 90.203.171.38 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.911332 on 2011-05-05T18:44:42+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk) Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Education in Ancient Rome with this edit. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Meph.

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The FIBT World Championships 1991 took place in Altenberg, Germany (Bobsleigh) and Igls, Austria (Skeleton). This was Altenberg's first time hosting a championship event. Igls was hosting its third, doing so previously in 1935 (Two-man) and 1963. It marked the first time a unified German team competed since World War II with East Germany and West Germany having been unified the previous year. ==Two man bobsleigh== ==Four man bobsleigh== ==Men's skeleton== This was the first sweep in any event of the championships. ==Medal table== {| |- | 1 ||align=left| || 2 || 0 || 2 || 4 |- | 2 ||align=left| || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 |- | 3 ||align=left| || 0 || 2 || 0 || 2 |} ==References== 2-Man bobsleigh World Champions 4-Man bobsleigh World Champions Men's skeleton World Champions 1991 1991 in Germany Skeleton racing Skeleton-Weltmeisterschaft 1991 Mistrzostwa Świata FIBT 1991

FIBT World Championships 1991

San Francisco, California Apartment buildings in San Francisco, California

Residential condominiums in San Francisco

Evgeny Gleizerov

Integrated Transport Network

== April 2009 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Oliver Fury, Esq. messagecontributions Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Oliver Fury, Esq. messagecontributions

71.98.13.44

Eno Memorial Hall is a building built in 1932 in Simsbury, Connecticut. It served historically as a courthouse, as a city hall, as an auditorium, and as government offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It was designed by Roy D. Bassette to include formal and informal areas. ==References== ==External links== National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut Colonial Revival architecture in Connecticut Classical Revival architecture in Connecticut Buildings and structures completed in 1932 Simsbury, Connecticut

Eno Memorial Hall

International Map Industry Association

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Gibsomar

==Welcome== Welcome! Hello, 72.193.24.148, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: The five pillars of Wikipedia Tutorial How to edit a page and How to develop articles How to create your first article (using the Article Wizard if you wish) Manual of Style I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your messages on discussion pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question on this page and then place before the question. Again, welcome! ==Thanks== Thanks and nice work on the food-related articles. Neutralitytalk I agree with Neutrality from above. Please consider creating a wiki user for yourself. Cheers Tal Galili (talk)

72.193.24.148

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Lone Wolf is a series of 28 gamebooks, created by Joe Dever and initially illustrated (books 1-8) by Gary Chalk. The series began publishing in July 1984 and sold more than 10.2 million copies worldwide. The story focuses on the fictional world of Magnamund, where the forces of good and evil fight for control of the planet. The protagonist is Lone Wolf, last of his caste of warrior monks known as Kai Lords. The book series is written in the second person and recounts Lone Wolf's adventures as if the reader is the main character. As Lone Wolf, the reader makes choices at regular intervals throughout the story which then change the course, and the final outcome, of the book. Although the series ceased publication and went out of print in 1998, a fan-operated organisation called Project Aon was established in 1999 which has subsequently converted many of the books to HTML format. Joe Dever gave his permission for Project Aon to distribute the books online via the internet. Subsequently, there has been a strong revival of interest in Lone Wolf, particularly in Italy, Spain, and France where the books were republished between 2002 and 2006. In 2007, Mongoose Publishing has announced that all of the Lone Wolf books, including books 29-32 which were never published, are being printed. Several adaptations also exist of the Lone Wolf series, including a D20-style role-playing game from Mongoose Publishing Ltd UK, the company which is currently republishing the original Lone Wolf gamebooks. The series was also converted into different computer games. The newest project announced will see Lone Wolf going on various platforms, from PC to next-gen consoles and iPhone in 2013. Created by the Italian company Forge Reply, the new game was announced on August 18th 2011 at the Gamescom convention in Cologne. In July 2009, Convergence Entertainment, a company best known for the live action King of Fighters film, announced that it had secured the rights to make a live-action movie based on the Lone Wolf series. ==Synopsis== Magnamund, a planet in the universe of Aon, is the focus of battle between the powers of Good, among them Kai (God of the Sun) and Ishir (Goddess of the Moon), and Naar, the evil God of Darkness. In the north-east of Magnamund's northern continent lies the realm of Sommerlund. Its people, the Sommlending, are devoted followers of Kai. There are those among them, known as Kai Lords or simply 'the Kai', who possess extraordinary innate abilities. Trained from childhood at the Kai Monastery, the Kai Lords are Sommerlund's greatest defense against Naar's agents. Naar's champions upon Magnamund are the Darklords, who dwell in the scorched wastes of the Darklands, west of Sommerlund. This realm, inhospitable to most life, enables the Darklords to survive on Magnamund - though powerful, they are greatly weakened by the natural atmosphere of their world. Forced to enact their will at a distance, the Darklords wage war with armies of Drakkarim (humans devoted to Naar), Giaks (goblin-like creatures spawned in vast numbers), and other creatures, and are served by agents such as Vordaks (undead with psychic powers) and Helghasts (shapechanging undead). At the Kai Monastery is a young initiate, given the name Silent Wolf. On the feastday of Fehmarn, when all the Kai Lords gather at the monastery, Silent Wolf is sent to cut wood from the surrounding forest as a punishment for his inattention in class. While he is gone, a surprise attack is launched from the Darklands at several places across Sommerlund. The Monastery is assaulted and the gathered Kai Lords massacred. Rushing back from the woods, Silent Wolf is knocked out by a low-lying tree branch (in the Legends of Lone Wolf novelizations based on the books, it's implied that the branch was placed there by a demi-goddess called Alyss so Silent Wolf would be spared the attack). When he awakes, he finds himself the only survivor. The last of the Kai, he renames himself Lone Wolf and sets out for the capital to inform the King of the loss of the Kai. It is worth noting that in the re-release version of Flight from the Dark in 2007 by Mongoose Publishing, the beginning of the adventure is slightly different as Silent Wolf takes part in the battle. The Kai Series (gamebooks 1 to 5) follows Lone Wolf as he rallies the armies of Sommerlund and her ally, Durenor, to repel the invasion, pursues and captures the traitor who brought about the invasion, and survives plots to complete the destruction of the Kai. In Flight from the Dark, Lone Wolf reaches the King in Holmgard who then dispatches him to Durenor to recover the Sommerswerd in Fire on the Water returning to defeat Archlord Zagarna, the head of the Darklords. The third book, The Caverns of Kalte, finds Lone Wolf chasing the betrayer of Sommerlund, Vonotar, in the frozen northern wastes of Kalte. In The Chasm of Doom, Lone Wolf thwarts the resurrection of the first and most powerful Darklord, Vashna. At the end of the series, in Shadow on the Sand, Lone Wolf recovers the Book of the Magnakai, the ancient text which contains the higher lore of the Kai Lords through an encounter with Haakon, the new head of the Darklords. With the massacre of the Kai, and Lone Wolf only an initiate, these teachings were thought to be lost. The Magnakai Series (gamebooks 6 to 12) continues the tale, with Lone Wolf now a fledging Kai Master striving to understand the Magnakai teachings. The Book of the Magnakai, however, is ancient and incomplete. To perfect his understanding and train a new order of Kai Lords, Lone Wolf must follow the path of Sun Eagle, the first Kai Lord and author of the Book of the Magnakai. Sun Eagle quested for the wisdom encapsulated in the Lorestones of Nyxator, seven orbs scattered across Northern Magnamund. As Lone Wolf begins the same quest, however, war breaks out again. The Darklords have again rallied behind a new leader, Archlord Gnaag, and now hasten their invasion to defeat the Magnakai quest. In The Kingdoms of Terror, Lone Wolf pursues the quest through the war-torn realms to find the Lorestone of Varetta. Castle Death leads Lone Wolf to his first encounter with the Elder Magi and the capture of a second Lorestone in the fortress of Kazan-Oud. The third Lorestone is found in the Danarg swamp in The Jungle of Horrors. An old enemy from Shadow on the Sand is finally defeated in The Cauldron of Fear. Lone Wolf then makes the perilous journey to the edge of the Darklands, deep in the territory of the Darklords. There, in The Dungeons of Torgar, he falls into a void leading beyond the plane of Magnamund. Finding the final two Lorestones and settling the score finally with Vonotar, Lone Wolf is able return to Sommerlund, chronicled in The Prisoners of Time. When Lone Wolf returns to Magnamund, he finds that 11 years have passed and most of the world is under the grip of the Darklords under the leadership of Archlord Gnaag. Ultimately, in The Masters of Darkness, Lone Wolf enters the Darkland capital of Helgedad and brings about the destruction of the Darklords. The Grand Master Series (gamebooks 13 to 20) continues the story of Grand Master Lone Wolf and introduces the restored order of Kai Lords. With the destruction of the Darklords, Naar and his agents abandon open warfare and seek new paths to dominance, often focused directly on Lone Wolf as the keystone of the forces of Light. In The Plague Lords of Ruel, Lone Wolf meets for the first time Archdruid Cadak, leader of the Cener Druids, and destroys the deadly virus they were creating to wipe out all life on Magnamund. Following that, the closest friend of Lone Wolf, Guildmaster Banedon, is kidnapped. The Kai Grand Master makes haste to save his friend in The Captives of Kaag. Meanwhile, Warlord Magnaarn of Nyras is trying to find the Doomstone of Darke to combine it with the Nyras Sceptre. In The Darke Crusade, Lone Wolf tries to find the Doomstone before the Drakkarim. For the second time, Lone Wolf prevents the resurrection of Darklord Vashna in The Legacy of Vashna. Shortly after, The Deathlord of Ixia comes into possession of the Deathstaff, an item to be used to resurrect Vashna. But while Lone Wolf is away from Sommerlund, Naar attempts to destroy the Kai Monastery for the second time in Dawn of the Dragons. Following his defeat, the Dark God executes a new plan for revenge on Lone Wolf by sending a doppelgänger named Wolf's Bane in the book of the same name. During the mission involving Wolf's Bane, Lone Wolf finds out that Naar had come into possession of the holy Moonstone. In his final mission, the Kai Grand Master infiltrates the Plane of Darkness to retrieve to sacred jewel in The Curse of Naar. The New Order Series (gamebooks 21 to 32) features a new protagonist, a Grand Master in the Second Order of the Kai and a student of Lone Wolf, who is now Supreme Master. This series allows the player to 'customize' his character by allowing the choice of an individual name (originally, the name was speculated to be Falco Nero, or Black Hawk). Much of the series focuses on attempts by Naar's minions to use remnants of the power of Agarash the Damned, Naar's greatest champion and predecessor to the Darklords. The series is set in Southern Magnamund, center of Agarash's empire which was not featured in the earlier series. In Voyage of the Moonstone, the new protagonist is sent to the Isle of Lorn to return the Moonstone to its creators, the Shianti. However, this book ends midway during the trip, in Elzian. The second part of this adventure plays out in The Buccaneers of Shadaki. After completing this quest, the Grand Master is sent to the Isle of Sheasu to persuade Prince Karvas, heir of the King of Siyen, to return to his homeland to claim the throne before the evil Baron Sadanzo takes it in Mydnight's Hero. In Rune War, the Kai Order goes on a crusade to help the land of Lyris which has been invaded by the forces of Eldenora. The enemy leader, Lord Vandyan, has come into possession of the Runes of Agarash which grants him great power. At the end of the mission to destroy the runes, the Grand Master learns that Lone Wolf has been kidnapped. Similar to The Captives of Kaag, the Grand Master sets out to rescue of his leader in Trail of the Wolf. A year later, in The Fall of Blood Mountain, the Grand Master is sent to help the Kingdom of Bor. Its inhabitants, the dwarves, have freed the evil Shom'zaa who is now wreaking havoc in the caves of this subterranean land. He returns to southern Magnamund in Vampirium, to deal with Autarch Sejanoz of Bhanar, who has found the Claw of Naar, a powerful weapon. After retrieving this artefact from Autarch, the Grand Master escorts Xo-lin, emperor of Chai, to safety as Sejanoz has invaded the neighboring land. The following adventure, The Storms of Chai, which is yet to be published, takes place 18 years later. Just like for the Nyras Sceptre from The Drake Crusade, the Claw of Naar can be coupled with a mystical evil stone to increase its power. This jewel, the Eye of Agarash, is set on the throne of the Khea-Khan (emperor) of Chai and the mission of the Grand Master will be to retrieve it. The following three gamebooks to be published should bring the series to a definitive conclusion. ==Books== ===Writing=== Joe Dever was seven years old when he became a fan of a comic strip known as The Rise and Fall of the Trigan Empire, which appeared in a magazine called Look and Learn. He built armies of Airfix Roman soldiers and converted their spears to laser rifles, long before he was introduced to fantasy. Dever was introduced to "science fantasy" by his high school English tutor. He was the first and possibly only British person to compete in the Advanced Dungeons and Dragons Championship of America, which he won in 1982. Dever has stated that his earliest inspirations for Lone Wolf were medieval classical texts such as Beowulf, Gawain and the Green Knight and Le Morte d'Arthur. In his teenage years Tolkien, Moorcock and Mervyn Peake along with military history and Norse mythology all contributed to the creation of the Kai. He also used travel books to discover images of "exotic places". Dever developed the world of Magnamund from 1975 to 1983 as a setting for his Dungeons and Dragons campaigns. Originally called "Chinaraux", the world consisted of only northern Magnamund. The Kai lords are like "psionic rangers with special powers bestowed upon them by their gods". An individual book took 9 weeks to write, with three for mapping and plotting, and then 6 weeks of writing the story, creating an average of 12 entries per day. ===Original publication=== Dever was originally contracted by London-based publisher Hutchinsons for four books, despite having planned out at least 13 for the series. When the first books proved to be popular, Dever was allowed an extension of contract and went on to write 20 books with Lone Wolf as the main hero, and 8 more featuring a new Kai Lord. He also developed the character Grey Star during this period, and four books were written using this character by Ian Page. Dever also wrote The Magnamund Companion, in which all countries of the Lone Wolf world are described in some detail; readers are also given details on the Darklords and a trainer course in the Giak language. There are two games included, a Ragadorn Tavern Board game, and a short solo adventure that takes place immediately prior to book one, putting the player in the role of Banedon, a young magician who goes on to become a recurring character in the Lone Wolf books. With the help of Joe Dever, Paul Barnett, whose pen name is John Grant, wrote twelve novelizations of the Lone Wolf books known as the Legends of Lone Wolf, several of which were heavily edited before publication. They have received mixed reviews from fans. Barnett was the creator of the characters Alyss, Qinefer, and Thog. Random House stopped publishing the novelizations after the twelfth book because "the books weren't selling," though the truth of this statement is contested. Barnett entered discussions with an Italian publisher about reprinting the books unedited in Italian, this finally occurring with some editing of the original text. In July 2009, he announced on his blog that Dark Quest Books would republish an upgraded version of the series in English beginning in 2010. So far, none of the twelve have been published by Dark Quest Books. An omnibus edition containing the first three novels, is currently listed on the publishers website with a notation of an estimated release date of February 2011, due to a delay with an unspecified "art issue." There has long been uncertainty amongst fans as to which version of the series is canon. Joe Dever has stated that as the game books precede the novelization, they are the "authoritative" versions. There is still some cross over between the novelizations and the gamebooks, however; most notably in the form of Alyss, an original character of John Grant's who plays a significant role in the final books of the Grand Master series. Only the first four volumes of the Legends of Lone Wolf were made available in the United States (though Sword of the Sun was divided into two separate volumes, The Tides of Treachery and Sword of the Sun), and only the first 20 of the core Lone Wolf gamebook series were made available in the United States; the last 8 books were never printed in the US. It should also be noted that the American editions of books 13-20 were abridged versions and thus are shorter than the UK editions. The UK versions also have color maps. The abridgements are sloppy, sometimes leaving broken links, or sections referring the reader to an incorrect new section. During the latter period of writing, Joe Dever and Publisher Red Fox were at odds, and Red Fox ceased publishing the Lone Wolf series after book 28, The Hunger of Sejanoz, citing lack of interest in the interactive gaming genre, despite hundreds of requests for the reprinting of several Lone Wolf books that had gone out of print. This left the series unfinished, as Dever had four other books planned. He first did plan on releasing these books in some form after completing his collaboration on the new Lone Wolf RPG. Finally, Mongoose Publishing, editor of the Lone Wolf RPG, accepted to publish to last four books of the series as well as republishing the rest of the series. In 1999, Dever gave permission for his Lone Wolf book to be published for free on the internet by the non-profit organization Project Aon. Joe Dever later gave his permission to publish the out of print New Order series. As of May 2011, 25 of his Lone Wolf books, the World of Lone Wolf series, the Magnamund Companion and several other Lone Wolf related written works are available for download. Despite the online publication, the original print copies of gamebooks 21 through to 28 and the twelfth Legends novel remain both rare and sought after and, as of November 2010, copies in "good" condition sell online for between $150 and $200 US. ===Republication and expansion=== Mongoose Publishing have started republishing the gamebooks starting in July 2007, featuring new internal artwork by Richard Longmore (books 1 to 12), Nate Furman (book 13) and Pascal Quidault (books 14 and beyond). The first book has been partially rewritten and extended by Joe Dever, whilst the rest will be extended in-house. Starting with book 2, a bonus mini-adventure is added at the end of each book featuring a character that is encountered during the main adventure. These bonus adventures are written by various authors under the supervision of Dever himself. Nate Furman did the illustrations for ten bonus adventures (books 2 to 11), with Richard Longmore illustrating the following ones. The republishing includes the final four gamebooks 29 - 32, which will be their first time in print. The republished first Lone Wolf book features a retcon of the opening of the book, where instead of Lone Wolf waking to find everyone at his monastery dead, he joins the fight. Dever has stated that, since he has the chance, and considers himself a better writer, that this is a good opportunity to make a better beginning. Long time fan and now assistant Jonathan Blake said of the retconning that overall, despite his love of the original, the surprises, grittier illustrations, and better writing have "won him over". ===Reception=== The gamebook series was published between 1984 and 1998 in over 30 countries, translated into 18 languages, and sold in excess of 10 million copies worldwide. Each of the first 20 books had average print runs of 250,000. The response to the Lone Wolf book series has been largely positive. Three books of the series won "Game Book of the Year" between 1985 and 1987. The series was also awarded the Gamemaster International "All Time Great" award in 1991. The high quality of Joe Dever's descriptive prose receives especial praise, as well as the fact that the books, if played together, form a cohesive continuing story, with recurring characters (something not often seen in gamebooks). Even so, the books are not without criticism. Wavering difficulty is a common criticism made about the series. The battles tend to be either too hard or too easy. This is mostly attributed to the attainment of the Sommerswerd (a sword forged by gods) in the second book Fire on the Water which drastically increases the wielder's combat abilities. Another reason for this would be the fact that a player can start with drastically different stats. Finally, because the books were written to be functional both as a series and as stand alone adventures, the question of whether or not a player would have access to certain special weapons and abilities made difficulty hard to gauge. ==Adaptations== Three computer games were released during the late 1980s using the Lone Wolf license. The first two, published by Hutchinson, were adapted from the first two gamebooks, while the third entitled 'Mirror of Death' from Audiogenic Software, featured an original storyline. The game was well received by several game magazines. The Legends novel Eclipse of the Kai was abridged as an audio book read by Edward da Souza on May 7, 1992. Another was recorded but not released. A version narrated and composed by Joe Dever was also made, but never released. There was also a series of telephone adventures called "Phonequest", one of which was known as "Fortress of Doom". In 2004 the license was adapted as a role-playing game by Mongoose Publishing under the Open Game License using Mongoose's OGL System. This has met mostly with praise for its adaptation of the Lone Wolf world, though some believe that there are many overlooked problems with the RPG, such as balance between classes and "hard to interpret" rules. Dever is credited with helping the game's principal designer, August Hahn, incorporate information from his final four unreleased books into the game. A line of miniatures was also created for the game. In March 2010, a new version of the roleplaying game, with rules closer to the ones of the gamebooks, was launched by Mongoose Publishing. Three scripts were developed for a potential Lone Wolf film release but they did not proceed beyond the pre-production phase. However, in July 2009, a small company, called Convergence Entertainement, who produced the King of Fighters movie, announced that it had bought the rights to make a live-action film based on Lone Wolf. An online MMORPG was in development by fans with the support of Joe Dever and a playable demo had been released for beta testing, but development abruptly stopped when it was announced that a first-person computer game was being developed by Singapore-based Ksatria Gameworks Pte Ltd. Joe Dever was cited as Lead Designer on the project, for which no official release date have ever been announced. The studio also had the license to produce more Lone Wolf games. However, the company abruptly closed its doors in 2009 because of the worldwide financial crisis. The rights to make a video game were shortly held by Red Entertainment before the Italian company Forge Reply announced in August 2011 that it was working on a game for the next-gen consoles. An adaption of the first five books for the Nintendo DS handheld console, called LoneWolfDS, is available in homebrew format. Two game modifications for the game Neverwinter Nights were named after the Lone Wolf book series. == See also == Choose Your Own Adventure Fighting Fantasy Legends of Skyfall ==References== == External links == Project Aon - Free downloadable Internet editions of the Lone Wolf gamebooks. Linked 'walk-throughs' of the first twenty-two Lone Wolf gamebooks. Official website of the Lone Wolf D20 Tabletop Game Developers of the 2008 Lone Wolf video game Lone Wolf translation to Russian Fantasy gamebooks Gamebooks Lone Wolf Series of books ZX Spectrum games Einsamer Wolf Lobo Solitario Loup Solitaire Lupo Solitario (librogame) Lone Wolf (series librorum) Ensamma Vargen

Lone Wolf (gamebooks)

"Who Cares?" is a song composed by George Gershwin, with lyrics by Ira Gershwin, written for their 1931 musical Of Thee I Sing. ==Notable recordings== Anita O'Day Fred Astaire with Benny Goodman and his Orchestra (1940) Ella Fitzgerald - Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook (1959) and the 1983 Pablo release Nice Work if You Can Get It Judy Garland - Judy at Carnegie Hall (1961) Rufus Wainwright - Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall (2007) Songs with music by George Gershwin Songs with lyrics by Ira Gershwin 1931 songs Fred Astaire songs Benny Goodman songs

Who Cares? (Gershwin song)

A Lion Among Men is the third novel in Gregory Maguire's The Wicked Years and was released in the UK on October 2, 2008, October 8 in the US, and on October 14, 2008 in the rest of Europe. Maguire has stated that "this book will be about the differing moralities... among soldiers, for one, and diplomats, for another... about decisions to wage war" and "One of the main characters is the Cowardly Lion". Maguire also has stated that the novel's story "starts off about eight years after the end of Son of a Witch". Maguire's website describes the novels as "seen now through the eyes of the Cowardly Lion—the once tiny cub defended by Elphaba in The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West." ==Synopsis== The story opens with an impending battle between the Munchkinlanders and the Emerald City (EC) troops. In the middle of the hotbed's Mauntery, the center that's been the epicenter for Elphaba, Yackle, Liir, and Candle. Yackle still lives despite losing her eyesight and longs for death. At her request, the Maunts bury her in their crypt alive with only a few candles and some wine. She's eventually forgotten, but not by all. Elsewhere, Nor has escaped from Southstairs and wanders the Land of Oz until her path crosses the dwarf, whom she calls Mr. Boss, and the Clock of the Time Dragon. The Clock has awakened... Back at the Mauntery, Brrr, the Cowardly Lion, and his pet, a Glass Cat named Grimalkin (nickname Malky) that he has nicknamed Shadowpuppet, arrive looking for Yackle. The maunts claim she's deceased but Yackle rises from the crypt, still alive. Yackle and Brrr begin a game of wits - Brrr demands information on Madame Morrible and in exchange he'll tell Yackle about himself. Brrr doesn't remember his parents or where he's from. He grew up by himself in the Great Gillikin Forest, learning language from the hunters that travel through his forest. One day he meets a soldier, Jemmsy, who's caught in his own hunting trap that was supposed to catch Animals. He implores Brrr to go to Tenniken and get help. Instead, out of fear and the naive belief that since this is the first person he's conversed with, then Jemmsy's a friend and can't be abandoned, Brrr stays with Jemmsy until he dies, claiming the books that lie beside him and taking Jemmsy's medal for courage to give to Jemmsy's relatives. Thus begins the Lion's unhappy personage as a coward. After Jemmsy dies, Brrr goes out to find Tenniken. Not long after he sets out, Brrr finds a terrified Bear Cub. The Bear soon reveals that his name's Cubbins, and takes Brrr to his family. They're the Northern Bears under rule by Queen Ursaless. She tells Brrr that to get to Tenniken, he must travel through the Cloud Swamp, a wet land inhabited by the Ozmists (ghost-like beings). Brrr and Cubbins have an "all but fatal" interview with the Ozmists. Brrr soon leaves Cubbins with the pile of books as he leaves the Great Gillikin Forest for the first time. When Brrr first ventures out of the forest, he finds out he isn't in Tenniken at all, but Traum, a market town east of Tenniken. Brrr soon finds himself involved in a massacre of Glikkun trolls. Not knowing what to do, Brrr tells some trolls to play dead, as he thinks that it's the only way to bypass the slaughter, but they take his advice too late and become captured. The people of Traum celebrate the Lion for refusing to help their enemies, the Glikkuns, and Brrr safely gets out of Traum by train. While on the train, however, Brrr decides that his refusal to help the Glikkuns is really a badge of shame, and knowing that in Tenniken his reputation will precede him, he ultimately can't bring himself to go there, instead arriving in the University town of Shiz. Brrr sets himself up in an apartment, and spends time in and around Shiz. The Lion soon finds a poem dedicated to humiliating him. Feeling embarrassed, Brrr packs up and leaves into the wilderness. Brrr wanders around the woods aimlessly for a while, until he finds a pride of Lions trying to make it in the forest. Brrr lives with the Lions for several years. But some of the Lions mock him, prompting him to leave... again. The next group that Brrr encounters is the Ghullim, a streak of Ivory Tigers in Wend Fallows. He'd happily pass right through their tribe without stopping, but they force him to stay with them for a while, if only to assess his status as a threat. While there, he befriends and ultimately falls in love with Muhlama H'aekeem, princess and heir to the Chieftaincy of the Ghullim. But when they're discovered mating by Ivory Tiger scouts, her father Chief Uyodor H'aekeem announces that he suspects him of attempting to thwart his regime due to Muhlama being seriously wounded from the lovemaking, once again prompting him to leave, before they have his head on a trophy background. Within the following weeks, Brrr meets a strange group of travelers. One a little girl named Dorothy, one a Scarecrow and the other was Nick Chopper, the Tin Woodman. Brrr decides to go with them to meet the Wizard of Oz. They soon find themselves on a quest to kill Elphaba, the Wicked Witch of the West. But Dorothy wants to reason with her instead. Once at Kiamo Ko, where Elphaba lives, she locks the Lion in a room with Liir while she and Dorothy have at it. They soon break out in time for Elphaba to be vanquished. The five go back to the Wizard and get their rewards. All but Brrr got what they wanted (Brrr getting a terribly manufactured Badge of Courage, even more so than Jemmsy's. Liir gets nothing for he was left outside.) Brrr promises Dorothy that he'll protect and look after Liir, but Liir vanishes in the streets and crowds of the Emerald City. Brrr then goes off on his own path, like before. The Lion has hit the outback again. With the other members of Dorothy's party laughing it up and having their own affairs, Brrr soon meets two old bachelors; Mister Mikko, an Ape, and Professor Lenx, a Boar of some kind. The three Animals discuss current events and past events. They soon rile Brrr up to retrieve money from the banks of Oz for them. The Lion soon becomes a broker for Animals, retrieving their money that is held in the banks since before they were forced to leave Oz. The forces of Oz soon discover that Brrr is bringing money into the Free State of Munchkinland and try him for being a Collaborationist. He strikes a plea and is assigned to go find the whereabouts of the Grimmerie, which leads him to his interview with Yackle. ==Characters== This characters list is divided into two sections: one of characters from Wicked and/or Son of a Witch, and one of all-new characters. ===Characters returning from Wicked and/or Son of a Witch=== Mother Yackle is the mysterious crone who repeatedly appeared throughout Elphaba's life. Yackle was present when Elphaba arrives at the motherchapel in the Emerald City after the death of Fiyero in Wicked. She also has a hand in the conception of Liir's daughter with Candle in Son of a Witch. She is a resident of the Cloister of Saint Glinda. While to the other maunts she is a senile old hag, she demonstrates an amazing aptitude for prophecy and insight. As A Lion Among Men begins, she is nearing death but has one final deposition to give. Brrr is the Lion Cub that was rescued from Dr. Nikidik's lecture on the Life Force in Wicked. He visits the Cloister of Saint Glinda on government assignment wanting to speak to Yackle regarding her involvement with the Thropps. Unexpectedly however, she provokes Brrr to explore his past in order to find the courage to face the future and the people placed in his care. The novel starts out when Brrr is a young Lion, presumably a teenager. Brrr has grown up in the Great Gillikin Forest. He is constantly on the run, even after his adventure with Dorothy. He longs after Muhlama H'akeem, an Ivory Tigress of the Ghullim. Brrr is also less cowardly than his earlier depictions. He is usually in the country side and the woods of Oz, not mingling with Scarecrow, Tin Woodman and any others. Brrr's personality greatly changes from Wicked to A Lion Among Men: Being more manly and less cowardly. Sisters Doctor and Apothecaire are maunts in the Cloister of Saint Glinda. They also played a significant part in Son of a Witch. Malky (or Grimalkin) AKA the Glass Cat/Shadowpuppet is the Cat who lived with Elphaba posing as a cat while she lived in the corn exchange during her affair with Fiyero during the events of Wicked. An informer for the Ozian government, he had a hand in Fiyero's death. He accompanies Brrr on his mission to help ensure that he stays committed to it. Liir Thropp is the illegitimate son of Elphaba. He plays a minor role in A Lion Among Men compared to his role in Son of a Witch. Illianora, previously Nor, the daughter of Fiyero and Sarima and half-sister of Liir. Nor/Illianora was last seen in Wicked being led away in chains by the Gale Forcers at Red Windmill. ===New characters=== Muhlama H'aekeem is an Ivory Tigress. She is the princess of the Ghullim, a clan of mid-sized Cats. Brrr soon falls in love with her after meeting her. When the rest of her clan catches her and the Lion mating, the clan sends Brrr into exile from them. But Brrr still thinks and lusts for her, even when they have not seen each other for a long time. She has a temper and is not like most others of the Ghullim. It is possible that she only seduced Brrr so the wound he'd inflict during their lovemaking would make her unfit to rule upon her father's death, giving her the freedom she told Brrr she wanted. Sister Hospitality is a maunt in the Cloister of Saint Glinda given the task of meeting and taking care of guests passing through. Jemmsy was an early figure in Brrr's life and the first person Brrr considered a friend, although this may not have been reciprocated. He gives Brrr a badge of courage. Cubbins is a Brown Bear cub Brrr meets in the forest. He belongs to the Northern Bears led by Ursaless. While the Northern Bears are extremely forgetful and uninterested in the world, Cubbins displays qualities his companions lack. Cubbins would probably lose his inuition and ambition while he grew older. Ursaless is the Queen of the Northern Bears. Caraway Coyle, Bungler MiGrory, Shaveen Brioyne, and Bruner O'Bruin are some of the other Bears in the forest. ==Notes== 2008 novels Novels by Gregory Maguire Oz books The Wicked Years 21st-century American novels

A Lion Among Men

Camp Lake is a small alpine lake in Elmore County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. Sawtooth National Forest trail 461 leads to the lake. Camp Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries. ==References== ==See also== List of lakes of the Sawtooth Mountains (Idaho) Sawtooth National Forest Sawtooth National Recreation Area Sawtooth Range (Idaho) Lakes of Idaho Landforms of Elmore County, Idaho Glacial lakes of the United States Sawtooth Wilderness

Camp Lake (Idaho)

Useful links: Wikipedia Tutorial

Lavareda

what is www.theballoonshoppe.com

Kups5877

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97.104.186.145

Internet Map Server

Eno Memorial Hall

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70.110.19.97

2005lentil.PNG

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Andorra in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007

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89.244.229.53

Welcome! Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. The following links will help you begin editing on Wikipedia: The five pillars of Wikipedia How to edit a page Editing tutorial Picture tutorial How to write a great article Naming conventions Manual of Style Please bear these points in mind while editing Wikipedia: Respect copyrights – do not copy and paste text or images directly from other websites. Maintain a neutral point of view – this is possibly the most important Wikipedia policy. Take particular care while adding biographical material about a living person to any Wikipedia page to follow Wikipedia's Biography of Living Persons' policy. Particularly, controversial and negative statements should be referenced with multiple reliable sources. No edit warring and sock puppetry. If you are testing, please use the Sandbox to . Do not add troublesome content to any article, such as: copyrighted text, libel, advertising or promotional messages, and text that is not related to an article's subject. Deliberately adding such content or otherwise editing articles maliciously is considered vandalism, doing so will result your account or IP being blocked from editing. The Wikipedia tutorial is a good place to start learning about Wikipedia. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and discussion pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~ (the software will replace them with your signature and the date). Again, welcome! QuAzGaA

FutbolPR2010

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Gogogadgetflatlander

Stop editing pages to your personal taste of names

81.109.126.244

Washington, D.C. Apartment buildings in Washington, D.C.

Residential condominiums in Washington, D.C.

John Decore (born: April 9, 1909, Andrew, Alberta - died: November 11, 1994) was a barrister, lawyer, teacher and a Canadian federal politician. Decore first ran for a seat in the Canadian House of Commons as a Liberal candidate in the 1949 federal election. He would win the Vegreville district defeating incumbent Anthony Hlynka in a close 2 way race. Decore would run for re-election again in the 1953 federal election, once again defeating Anthony Hlynka. Decore would not run again after his second term was over in 1957. Decore attempted to return to federal politics in the 1962 federal election, this time in the Edmonton East electoral district. He would be defeated by incumbent William Skoreyko. He would run one more time for a seat in Parliament the next year in the 1963 federal election in the Edmonton—Strathcona electoral district. He would be defeated in that election by incumbent Terry Nugent. Decore's son Laurence Decore followed his fathers footsteps in politics and became Mayor of Edmonton and Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. ==External links== John Decore Federal Political Experience 1909 births 1994 deaths Members of the Canadian House of Commons from Alberta Liberal Party of Canada MPs Canadian people of Ukrainian descent Дікур Іван

John Decore

REDIRECT Breakup of Yugoslavia

Partition of Yugoslavia

==Information== Info to be incorporated: Wabash Tunnel milestones Sunday, December 26, 2004 1903 The Ferry Street Bridge and Wabash Tunnel, circa 1948. Click photo for larger image.1917 1925 1931 1933 1936 1946 1971 1980 1992 1994 1995 2000 2003 Dec. 27, 2004 First published on December 26, 2004 at 12:00 am retrieved from http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04361/432225-147.stm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.60.18.112 (talk)

Wabash Tunnel

Isodapane

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Rhododendryn

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86.159.104.73

Acantholimon koeycegizicum

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Theprodigywins

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69.223.49.177

Machang, Anhui

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Articles for deletion/Log/2009 April 15

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71.190.96.115

== Djorn Buchholz == Djorn Buchholz is the Chief Executive Officer of the 2011 NASL Champion NSC Minnesota Stars. The Hastings, Nebraska native has held the C.E.O. position since December 2010. He manages all aspects of business for the professional soccer team including management of a staff of seven full time employees, creation of a marketing plan and advertising initiatives that resulted in the sale of four times the number of season tickets from the previous season and increased game attendance, development and execution of an event atmosphere around home games, ticket sales strategies, corporate sales and sponsorship. The NSC Minnesota Stars play their games at the National Sports Center located in Blaine, Minnesota. During the games, fans will find Buchholz walking about the stadium making sure every fan in attendance is enjoying the game. If you catch Buchholz at the right time during the game, he might buy you a beer from the beer garden that is positioned at the north end of the soccer field. Prior to joining the NSC Minnesota Stars, Buchholz was the Chief Executive Officer of the Austin Aztex professional soccer team located in Austin, Texas from November 2009 to November 2010. During his time in Austin, Buchholz managed all aspects of business for the USSF Division 2 professional soccer team including the management of a staff of nine full time employees and operations budgets that reduced losses in this second year franchise by 38% or $550,000. He, also, assisted in the creation and organization of a youth soccer camp business that grew from 100 campers in 2009 to 600 campers in 2010 and managed the PR/Communications department. Buchholz is no stranger to Minnesota pro soccer. Before heading south to Texas, Buchholz was the General Manager of the Minnesota Thunder from March 2005 to October 2009. While in the G.M. position, Buchholz operated a budget that was profitable in his first year. In addition, Buchholz wore many "hats" for the Thunder which included creation of team marketing and advertising initiatives, the management and direction of the advertising agency relationship, website maintenance, ticket sales strategies, corporate sales and sponsorship, league compliance and relations, travel arrangements, negotiation of season schedule, management and supervision of all game-day operations. Buchholz held the titles of Director of Marketing and Sales Manager from November 2003 to February 2005 before becoming General Manager. Buchholz got his first experience working in professional soccer in Indianapolis, Indiana when he worked for the Indiana Blast soccer team as their Director of Operations/Media. Buchholz worked for the Blast from November 2001 to October 2003. Buchholz' soccer experience is not just off the field. Buchholz has plenty of on-field experience. He was selected to All-State Shrine Soccer Bowl as a High School Senior and Played forward on NAIA Intercollegiate Soccer Team at Hastings College (Nebraska). Buchholz has coaching history, too. He was an assistant coach at Hastings (Nebraska) High School boys' team and Hastings College men's team. Djorn Buchholz (talk) ==Proposed deletion of Djorn Buchholz== The article Djorn Buchholz has been proposed for deletion because, under Wikipedia policy, all newly created biographies of living persons must have at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article. If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within ten days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Ankit Maity Talk • contribs

Djorn Buchholz

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124.7.86.201

Leonard S. Paoletta is a lawyer and former mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut. He was shot and seriously injured in 1994. In 1997 Governor John Rowland named him as a member of Connecticut's Workers' Compensation Commission. ==Mayor of Bridgeport== Paoletta re-established the position of Chief of Police. ==References== Living people People from Bridgeport, Connecticut Connecticut Republicans Mayors of Bridgeport, Connecticut

Leonard S. Paoletta

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122.164.22.14

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65.10.91.187

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Killthemusicians.jpg

James Bowen (artist)

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Kingnick84

Women representing Denmark who are or have been Members of the European Parliament. Denmark European Parliament

Women MEPs for Denmark

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217.139.21.158

Saints in Protestantism

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Ellery Queen-1975.jpg

Women MEPs for Denmark

==Riddle me This== If the use of "Aryan" is not enough to prove that Blavatsky influenced Hitler (directly or indirectly), then riddle me this Aryan is the terminology of self description,that Certain Iranian minority groups,use to delineate themselves from the majority population of that particular nation state. Sochwa Aryan was a well known word at the time describing a racial/linguistic group having originated in the Caucausus and Iran region. Iranian and Aryan are synonymous, but in the early 19th century, linguists and comparative religion scholars from Europe began to understand the connections between Iranians with Indians and Europeans. The ancient Aryans practiced a religion which split into the later Vedas (Hindu) and Avesta (Iranian) religious authorities. The language of the ancient Aryans is not known precisely, but it's descendants include Old Persian and Sanskrit, as well as Latin, German, and Russian, from which modern European languages (including English) descended. Hitler didn't have to discover the word "Aryan" from an obscure source, because it was well known. However, many of Hitler's associates (Dietrich Eckhart, Alfred Rosenberg, etc.), including the founders of the NSDAP, were interested in occultism, and particularly Aryan-based occultism (typically via ancient Roman, Norse, Teutonic, and Iranian religion), and pretty much every Western occultist of the early 20th century was influenced by Madame Blavatsky, who was a pioneer in the field.WingedEarth 11:20, 21 August 2007 Also, it is a well known fact that Adolf Eichmann based much of the Nazi organizational structure on Hinduism. To suggest that because Blavatsky was referring to Indian cultures, and that the Nazi's were not influenced by Blavatsky is utter nonsense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.185.181.62 (talk) I have heard these accusations before however unable to verify them I thought I might contact the Theosophical Society to hear their view on the matter to begin with. "Hitler seems to have been familiar with some of Blavatsky's writings, but did not study them in depth as far as we know. He may very well have based some of his concepts of races on a warped interpretation of HPB's views of the "root races, " which is completely different from the term "races" that we use commonly. The Theosophical Society was not in any way connected to the Nazi Movement. The Society was persecuted by the Nazis, and Theosophists from the Netherlands, Greece, and Java were interned in concentration camps during World War II. Headquarters buildings of the European sections of the Society were closed during the war, and their records and libraries were looted by the Germans." This response comes from the e-mail at archives@theosophical.org and the e-mail itself is dated at Mon, January 25, 2010 1:41:38 PM. Here is the file for download for anyone to view. Though the e-mail states at the very beginning that "these are my own interpretations, intended to assist you in your research, and should not be treated as bearing any special authority." I just thought this information could be helpful to determine as to whether or not this would be of any importance to find out if this claim was true. Voiceofreason467 5:49pm August 1, 2010 —Preceding undated comment added . == Influences and the Influenced == The swastika was not "Indian," but an ancient Aryan symbol that passed to India when the Aryans invaded the local Dravidian population. Hitler used the Swastika as part of his Aryan symbology, claiming that the Germans are an Aryan race with ancient and powerful roots, and that the German people again be elevated to that level and beyond. The Swastika was just another part of the Aryan theme that the Nazi movement revolved around, as were the other various ancient Roman, Norse, Teutonic, and Iranian symbols employed by the Nazi Party. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the swastika was a popular symbol in occultism. They called it "The Wheel of Mithra", and it was a symbol for good luck. Mithra is an an ancient Iranian sun god (and son god) whose worship spread through the Roman Empire (imported to the West by Alexander the Great's invasion of Persia) until Mithraism became Rome's official religion in the centuries before it was replaced by Christianity. WingedEarth 11:34, 21 August 2007 The reasons why are that the use of the swastika and colors of the Nazi flag are an undeniable link to the works of Madame Blavatsky. That is like comparing the Nazi use of the Swastika to the older Hindu Symbolism behind it. Attributing Blavatsky to the Swastika in the use of Nazism and Hitler, rather than in the context which she as a Buddhist and Theosophist considered it, is completely out of context and misleading to the reader. To quote another article: (Red, white, and black were the colors of the flag of the old German Empire.) The use of the swastika was associated by Nazi theorists with their conjecture of Aryan cultural descent of the German people. Following the Nordicist version of the Aryan invasion theory, the Nazis claimed that the early Aryans of India, from whose Vedic tradition the swastika sprang, were the prototypical white invaders. It was also widely believed that the Indian caste system had originated as a means to avoid racial mixing. The concept of Racial purity was an ideology central to Nazism though it is now considered unscientific. For Rosenberg, the Aryans of India were both a model to be imitated and a warning of the dangers of the spiritual and racial "confusion" that, he believed, arose from the close proximity of races. You can see that if anything, Hitler determined his use of the Swastika from a misunderstanding of Vedic Tradition - Not from Blavatsky. (I also added a subheading to deal with the Hodgson Report, Under Criticisms.)Misoshiru Misoshiru Note that the Theosophical Seal also contains a much larger Star of David! Actually both are used as ancient Indian symbols and have nothing to do with either Nazism or Judaism. Given the many available sources for the swastika, to attribute the Nazi use of it without any real evidence to Theosophy seems unfair. (The Theosophical Society in Germany was never large, and was suppressed when the Nazis came to power.) The same goes for the race ideas. It must be recognized that in the 19th century the word Aryan was very widely used to mean what is now meant by Indo-European, including in many German books much more linked to German nationalism than Blavatsky, who wrote mainly in English, ever was. Moreover, in the 19th century "race" was often used in a more in the way we would use nationality or even culture than in a strictly biological sense. Thinking of it as a culture, the technology of the fifth root race has indeed swept across the world, for better or worse. But it should also be noted that Blavatsky did not absolutize any of the "races" Re Judaism one also has to look at the whole picture. Her use of the Kabbalah as a philosophical mainstay is certainly a tribute. In Isis Unveiled she expresses deep sympathy for the Jews in their persecutions and wanderings, I suspect somewhat identifying with them in her own life as an oft-abused wanderer. Olcott in Old Diary leaves ch 1 tells of her repeated expressions of appreciation to an elderly Jew her gave her employment when she arrived virtually penniless in New York (a Russian noblewoman working for a New York Jew!), and says another learned Jew talk with her for hours about the Kabbalah and was amzed by her knowledge of it. "It seem important to be aware of that H. P. Blavatsky's references on inferiority among cultural groups was related to a groups spiritual level of development and not its genetic outfit as assumed by some superficial readers of her teachings." i do not understand this to be relevent in criticisms of Ms. Blavatsky. being that she was a mystic and not a biologist i think it is somewhat evident that any theory she had would have been on a spiritual level not a physical one, most importantly can some one explain why it would be in any way less biggoted to believe any particular race as spiritualy inferior as opposed to physicaly inferior. if any thing it only strikes me as more offensive as this does not only minimize there humanity on a mere intelectual or technological level but calls there very souls indeed the essance of what makes them human into question. As for Satan, it needs to be understood in those isolated passages she is just expounding the Gnostic package; no doubt she sympathized withit, but it was only one metaphor she used for her worldview. "Satan, the Serpent of Genesis, is the real creator and benefactor, the Father of Spiritual mankind (Brooke, Harvest House Publishers, 1989, pg 175-176)." I put that quote into the main bio and had it deleted several times. When I first read Madame Blavatsky's bio, it read more like a fanpage. I felt that it was only fair to present an alternative. The way it read, there was nary a negative piece of information. I never inserted name-calling into the bio. I simply referenced a quote from her writings to add to discussion. As for my additions to the list of those influenced by Madame Blavatsky: I did add Adolf Hitler, Alfred Kinsey, Jimmy Page and Robert Plant, and deleted Van Morrison. The reasons why are that the use of the swastika and colors of the Nazi flag are an undeniable link to the works of Madame Blavatsky. I added Kinsey because Blavatsky heavily influenced Aleister Crowley's writings on sex, which in turn influenced Alfred Kinsey. Robert Plant and Jimmy Page were added because one only need look to their body of musical work to see the influences of the occult and religious relativism. I removed Van Morrison because he often pronounces his faith in God during concerts, so it seemed pointless to have Van Morrison on the list when there is no real discussion in Morrison's page on his religious beliefs. But, even if that sentence is wrirren in the book, are you sure it is the core of the Theosophical Society? It sais nothing about satan in the Theosophical Society's page, nor does it seem to be of that importance to that that society. 84.108.57.189 (Going to delete claims of Satan; This is most certainly not a key principle of Theosophy and will be taken in the wrong light out of context and without citation by the passing reader with no previous knowledge. Also reference to Hitler will be deleted. 'Aryan' in Theosophical terms refers to the Fifth root race, rather than to the 'White race' as popularised by Nazism. Response: The fact is, Helena Blavatsky popularized and glorified the Aryan race and clearly used the Swastika in Theosophy. You cannot deny that her works influenced Adolf Hitler. If you think that Hitler twisted her work than DISCUSS that rather than hide from DISCUSSION. I have read the Secret Doctrine, and was horrified by the use of the term "mud people." Merely the fact that they had a few similar concepts is not sufficient evidence for "influence". You are free to do more research on this idea and come up with something more clear-cut however. We can say that Gandhi was influenced, because he actually stated that he went to Theosophy meetings. Those were his own words. Here you're making a lot of unfounded assumptions. The Swatiska was a very old symbol, Blavatsky didn't come up with it. Wjhonson >>Once again, the reference to Hitler will be removed; Hitler has in no way used Theoosphical priniciples in his forming of Nazism, and the Swastika indeed was used previously by Hindu and Buddhist symbolism. Hitlers definition of 'Aryan' to be a 'Superior white race' in the vain of extremism does not hold in common the Theosophical view that the 'Ayran' fifth root race is mearly the most recent wave of man kind, and that some pure races in africa can be traced back to the 4th root race which are not Ayran. (But not prejudiced or racist or anything in the sence that Hitler propogated.) COUNTER Not too long ago, a correspondent of mine asked me a question regarding Adolf Hitler and Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. The correspondent had seen a television documentary which strongly implied a connection between Blavatsky and Hitler. I too, saw the documentary in question: "The Occult History of The Third Reich", and like almost all television "documentaries" it was shallow and superficial and wrong on most counts. The television program in question is not the only source of this rumor, there are a number of books, some of them, not necessarily hostile to theosophy per se, that nevertheless echo the charge. Originally I rejected the charge entirely, but now after extensive research on the matter, I am forced to conclude that while there is no direct connection between my Cousin Yelena and Totalitarian Philosophy, there is an indirect possibility that she may have influenced certain Fascist philosophers in a direction she never intended, and there is a quite clear direct connection between The theosophical Society (as it came to be after Yelena's passing) and both contemporary totalitarian elements such as National Socialism in Germany, and the Fascist Movement in Italy as well as with continuing totalitarian and hierarchical elements in society today. My research indicates that the primary channel for the connection between National Socialism and Theosophy was Charles Webster Leadbeater and his various closest associates and followers.. - Nunh-huh The author is Alexis Dolgorukii. Who is he? — goethean ॐ As he states in that very paragraph, Madame Blavatsky's cousin, and one who is predisposed to believe only good about her, but nonetheless is forced to concede the connection between Theosophy and National Socialism.- Nunh-huh ==A.L.F.== Paul Fusco the voice and chief puppeteer of ALF had a character on the animated series on NBC named Madame Poughkeepsie,a fairly blatant parody of Madame Blavatsky,should we include him in the influenced category as well? Also many culurual references to the gypsy fortuneteller are allusions to Madame Blavatsky,especially in speaking,since she would most likely have spoken with a fairly noticeable Slavic accent. You need to source this. See Attribution, SqueakBox ==First marriage== Is it three weeks or three months she was married? The paragraphs first states it's weeks, but later contradicts itself saying it's three months. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guillep2k (talk • contribs) ==Citations== Footnotes 10, 11, and 12 go to anonymous postings to theos-talk.com, the archive of a Theosophical email list. These are not reliable sources. They should be removed. Additionally, the linked text only make allegations of plagiarism, it doesn't provide any evidence for the allegatons in the form of quotations from Blavatsky. — goethean ॐ ==Madame Blavatsky in Ostend== She lived for 10 months in Ostend and wrote the biggest part of the Secret Doctrine at the hotel Villa Nova, Van Iseghemlaan 10 and in the Weststraat where she moved in August. This house was newly contructed as the Van Iseghemlaan was build in the 1870's but the Villa does not exist anymore. Then she went to Weststraat 17 (now Adolf Buylstraat, it is now the "Crêmerie Geoges"), one of the main shopping streets of Ostend. In the newspaper 'La Saison d'Ostende' whe find her name back in the list of strangers on the 15th July 1886: Blavatsky H., rent. St Petersbourg, Villa Nova. She had her revelation to finish the book at the Weststraat (and so not to die) where the doctor and the laywer came, ten days before her departure for London 1 May 1887. 213.118.76.126 ==Rm'vd Plant and Page from "Influences"== Robert Plant has rarely, if ever, expressed any particular spiritual stance; the best you might say is that he's influenced by Norse mythology. Page, on the other hand, has stated publicly many times (and it's otherwise well-documented) that he has been inspired by Aleister Crowley; I'm not aware of him ever mentioning the Mme. as an influence. So, I removed them both from the "Influences" section. If anything, you might consider adding Jon Anderson and Yes (band) (read the lyrics of Close to the Edge and Tales from Topographic Oceans in particular). But then, that would be OR, too, I reckon. Eaglizard NB:Dang, I thought for sure there'd be some disagreement with this. I guess I've just been editing Alice Bailey for too long, I see edit-wars everywhere I go now. lol Eaglizard I'm quite familiar with Close to the Edge and Tales, and you are blowing smoke, talking out the back of your neck and talking through your hat. I prefer to listen to the LPs and commune with my Tokemaster. Lady Helena also had a well-known fondness for some good 'shish. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.171.176.238 (talk) ==Tulpa??== Whats this about Madame Blavatsky and a tulpa she apparently created? Anyone else ever heard of this? =="Madame" Blavatsky?== With all due respect, I'm having a difficult time understanding why "Madame" is being used in the title of this article, rather than the most common representation of her name in English, which is by far in terms of general usage some form of "Helena Blavatsky" as per NCNT and MOSBIO. I don't wish to offend, but Wikipedia does have specific policy relating to the use of honorific titles and at the moment, in my opinion, the title of this article is both non-neutral and in violation of policy pertaining to these matters. cheers Deconstructhis (talk) I would support moving the article. — goethean ॐ If anyone cares to re-visit this, I am supporting moving the article as well.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 14:21, June 18, 2009 (UTC) OK, let's move it then. Madame in French is a title given to married women and women over a certain age (i'm not sure if there is an exact age at which this takes place). Madame may also be used to address the wife of a foreign leader or dignitary. Helena Blavatsky fits both of these criteria. She began to be addressed as Madame Blavatsky after arriving in NY and starting the Theosophical Society with Colonel Olcott. She is generally known as Madame Blavatsky not Helena Blavatsky. I do not believe the title is evidence of a "lack of neutrality." Granted, other items within the body of the article do seem to fit that argument. Perhaps this subject is being clouded by the other more unbalanced portions. Emmeline Pankhurst is commonly known as Mrs Pankhurst, but that is not the title of her article. The same logic applies here and the guidelines are quite clear. I don't know about Emmeline Pankhurst, but I agree that "Madame Blavatsky" is a well used common name and it did not not need to be changed. However, the new name is not less correct. How about "Madame Helena Blavatsky" to satisfy both camps. The wikipedia policy against sir names need not override its policy of common use. - Steve3849 talk :Mrs Pankhurst is at least as commonly used as Madame Blavatsky. I would suggest that your suggestion of a rename to "Madame Helena Blavatsky" is likely to satisfy noone. The Encyclopedia Britannica also calls its article "Helena Blavatsky", not "Madame Blavatsky". The article's title is just fine as it is. ::I recognize that it is common for editors to discuss opinion in absolutes. However, I disagree that "no one" would be satisfied; I, for one, would be satisfied. I do appreciate the mention of Encyclopedia Britannica. I am not pressing for a change. - Steve3849 talk :::Silly of me. As it was your suggestion I imagine that it might satisfy you. :-) Madame Blavatsky redirects to this article anyway, so I really can't see the problem. ==Lacking in objectivity== This article misleads the reader. Compare its content to the book published by the University of California Press 1980 Ancient Wisdom Revived A History of the Theosophical Movement by Bruce F. Campbell. Wiki readers would appreciate Mr. Campbell's objectivity that clearly contradicts much of this article. I have noticed that the Theosophy and Rudolf Steiner/ Anthroposophy articles are edited or written to remove or downplay negative information. In the Blavatsky article, the fraud perpetrated by Blavatsky and that of her immediate followers is sadly missing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jhilliard (talk • contribs) I fully agree. Just a few more references that dispute Blavatsky's story: Guenon, R. Theosophy (2004): History of a Pseudo-Religion Sophia Perennis/TRSP Publications, Goodrick-Clark (1994): The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influences on Nazi Ideology, New York University Press (he also showed Blavatsky's cut and paste technique), Washington, P. (1996): Madame Blavatsky's Baboon: A History of the Mystics, Mediums, and Misfits Who Brought Spiritualism to America, Schocken. I admit that some of these are fairly partisan, but certainly not more partisan than the theosophical literature so frequently referred to in the article. Oh hats off to your objective thinking! Just because many people have written or claimed Blavatsky as Fraud does not make her Fraud. These are in times of 1890s and we know which organizations have been falsely safe guarding their vested interests against true esoteric wisdom. No wonder that they were able to create such a organized attempt against Madame. What do we know of the circumstances then? Did we have media then? No? The media was under the control of "these organizations" (it can be understood) and how can we trust the claims made by such media and committees formed by them. When we criticize someone just know that you are criticizing a human being. We may have the right to criticize someone, if we are 100% sure that she has committed such Frauds and we have experienced and seen her performing those Frauds. None of these authors fall under these categories, then how can we call them Objective Thinkers? Especially we have to learn to respect and have dignity for human beings and their efforts and especially women when we speak against them. Sailpra (talk) == Un-did Removal of Influences Section == Whoever removed the Influences section is clearly trying to cover-up the important discussion about the influence of Helena Blavatsky. It is a well known fact that the Nazi's modeled much of the Nazi culture and government after the Hindu caste system. The question as to whether Blavatsky influenced the Nazi's is an important debate, to claim otherwise, is just insane bias. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.185.181.62 (talk) If it's a "well known fact" then you'll presumably have no difficulty in providing relaible sources to verify it. As you have been asked to do repeatedly. == Fools in the Dark Never See the Light == I recently attempted to address an issue in which I was maliciously attacked for merely presenting a real controversy about the work of Helena Blavatsky I for one believe that the symbol of Theosophy is offensive. The symbolism suggests that Egyptian heritage should be at the center of Jewish heritage (and whom enslaved the Jews?), and above both is the heritage of the Swastika, whether the swastika used by Blavatsky intended to refer to Indian or Chinese culture is uncertain, but the geometric design is similar to the Chinese design. Either Blavatsky influenced the future, or by strange coincidence, the symbol of Theosohy incorporates Judaism and their two biggest enemies in history (Egyptians and Nazi's). The Egyptians certainly didn't enslave 'the Jews'. The whole thing is a legend, only supported in the Torah and the Bible. And you're seeing a 'conspiracy', are you? Your logic here is very odd! 124.170.252.20 (talk) By the way the talk page cannot be a place for our interpretations of Theosophical Society's symbols or who are Jew's enemies. Please stop such nonsense in H.P.Blavatsky's biographical talk page. Sailpra (talk) I do believe that Hitler was influenced by Theosophy, because any honest researcher will say that the Nazi party incoporated many elements of different religions, as did Blavatsky. And the fact is, Blavatsky promoted an Aryan race as superior. Hitler used a swastika to represent Aryanism and the Nazi Party, and the swastika is not rooted in Europe. Moreover, Blavatsky believed that the Aryan race originated in Atlantis, which would suggest that her idea of Aryan was not just India and the Far East. Also, it is a well known fact that Adolf Eichmann based much of the Nazi organizational structure on Hinduism. To suggest that because Blavatsky was referring to Indian cultures, and that the Nazi's were not influenced by Blavatsky is utter nonsense. Hitler's ideas were not original, and beg the question as to whether Hitler took from Blavatsky. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.185.181.62 (talk • contribs) ::"Beg the question" does not mean "raise the question." "Beg the question" means "presuppose" or "assume beforehand." Lestrade (talk) Lestrade Nobody has said any such thing, and it is irrelevant whether you or anyone else finds the symbol of Theosophy "offensive". Your opinions and beliefs have no place in an encyclopedia article; if you believe that Hitler was influenced by Theosophy—bearing in mind this is an article about Blavatsky, not Theosophy—then you must find reliable sources to support your view. If you further believe that being asked to provide reliable sources amounts to a "malicious attack", then I'm afraid it's likely that there's no place for you in wikipedia. Nobody has said such thing Published sources exist claiming Nazi adoption of these beliefs though they are the usual sort of poorly sourced fringe writers. For example: Someone may care to include such sources, as the article already relies heavily on badly written books from self-publicists, it can hardly make the content any less encyclopaedic.—Ash (talk) Just because the article's poorly sourced now doesn't mean that we should add even more dubious sources. If the claim about Nazi influence is true then it ought to be able to be sourced to reliable sources. If it can't be, then it shouldn't be included. But this is an article about Blavatsky anyway, not about Theosophy. This claim, if it can be substantiated, would be relevant in the Theosophy article, but the question here is did Blavatsky have any on the Nazism? : I classed the sources as poorly sourced, I made no claim that they fail to meet RS. Looking at the how Icke's book is cross-referenced in Google Scholar, I would expect that it would be a suitable source for evidence that such a theory exists. Perhaps you have specific grounds to class these as unreliable sources? Perhaps you could find grounds to dismiss these other published books that make the same claim that various Nazis specifically adopted Blavatsky's ideas (rather than just Theosophy in general): :* :* :—Ash (talk) ::The Levenda book seems like a reasonable source to support the notion that Theosophy was influential in pre-war German secret occult societies, and likely in the occult aspects of Nazism, and that should be reflected in the Theosophy article of course. This, however, is a biography of Helena Blavatsky, not an account of Theosophy. If you're going to make the claim that specific Nazis, rather than Nazism in general, were influenced by Blavatsky's ideas, rather than by Theosophy, then that's a whole different ball game. ::: You seem to be making the assumption that Levenda links Nazi beliefs with Theosophy rather than Blavatsky. Looking at page 40 he specifically mentions Blavatsky 8 times, stating that the beliefs in question (in particular the spiritual struggle between races) originated in Blavatsky's publications. I'm not that interested in re-writing the article but the sources seem clear and specific enough not to dismiss these claims out of hand and the later influence of Blavatsky's publications would seem quite relevant to a biographic aritcle (c.f. Isaac Newton which has a lengthy section about the influence of his work after his death).—Ash (talk) ::::I am making no assumptions whatsoever, I am simply guided by what is actually said in Levanda's book. The fundamantal point is that no evidence has yet been brought forth to support the notion that Hitler or other leadings Nazis were influenced by Blavatsky, as opposed to Theosophy. I quote from page 362: "Indeed, both directly and indirectly, that fabulous creation of Madame Blavatsky—her Theosophical Society—can be found at the root of virtually all of the occult societies that gave rise to the Thulle Gesselschaft and, eventually, to the Third Reich itself." I see no support for the claim that Hitler was influenced by Blavatsky, but if such a claim can be reliably sourced, then of course it should be reintroduced into the article, properly cited. It would probably be relatively easy to make a credible case that the occult aspects of Nazism were influenced by Theosophy, but by Blavatsky herself? Hitler and the Nazis were opposed to Masonry because it was asocciated with the left-wing politically. I know Blavatsky wasn't a Mason, but a lot of her asocciates were, and her views were influenced by Masonic philosophy. So I find it hard to believe that the Nazis were influenced by her. I do know though that Blavatsky wrote a chapter in Isis Unveiled attacking Masonry so maybe what I said is wrong. Madame had never criticized or was against Masonry, her point was that in the current age none of the so called Free masons have the actual knowledge about the ancient civilizations for that matter the actual design and secrets behind Solomon's temple etc compared to the actual founders of masonry. Sailpra (talk) ==Helena or Elena== It is certainly possible I suppose that her name in Russian or something might be rendered as "Elena", however in English-language articles on her, her name is always given as Helena. Since this is the English-language article on her, here, I've reverted the use of "Elena" in the Family section to be "Helena". I believe we strive to use the most-common form, even if some linguists feel that that was never the correct form. I can't speak on that point myself, as I don't know.Wjhonson (talk) I have rewritten the intro to be more logical. Her official name in the US is mentioned with translations into Russian and Ukrainian. The paternal Petrovna is commonly used in Russian and Ukrainian, but is not used in the US where she was a naturalized citizen. She was born as Helena von Hahn, and as a descendant of a family of the Baltic nobility, her official name was rendered in German, i.e. latin characters. In Russian and Ukrainian the letter H is mute, so Helena von Hahn renders as Elena Petrovna von Gan - always using the paternal middle name. Hope this clarifies on the use of names. Talk/♥фĩłдωəß♥\Work Her patronymic is missing from her married Russian name. Is this an oversight, or should it be Елена Петровна Блаватская? Isidore (talk) :I have put back Petrovna in her English name and Петровна in her Russian name. She is commonly referred to as HPB, as in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Isidore (talk • contribs) == The Illusionist == Is the movie The Illusionist based off of Madame Blavatsky? Pg. 16 - 19 of The Esoteric World of Helena Blavatsky, is a witness account of her 'weighing a coffee table down,' much like the sword scene. Also, the Madame's brother is named Leonid (whom was there during this alleged incident, and a devout skeptic until then), and the antagonist of the movie is Leopold. Huffstuff (talk) == The List of Seven == Blavatsky (aka HPB) also appears as a character in Mark Frost's The List of Seven wherein her work is influential to his main character - Arthur Conan Doyle - creating a work of fiction that leads to a Sherlockian supernatural adventure. Doyle's manuscript in the novel supposedly lifts much "straight out of Blavatsky." In Chapter 7 of the novel, HPB and Dr. Doyle meet and discuss her work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.54.93.244 (talk) == Controversies Vs The Rest of Her Life == Dear Editors, I would like to get it to your notice the observation that why does this article carry so much of controversies as against the rest of the biography and the article? Wikipedia cannot be a page of fight between Illuminati and the Christian or between Christian Dogmos and Pagan Beliefs. It has to be edited with due respect to the person and the life. If Madame Blavatsky's life was worth of only controversies why should the article, at first place, be written as a wikipedia biographical article? We can as well remove it. The reason for Madame Blavatsky getting such a high fame and attention is because of her contribution to theosophy. We respect Madame for her contribution and revival of Eastern Esoteric wisdom. She was a historian, contemporary philosopher and miracle worker. It is a shame that people are using Wikipedia to make their whims and fancies shadow the biographical notes. Please do ponder on these thoughts without any bias. Thank you. Sailpra (talk) I agree with this former statement. The general tone of the article is purely negative and the reader gets no inkling about why theosophy was so important in spiritual research. It looks like an article about the Vatican that would dedicate half of its content to the problem of pedophily among the catholics clerics. It ascribes more importance to the reception of Ms Blavastky work than to her work properly. == In need of attention! == This page needs some critical attention. I've tried to remove some of the worst POV-pushing from the racial theories section, but the article still reads like it was written by partisans of theosophy. There are quite a few critical works on Blavatsky and theosophy available, so there isn't really an excuse for such blatant POV. Elrith (talk) Especially the "Criticism" section seems to be completely POV. Elrith (talk) New suggestion as of 12/24/11 by JoeDetweiler: — Preceding unsigned comment added by JoeDetweiler (talk • contribs) This article needs to be completely thrown out and rewritten by someone who... A........Speaks English. B........Doesn't have a genealogy fetish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JoeDetweiler (talk • contribs) ==Additional Information Added, and Need for Further Edits== During the course of working on the Theosophy main page, it was decided that the theosophy presented by Blavatsky should be located here, just as the philosophy of Plato, for instance, is located under Plato and not under Philosophy. Therefor, I have moved much of what was found under theosophy to here. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Theosophy#Proposed_outline for the history of this decision. I have left several subsections under Theosophy empty; they are in need of material. What we really need here is a faithful and sincere (and impartial) outline of Blavatsky's theosophy, and my hope is that we can slowly work towards that. Existing sections need to be reviewed and any information not specifically related to Blavatsky's writings needs to be removed (i.e. what her followers said belongs under their own pages, not under the theosophy of Blavatsky - just as Aristotle's ideas are not muddled in with Plato's ideas on Plato's page). It is of benefit to separately describe Blavatsky's theosophy here, then describe other theosophists ideas elsewhere - this will give the inquirer a clear picture of the theosophy of various theosophers, just as a student of philosophy is able to get a clear picture of the philosophy of various philosophers. Lastly, the section titled "Main Creative Period" needs to be scrapped and replaced with a more accurate biographical section on Blavatsky during the days of the Theosophical Society (1875-1891) (with links to the main Theosophical Society page and it's history). JFergus (talk) ===Blavatsky=== (Copied from Discussion located at Talk:Theosophy) Hi JEMead and Sunray. Just catching up on your conversation. Sunray: I disagree that the description of Blavatsky's theosophy may not belong on her page, so I'll try to give a good explanation why I see it that way. I've mentioned Plato a few times in order to provide an example. See his page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato) for how it's laid-out and compare to what we're trying to do with Blavatsky's page. The main problem here is that there is a misunderstanding of what Theosophy is. Theosophy is not the doctrine of Blavatsky. Theosophy is a disicpline, just as philosophy is. Within that discipline there are various ideas presented by various individuals, just as in philosophy, and never are any two presentations the same, just as in philosophy. So, what needs to be done, imho, is for various theosophies to be located under the theosopher who gave them, just as various philosophies are located with the philosophers. This step is important in getting wikipedia away from presenting theosophy as a dogmatic new religion, as has thus far been done. Nobody would stand for having one, single individual's ideas presented as "philosophy", as though that is all philosophy is, and the exact same thing goes here. Currently, the description of Theosophy is a muddling of several individual's ideas on certain fundamental questions that theosophers ask, and is presented as dogma, as though this is what all theosopher think. It would be as though someone muddled together the ideas of Plato, Socrates, Kant and Wittgenstein and supplied that as the definition of philosophy. There are already pages for several theosophers, and within each of those pages can be a section on their specific ideas (which will not match one another and thus shouldn't be mixed). Your note that Blavatsky was not the only one who developed this version of theosophy is valid, but easily compared and clarified as well: neither was Plato the only one to have developed the philosophies of the Platonic Academy, but his philosophy is still located under his page, Aristotle's under his, and the other ancient greek philosophers under theirs. The comparison is identical to our situation here: Blavatsky, Sinnet, W Judge, Besant and many others were all part of the same 'academy' of theosophy (the TS), just as the greek philosophers were part of the same academy of philosophy. It does not mean they all thought the same way or presented the same ideas in their writings. The parallels between the Theosophical Society and the Academy are many. If we can approach our current situation in the same way as one would approach writing the sections on the Academy and its philosophers/philosophies, we'll be on the right track, imho. I hope these illustrations help in understanding the grandure of the problem we're trying to work through here (it's more than just moving a few things around). This is why there needs to be an effort to re-categorize theosophy away from religion (it is not a religion). Also, the current 'series' called 'Theosophy' (based on the category) should be renamed to a series on "the theosophical society", as it is the society that is the common factor there. It is evident that this series is based on the Theosophical Society, as the first thing mentioned are the "founders of the TS" and everything after is from Theosophical Society members and writings. See this page (right hand side) for the series in question: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_de_Purucker. These are my views, anyway, for consideration. JFergus (talk) Plato is a good example, IMO. When an individual has been been very influential in a particular field, it is often best to summarize their thought in their biography. There seem to me to be two limiting factors. When someone's thought is important and voluminous, it is often best to use summary style and create a new article, or articles, for their contribution to a particular field. The Plato article does this to a limited extent, however, at 97+ Kb, it will probably need more subarticles before it can advance in rating beyoned "C" class. Another example is Aristotle. The article makes extensive use of subarticles. It is 86 kb and is rated "B" class. The Blavatsky article doubled in length when the material from the former Theosophy article was added. At 98 Kb, it is somewhat large as articles go (she is, after all, not as important as Plato or Aristotle). Another concern I have is that her thought was added to, and developed, by others (Leadbeater, Besant), so that to cover that brand of Theosophy one needs to explain the contributions of several people. Biographies usually avoid this. I should add that much of her thought was taken from other sources (i.e., Vedanta—see the discussion about her having used several sources in The Theosophical Glossary) and, along with other issues, this needs to be discussed in any article about her thought—all of which add up to a very long article if the material is left in the "Helena Blavatsky" article. I agree with you that there is a major re-categorizing effort here. We need to re-think the content for several articles. I will start a new section for that discussion. Sunray (talk) Sunray, I've copied over our conversation from the Talk:Theosophy page, to continue it here, as it's specifically applicable to this article. Seems that we're on the same page here overall. It's just a matter of working out the layout details. For the Blavatsky article, I would propose: # We create a "Blavatsky (Biography)" subarticle (or perhaps "Blavatsky Lineage" would be better), in order to dump much of what is there now into a subarticle. The biography part of her page is far too voluminous, and hardly even touches on her most well known years! It's really an account of lineage, and not a biography at all. What I'd like to see is either: ::# A Biography summary, with a link to a full article, or ::# A full biography here with a link to a lineage article, or ::# A summary biography with link to full article, and a lineage summary with a link to full article Note: I'm attempting to locate an expert on Blavatsky, to come here and help with the biography material. # The "Theosophical Society" subsection on Blavatsky page should give only a summary account of her specific relationship to the Society, and then link to the main Theosophical Society article. # The section "Theosophy" should remain, with each subsection providing a brief summary and link to full articles (when required). You're right, Aristotle's article is a good example of use of subarticles. There we find subarticles such as "Politics (Aristotle)", "Metaphysics (Aristotle)", "Aristotelean Ethics", etc. I could easily see the Blavatsky page going in a similar direction. So, I see two alternatives here: ::# Theosophy subarticles with summaries and links to topic pages that include the ideas of various theosophers. For instance: "Karma/Reincarnation (Theosophy)" could be one subarticle, "Cosmic Evolution (Theosophy)" could be another (not sure how this would fit within Wiki's guidelines for naming, etc.). In this case, I would propose that we write each subarticle in an internally sequential manner (i.e. historical basis (brief note on sources from Vedanta, Buddhism, etc. that influenced theosopher's ideas), then Blavatsky said such-and-such, then so-and-so added this idea, then so-and-so added that idea, etc.). This would demonstrate a sort of evolution of the idea, which, imho, would accurately reflect the reality of this movement of theosophical thought. In this way, we could link to these subarticles from Blavatsky's page, from William Judge's page, from Besant's page, from Leadbeaters page, etc., as each of them would be represented there as supplying part of the evolution of the idea. Or, ::# Theosophy subarticles with summaries and links to topic pages restricted to Blavatsky's ideas, as we see with Aristotle (i.e. Karma/Reincarnation (Blavatsky), Cosmic Evolution (Blavatsky), etc.). What is the preference between these two options? Or are there other options we should explore? Also, I have recruited two (possibly three or four) experts on Theosophy who are interested in helping out with the section on Theosophy. I've sent an email to them asking for each to give what they think to be an appropriate outline of the Theosophy section (i.e. what are the subsections needed, etc., including which subarticles to include, in which order, etc.). From there, we can attempt to come up with one outline, and from there we can begin writing/editing the various sections. I think we'll be able to sort out the overall use/need of subarticles as we go along. Thoughts? JFergus (talk)

Helena Blavatsky

This is the discussion/talk page for: Psychosis. =Topics from 2003= ==older entries== These really don't have anything to do with psychosis The Problem of Defining Sanity for a discussion of the problems of defining reality in this context. This article, however, is fatally flawed in that sanity is a legal term and not a medical one see the works of the science fiction author Philip K. Dick for a view from inside (Dick suffered from psychotic syptoms throughout his later life) Readded line distinguishing bipolar and schizophrenia. It's rare for someone with schizophrenia to appear completely normal between psychotic episodes unless they are medicated. It's rather common for this to happen with people with bipolar disorder. Was Joan of Arc psychotic, according to the article's definition? Shall we mention this in the article? I suspect this question was written a couple of years ago, but to answer for the current editors - there was a school of scholarship in the twentieth century that proposed various psychological explanations for Joan of Arc's religious visions. This view was by no means universal among historians. Significantly, the people who met her during her lifetime often marveled at her mental acuity. It wouldn't be possible to maintain NPOV in this article with a short mention and an adequate treatment would probably be too digressive for an page devoted to psychosis. Durova We could include a number of other prophets in this question Fred Bauder Could someone include a citation for this and include the fact that this view is not generally accepted by psychiatrists? Traditionally, psychosis was seen as arising exclusively from severe mental disturbance, however more recent evidence has shown that psychotic phenomena may be normally distributed throughout the population. It is usually only when someone becomes significantly distressed, or distresses others that psychotic experiences are considered as medical problems and become labelled as psychosis. Yep, for example: Johns LC, van Os J. (2001) The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(8), 1125-41 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11702510&dopt=Abstract Verdoux H, van Os J. (2002) Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 54(1-2), 59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11853979&dopt=Abstract Changed info on link between cannabis use and psychosis in light of recent review and additional studies publishes in January 2003 edition of Psychological Medicine. Of particular interest is the editorial which reviews the evidence for such a link: Degenhardt, L. (2003) Editorial: The link between cannabis use and psychosis: furthering the debate. Psychological Medicine, 33, 3-6. See also July 28. 2007 Lancet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by (talk) Also reworded info on amphetamines / hallucinogens and psychosis at top of article as it was a little ambiguous and could be interpreted as saying that LSD / mescaline caused psychosis by nature of their effect. The LSD / etc experience is not considered psychotic in itself, but psychosis may arise as an unwanted long term side effect in certain individuals Could someone explain why those two paragraphs were removed? They contained useful information and I don't see anything objectable (or even controversial) in them. No idea. Thanks for putting them back in. "Psychosis is a psychiatric classification for a mental state in which the perception of reality is distorted." This is an all-time champion in the field of question-begging! Who is saying what reality is? Trust me, if you'd ever had a psychotic episode and recovered, you wouldn't be asking that question. "What is reality" is a good and important question, but I can tell you that part of the answer is "it's not psychosis" Aaargh I am one who has been perceived as psychotic (by a psychiatrist) and to me the statement is very question-begging! (Please dont try telling me that my own perception of the statement is distorted). Laurel Bush . Just noticed that the psychosis article got added to the Brilliant Prose page. Well done to all who have contributed. Top teamwork. =Topics from 2004= == Begin NPOV dispute discussion == I've removed the following, I don't think it's worth trotting out Szasz's views in quite such detail in every entry on mental illness, as this is done in more detail in Thomas Szasz, schizophrenia and anti-psychiatry. However, not everyone agrees. Dr. Thomas Szasz (author, The Manufacture of Madness) is perhaps the leading critic of the psychiatric profession. He says, "The term 'mental illness' refers to the undesirable thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of persons. Classifying thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as diseases is a logical and semantic error, like classifying the whale as a fish. ... The classification of misbehavior as illness provides an ideological justification for state-sponsored social control as medical treatment." This view can be seen as congruent with the work of Chomsky, whose works Necessary Illusions and Manufacturing Consent address thought control in democratic societies, but via propaganda instead of psychiatric treatment. However, I think it's important to mention the general point, so I've replaced it with the following summary and included a little about R. D. Laing's criticisms as these are specific to psychosis. Psychosis has been of particular interest to critics of mainstream psychiatric practice who argue that it may simply be another way of constructing reality and is not necessarily a sign of illness. For example, R. D. Laing has argued that psychosis is a symbolic way of expressing concerns in situations where such views may be unwelcome or uncomfortable to the recipients. Thomas Szasz has focused on the social implications of labelling people as psychotic, a label which he argues unjustly medicalises different views of reality so such unorthdox people can be controlled by society. - Vaughan Some people may make that claim but they would be in essence saying that the entire field of psychology is wrong. There are clear medical features of these mental illnesses. Although psychology, like any science, is not and cannot be 100% correct (since perfection is denied to humans and their creations) none the less it is difficult for a doctor to waive her hand over someone and pronounce them as psychotic without proof and rational backing her diagonsis up. I am going to put 'inability to cope in ' back in. If we were smart we would get a copy of the DSM-4 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR) and quote them on their definition of psychosis is. Anyone diagnosed with mental illness must be done in accordance with this book. you wrote "There are clear medical features of these mental illnesses". Really? What are the medical features and can you cite a source of this research and documentation? I just noticed my secton on Szasz was removed. While I agree that a lengthy section is probably not warranted on every page on Psychiatry, I do not consider one paragraph to be excessive. Also, while I appreciate your inclusion of a Szasz link further down, your commentary is rather weak. To say he "has focused on the social implications" is secondary to the fact that he considers most aspects of Psychiatry fraudulent, IMHO. I think for NPOV reasons, something in the introduction should indicate that this branch of science is dubious. Bhuston Hi Bhuston My problem is not with the content, but it just seems a little too much detail in the psychosis article as Szasz's arguments don't apply to psychosis specifically, but are general to all of what others call mental illness. Since his arguments are covered more fully on other pages, I'm not sure of the value of including them in such detail here. The same with mentioning the opinion that psychiatry may be dubious. Surely the place for that is on the psychiatry or anti-psychiatry pages, rather than on every page about psychopathology ? However, I certainly think that the point is important, perhaps it might be worth including a bit mentioning that these arguments are better covered on his personal page (for example) ? - Vaughan Hi Vaughan, In answer to the above, I disagree, as even the notion of "psychopathology" is considered by some (including me), BAD SCIENCE. I'm adding the NPOV dispute tag until the following can be resolved: General tone that psychiatry in general, and specifically this topic, are foregone conclusions based on sound science, which they are not. Simple thought experiments can show that axioms of psychiatry are opinion and not demonstratable scientific fact weak mention of Szasz "Psychosis has been of particular interest to critics of mainstream psychiatric practice who argue that it may simply be another way of constructing reality and is not necessarily a sign of illness." The premise here again is that "psychosis" is a scientifically valid concept, even amongst the anti-psychiatric people, which it is not. The following argument is presented: psychosis is a symptom of extreme mental illnesspsychosis is a distorted view of reality psychosis can be induced with LSD, mescaline, and marijuana conclusion: LSD, mescaline and marijuana induce (symptoms of) mental illness This is one possible interpretation, but not the only valid one, such as the interpreatation that hallucinogenic substances produce transcendental, entheogenic, shamanistic visions, or other mystical or religous states, which are quite valid and not to be thought of as "disease" references to United States government sources supporting such "halucinogenic plants produce mental disease", which is really WOD propaganda Really, I am of the anti-psychiatric camp. I've seen too many people, good friends of mine, forced into barbaric treatment, electrochocked, placed into restraints, removed from their homes, forced to take psychotropic drugs, etc. and worse, all against their will. These people were not threats. The laws are barbaric, and this is based on the bad scienctific premise that there is such a thing as "normal mental states", and that such things can be defined. I will not advocate removal of the NPOV dispute until these topics are addressed in a significant fashion. Bhuston There seems to be a difference between the field of psychology as a science, and the practice of psychology by scientists (psychologists, etc.). Psychosis seems to be a well defined collection of symptoms (behavioural, chemical, and neurological). However, problems arise when trying to measure these symptoms in people and then assigning a diagnosis to them. Putting in a section on the practice of psychology and how these professionals incorrectly diagnosis and (abuse patients in the process of this incorrect diagnosis) with well backed up information / stats is useful. Hi Buston I think your points are good ones, but they apply to the classification of ALL MENTAL ILLNESS by psychiatrists, not just psychosis. I think this objection is quite fundamental when we are discussing where your points should go. The premise here again is that "psychosis" is a scientifically valid concept, even amongst the anti-psychiatric people, which it is not. I don't think anyone has ever argued that the classification of psychosis is based on science and the article certainly doesn't, as the classification of anything is a pre-scientific concept. In other words, to classify anything you have to set your criteria before-hand and then use science to see if things fit into your classification. So this is not a problem with psychosis per se, but with all types of classification, and especially with the classification of any type of human behaviour. For example, the classification of what consititutes remembering and therefore what is classified as amnesia is subject to exactly the same objection. Psychosis is a concept (not a 'scientific fact' - i.e. the result of a tested hypothesis), and even anti-psychiatry advocates understand what is meant by it, even if they don't agree with the implications of its use. Since it is the psychiatric implications you disagree with, rather than (I presume) the classifying human behaviour, I would argue that this is not the place for your original comments. However, I think you've raised an important point mentioning hallucinogenic drugs, as this case shows some of the shortcomings of the article in describing the psychiatric concept. Experiences caused by such drugs are not considered to be a sign of psychosis because they are short term and abate when the body metabolises the drug out of the bloodstream. I think it should be mentioned in the article that psychosis is considered to be a a reaction beyond the immediate psychotropic influence of any drug and is in some way impairing or distressing. references to United States government sources supporting such "halucinogenic plants produce mental disease", which is really WOD propaganda ? - I see no references to any government sources in the article. - Vaughan I'd like to removed the The neutrality of this article is disputed notice. Since it was added I think the points of contention have been addressed, however perhaps any objections can be voiced here. If none are made, I'll remove the notice during the next few weeks. - Vaughan I've reverted the following additions to the introductory paragraph: "there is extensive disorder of the personality" "and an inability to effectively cope in society" This is the traditional psychaitric view and is considered increasingly outdated. For example, see the Johns and van OS (2001) paper (reference 10), Bentall's work and the work by Fromme and Escher with the 'Hearing Voices Network'. i.e. Many people may fulfill the diagnostic criteria for a psychotic illness despite functioning perfectly well and maintaining an integrated personality. - Vaughan There is a reason why many psychotic people are in mental institutions: they cannot cope in society. To pretend that they could is disingenuous. If you prefer (after citing a scientific webpage that shows what % of psychotic paitents are able to cope so we can use the correct adjective) I'd have no objections to it being changed to '*sometimes accompanied* with an inability to cope in society' if a majority of people diagnosed with a psychotic illness can indeed function in society. Hi there Shaun, The DSM entry for psychosis is here. Specific diagnostic criteria is not outlined in the DSM because it is not a diagnosis in itself. It is a feature of, or a reaction to other conditions such as schizophrenia, or for example stress (in the case of brief reactive psychosis) and so on. As for percentages, if we define psychosis as including hallucinations or delusions (as per the DSM, although it is not the final world in diagnosis, there are many other diagnostic systems used throughout the world), a study by Ohayon (2000) showed that 39% of people in the general population reported hallucinations. A study measuring delusional ideation in the general population by Peters et al (1999) reported that "The ranges of scores between the normal and deluded groups (i.e. inpatients) overlapped considerably". The disintegration of personality and inability to cope in society is part of the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia (see criteria B of the DSM-IV-TR criteria here) but psychosis can exist without these features and they do not define it in any way. Very good then "an inability to cope in society" should be in the introduction since schizophrenia is a significant fraction of people with psychosis. As i've already stated if you want to add "sometimes/often/in the case of many disorders/etc. accompanied by...an inability to cope in society" then that is fine with me. For example, delusional disorder is a psychotic disorder (see its DSM entry under 'Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders' here) but specifically states that general functioning should not be impaired. Is delusional disorder a significant fraction of the psychosis patients like schizophrenia (~25%) is? I hope you are not using the exception to prove the rule. In fact, there are even moves to remove the signs and symptoms of psychosis from the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, in favour of specific neurocognitive deficits. This is discussed at length in a recent article by Tsuang et al's and in Green's recent book Schizophrenia Revealed (ISBN 0393703347). Yes, so? Just because there are some people with psychosis who can't cope in society, doesn't mean that it is necessarily a defining feature of it. - Vaughan Just because some people with psychosis can cope in society doesn't mean it isn't necessarily a defining feature of it. Additionally, I found a study which found that suggests that the minority of people who fulfill the criteria for psychosis are clinically impaired in any way. Abstract here. I propose removing the "disorder of the personality" and "inability to cope in society" description from the introductory paragraph as is seems neither supported by the DSM nor recent research. However, I think these are interesting points and would like to suggest a section titled "Is psychosis an illness ?" (or similar) where these points can be discussed, alongside the bits elsewhere in the article about Laing and Szasz's view of psychosis and Jfdwolff's suggestion incorporating non-psychiatric aetiologies into the article. I'll make a start shortly, so please voice any objections here or edit once it's in place. - Vaughan Secondary psychosis I've introduced a small list of diseases that can induce psychosis, e.g. Lupus Erythematosus and Sarcoidosis. I did not have the time to find a more complete list, but I felt this belonged here. Jfdwolff Unfortunately, the list would be very long indeed as psychosis has been reported to occur in association with almost every form of disease known, including ones traditionally thought to be relatively benign and not usually associated with neurotoxicity, such as flu, mumps and rickets. In fact, almost any combination of 'psychosis' and another randomly selected disease will bring up a case on PubMed. I'm also a little uncomfortable about the use of the term 'Somatic diseases' as it suggests that mental illnesses aren't located in the body which seems to smack of dualism for me. So, I'm not entirely sure such a list would be useful. However, perhaps some others could give their views here ? - Vaughan Thanks Vaughan, I'll be more specific. Of course any disease can also luxate psychosis (there's a seperate DSM code for this phenomenon). There are, however, some diseases which are very prone to cause psychosis. Up to 25% of all Lupus patients have a psychosis at some point through their disease, which is very high indeed. Most 'flu' patients do not get psychosis :-). The use of the word "somatic" is entirely because this is the way psychiatrists talk. Allright, the brain is also an organ, but psychiatry has benefitted immensely from the distinction of "psychiatric" and "somatic". The third axis in DSM diagnosis is reserved for so-called "somatic" diagnoses. Hope this clarifies my contributions. Jfdwolff Hi again Jfdwolff, Good point. Perhaps it would be better to have a 'top 10' or similar of conditions most associated with psychosis, rather than an open list as I fear it may simply be continuously added to over time and become increasingly useless as the list becomes excessively large and, like you say, full of rare cases. Unfortunately, after a quick literature search has brought up nothing of obvious relevant that might provide this information, however I will continue looking both on and offline and see what I find. If you know of any such sources, please post them ! As to your second point, although psychiatry may have benefitted from the distinction between 'somatic' and 'psychiatric' in the past, I would argue it is becoming increasingly redundant. More importantly I don't think a wikipedia should simply uncritically reproduce psychiatric definitions, especially where they are confusing. Perhaps a note on 'secondary psychoses' and a mention of Tsuang et al's influential paper on etiology of psychosis might be informative on this issue ? - Vaughan Hi Vaughan. Unfortunately I lack the time to compile an authoritive list of disorders associated with psychosis. Cerebral Lupus and Sarcoid definitely belong here, though. In order to meet with your objections, the header could be changed to read: "Non-psychiatric disease associated with psychosis" (to eliminate the "somatic" bit). Tsuang et al seem to focus mainly on the classification of schizophrenia, which - although the most important - is only one of the causes of psychosis. I would agree that this is an important reference, but more properly in the Schizophrenia entry. Jfdwolff Hi Jfdwolff, Excellent suggestion. I am in the process of compiling a list and will certainly add your information and perhaps you can check it over once completed? The Tsuang article is focused on the classification of schizophrenia but makes wider points about the separation of psychosis and schizophrenia. - Vaughan Vaughan, I'm embarrassed to say that I've not properly read the Tsuang article, and I beg to understand what light it might shed on secondary psychosis. I've personally never heard of secondary schizophrenia, nor does it sound plausible. I'm very interested about your list! Jfdwolff Hi, It gives a suggestion for hearing voices - internal voices that are mislabeled. I've had a possible idea about that. You know when you leave on the microphone on voice recognition software, and it tries to make words out of background noise. The software makes sure it generates gramatically correct sentences. What if that is happening in real life? An over sensitive recognition system, combined with hearing what you think you should hear. I know this is offtopic, sorry about that. Does anyone know if this has been suggested, and is it a theory? Could this idea be added in someway? Thank you for your time. JohnFlux 19:22, 24 Apr 2004 (GMT) What's the deal with the PC treatment? Is it taboo to call psychosis a disease/disorder/ailment? It's not PC treatment. People have different definitions for disease and disorder. Some consider mental illness a disease, while others claim a persons non physical mind can not be diseased. Diseases have lab tests to detect them ,mental illness has no lab tests. Peoples injured souls have been directly linked with peoples physical brains in biological psychiatry. == Psychotic experience == An anon user deleted the following: Although usually distressing and regarded as an illness process, some people who experience psychosis find beneficial aspects and value the experience or revelations that stem from it. I have not personally heard of anyone saying this but someone has added this to the article and I believe that should be respected and thus reinstated. How does everyone else feel about this? Hi CloudSurfer, I've reinstated it, as it is plainly clear from the work of people like R. D. Laing and others (whatever you think of his theories) that some people do find beneficial aspects to psychosis. I've personally met many patients who found insights they gained from the experiences were positive, even if the majority of their psychotic experience was distressing or impairing. - 131.251.37.132 =Topics from 2005= ==Add ICU psychosis== Requesting that someone add "ICU psychosis" to the article. Hi SueNami, I think 'ICU psychosis' is a bit of a misnomer (albeit a commonly used one) as it usually refers to a state of delirium. Nevertheless, it might be useful to add a section on the more esoteric uses of the term 'psychosis' in the medical literature (such as so-called 'airport psychosis') and a note on the fact that the term may be used more loosely in these situations. - Vaughan The article is lovely! Is there a cure, I can't be bothered to read the above paragraphs to find out According to R.D. Laing, psychosis itself could be the cure. =Topics from 2006= == Removed 'Hearing voices' section == I removed the following section that was recently added, as it seems to be someone's personal experience of psychosis. However, it reminded me that the article doesn't particularly address the magical thinking / apophenia aspect (see connections everywhere) very well, which probably needs a bit more elaboration. - Vaughan Hearing Voices - Explained Individuals that "Hear Voices", contrary to what's listed above, very rarely hear ACTUAL voices inside their head. More often than not, the term 'hearing voices' is used to explain a phenomena un-explainable by current medical knowledge; When going through a period of Mania, or Depression, it's common when experiencing psychosis to have a feeling of 'a greater power' controlling the things in daily reality. Things such as lights flickering, television reception, etc. When a person experiencing psychosis has racing thoughts (thoughts moving much faster than normal), often co-incedances are sought after as everything is believed to have meaning to a greater purpose. When certain things happen, such as say a poster comes loose from a wall and falls to the floor, it's believed by the psychotic person that 'the higher power', whatever it may be, caused the poster to fall, which then causes the attention of the psychotic person to start paying close attention to all their senses, looking for signs that the higher power is trying to tell them something. If for example they are wondering if they should go and get a drink of water because they are thirsty but are indecisive as they are currently engaged in an activity, the poster falling off the wall depending on where it is hung would be the determining factor on them getting a drink. If the poster was hung close to a sink or next to the fridge, it would be a 'sign' that they should get a drink. If it was opposite them, it would be perceived to continue their activity and ignore their bodies request for fluid. Combine all external stimuli, from fans going on and off in an office space, to the volume level of a television program in between commercials, people experiencing psychotic symptoms often portray these stimuli as something/someone trying to communicate with them - hence being spoken to, aka, hearing voices. I definitely agree with the removal of this text. It is clearly one person's guess as to what is happening. I know from my experiences with manic psychosis that I definitely heard voices speaking in complete clear sentences and seeming to come from specific locations around me, even though I could not locate the speaker. They were not nonspecific noises or stimuli that I interpreted as having meaning or being signs! I admit I do NOT know what was happening, but I remember the experiences very clearly. == Reference format == Hello all. I'm a newcomer to this article and thought it would be good to give references in the way I've been doing in the etymology section; can get back to the main text after clicking on the reference link. I haven't had time to sift through the references yet. The page Citation templates may be useful. Thanks. I've made a start at this. Will come back to finish it off (unless someone else wants to). MP (talk) == Recent reference additions == Just a note for people adding new references to the article. Most are fantastic, but please read them through to get an idea of their signficance, as some are a bit outside of the mainstream literature for the point being referenced. For example, the article "Chronic phencyclidine administration induces schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in rat brain" is not great evidence that PCP is linked to psychosis. PMID 6725621 is a much better reference to support this claim (actually describes cases of people with phencyclidine-induced psychosis). Other than that, it's looking good and I'll sift through the article myself shortly. - Vaughan == Neurotoxicity? == In the section "Brain function", following is written: "Findings such as these have led to debate about whether psychosis is itself neurotoxic and whether potentially damaging changes to the brain are related to the length of psychotic episode." Use of term "neurotoxic" as such is inappropriate here; neurotoxicity, or toxicity in general applies only to a substance i.e. a poison/toxin/venom. Toxicity is a characteristic of a substance, it can not be used to describe a condition. That means, that patological processes can't be described as "-toxic" unless they are caused by a poison/toxin. Thus, I suggest to change this term with "neurodegenerative", which, in my opinion, describes the situation related to psychosis better/more accurate than "neurotoxicity". Hi there, The progression of conditions can be described as neurotoxic when a toxin is theorised (even if it has not been identified) and there is an ongoing debate in the psychosis literature about whether psychosis is neurotoxic or not. e.g. see this review article. - Vaughan Even in the quoted article abstract, it is stated that "...Synaptic plasticity, not neurotoxicity, appears to be the mediating process.". Neurotoxicity as such necessarily implies an action of a poison, not hypothesis about it. Neurodegeneration, in turn, may be an effect of neurotoxicity as well as other causes, and is therefore more appropriate, in my opinion. Hi there, As I mentioned before it is possible to talk about a condition being neurotoxic, if one suspects an unknown neurotoxin at work. The reason the article says "Synaptic plasticity, not neurotoxicity, appears to be the mediating process" is not because you can't talk about neurotixicity in this instance (if that were the case, how could you write a review article in a scientific journal using this exact terminology?) but because it argues that there is no evidence for neurotoxicity. Neurodegenerative is not appropriate because the debate about whether idiopathic psychosis is neurodegenerative has been largely rejected (e.g. when Bleuler changed the named from dementia praecox to schizophrenia exactly because there was no evidence of neurodegeneration). The sentence in the article "Findings such as these have led to debate about whether psychosis is itself neurotoxic and whether potentially damaging changes to the brain are related to the length of psychotic episode" is accurate because it accurately describes the debate in the medical literature. If you don't agree with how the term is being used, this doesn't change the fact that it is being used in that way. - Vaughan ==Post-partum psychosis== (aka puerperal psychosis) Hi. Years ago I worked on a PPP research project at the Institute of Psychiatry in London. Whilst I note that two of the cited articles deal with this condition, there's nothing about it in the main text. Would someone who feels qualified to do so like to add something on PPP? I trained as a biochemist rather than a psychologist or psychiatrist, so I don't feel able to undertake this task. Thanks and regards, Notreallydavid =Topics from 2007= ==Dreams and Psychosis== I am reading a book on the relationship between states of dreaming consciousness and psychosis by J. Allan Hobson called The Dream Drugstore. I realize it's not a journal, however I also feel like he makes some interesting parallels that are backed up by observation. Would it be alright to add a section or is it too fringe or covered somewhere else? I'd hate to mess up an FA. Thanks, LilDice 19:15, 25 January 2007 == Hamlet and 'intentional psychosis' == Someone added the following to the intro, but as I've no idea what it means ('intentional psychosis'?), I've moved it here for discussion: There are superficial forms of psychosis, for example the kind of "intentional psychosis" that Hamlet suffered in the Shakespeare play. - Vaughan I did not see withdrawal from neuroleptics (discontinuation syndrome)in the list of things that cause psychosis. R. Tranter, D. Healy, Neuroleptic discontinuation syndromes, J. Psychopharmacology, 1998, 12(3), 306-311 — 24.177.111.117 (talk) ==Psychoanalysis and Psychosis== I am replacing this entry in the historical section which Vaughan deleted. This is a valid historical entry outlining psychoanalysis as an alternative view on psychosis. Deleting it is no more than censoring the historical record Psychoanalysis has a detailed account of psychosis which differs markedly from Psychiatry. Freud and Lacan outlined their perspective on the structure of psychosis in a number of works Lacan and Freud on the structure of psychosis : —Opendish (talk • contribs) == This topic is also available in Arabic == This topic (Psychosis) is available in Arabic at this URL: http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86 but I couldn't find the place to link them together. Would some one experienced help with linking, please? Ai.unit Done! Added ذهان. As-Salāmu `Alaykum, CopperKettle == Larium (mefloquine) == This drug for malaria can cause psychosis and there are a lot of news articles concerning the miltary and travelers taking this drug and becoming mentally ill including killing people. Bronayur BNF 53 lists psychosis as a side effect, but is does not say how frequent it occurs. Snowman (talk) Mefloquine can be added under substances, psychosis is an uncommon but serious side effect of this medicine. a citation would be nice to put along with it, it anyone has one, many be a link to one of the news articles from aboveExpo512 (talk) ==Much room for improvement== I think that the article is generally good and there are many references. I think that it can be improved a lot. there are several thinks that need to be made clearer: 1. There is no universally accepted definition of what is psychosis, even by current mental health professionals. A good reference is the first page of the 'psychotic disorders' chapter of the DSM-IV-TR. I think more of emphasis needs to be placed on the fact that psychosis it a broad concept. 2. The concept of "psychosis" is a very general sign or symptom, which may or may not be the sign of mental illness. 3. I'm not sure listing treatment of a symptom is really appropriate. It may be like listing the treatment for chest pain. Reasonable people would want to know if chest pain is related to the heart, the stomach, a muscle tear or another cause, before treatment. Really the treatment is for the underlying cause, and that should probably go in the corresponding articles. Problem I see that many 'psychotic" episodes are the result of 'causes' that create mental illness symptoms. Much like a flu virus can cause light headness, a minor form of mental illness. Why this 'bridge is not made' is a question of education ? ==psychosis and violence== There is a reference about psychotic people not being more violent than others. Both citations refer to "first episodes". I think that psychosis and particularlly acute psychosis is a significant risk factor for violence (along with intoxication and past history of violence). However I know this is controversial and I do not want to put up anything wtihout citations. Any help here? There is a valid observation, that is logical. A psychosis (no fault to the patient) that originates by disease or drugs, can cause a paranoia of sorts. So the patient reacts to his or her alse sense of 'threat'. It is sad that media does not explain this, why ? there must be a reason. Anyway, as noted this is a high importance subject and by what I read it is very well done. =Topics from 2008= ==Document deleted== Lacan and Freud on the structure of psychosis : I deleted this document as it's not very clearly written and shouldn't have been in the main text anyway. A section on Lacan and Freud's theories would be very welcome though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Camuser (talk • contribs) ==Retrofit topic-year headers== 21-Aug-2008: I have grouped older topics above using headers "Topics from 2003" (etc.) to emphasize age of topics. Older topics might still apply, but using the tactic of yearly headers to note the age helps avoid rehashing old news, without archiving any ongoing issues. Also, new topics are more likely to be added to the bottom, not top. Afterward, I moved several topics into date order. -Wikid77 (talk) == Paradoxical effects of Benzodiazepines == Hi there Caesarjbsquitti, I've looked at the articles you cite and they make only passing reference to psychosis and cite single case studies when they do. This information would seem to be much better suited in the benzodiazepine article, rather than the psychosis one, and owing to the strength of the evidence, is perhaps worth including in an abbreviated form. - Vaughan (talk) == ICU Psychosis == Somewhere in the beginning of this article it should be mentioned that no one knows the cause of psychosis in mental illness. A clear differentiation should be made between substance caused physical and biological mental conditions that have psychotic-like behavior and true psychosis with no known cause. ICU Psychosis is not understood by physicians. Some claim it is delirium but others point to the fact that the delusional episode sometimes continues after the subject leaves the ICU. A very few victims have life long disability from ICU Psychosis. Understanding the cause of ICU Psychosis is critical to understanding psychotic mental states. While in the ICU patients do little besides daydream. In that eyes-open mental state they can subliminally detect movement around them as nurses and others approach. That is a description of Subliminal Distraction exposure. Subliminal Distraction is explained in college psychology under psychophysics. Although arising from the basic facts in the physiology of sight and hearing, it is little known by the general population. Visual Subliminal Distraction was discovered to cause mental breaks for office workers in the 1960's. Most victim quickly recover with no treatment once the stimulus of the subconscious from failed attempts to trigger the vision startle reflex stop. In psychology it is treated as something that happened once a long time ago. In Design it is understood to be a current problem but believed to cause only a harmless temporary episode that remits with no treatment. Once you understand it is a problem of human physiology you will realize it will happen any place you create the "special circumstances" of those 1960's office workstations. Similar psychotic mental events happen to those who perform too many Qi Gong sessions in a compact time frame. There too the concentration to use eyes-open meditation engages a mental state that allows threat-movement to be subliminally detected. It is difficult for some to conceive that the groups of moving meditating people are creating the circumstances for SD exposure. Beliefs that acolytes can throw Chee energy from their fingertips to strike others is psychotic but not recognized as such. This is one of the cases where it is believed the subject just has a different reality. In Kundalini Yoga the belief that you can overcome gravity by the will of your mind and levitate is also psychotic but again not recognized as such. Kundalini Yoga is another group exercise with eyes-open meditation and movement in peripheral vision. This is the same special circumstances as Qi Gong. Both exercises have been known for mental problems for about 3000 years. VisonAndPsychosis.Net is the first to propose a physical cause for the two exercise's mental events and bizarre beliefs. Since 1977 there have been studies in an attempt to explain why sitting in the audience at a seminar, The Forum, causes mental breaks. Landmark Education warns potential seminar participants about the mental problems but they do not understand why they happen. While attending the lecture or participating in group activities mental investment allows Subliminal Distraction exposure. Only a few have the mental events but there has been one murder of a postal worker caused by the psychotic episode from this seminar. The shooter recovered completely in one week and had no other episodes during his confinement in a mental institution. Significant in this seminar is that it is a classroom-like situation. No school is aware of this problem and they do not provide Cubicle Level Protection or warn students. There is no mention of this phenomenon or that it is unknown in medicine or psychiatry. Researcher44 (talk) This talk page should focus on discussion of the article. Since the material above does not appear to have been published except on a personal web site, it can't be used in the article, I'm afraid. looie496 (talk) == Localisation of details (legality of certain drugs) == In the "Psychoactive drug use" section, the drugs are sorted into verious categories of legal drugs, and an "illegal drugs" category. I assume this refers to legality in America, where most users seem to be from, but this puts unnecessary bias on some readers, and it is plausible that these categories differ between English speaking countries, and therefore some sort of disclaimer should be made, or the categorisation should be scrapped altogether. 121.73.164.116 (talk) tr — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.139.154.214 (talk) == Early intervention in psychosis == my first wikipedia - have now added article on early intervention. Help please. Cheers Earlypsychosis (talk) =Topics from 2009= == Postpartum psychosis == I think it should be mentioned and a wikilink should lead to the article, but I'm not sure to what category it belongs. == classification of psychosis == this is an article about the concept of psychosis - not the DSM classification concept of psychosis. I propose either a rewrite to incorporate a more balanced view of psychosis (other than just diagnostic categories) or delete the section Earlypsychosis (talk) How about sketching out here, before you do it, the thrust of the rewrite you would like to do? DSM is an attempt to capture the consensus of the psychiatric community, so it's not clear to me that you can legitimately say it has NPOV issues I'm new to wikipedia and havent read the discussion history on this page...but it does appear to me that there is a massive content fork for mental health conditions - This article on psychosis is a good example. The entire piece is almost entirely written from a DSM perspective, with a very strong balance toward clinical psychiatry. Kraepelin originally conceptualised mental disorders as distinct categories (e.g. Dementia praecox and manic depression) with their own underlying biological disease process. These views have had a major influence on psychiatry, and form the basis of the operational diagnostic criteria. Apart from the 4 lines in the introduction on psychosis in the general population and the history section - the inclusion of sections basically follows these diagnostic assumptions but all too easy to say what is not right...suggest the following sections: Earlypsychosis (talk) The section appeared to have quite a bit of original research in it which I have deleted. It may need a further rewrite or even deleted altogether as has been suggested but I think that I have resolved the most glaring problems with it. :it wasn't original research. In fact, you deleted one of the only statements about psychosis as a symptom (and not an illness) - making it even more unbalanced, as per the tag. Maybe better to add a tag. Earlypsychosis (talk) I don't mind if you want to add back in about psychosis being a symptom, not an illness. Yes psychosis can be a symptom, but we would most commonly use it as an adjective - saying 'psychotic symptoms' rather than as a noun. Psychotic symptoms can exist in mania, depression and as a brief reaction in some personality disorders (borderline and schizotypal in particular). Casliber (talk · contribs) Looks like this has been resolved. Sorry for deleting it. I think the issue is how it is worded. Casliber do you think that it needs rewording further? I am not sure that it sounds right. If so feel free to give it a quick tweak. Maybe it should say something like,,,,,, psychotic symptoms or episodes can occur in several mental health disorders without a person meeting the criteria of having a psychotic disorder..... How does that sound? Reword needed, but also need to include the perspective that psychosis can occur without distress or impairment of functioning - i.e. psychotic experiences that are not considered a clinical disorder - such as hearing voices. That is why I added the NPOV tag. Earlypsychosis (talk) True true, people can hear voices without actually being psychotic. They can still be in touch with reality and not even be distressed by the voices. This subject is more complicated than what first meets the eye! Thank goodness I am not a psychologist or psychiatrist!!! ;-) Maybe it should read "psychotic symptoms or episodes can occur without a person meeting the criteria of having a psychotic disorder."? Minus the mental health disorder. Right - facts: the psychoses are a group of disorders where the main disturbance is deterioration on function psychotic symptoms (AH, delusions or thought disorder, or catatonia) they include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform psychosis mainly, and psychoses secondary to meds or drugs. One can also get psychotic symptoms in mood disorders and some personality disorders (postpartum psychosis is often seen as part of a mood disorder spectrum) One can have nonpsychotic AH (hypnogogic and hypnopompic are normal), also occur in BPD, hwere they are often described as dissociative in character. Yes the classification of psychosis has changed and evolved and it needs to be in the article - the definition used to be much broader in Kraepelin's day etc. and include what is now BAD and melancholic or major depression. APART from classification, we have psychotic symptoms. Yes they can also occur in delirium and dementia, but we often don't call them that there, also character is different - eg visual hallucinations are not usually associated with schizophrenia. Just some notes - that is how the term is seen psychiatrically these days. Casliber (talk · contribs) right, more factors! psychotic symptoms. common in the general population. might not result in decline in functioning. not widely considered within psychiatric profession psychotic disorder. psychotic symptoms regarded as a clinical condition (ie where functioning is impaired) formal psychotic conditions as defined by various manuals (DSM or ICD) Earlypsychosis (talk) References to the "DSM-IV-TR" verge on jargon, confusing to the layperson. I've changed the reference to refer to the "most recent version of" the DSM and relegated "IV-TR" to a footnote. == lack of insight deleted == this is the deleted section on insight. Five of the six references provided were for schizophrenia, not psychosis. Kept this section for review. Earlypsychosis (talk) Lack of insight One important and puzzling feature of psychosis is usually an accompanying lack of insight into the unusual, strange, or bizarre nature of the person's experience or behavior. name=Carpenter_et_al_1973>. Even in the case of an acute psychosis, people may be completely unaware that their vivid hallucinations and delusions are in any way "unrealistic". This is not an absolute, however; insight can vary between individuals and throughout the duration of the psychotic episode. It was previously believed that lack of insight was related to general cognitive dysfunction name=Lysaker_et_al_1994> or to avoidant coping style. name=Lysaker_et_al_2003>. Later studies have found no statistical relationship between insight and cognitive function, either in groups of people who only have schizophrenia, or in groups of psychotic people from various diagnostic categories. name=Cuesta_et_al_2006> == Thought disorder == is thought disorder necessarily a symptom of psychosis? Might be more accurate to exclude from this article. Earlypsychosis (talk) Not entirely clear what question you are asking. Is it "Can there be psychosis without thought disorder?" or "Can there be thought disorder without psychosis?"? Looie496 (talk) It is a psychotic symptom, just as much as auditory hallucinations or delusions - eg hebephrenia (now disorganized schizophrenia) is a psychosis where the predominant symptom is thought disorder. Casliber (talk · contribs) :yes - thought disorder is more commonly only associated with serious mental illness, such as disorganised schizophrenia. Psychosis could be sufficiently explained in simply terms of delusions and hallucinations. Earlypsychosis (talk) ::The fact is that thought disorder is a psychotic symptom, and one which may define any psychotic illness. It is not a delusion nor a hallucination. You may want to restrict psychosis to delusions and hallucinations but that would be original research. have you got some scholarly publication which does this? Casliber (talk · contribs) So if I find one, then I can delete thought disorder? Earlypsychosis (talk) Ahem (a) let's see what it is (i.e should be some form of review article or authortiative text) and (b) get a consensus. Casliber (talk · contribs) If medical science and psychiatry include thought disorder as a form of psychosis, wiki editors shouldn't choose to present incomplete info just because it's a preference, easier, or to be like other websites. If peer review articles are found, they merit notation, not deletion of the section unless the symptom is officially no longer part of psychosis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kfcinca (talk • contribs) == edited lead section == deleted this sentence and references This disease link has led to the metaphor of psychosis as the 'fever' of CNS illness—a serious but nonspecific indicator. Earlypsychosis (talk) == Does anyone find this biased? == "However, increasing evidence in recent times has pointed to a possible dysfunction of the excitory neurotransmitter glutamate, in particular, with the activity of the NMDA receptor. This theory is reinforced by the fact that dissociative NMDA receptor antagonists such as ketamine, PCP and dextromethorphan/detrorphan (at large overdoses) induce a psychotic state more readily than dopinergic stimulants, even at "normal" recreational doses. The symptoms of dissociative intoxication are also considered to mirror the symptoms of schizophrenia more closely, including negative psychotic symptoms than amphetamine psychosis. Dissociative induced psychosis happens on a more reliable and predictable basis than amphetamine psychosis, which usually only occurs in cases of overdose, prolonged use or with sleep deprivation, which can independently produce psychosis. New antipsychotic drugs which act on glutamate and its receptors are currently undergoing clinical trials." I suspect this is someone with a personal ax to grind against dissociative drugs. Specifically because it has no sources and it's written from an anti-drug perspective. As someone who has actually done research on this I've yet to find any scientific info claiming ketamine, PCP, or DXM cause psychosis —Preceding unsigned comment added by YVNP (talk • contribs) I'm not an expert in this area, but a Google Scholar search for "ketamine-induced psychosis" turns up lots of references, including rather definitive things such as PMID 9167508. There are also reviews discussing this topic, for example PMID 17349858. Looie496 (talk) I looked around too and it does seem there are mentions of dissociatives causing psychosis. The problem I have is it seems to be suggesting that the dissociative experience is basically the psychotic experience. The problem I have is that generally when someone hallucinates from dissociatives they are aware that there hallucinations are personal where as a psychotic patient usually wouldn't. YVNP (talk) :If that point can be referenced to a high-quality source (i.e., something like a review article in a top-level journal), it would probably be worth adding to the article. Looie496 (talk) ::On erowid I found some articles discussing dissociatives. According to those articles dissociatives usually induce "closed eye visuals" and "detached" states of mind. I'll try adding them. YVNP (talk) ==Religious delusion?== Somebody who is familiar with the Moore & Gordon "audio essay" (whatever that is) cited here might want to double-check that the "Jesus's twin" statement actually is used in the context of delusions''. Perhaps it is, but to me that sounds far more like a classic case of clanging. Also, on an unrelated note, somebody who is familiar with MiszaBot might want to get some archiving going on this page. The current format is a tad unwieldy. Cosmic Latte (talk) ==extreme?== explain immediately what is meant by "extreme form of consciousness" or I'll delete it as unrepresentative of the views of the scientific community, and an illdefined phrase unfairly weighted towards the views of a minority. if you know what consciousness is, let us know. if not, it's not teneble to ascribe magnitude to it. If you're about to give me some r.d. laing nonsense or give me the "arrogant ignorant scientist" spiel, then: don't. very kindest wishes 86.26.173.195 (talk) (colin reveley, sackler centre for consciousness science Univ. Sussex) == Differences from delirium == I think the introduction should say how psychosis is different from delirium.Stefan Udrea (talk) == Susac's syndrome ? == Susac's syndrome - seems to manifest as psychosis in some cases. --CopperKettle

Psychosis

Jan Herman "Caius" Welcker (July 9, 1885 – February 13, 1939) was a Dutch football (soccer) player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was born in Alkmaar and died in Schiedam. Welcker, who formed the famous right wing of his club side Quick and the national team with Edu Snethlage, won 15 caps, scoring five times. He was a member of the Dutch team, which won the bronze medal in the football tournament. ==References== ==External links== profile 1885 births 1939 deaths Dutch footballers Netherlands international footballers Pre-1914 association football players Footballers at the 1908 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of the Netherlands Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands People from Alkmaar Olympic medalists in football Caius Welcker Caius Welcker Caius Welcker

Caius Welcker

After doing a bit of research, it's possible this is a notable publication. I'm going to look into it a bit more. --Fang Aili talk

Art Teatral

2011 flooding in Ayutthaya Province-EO-1 merged.jpg

== October 2010 == Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page Mountain Bluebird has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you. Marek.69 talk Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to the page Mountain Bluebird. Such edits constitute vandalism and are reverted. Please do not continue to make unconstructive edits to pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you. Wayne Olajuwon chat Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to American Longhair. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. Wayne Olajuwon chat This is the final warning that you will receive regarding your disruptive edits, such as this edit you made to American Longhair. If you vandalize Wikipedia again, you will be blocked from editing without further notice. Wayne Olajuwon chat

99.179.120.229

Heart Lake is a small alpine lake in Elmore County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. The lake is accessed from Sawtooth National Forest trail 461. Heart Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries. Heart Lake is a heart-shaped lake in the Flyrip Creek basin, which also contains several others small lakes including Camp Lake. ==References== ==See also== List of lakes of the Sawtooth Mountains (Idaho) Sawtooth National Forest Sawtooth National Recreation Area Sawtooth Range (Idaho) Lakes of Idaho Landforms of Elmore County, Idaho Glacial lakes of the United States Sawtooth Wilderness

Heart Lake (Idaho)

Leonard S. Paoletta

==Summary== ==Licensing== Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints People excommunicated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

George P. Lee.jpg

Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station (বক্রেশ্বর তাপবিদ্যুৎ কেন্দ্র) of West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited is a power station with an installed capacity of 630 MW and it is undergoing expansion of capacity to the extent of 420 MW. ==Location== Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station is located at in Chinpai and Bhurkuna gram panchayat areas of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located off the Panagarh–Morgram Highway, on the bank of Bakreshwar River some distance downstream from the hot springs and temple at Bakreshwar. Chinpai railway station on the Andal–Sainthia branch line is nearby. ==Capacity== Three units of 210 MW each were commissioned in 1999 and 2001. For the first three units Japan Bank for International Cooperation gave a loan of 80.8 million yen or around Rs. 2,525 crore. The first unit was completed in a record time of 37 months and commissioned on 17 July 1999. The yardstick of Central Electricity Authority for construction of power units of 200–250 MW is 48 months. Bakreshwar power project stage II involves installation of two units of 210 mW each at an estimated cost of Rs 2,000 crore. ==Neel Nirjan== The reservoir formed by erecting a dam in Bakreshwar River named Neel Nirjan (meaning blue solitude), for providing water to the thermal power plant, is gaining in popularity as a tourist spot. ==Political imbroglio== Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station was embroiled in political tussle for many years. It was initially proposed to be set up with central assistance but central funding was not forthcoming, in spite of the best efforts of the West Bengal leadership. Once the Left Front formed its government in 1977, Bakreshwar was in deeper political trouble. The delays over providing central funds for the project were cited by the Marxist leaders as another instance of the Centre’s “step-motherly” attitude to West Bengal. For several years, the Bakreshwar project was held up because the Soviet Union was requested to provide financial assistance. The Soviet funds never came even after several years of wait and negotiations. It was finally built by the state government, ==References== Birbhum district Economy of West Bengal Coal-fired power stations in West Bengal বক্রেশ্বর তাপবিদ্যুৎ কেন্দ্র

Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station

A virtuous circle and a vicious circle (also referred to as virtuous cycle and vicious cycle) are economic terms. They refer to a complex of events that reinforces itself through a feedback loop. A virtuous circle has favorable results, while a vicious circle has detrimental results. A virtuous circle can transform into a vicious circle if eventual negative feedback is ignored. Both circles are complexes of events with no tendency towards equilibrium (at least in the short run). Both systems of events have feedback loops in which each iteration of the cycle reinforces the previous one (positive feedback). These cycles will continue in the direction of their momentum until an external factor intervenes and breaks the cycle. The prefix "hyper-" is sometimes used to describe these cycles if they are extreme. The best-known example of a vicious circle is hyperinflation. ==Example in macroeconomics== ===Virtuous circle=== Economic growth can be seen as a virtuous circle. It might start with an exogenous, or outside factor such as technological innovation. As people get familiar with the new technology, there could be learning curve effects and economies of scale. This could lead to reduced costs and improved production efficiencies. In a competitive market structure, this will probably result in lower average prices. As prices decrease, consumption could increase and aggregate output also. Increased levels of output lead to more learning and scale effects and a new cycle starts. However, factors such as pollution, natural resource depletion and other externalities associated with uncontrolled economic growth can turn the virtuous cycle into a vicious cycle. ===Vicious circle=== Hyperinflation is a spiral of inflation which causes even higher inflation. The initial exogenous event might be a sudden large increase in international interest rates or a massive increase in government debt due to excessive spendings. Whatever the cause, the government could pay down some of its debt by printing more money (called monetizing the debt). This increase in the money supply could increase the level of inflation. In an inflationary environment, people tend to spend their money quickly because they expect its value to decrease further in the future. They convert their financial assets into physical assets while their money still has some purchasing power. Often they will purchase on credit. Eventually, the currency loses all of its value. Because of this, the level of savings in the country is very low and the government could have problems refinancing its debt. Its solution could be to print still more money starting another iteration of the vicious cycle. ==Example in management== ===Virtuous circle=== An employer's investment in his employees’ ability to provide superior service to customers can be seen as a virtuous circle. Effort spent in selecting and training employees and creating a corporate culture in which they are empowered can lead to increased employee satisfaction and employee competence. This can result in superior service delivery and customer satisfaction. This in turn will create customer loyalty, improved sales levels, and higher profit margins. Some of these profits can be reinvested in employee development, thereby initiating another iteration of a virtuous cycle. ===Vicious circle=== A harvesting strategy can be an example of a vicious circle. Rather than reinvesting in employee development, new product development, and market research, management could decide to harvest its investment by reducing costs then increasing dividends or increasing executive compensation. The consequence of this could be reduced employee wages, minimal training, an outdated product line, and a failure to understand the needs of the customer. This will probably result in employee dissatisfaction, employee incompetence, and high employee turnover. This could cause poor service delivery, customer dissatisfaction, high customer turnover, and loss of market share. Reduced sales and lower profit margins may require a further reduction in investment, thereby initiating another iteration of the vicious cycle. ==Vicious Circles in the Subprime Mortgage Crisis== The contemporary subprime mortgage crisis is a complex of vicious circles, both in its genesis and in its manifold outcomes, most notably the late 2000s recession. A specific example is the circle related to housing. As housing prices decline, more homeowners go "underwater", when the market value of a home drops below the mortgage on it. This provides an incentive to walk away from the home, increasing defaults and foreclosures. These in turn lower housing values further, reinforcing the cycle. The foreclosures reduce the cash flowing into banks and the value of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) widely held by banks. Banks incur losses and require additional funds, also called “recapitalization”. If banks are not capitalized sufficiently to lend, economic activity slows and unemployment increases, which further increase the number of foreclosures. Economist Nouriel Roubini described the vicious circles within and across the housing market and financial markets during interviews with Charlie Rose in September and October 2008. ==Other examples== Other examples include the poverty cycle and sharecropping. In climate change science, feedback loops involve positive feedbacks and negative feedbacks that respectively serve to intensify or dampen the effects of global warming. ==External sources== Schlesinger, L. and Heskett, J. (1991) Breaking the cycle of failure in services, Sloan Management Review, vol. 31, spring 1991, pp. 17 – 28. http://william-king.www.drexel.edu/top/prin/txt/gro/gro21b.html - An introduction to 20th century virtuous circle theory. Rational Choice with Passion:Virtue in a Model of Rational Addiction - In this link the author uses Aristotelian virtue as a mediator between passion and reason in the construction of utility/consumption functions in an esoteric part of consumer behaviour theory related to decision making in addictive situations. China: A Stabilizing or Deflationary Influence in East Asia? The Problem of Conflicted Virtue - In this link the author is using virtue in the sense of a positive outcome (balance of payments surplus) that conflicts with long term regional growth and stability. http://www.bioenergycentres.com/resources.shtml - an essay in 3 parts by Polarity Therapist Andrew Harry, Bath, UK. Defining The Virtuous Cycle as an integrated healing process. ==References== ==See also== Catch-22 Positive feedback List of economics topics List of finance topics List of management topics List of marketing topics List of production topics List of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics Endogeneity (econometrics) Self-fulfilling prophecy Spiral of silence Subprime mortgage crisis === Analogous concepts === Self-fulfilling prophecy Matthew effect (sociology) Matthew effect (education) Economics terminology Management Macroeconomics Microeconomics Finance Marketing Cercle viciós Circulus vitiosus Teufelskreis Dialelo Cercle vicieux Circolo virtuoso e circolo vizioso Vicieuze cirkel 循環論法 Círculo vicioso Noidankehä Circulus vitiosus วงจรอุบาทว์

Vicious circle

Al Perkins (Born January 18, 1944) is a Texas-born American guitarist. The Gibson guitar company called Perkins "the world's most influential Dobro player", and even began producing an "Al Perkins Signature" Dobro in 2001 - designed and autographed by Perkins. After some time in the US Army, Perkins moved to California with the band Shiloh, which also included Don Henley and future producer/record executive Jim Ed Norman. He went on to record and tour with the Flying Burrito Brothers, Richie Furay, Dan Fogelberg, Stephen Stills, Leonard Cohen, Gram Parsons, Roy Orbison, Bob Dylan, Daniel Amos, The Rolling Stones, Joe Walsh, Michael Nesmith, Randy Newman, James Taylor, Debby Boone, Tori Amos, The Eagles, Bethlehem, and McGuinn and Hillman. In 1971, Perkins became a member of Stephen Stills band, Manassas. After Manassas broke up in 1973, Perkins joined fellow Manassas member Chris Hillman in forming the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band; when that group splintered in 1975, he joined Mason Proffit. Perkins began producing records in the mid 1970s. In the 1980s, Perkins rejoined Chris Hillman in the Desert Rose Band. Perkins started touring with Dolly Parton in 1986. Also that year, Perkins played Dobro on Bob Dylan's Knocked Out Loaded. In 1988, Perkins moved to Nashville, and the following year, he joined Emmylou Harris' new Grammy Award winning group, The Nash Ramblers, with whom he released the album Snapshots. By the mid 1990s, Perkins began to work almost exclusively as a record producer and session guitarist, recording with artists like Tori Amos (From the Choirgirl Hotel), Owen Temple, Garth Brooks (Sevens), Wynonna Judd, Buddy Miller, and Cher. In 2003, Perkins joined forces with Terry Talbot and other original members Bruce “Creeper” Kurnow and Tim Ayres to resurrect the country rock band Mason Proffit. Perkins appears in "Daiquiri Blues"" (5 songs) of the Spanish Quique González. Perkins also appeared in the song "Horses," by South Carolina Alt-Country band American Gun, on their 2007 independent release "The Means and The Machine" playing lap steel. Perkins has recently teamed up with Brady Blade and Chris Donohue to form Big Dog 3 and have released the self titled album in July 2009. Perkins played at the Maverick alt.country festival in Suffolk, UK in summer 2009. == References == 1944 births Living people Musicians from Texas American country guitarists Pedal steel guitarists The Flying Burrito Brothers members Souther–Hillman–Furay Band members The Desert Rose Band members Al Perkins

Al Perkins

== November 2011 == Welcome and thank you for your contributions. Your test on the page New Deal worked, and it has been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox instead. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. --Kbh3rdtalk

124.89.10.182

== October 2010 == Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page Perry Smith (murderer) has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you. Marek.69 talk

76.252.34.219

James Norris Brewer

== typo in the lateral bar: how do I correct it? == There is a typo in the byzantine culture lateral bar: the second item is mispelled as aristocracy and bureaucacy instead than of course aristocracy and bureaucracy. I would correct it myself but I don't know how to modify a lateral bar. Would anybody be so kind to help? Thank you. Ekrenor I fixed the spelling. That lateral bar is called a template. It can be edited here: Byzantine_culture Kingnosis

Byzantine diplomacy

Hello friends! I am pankaj garg and live in Gidderbaha ( A small town in punjab, india). I am graduated in electronics and communication engineering and hope a nice experience at this community. You can contact me at pankaj_garg2000@yahoo.com or at facebook http://www.facebook.com/pankajgarg1701

Pankajgarg india

==November 2011== Per ERA, where it says "Do not change from one style to another unless there is substantial reason for the change, and consensus for the change with other editors", do not change date styles as you did here on the Iroquois article. Thank you. Heiro

96.240.198.207

Evaeverson Lemos da Silva or simply Brandão (born 16 June 1980 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Grêmio, on loan from the French club Marseille. == Career == He moved on 13 January 2009 from Ukrainian Premier League club Shakhtar Donetsk to Olympique de Marseille, after 7 years service for Shakhtar in Ukrainian football and in the UEFA Champions League. Since then, he has actively participated in Olympique de Marseille French championship games. On March 18, 2011, Brandão announced he would be loaned to Brazilian side Cruzeiro until the end of 2011. ==Career statistics== As of 3 August 2011 Other - National Super Cup & League Cup == Honours == Shakhtar Donetsk Ukrainian Premier League: 2004–2005, 2005–2006, 2007–2008 Ukrainian Cup: 2004, 2008 Ukrainian Super Cup: 2005, 2008 Olympique de Marseille''': Ligue 1: 2009–2010 French League Cup: 2010 ==References== ==External links== Brandão's legacy in Shakhtar ESPN Profile 1980 births Living people Brazilian footballers Association football forwards Iraty Sport Club players Associação Desportiva São Caetano players Adap Galo Maringá Football Club players FC Shakhtar Donetsk players Olympique de Marseille players Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players Brazilian expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in Ukraine Expatriate footballers in France Ukrainian Premier League players Ligue 1 players People from São Paulo (city) برانداو Evaeverson Lemos da Silva Brandão Evaeverson Lemos da Silva Brandão エヴァエヴェルソン・レモス・ダ・シウヴァ Brandão Brandão (futebolista) Брандао Brandão Брандау

Brandão (footballer, born 1980)

__FORCETOC__ Michigan Schools and Government Credit Union Michigan Schools and Government Credit Union currently has nine branches located throughout Macomb and Oakland Counties. It also belongs to the CO-OP Network of ATMs and Credit Union Service Centers. This network allows members to utilize more than 28,000 ATM locations and 4,100 Service Centers nationwide. ==Membership== The following individuals and groups are eligible for Michigan Schools and Government Credit Union membership: Employees, students, former students, alumni, and retirees of educational institutions in the Michigan counties of Genesee, Lapeer, Livingston, Macomb, Oakland, St. Clair, Washtenaw, and Wayne. This includes anyone that went to school in any of these counties or is related to someone that does/did. Elected officials, appointed officials, employees, and retirees of any department or agency of the federal government of any state, county, or local government or political subdivision thereof located within the Michigan counties of Genesee, Lapeer, Livingston, Macomb, Oakland, St. Clair, Washtenaw, and Wayne. Employees or members of employer groups or other organized groups or businesses that are located within 25 miles of any Credit Union office. Any person over age 55 who receives a retirement annuity, pension, social security, or similar retirement payment from private or government sources, and lives in, or belongs to a retirement organization located in Genesee, Lapeer, Livingston, Macomb, Oakland, St. Clair, Washtenaw, or Wayne Counties. A spouse of a deceased member if accepted into membership prior to remarriage. Members of MSGCU who attained membership through other eligibility requirements in place prior to 8/1/2006 will retain their membership. Relatives by blood or marriage of any of the above. Relatives are eligible to join even if above individuals are not members. ==Awards== The youth savings programs offered at MSGCU have received the Michigan Credit Union League's (MCUL) Desjardins Youth Financial Education Award numerous times. In the past, the MCUL has also awarded the credit union with the Louise Herring Award and Dora Maxwell Award for various member and community service efforts. Most recently, MSGCU was awarded with the second place Louise Herring Award for their free educational seminar program. Bauer Financial , which provides independent bank and credit union star-ratings, has awarded MSGCU with its highest, five-star rating for financial institutions for more than 20 years. MSGCU also boasts high member satisfaction and retention. In 2010, MSGCU received a 98% member satisfaction rating during an independent survey performed by D. Hilton Associates Inc. Also in 2010, Raddon Financial Group ranked MSGCU’s member retention rate at 99.5%. ==References== Credit unions based in Michigan

Michigan Schools and Government Credit Union

This article is completely unsourced and contains much material that is duplicated in the article to which I propose merging. A paragraph on the historical development of the concept there would probably be of more value than this article (with due deference to its authors), which I note is not linked from anywhere except Burglary and thus is unlikely to be found by anyone specifically searching for it. --Rodhullandemu (Talk)

Burglary (history)

{| width = "100%" |- ! width="50%" align="left" | < October 3 ! width="50%" align="right" | October 5 > |} ===October 4=== ====European motto unite dans la diversite may 5 2000 bruxels (Small).jpg==== The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the media below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT⚡ Archived files for deletion discussions European motto unite dans la diversite may 5 2000 bruxels (Small).jpg ( | talk | | ) – uploaded by Cliché Online ( | contribs | uploads). NFCC#8. No need for this image. Rettetast (talk) Delete Yep, simply no need. DARTH SIDIOUS 2 (Contact) The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. ====Harper Finkle.jpg==== The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the media below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT⚡ Archived files for deletion discussions Harper Finkle.jpg ( | talk | | ) – uploaded by Hoangquan hientrang ( | contribs | uploads). According to NFLISTS, images which show the whole cast of a show are preferred to individual shots of each actor where non-free content is concerned. This image is used in List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters where the non-free image WOWPcast2.jpg shows the whole cast. Image doesn't meet the NFC guideline I think, nor (if considered without the guidelines) NFCC #3 and #8. Angus McLellan (Talk) Delete Per nom. DARTH SIDIOUS 2 (Contact) The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. ====Theresa Russo.jpg==== The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the media below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT⚡ Archived files for deletion discussions Theresa Russo.jpg ( | talk | | ) – uploaded by Hoangquan hientrang ( | contribs | uploads). According to NFLISTS, images which show the whole cast of a show are preferred to individual shots of each actor where non-free content is concerned. This image is used in List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters where the non-free image WOWPcast2.jpg shows the whole cast. Image doesn't meet the NFC guideline I think, nor (if considered without the guidelines) NFCC #3 and #8. Angus McLellan (Talk) Delete Per nom. DARTH SIDIOUS 2 (Contact) The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. ====Jerry Russo.jpg==== The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the media below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT⚡ Archived files for deletion discussions Jerry Russo.jpg ( | talk | | ) – uploaded by Hoangquan hientrang ( | contribs | uploads). According to NFLISTS, images which show the whole cast of a show are preferred to individual shots of each actor where non-free content is concerned. This image is used in List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters where the non-free image WOWPcast2.jpg shows the whole cast. Image doesn't meet the NFC guideline I think, nor (if considered without the guidelines) NFCC #3 and #8. Angus McLellan (Talk) Delete Per nom. DARTH SIDIOUS 2 (Contact) The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. ====UW Phases.jpg==== The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the media below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT⚡ Archived files for deletion discussions UW Phases.jpg ( | talk | | ) – uploaded by AustinBrister ( | contribs | uploads). Orphaned. Only page to use this photo was deleted at AFD, then the userfied version was deleted at MFD. Hairhorn (talk) Delete No need for this, orphaned image. DARTH SIDIOUS 2 (Contact) The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. ====NeetpromoRyeRye1.png==== The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the media below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT⚡ Archived files for deletion discussions NeetpromoRyeRye1.png ( | talk | | ) – uploaded by Lifebonzza ( | contribs | uploads). Fails NFCC#8, there's no need for a non-free image in the articles of the recording artist and record label to show that a promotional single was released. — ξxplicit Delete: Clearly being used for "decoration" and not being used for any sort of critical commentary. Soundvisions1 (talk) Delete Absolutely per Soundvisions1. DARTH SIDIOUS 2 (Contact) The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. ====Hannah Montana The Movie poster.png==== The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the media below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT⚡ Archived files for deletion discussions Hannah Montana The Movie poster.png ( | talk | | ) – uploaded by Ipodnano05 ( | contribs | uploads). Image is sourced from http://impawards.com/2009/hannah_montana_the_movie.html and reduced but the colour has been manipulated making it a derivative work, which is not permitted under doctrines of fair use, as per this post at Editor assistance/Requests. Image is redundant to Hannah-montana-movie-poster.jpg, which was the image previously used at The Movie. AussieLegend (talk) Please stop this. The colors are not manipulated and I'm sure that whatever was posted is just meaning that in the sense I can't turn a the Hannah Montana logo from gold and purple to orange and green. You're just looking for any random reason to get your way even though it has been discussed and the png version was chosen. That was the wrong url. I have corrected it so you can see that the colors are not manipulated. Before I asked about manipulating colours in non-free images at Editor assistance/Requests#Manipulation of non-free content I found an identical version here confirming the colouring. As for the png version being "chosen", it's only Ipodnano05 who wishes to change the image from the original, but that's a discussion for the article talk page, not here. Delete: Either or - meaning we don't need two versions of this poster. Currently this one is unused so it fails Criteria 7. It could also be tagged with . Soundvisions1 (talk) ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.

Files for deletion/2010 October 4

==Summary== ==Licensing==

MakeItorBreakIt Cast.jpg

James Thompson (cartographer)

Nuclear Time

==May 2011== Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Roaring Twenties, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Roaring Twenties with this edit. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Meph. This is your last warning; the next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Roaring Twenties, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Drmies (talk) Welcome Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! We appreciate encyclopedic contributions, but some of your recent edits do not conform to our policies. For more information on this, see Wikipedia's policies on vandalism and limits on acceptable additions. If you'd like to experiment with the wiki's syntax, please do so in the "sandbox" rather than in articles. If you still have questions, there is a new contributor's help page, or you can write below this message along with a question and someone will be along to answer it shortly. You may also find the following pages useful for a general introduction to Wikipedia. The five pillars of Wikipedia Help pages Tutorial I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. Feel free to write a note on the bottom of Drmiesmy talk page if you want to get in touch with me. Again, welcome! Drmies (talk) You have been blocked indefinitely from editing because your account is being used only for vandalism. If you would like to be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding the text , but you should read the guide to appealing blocks first. Hut 8.5

Superdude1324

== November 2011 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Rosie O'Donnell, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Rosie O'Donnell was changed by 71.2.44.220 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.874988 on 2011-11-20T02:15:40+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk) Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Squash (plant). Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. --Kbh3rdtalk

71.2.44.220

The 1946 College Football All-America team was composed of college football players selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers. The organizations choosing the teams included: the United Press, the Associated Press, Collier's Weekly, the International News Service (the wire service operated by the Hearst newspapers), and the Football Writers Association of America. ==All-American selections for 1946== ===Key=== AP = Associated Press UP = United Press CO = Collier's Weekly CP = Central Press Association, selected by college football captains INS = International News Service NEA = Newspaper Editors Association WC = Walter Camp Football Foundation FW=Football Writers Association of America. FC = Football Coaches Association, selected for the Saturday Evening Post Bold = Consensus All-American 1 - First Team Selection 2 - Second Team Selection 3 - Third Team Selection ===Ends=== Burr Baldwin, UCLA (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; WC-1; FW-1; NEA-1; CP-1; INS-1; FC-1) Hub Bechtol, Texas (WC-1; FW-1; FC-1) Hank Foldberg, Army (UP-1; CO-1; NEA-1; INS-1) Elmer Madar, Michigan (AP-1) Wallace Jones, Kentucky (CP-1) ===Tackles=== George Connor, Notre Dame (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; WC-1; NEA-1; CP-1; INS-1; FC-1) Dick Huffman, Tennessee (AP-1; CO-1; WC-1; FW-1; FC-1) Warren Amling, Ohio State (UP-1; NEA-1; CP-1; INS-1; FW-1 ) George Savitsky, Penn (FW-1) ===Guards=== Weldon Humble, Rice (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; WC-1; FW-1; NEA-1; FC-1) Alex Agase, Illinois (AP-1; UP-1; WC-1; NEA-1; CP-1; INS-1; FC-1) Ed Hirsch, Northwestern (CP-1) George Mastrangelo, Notre Dame (CO-1; INS-1) ===Centers=== Paul Duke, Georgia Tech (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; WC-1; NEA-1; CP-1; FC-1) George Strohmeyer, Notre Dame (FW-1; INS-1) ===Quarterbacks=== Johnny Lujack, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1 ; WC-1; FW-1; NEA-1; CP-1; INS-1; FC-1) Arnold Tucker, Army (CO-1 ) ===Halfbacks=== Charley Trippi, Georgia (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; WC-1; FW-1; NEA-1; CP-1; INS-1; FC-1) Glenn Davis, Army (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; WC-1; FW-1; NEA-1; CP-1; INS-1; FC-1) ===Fullbacks=== Felix Blanchard, Army (AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; WC-1; FW-1; NEA-1; CP-1; INS-1; FC-1) ==Notes== College Football All-America Teams

1946 College Football All-America Team

Legalization is the process of removing a legal prohibition against something which is currently not legal. Legalization is a process often applied to what are regarded, by those working towards legalization, as victimless crimes, of which one example is the consumption of illegal drugs (see Drug legalization). Those opposed to the legalizing of any particular behaviour, action, substance or item will claim that legalization will bring benefits to individuals at the expense of the common good. Taking the above example of drug legalization, those opposed will cite the cost of drug use to a user's children, parents, friends, work colleagues, victims of drugged driving and also to a society's health system. Legalization should be contrasted with decriminalization, which removes criminal charges from an action, but leaves intact associated laws and regulations. Proponents of libertarianism support legalization of what they regard as victimless crimes, such as recreational drug use and prostitution. See also Drug liberalization Criminology Libertarian theory Legalisierung Legalización לגליזציה Легализация Legalisering

Legalization

Weapons of Mass Distortion (song)

== May 2011 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to New Zealand Sign Language, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: New Zealand Sign Language was changed by 222.152.160.235 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.966473 on 2011-05-05T18:49:09+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

222.152.160.235

== November 2011 == Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from Developing country. When removing content, please specify a reason in the edit summary and discuss edits that are likely to be controversial on the article's talk page. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the content has been restored, as you can see from the . Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia, and if you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Allens (talk) If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

83.149.2.234

Welcome! Hello, Ikhsan Kudo, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Unfortunately, one or more of the pages you created, such as Padang Barat, may not conform to some of Wikipedia's guidelines, and may soon be deleted. There's a page about creating articles you may want to read called Your first article. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the New contributors' help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type on this page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few other good links for newcomers: Starting an article Your first article Biographies of living persons How to write a great article The five pillars of Wikipedia Help pages Tutorial I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Questions or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hasteur (talk) == Proposed deletion of Padang Barat == The article Padang Barat has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern: Sub-section of city that doesn't bring any additional information that the city article already has. While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons. You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page. Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Hasteur (talk)

Ikhsan Kudo

== November 2011 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Chemical property, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Chemical property was changed by 24.15.52.44 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.956255 on 2011-11-20T02:16:25+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

24.15.52.44

Vicious circle may refer to: Virtuous circle and vicious circle, a complex of events that reinforces itself through a feedback loop toward greater instability; some examples: == Music == Vicious Circle (music label), a Hard Dance music label Vicious Circle (punk band), an Orange County hardcore punk band Vicious Circle (hip hop band), UK rap duo Vicious Circle (drum and bass group), UK drum and bass group Vicious Circle (L.A. Guns album), a 1995 album by L.A. Guns Vicious Circle (Zero Boys album), 1982 record by Zero Boys "Vicious Circle", a 1989 album by the British punk band, The Vibrators "Vicious Circle", a 1981 single by the British punk band, Abrasive Wheels "Vicious Circle", a song by Lou Reed from the 1976 album Rock and Roll Heart "Vicious Circle", a song by Quiet Riot from their 2001 album Guilty Pleasures "Vicious Circles", a song by Aaron Lewis from his 2011 solo-album Town Line == Film == The Vicious Circle (1948 film), starring Conrad Nagel The Vicious Circle (1957 film), starring John Mills Vicious Circle (2008 film), a 2008 drama film by Paul Boyd Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle ==Television== "Vicious Circle", a Season 2 (1957) episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents starring Dick York Vicious Circle, an HBO comedy special featuring Dane Cook == Other == Vicious Circle (comics), a fictional character group from the Savage Dragon comic book series Vicious Cycle Software, a company ==See also== Vicious Cycle (album), 2003 album by Lynyrd Skynyrd Cercle vicieux (homonymie) Vicious Circle Błędne koło Порочный круг (значения) Teufelskreis

Vicious Circle

Coleophora afrohispana is a moth of the Coleophoridae family. It is found on the Iberian Peninsula and in Morocco. ==References== Coleophora

Coleophora afrohispana

== April 2009 == Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to the page Tomorrow (Angel) has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. J.delanoygabsadds

68.0.203.3

== November 2011 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Fertilizer, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Fertilizer was changed by 75.24.187.234 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.916277 on 2011-11-20T02:16:32+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

75.24.187.234

Coleophora afrohispana

== May 2011 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to International No Diet Day, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: International No Diet Day was changed by 174.20.185.160 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.865544 on 2011-05-05T18:49:52+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

174.20.185.160

==== 4 October 2010 ==== SCV for 2010-10-04 ===== Copyright investigations (manual article tagging) ===== Dusty Dvorak ( · ) from http://www.volleyhall.org/dvorak.html. *Kat* (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. Hans Stolfus ( · ) from http://www.sponsoredbythepeople.org/HansStolfus.html. *Kat* (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. Jacob Nieto ( · ) from http://www.magnes.org/collections/archives/western-jewish-americana/nieto-jacob-papers-1882-1931. VernoWhitney (talk) Congregation Ohabai Shalome ( · ) from http://www.magnes.org/collections/archives/western-jewish-americana/ohabai-shalome-congregation-records-1864-1975. VernoWhitney (talk) Eureka Benevolent Society (San Francisco) ( · ) from http://www.magnes.org/collections/archives/western-jewish-americana/eureka-benevolent-society-san-francisco-calif-records-. VernoWhitney (talk) Congregation Emanu-El (San Francisco, California) ( · ) from http://texts.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/data/13030/ht/kt9f59q7ht/kt9f59q7ht.xml. VernoWhitney (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. The Tidy Boys ( · ) from http://www.tidy.com/features/tidy_weekender_2_dj_profiles.htm - 86.176.209.113 (talk) User was not notified, relisting under today's entry. Yoav Gath ( · ) from http://www.jewsinsports.org/Olympics.asp?ID=150*Kat* (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. Jordan Hospital ( · ) from http://www.jordanhospital.org/body.cfm?id=63. Call me! My master! Not sure what I'm missing. Can somebody else identify the problematic text here? Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. Ganti Prasada Rao ( · ) from http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/uni/uploads/media/Vita-ProfessorRao.pdf. Call me! My master! Permission plausible Article relisted under today. Anatol Petrytsky ( · ) from http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/P/E/PetrytskyAnatol.htm. PamD (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. P. K. Warrier ( · ) from http://www.jaim.in/article.asp?issn=0975-9476;year=2010;volume=1;issue=1;spage=66;epage=67;aulast=Gangadharan. Moonriddengirl (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. Mike McGlone ( · ) from http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0569458/bio. Brookie :) - he's in the building somewhere! (Whisper...) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. The Jackson Family Honors ( · ) from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14895628.html http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20107583,00.html. Moonriddengirl (talk) LGBT-affirming denominations in Judaism ( · ) from http://www.forward.com/articles/12994/ http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/gay_lesbian_churches,3.html. Foundational and also present in the history here, whence it was split. Moonriddengirl (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev ( · ) from http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/dmitriev.htm. VernoWhitney (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. SAKHR Software Company (صخر) ( · ) from http://international.sakhr.com/arabic-OCR-optical-character-recognition.html http://www.sakhr.com/products/OCR/Default.aspx?sec=Product&item=OCR http://international.sakhr.com/arabic-speech-recognition-and-arabic-TTS.html. Moonriddengirl (talk) Matthias Witthaus ( · ) from see talk. Nomination completed by VWBot (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. Peter Kenneth Newman ( · ) Close paraphrase of http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-newman-729548.html. VWBot (talk) Removed copyvio content and tag, leaving non-infringing stub. PamD (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. Louis Diamond ( · ) Close paraphrase of http://www.hemonctoday.com/article.aspx?rid=26031. VWBot (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. David of King's ( · ) from https://www.createspace.com/3481622. Relisting. VWBot (talk) Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. --Moonriddengirl (talk)

Copyright problems/2010 October 4