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Tiger Research 65

Introduction The 80th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday, May 26, 1996. This was the first Indy 500 contested by the Indy Racing League, under the overall sanctioning umbrella of USAC. It was the third and final race of the 1996 IRL season. Veteran driver and former AIS champion Buddy Lazier won the race, his first career victory in top-level Indy car competition. Lazier's victory came just over two months after he suffered a broken back in a crash at Phoenix. The race was surrounded by months of controversy. Most of the top teams and drivers in Indy car racing chose to boycott the race, protesting a perceived lockout of CART teams by the IRL. Rival teams effectively staged a "walkout" and instead scheduled a competing race the same day, the U.S. 500 at Michigan. The controversy and division surrounding the race became known in racing circles as "The Split". Participants in the 1996 Indy 500 included several familiar Indy car teams and owners such as A.J. Foyt, Dick Simon, Hemelgarn, and Menard. But top teams from CART including Penske, Ganassi, Newman/Haas, Rahal, and many others, were all at Michigan. There were also many new teams, some of which moved up from Indy Lights, AIS, or sports cars. Many of the drivers were inexperienced rookies from an obscure range of backgrounds, giving the impression of a field of replacement drivers. There was only one former Indy 500 winner in the field (Arie Luyendyk), but three former pole position winners entered. In addition, there were no former National Champions in the field for the first time since 1928. The field was filled to the traditional 33 cars, but only one car was bumped (then-unknown Billy Boat). There was a post-WWII record 17 rookies that qualified, led by reigning USAC Silver Crown/Sprint/Midget champion (and future IRL and NASCAR champion) Tony Stewart. Stewart qualified for the front row, and took home rookie of the year honors. Despite comprising half the field, only two rookies managed to finish in the top ten. Media attention of the open wheel "Split" was highly critical going into the race, as a number of the IRL participants were ridiculed and the prestige of the Indianapolis 500 itself was brought into question. The "split" embittered a significant portion of the fanbase, and journalist Robin Miller of The Indianapolis Star was among the most outspoken of critics. However, the race itself was found to be competitive and entertaining, while the rival U.S. 500 suffered a multi-car pile-up prior to the green flag. During practice, the month was marred by the death of pole position winner Scott Brayton, who was killed in a crash testing a back-up car. The month was also plagued by constant rain. In Indianapolis, May 1996 was the fifth-wettest month of May on record, and the 4th wettest month of May in Indy 500 history. The 1996 race marked Firestone's first Indy 500 victory since 1971. In what would be the final year contested under the turbocharged engine formula (until their reintroduction in 2012), on a newly repaved track, all-time track record speeds were set during practice and time trials. Arie Luyendyk set the official one-lap track record (237.498 mph) and the four-lap track record (236.986 mph), while Eddie Cheever ran the fastest race lap (236.103 mph) in Indy 500 history - records that all still stand as of 2022. Luyendyk also ran the fastest practice lap in Indy history (239.260 mph) just a fraction of a second shy of breaking the 240 mph barrier. Background IRL/CART split : See also 1996 Indy Racing League season The seeds of the IRL/CART "Split" were planted in the early 1990s, when newly named Indianapolis Motor Speedway president Tony George began exploring options of changes in the sport of Indy cars. Sharply rising costs, the lack of many ovals on the schedule, and the dwindling number of American participants were among his stated concerns. As early as May 1991, George announced intentions to change the engine formula to 3.5L normally aspirated powerplants (very similar to the engines used in Formula One at the time), a plan that never got past the planning stages. George joined the CART board of directors from 1992-1994 as a non-voting member. He resigned after the brief tenure, disagreeing with the direction of the series. In the summer of 1994, George announced he was going to start a new series, the Indy Racing League, with the Indianapolis 500 as its centerpiece. CART had been sanctioning the sport of Indy car racing since 1979, with the exception of the Indianapolis 500 itself, which was sanctioned singly by USAC. The first USAC/CART "split" in 1979 had already caused major controversy in the sport. USAC continued to sanction paved championship races outside of Indianapolis as late as 1981, but by 1983 dropped all races outside of Indy. An arrangement around that time was put in place to recognize the Indianapolis 500 on the CART schedule, and it would pay points towards the CART championship. The Indy 500 would be contested by the CART-based teams, along with numerous part-time and "Indy only" entries. Stability returned, and the sport settled into a relative harmony through 1995. Rules between the two sanctioning bodies were vastly similar, and for the most part, the same chassis and engines were used by both, with only minor technical differences. George blueprinted the new Indy Racing League as a lower-cost alternative to CART, with an emphasis on attracting American drivers, an all-oval schedule, and new cars with normally-aspirated, "production-based" engines. As a result, the Indy 500 would no longer be recognized on the CART calendar, and the machines currently used in the CART series would no longer be allowed at the Speedway starting in 1997. Furthermore, due to a planned "rules freeze", CART's 1996 model year chassis and engines would technically be prohibited as well. Almost immediately, a turbulent political controversy erupted, with participants, media, fans, manufacturers, and sponsors all apprehensive of the sport's direction and pending shakeup. The prevailing opinion around the CART paddock was largely negative regarding the formation of the IRL. The 1995 season and 1995 Indy 500 were held as normal, but under a growing cloud of uncertainty about the future of the sport. During the summer of 1995, and into the offseason, the two factions of CART and the IRL were unable to reconcile on much of anything, and the "split" began to take shape. The biggest salvo was made on July 3, 1995, when IRL officials announced that the top 25 drivers in IRL points would be guaranteed starting positions in the 1996 Indy 500. Boycott by CART teams Throughout much of the summer and fall of 1995, CART teams in general were unhappy with the formation of the IRL. However, for the time being, they were still tentatively preparing to compete at Indy pending a reconciliation. In November 1995, Penske Racing (who failed to qualify at the 1995 race), and other CART teams participated in a private tire test at Indy. Meanwhile, rumors began circulating of a planned boycott, and a possible competing event. On November 18, 1995 CART teams, convinced they were being deliberately locked out from the 1996 Indy 500, and the victims of a "power grab" by Tony George, announced their intentions to boycott the event. They jointly announced plans for a new race, the Inaugural U.S. 500, to be held at Michigan International Speedway the same day. The official reaction from IMS/IRL was one of disappointment and dismay, suggesting that CART was preparing to do considerable damage to Indy car racing. CART participants were convinced of the opposite. The only CART teams that entered were Galles and Walker, but neither fielded their regular full-time CART drivers. Galles fielded an Ilmor Mercedes-Benz 265-D (the only Mercedes entered) in a one-off entry for its test driver Davy Jones. Walker entered a car in the race for Mike Groff, who had run with the team at the Nazareth a week before practice began. Out of the 33 starters from the previous edition, only 11 drivers re-entered the event, with Eliseo Salazar (4th) and Arie Luyendyk (7th) being the only top 10 finishers from 1995. Defending Indy 500 winner Jacques Villeneuve switched to Formula One and signed with the Williams team during the offseason, and irrespective of the "split," would not return to Indy for 1996. It marked the second year in a row the defending champion would not race in the 500. A year earlier, 1994 winner Al Unser Jr. failed to qualify. With the recent retirements of several Indy legends, as well as active drivers Bobby Rahal, Emerson Fittipaldi (whose career would end in July due to a crash at the Marlboro 500) and Unser Jr. who were at the CART race at Michigan, the only former Indy winner entered as a driver would be Arie Luyendyk. Additionally, the U.S. 500 field represented 109 Indy 500 starts and 5 wins, compared to just 75 previous 500 starts for the 1996 Indy 500 lineup; the lowest since 1932. The U.S. 500 competitors also accounted for 127 CART and USAC-sanctioned IndyCar wins and 7 National Championships, while the Indy 500 drivers had only 14 wins and no National Championships among the 33 starters. Rules for 1996 On August 11, 1994, USAC announced a preliminary engine rules package for 1996. In an effort to eliminate the multiple platforms used in the 1980s and 1990s, all engines were going to be turbocharged 2.2L, overhead cam V-8, with 45 inHG. This was a reduction in displacement from 2.65L used at the time. The stock-block V-6 engines (e.g. Buick V-6 & Menard V-6), and the 209 cubic inch purpose-built pushrod engines (e.g., the Mercedes-Benz 500I & Greenfield) were to be eliminated. However, this rules package was only preliminary, and was later scrapped. Later, a revised rules package for the 1996 IRL season was announced. USAC implemented a rules freeze, and announced a rules package largely identical to the one used for the 1995 race, with only a few minor technical revisions. The move made it such that the race would be contested with 1992-1995 model year, CART-based chassis (namely Lola and Reynard). The 1996 model-year chassis being used in CART were not approved, further splintering the rift between the two camps. Apropos to the situation, many IRL teams actually purchased used 1994 and 1995 model-year chassis from rival CART teams. The V-8 overhead cam engines were restored to 2.65L, and the V-6 stock block engines were reinstated. This rules package was going to be used only for 1996, as a brand new normally-aspirated, production-based engine package was planned for 1997. As had been allowed for several years, the V-6 "stock block" production-based engines (Buick and Menard) would be allowed 55 inHG of turbocharger boost, and the quad cam 2.65L V-8 engines (Ford Cosworth-XB and Ilmor-D) would stay at 45 inches. While they were not even used in 1995, the 209 cubic inch, purpose-built pushrod engines (e.g., the Mercedes-Benz 500I & Greenfield) were formally banned for 1996. Though eligible to compete, no entries utilized the Honda HRH-V8 engine (first introduced in 1995). The new Toyota V-8 engine (used by some CART entries in 1996) was not approved. Likewise, the newly-introduced Ford Cosworth XD was not permitted, only the XB version was allowed. The two-year-old Indy car "tire war" was embraced by the IRL. Both Goodyear and Firestone provided tires. The minimum age rule for drivers in 1996 was changed from 21 to 18, a ruling that allowed Michel Jourdain Jr. (19 years, 267 days) to compete in the race. Jourdain became the second-youngest starter in Indy history at the time. 25/8 Rule and locked-in entries For the 1996 Indy 500, the "25/8 Rule" was adopted, where 25 starting grid positions were set aside for the top 25 cars in 1996 season IRL points standings, and the remaining 8 spots in the grid were open for the remaining entries. The arrangement was a controversial rule, and was a key issue that led the CART teams to boycott the race. The 25/8 was the form of provisional rule chosen by the IRL similar to provisional rules that was common place at the time in series which had more entries than starting position. Most series at the time had provisions in place in case a star or high up in the points system has issued in qualifying and did not run fast enough to qualify. IE: Daytona 500 qualifying which at the time locked in front row and then top 15 cars from each qualifying race. Then rest of field filled by provisional. The format (similar in practice to NASCAR's Top 35 rule introduced years later) provided that the top 25 entries (not drivers) in owner points were guaranteed a "locked-in" starting position, and could not be bumped, provided they completed a four-lap qualifying run over a minimum prescribed speed. Officials set 220 mph as the minimum. The grid would still be arranged by speed rank. The pole position would still be the fastest car on the first day of qualifying (or first trip through the qualifying order), regardless of "locked-in" status. The remaining eight positions would be filled by non-top 25 "at-large" entries, and bumping could only occur amongst those participants. The first entry list was published on April 15. The 27 entries that had run the first two rounds of the 1996 year were entered, including the #41 A.J. Foyt Enterprises entry, vacated after Mike Groff's exit, and the #45 Zunne Group Racing entry, driven by Beck Motorsports driver Robbie Buhl at Phoenix, while Eliseo Salazar came back to his regular #7 drive at Team Scandia. Out of those 27 cars, only the #22 (Team Scandia) and the #96 (ABF Motorsports) were at-large entries. In the following weeks, Foyt signed Marco Greco to drive the #41 car, and Scandia entered Racin Gardner in the #90 car replacing Lyn St. James, who had faced budgetary issues. Apart from Groff and Davy Jones' entries, eight further at-large driver/car combinations were registered: Fermín Vélez and a later signing, Indy 500 sophomore Alessandro Zampedri, would drive additional entries for Team Scandia. Team Menard and Hemelgarn Racing fielded third cars for Mark Dismore, returning to the Speedway five years after his horrific crash in 1991, and Brad Murphey, and Beck Motorsports prepared a second car for Hideshi Matsuda. Randy Tolsma was also signed by McCormack Motorsports, eventually falling under the Zunne Group Racing branding, Dan Drinan was entered with Loop Hole Racing and Scott Harrington entered his own car. EuroInternational, under their legal Osella USA name, and an outfit named Burns Motorsports also filled entries for Russ Wicks and Jeff Wood, but neither team appeared during the month. Three of the "locked-in" entries made no attempt to qualify. The #17 entry was eventually withdrawn, as Leigh Miller Racing had sold its assets to Beck Motorsports after Stan Wattles had been ruled out of the race on medical grounds. As for Tempero–Giuffre Racing, the #15, initially assigned to David Kudrave until being replaced by Justin Bell at the start of practice, and the #25 entry, assigned for Joe Gosek a few days earlier, were both vacated during the practice weeks. After Brayton's forfeit of the #2 car, only 21 of the 25 eligible "locked-in" entries were ready to qualify, leaving twelve at-large starting positions up for grabs. On the other hand, 27 drivers took the start at the U.S. 500 at Michigan. ;Locked-in entries Team Driver Owner points 12 Bradley Motorsports Buzz Calkins 128 11 A. J. Foyt Enterprises Scott Sharp 124 33 Team Scandia Michele Alboreto 116 75 Cunningham Racing Johnny O'Connell 116 20 Team Menard Tony Stewart 114 5 Byrd/Treadway Racing Arie Luyendyk 112 41 A. J. Foyt Enterprises Marco Greco 112 21 Pagan Racing Roberto Guerrero 98 4 Della Penna Motorsports Richie Hearn 94 9 Hemelgarn Racing Stéphan Grégoire 94 18 PDM Racing John Paul Jr. 94 14 A. J. Foyt Enterprises Davey Hamilton 82 90 Team Scandia Racin Gardner 82 16 Blueprint Racing Johnny Parsons 80 2 Team Menard Scott Brayton(withdrawn) 74 54 Beck Motorsports Robbie Buhl 32 64 Project Indy Johnny Unser 26 3 Team Menard Eddie Cheever 25 15 Tempero-Giuffre Racing (vacant) 25 17 Leigh Miller Racing (vacant) 22 45 Zunne Group Racing Lyn St. James 22 27 Blueprint Racing Jim Guthrie 20 91 Hemelgarn Racing Buddy Lazier 18 7 Team Scandia Eliseo Salazar 16 25 Tempero-Giuffre Racing (vacant) 15 Former winner Indy 500 Rookie # Brayton withdrew his already-qualified car on pole day, forfeiting his "locked-in" status, and qualified as an "at-large" entry in the #32 car. # David Kudrave, entered for the event, was replaced before the start of practice. Justin Bell passed up on the ride after not completing his rookie test, and Joe Gosek practiced in it in the second week before switching to Team Scandia. # Stan Wattles, its lead driver, had been injured at Phoenix. Beck Motorsports, without cars after splitting from Zunne Group, struck a deal to buy their cars and entry, to use them as their own. # Joe Gosek practiced in it the first week, and switched to the #15 car after not getting to complete his rookie test. ;At-large entries Team Driver 8 Team Scandia Alessandro Zampedri 10 Hemelgarn Racing Brad Murphey 22 Team Scandia Michel Jourdain Jr. 24 Zunne Group Racing Randy Tolsma 30 Team Menard Mark Dismore 32 Team Menard Scott Brayton Danny Ongais 34 Team Scandia Fermín Vélez 36 Loop Hole Racing Dan Drinan 39 Harrington Motorsports-LP Racing (vacant) 43 Team Scandia Joe Gosek 44 Della Penna Motorsports Scott Harrington 46 Project Indy Rob Wilson 50 Osella USA (absent) 52 Beck Motorsports Hideshi Matsuda 60 Walker Racing Mike Groff 66 Burns Motorsports (absent) 70 Galles Racing Davy Jones 77 Brickell Racing Tyce Carlson 96 ABF Motorsports Paul Durant 99 Pagan Racing Billy Boat # Brayton died on May 17 after sustaining a basilar skull fracture in a crash, and Ongais was named as his replacement, switching from Brickell Racing. Per USAC rules, Brayton's pole position was withdrawn, and Ongais was allowed to start the race at the back of the field. # Harrington was entered in the #39 car until his lone chassis was destroyed in a crash on May 16, and he signed to Della Penna Motorsports on Bump Day. # Gosek switched from Tempero-Giuffre Racing on May 18. # Entered on May 16. # Russ Wicks was entered, but neither the car or the driver took part in practice over an alleged lack of sponsorship # Jeff Wood was entered, but neither the car or the driver took part in practice. # Butch Brickell, entered for the event, was not medically cleared to race after a crash in testing at Walt Disney World. Carlson was entered on Bump Day after Danny Ongais, who was entered on May 16, switched to Team Menard # Entered on May 14. Official Pace Car The 1996 Dodge Viper GTS Indy 500 Pace Car, on display at the IMS Museum, January 2020 The Official Pace Car for the 1996 Indy 500 was the 1996 Dodge Viper GTS, driven by Robert A. Lutz, the President and Chief Operating Officer of Chrysler Corporation. Chrysler provided four GTS coupes for track use during the month of May: 2 two race-prepared cars (with a roof cut-out, racing seatbelts, and strobe lights) to be the pace car and backup; 1 car for IMS officials; and 1 car to be given to the race winner. The Dodge Ram was the Official Truck during the month of May, and the Dodge Avenger was the Official Car. This was the second time a Viper paced the Indy 500, as a prototype version of the RT/10 roadster was named the pace car for the 1991 race, driven by Carroll Shelby. Race schedule Race schedule — May 1996 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat       1  2  3  4ROP 5ROP 6ROP 7Practice 8Practice 9Practice 10Practice 11Pole Day 12Time Trials 13Practice 14Practice 15Practice 16Practice 17Practice 18Time Trials 19Bump Day 20  21  22  23Carb Day 24  25Parade 26Indy 500 27Memorial Day 28  29  30  31    Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP — denotes RookieOrientation Program Practice (week 1) Saturday May 4 - Opening Day Rookie orientation was scheduled for Opening Day. However, rain washed out the entire first day of practice. Sunday May 5 - Rookie Orientation Opening day was reserved for rookie orientation, largely due to the overwhelming number of Indy 500 rookies entered. A cool morning saw only half an hour of practice amongst nine cars, until rain closed the track for the day at 9:35 a.m. Rookie Tony Stewart led the abbreviated session with an unrepresentative lap of 193.957 mph. Top practice speeds Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 20 Tony Stewart Team Menard Lola Menard 193.957 2 23 Mark Dismore Team Menard Lola Menard 193.569 3 33 Michele Alboreto Team Scandia Lola Ford Cosworth 188.648 Monday May 6 - Rookie Orientation Rain hampered practice for the third day in a row, however, activity was heavy throughout the day, with many drivers looking to finish their rookie tests. At 9:19 a.m., Tony Stewart ran the fastest lap ever at the Speedway by a rookie, at 231.774 mph. Later in the day, he completed the fastest lap of the month at 237.336 mph, which broke the existing unofficial track record. Eleven drivers completed all four phases of their rookie tests: Stewart, Mark Dismore, Buzz Calkins, Michel Jourdain Jr., Michele Alboreto, Richie Hearn, Racin Gardner, Randy Tolsma, Dan Drinan, Brad Murphey, and Jim Guthrie. Despite being considered a rookie, Davey Hamilton, who had failed to qualify for the Indy 500 in 1995, was given an exemption, and did not have to complete a rookie test. Hamilton had also entered the race in 1991 and 1993, but he never made it past the scheduled Rookie Orientation days in April, which were considered as test days and not official practice sessions. Off the track, Indianapolis Motor Speedway officials filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana against CART in regards to the use of the "IndyCar" trademark. IMS officials deemed that CART, who was organizing the rival U.S. 500, was failing to comply with the license agreement under which they received permission to use the "IndyCar" trademark. This lawsuit would be settled out of court months later, as CART gave up on the trademark in exchange for the Indy Racing League agreeing to not make use of it until the 2003 season. Top practice speeds Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 20 Tony Stewart Team Menard Lola Menard 237.336 2 30 Mark Dismore Team Menard Lola Menard 228.566 3 22 Michel Jourdain Jr. Team Scandia Lola Ford Cosworth 228.154 Tuesday May 7 Rain fell once again at the Speedway, and the start of the practice was delayed until 2:30 p.m. Veteran drivers took to the track for the first time, with Menard teammates Scott Brayton and Eddie Cheever quickly setting the pace at over 235 mph and 233 mph, respectively. Johnny Unser and Paul Durant both competed their rookie tests, bringing the total to 13 rookies. That morning, Zunne Group Racing announced that Lyn St. James, who had run the first two IRL races with Team Scandia, would drive its #45 entry, as a teammate to Randy Tolsma. Late in the day, Arie Luyendyk moved up to the top five, with a lap of 232.162 mph. Team Menard, however, swept the top three positions on the speed chart, when Tony Stewart topped at 236.121 mph. Top practice speeds Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 20 Tony Stewart Team Menard Lola Menard 236.121 2 3 Eddie Cheever Team Menard Lola Menard 235.997 3 2 Scott Brayton Team Menard Lola Menard 235.730 Wednesday May 8 Rain washed out practice for the day, the second day of the month completely lost to weather. Thursday May 9 A windy but warm day saw heavy action. Arie Luyendyk ran the fastest practice lap in Speedway history up to that point in his back-up car, at 237.774 mph, four miles faster than his primary had managed, which was a surprise for Luyendyk himself. The three main Menard entries (Stewart, Cheever, and Brayton) were all over 234 mph. Several other drivers cracked the 230 mph barrier, including Buddy Lazier, Davy Jones, and Scott Sharp., while Stéphan Grégoire and Johnny Parsons made their first on-track appearances. Top practice speeds Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 35 Arie Luyendyk Byrd/Treadway Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 237.774 2 20 Tony Stewart Team Menard Lola Menard 237.029 3 2 Scott Brayton Team Menard Lola Menard 235.750 Friday May 10 "Fast Friday," the final day of practice before time trials, saw the fastest laps turned in Indy history. At 1:04 p.m., 35 minutes after completing the fastest lap of the month (238.045 mph), Arie Luyendyk ran the fastest single lap in Speedway history in the back-up #35 car, with an average speed of 239.260 mph. At 37.616 seconds, Luyendyk's lap was 0.116 seconds shy of the elusive 240 mph barrier, and as of 2021, stands as the Indianapolis Motor Speedway one-lap unofficial track record. Shortly after the track opened, Scott Brayton had run his fastest lap of the month, at 235.688 mph. He was fourth fastest behind Tony Stewart, who went over the 236 mph mark, and Scott Sharp. At 3:25 p.m., rain closed the track for the day. During the day, Robbie Buhl became the 14th driver to complete his rookie test. His car had been acquired to Arizona Motorsports, and was the one Al Unser practiced on in 1994 before announcing his retirement from the sport. This machine had failed to make the grid two years in a row, as Jeff Ward was off the cut on it in 1995. With Buhl, 33 confirmed car-driver combinations had practiced before the start of Pole Day qualifying, although Joe Gosek and Justin Bell were still due to complete their rookie tests. Three drivers among the confirmed entries (Hideshi Matsuda, Johnny O'Connell and Scott Harrington) were still securing the necessary funding, and did not run at all before time trials. Top practice speeds Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 35 Arie Luyendyk Byrd/Treadway Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 239.260 2 20 Tony Stewart Team Menard Lola Menard 236.004 3 11 Scott Sharp A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola Ford Cosworth 235.701 Time trials (weekend 1) Pole Day - Saturday May 11 Pole day dawned cold and rainy. The track opened with a 30-minute practice at 11:55 a.m., with 24 cars taking to the track. Johnny Parsons suffered the first crash of the month shortly after in Turn 3, while Arie Luyendyk, who barely avoided Parsons's crash after clipping an errant tyre, stalled with engine trouble 25 minutes later. His back-up car had now become the primary #5 entry after an approved swap of numbers. Marco Greco and Scott Sharp also lost their engines during this session. Tony Stewart ran the fastest practice lap of the morning, at 235.719 mph. Pole day time trials began at 2 p.m. Lyn St. James was the first car to qualify, completing her four-lap run at 224.594 mph. Buddy Lazier then grabbed the provisional pole at 231.468 mph. Twenty minutes later, Davy Jones broke the 1 and 4 lap track records, completing a run at 232.882 mph. The speed broke Roberto Guerrero's 1992 track record. Tony Stewart bumped Jones off the pole with another new track record, at 233.100 mph, becoming the first rookie to hold both the 1 and 4 lap track records since Teo Fabi in 1983. His Menard teammates Eddie Cheever (231.781 mph) and Scott Brayton (231.535 mph) also put in respectable runs, but neither were fast enough for the pole. Eliseo Salazar just missed making the front row at 232.684 mph. By 5:00 p.m., the field was filled to twenty cars, fifteen of which were "locked-in" entries. Due to expected difficulties replacing the blown engine in his primary car, Arie Luyendyk had to revert to his original primary car, which was now the back-up, and a brand-new engine that had heating issues after a few practice laps. With 33 minutes left in the day, Luyendyk finally started his qualifying attempt. Despite averaging 232.407 mph over his first two laps, which he later blamed on the use of an incorrect gear, he got to set new all-time track records, with a best lap of 234.742 mph, and a four-lap average of 233.390 mph. With no other contenders in line, it appeared Luyendyk had secured his second Indy 500 pole. Tony Stewart and Davy Jones tentatively rounded out the front row. Suddenly, Team Menard began scrambling, and Scott Brayton was back on pit road carrying his helmet. The team had withdrawn their already-qualified #2 car, and Brayton was preparing to re-qualify in a back-up car, on which Brayton had only turned 13 laps that morning, although at competitive speeds. That chassis was the same one Luyendyk had used to qualify in second place at Indianapolis the previous year, and Tony Stewart had undertaken his rookie test on it. With this gamble, Menard forfeited one of their "locked-in" spots, but Brayton was eligible to run for the pole again. He took to the track at 5:42 p.m., and averaged 233.718 mph over a consistent 4-lap run that was fast enough to take the pole position, setting another four-lap track record. Luyendyk's one-lap record, however, still stood. At the 6 o'clock gun, Scott Brayton officially accepted his second straight Indy 500 pole position award. Luyendyk and Stewart now rounded out the front row. At 7:45 p.m., USAC chief steward Keith Ward announced that Arie Luyendyk's car had failed post-qualifying inspection. The car was 7 pounds below the underweight limit of 1,550 pounds, and his qualifying attempt was disallowed. Running against time in the rush of qualifying, Byrd/Treadway Racing's crew never weighted the back-up machine after the change of engines, and both series officials and team representatives acknowledged the infraction had not been intentional, but rather an "oversight" by the team. The ruling elevated Tony Stewart to second place, and nullified Luyendyk's standing one-lap track record. Scott Brayton's fast lap of 233.851 mph now stood as the official one-lap record, alongside his 4-lap record. Despite being disqualified late on Saturday, Luyendyk would be permitted to re-qualify the same machine on a later day. However, one of the three allotted attempts were charged to the chassis, a similar situation to the one Michael Andretti faced in the last underweight disqualification in 1989. Pole Day Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 32 Scott Brayton Team Menard Lola Menard 233.718 DSQ 35 Arie Luyendyk Byrd/Treadway Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 233.390 2 20 Tony Stewart Team Menard Lola Menard 233.100 3 70 Davy Jones Galles Racing Lola Mercedes-Ilmor 232.882 4 34 Eliseo Salazar Team Scandia Lola Ford Cosworth 232.684 5 3 Eddie Cheever Team Menard Lola Menard 231.781 6 91 Buddy Lazier Hemelgarn Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 231.468 7 21 Roberto Guerrero Pagan Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 231.373 8 8 Alessandro Zampedri Team Scandia Lola Ford Cosworth 229.565 9 22 Michel Jourdain Jr. Team Scandia Lola Ford Cosworth 229.380 10 12 Buzz Calkins Bradley Motorsports Reynard Ford Cosworth 229.013 11 14 Davey Hamilton A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola Ford Cosworth 228.887 12 60 Mike Groff Walker Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 228.704 13 33 Michele Alboreto Team Scandia Lola Ford Cosworth 228.229 14 9 Stéphan Grégoire Hemelgarn Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 227.556 15 30 Mark Dismore Team Menard Lola Menard 227.260 16 4 Richie Hearn Della Penna Motorsports Reynard Ford Cosworth 226.521 17 64 Johnny Unser Project Indy Reynard Ford Cosworth 226.115 18 18 John Paul Jr. PDM Racing Lola Menard 224.757 19 45 Lyn St. James Zunne Group Racing Lola Ford Cosworth 224.594 20 27 Jim Guthrie Blueprint Racing Lola Menard 222.394 11 Scott Sharp A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola Ford Cosworth Waved off Second Day - Sunday May 12 Arie Luyendyk track record setting car. After being disqualified the night before, Arie Luyendyk returned to the track on the second day of time trials, now at the wheel of the primary car he could not qualify the day before. Sunday saw better weather conditions, and Luyendyk set track records on all four laps. Lap 1: 38.097 seconds, 236.239 mph (new 1-lap track record) Lap 2: 37.983 seconds, 236.948 mph (new 1-lap track record) Lap 3: 37.933 seconds, 237.260 mph (new 1-lap track record) Lap 4: 37.895 seconds, 237.498 mph Total- 2:31.908, 236.986 mph Luyendyk's run made him the fastest qualifier in the field, however, as a second-day qualifier, he was forced to line up 21st (behind all of the first-day qualifiers). Luyendyk's one and four lap track records still stand as of 2022. By the end of the day, the field was filled to 26 cars, of which 18 were eligible for "locked-in" positions. During practice, Johnny O'Connell and Scott Harrington finally started their driver's test, the former having formalized his sponsorship on Pole Day morning, and the latter on a shoestring budget. Second Day Driver Team Chassis Engine 21 5 Arie Luyendyk Byrd/Treadway Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 236.986 22 11 Scott Sharp A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola Ford Cosworth 231.201 23 41 Marco Greco A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola Ford Cosworth 228.840 24 54 Robbie Buhl Beck Motorsports Lola Ford Cosworth 226.217 25 96 Paul Durant ABF Motorsports Lola Buick 225.404 26 90 Racin Gardner Team Scandia Lola Ford Cosworth 224.453 10 Brad Murphey Hemelgarn Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth Engine trouble Practice (week 2) Monday May 13 A light day of activity saw Tony Stewart lead the speed chart at 235.837 mph. Johnny O'Connell (216.024 mph) led the non-qualified cars and passed his rookie test, with Tyce Carlson bringing the total to 16 later that day in the Loop Hole Racing entry assigned to Dan Drinan. Top practice speeds Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 23 Tony Stewart Team Menard Lola Menard 235.837 2 7 Eliseo Salazar Team Scandia Lola Ford Cosworth 234.858 3 21 Roberto Guerrero Pagan Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 234.308 Tuesday May 14 Brad Murphey led the non-qualified cars with a fast lap of 228.612 mph. Arie Luyendyk led all cars with a lap of 238.493 mph, faster than his official track record, and the second-fastest practice lap in Indy history. Fermín Vélez completed his rookie test, while Billy Boat, freshly signed to drive Pagan's second car, and Andy Michner took their first practice laps of the month. Just like Tyce Carlson, Michner had not yet been assigned to a ride, and was taking his rookie test with Loop Hole Racing. Top practice speeds Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 35 Arie Luyendyk Byrd/Treadway Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 238.493 2 23 Tony Stewart Team Menard Lola Menard 234.821 3 44 Richie Hearn Della Penna Motorsports Reynard Ford Cosworth 232.378 Wednesday May 15 Rain washed out practice for the day. It marked the third entire day lost to rain, and the eighth overall hampered by the weather. Thursday May 16 A fairly busy day saw 22 cars take nearly 900 laps. Arie Luyendyk once again led the speed chart, at 234.540 mph. Brad Murphey (225.875 mph) was the fastest of the non-qualified cars, with Johnny O'Connell also over 225 mph. Rob Wilson, in a second Lola for Project Indy, took his first laps of the month. Scott Harrington and Billy Boat passed their rookie tests, but Harrington later crashed in turn 3. His team, which had few resources and was being assisted by Treadway Racing, would be unable to repair his car or buy another one in time for the second weekend of qualifying. Justin Bell confirmed he would not attempt to qualify for the race, as Tempero-Giuffre Racing struggled for speed all month. Bell had not passed a single phase of his rookie test and had not turned a lap since May 9, when he clocked the fastest of his 55 laps at just 186 mph. Joe Gosek, who fell short of the 200 mph barrier at the wheel of the #25, had switched rides since May 10, his best effort so far in the #15 being a 203 mph lap on May 14. Top practice speeds Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 35 Arie Luyendyk Byrd/Treadway Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 234.540 2 33 Michele Alboreto Team Scandia Reynard Ford Cosworth 231.083 3 44 Richie Hearn Della Penna Motorsports Reynard Ford Cosworth 230.669 Friday May 17 - Death of Scott Brayton Six days after his Pole Day performance, Scott Brayton went back to the track to prepare for the race, running laps with the #23 back-up machine. It was a 1995 Lola chassis with a Menard engine, on which all three of his team mates had practiced previously for a total of 238 laps. At 12:17 p.m., on his 53rd lap of the day, Brayton's right-rear tyre deflated as he entered Turn 2. His car entered into a half-spin in the middle of turn, and crashed hard into the outside wall at the exit, sliding 600 feet to a stop down the backstretch. Brayton was found unconscious in the car, and was transported immediately to Methodist Hospital. He was pronounced dead at 12:50 p.m. EST. Brayton was killed instantly of basilar skull fracture. The fatal incident cast a pall over the Speedway, and the entire racing community. It was determined that Brayton likely ran over a piece of debris in turn four or the mainstretch, which caused the puncture on his right rear tire. Unaware of the debris, he completed the lap at 228.606 mph, then drove into turn one. The tire suffered rapid deflation in the south chute and in turn two, causing the car to lose control. This would not be the only time death visited American Open Wheel Racing in 1996. On July 14th during the Molson Indy Toronto CART event rookie Jeff Krosnoff was killed. The official report of fatality was not announced until 4 p.m, so family members could be notified. In the meantime, unaware of Brayton's condition, some other drivers resumed practice for a time. Arie Luyendyk posted the fastest lap overall at 234.870 mph, and Brad Murphey (228.548 mph) was the fastest of the non-qualified cars. When the news was released, nearly all participants stopped for the day. Earlier that day, veteran Danny Ongais, who had been confirmed on Thursday, took his first laps in the Brickell Racing machine, while Andy Michner, Joe Gosek and Rob Wilson became the last drivers to complete their rookie tests, bringing the total to 22. Despite this, Michner stated he had dismissed an offer to drive Foyt's back-up car, the #84, and that he would not attempt to qualify for the race, as he felt he wasn't going to get "enough time to practice after qualifying to prepare for the race". After completing his rookie test in the #15, Joe Gosek stepped out of his deal with Tempero-Giuffre Racing. With help from the IRL, he landed a ride as the seventh driver for Team Scandia in the #43 car, which had been driven by Fermín Vélez during the week. Vélez, who was still due to qualify, would switch to the #34, which had been the back-up car for Eliseo Salazar. Tempero-Giuffre didn't sign a replacement for Gosek, and their two locked-in entries were not qualified. With Hideshi Matsuda being left out of the qualification draw for the time being, nine at-large car-driver combinations were set to fight for five open spots, with Johnny O'Connell and Johnny Parsons still due to take their locked-in spots with a valid qualifying attempt, and the unknown status of Team Menard's now vacant spot on the grid. Top practice speeds Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 35 Arie Luyendyk Byrd/Treadway Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 234.870 2 23 Scott Brayton Team Menard Lola Menard 230.126 3 4 Richie Hearn Della Penna Motorsports Reynard Ford Cosworth 229.031 Time trials (weekend 2) Third Day - Saturday May 18 Track activity resumed after Friday's tragedy. At 9:35 a.m., Dan Drinan, who was unsuccessfully trying to improve his best lap of the month (215 mph) during the practice session, endured a heavy accident in turn 1, in a very similar fashion to Brayton's crash. He was transported to Methodist Hospital, reportedly alert and in stable condition, and underwent surgery that same day. Drinan suffered a concussion, fractures in his left hip and foot, and a bruised left lung, and was ruled out for qualifying. Five drivers completed a qualification attempt, including Johnny Parsons, who had his first on-track appearance since his Pole Day crash during practice, and went on to secure his place on the grid with minimal running. Totalling just 52 laps for the whole month at the end of the day, Parsons ranked last on distance completed among all drivers that had taken part in practice. Brad Murphey was the fastest at 226.053, and the field was filled to 31 cars when Johnny O'Connell completed his attempt after the 6 p.m. gun had been fired. Danny Ongais, whose last race at the Speedway had been in 1986, completed a 20 laps refresher course, and was set to qualify on Bump Day, having logged the fastest lap among the non-qualified cars with a 220.194 mph lap. Tony Stewart shook down Brayton's car during the day, as Team Menard was reportedly looking for a driver to keep it in the field as a tribute to their fallen driver. Al Unser, Geoff Brabham and John Andretti were some of the names being floated as potential candidates. Third Day Driver Team Chassis Engine 27 10 Brad Murphey Hemelgarn Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 226.053 28 16 Johnny Parsons Blueprint Racing Lola Menard 223.843 29 34 Fermín Vélez Team Scandia Lola Ford Cosworth 222.487 30 75 Johnny O'Connell Cunningham Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 222.361 99 Billy Boat Pagan Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 221.824 Bump Day - Sunday May 19 At 11:00 a.m., Team Menard announced that Danny Ongais would drive the #2 entry, vacated after the death of Scott Brayton. Due to the replacement, the car was moved to the back of the field, elevating Tony Stewart to the pole position. Ongais was recommended by Al Unser, who had been approached first by John Menard for the drive. During the day, Ongais would complete 25 laps at the wheel of the #62 back-up car, with a best lap of 221.904 mph. To replace Ongais, Brickell Racing signed Tyce Carlson, who later revealed he had to "break" into a friend's car to retrieve his racing suit. Carlson had attempted to reach a deal to drive for Tempero–Giuffre Racing during the week, but it had fallen through. At 1:50 p.m., Randy Tolsma, who had completed his best lap of the month at 214.843 mph, crashed in Turn 1, causing considerable damage to the #24 car, although its driver was uninjured. Zunne Group Racing had not entered a spare, and Tolsma stated he was not considering offers to drive other cars for a qualification attempt. Having secured the funding on Saturday afternoon, veteran Hideshi Matsuda arrived at the track for the first time all month, and was quickly practising over 227 mph. At 4 p.m., driving an "at-large" entry for Beck Motorsports, Matsuda put his car safely in the field at 226.856 mph. During the day, Scott Harrington rejoined the queue, having struck a deal to drive in Della Penna's back-up, a car that Teo Fabi had driven to an 8th place finish in 1995. Billy Boat started practicing in the #84 Foyt entry, as his qualified #99 Pagan car was the slowest in the field and had no "locked-in" berth. At 5:24 p.m., he crashed in turn 1 and complained of back and leg pain. Boat was not medically cleared to drive, and he would not be able to re-qualify if his car was bumped. With 23 minutes to go, Harrington filled the field with a run of 222.185 mph, and immediately after, Joe Gosek bumped Boat with a run of 222.793 mph, dropping Harrington to the bubble spot. Tyce Carlson made two attempts in the closing minutes, but he was not fast enough to bump his way into the field. With a best practice lap of 218.755 mph, but having failed to get over 215 mph on solo runs, Rob Wilson didn't make a qualification attempt. Despite the controversy regarding the "locked-in" entries, the "fastest 33 cars" did manage to make the field, and one bump did occur. None of the "locked-in" entries qualified slower than the slowest "at-large" entry, nor did any fail to meet the 220 mph requirement. At the end of qualifying, 17 rookies comprised the grid, a number that only trailed the 19 rookies that started the 1919 and 1930 editions, the latter among a 38-car field. Since then, no more than 12 rookies (1931, 1932, 1951) had qualified for the Indy 500, and the 1981 race had been the last grid with at least 10 rookie drivers. Neither of the 17 rookies had previous racing experience in a superspeedway at more than 200 mph, and 13 of them had never competed in an Indy car race prior to 1996. Also, three rookies were making their Indy car debut: Racin Gardner, Brad Murphey and Joe Gosek. Bump Day Driver Team Chassis Engine 30 52 Hideshi Matsuda Beck Motorsports Lola Ford Cosworth 226.856 31 43 Joe Gosek Team Scandia Lola Ford Cosworth 222.793 32 44 Scott Harrington Della Penna Motorsports Reynard Ford Cosworth 222.185 Failed to qualify 99 Billy Boat Pagan Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth Bumped / 221.824 77 Tyce Carlson Brickell Racing Lola Menard Too slow / 221.201 46 Rob Wilson Project Indy Lola Ford Cosworth No attempt 36 Dan Drinan Loop Hole Racing Lola Buick Crashed in practice 24 Randy Tolsma Zunne Group Racing Lola Ford Cosworth Crashed in practice Carburetion Day Thursday May 23 - Final practice Rain delayed the start of final practice until 12:52 p.m. Stéphan Grégoire suffered an oil leak, Brad Murphey coasted back to the pits with low oil pressure, Paul Durant suffered a blown engine, and Buzz Calkins had a minor pit fire. The most serious incident of the day involved Johnny Unser, who crashed in turn 4. Damage was moderate, and Unser was not injured. Rain stopped the session at 1:49 p.m., and Tony Stewart (231.273 mph) was the fastest car of the day. Danny Ongais was only able to complete 17 laps in his only run at the wheel of the #32 before the race, but he ran the 7th fastest speed with a best lap of 226.364 mph. Top practice speeds Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 20 Tony Stewart Team Menard Lola Menard 231.273 2 3 Eddie Cheever Team Menard Lola Menard 230.621 3 91 Buddy Lazier Hemelgarn Racing Reynard Ford Cosworth 230.598 Pit Stop Contest The Coors Indy Pit Stop Challenge for 1996 featured five teams competing for a $35,000 top prize. Participation in the contest was reserved to the best five qualifiers that wished to compete, with Hemelgarn Racing being the only team among the top 5 who refused the opportunity to take part. Team Scandia initially gave up the spot too, being accepted by the #14 A. J. Foyt Racing entry before Scandia re-entered. Galles Racing and driver Davy Jones defeated Pagan Racing with driver Roberto Guerrero in the finals. Starting grid Row Inside Middle Outside 1 20 Tony Stewart 70 Davy Jones 7 Eliseo Salazar 2 3 Eddie Cheever 91 Buddy Lazier 21 Roberto Guerrero 3 8 Alessandro Zampedri 22 Michel Jourdain Jr. 12 Buzz Calkins 4 14 Davey Hamilton 60 Mike Groff 33 Michele Alboreto 5 9 Stéphan Grégoire 30 Mark Dismore 4 Richie Hearn 6 64 Johnny Unser 18 John Paul Jr. 45 Lyn St. James 7 27 Jim Guthrie 5 Arie Luyendyk 11 Scott Sharp 8 41 Marco Greco 54 Robbie Buhl 96 Paul Durant 9 90 Racin Gardner 10 Brad Murphey 16 Johnny Parsons 10 34 Fermín Vélez 75 Johnny O'Connell 52 Hideshi Matsuda 11 43 Joe Gosek 44 Scott Harrington 32 Danny Ongais* : Scott Brayton officially qualified for the pole position, but was killed in a practice crash on May 17. Danny Ongais substituted in the car on race day; in accordance with USAC rules Ongais had to start at the rear of the field. Alternates First alternate: Billy Boat (#99) - Bumped Second alternate: Tyce Carlson (#77) - Too slow Race summary Start Morning rain threatened to delay the start, but the track was effectively dried. The schedule, however, was pushed by 5 minutes, as the engines were stopped for a brief period shortly after Mary Fendrich Hulman gave the starting command, because USAC had not finished their inspection. It would be the final time Hulman would give the starting command for the "500." After some hesitation, the field pulled away for the pace laps. Hideshi Matsuda stalled on the frontstretch, and was pushed to the pits, re-joining the field for the pace lap. During the first parade lap, Danny Ongais (driving Scott Brayton's car) lagged behind the field, and drove one memorial parade lap alone to salute Brayton's memory. On the second parade lap, Johnny Unser coasted into the pits with a transmission failure, and dropped out before the green flag. A conservative and ragged start saw Tony Stewart retain the lead into Turn 1, while Eliseo Salazar overcame Davy Jones for second, and Roberto Guerrero jumped Eddie Cheever and Buddy Lazier for fourth. Most of the field started at a slow pace, but Stewart was quickly running at a record pace of 221.965 mph after two laps. During the start, Mark Dismore did a half-spin in Turn 1, and kicked up mud from the infield. Debris from the incident brought out the yellow on lap 3, while Dismore ducked into the pits repeatedly as his crew made checks to the car. Under the yellow, Scott Harrington approached the tail-end of the field too quickly down the backstretch, locking up the brakes as he reached them. He nearly hit three cars, and spun undamaged into the warm-up lane on Turn 3. First half After three green flag laps, Paul Durant blew an engine down the backstretch on Lap 11 and ducked into the warm-up lane, only to spin in his own fluid and into the racing line on Turn 1. In the Lap 18 restart, Danny Ongais lost control, and spun harmlessly through turn four. Thus, the first representative green flag period, and the longest of the race, didn't start until Lap 21. Having started 20th, Arie Luyendyk had already charged into 11th place before the first caution, and was up to 8th before the second, passing Alessandro Zampedri a few laps later as well. Tony Stewart set a rookie record by leading the first 31 laps before his first pit stop, which was considered an early service among the field, bringing up concerns over Team Menard's fuel mileage. Seven seconds behind, the pursuit was led by Roberto Guerrero, who had taken advantage of the restarts to pass Davy Jones and Eliseo Salazar. During the first pit stop window, Eddie Cheever dropped out of contention from fifth place because of a bad air wrench. Jones, meanwhile, had a slow stop that dropped him down to eighth, prompting Galles Racing to adopt a different fuel strategy. Running 11 seconds behind Stewart, Eliseo Salazar went back to second place on Lap 47, as Arie Luyendyk, already in fifth position, had touched the wall twice over a push condition, without damage. Another caution came out on Lap 50 after Johnny Parsons blew an engine, and Tony Stewart elected to pit again to rearrange his fuel situation, rejoining fourth, as well as Salazar. Roberto Guerrero led on the restart while Luyendyk unsuccessfully tried to pass Buddy Lazier, who benefitted from traffic. Ten laps later, Stéphan Grégoire retired with engine problems, after a well-timed first stop put him in the top 5. Debris on the track stirred a new caution period on Lap 70, and a large group of drivers elected to pit. Roberto Guerrero lost half a minute on his stop after a problem with the fuel nozzle and a brief stall. Arie Luyendyk had also lost places to Tony Stewart, Eliseo Salazar and Alessandro Zampedri, but the Dutch passed Salazar and Zampedri on the restart. Davy Jones led the proceedings until a green flag pit stop on Lap 87. Just before the caution, Tony Stewart's engine developed boost pressure problems; a suspected pop-off valve issue was feared as the detonant by his engineers. Stewart, however, went after Buddy Lazier in a close pursuit when the race resumed. On Lap 81, his engine let go, pitting a lap later to retire from the race. Stewart blamed his blow-up on the unpopular pop-off valves delivered by USAC, which he described as "junk" and "garbage". Despite his early exit from the race, he would be recognized as the Rookie of the Year. Just behind him, Eddie Cheever made a pit stop, only to spin in front of Stewart's car when he left his box. Arie Luyendyk caught up with Buddy Lazier and both drivers engaged in close pursuit until the caution came out on Lap 94, because of Brad Murphey suffering a crash in Turn 2. The leaders headed to the pits, and Luyendyk was on his way to beat Lazier, but he stalled the car. After it was refired, Luyendyk managed to enter the warm-up lane a few inches in front of Eliseo Salazar, who was on his right side. Suddenly, Salazar turned down on Luyendyk, and the collision sent Salazar into a wild spin through the grass and onto the track itself. Luyendyk's machine incurred damages on the nosecone, a broken suspension and broken bodywork. After losing five laps on repairs, he later retired from the race with 50 laps to go. Salazar's car also suffered heavy damage on its sidepod, but it was repaired, and only lost a couple laps. With Luyendyk, the lone former winner, out of contention, the race would have a first-time winner for the second year in a row, a first since 1990. Second half At the halfway point, eleven cars had dropped out, and nine more would follow suit in the next 50 laps. The race restarted on Lap 105 with Davy Jones in the lead. Roberto Guerrero passed Buddy Lazier on the restart, but Jones quickly put 10 seconds on the Colombian. At that point, there were six cars on the lead lap. Having lost twelve laps, the car of Fermín Vélez suffered a huge fire while on the backstraight, bringing out the yellow on Lap 119. During the caution, Mike Groff, one of the lead runners in fifth place, suffered a broken oil line that spilled into his cockpit, managing to reach his pit box before rushing out of the car uninjured. Davy Jones and Roberto Guerrero pitted during the caution, leaving Buddy Lazier in the lead when the race restarted. Both Jones and Guerrero rapidly closed the gap on Lazier and Alessandro Zampedri, who remained a second behind. A timely caution on Lap 132, brought out by Mark Dismore's broken engine, set the stage in terms of fuel mileage. Buddy Lazier, Alessandro Zampedri and Richie Hearn pitted, the Italian driver making an additional stop to top off on fuel before the restart. This put them in position to finish the race with one more pit stop. Both Davy Jones and Roberto Guerrero needed a caution before one of their two expected pit stops, or after their rivals had theirs. The Colombian driver had passed Jones on Lap 129, led the field at the restart, and held off an attempt at an outside pass by Jones on Turn 3. Jim Guthrie pulled into the Turn 3 warm up lane after 148 laps with fire on his car, although the race stayed green. On lap 150, IRL points leader Buzz Calkins retired from the race after a right rear upright broke heading into Turn 1. After stretching their tanks as far as possible, Roberto Guerrero stopped on Lap 160, and Davy Jones followed suit a lap later. Jones' faster stop put him several seconds ahead. However, Jones and Guerrero were expected to run out of fuel in the final two laps if the race ran all the way to the end under green. Moments later, Scott Harrington, running 16th nine laps down, collided with Lyn St. James, five laps down in 15th place, as he tried to pass her on the inside of Turn 1. Both crashed hard into the outside wall, and St. James suffered a broken wrist. The resulting caution fixed Jones and Guerrero's fuel issues, but not their track position dilemma. Under yellow, Buddy Lazier was able to make his final scheduled stop on Lap 167, with plenty of fuel to make the distance. It was a slow stop, however, as he left the pits behind Alessandro Zampedri. Guerrero also ducked into the pits to top off, but the refueler inserted the nozzle awkwardly, the fuel spilled, and the car caught fire. It remained in good enough condition to keep racing, but his two-way radio became disconnected, and it was feared Guerrero would not have enough fuel at his disposal to make it to the end. Jones stayed out, gambling on fuel, and took over the lead over Zampedri, Lazier, Guerrero and Richie Hearn, the final car on the lead lap, who also pitted. For the restart, the lapped car of Eliseo Salazar was lined up just in front of Jones. As the green came out on Lap 169, Salazar blocked Jones exiting turn four. Down the frontstretch, Jones attempted to pass Salazar, but the Chilean swept to the inside, forcing Jones to brush the inside wall. It was Salazar's second controversial move of the race; Scandia's team owner Andy Evans later admitted the move was intentional, in an attempt to help Zampedri. The Italian took advantage of the situation and passed Jones on the outside of Turn 1. During his stint as the race leader, his team became increasingly worried over the car's fuel consumption, at two miles per gallon, being too high to make it to the end without stopping again. Finish Davy Jones managed to stay within a second of Alessandro Zampedri for about 20 laps, despite being low on fuel and some suspension damage from the Salazar incident, with Buddy Lazier some three seconds behind. On Lap 189, Zampedri's car developed handling issues and he understeered in Turn 3, allowing Jones to take the lead on the inside of Turn 4. A lap later, Lazier used Turn 3 to pass Zampedri on the outside, and went after Jones, who was told by the team to enter in "full lean mode". Lazier, running full-rich, passed Jones for the lead down the front stretch with 8 laps to go, and began to pull away, running laps over 232 mph. With six laps to go, Eddie Cheever's car began smoking in Turn 2, laying down fluid on the track. Two laps later, also in Turn 2, Scott Sharp spun out of sixth place, and crashed into the inside wall, prompting a late yellow. During the caution, as he had done previously, Lazier raised his hands out of the cockpit to stretch his fingers and alleviate his increasing back pain. Track crews quickly cleaned up the incident, and the race was restarted with one lap to go, the white and green flag being displayed at the starter's stand simultaneously. Decisively, Lazier had managed to lap Michel Jourdain Jr. before the caution came out, and Jones, who had the chance to run full speed and catch Lazier, lagged too far behind to make an early move on Jourdain, doing so on the backstraight. That was enough of an advantage for Lazier, who held off the challenge by six tenths of a second to win his first Indy 500, which was his first Indy car race win as well. Six seconds behind, rookie Richie Hearn finished third, having passed Zampedri just before the caution. It was the first Indy car podium finish for all three drivers, accounting for six top-10 finishes between all of them before this race; Lazier and Jones had never finished higher than seventh. As the leaders crossed the finish line, a serious crash occurred in Turn 4. Fifth-placed Roberto Guerrero, who had lost a lap after pitting with 10 to go, was not aware of being a lap ahead of Eliseo Salazar because of his two-way radio not working. Running hard on the final lap, he spun in turn 4 and slid in front of Alessandro Zampedri and Salazar. Zampedri's car was pushed up, and flew up into the catch fence nose first, suffering serious injuries to his feet that would sideline him for a year. Salazar slid underneath Zampedri's car, and wrecked into the outside wall. Guerrero slid down the track, and came to rest in the pit area. Due to the high attrition, and as the nearest contenders (Danny Ongais, Hideshi Matsuda and Robbie Buhl) were 3 laps down to them, all three drivers involved in the crash retained their positions. A portion of Zampedri's left foot and threes toes had to be amputated as a result of the accident. Post-race This victory was the first for Buddy Lazier in championship-level Indy car competition. Lazier had won races, and a championship, in the American Indycar Series, a minor league series that employed older CART machinery, but his previous best result in CART competition had been a 7th place at Michigan in 1992. In fact, he had never seen the checkered flag in his three previous Indy 500 runnings, and he had failed to qualify for the race four times. Lazier became the first American driver to score his first Indy car win at the Indy 500 since Troy Ruttman in 1952, and the first overall since Arie Luyendyk (1990). For Davy Jones (2nd), Alessandro Zampedri (4th) and Hideshi Matsuda (8th), this would be the best result of their Indy car careers. At the conclusion of the race, Scott Sharp and Buzz Calkins wound up tied for first place in the points championship. The regulations did not have a tie-breaker provision at the time, so the two drivers were declared co-champions of the inaugural IRL season. Had the usual tie-breaker rules been in place, Calkins would have been declared champion because of his win at Walt Disney World Speedway. Additionally, he went on to score the most points among IRL drivers in the calendar year 1996, with races at New Hampshire and Las Vegas being held later in the year to start the 1996-97 season. Ford scored its 8th Indy 500 win as an engine manufacturer, on which would become its final year in the race as of 2023. The company provided its engines to the IRL for the five 1996 races, but generally sided with CART during the open-wheel racing split. The company did consult with the IRL during planning stages for the 1997 normally aspirated engine formula, but ultimately elected not to build engines to those specs. Ford-Cosworth continued to focus on CART and Champ Car, being the lone engine supplier during the last years of the series, and ended its American open-wheel involvement after the 2008 unification. Box score Driver Team Chassis Engine Tyre Laps Time/Retired PitStops Grid LapsLed 1 91 Buddy Lazier Hemelgarn Racing Reynard 95I Ford Cosworth XB 200 3:22:45.753 5 5 43 35 2 70 Davy Jones Galles Racing Lola T95/00 Mercedes-Ilmor IC108 200 + 0.695 5 2 46 33 3 4 Richie Hearn Della Penna Motorsports Reynard 95I Ford Cosworth XB 200 + 7.019 6 15 0 32 4 8 Alessandro Zampedri Team Scandia Lola T95/00 Ford Cosworth XB 199 Accident 6 7 20 31 5 21 Roberto Guerrero Pagan Racing Reynard 95I Ford Cosworth XB 198 Accident 6 6 47 30 6 7 Eliseo Salazar Team Scandia Lola T95/00 Ford Cosworth XB 197 Accident 8 3 0 29 7 32 Danny Ongais Team Menard Lola T95/00 Menard Indy V-6 197 + 3 laps 8 33 0 28 8 52 Hideshi Matsuda Beck Motorsports Lola T94/00 Ford Cosworth XB 197 + 3 laps 7 30 0 27 9 54 Robbie Buhl Beck Motorsports Lola T94/00 Ford Cosworth XB 197 + 3 laps 6 23 0 26 10 11 Scott Sharp A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola T95/00 Ford Cosworth XB 194 Accident 5 21 0 25 11 3 Eddie Cheever Team Menard Lola T95/00 Menard Indy V-6 189 + 11 laps 7 4 0 24 12 14 Davey Hamilton A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola T95/00 Ford Cosworth XB 181 + 19 laps 5 10 0 23 13 22 Michel Jourdain Jr. Team Scandia Lola T95/00 Ford Cosworth XB 177 + 23 laps 5 8 0 22 14 45 Lyn St. James Zunne Group Racing Lola T94/00 Ford Cosworth XB 153 Accident 5 18 0 21 15 44 Scott Harrington Della Penna Motorsports Reynard 95I Ford Cosworth XB 150 Accident 6 32 0 20 16 5 Arie Luyendyk Byrd/Treadway Racing Reynard 94I Ford Cosworth XB 149 Damage 5 20 0 19 17 12 Buzz Calkins Bradley Motorsports Reynard 95I Ford Cosworth XB 148 Brake failure 6 9 0 18 18 27 Jim Guthrie Blueprint Racing Lola T93/00 Menard Indy V-6 144 Engine 4 19 0 17 19 30 Mark Dismore Team Menard Lola T95/00 Menard Indy V-6 129 Engine 6 14 0 16 20 60 Mike Groff Walker Racing Reynard 95I Ford Cosworth XB 122 Fire 4 11 0 15 21 34 Fermín Vélez Team Scandia Lola T95/00 Ford Cosworth XB 107 Engine fire 2 28 0 14 22 43 Joe Gosek Team Scandia Lola T94/00 Ford Cosworth XB 106 Radiator 5 31 0 13 23 10 Brad Murphey Hemelgarn Racing Reynard 94I Ford Cosworth XB 91 Suspension 2 26 0 12 24 20 Tony Stewart Team Menard Lola T95/00 Menard Indy V-6 82 Engine 4 1 44 11 25 90 Racin Gardner Team Scandia Lola T94/00 Ford Cosworth XB 76 Suspension 5 25 0 10 26 41 Marco Greco A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola T94/00 Ford Cosworth XB 64 Engine 2 22 0 9 27 9 Stéphan Grégoire Hemelgarn Racing Reynard 95I Ford Cosworth XB 59 Coil pack fire 2 13 0 8 28 16 Johnny Parsons Blueprint Racing Lola T93/00 Menard Indy V-6 48 Radiator 1 27 0 7 29 75 Johnny O'Connell Cunningham Racing Reynard 95I Ford Cosworth XB 47 Fuel pickup 2 29 0 6 30 33 Michele Alboreto Team Scandia Reynard 95I Ford Cosworth XB 43 Gearbox 3 12 0 5 31 18 John Paul Jr. PDM Racing Lola T93/00 Menard Indy V-6 10 Ignition 2 17 0 4 32 96 Paul Durant ABF Motorsports Lola T92/00 Buick Indy V-6 9 Engine 0 24 0 3 33 64 Johnny Unser Project Indy Reynard 95I Ford Cosworth XB 0 Transmission 0 16 0 2 Statistics Lap Leaders Laps Leader 1-31 Tony Stewart 32-37 Roberto Guerrero 38-41 Buddy Lazier 42-54 Tony Stewart 55-70 Roberto Guerrero 71-86 Davy Jones 87-97 Buddy Lazier 98-120 Davy Jones 121-133 Buddy Lazier 134-158 Roberto Guerrero 159-160 Davy Jones 161-167 Buddy Lazier 168-169 Davy Jones 170-189 Alessandro Zampedri 190-192 Davy Jones 193-200 Buddy Lazier Total laps led Laps Leader 47 Roberto Guerrero 46 Davy Jones 44 Tony Stewart 43 Buddy Lazier 20 Alessandro Zampedri Cautions: 10 for 59 laps Laps Reason 3-5 Debris 11-16 Durant spun in turn 3 18-20 Ongais spun in turn 3 50-55 Parsons smoking 69-73 Debris 94-105 Murphey crashed in turn 2 119-124 Vélez engine fire 132-139 Dismore stalled on backstretch 162-168 Harrington & St. James crashed in turn 1 196-199 Sharp crashed in turn 2 Tire participation chart Supplier No. of starters Goodyear 19  Firestone 14 - Denotes race winner Final IRL standings after the race ;Drivers' Championship standings Pos Driver Points 1= Buzz Calkins 246 1= Scott Sharp 246 3 Robbie Buhl 240 4= Richie Hearn 237 4= Roberto Guerrero 237 Note: Only the top five positions are included for the standings. Note: There was no engine manufacturer championship until the 1996-1997 season. Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Bob Jenkins served as chief announcer for the seventh year. Johnny Rutherford served as "driver expert." The first 500 as part of the Indy Racing League saw a few changes on the broadcasting crew. Larry Henry, along with Sally Larvick, left the crew, and instead joined the CART radio network for the U.S. 500 (which was anchored by Lou Palmer). Bob Forbes was also gone from the on-air team. Gary Lee shifted over to fill the vacancy in turn three, while newcomers Vince Welch and Mark Jaynes joined as pit reporters. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Bob Jenkins Driver expert: Johnny Rutherford Statistician: Howdy Bell Historian: Donald Davidson Commentary: Chris Economaki Turn 1: Jerry Baker Turn 2: Ken Double Turn 3: Gary Lee Turn 4: Bob Lamey Mark Jaynes (north/center pits)Vince Welch (center pits)Mike King (south pits)Chuck Marlowe (garages) Television The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. ABC announced that they had signed a two-year deal to televise all the events of the newly formed Indy Racing League. The deal would include all events contested in 1996, and carry through the 1997 Indy 500. On pole day of the 1996 race, ABC signed a two-year extension with the Speedway to cover the Indy 500 itself through 1999. Paul Page served as host and play-by-play announcer. Sam Posey left ABC, and was no longer with the broadcast. Bobby Unser (turn 2) and Danny Sullivan (booth) served as color commentators. This would be the final 500 for ABC Executive Producer Jack O'Hara, who would be killed in TWA Flight 800 less than two months later. The ratings for the 1996 telecast dropped considerably from a 9.4/28 share in 1995 to a 7.1/23. This was largely attributed to the ongoing controversy regarding the IRL/CART "split" and the rival U.S. 500 broadcast, which overlapped slightly on ESPN. ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host/Announcer: Paul Page Color: Danny Sullivan Color/Turn 2: Bobby Unser Jack AruteGary GerouldDr. Jerry Punch Practice and time trials were carried over three networks: ABC, ESPN, and ESPN2. Live Daily Reports (ESPN2): Dave Despain, Danny Sullivan, Jon Beekhuis, Dr. Jerry Punch, Gary Gerould, Mike King, Marty Reid Time trials (ABC): Paul Page, Bobby Unser, Danny Sullivan, Jack Arute, Dr. Jerry Punch, Gary Gerould Time trials (ESPN/ESPN2): Dave Despain, Danny Sullivan, Jon Beekhuis, Dr. Jerry Punch, Gary Gerould, Mike King, Marty Reid

Introduction This article lists the various overseas military bases of France. The maintenance of overseas military bases enable the French Armed Forces to conduct expeditionary warfare, and often tend to be located in areas of strategic or diplomatic importance. In the French terminology, the "prepositioned forces" consist of the "sovereignty forces" based in the Overseas France and the "forces of presence" based abroad. Sovereignty forces Territory Garrison No. of personnel Note French Guiana Les forces armées en Guyane (FAG) 2,100 Réunion & Mayotte Les forces armées dans la zone Sud de l’océan Indien (FAZSOI) 1,650 New Caledonia Les forces armées en Nouvelle Calédonie (FANC) 1,400 French West Indies Les forces armées aux Antilles (FAA) 1,000 French Polynesia Les forces armées en Polynésie française (FAPF) 900 French Southern and Antarctic Lands Les forces armées dans la zone Sud de l’océan Indien (FAZSOI) 250 Forces of presence Country Deployment No. of personnel Note Djibouti Les forces françaises stationnées à Djibouti (FFDj) 1,700 United Arab Emirates Forces de présence aux Emirats arabes unis 650 Ivory Coast Les forces françaises en Côte d'Ivoire (FFCI) 600 Gabon Les éléments français au Gabon (EFG) 450 Senegal Les éléments français au Sénégal (EFS) 350 Other Country Deployment No. of personnel Note Germany Franco-German Brigade in Müllheim and a Eurocopter Tiger training center at Faßberg Air Base 500

Introduction The 79th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday, May 28, 1995. Sanctioned by USAC, it was part of the 1995 CART PPG Indy Car World Series season. Jacques Villeneuve won in his second start. After dominating the 1994 race and the 1994 IndyCar season, Marlboro Team Penske failed to qualify for the race. Two-time and defending Indy 500 winner Al Unser Jr. and two-time winner Emerson Fittipaldi (bumped) could not get their cars up to speed. A noticeable period of decline followed for the team until 2000 when Gil de Ferran won the CART championship, and subsequently the team returned to Indianapolis in 2001. On lap 190, with the field coming back to green on a restart, leader Scott Goodyear passed the pace car in turn four, and was assessed a stop-and-go penalty. Goodyear refused to serve the penalty, claiming that the green light was on, and stayed out on the track. Per the black flag rules, officials stopped scoring Goodyear on lap 195, which handed Jacques Villeneuve the lead of the race, and ultimately, a controversial victory. Examination of video evidence after the race proved that Goodyear passed the pace car while the yellow light was on, and his team declined to protest the ruling. Villeneuve's winning car was powered by the Ford Cosworth XB engine, the powerplant's first Indy victory in its fourth attempt. The win broke a seven-year winning streak by Ilmor-constructed engines. With Goodyear's disqualification, Honda was effectively denied their first Indy victory, and did not win at Indianapolis until 2004 with Buddy Rice. Race winner Jacques Villeneuve's day was not without incident, as he was penalized two laps for inadvertently passing the pace car during a caution period in the early segment of the race. Through both strategy and luck, the young driver made up the deficit during the course of the race, earning the "Indy 505" sobriquet. In addition to the race controversies, the day was marred by a multi-car crash on the opening lap involving Stan Fox, Eddie Cheever, and others. Fox suffered career-ending head injuries. The race was held under a growing cloud of uncertainty about the future of the sport of open wheel racing in the United States. Since the early 1980s, the sport had operated in relative harmony, with an arrangement such that CART sanctioned the season-long Indy car national championship, and USAC sanctioned the Indy 500 singly. The Speedway's management, led by Tony George, had already announced the formation of the rival Indy Racing League for 1996, and the Indy 500 was to be its centerpiece. Competitors, fans, and media alike, were apprehensive about the event's future beyond 1995. The 1995 race was the final Indy 500 that featured a field of CART-based drivers and teams. Due to injuries, retirements, and the open wheel split months later, the race was the final Indy 500 for several drivers, including Bobby Rahal, Danny Sullivan (career ending injury in Michigan in 1995), Teo Fabi, Scott Pruett, and Stefan Johansson. Emerson Fittipaldi (who failed to qualify but suffered career ending injuries in the second Michigan race in 1996) never raced at Indy again. The 1995 month of May celebrated the 50th anniversary of Hulman/George family ownership of the Speedway. Race schedule Race schedule – April/May 1995 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 23Nazareth 24  25  26  27  28  29ROP 30ROP 1  2  3  4  5  6Practice 7Practice 8Practice 9Practice 10Practice 11Practice 12Practice 13Pole Day 14Time Trials 15Practice 16Practice 17Practice 18Practice 19Practice 20Time Trials 21Bump Day 22  23  24  25Carb Day 26  27Parade 28Indy 500 29Memorial Day 30  31        Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP — denotes RookieOrientation Program Background Rule changes Team Penske dominated the 1994 race with the 209-cid Mercedes-Benz 500I purpose-built pushrod engine. Fearing an unfair advantage, and the possibility of escalating costs, both USAC and CART separately evaluated the situation. Two weeks after the 1994 race, USAC announced that for 1995, the 209 cid purpose-built pushrod engines were allowed 52 inHG of "boost" (down from 55 inHG). The traditional "stock block" production-based engines (e.g., Buick & Menard) were still allowed 55 inHG. Meanwhile, the mainstay overhead cam 2.65L V-8 engines stayed at 45 inHG. During the summer of 1994, Tony George announced his plans to start the Indy Racing League in 1996, with an emphasis on cost-saving measures. On August 11, 1994, USAC changed its decision, and scaled back the boost for the purpose-built pushrod engines further to 48 inches; and outlawing it outright for 1996. The move was considered by Roger Penske as "politically motivated," and ultimately set back the Penske Team going into 1995. Marlboro Team Penske won 12 (of 16) races in 1994, including five 1-2-3 finishes, and swept the top 3 in the final 1994 CART championship points standings. As the 1995 season started, Penske drivers Al Unser Jr. and Emerson Fittipaldi each won a race prior to Indy. Despite the outward appearance that the team was still at the top of their game entering Indianapolis, insiders at the team were growing apprehensive, and were concerned that they were ill-prepared. A private test yielded poor results related to the chassis handling, and it was becoming increasingly apparent that the team had lost considerable ground after losing the use of the Mercedes-Benz 500I. A test in mid-April yielded speeds of , which would have been enough to make the race, though not put either car on the front row. Other changes for 1995 included the heralded return of Firestone tires, which had last competed in 1974, and an updated Honda V-8 engine. Team and driver changes Rahal-Hogan Racing dropped the Honda program, and instead, Tasman Motorsports became the prominent team involved. Honda introduced a new engine for the 1995 race, the aluminum alloy block HRH V-8, replacing the older iron block HRX V-8. After a one-year sabbatical (spending time in broadcasting and in NASCAR), Danny Sullivan returned to Indy for PacWest Racing. Michael Andretti, after one year at Ganassi, returned to his familiar spot at Newman/Haas, alongside Paul Tracy, who moved over to that team from Penske. A re-booted Patrick Racing arrived at Indy with driver Scott Pruett. During the previous year, the team had served as a non-competing factory test outfit for Firestone. Davy Jones announced plans to attempt "Double Duty." He qualified at Indy, but ultimately failed to make the field at Charlotte. Practice – week 1 Saturday May 6 Opening day saw the Menard cars of Arie Luyendyk (233.281 mph) and Scott Brayton (232.408 mph) lead the speed chart for the day. Sunday May 7 Menard cars once again were the top 2, with Luyendyk (232.715 mph) best of the day. Penske drivers Emerson Fittipaldi and defending Indy 500 winner Al Unser Jr. took their first practice laps of the month, but neither were among the top ten. Monday May 8 Arie Luyendyk posted the fastest practice lap in Indy history, 234.107 mph. With Scott Brayton second, Paul Tracy also was over 230 mph. Tuesday May 9 Scott Brayton finally bumped Luyendyk off the top spot, with a lap of 231.410 mph for the day. Teo Fabi (230.716 mph) became the fourth driver over 230 mph for the month. Wednesday 10 Rain delayed the start of practice until shortly after 1:30 p.m. Arie Luyendyk again led the speed charts at 232.468 mph. At 3:31 p.m., Davey Hamilton crashed in turn four, suffering a broken ankle. The brief practice session was ended around 4 p.m. due to rain. Thursday May 11 Arie Luyendyk upped the fastest practice lap in Indy history to 234.322 mph. Scott Brayton later bettered the time with a lap of 234.656 mph. Eight drivers were over 230 mph for the day. Friday, May 12 At 5:12 p.m., Jacques Villeneuve went high in turn 2 and crashed into the outside wall. The car was heavily damaged, but Villeneuve was not seriously injured. Arie Luyendyk set yet another unofficial track record, with a practice lap of 234.913 mph. The top nine drivers were all over 231 mph. Time trials – weekend 1 Pole day – Saturday May 13 Rain delayed the start of time trials until late in the afternoon. At 4:45 p.m., pole day qualifying began. Arie Luyendyk in a Menard entry, took the provisional pole at 231.031 mph. A tight schedule saw several cars take runs, including Eddie Cheever (226.314 mph) and Paul Tracy (225.795 mph) At 5:16 p.m., Scott Brayton, also driving for Menard, secured the pole position with a run of 231.604 mph. Before the close of the day, Michael Andretti (229.294 mph) tentatively squeezed his way onto the front row. When the 6 o'clock gun sounded, 11 cars were in the field, and several drivers were still in the qualifying line. Pole day qualifying would be extended into the next day. Pole Day conclusion & Second day – Sunday May 14 A windy but warm day was observed for the second day of time trials. Pole qualifying continued from the previous day. Several cars qualified, with Jacques Villeneuve leading the early cars at 228.397 mph. At 1:07 p.m., Scott Goodyear (230.759 mph) qualified his Honda-powered machine for the third starting position, bumping Michael Andretti to the second row. At 1:12 p.m., the original pole day qualifying order was exhausted, and Scott Brayton was officially awarded the pole position. Among the cars who had not qualified included Rahal-Hogan drivers Bobby Rahal & Raul Boesel. Neither Penske entry (Emerson Fittipaldi & Al Unser Jr.) made an attempt in the pole round. Second day qualifying started at just before 1:30 p.m. Among the quicker runs were Hideshi Matsuda, Bobby Rahal and Raul Boesel. Buddy Lazier joined the two previous Menard entries and put a third team car in the field. At the close of the second day of time trials, the field was filled to 25 cars (8 vacant). After continuing problems getting up to speed, neither Penske entry attempted to qualify all weekend. Practice – week 2 Monday May 15 Team Menard cars took their first day off since the Speedway opened for the month. Paul Tracy (228.339 mph) led the speed chart for the day. The fastest non-qualified car was Éric Bachelart at 227.261 mph. At Team Penske, Emerson Fittipaldi wheeled out a year-old Penske chassis and practiced for 59 laps, with a top lap of 220.745 mph. Tuesday May 16 Rain kept the track closed until 2:11 p.m. Team Penske borrowed a Reynard chassis from Roberto Guerrero's team, and Al Unser Jr. took his first laps in the car. In 44 laps, Unser posted a top lap of 218.050 mph. At 4:45 p.m., Bryan Herta spun and crashed hard in turn 2. The car became slightly airborne, and Herta momentarily lost consciousness. Herta was diagnosed with a minor concussion, and was sidelined for several days. Teo Fabi (226.998 mph) posted the fastest lap of the day. Wednesday May 17 Rain closed the track for the day. Off the track, Rahal-Hogan Racing announced that they would supply Marlboro Team Penske with back-up Lola chassis, in a goodwill effort to help Penske's drivers get up to speed. A year earlier, Penske had loaned chassis to Rahal's team, when they were struggling to qualify the 1994 Honda-powered machines. Thursday May 18 Driving the newly acquired Lola, Emerson Fittipaldi was quickly up to 223.775 mph. Al Unser Jr., however, remained in the Penske chassis, and was mired back at only 218.510 mph. The practice session was brief, as rain kept the track closed until 2 p.m. Green flag conditions only lasted 53 minutes, and the track closed for rain at 3:21 p.m. Friday May 19 The final full day of practice saw heavy action. Adrian Fernandez (228.397 mph) led the speed chart for the non-qualified cars. The attention of the afternoon was focused again on Team Penske, as they were making their final efforts to get their cars up to speed. Emerson Fittipaldi driving the Rahal back-up car, quickly began to find speed, and within 10 minutes, was over 226 mph. At 11:26 a.m., Fittipaldi turned a lap of 227.814 mph, his fastest lap of the month, and the fastest lap by that car all month. Al Unser Jr., however, was still trying to salvage speed out of the Penske car. After several inconsistent times throughout the day, his best lap of 219.085 mph was completed with five minutes left in the session. That night, Rahal offered a second chassis to Penske for Unser Jr. to drive. Time trials – weekend 2 Third Day – Saturday May 20 At 5 p.m., Al Unser Jr. made his first attempt to qualify in a Rahal back-up car. Unser had practiced just minutes earlier at over 227 mph. After two laps in the 224 mph range, the run was waved off. Scott Sharp, in a Foyt backup also waved off his first attempt. At 5:14 p.m., Emerson Fittipaldi made his first attempt in a Rahal backup car. His third lap was up to 226.097 mph, but the crew waved off the run. The move angered Fittipaldi, and proved unwise, as the speed would have been fast enough to qualify. Most cars failed to complete their attempts, as conditions were unfavorable for speeds. Al Unser Jr. returned to the track for his second attempt at 5:46 p.m. This run, however, slower, and even more inconsistent, and the team waved it off as well. Franck Fréon completed a slow run of 224.432 mph, and tentatively placed himself as slowest in the field. Scott Sharp made one last attempt as time expired, but the crew again waved off the run. The day ended with the field filled to 30 cars. Both Penske cars, along with Sharp, were still not qualified. Bump Day – Sunday May 21 With only three positions remaining, bump day began with both Penske drivers struggling to get their cars up to speed. At noon, Carlos Guerrero completed a run of 225.831 mph, and filled the field to 31 cars. Davy Jones waved off a run, and the early qualifiers were through. Over the next four hours, the Penske team practiced, in a futile search for speed. Fittipaldi completed one lap at 228.017 mph, while Unser Jr. managed only 222.206 all afternoon. At 5:07 p.m., qualifying resumed. Scott Sharp completed a run of 225.711 mph, slightly faster than his waved off run a day before. With only one position open, Emerson Fittipaldi took to the track. It was his second attempt to qualify. His four-lap run of 224.907 mph put him 32nd-fastest, and filled the field to 33 cars. Minutes later, Davy Jones completed a run of 225.135 mph, and bumped out Franck Fréon. The move put Fittipaldi on the bubble. After surviving two attempts, Fittipaldi still clung to the 33rd starting position at 5:30 p.m. His teammate Al Unser Jr. then took to the track in his third and final attempt. He faced the grim possibility of missing the field, or bumping out his teammate to make the field. Unser's first lap of 221.992 mph drastically pulled down his average, and his speed was too slow to bump out Fittipaldi. Fittipaldi survived three more attempts, and with 12 minutes left in the day, Stefan Johansson took to the track. Johansson's speed of 225.547 mph bumped out Fittipaldi. The Penske team had three cars left in the qualifying line, but none had a realistic chance of bumping their way in, or even making it to the front of the line. As the 6 o'clock gun sounded, Fittipaldi and Unser Jr., the winners of the previous three Indy 500s, were out of time, and had failed to qualify. It was the first time since 1968 that Penske Racing had failed to qualify a single car in the Indianapolis 500. Post-race Roger Penske quoted, "I've got to take the responsibility for not getting into the race, but a lot of my fellow team owners came up to me and offered me help and I want to thank them for that from the bottom of my heart. We are not going to buy our way into this race. We had an opportunity to compete on a level playing field and we did not get the job done." Starting grid Row Inside Middle Outside 1 60 Scott BraytonQuaker StateTeam MenardLola T9500, Menard V-6 40 Arie LuyendykGliddenTeam MenardLola T9500, Menard V-6 24 Scott GoodyearTasman MotorsportsTasman MotorsportsReynard 95I, Honda 2 6 Michael AndrettiKmart/Texaco HavolineNewman/Haas RacingLola T9500, Ford-Cosworth XB 27 Jacques VilleneuvePlayer's Ltd.Team GreenReynard 95I, Ford-Cosworth XB 18 Maurício GugelminHollywood/PacWestPacWest RacingReynard 95I, Ford-Cosworth XB 3 5 Robby GordonValvoline/CumminsWalker RacingReynard 95I, Ford-Cosworth XB 20 Scott PruettFirestone/Patrick RacingPatrick RacingLola T9500, Ford-Cosworth XB 12 Jimmy VasserTarget/STPChip Ganassi RacingReynard 95I, Ford-Cosworth XB 4 25 Hiro MatsushitaPanasonic/Duskin/ArcieroArciero-Wells RacingReynard 95I, Ford-Cosworth XB 91 Stan FoxDelta Faucet/BowlingHemelgarn RacingReynard 95I, Ford-Cosworth XB 31 André Ribeiro LCITasman MotorsportsReynard 95I, Honda 5 21 Roberto GuerreroUpper Deck/Gen CompPagan RacingReynard 94I, Mercedes Benz 14 Eddie CheeverA. J. Foyt CopenhagenA. J. Foyt EnterprisesLola T9500, Ford-Cosworth XB 33 Teo FabiCombustion Engineering/IndeckForsythe RacingReynard 95I, Ford-Cosworth XB 6 3 Paul TracyK-Mart/BudweiserNewman/Haas RacingLola T95000, Ford-Cosworth XB 34 Alessandro Zampedri The MI-JACK CarPayton/CoyneLola T9400, Ford-Cosworth XB 17 Danny Sullivan VISA/PacWestPacWest RacingReynard 95I, Ford-Cosworth XB 7 8 Gil de Ferran PennzoilHall/VDS RacingReynard 95I, Mercedes Benz 54 Hideshi MatsudaZunne GroupBeck MotorsportsLola T9400, Ford-Cosworth XB 9 Bobby Rahal Miller Genuine DraftRahal/HoganLola T9500, Mercedes Benz 8 11 Raul BoeselDuracell ChargerRahal/HoganLola T9500, Mercedes Benz 80 Buddy LazierQuaker StateTeam MenardLola T9500, Menard V-6 7 Eliseo Salazar Cristal/Mobil 1/CopecDick Simon RacingLola T9500, Ford-Cosworth XB 9 10 Adrian FernándezTecate Beer/Quaker StateGalles RacingLola T9500, Mercedes Benz 19 Éric BachelartThe AGFA CarPayton/CoyneLola T9400, Ford-Cosworth XB 15 Christian Fittipaldi Marlboro/ChapecoWalker RacingReynard 95I, Ford-Cosworth XB 10 90 Lyn St. JamesWhitlock Auto SupplyDick Simon RacingLola T9500, Ford-Cosworth XB 22 Carlos Guerrero Herdez-Viva Mexico!Dick Simon RacingLola T9500, Ford-Cosworth XB 41 Scott SharpCopenhagen Racing TeamA. J. Foyt EnterprisesLola T9500, Ford-Cosworth XB 11 16 Stefan JohanssonTeam AlumaxBettenhausen RacingReynard 95I, Ford-Cosworth XB 77 Davy JonesByrd's/Bryant HeatingDick Simon RacingLola T9500, Ford-Cosworth XB 4 Bryan HertaTarget/Scotch VideoChip Ganassi RacingReynard 95I, Ford-Cosworth XB Note: Bryan Herta crashed his already-qualified primary car during practice. He started the race in a back-up car; the car was moved to the 33rd starting position on race day. Alternates First alternate: Emerson Fittipaldi (#9T) – Bumped; Fittipaldi was not listed as the first alternate driver. On race day, Fittipaldi would announce the race for Brazilian television network Sistema Brasileiro de Televisao alongside Teo José and Dede Gomez. Second alternate: Franck Fréon (#92) – Bumped Failed to qualify Driver # Chassis Engine Tire Entrant Qual Speed Emerson Fittipaldi 2 Penske PC-24 Mercedes Benz Goodyear Penske Racing Did not attempt 89 Penske PC-23 Mercedes Benz Goodyear Penske Racing Did not attempt 9T Lola T9500 Mercedes Benz Goodyear Rahal/Hogan Racing 224.907 Franck Fréon 92 Lola T9200 Menard V-6 Firestone Autosport Racing Team 224.432 Al Unser Jr. 1 Penske PC-24 Mercedes Benz Goodyear Penske Racing Did not attempt 11T Lola T9500 Mercedes Benz Goodyear Rahal/Hogan Racing 224.101 21T Reynard 94I Mercedes Benz Goodyear Pagan Racing Did not attempt Marco Greco 55 Lola T9500 Mercedes Benz Goodyear Galles Racing Waved off 10T Lola T9500 Mercedes Benz Goodyear Galles Racing Waved off Davey Hamilton 95 Reynard 94I Ford-Cosworth XB Firestone Hemelgarn Racing Wrecked in practice 95T Reynard 94I Ford Cosworth XB Firestone Hemelgarn Racing Waved off Jeff Ward 44 Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB Firstone Arizona Motorsports Waved off Johnny Parsons Jr. 64 Reynard 94I Ford-Cosworth XB Firestone Project Indy Waved off Jim Crawford 96 Lola T9200 Buick V-6 Firestone Hemelgarn Racing Did not attempt Michael Greenfield 42 Lola T9300 Greenfield V-8 Firestone Greenfield Racing Wrecked in practice Mike Groff 4T Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear Chip Ganassi Racing Waved off Dean Hall 90 Lola T9200 Buick V-6 Goodyear Dick Simon Racing Did not attempt 99T Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear Dick Simon Racing Waved off Tero Palmroth 90 Lola T9200 Buick V-6 Goodyear Dick Simon Racing Did not attempt Source: = Former Indianapolis 500 Winner, = Indianapolis 500 Rookie Race recap Start and Stan Fox accident Rain fell the night before the race, and moisture continued throughout the early morning hours. The rain stopped, however, and the track was dried. The start of the race was delayed by only about five minutes. At the start, Scott Goodyear swept into the lead from the outside of the front row. Seconds later, Stan Fox dipped low to the inside, hit the rumble strips, became loose and spun a half turn. The car shot directly into the outside wall in turn one. The car was demolished, the front nose was ripped off, and Fox's legs and body were exposed as the car crashed up into the catch fence. Eddie Cheever, Lyn St. James, and Carlos Guerrero were caught up in the accident. Gil de Ferran ran over a piece of debris, breaking the front suspension. He limped back to the pits, but dropped out when it was determined the damage was too much to repair. A long caution was needed for cleanup, and Fox was critically injured with a closed head injury due to g-forces. Despite his exposed extremities, however, he suffered no major injuries to his arms or legs. Fox was transported to Methodist Hospital, and after several months, he recovered, but would never race again. On lap 10, the race finally got restarted. Arie Luyendyk got the jump on the green flag, and took the lead. Jacques Villeneuve penalty On lap 37, Arie Luyendyk was trying to get by the car of Scott Sharp. Luyendyk felt that Sharp was blocking him, and as they went into turn 1, Luyendyk gave him the finger. In the process, he knocked off his helmet headrest cushion. It flew out of the cockpit and landed on the racing surface. It brought out the yellow flag for debris. The yellow came out during a sequence of green-flag pit stops, the field was hectically shuffling in and out of the pit area. By rule, the pits were immediately closed at the onset of yellow, and Jacques Villeneuve became scored as the leader on lap 38. A few cars, including Villeneuve, Scott Pruett and others, had not made their scheduled pit stop yet, and were getting precariously close to running out of fuel. Villeneuve was not aware he was actually leading the pack. The pace car came out to pick up the field, and by rule, was supposed to get directly in front of Villeneuve as the leader. But Villeneuve went by the pace car twice, not knowing they were trying to pick him up. Finally, the officials sorted out the field, the pit area was opened, and Villeneuve immediately went to the pits for service. He suffered a slow stop with several errors. He nearly pulled away with the fuel hose attached, then subsequently stalled as he pulled away. A few minutes after the race went back to green, USAC assessed Jacques Villeneuve a two-lap penalty for passing the pace car twice as they were trying to pick him up. The penalty dropped him from 3rd place to 27th. The two laps were effectively deleted from his scoring serial. Remainder of the first half Michael Andretti led 45 laps in the first half but on lap 77, he was abruptly knocked out of the race. Maurício Gugelmin was leading in turn four, and Andretti was behind him in second place. Andretti caught him in turn four, as Gugelmin was slowing down to make a pit stop. Andretti tried to go around him on the outside, but got up into the "marbles" and brushed the wall exiting turn four, damaging the suspension. He veered across the track to enter the pits, to have the crew look over the car. The rear wishbone suspension was bent, and Andretti climbed out of the car, out of the race. As Andretti was climbing from his car, Scott Sharp spun and wrecked in turn four. By the time the field went back to green on lap 84, Jacques Villeneuve had made up one of his laps. He was running 20th, one lap down. Second half On lap 124, Andre Ribeiro stalled on the track with an electrical problem. By that time, Jacques Villeneuve had gotten his lap back, and was now on the lead lap in 12th place. Villeneuve caught another break when Paul Tracy slowed on the backstretch with electrical problems, bringing out another caution. Maurício Gugelmin led the most laps (59) but did not manage to lead again after lap 138. The leaders were now Jimmy Vasser, Scott Pruett, and Scott Goodyear. Jacques Villeneuve was now up to 6th place. After Vasser pitted while leading on lap 157, Villeneuve retook the lead for the first time since his penalty. On lap 162, Davy Jones crashed in turn 2 as Villeneuve was preparing to pit. The race restarted on lap 169. Vasser led following pit stops by most of the drivers during the caution. A lap later, Scott Pruett passed him going down the backstretch for the lead. Vasser got high and hit the outside wall in the north chute. Pruett held point until shortly after the restart on lap 176 when Goodyear passed him. By this stage of the race, the winds began to gust over 30 mph. On lap 184, with Goodyear still in front by almost a second, Pruett got high in turn 2 and bounced off the outside wall. Pruett’s car spun across the backstretch, got airborne and backed into the catchfence, demolishing the rear end. Scott Goodyear penalty and finish With eleven laps to go, Scott Goodyear led Jacques Villeneuve, Eliseo Salazar and Christian Fittipaldi under caution. The field prepared to go back to green on lap 190. Down the backstretch, Goodyear held back a little bit and allowed the pace car to clear ahead. United States Auto Club (USAC) official Don Bailey was driving the Corvette pace car, which was entering turn four. At the entrance of turn three, Goodyear and Villeneuve both accelerated, leaving a trail of tire marks behind. Villeneuve was right on his tail. Entering turn four, Goodyear continued to accelerate, but Villeneuve suddenly backed off to avoid passing the pace car. The two cars had caught up to the pace car in the middle of turn four, and it had not yet entered the pits. Scott Goodyear did not lift, blew by the pace car and proceeded to race down the front stretch. The rest of the field checked up and a gaggle of six cars nearly collided to avoid the pace car as it pulled into the pits. USAC flagman Duane Sweeney put out the green flag, with Goodyear now well ahead of the rest of the cars. Villeneuve emerged from the melee still in second, and the rest of the field diced down the front stretch and funneled into turn one without incident. A few moments later, USAC race control announced that Scott Goodyear was being assessed a stop-and-go penalty for passing the pace car on the restart. Goodyear was in disbelief on his radio, insisting that he did not do anything wrong. He claimed that the green light was on, and many felt the pace car was going too slow. The black flag was waved at Goodyear but he kept racing and chose not to acknowledge it. Team owner Steve Horne told Goodyear to keep going to the end believing they could protest the penalty after the race. Per the black flag rules, Goodyear had a window of five laps to serve the penalty before disqualification. Since he failed to heed the penalty, USAC ceased scoring Goodyear after lap 195. Therefore, when Jacques Villeneuve came around to complete lap 196, he was scored officially in the lead, with Christian Fittipaldi second and Bobby Rahal now third. Villeneuve led the rest of the way to win the race. On the last lap, Arie Luyendyk passed Villeneuve at the stripe to un-lap himself, and finished 7th on the lead lap. With his lap total stopped at 195 for ignoring the penalty, Goodyear sank through the standings to 15th place, five laps down. Pole-sitter Scott Brayton's day ended ten laps down in 17th place. His car was down on turbocharger boost, and after the race he quipped that he was so slow he felt he "was in the way." Years later, it would be revealed that Brayton (and his teammate Arie Luyendyk), were secretly being penalized by USAC for illegally over-boosting their turbocharger plenums and tampering with the pop-off valves during practice and qualifying. Scott Goodyear was visibly upset in an interview as he said to reporters: "Disbelief is the best word to describe how I feel. I feel like I won this race. The pace car was going too slow. ... I almost hit it. Scott Pruett almost hit it, Villeneuve almost hit it. He wasn't on the gas and I saw the green lights turn on and that meant go. That's all I can say. I stayed out because in my eyes it was perfect ... and if I came in and later found I didn't make a mistake then what are you going to do? It would have been too late and you won't get it back." Aftermath and legacy The finish was highly controversial, with Scott Goodyear passing the pace car emerging as the story of the race. Goodyear claimed that he saw the green light on when he blew by the pace car, and the team threatened to protest. Video footage, however, was found that showed the yellow light was still on when it happened. In addition, scoring transponders in the pace car and the race cars showed the following: At the end of the backstretch, the pace car, turning its lights off, was clocked at 77 mph. Goodyear was slightly slower at 68 mph. At the entry of turn three, where the pace car had been clocked at 83 mph, Goodyear and Villeneuve flew by at 117 mph and 118 mph respectively. Through the north chute, Goodyear increased his speed to about 166 mph. The pace car was in the middle of turn 4. By the exit of turn four, Goodyear blew by the pace car going about 193 mph. The pace car was speeding up from about 98 mph to over 117 mph as it entered the pits. Villeneuve, anticipating the situation, quickly slowed back down to about 142 mph. After video and timing and scoring evidence came out that was not supportive of Goodyear's case, the team (Tasman Motorsports) decided not to file a protest. Goodyear stated that he stayed out (and did not serve the stop-and-go penalty) because if he was in the right, and stayed out, he could still be scored as the winner. If he came in, he would have lost the theoretical lead, and would have had no chance of claiming victory. In such case, he most likely would have finished 7th, the last car on the lead lap (except for Luyendyk, who un-lapped himself on the final lap). Largely overlooked was Bobby Rahal's charge from 21st starting position to 3rd – the second year in a row he greatly improved on his starting position (in 1994, he started 28th and finished 3rd). It was also the first time in an odd year that Rahal finished the race. From 1982–1994, Rahal had a notable "odd-even/good-bad" streak at Indy. In even years, he had good finishes, and in odd years, his results were poor. Rahal's result was also accomplished in spite of a pit lane speeding penalty assessed during the race, a penalty that Rahal disputed in his post race television interview, as his car's on board speedometer had said that he was traveling 91 mph, safely under the 100 mph speed limit; Rahal called the penalty 'balderdash'. This would end up being his final Indy 500 as a driver. He returned to Indy seven years later as an owner in 2002. Arie Luyendyk's pass of Jacques Villeneuve at the start-finish line was noteworthy as it allowed him to complete the full 500 miles, becoming the second and final driver to complete 500 miles in a Buick/Menard powered car. Luyendyk's 7th-place finish was the second-highest for the Buick/Menard V6, surpassed only by the third-place finish of Al Unser, Sr. in 1992. Jacques Villeneuve went on to win the 1995 CART championship, and subsequently signed with Williams in the offseason. With a growing cloud of controversy and uncertainty over a potential and looming open wheel "split," the 1995 Indianapolis 500 marked a turning point in the sport. Within months, and by the 1996 race, the landscape and organizational harmony of Indy car racing would change drastically. Villeneuve was the first, and as of 2022, is still the only Canadian to win the Indy 500. Al Unser Jr., who notably failed to qualify, would like others, not be able to return to the 500 for several years, due mostly to the upcoming open wheel "split." The devastating result helped exacerbate an existing downward spiral that was involving his personal life. Unser Jr. returned to the Speedway for the first time in August of 1998, and competed in the inaugural IROC at Indy, finishing a close second to Mark Martin. He attended a practice session for the 1999 Indy 500, and was warmly welcomed by fans. For 2000, he switched full-time to the IRL, and finally got a chance to avenge his 1995 failure. Results right Finish Start No Name Chassis Engine Tire Laps Led Status Entrant Points 1 5 27 Jacques Villeneuve Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 200 15 Running Team Green 20 2 27 15 Christian Fittipaldi Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 200 0 Running Walker Racing 16 3 21 9 Bobby Rahal Lola T9500 Mercedes Benz Goodyear 200 1 Running Rahal/Hogan Racing 14 4 24 7 Eliseo Salazar Lola T9500 Ford Cosworth XB Goodyear 200 0 Running Dick Simon Racing 12 5 7 5 Robby Gordon Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 200 1 Running Walker Racing 10 6 6 18 Maurício Gugelmin Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 200 59 Running PacWest Racing 9 7 2 40 Arie Luyendyk Lola T9500 Menard V-6 Goodyear 200 7 Running Team Menard 6 8 15 33 Teo Fabi Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 199 0 Running Forsythe Racing 5 9 18 17 Danny Sullivan Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 199 0 Running PacWest Racing 4 10 10 25 Hiro Matsushita Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth XB Firestone 199 0 Running Arciero/Wells Racing 3 11 17 34 Alessandro Zampedri Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB Firestone 198 0 Running Payton/Coyne Racing 2 12 13 21 Roberto Guerrero Reynard 94I Mercedes Benz Goodyear 198 0 Running Pagan Racing 1 13 33 4 Bryan Herta Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 198 0 Running Chip Ganassi Racing 14 3 24 Scott Goodyear Reynard 95I Honda Firestone 195 42 Running Tasman Motorsports 15 20 54 Hideshi Matsuda Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB Firestone 194 0 Running Beck Motorsports 16 31 16 Stefan Johansson Reynard 94I Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 192 0 Running Bettenhausen Racing 17 1 60 Scott Brayton Lola T9500 Menard V-6 Goodyear 190 0 Running Team Menard 1 18 12 31 André Ribeiro Reynard 95I Honda Firestone 187 0 Running Tasman Motorsports 19 8 20 Scott Pruett Lola T9500 Ford-Cosworth XB Firestone 184 8 Accident T2 Patrick Racing 20 22 11 Raul Boesel Lola T9500 Mercedes Benz Goodyear 184 2 Oil Line Rahal/Hogan Racing 21 25 10 Adrian Fernández Lola T9500 Mercedes Benz Goodyear 176 0 Engine Galles Racing 22 9 12 Jimmy Vasser Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 170 20 Accident T3 Chip Ganassi Racing 23 32 77 Davy Jones Lola T9500 Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 161 0 Accident T2 Dick Simon Racing 24 16 3 Paul Tracy Lola T9500 Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 136 0 Electrical Newman/Haas Racing 25 4 6 Michael Andretti Lola T9500 Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 77 45 Suspension Newman/Haas Racing 26 30 41 Scott Sharp Lola T9500 Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 74 0 Accident T4 A. J. Foyt Enterprises 27 23 80 Buddy Lazier Lola T9500 Menard V-6 Goodyear 45 0 Fuel System Team Menard 28 26 19 Éric Bachelart Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB Firestone 6 0 Mechanical Payton/Coyne Racing 29 19 8 Gil de Ferran Reynard 95I Mercedes Benz Goodyear 1 0 Accident T1 Jim Hall Racing 30 11 91 Stan Fox Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth XB Firestone 0 0 Accident T1 Hemelgarn Racing 31 14 14 Eddie Cheever Lola T9500 Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 0 0 Accident T1 A. J. Foyt Enterprises 32 28 90 Lyn St. James Lola T9500 Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 0 0 Accident T1 Dick Simon Racing 33 29 22 Carlos Guerrero Lola T9500 Ford-Cosworth XB Goodyear 0 0 Accident T1 Dick Simon Racing Source: Tire participation chart Supplier No. of starters Goodyear 25  Firestone 8  – Denotes race winner CART Points standings after the race Rank Driver Points Difference PositionChange 1 Jacques Villeneuve 67 Leader + 1 2 Bobby Rahal 52 - 15 + 1 3 Scott Pruett 51 - 20 - 2 4 Mauricio Gugelmin 47 - 20 - 1 5 Robby Gordon 43 - 24 + 2 Note: Only the top five positions are included for the standings. Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Bob Jenkins served as chief announcer for the sixth year. Johnny Rutherford served as "driver expert." Brian Hammons and Chris McClure departed, which shuffled the assignments slightly. Newcomer Ken Double took the turn two location, and Mike King debuted as a pit reporter. Gary Lee shifted to the pits, and Chris Economaki joined the booth to offer commentary and observations during the pre-race, near the halfway point, and in the post-race. This would be the final 500 on the broadcast for Bob Forbes, Larry Henry, and Sally Larvick. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Bob Jenkins Driver expert: Johnny Rutherford Statistician: Howdy Bell Historian: Donald Davidson Commentary: Chris Economaki Turn 1: Jerry Baker Turn 2: Ken Double Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Lamey Bob Forbes (north pits)Gary Lee (north-center pits)Sally Larvick (south-center pits)Mike King Chuck Marlowe (garages) Television The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. Paul Page served as host and play-by-play announcer. Bobby Unser (turn 2) and Sam Posey (booth) served as color commentators. Danny Sullivan left the broadcast and returned to the cockpit for the 1995 race. For the first time since going to a live broadcast, the telecast was billed as a presentation of ABC's Wide World of Sports. With the exception of Sullivan, the on-air crew remained the same for the sixth straight year (from 1990–1995). This would be the final 500, however, for Sam Posey as he would leave ABC after the IndyCar season to join SpeedVision for their Formula One coverage. After failing to qualify for the race, Emerson Fittipaldi served as an analyst for the race coverage on Brazilian television SBT. ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host/Announcer: Paul Page Color: Sam Posey Color/Turn 2: Bobby Unser Jack AruteGary GerouldDr. Jerry Punch Gallery File:Indy500pacecar1995.JPG|1995 Chevrolet Corvette pace car

Introduction The 78th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday, May 29, 1994. The race was sanctioned by United States Auto Club (USAC), and was included as race number 4 of 16 of the 1994 PPG IndyCar World Series. For the second year in a row, weather was nary a factor during the month. Only one practice day was lost to rain, and pole day was only partially halted due to scattered showers. Warm, sunny skies greeted race day. Al Unser Jr. won from the pole position, his second Indy 500 victory. Much to the surprise of competitors, media, and fans, Marlboro Team Penske arrived at the Speedway with a brand new, secretly-built 209 in3 (3.42 L) displacement Ilmor Mercedes-Benz pushrod engine, which was capable of nearly . Despite reliability issues with the engine and handling difficulties with the chassis, the three-car Penske team (Unser, Emerson Fittipaldi and Paul Tracy) dominated most of the month, and practically the entire race. While Al Unser Jr. won the pole position, two-time former winner (1989, 1993) Emerson Fittipaldi dominated most of the race, leading a total of 145 laps. Fittipaldi was attempting to become the first back-to-back winner at Indy since Al Unser Sr. in 1970–1971. On lap 185, Fittipaldi was leading the race, and was looking to put Al Unser Jr. (who was running second) a lap down. Fittipaldi tagged the wall in turn 4, handing the lead to Unser with 15 laps to go. Unser was able to stretch his fuel and cruise to victory over rookie Jacques Villeneuve. Al Unser Jr. joined his father Al Sr. and uncle Bobby as winners of multiple 500s at Indianapolis. The race marked the final Indy 500 for Mario Andretti (who retired at the end of the 1994 season) and Emerson Fittipaldi (who failed to qualify for the 1995 race and retired two months after the 1996 race, which was boycotted by CART). In addition, Indy veterans Al Unser Sr. and Johnny Rutherford both retired in the days leading up to the race. John Andretti, who had left CART and moved to the NASCAR Winston Cup Series, became the first driver to race in both the Indy 500 and Coca-Cola 600 in the same day, an effort that has become known as "Double Duty". This was also the second and final Indy 500 for Nigel Mansell, who was knocked out of the race in a bizarre crash with Dennis Vitolo. Background Nigel Mansell went on to win the 1993 CART championship, with 1993 Indy 500 winner Emerson Fittipaldi finishing second in points. Mansell returned to team up again with Mario Andretti at Newman Haas. Andretti embarked on a yearlong Arrivederci Mario tour, announcing he would retire at the conclusion of the 1994 CART season. The 1994 race would be his 29th and final start at Indy. Fittipaldi remained at Penske Racing, which expanded to a three-car effort for 1994, including Al Unser Jr. and Paul Tracy. Unser parted ways with Galles after a six-year stint, and was replaced there with rookie Adrián Fernández. After a dismal season in Formula One, Michael Andretti returned to Indy car racing for 1994, signing with Ganassi. Andretti won the season opening Australian Grand Prix at Surfers Paradise. It was the first Indy car win for Ganassi, as well as the first win for the Reynard chassis (in its Indy car debut). Rahal-Hogan Racing, with drivers Bobby Rahal and Mike Groff, debuted the first Honda Indy car engine, the iron block Honda HRX Indy V-8. Chevrolet dropped its support of the Ilmor engine program at Indy after 1993. For 1994, the 265C, the 265 C+, and 265D V-8 powerplants were badged the "Ilmor Indy V8." After Michael Andretti won the season opener, Marlboro Team Penske won the next two races before Indy. Emerson Fittipaldi and Al Unser Jr. finished 1–2 at Phoenix, then Al Unser Jr. won at Long Beach. Jim Nabors returned to sing the traditional "Back Home Again in Indiana" just months after receiving a liver transplant. Nabors had suffered a near-fatal case of Hepatitis B, which caused liver failure. Initially it was not expected that he would be able to attend the race in person. Six days before opening day, the worldwide motorsports community was shaken by the death of Ayrton Senna at San Marino. Indy drivers Emerson Fittipaldi, Raul Boesel, and Maurício Gugelmin, were among those in attendance at the funeral, all three serving as pall-bearers. Mercedes-Benz 500I 1994 Penske PC-23 Mercedes-Benz 500I The most notable off-season activity involved Penske Racing and Ilmor. In the summer and fall of 1993, Penske and Ilmor engaged in a new engine project. Under complete secrecy, a purpose-built, V-8 pushrod engine was developed. Mercedes eventually came on board with the project and badged the engine the Mercedes-Benz 500I. The engine was designed to exploit a loophole that had existed in USAC's rulebook since 1991. While CART sanctioned the rest of the IndyCar season, the Indianapolis 500 itself was conducted by USAC under slightly different technical regulations. This effort represented a rare instance during this era where considerable money and effort were invested in creating a powerplant uniquely for the Indy 500 (as the 500I would be illegal in any IndyCar-sanctioned event). In an effort to appeal to mainstream car companies and smaller independent engine builders (both primarily based in the US), USAC permitted traditional, "stock-block" pushrod engines (generally defined as non-OHC units fitted with two valves per cylinder actuated by pushrod and rocker arm). Stock blocks saw some limited use at Indy in the early 1980s and by 1985 had become mainstream with the Buick V-6. Initially, Indy stock blocks were required to have some production-based parts. However, in 1991 USAC quietly lifted this requirement allowing purpose-built pushrod engines to be designed for racing from the ground up. Attempting to create an equivalency with the DOHC, 24-valve, V-8 engines then supplied to the teams by Ford (Cosworth), Ilmor and Honda, USAC allowed Indy pushrod engines an increased displacement of instead of , and increased turbocharger boost of 55 inHG instead of 45 (1860 hPa instead of 1520). Team Penske tested and further developed the engine in secret in the winter and spring of 1994. Before Mercedes-Benz joined the effort, the engine was initially called the "265E" which followed Ilmor's standard naming convention for their previous DOHC racing engines. This was ostensibly to maintain in-house secrecy of the pushrod project from those working within Penske and Ilmor who were not involved. The 500I was mated with the race-winning Penske chassis, the PC-23. It was introduced to the public in April, just days before opening day at Indy. Rumors quickly began to circulate that the engine, more refined than the Buick V-6 and having two more cylinders, was capable of over , which was a 150-200 hp advantage over its competition. Track improvements During the off-season, the pit area was repaved. The individual pit boxes were changed to concrete, while the entrance and exit lanes were widened and repaved in asphalt. A new scoring pylon was erected on the main stretch, replacing the landmark originally built in 1959. Race schedule Race schedule – April/May 1994 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 24  25  26  27  28  29ROP 30ROP 1ROP 2  3  4  5  6Mini-Marathon 7Practice 8Practice 9Practice 10Practice 11Practice 12Practice 13Practice 14Time Trials 15Time Trials 16Practice 17Practice 18Practice 19Practice 20Practice 21Time Trials 22Bump Day 23  24  25  26Carb Day 27  28Parade 29Indy 500 30Memorial Day 31          Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP — denotes RookieOrientation Program Practice – Week 1 The new Pylon, which stood from 1994 to 2014. Saturday May 7 – Opening Day Rain washed out opening day, the first time since 1975. Sunday May 8 Dick Simon Racing cars of Lyn St. James, Raul Boesel, Hiro Matsushita, Dennis Vitolo, Hideshi Matsuda and Tero Palmroth were the first cars out on the track, creating a "Flying V" formation. Paul Tracy took the first laps in the Penske PC-23/Mercedes 500I at 12:34 p.m. Al Unser Jr., however, was testing at Michigan International Speedway, reportedly "working on reliability." Tracy's fastest lap was 220.103 mph. Bobby Rahal took the first laps at Indy in the Honda, with a fast lap of 219.791 mph. Scott Brayton, in the Menard Buick posted the fastest lap of the day at 227.658 mph. Monday May 9 At 4:45 p.m., Mike Groff's Honda engine failed, which caused the car to spin and crash into the wall in the southchute. He was not seriously injured. Defending Indy Lights champion Bryan Herta, who had started the month with Tasman Motorsports, was withdrawn from that entry, and signed with Foyt. Emerson Fittipaldi (after 'shake down' laps on Sunday) turned in his first fast laps driving the Penske PC-23/Mercedes Benz 500I, completed a lap of 226.512 mph. Al Unser Jr. took to the track for the first time in the Mercedes as well. Michael Andretti led the speed chart in the new Reynard, at 227.038 mph. Tuesday May 10 Raul Boesel broke the 230 mph barrier at 5:55 p.m., the first driver to do so since 1992. His lap of 230.403 was the fastest thus far for the month. The Penske-Mercedes was close behind, turning in their best laps of the month. Paul Tracy was second-fastest for the day at 229.961 mph, and Fittipaldi was third at 229.264 mph. During the afternoon practice, an annular eclipse crossed over the state of Indiana, including the Speedway. Track temperatures cooled, and generally faster laps were observed during the phenomenon. Wednesday May 11 A windy day kept speed down. Al Unser Jr. in a Penske PC-23/Mercedes Benz 500I, led the chart at 226.478 mph. Thursday May 12 Emerson Fittipaldi drove his Penske PC-23/Mercedes Benz 500I to a lap of 230.438 mph, with a trap speed of 244 mph down the backstretch. Paul Tracy was second-quick at 228.444 mph (244 mph trap speed). Friday May 13 At 3:37 p.m., Paul Tracy spun his Penske PC-23/Mercedes Benz 500I in turn 3, hit the outside wall, then crashed into the inside guardrail. He suffered a concussion, and was forced to sit out the first day of time trials. Emerson Fittipaldi was quickest of the day at 230.138 mph, making him a favorite for the pole position. Time Trials – Weekend 1 Pole day – Saturday May 14 A mix of sun and rain showers stretched the qualifying line throughout the afternoon. A short shower delayed the start of qualifying until 12:15 p.m. Rookie Hideshi Matsuda became the first driver in the field, posting a 4-lap average of 222.545 mph. At 12:50 p.m., Raul Boesel took the provisional pole position with a run of 227.618 mph. Later, Jacques Villeneuve qualified as the fastest rookie, with a speed of 226.259 mph. At 1:18 p.m., Al Unser Jr. became the first Penske driver to take the track, attempting to qualify one of the three Penske PC-23/Mercedes Benz 500I machines. His first lap of 225.722 mph was disappointingly slow, but his speed over the last three laps climbed dramatically. His final four-lap average of 228.011 mph took over the provisional pole position. Bobby Rahal (220.178 mph) and Mike Groff (218.808 mph) completed slow runs in their Honda-powered machines, and were the slowest two cars of the day. A second rain shower closed the track from about 2–5 p.m. When qualifying resumed, there was not enough time to complete the entire qualifying line. Among the runs were Lyn St. James (224.154 mph) tentatively putting her 5th fastest, and Al Unser, Sr. who waved off after a lap of 214 mph. The 6 o'clock gun sounded with several drivers still in line, including Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi. Pole qualifying would be extended into the following day. Second day – Sunday May 15 The pole qualifying line resumed where it left off from the previous day, with Mario Andretti first out. Emerson Fittipaldi was the final car eligible for the pole position, and took his run at 1:18 p.m. His speed of 227.303 mph was not enough to bump his teammate Al Unser Jr. off the pole, but qualified him in third position. The front row was rounded out by Raul Boesel, while Lyn St. James held on to qualify for the outside of the second row, the highest starting position for a female driver to-date. + Official Pole Day qualifiers Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 31 Al Unser Jr. Team Penske Penske Mercedes-Benz 500I 228.011 2 5 Raul Boesel Dick Simon Racing Lola Ford XB 227.618 3 2 Emerson Fittipaldi Team Penske Penske Mercedes-Benz 500I 227.303 4 12 Jacques Villeneuve Forsythe/Green Racing Reynard Ford XB 226.259 5 8 Michael Andretti Chip Ganassi Racing Reynard Ford XB 226.205 6 90 Lyn St. James Dick Simon Racing Lola Ford XB 224.154 7 1 Nigel Mansell Newman/Haas Racing Lola Ford XB 224.041 8 28 Arie Luyendyk Indy Regency Racing Lola Ilmor 223.673 9 6 Mario Andretti Newman/Haas Racing Lola Ford XB 223.503 10 33 John Andretti A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola Ford XB 223.263 11 27 Eddie Cheever Team Menard Lola Menard 223.163 12 17 Dominic Dobson PacWest Racing Lola Ford XB 222.970 13 91 Stan Fox Hemelgarn Racing Reynard Ford XB 222.867 14 99 Hideshi Matsuda Dick Simon Racing Lola Ford XB 222.545 15 79 Dennis Vitolo Vitolo Racing Lola Ford XB 222.439 16 18 Jimmy Vasser Hayhoe Racing Reynard Ford XB 222.262 17 71 Scott Sharp PacWest Racing Lola Ford XB 222.091 18 22 Hiro Matsushita Dick Simon Racing Lola Ford XB 221.382 19 9 Robby Gordon Walker Racing Lola Ford XB 221.293 20 21 Roberto Guerrero Pagan Racing Reynard Buick 221.278 21 19 Brian Till Payton/Coyne Racing Lola Ford XB 221.107 22 14 Bryan Herta A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola Ford XB 220.992 23 88 Maurício Gugelmin Chip Ganassi Racing Reynard Ford XB 220.460 24 4 Bobby Rahal Rahal-Hogan Racing Lola Honda 220.178 25 10 Mike Groff Rahal-Hogan Racing Lola Honda 218.808 After his crash Friday, Paul Tracy returned to the track Sunday. Since he sat out time trials on Saturday and missed his spot in line, he was ineligible for the pole position. He qualified as a second-day qualifier, and would line up his Penske PC-23/Mercedes Benz 500I 25th on race day. After two wave-offs on Saturday, Scott Brayton finally put his Menard-powered Lola in the field as the fastest qualifier for the second round. + Second Day qualifiers Driver Team Chassis Engine 26 59 Scott Brayton Team Menard Lola Menard 223.652 27 11 Teo Fabi Jim Hall/VDS Racing Reynard Ilmor 223.394 28 3 Paul Tracy Team Penske Penske Mercedes-Benz 500I 222.710 29 7 Adrian Fernandez Galles Racing Reynard Ilmor 222.657 30 16 Stefan Johansson Bettenhausen Racing Penske Ilmor 221.518 Practice – Week 2 Monday May 16 A leisurely day of practice saw only 18 cars take laps. Emerson Fittipaldi, working on race set-ups, ran the best lap at 226.421 mph. Robby Gordon spent time shaking down back-up cars for his teammates Willy T. Ribbs and Mark Smith. Tuesday May 17 Four-time Indy 500 winner Al Unser, Sr. officially announced his retirement from driving at a press conference. His son, pole winner Al Unser Jr. was sick, and rested away from the track. Off the track, Rahal-Hogan Racing announced they had entered into a deal with Team Penske to lease two back-up cars. Driving the new Honda HRX Indy V-8s, Bobby Rahal and Mike Groff were the two slowest cars in the field, and risked being bumped. If Rahal were to not qualify, it would mark the second year in a row. Through a sponsorship connection, Roger Penske offered Rahal and Groff the use of two 1993 PC-22/Ilmor V-8 machines (2.65L). Rahal received an Ilmor D engine, while Groff received an Ilmor C+ engine. They were not the Mercedes-Benz 209I power plants, however they were competitive enough to comfortably make the field if needed. Paul Tracy shook down the cars before handing them over to the Rahal team. Mark Smith (219.947 mph) was the fastest of the non-qualified drivers, and veteran Roberto Moreno took over Al Unser, Sr.'s car, starting a refresher test. Wednesday May 18 Mark Smith (220.324 mph) was again the fastest of the non-qualified drivers. Mike Groff (221.560 mph), driving the 1993 Penske/Ilmor, was already practicing faster than his qualifying speed in the Honda. Thursday May 19 A busy day of practice saw 36 cars complete 1,511 laps. John Paul Jr. (222.058 mph) was the fastest non-qualified car. Friday May 20 The final full day of practice saw 32 cars complete 1,154 laps. John Paul Jr. (221.691 mph) was yet again the fastest non-qualified car. Time Trials – Weekend 2 Third day – Saturday May 21 John Paul Jr. was the first car out for the afternoon, and safely put his car into the field. Later, Scott Goodyear completed a run at 220.737 mph. With temperatures in the 80s, the track sat dormant for most of the afternoon. That led to a ceremonial final lap for three time Indianapolis 500 champion Johnny Rutherford, driving the exact same car A. J. Foyt had driven the previous year in his ceremonial final lap. At 5:37 p.m., Mark Smith (220.683 mph) filled the field to 33 cars. Davy Jones (the teammate to Scott Goodyear at King Racing) made the field in car #40T at 223.817 mph. Mike Groff and Bobby Rahal, the two slowest cars in the field, saw their Honda-powered machines bumped from the field, and re-qualified in the borrowed Penske-Ilmor cars. Both drivers improved their speeds significantly, with Rahal now the seventh-fastest car overall in the field. Both Rahal and Groff were safely in the field, and would avoid missing the race as the team had done in 1993. The day ended with Scott Goodyear (220.737 mph), driving car #40 for King Racing, on the bubble. Gary Bettenhausen, after lapping in the 223 mph range, crashed during a practice run, damaging the rear end of the car. The team would be forced to make quick repairs overnight in order to be ready to attempt to qualify on Bump Day. Third Day qualifiers Driver Team Chassis Engine 28 50 Bobby Rahal Rahal-Hogan Racing Penske Ilmor 224.094 29 40T Davy Jones King Racing Lola Ford XB 223.817 30 89 Maurício Gugelmin Chip Ganassi Racing Reynard Ford XB 223.104 31 45 John Paul Jr. ProFormance Motorsports Lola Ilmor 222.500 32 52T Mike Groff Rahal-Hogan Racing Penske Ilmor 221.355 33 40 Scott Goodyear* King Racing Lola Ford XB 220.737 Not yet qualified 15 Mark Smith Walker Racing Lola Ford XB 220.683 44 Tero Palmroth Arizona Motorsport Lola Ford XB Waved off 23 Buddy Lazier Leader Card Racing Lola Ilmor Waved off on the bubble Bump day – Sunday May 22 Another hot day (89 degrees) saw the cars stay off the track most of the afternoon. Marco Greco made the first qualifying attempt at 5:35 p.m. Greco bumped Scott Goodyear (car #40) from the field. The move put Bryan Herta (220.992 mph), driving for Foyt, on the bubble. Herta had practiced in his back-up car at over 223 mph, but the team decided not to withdraw the primary car prematurely. Geoff Brabham was the next driver to make an attempt. His first lap was fast enough to bump Herta, but the second and third laps dropped off, and the team waved off the run. Mark Smith returned to the track, trying to break the "Curse of the Smiths" at the Speedway, and bump his way back into the field. On the first lap, however, he wrecked in the first turn. After wrecking his car in practice Saturday morning, Gary Bettenhausen made a last-ditch effort to bump his way into the field. He managed only 218 mph, and waved off after two laps. Just before the 6 o'clock gun, Willy T. Ribbs made a long-shot attempt to make the field. After a lap of 216 mph, then dropping to 212 mph, he waved off and time trials came to a close. After second-guessing their strategy overnight, the Foyt team ultimately made the right decision and did not withdraw Bryan Herta from the field. The hot conditions Sunday worked in their favor, and Herta held on as the 33rd-fastest qualifier. Not since A. J. Foyt was the 32nd-fastest car in the field in 1973 had the Foyt team been so close to being bumped and missing the race entirely. After qualifying was over, King Racing swapped drivers for its primary car. Davy Jones was removed from the #40T entry, and full-time driver Scott Goodyear was placed in the car. The move required Goodyear to start from the 33rd starting position. Starting grid Row Inside Middle Outside 1 31 Al Unser Jr. Penske PC-23/Mercedes Benz 500I 5 Raul BoeselLola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB 2 Emerson Fittipaldi Penske PC-23/Mercedes Benz 500I 2 12 Jacques Villeneuve Reynard 94I/Ford Cosworth XB 8 Michael AndrettiReynard 94I/Ford Cosworth XB 90 Lyn St. JamesLola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB 3 1 Nigel MansellLola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB 28 Arie Luyendyk Lola T9400/Ilmor D 6 Mario Andretti Lola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB 4 33 John AndrettiLola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB 27 Eddie Cheever Jr. Lola T9300/Menard V-6 17 Dominic DobsonLola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB 5 91 Stan FoxReynard 94I/Ford Cosworth XB 99 Hideshi Matsuda Lola T9300/Ford Cosworth XB 79 Dennis Vitolo Lola T9300/Ford Cosworth XB 6 18 Jimmy VasserReynard 94I/Ford Cosworth XB 71 Scott Sharp Lola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB 22 Hiro MatsushitaLola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB 7 9 Robby GordonLola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB 21 Roberto GuerreroLola T9200/Buick V-6 19 Brian Till Lola T9300/Ford Cosworth XB 8 14 Bryan Herta Lola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB 59 Scott BraytonLola T9300/Menard V-6 11 Teo FabiReynard 94I/Ilmor D 9 3 Paul TracyPenske PC-23/Mercedes Benz 500I 7 Adrian Fernandez Reynard 94I/Ilmor D 16 Stefan JohanssonPenske PC-22/Ilmor D 10 4 Bobby Rahal Penske PC-22/Ilmor D 88 Mauricio Gugelmin Reynard 94I/Ford Cosworth XB 45 John Paul Jr. Lola T9300/Ilmor C 11 10 Mike GroffPenske PC-22/Ilmor C+ 25 Marco Greco Lola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB 40 Scott GoodyearLola T9400/Ford Cosworth XB Scott Goodyear and Davy Jones were teammates for King Racing. Goodyear was the full-time primary driver, and Jones (who had incidentally left Foyt before start of the month) the second team driver. At the close of qualifying, Jones had qualified 29th (the overall 9th-fastest car in the field), but Goodyear was bumped. As a gesture to the team and sponsor requests, Goodyear took Jones' place behind the wheel on race day. The driver switch required the car to be moved to the rear of the field. The move mirrored a nearly identical situation for Goodyear in the 1992 race. Alternates First alternate: Davy Jones (#40/60) – Switched cars with Scott Goodyear Second alternate: Mark Smith (#15) – Bumped Failed to qualify Driver Car # Chassis Engine Entrant Reason Jeff Andretti 94 Lola T9200 Buick V-6 Hemelgarn Racing Ross Bentley 39 Lola T9300 Ford-Cosworth XB Dale Coyne Racing Gary Bettenhausen 61 Penske PC-22 Ilmor C Bettenhausen Racing Waved off, too slow Geoff Brabham 59 Lola T9300 Menard V-6 Team Menard Waved off, too slow Pancho Carter 30 Lola T9300 Chevrolet C McCormack Motorsports Jim Crawford 74 Lola T9100 Buick V-6 Riley & Scott Fredrik Ekblom 35 Lola T9300 Chevrolet C McCormack Motorsports Passed rookie orientation Michael Greenfield 42 Lola T9300 Greenfield V-8 Greenfield Racing Did not finish rookie orientation Stéphan Grégoire 30 Lola T9300 Chevrolet C McCormack Motorsports Davy Jones 40 Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB King Racing Replaced by Scott Goodyear 14 Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB A. J. Foyt Enterprises Replaced by Bryan Herta Buddy Lazier 23 Lola T9300 Ilmor C Leader Card 94 Lola T9200 Buick V-6 Hemelgarn Racing Roberto Moreno 44 Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB Arizona Motor-Sport Tero Palmroth 44 Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB Arizona Motor-Sport 79 Lola T9300 Ford-Cosworth XB Dick Simon Racing Johnny Parsons 42 Lola T9300 Greenfield V-8 Greenfield Racing Willy T. Ribbs 9 Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB Walker Racing Drove #24 instead 24 Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB Walker Racing Waved off, too slow Johnny Rutherford 14 Lola T9300 Ford-Cosworth XB A. J. Foyt Enterprises Retired Mark Smith 15 Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB Walker Racing Bumped, crashed trying to re-bump back into field Al Unser Sr. 44 Lola T9400 Ford-Cosworth XB Arizona Motor-Sport Retired = Indianapolis 500 rookie = Former Indianapolis 500 winner Race summary Pre Race Hours before the start, Al Unser Sr. took a ceremonial final lap of the track in an IndyCar, the same car he won the 1987 Indianapolis 500 with. General Chuck Yeager lead the flyover in a P-51 Mustang. Start Emerson Fittipaldi dominated the 1994 Indianapolis 500 until his crash on lap 185 Clear blue skies dawned on race day, with temperatures in the mid-70s. The command to start engines was made on-time at 10:52 a.m. EST, and the field pulled away for the pace laps. Pole-sitter Al Unser Jr. led fellow front-row starters Emerson Fittipaldi and Raul Boesel. As the field came around for the start, Penske teammates Unser and Fittipaldi, driving the Mercedes-powered entries, took off out of turn four. They weaved down the frontstretch single-file, blocking, and leaving behind Boesel and the rest of the field behind. USAC officials decided not to wave off the start, and Unser led into turn one. It quickly became evident to competitors and media that the Penske-Mercedes machines were the class of the field, as many had predicted. First half On lap 6, Dennis Vitolo spun in turn four, but continued causing the first caution flag of the race. Later on lap 20, Roberto Guerrero crashed in turn two. Unser went on to lead the first 23 laps. On lap 23, as the leaders pitted, Mario Andretti dropped out early of his final "500" with ignition problems. Al Unser Jr. stalled exiting the pits (a concern going into the race for the Mercedes) and Emerson Fittipaldi took the lead after the first sequence of pit stops. The yellow came back out again when Mike Groff and Dominic Dobson touched wheels and crashed in Turn 1. At the restart, Michael Andretti suffered a puncture, and pitted for new tires. He stalled the car leaving the pits, and subsequently went a lap down. Eddie Cheever and Nigel Mansell were both given black flags for passing Raul Boesel prior to the restart, forcing both to make stop and go penalty passes through the pits. By lap 85, Fittipaldi had stretched his lead to 24.6 seconds over second-place Unser. Jacques Villeneuve was a lap down, running as high as third. On Lap 92 Hideshi Matsuda crashed in Turn 2. Under the yellow, John Paul Jr. then spun and crashed in turn 3. As the field was circulating through turn three warm-up lane behind the pace car, Dennis Vitolo was barreling down the backstretch trying to catch up with the field. He misjudged the speed of the field, and approached the line of cars too fast. He ran into the back of John Andretti's car, touched wheels with him, and spun forward in a clockwise rotation. The back of the car then rammed the back of Nigel Mansell's car, and climbed up it sideways. Al Unser Jr., among others, narrowly escaped the incident. Vitolo was found on top of Mansell, and the cars were sideways in the infield grass. Hot coolant and oil began to leak from Vitolo's car, and dripped into Mansell's cockpit. Mansell scurried out of the car and was tackled to the ground by corner workers in an effort to put out any fire. Mansell later stormed out of the infield medical care center, angrily refusing treatment. Vitolo admitted blame for the incident. At the halfway point, Unser (23) and Fittipaldi (75) combined to lead 98 of the first 100 laps. The third Penske entry driven by Paul Tracy, however, began smoking during the lap 92 yellow and dropped out with turbocharger failure. Second half Al Unser Jr. leads Raul Boesel during the race Early contenders Raul Boesel (overheating) and Scott Brayton (spark plug) both dropped out in the second half. Fittipaldi continued to dominate, pulling away at will. On Lap 121 he set the fastest lap of the race at 40.783 seconds, equaling . During a round of pit stops by Fittipaldi and Unser, rookie Jacques Villeneuve led five laps (125-129) before pitting himself. On lap 133, Fittipaldi was forced to return to the pits to remove a plastic bag from his radiator inlet. A long stretch of green flag racing followed. Fittipaldi quickly caught Unser and extended his lead. By lap 157, they were the only two cars on the lead lap. Finish With less than 25 laps to go, Fittipaldi led Unser by almost 40 seconds. Third place Villeneuve was over a lap down. Fittipaldi was in need of one more splash-and-go pit stop for fuel before the race was over. Unser, however, was expected to make it to the finish. With 20 laps to go, Fittipaldi lapped Unser, and was a lap ahead of the entire field. Fittipaldi's team scheduled a "timed" splash & go fuel-only stop for lap 194. Jockeying for position, Unser unlapped himself on lap 183. Two laps later, Unser was just ahead of Fittipaldi as they approached turn 4. Fittipaldi admitted a driver error as he drove over the inside rumble strips causing the rear tires to lose grip. Fittipaldi's car slid loose, and the right rear wheel tagged the outside wall exiting turn 4. After leading 145 laps, Fittipaldi's crashed car slid to a stop down the main stretch. The crash handed Unser the lead of the race, with Jacques Villeneuve on the lead lap in second. Arie Luyendyk blew an engine during the caution for Fittipaldi's crash. Unser was leading, but lost use of his radio, and the team was concerned about fuel mileage. The green came out with ten laps to go. Unser held a comfortable lead over Villeneuve, who was mired deep in traffic. On Lap 196, Stan Fox, who was running in the top ten, crashed in turn one. The caution came out for clean-up, and erased any doubts about Unser's fuel mileage. Unser ended up winning the race under yellow. Unser won his second Indy 500, and the Penske-Mercedes 500I pushrod engine won in its first and only race. The win came on his father's 55th birthday, twenty-three years to the day after Unser Sr. won his second Indy 500. Villeneuve held on to finish second and won the rookie of the year award. Michael Andretti was penalized one lap for passing under caution, elevating Bobby Rahal to third place. Rahal had charged from the 28th starting position to third in the borrowed 1993 Penske-Ilmor machine. John Andretti finished 10th, then flew to Charlotte Motor Speedway to compete in the Coca-Cola 600. He was the first driver to do "Double Duty", competing in both races on the same day. Box score Finish Start No Name Qual Chassis Engine Laps Status Entrant Points 1 1 31 Al Unser Jr. 228.011 Penske PC-23 Mercedes Benz 500I 200 3:06:29.006 Team Penske 21 2 4 12 Jacques Villeneuve 226.259 Reynard 94I Ford Cosworth XB 200 +8.600 seconds Forsythe/Green Racing 16 3 28 4 Bobby Rahal 224.094 Penske PC-22 Ilmor D 199 Running Rahal/Hogan Racing 14 4 16 18 Jimmy Vasser 222.262 Reynard 94I Ford Cosworth XB 199 Running Hayhoe Racing 12 5 19 9 Robby Gordon 221.293 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 199 Running Walker Racing 10 6 5 8 Michael Andretti 226.205 Reynard 94I Ford Cosworth XB 198 Running Chip Ganassi Racing 8 7 24 11 Teo Fabi 223.394 Reynard 94I Ilmor D 198 Running Jim Hall Racing 6 8 11 27 Eddie Cheever 223.163 Lola T9300 Menard V-6 197 Running Team Menard 5 9 22 14 Bryan Herta 220.992 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 197 Running A. J. Foyt Enterprises 4 10 10 33 John Andretti 223.263 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 196 Running A. J. Foyt Enterprises 3 11 29 88 Maurício Gugelmin 223.104 Reynard 94I Ford Cosworth XB 196 Running Chip Ganassi Racing 2 12 21 19 Brian Till 221.107 Lola T9300 Ford Cosworth XB 194 Running Dale Coyne Racing 1 13 13 91 Stan Fox 222.867 Reynard 94I Ford Cosworth XB 193 Crash T1 Hemelgarn Racing 14 18 22 Hiro Matsushita 221.382 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 193 Running Dick Simon Racing 15 27 16 Stefan Johansson 221.518 Penske PC-22 Ilmor D 192 Running Bettenhausen Racing 16 17 71 Scott Sharp 222.091 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 186 Running PacWest Racing 17 3 2 Emerson Fittipaldi 227.303 Penske PC-23 Mercedes Benz 500I 184 Crash T4 Team Penske 1 18 8 28 Arie Luyendyk 223.673 Lola T9400 Ilmor D 179 Engine Indy Regency Racing 19 6 90 Lyn St. James 224.154 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 170 Running Dick Simon Racing 20 23 59 Scott Brayton 223.652 Lola T9300 Menard V-6 116 Engine Team Menard 21 2 5 Raul Boesel 227.618 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 100 Water Pump Dick Simon Racing 22 7 1 Nigel Mansell 224.041 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 92 Accident T3 Newman/Haas Racing 23 25 3 Paul Tracy 222.710 Penske PC-23 Mercedes Benz 500I 92 Turbo Team Penske 24 14 99 Hideshi Matsuda 222.545 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 90 Accident T1 Beck Motorsports 25 30 45 John Paul Jr. 222.500 Lola T9300 Ilmor C 89 Accident T3 ProFormance Racing 26 15 79 Dennis Vitolo 222.439 Lola T9300 Ford Cosworth XB 89 Accident T3 Dick Simon Racing 27 32 25 Marco Greco 221.216 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 53 Electrical Arciero Racing 28 26 7 Adrian Fernández 222.657 Reynard 94I Ilmor D 30 Suspension Galles Racing 29 12 17 Dominic Dobson 222.970 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 29 Accident T1 PacWest Racing 30 33 40 Scott Goodyear 223.817 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 29 Suspension King Racing 31 31 10 Mike Groff 221.355 Penske PC-22 Ilmor C+ 28 Accident T1 Rahal/Hogan Racing 32 9 6 Mario Andretti 223.503 Lola T9400 Ford Cosworth XB 23 Fuel System Newman/Haas Racing 33 20 21 Roberto Guerrero 221.278 Lola T9200 Buick V-6 20 Accident T1 Pagan Racing Includes bonus point for winning the pole position. Bonus point for leading the most laps. All cars used Goodyear tires. Lap Leaders Leader FromLap ToLap # oflaps Al Unser Jr. 1 23 23 Emerson Fittipaldi 24 61 38 Jacques Villeneuve 62 63 2 Emerson Fittipaldi 64 124 61 Jacques Villeneuve 125 129 5 Emerson Fittipaldi 130 133 4 Al Unser Jr. 134 138 5 Emerson Fittipaldi 139 164 26 Al Unser Jr. 165 168 4 Emerson Fittipaldi 169 184 16 Al Unser Jr. 185 200 16 Total laps led Laps Leader 145 Emerson Fittipaldi 48 Al Unser Jr. 7 Jacques Villeneuve Cautions: 7 for 43 laps FromLap Tolap # oflaps Reason 7 9 3 Vitolo spin turn 4 21 27 7 Guerrero crash turn 2 30 40 11 Dobson, Groff, crash turn 1 92 100 9 Matsuda crash turn 1Paul Jr. crash turn 3Vitolo, Mansell crash turn 3 warm up lane 137 139 3 Debris 185 190 6 Fittipaldi crash turn 4 197 200 4 Fox crash turn 1 Post-race [[Champ Car|CART]] [[PPG Industries|PPG]] [[American Championship Car Racing|IndyCar World Series]] Standings Rk. ## Driver Points Diff. 1 31 Al Unser Jr. 58 0 2 2 Emerson Fittipaldi 38 −20 3 8 Michael Andretti 37 −21 4 1 Nigel Mansell 35 −23 5 18 Jimmy Vasser 34 −24 6 9 Robby Gordon 30 −28 7 16 Stefan Johansson 25 −33 8 6 Mario Andretti 24 −34 9 5 Raul Boesel 17 −41 10 12 Jacques Villeneuve 16 −42 10 11 Teo Fabi 16 −42 10 88 Maurício Gugelmin 16 −42 Post race Almost immediately after the race, both USAC and CART separately evaluated the situation that stemmed from the Mercedes-Benz 500I. USAC was initially willing to allow the pushrod engines in 1995, but were concerned about the potential for escalating costs. CART, as it had previously, refused to allow the engine increased boost at the events they sanctioned, effectively rendering it uncompetitive at those races. Two weeks after the race, USAC announced that for 1995, the 209 cid purpose-built pushrod engines would be allowed 52 inHG of "boost" (down from 55 inHG). The traditional "stock block" production-based engines (e.g., Buick & Menard) would still be allowed 55 inHG. Meanwhile, the overhead cam 2.65L V-8 engines would stay at 45 inches. Other engine manufacturers, including Cosworth and Menard were considering 209 pushrod engines (Ilmor Engineering had already taken 30 customer orders for 500i engines for the 1995 race), and it became possible that to be competitive on the CART circuit, teams might require two separate engines for the season—a 2.65L OHC for the CART-sanctioned events, and a pushrod engine for Indianapolis singly—a daunting task which was expected to escalate costs. During the summer of 1994, Tony George announced his plans to start the Indy Racing League in 1996, with an emphasis on cost-saving measures. On August 11, 1994, USAC changed its decision, and scaled back the boost for the purpose-built pushrod engines further to 48 inches; and outlawing it outright for 1996. The move was considered by Roger Penske as "politically motivated," and ultimately set back the Penske Team going into 1995. Observers negatively compared the radical rules change to way USAC handled the Granatelli Turbine in the late 1960s. After the rules change, the 209-cid Mercedes-Benz 500I never raced again, but boasted a perfect 100% pole position and race winning record at Indianapolis, its only start in professional competition. Despite reverting to the Ilmor D powerplant for the remainder of the 1994 CART season, Marlboro Team Penske continued to dominate. The three Penske drivers won 12 (of 16) races, including five 1-2-3 finishes. Penske swept the top three in the final championship points standings, with Al Unser Jr. winning the championship, Fittipaldi second, and Tracy third. The 1994 Indy 500 would prove to be the final victory for a Penske-manufactured chassis at the Speedway. The following year, the 1995-spec Penske chassis, the PC-24, proved to be noncompetitive in time trials (despite a promising test in mid-April 1995). The team failed to qualify with it or the Lola and Reynard chassis that were borrowed from other teams as alternates. By the time the team returned to the race in 2001, in-house chassis manufacturing had ended in favor of using customer chassis. Only 69 days after the race, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway ushered in a new era, hosting the Inaugural running of the Brickyard 400. Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Bob Jenkins served as chief announcer for the fifth year. Johnny Rutherford, who retired as a driver during the month, returned to serve as "driver expert." Historian Donald Davidson celebrated his 30th year on the broadcast. The on-air crew returned intact for 1994, which marked the fourth consecutive year the crew has remained nearly exactly the same (1991–1994). This was the last year for pit reporters Brian Hammons and Chris McClure. This was also Gary Lee's last year in Turn 2. The broadcast was carried on hundreds of affiliates in all 50 states of the U.S., as well as AFN and World Harvest Radio International, reaching all continents including Antarctica. The broadcast was heard in the UK on Autosport Racing Line. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Bob Jenkins Driver expert: Johnny Rutherford Statistician: Howdy Bell Historian: Donald Davidson Turn 1: Jerry Baker Turn 2: Gary Lee Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Lamey Bob Forbes (north pits)Brian Hammons (north-center pits)Sally Larvick (south-center pits)Chris McClure (south pits)Chuck Marlowe (garages/hospital) Television The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. Paul Page served as host and play-by-play announcer. Newcomer and former Indy winner Danny Sullivan joined Bobby Unser and Sam Posey as color commentators. Sullivan, who tentatively retired from IndyCar racing in 1994, began dabbling in NASCAR as well as broadcasting. Sullivan took the turn four reporting location, while Bobby Unser reported from turn two. Posey remained in the booth with Page. With the addition of Sullivan, the same crew from 1990–1993 returned. This was the first 500 broadcast to feature a "Score bug." A transparent digit was located on the upper right corner of the screen which counted down the number of laps remaining in the race. New on-board camera angles debuted, including a rear-wing mount on Michael Andretti's car, as well as a forward-facing camera mounted in front of the left rear wheel on Robby Gordon's car, which captured a spectacular duel with Raul Boesel. Bobby Rahal's car also featured a new nose-cam, the first such at the 500. ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host/Announcer: Paul Page Color: Sam Posey Color/Turn 2: Bobby Unser Color/Turn 4: Danny Sullivan Jack AruteGary GerouldDr. Jerry Punch

Introduction Paco Rosendo Moncayo Gallegos is an Ecuadorian politician and retired general who was Metropolitan Mayor of Quito from 2000 to 2009. Career During his military career, he was the Commander in Chief of the Army in the Alto Cenepa War between Ecuador and Perú. He served as a National Deputy from 1998 to 2000 and was a member of both the National Security Council and its Consultative Assembly for Foreign Affairs. In 2000 Paco Moncayo was elected Metropolitan Mayor of Quito on behalf of the Party of the Democratic Left, and he was re-elected for a second term in 2004. He was co-president of United Cities and Local Governments as of November 2007 and was longlisted for the 2008 World Mayor award. Between 2009 and 2013 Moncayo was a representative for Pichincha Province in the National Assembly under the Alianza Libertad. He ran for a seat in the Assembly again in the 2013 general election with the Ruptura 25 movement, but failed to win a seat. 2017 Ecuadorian presidential election Moncayo was a candidate in the February 2017 presidential election, in alliance with Izquierda Democrática, Centro Democrático and Acuerdo Nacional por el Cambio. He placed fourth in the election. His running mate was Monserrat Bustamante Chán, director of Institutional Planning and full-time professor of the Faculty of Marketing and Communication in ECOTEC University. Honors He is a Legion of Merit recipient and has been awarded military and civilian Ecuadorian and international decorations. File:General_de_ejercito.png|Seal of an Ecuadorian General of the Army File:US Legion of Merit Commander.png|Legion of Merit, Commander Degree File:Moncayoribbons.png|General Moncayo's Ribbons

Introduction Romeoland is the third studio album by American rapper Lil' Romeo. It was released on September 21, 2004 on The New No Limit and Koch. Romeoland peaked at No. 70 on the US Billboard 200 and No. 29 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Track listing ;Samples "My Cinderella" contains a sample of "If I Ever Fall in Love" by Shai "The One" contains a sample of "Love Come Down" by Evelyn "Champagne" King Chart positions Chart (2004) Position

Introduction The 77th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday, May 30, 1993. Emerson Fittipaldi took the lead with 16 laps to go, and won his second career Indy 500 victory. The race was sanctioned by USAC and was part of the 1993 PPG Indy Car World Series. Several sidebar stories during the month complemented one of the most competitive Indy 500 races in recent years. Much of the pre-race attention for the month focused heavily on rookie Nigel Mansell, the reigning Formula One World Champion, who switched to the CART Indy car series during the offseason. A large international media contingent arrived at the track creating a huge frenzy surrounding the Englishman. Mansell was competitive all afternoon, and was leading the race on lap 184 as the field was coming to a restart. His inexperience on oval circuits, however, led to him misjudging the restart speed and he was quickly passed down the main stretch by Fittipaldi, which proved to be the winning move. Fittipaldi, Arie Luyendyk and Mansell finished 1st–2nd–3rd, the first time foreign-born drivers swept the top three finishing positions since 1915. After hinting about retirement in 1991 (and later retracting retirement plans in 1992), four-time Indy 500 winner A. J. Foyt entered the 1993 race and participated in the first week of practice. On the morning of pole day qualifying, rookie Robby Gordon, driving a Foyt team car, crashed during a practice session. The incident led to Foyt deciding to retire from Indy car racing after a 35-year career. The 1993 race would be the final competitive drives at Indy for both Mario Andretti and Al Unser Sr. Andretti led the most laps, but faded at the end to a 6th-place finish. Unser also led laps during the race, en route to a 12th-place finish. Andretti would drop out of the 1994 race, and retired after the 1994 season. Unser abruptly retired during practice for the 1994 race. Also grabbing headlines during qualifying was the plight of defending CART champion and 1986 Indy winner Bobby Rahal. After struggling to get his car up to speed, Rahal was bumped from the field on the final day of time trials. Raul Boesel led 18 laps for owner Dick Simon, the first time a Simon-owned car ever led the Indy 500. Boesel took the lead at the start and had one of the fastest cars during the race. His chances for victory, however, were foiled due to two pit stop penalties, which dropped him to the back of the pack. He worked his way back up to a remarkable 4th-place finish, but in post race interviews, felt the race had been stolen from him, saying "in my mind, this race is mine." Background Sweeping changes were seen at Indy for 1993, both at the track and amongst the competitors. After the many crashes during the 1992 race, rule changes were implemented to slow cars down and to better protect drivers in crashes. Among the noticeable changes were smaller rear wings, and the banning of the wheel disc inserts. In addition, the front noses of the cars were changed, intended to protect the drivers' feet in a crash. Cockpits were to be redesigned to allow drivers to pull their feet back before impact. Also making news at the Speedway was the official announcement of the Brickyard 400, to be held in 1994. Tony George and Bill France Jr. jointly announced the race on April 14 during a ceremony at the museum, a few weeks before opening day. The race would give the Speedway two major events annually starting in 1994. Beginning in 1993, a speed limit in the pit lane (100 mph) was enforced at all times. In the previous year, it was only in force during caution periods. Driver and team changes Nigel Mansell arrived at Indy for the first time in 1993. During the offseason, four-time Indy 500 winner Rick Mears announced his retirement from racing. Penske driver Paul Tracy elevated into the ride, taking over full-time, where he had previously driven part-time in 1991–1992. Tracy would earn his first career Indy car victory at Long Beach, the last race before Indianapolis. The biggest story going into the season surrounded Newman/Haas Racing. Michael Andretti left the CART series and signed with McLaren to drive in Formula One. Taking Andretti's place would be reigning Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell. Mansell came to the American open wheel series with considerable fanfare and huge media attention. Mansell joined fellow former World Driving champion Mario Andretti as teammates. Mansell won the CART season-opener at Surfers Paradise, but was involved in a crash during practice for the Valvoline 200 at Phoenix. He suffered an injured back, and sat out that event. Since he missed the Phoenix race, Indianapolis would serve as Mansell's first-ever oval race start. Mansell underwent back surgery on April 28, forcing him to miss rookie orientation, and the opening weekend of practice at Indy. Truesports racing was absorbed by Rahal-Hogan Racing, and driver Bobby Rahal took over the existing Truesports chassis program to start out the season. Rahal entered the race as the defending CART series champion, and was coming off a second-place finish at Long Beach. Galles Racing maintained its driver lineup for 1993. Defending Indy 500 winner Al Unser Jr. returned, as did Danny Sullivan. The team, however, scrapped the Galmer chassis program. Kevin Cogan joined the team at Indy only, making it a three-car Indy 500 effort. At Chip Ganassi Racing, Eddie Cheever departed, and was replaced by Arie Luyendyk. In 1992, Luyendyk was out of a full-time ride, and drove for Ganassi at Indy and Michigan only. For 1993, Luyendyk was back with the team, this time for a full-season ride. After his devastating crash in 1992, Nelson Piquet returned to Indy after a lengthy rehabilitation. Former winners Tom Sneva and Gordon Johncock also retired during the off-season, though Sneva did arrive at the track hoping for an outside chance to land a ride. After two years of retirement rumors, four-time winner A. J. Foyt entered once again as a driver, looking to qualify for his 36th consecutive Indy 500. Rookie driver Robby Gordon was entered in a second Foyt team car. The other active four-time winner, Al Unser Sr., secured a ride with King Racing. The previous two years, Unser had entered the month without a ride. Track improvements Following the 1992 race, an extensive construction project was undertaken at the Speedway. The "apron" lane at the bottom of the track was removed, and replaced with a new separated warm-up lane, similar to the one at Nazareth Speedway. A grass strip physically separated the track surface from the new warm up lane. Rumble strips were installed below the white line to discourage drivers from dipping below the white line. The improvements were made in an effort to curtail speeds, and reduce impact angles, but were criticized by some who said that it made the track too narrow and would make passing more difficult. The entire outer retaining wall and catch fence was replaced, mostly in anticipation of the 1994 Brickyard 400. Other physical improvements included new grandstands at the north end of the circuit, observation mounds in the infield, and the completion of a new championship-caliber golf course on the grounds, designed by Pete Dye called Brickyard Crossing. Race schedule Race schedule — April/May 1993 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 25  26  27  28  29  30ROP 1ROP 2ROP 3  4  5  6  7Mini-Marathon 8Practice 9Practice 10Practice 11Practice 12Practice 13Practice 14Practice 15Pole Day 16Time Trials 17Practice 18Practice 19Practice 20Practice 21Practice 22Time Trials 23Bump Day 24  25  26  27Carb Day 28  29Parade 30Indy 500 31Memorial Day           Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP — denotes RookieOrientation Program Practice: week 1 Opening Day: Saturday May 8 The traditional opening day ceremonies were capped off when Dick Simon Racing was the first team out on the track (for the 6th consecutive year). Marco Greco was the first driver to complete a lap, with the rest of the Simon cars following in a diamond formation. Shortly before 3 p.m., Jeff Andretti entered the warm up lane in turn three too fast, and slid back onto the track into the path of Roberto Guerrero's car. Guerrero went high to avoid Andretti's spinning car, and brushed the outside wall. Neither driver was injured. Mario Andretti (222.124 mph) was the fastest car of the day. Sunday May 9 Paul Tracy was the fastest of the day. Jeff Andretti blew an engine, starting a huge fire at the back of his car, which he was able to guide back to the pits. Monday May 10 Team Penske led the speed charts, with Paul Tracy (220.724 mph) first and Emerson Fittipaldi (220.691 mph) second. Nelson Piquet was 9th-fastest before he clipped the outside wall exiting turn 2. Tuesday May 11 Arie Luyendyk set the fastest lap thus far for the month at 225.89 mph. Hiro Matsushita and Paul Tracy both survived separate spins at the pit entrance without hitting anything. At about 1:30 p.m., A. J. Foyt took his first shake down laps of the month, reaching a top lap of 212 mph. Wednesday May 12 Rookie Nigel Mansell passed his physical and began his four-phase drivers test. He breezed through all four phases, with a top lap of 218.579 mph. Though he was unable to attend the Rookie Orientation Program, Mansell received special permission from USAC to skip the program, due to his extensive auto racing experience and expertise. Robbie Buhl crashed in turn two, suffering a concussion, which sidelined him until May 19. Ross Bentley and Olivier Grouillard also spun out on the track. Raul Boesel topped the speed chart for the day at 224.461 mph. Thursday May 13 Arie Luyendyk once again set the fastest lap thus far for the month, raising it to 226.182 mph. The day was without incident, except for Robby Gordon, who "whitewalled" the outside wall at the southchute, suffering minor suspension damage. Mario Andretti was second fastest (225.423 mph), the second driver of the month over 225 mph. In his first full day of practice, Nigel Mansell was 6th fastest, with lap of 224.372 mph. Friday May 14 Raul Boesel (225.592 mph) topped the speed chart for the final day of practice before pole day. Nigel Mansell continued to impress, posting the second-fastest lap of the day (224.949 mph). Mario Andretti was third, but Arie Luyendyk was only 9th fastest. Incidents on the track involved three drivers. At 12:20 p.m., Didier Theys spun out of turn 4 and hit the inside wall, bouncing back to the middle of the frontstretch. The car was heavily damaged, but Theys suffered only a bruised thigh. At 1:53 p.m., Ross Bentley abruptly stopped on the main stretch, with the car on fire. He quickly scrambled to exit the cockpit. A fuel pressure regulator broke, spilling fuel, and igniting. Bentley suffered first and second-degree burns to his face and hands, and he would sit out the rest of the month. Late in the day, Mario Andretti spun in the warmup lane, but did not make contact. Time Trials: weekend 1 Pole day – Saturday May 15 A.J. Foyt retires Pole day was warm and sunny. At 8:11 a.m., during the morning practice session, rookie Robby Gordon, driving the #41 Foyt entry, spun exiting turn 1, then brushed the wall with the nose of the car. The car continued to slide, righted itself forward, and slid along the outside wall in turn two. Gordon was uninjured. About two hours later, unexpectedly, A. J. Foyt donned his racing suit for the final time, and took to the track for a final "farewell" lap. After the Gordon crash, Foyt decided he was unable to fully concentrate his efforts on both driving and running the team successfully, and after previously hinting at retirement in 1991, he made his retirement official effective immediately. An emotional and teary-eyed Foyt was interviewed by Tom Carnegie over the public address system, giving his farewell speech to the fans: Open of qualifications Promptly at 11:00 a.m., time trials began with Stan Fox the first driver in line. After three inconsistent laps, Fox waved off. Due to the challenging track layout (without the apron) and rules changes, several drivers and teams were uneasy about qualifying speeds and many waved off. Mario Andretti was the second car out, and completed his run at 223.414 mph, putting him on the provisional pole position. In the first hour and fifteen minutes, only four cars completed runs. Nine cars waved off, including Arie Luyendyk, and Gary Bettenhausen wrecked on his fourth lap. At 12:30 p.m., Raul Boesel put his car on the front row with a run of 222.379 mph. Nigel Mansell waved off his first run, after three laps in the 218-219 mph range. At 1 p.m., with ten cars in the field, the track became quiet, as drivers awaited better conditions. At 5 p.m., time trials resumed. Arie Luyendyk secured the pole position with a speed of 223.967 mph. Luyendyk bumped Mario Andretti to the middle of the front row, and Raul Boesel held on for the outside of the front row. Nigel Mansell was the next car out, making his second attempt. After a first lap of 221.811 mph, Mansell wildly veered to the middle of the track out of turn four (fearing that he brushed the wall exiting turn 4). His second lap dropped to 219 mph, and his four-lap average ended up 220.255 mph, good enough for 8th starting position in the middle of row 3. Emerson Fittipaldi, Kevin Cogan, and Stefan Johansson were the only other cars to complete runs. The day ended with 15 cars in the field, and Pruett (216.794 mph) as the slowest. Bobby Rahal was among the drivers not yet in the field. Pole Day Driver Team Chassis Engine 1 10 Arie Luyendyk Chip Ganassi Racing Lola FordXB 223.967 2 6 Mario Andretti Newman/Haas Racing Lola FordXB 223.414 3 9 Raul Boesel Dick Simon Racing Lola FordXB 222.379 4 2 Scott Goodyear Walker Racing Lola FordXB 222.344 5 3 Al Unser Jr. Galles Racing Lola Chevrolet 221.773 6 16 Stefan Johansson Bettenhausen Racing Penske Chevrolet 220.824 7 12 Paul Tracy Team Penske Penske Chevrolet 220.298 8 5 Nigel Mansell Newman/Haas Racing Lola FordXB 220.255 9 4 Emerson Fittipaldi Team Penske Penske Chevrolet 220.150 10 40 Roberto Guerrero Budweiser King Racing Lola Chevrolet 219.645 11 22 Scott Brayton Dick Simon Racing Lola FordXB 219.637 12 7 Danny Sullivan Galles Racing Lola Chevrolet 219.428 13 77 Nelson Piquet Menard Racing Lola Menard (Buick) 217.949 14 11 Kevin Cogan Galles Racing Lola Chevrolet 217.230 15 46 Scott Pruett ProFormance Motorsports Lola Chevrolet 216.794 Second day – Sunday May 16 Several drivers who waved off on pole day completed runs on the second day. Among those who qualified comfortably were Jeff Andretti, Lyn St. James, and Teo Fabi. After struggling all week with the Truesports chassis, Bobby Rahal completed a run at 217.140 mph. With the field filled to 26 cars, Mark Smith (214.356 mph) was the slowest car in the field. The only incident of the day involved Davy Jones, who blew an engine on the first lap of his qualifying attempt. The hot fluids entered the cockpit, and Jones scrambled to stop the car against the inside wall near the pit entrance and climbed out. Practice: week 2 Monday – May 17 A light day of track activity saw John Andretti shaking down a car for Willy T. Ribbs at Walker Motorsports. Andretti hit 220.157 mph in the car, the fastest non-qualified car of the afternoon. Tuesday – May 18 Rain kept cars off the track until 3 p.m. An abbreviated practice session saw only 15 cars on the track, with Teo Fabi (223.381 mph) the fastest of the day; his fastest lap all month. Willy T. Ribbs took his first laps of the month, and first laps since 1991, topping out in the 210 mph range. Wednesday – May 19 Éric Bachelart wrecked early in the session in turn 1, but he suffered only minor injuries. After being cleared to drive Wednesday morning, Robbie Buhl wrecked again, this time suffering an injured foot. To date, Dale Coyne Racing had now suffered four crashes in the month. Emerson Fittipaldi, testing race setups, set the second-fastest lap of the month, at 226.051 mph, faster than the pole position speed. Olivier Grouillard, Eddie Cheever, and Jim Crawford led the speed chart for the non-qualified drivers. Thursday – May 20 The fastest lap of the month was turned in by Mario Andretti, who blistered the track at 227.118 mph. Jim Crawford (221.212 mph) set the pace for the non-qualified drivers. The day ended 15 minutes early due to rain. Friday – May 21 The final full day of practice saw heavy activity. A total of 33 cars ran 1,693 laps during the session, and the field passed 20,000 practice laps for the month. Nigel Mansell (225.468 mph) was the fastest-car of the day, and Robby Gordon (221.272 mph) led the non-qualified cars. The only incident of the day involved Dominic Dobson, who spun to the inside of turn one, and lightly tapped the outside wall. The car was not damaged, and Dobson was not injured. Time Trials: weekend 2 Third Day – Saturday May 22 At the opening of time trials, Eddie Cheever was the first car to complete a qualifying run, It was his third and final attempt in the #99 Turley Motorsports entry. His speed of 216.415 mph, was disappointingly slow compared to his previous practice laps. Jim Crawford put a third King Racing entry in the field, with a comfortable speed of 217.612 mph. John Andretti signed last-minute to drive the #84 Foyt entry, and quickly posted a speed of 221.746 mph, the fastest car of the afternoon, and 6th-fastest in the entire field. Robby Gordon, now the primary driver for Foyt, followed with a run of 220.085 mph. At 5:17 p.m., Geoff Brabham easily bumped rookie Mark Smith from the field. Smith turned around and re-qualified his back-up car at 217.150 mph, bumping Eddie Cheever. The bumping continued with Willy T. Ribbs posting a solid run of 217.711 mph to bump Olivier Grouillard. Eddie Cheever took out his backup #99T car for an attempt (his fourth attempt of the month), but waved off. The day ended with Dominic Dobson bumping out Scott Pruett. With questionable weather in the forecast for Sunday, the field was filled to 33 cars, with Bobby Rahal on the bubble. Bump Day – Sunday May 23 With the field already filled to 33 cars, Bump Day, the final day of time trials, started with unfavorable weather conditions. Wind gusts up to 30 mph were observed, which kept cars off the track most of the early afternoon. 1986 winner, and defending CART champion Bobby Rahal (217.140 mph) started the day on the bubble, as the slowest car in the field. His R/H chassis was proving to be uncompetitive in superspeedway trim. In the morning, Team Menard offered a spare car deal for Bobby Rahal, who was in considerable danger of failing to qualify. Rahal declined, opting instead to roll out his backup car, and start getting it up to speed. After a difficult time in qualifying, Eddie Cheever quit the Turley team, and took the vacant ride at Menard. Qualifying began at 5 p.m., with Eddie Cheever first out. Though his speed was seemingly fast enough to bump his way into the field, the crew waved off the run. Bobby Rahal remained on the bubble. Over the next half-hour, four drivers (Didier Theys, Scott Pruett, John Paul Jr., and Éric Bachelart) all attempted to bump Bobby Rahal from the field. John Paul Jr. blew his engine, and the rest were too slow and waved off. Rahal's team had to keep pulling his backup car out of line, and moving to the rear, increasing the risk that he would not be able to re-qualify if he got bumped. With fifteen minutes left in the day, Eddie Cheever took to the track, overall, his record sixth qualifying attempt of the month. At 217.599 mph, he bumped Bobby Rahal from the field. The move put rookie Mark Smith (217.150 mph) on the bubble. At 5:54 p.m., Didier Theys took to the track, and completed his run at 217.752 mph. Theys bumped Smith, and added to the lore of the Curse of the Smiths at the Indy 500. With just seconds remaining until the 6 o'clock gun, Bobby Rahal made it to the front of the qualifying line. At 5:59 p.m., he pulled away for his warm up laps. Kevin Cogan (217.230 mph) was now on the bubble. Rahal's first lap was completed at 217.360 mph, just fast enough to bump his way in. However, his second lap dropped to 216.820 mph. His third lap (214.782 mph) was the dagger, and Rahal failed to qualify. Carburetion Day – Thursday May 27 The final practice session saw Scott Brayton (223.547 mph) set the fastest lap. Nigel Mansell was second, and Raul Boesel third. No incidents were reported, but a few drivers, namely Stan Fox, reported relatively minor mechanical issues. First alternate Bobby Rahal did not take the opportunity to practice. Paul Tracy was absent for the day, due to the birth of his daughter in Toronto. Emerson Fittipaldi shook down Tracy's car for a handful of practice laps. Galles Racing won the Miller Pit Stop Contest with driver Al Unser Jr. Starting grid Row Inside Middle Outside 1 10 Arie Luyendyk 6 Mario Andretti 9 Raul Boesel 2 2 Scott Goodyear 3 Al Unser Jr. 16 Stefan Johansson 3 12 Paul Tracy 5 Nigel Mansell 4 Emerson Fittipaldi 4 40 Roberto Guerrero 22 Scott Brayton 7 Danny Sullivan 5 77 Nelson Piquet 11 Kevin Cogan 36 Stéphan Grégoire 6 21 Jeff Andretti 8 Teo Fabi 51 Gary Bettenhausen 7 18 Jimmy Vasser 91 Stan Fox 90 Lyn St. James 8 76 Tony Bettenhausen Jr. 80 Al Unser 84 John Andretti 9 41 Robby Gordon 15 Hiro Matsushita 66 Dominic Dobson 10 50 Davy Jones 27 Geoff Brabham 75 Willy T. Ribbs 11 60 Jim Crawford 92 Didier Theys 59 Eddie Cheever Alternates First alternate: Mark Smith – Bumped Second alternate: Bobby Rahal (#1, #1T) – #1 Bumped, #1T too slow Failed to Qualify Olivier Grouillard – #29 Bumped, 18T did not attempt to qualify Scott Pruett (#45, #46) – #45 Bumped, #46 too slow Éric Bachelart (#32, #39) – #32 Practice Crash, #39 Too slow Rocky Moran (#43) – Too slow John Paul Jr. (#93) – Blown engine during qualifications Buddy Lazier (#20) – Blown engine during qualifications Ross Bentley (#39) – car fire during practice Robbie Buhl (#19, 19T) – practice crash A. J. Foyt (#14) – retired on pole day morning, did not attempt to qualify Mike Groff ( #1T, #26) – #1T Practice only, #26 did not practice or attempt to qualify Brian Bonner (#98) – did not attempt to qualify Race recap Pre-race 1993 Chevrolet Camaro pace car. After the tumultuous off-season, and surprising events during time trials, the 500 would line up with several familiar drivers on the sidelines for one reason or another. A. J. Foyt, Rick Mears, Gordon Johncock, and Tom Sneva had retired; Bobby Rahal and Scott Pruett both failed to qualify; and Michael Andretti's commitments in Formula One prevented him from entering the race. After the miserable cold weather from the previous year, race day dawned sunny and warm. There was pre-race concern about approaching precipitation, and the forecast was questionable. Some teams prepared for a possible rain-shortened race. However, the rain never arrived, and the race was completed without interruption. Start At the green flag, polesitter Arie Luyendyk and Raul Boesel drag-raced down the frontstretch, with Mario Andretti dropping back into third. Boesel got the edge, and grabbed the lead into turn 1. The entire field circulated through the first lap cleanly, and started to pick up the pace. Boesel began lapping the backmarkers on lap 8, meanwhile Andretti moved past Luyendyk to take second place. On lap 16, Jim Crawford spun exiting turn 2. He flat-spotted his tires, but did not make contact. He drove back to the pits, and re-entered the race. Under the caution most of the leaders pitted. Kevin Cogan stayed out, and inherited the lead. In doing so, Cogan accomplished a rare feat in which the slowest qualifier in the field led lap(s) during the race. In the pits, Raul Boesel was among those who pitted, and in the process, the crew was able to remove a hot dog wrapper that was blocking the radiator inlet. As Boesel was exiting his pit stall, he was momentarily blocked when Scott Goodyear pulled out of his stall. Further down the lane, Mario Andretti slowly pulled out of his pit box, and was ahead of Boesel. Both cars entered the warm up lane together. Boesel was going much faster and slipped by Andretti in the warm up lane. Boesel was unaware and was not informed by the officials that Mario had crossed the blend line first. After the field went back to green on lap 21, the black flag was displayed for Boesel. A controversial stop-and-go penalty was assessed to Boesel. Confusion hovered over the reason for penalty. Owner Dick Simon was initially informed it was for speeding in the pits, but then it was changed to passing under the yellow. Boesel darted into the pits to serve the penalty, and fell all the way back to the rear of the field. He lost a lap in the process. First half With Al Unser, Sr. leading on lap 31, Danny Sullivan, suffering from a pushing condition, went high in turn three and smacked the outside wall. A piece of the suspension pierced through the side of the tub, and narrowly missed puncturing his leg. Danny would not return as a driver in 1994 but did one last time in 1995. Nelson Piquet, who returned to Indy after his bad crash in 1992, dropped out with a blown engine. Mario Andretti led the field back to green on lap 36, Arie Luyendyk ran second, and Emerson Fittipaldi third. Mario led comfortably for the next 15 laps. On lap 47, the leaders approached traffic, and Luyendyk passed Andretti to take the lead into turn one. Nigel Mansell began showing strength, passing Fittipaldi for third, then closing in his teammate Mario Andretti in second. Down the main stretch on lap 50, Mansell dove inside Mario for position, but Mario held him off, sweeping down in front in turn 1. Three laps later, Mansell finally got by Mario in turn 1, after a hot pursuit. Andretti pitted one lap later. On lap 56, Mansell passed Luyendyk coming out of turn 2 to take the lead for the first time. However, Mansell ducked into the pits on that same lap, and was not credited with leading a lap yet. During the sequence of green flag pit stops, the lead changed hands several times. After all of the leaders pitted, Nigel Mansell took over the lead. The yellow came out for debris on lap 89, and after pit stops, Mario Andretti was back in the lead. Nigel Mansell overshot his pit stall, and his crew had to wheel him back to administer service. Mansell dropped to 6th place after a 40-second pit stop. The green came out on lap 94, but only lasted two laps. Scott Brayton and Paul Tracy tangled entering turn three, and Tracy was forced into the outside wall. Brayton came down on Tracy, pinching him to the grass, and clipped his front wheel. Second half On lap 128, the only multi-car crash of the day occurred. Jeff Andretti and Roberto Guerrero came together in turn three, with both cars crashing out. Leader Mario Andretti ducked into the pits, however, he entered the pit lane when it was closed. He was given the black flag and assessed a stop-and-go penalty. After the shuffle, Al Unser Jr. took over the lead, with Andretti second. Meanwhile, Raul Boesel was now back on the lead lap in 8th place. Robby Gordon brought out the yellow on lap 169 when he stalled on the track with a broken gearbox. Under the yellow, Raul Boesel entered the pits while they were closed, and was assessed a stop-and-go penalty; however, he did not lose any considerable track position. After the shuffle from the final sequence of pit stops, Nigel Mansell was now back in the lead, with Emerson Fittipaldi second, and Arie Luyendyk third. Finish On lap 182, the yellow came out when Lyn St. James stalled in turn 4. Nigel Mansell was leading Emerson Fittipaldi and Arie Luyendyk. On lap 184, the field was ready to go back to green. Mansell, driving in his first-ever Indy car oval race, was inexperienced in restarts, and was too hesitant bringing the field back to green. He exited turn four too slow, and immediately Fittipaldi and Luyendyk were on his rear bumper. Mansell realized he was a sitting duck, and swept to the inside of the track to attempt to block. Fittipaldi quickly diced around, and got by on the outside to take the lead. Going into turn one, Luyendyk precariously swept by Mansell on the outside and took over second place. With Fittipaldi pulling away, the laps dwindled down, and Mansell's chances for victory started to slip away. On lap 192, Mansell slid high exiting turn two, and "whitewalled" the outside wall. A caution came out for the contact, but Mansell stayed out on the track. His suspension suffered minor damage, but he continued. The green flag came out for the final time with 5 laps to go. Emerson Fittipaldi got the jump on the restart, and pulled away to a comfortable lead. Fittipaldi won his second Indy 500 by 2.8 seconds over Arie Luyendyk. Nigel Mansell held on to finish third, while Raul Boesel worked his way all the way back to the front-runners to come home fourth. Nigel Mansell became the first rookie to finish the full 500 miles since Donnie Allison in 1970. He won the rookie of the year award, and led a total of 34 laps during the race. His late-race miscue cost him two positions, and was largely chalked up as a 'rookie mistake.' During post-race interviews, Mansell claimed he was trying to follow the rules, waiting for the green flag to come out before he accelerated, and he was surprised that Fittipaldi and Luyendyk had caught up such ground on him so quickly. He claimed that "everybody, if you like, cheats on the restarts, and I'm trying to do it by the rules...and I lost the lead..." However, he did not protest the results, and was pleased with his performance. Later that same year, Mansell won the Michigan 500 and went on to win the 1993 CART IndyCar championship. Mansell was honored with the Driver of the Year award, the Autosport International Racing Driver Award and an ESPY. Post race Race winner Emerson Fittipaldi, who previously won in 1989 pulled into victory lane to celebrate his win with team owner Roger Penske. It would be the final time a driver celebrated in the "hydraulic lift" version of Indy's victory lane, as a new one was built for 1994. As Fittipaldi emerged from the cockpit, he immediately began the traditional winner's interview, being given by Jack Arute live on ABC-TV. Fittipaldi broke a decades-old tradition, and chose not to drink the ceremonial milk in victory lane, a tradition that dates back to 1936. Fittipaldi instead controversially drank orange juice, which he himself provided, in order to promote the Brazilian citrus industry. Arute immediately shifted his questioning to the milk snub, and the exchange on live television went as follows: Fittipaldi refused to even hold the milk bottle, pushing it away at least three times from the presenter. After the interview was concluded, and after television cameras had been turned off, Fittipaldi finally did take a sip from the bottle of milk at the direction of his owner Roger Penske, however, not before a controversy boiled. Fan reaction to the snub was highly negative, and they charged Fittipaldi with breaking the popular and long-standing Indy tradition for personal gain. He quickly gained hecklers, and was booed the following week during driver introductions at Milwaukee. A few days after the race, Fittipaldi issued an apology statement, and donated the $5,000 prize from the American Dairy Association of Indiana to charity. Race results Driver Status Team 1 9 4 Emerson Fittipaldi 220.150 14 P C 200 157.207 mph Team Penske 2 1 10 Arie Luyendyk 223.967 1 L F 200 +2.862 seconds Chip Ganassi Racing 3 8 5 Nigel Mansell 220.255 13 L F 200 +4.237 seconds Newman/Haas Racing 4 3 9 Raul Boesel 222.379 3 L F 200 +4.782 seconds Dick Simon Racing 5 2 6 Mario Andretti 223.414 2 L F 200 +5.418 seconds Newman/Haas Racing 6 11 22 Scott Brayton 219.637 18 L F 200 +6.540 seconds Dick Simon Racing 7 4 2 Scott Goodyear 222.344 4 L F 200 +7.917 seconds Walker Racing 8 5 3 Al Unser Jr. 221.773 5 L C 200 +9.964 seconds Galles Racing 9 17 8 Teo Fabi 220.514 10 L C 200 +17.441 seconds Jim Hall Racing 10 24 84 John Andretti 221.746 6 L F 200 +17.730 seconds A. J. Foyt Enterprises 11 6 16 Stefan Johansson 220.824 8 P C 199 Running Bettenhausen Racing 12 23 80 Al Unser 217.453 32 L C 199 Running King Racing 13 19 18 Jimmy Vasser 218.968 20 L F 198 Running Hayhoe Racing 14 14 11 Kevin Cogan 217.230 33 L C 198 Running Galles Racing 15 28 50 Davy Jones 218.416 23 L C 197 Running Euromotorsport 16 33 59 Eddie Cheever 217.599 31 L B 197 Running Team Menard 17 18 51 Gary Bettenhausen 220.380 11 L M 197 Running Team Menard 18 26 15 Hiro Matsushita 219.950 16 L F 197 Running Walker Racing 19 15 36 Stéphan Grégoire 220.851 7 L B 195 Running Formula Project Engineering 20 22 76 Tony Bettenhausen Jr. 218.034 25 P C 195 Running Bettenhausen Racing 21 30 75 Willy T. Ribbs 217.711 29 L F 194 Running Walker Racing 22 32 92 Didier Theys 217.752 28 L B 193 Running Hemelgarn Racing 23 27 66 Dominic Dobson 218.776 21 G C 193 Running Burns Racing 24 31 60 Jim Crawford 217.612 30 L C 192 Running King Racing 25 21 90 Lyn St. James 218.042 24 L F 176 Gearbox Dick Simon Racing 26 29 27 Geoff Brabham 217.800 27 L M 174 Engine Team Menard 27 25 41 Robby Gordon 220.085 15 L F 165 Gearbox A. J. Foyt Enterprises 28 10 40 Roberto Guerrero 219.645 17 L C 125 Crash T3 King Racing 29 16 21 Jeff Andretti 220.572 9 L B 124 Crash T3 Pagan Racing 30 7 12 Paul Tracy 220.298 12 P C 94 Crash T3 Team Penske 31 20 91 Stan Fox 218.765 22 L B 64 Engine Hemelgarn Racing 32 13 77 Nelson Piquet 217.949 26 L M 38 Engine Team Menard 33 12 7 Danny Sullivan 219.428 19 L C 29 Crash T3 Galles Racing – Former Winner, – Rookie C Chassis: G=Galmer, L=Lola, P=Penske E Engine: B=Buick, C=Ilmor-Chevrolet, F=Cosworth-Ford, M=Menard (Buick) All cars utilized Goodyear tires. Race statistics There were 23 lead changes involving a race record 12 different leaders. Kevin Cogan, the slowest qualifier, led 3 laps, the first time since 1923 that the slowest driver in the field led a lap at Indy. The ten cars finishing on the lead lap was the most in Indy history up to that point, although it was not the most cars completing the full 500 miles (the record was 16 in 1959). However, since the implementation of the "pack-up" rule during caution periods in 1979, and the fact that extra time to complete the 500 miles was eliminated in the mid-1970s, ten cars completing 500 miles on the lead lap broke the CART-era record of four (1980, 1986, 1992). The field completed a then race-record 5,733 out of a possible 6,600 laps (86.9%) for a full 500-mile race; a record that stood until 2013. Lap Leaders Laps Leader 1–17 Raul Boesel 18 Stéphan Grégoire 19–22 Kevin Cogan 23–31 Al Unser, Sr. 32–46 Mario Andretti 47–57 Arie Luyendyk 58–63 Al Unser, Sr. 64–65 John Andretti 66–67 Robby Gordon 68–69 Scott Goodyear 70–91 Nigel Mansell 92–128 Mario Andretti 129–130 Nigel Mansell 131–132 Arie Luyendyk 133 Mario Andretti 134 Arie Luyendyk 135–151 Al Unser Jr. 152–168 Mario Andretti 169–171 Scott Goodyear 172 Mario Andretti 173 Raul Boesel 174 Mario Andretti 175–184 Nigel Mansell 185–200 Emerson Fittipaldi Total laps led Laps Leader Mario Andretti 72 Nigel Mansell 34 Raul Boesel 18 Al Unser Jr. 17 Emerson Fittipaldi 16 Al Unser, Sr. 15 Arie Luyendyk 14 Scott Goodyear 5 Kevin Cogan 4 John Andretti 2 Robby Gordon 2 Stéphan Grégoire 1 Cautions: 8 for 49 laps Laps Reason 16–20 Crawford spin on backstretch 31–37 Sullivan crash in turn 3 89–93 Debris 95–103 Tracy crash in turn 3 128–138 Andretti/Guerrero crash in turn 3 169–174 Gordon stalled, tow-in 183–185 St. James stalled, tow-in 193–195 Mansell brushed wall in turn 2 Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Bob Jenkins served as chief announcer for the fourth year. Johnny Rutherford, who missed the broadcast in 1992, returned to serve as "driver expert." Besides Rutherford, the rest of the crew remained the same from 1991 to 1992. For the first time, the radio network did not feature a separate live interview with the winner from victory lane. The network simulcast the ABC-TV live interview, which would occur immediately as the driver arrives in victory lane. This allowed the radio audience to hear the first words spoken by the winner, increasing the spontaneity, and prevented the driver from having to repeat an entire interview for a second audience. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Bob Jenkins Driver expert: Johnny Rutherford Statistician: Howdy Bell Historian: Donald Davidson Turn 1: Jerry Baker Turn 2: Gary Lee Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Lamey Bob Forbes (north pits)Brian Hammons (north-center pits)Sally Larvick (south-center pits)Chris McClure (south pits)Chuck Marlowe (garages) Television The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. Paul Page served as host and play-by-play announcer, joined by color commentators Bobby Unser and Sam Posey. A slight change came about for 1993. Bobby Unser left the announcing booth, and reported from the turn two position on top of the luxury suites. The move was supposedly to offer a fresh perspective, but others believed it was to separate Unser and Posey, who were known to engage in heated exchanges and debates on-air. Besides Unser moving his reporting position, the same exact crew, and respective duties, from 1990 to 1992 returned. Bobby Rahal, who failed to qualify for the 1993 race, was invited to be part of the crew, but declined. Two new camera angles debuted, with scaffolding towers erected inside the turns. This was done in part due to construction of new grandstands at the north end of the track and due to the outer retaining fence having been raised. Producers wanted an unobstructed view of the track, and for 1993, desirable camera locations were unavailable on the outside. ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host/Announcer: Paul Page Color: Sam Posey Color/Turn 2: Bobby Unser Jack AruteGary GerouldDr. Jerry Punch

Introduction The 76th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, on Sunday, May 24, 1992. The race is famous for the fierce battle in the closing laps, as race winner Al Unser Jr. held off second place Scott Goodyear for the victory by 0.043 seconds, the closest finish in Indy history. Unser Jr. became the first second-generation driver to win the Indy 500, following in the footsteps of his father Al Unser Sr. He also became the third member of the famous Unser family to win the race. Cold temperatures and high winds turned the race into a crash-filled, marathon day. The tone for the race was set early when pole position winner Roberto Guerrero spun out and crashed on the parade lap. The race was dominated by Michael Andretti in the debut of the Ford Cosworth XB engine. Andretti led 160 laps and was 30 seconds in front when his fuel pump suddenly failed with eleven laps to go. Thirteen cars were eliminated in crashes during the race, and several other serious wrecks occurred during practice. Former Formula One World Champion Nelson Piquet suffered serious leg injuries in a crash on May 7. Pancho Carter and Hiro Matsushita suffered broken bones in separate crashes, and rookie Jovy Marcelo was fatally injured after a practice crash on May 15. Defending winner Rick Mears crashed during practice and during the race, while Jeff Andretti experienced the worst crash during the race itself, suffering serious injuries to his legs and feet. Following the race, sweeping changes came about at the track, largely in the interest of safety. In addition, a noticeable "changing of the guard" followed, as the 1992 race signaled the final race for several Indy legends, including A. J. Foyt, Rick Mears, Tom Sneva, and Gordon Johncock. A race-record ten former winners started in the field. The race was sanctioned by USAC, and was included as part of the 1992 PPG Indy Car World Series. Unser's victory was considered by some an "upset," as his somewhat inauspicious Galmer chassis was not expected to excel on ovals, and its first generation "Chevy-A" engine was starting to become a lame duck powerplant in the series. It was also a long-awaited victory for Unser, who was making his tenth Indy attempt. Unser, the 1990 CART champion, had recently confided with Paul Page that he was afraid he may never win the 500. Offseason A busy offseason began at the conclusion of the 1991 PPG Indy Car World Series. The biggest announcement was the return of Ford to the Indy car ranks. The Ford Cosworth XB was introduced to replace the aging DFX and the lesser-used DFS. It quickly became an engine of choice, and for 1992, was the powerplant for Newman/Haas Racing and Chip Ganassi Racing. For 1992, Ilmor introduced an updated motor (the 265-B), badged as the "Chevrolet-B", and it was fielded by Penske Racing singly. The rest of the Chevrolet teams utilized the existing Ilmor (265-A), now being referred to as the "Chevy-A". Galles-Kraco Racing unveiled their new Galmer chassis for 1992. It met with instant success as Al Unser Jr. won the pole position for the season opener at Surfers Paradise and finished 4th. Teammate Danny Sullivan won a few weeks later at Long Beach, with Unser Jr. 4th. The chassis was expected to excel on street and road courses, but there were some doubts about its oval track capabilities. Unser Jr. managed a 4th place at Phoenix, but both drivers entered the month of May at Indy with mixed expectations. Truesports fielded their own in-house "All American" chassis for the second year in a row, this time designated the Truesports 92C, and powered by the Chevy Ilmor-A. Previously Truesports had been utilizing the Judd AV engine. After much fanfare of a pending retirement in 1991, A. J. Foyt brushed off the idea, and returned to the cockpit. He raced in the 1992 Daytona 500, and entered as a driver for Indianapolis. It would be his record 35th consecutive Indy 500 start. A crash earlier in the season at Phoenix left him with a fractured shoulder, but it would be only a minor setback. Team and driver switches for 1992 included most notably Bobby Rahal and Danny Sullivan, who essentially swapped rides with each other at Galles-Kraco Racing and Patrick Racing, respectively. In December, however, Pat Patrick sold the assets of Patrick Racing to Rahal and his partner Carl Hogan. The team became known as Rahal-Hogan Racing. Right off the bat, Rahal scored a victory for the re-organized team. He won the second race of the season at Phoenix, leading wire-to-wire. Rookie driver Paul Tracy continued into his second year with Penske, and was offered his first attempt at Indy with the team. Testing During testing in March and April, King Racing set the early pace. On March 28, Roberto Guerrero became the first driver to run a test lap over 230 mph. Teammate Jim Crawford also ran a 230 mph lap. The Indy car testing was accompanied by a concurrent IROC feasibility test. Track management was at the time exploring the possibility of holding a stock car or IROC event at the circuit. Goodyear arrived at the Speedway sporting a slightly new look. The logos on the tires were painted in yellow. This coincided with a change in signage for Goodyear in American auto racing, as the company brought back their classic blue and yellow logo scheme for motorsports. Rule changes For 1992, new pit rules were implemented by USAC. At the onset of a caution flag, the pit road was immediately closed, and cars were required to pack up behind the pace car first. The next time around, if officials deemed the field was properly bunched up, the pits would open for all competitors. In addition, a 100 mph speed limit was applied to the pits during caution periods. These rules reflected regulations that NASCAR had experimented with in 1991, and were in the interest of safety for drivers and crew members. Race schedule Race schedule — April/May 1992 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 19  20  21  22  23  24ROP 25ROP 26ROP 27  28  29  30  1  2Practice 3Practice 4Practice 5Practice 6Practice 7Practice 8Practice 9Pole Day 10Time Trials 11Practice 12Practice 13Practice 14Practice 15Practice 16Time Trials 17Bump Day 18  19  20  21Carb Day 22Mini-Marathon 23Parade 24Indy 500 25Memorial Day 26  27  28  29  30  31              Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP — denotes RookieOrientation Program Practice – week 1 Saturday May 2 King Racing teammates Jim Crawford and Roberto Guerrero quickly established themselves as the cars to beat during the first week of practice. The two drivers fielded a pair of Lola V-6 Buicks, an engine that many thought was finally beginning to show its potential after years of development. On opening day, Crawford broke the unofficial track record with a lap of 229.609 mph. Several rookies finished their rookie tests, including Paul Tracy, Jimmy Vasser, Lyn St. James, and the most noteworthy of the rookies, former Formula One world champion Nelson Piquet. Sunday May 3 Fabrizio Barbazza crashed in turn 1 midway through the day during a refresher test. He was not injured. Late in the day, Al Unser Jr., driving the new Galmer chassis, blew a motor. Michael Andretti led the speed chart for the afternoon at 226.187 mph. Monday May 4 Roberto Guerrero upped the speed for the month, becoming the first driver to practice over 230 mph at the Speedway. His lap of 230.432 mph early in the session, however, lasted only a couple hours. Teammate Jim Crawford upped the speed, and by the end of the day, posted a 233.433 mph lap. Meanwhile, Nelson Piquet was comfortably getting up to speed, running a top lap of 226.809 mph. Tuesday May 5 Several incidents occurred on Tuesday, during a cool, windy day. Scott Brayton, Buddy Lazier, and Paul Tracy each suffered separate spins/crashes. Rookie Lyn St. James was finding speed difficult, running a 217.097 mph, her fastest lap of the month, nowhere near the top of the charts. Guerrero continued King Racing's dominance, turning in another 230 mph practice lap. Wednesday May 6 Crawford and Guerrero led the speed chart once again, with Crawford over 233 mph for the second time. The biggest story of the day, however, was the massive crash by Rick Mears. Late in the afternoon, Mears entered turn two, and a fluid leak sprayed water over the back wheels. The car broke out into a spin, and he crashed hard into the wall in turn two. The car flipped over and remained upside down while sliding down the backstretch. Mears suffered a minor foot fracture and an injury to his wrist. Thursday May 7 The second major crash in two days occurred, this time involving Nelson Piquet. In turn four, Piquet's car did a reverse spin, and hit the wall head-on with the nose. Piquet suffered serious injuries to both legs, and was immediately admitted to the hospital for surgery. Piquet withdrew and would require nearly a year of rehabilitation. Piquet had been acclimating himself quite well to the Speedway, but was reportedly frustrated with the frequency of caution lights during the practice sessions. A metal piece of debris was reported on the backstretch, prompting USAC to turn on the yellow. Piquet, in the middle of a "hot lap", momentarily ignored the yellow light, and raced through turn three and the north chute. In turn four, he lifted off the throttle quickly to enter the pits, at which time the car snapped out of control. Roberto Guerrero was back at the top of the speed chart, running his fastest lap of the month, 232.624 mph. Friday May 8 The final day of practice before the run for the pole position saw four drivers over 231 mph. Mario Andretti led the chart for the day, at 233.202 mph. Arie Luyendyk was second, while Crawford and Guerrero were close behind. Al Unser, Sr. was named as a replacement for Nelson Piquet's entry, and Gary Bettenhausen suffered damage when his engine blew, causing a lazy spin in turn 1. Time trials – weekend 1 Pole Day – Saturday May 9 Rain kept the cars off the track until noon, and persistent "weepers" plagued the rest of the afternoon. During the first practice session, Jim Crawford's hopes for a pole position were set back when he blew an engine and spun. Several yellows for moisture and debris dragged out the 60-minute practice session until 3:15 p.m. Roberto Guerrero (232.090 mph) set the fastest practice lap of the day. Qualifying finally began at 4 p.m. Arie Luyendyk was the first car out, and he did not disappoint. He set a new one-lap track record of 229.305 mph, and grabbed the provisional pole position with a four-lap record of 229.127 mph. A hectic round of time trials followed, as drivers scrambled for their shot at qualifying before the 6 p.m. gun. At 4:50 p.m., Gary Bettenhausen set a one-lap record of 229.317 mph, but his four-lap record was shy of the pole. Among the other drivers securing a starting position were Bobby Rahal, Emerson Fittipaldi, Paul Tracy, and Al Unser Jr. Scott Goodyear also put a Walker Racing team car in the field, taking a run of 219.054 mph. At 5:34 p.m., Roberto Guerrero took to the track. He set new all-time one- and four lap track records on his way to the pole position. Lap 1 – 38.762 seconds, 232.186 mph (new 1-lap track record) Lap 2 – 38.707 seconds, 232.516 mph (new 1-lap track record) Lap 3 – 38.690 seconds, 232.618 mph Lap 4 – 38.692 seconds, 232.606 mph Total – 2:34.851, 232.482 mph Following the run, Guerrero ran out of fuel, and stalled on the backstretch. The next car out to qualify was Danny Sullivan, who had already left the pits. The resulting yellow light condition halted qualifying for several minutes, and precipitated Sullivan to pull off the track and get back in line to qualify later. After Guerrero was towed back to the pits, Rick Mears took to the track, shaking off his accident earlier in the week. Mario Andretti squeezed himself onto the front row, with one lap over 230 mph. A. J. Foyt was the final car of the day. After three laps in the 226 mph range, the engine quit on the final lap, and Foyt aborted the run. Since the original qualifying order had not yet exhausted before the 6 p.m. close, pole qualifying was to be extended into the next day. Among the cars still in line were Jim Crawford, Michael Andretti, Eddie Cheever, and Danny Sullivan, who could not get back in line in enough time after refueling. Second Day – Sunday May 10 With a handful of cars still eligible for the pole, Roberto Guerrero was forced to wait through the night to see if his pole run would hold up. Teammate Jim Crawford was still considered a threat, but another engine failure in the morning practice set the team back. Eddie Cheever bumped his way into the front row with a 229.639 mph run. Michael Andretti qualified for the second row. Crawford's crew, scrambling to install a new motor, wheeled the car out to the pits yet unfinished, with parts in hand. Two crew members were actually sitting in the engine bay, working on it, as others pushed it towards the qualifying line. They were unable to finish the engine work in time, and Crawford missed out on his chance for the pole position. Moments later Roberto Guerrero was officially awarded the $100,000 PPG pole award. Late in the day, the field filled to 27 cars. Al Unser, Sr., A. J. Foyt and Raul Boesel all made runs. Crawford finally put his car in the field, but despite the 228.859 mph average (6th fastest overall), his status as a second day qualifier forced him to line up 21st. Practice – week 2 Monday May 11 A light day of activity saw Jeff Wood and Jovy Marcelo the fastest among non-qualified cars. Scott Pruett did a light spin, but made no contact. Tuesday May 12 Rain closed the track early at 2:25 p.m. Jovy Marcelo was the fastest among non-qualified cars, at 216.534 mph. Wednesday May 13 Increased activity was seen at the track. Lyn St. James was still struggling in the 212 mph range in her Cosworth. St. James' contract for Ford Motor Company had prevented her from driving the more powerful Chevrolet so far during the month. Thursday May 14 Ted Prappas led the non-qualified cars at 221.212 mph. Dick Simon Racing announced that an agreement had been made for Lyn St. James to utilize Philippe Gache's back up car, a Lola/Chevrolet. St. James was quickly over 218 mph. Friday May 15 – Fatal crash of Jovy Marcelo At 4:07 p.m., rookie Jovy Marcelo went low in turn one, and spun into the outside wall. The car slid along the wall, then came to rest in turn two. His car suffered major front end damage, and Marcelo was found unconscious. At 4:35 p.m., Marcelo was pronounced dead at Methodist Hospital of a basal skull fracture. It was the first driver fatality at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway since the fatal accident of Gordon Smiley exactly ten years earlier on May 15, 1982. The final full day of practice, meanwhile, saw Tony Bettenhausen Jr. run the fastest lap of the week for non-qualified cars, 221.033 mph. Didier Theys was second at 220.146 mph in a John Andretti back-up car. Time trials – weekend 2 Third Day – Saturday May 16 The third day of time trials saw three cars added to the field. Tom Sneva joined as a third driver for Menard Racing, and Pancho Carter's month came to an end when he broke his arm in a turn 2 crash. Lyn St. James ran her fastest laps of the month and became the second female driver to qualify for the Indianapolis 500. Her third lap of 220.902 mph was also a closed-course record for a female racing driver. She also became the oldest rookie driver in the history of the race, at age 45. Brian Bonner and Mike Groff (a teammate to Scott Goodyear) also completed runs, filling the field to 30 cars. Tom Sneva and Gordon Johncock were among those who waved off attempts. Bump Day – Sunday May 17 The final day of qualifying saw heavy track action. Several cars went out early on to qualify, but only Kenji Momota and Dominic Dobson finished their runs. At 2:45 p.m., in his third and final attempt, Tom Sneva put his car safely in the field at 219.737 mph. At that point, the field was filled, with Jimmy Vasser (218.268 mph) on the bubble. At 3:50 p.m., Gordon Johncock bumped Vasser, which put Kenji Momota on the bubble. Vasser turned right around and re-qualified in a back-up car. Vasser's speed of 222.313 mph established him as the fastest rookie qualifier. The move put Scott Goodyear (219.054 mph) on the bubble. In the final hour, after showing promise during practice, Didier Theys' third and final qualifying attempt ended with a blown engine. Likewise Tony Bettenhausen could not get up to speed and waved off. With six minutes left until the 6 o'clock gun, Ted Prappas took to the track. He bumped Scott Goodyear out by 0.089 seconds. Johnny Rutherford made one last futile attempt to qualify, but was too slow to bump his way in. Carburetion Day – Thursday May 21 The final practice session saw Mario Andretti (226.409 mph) as the fastest car of the day. Ford Cosworth XB teams swept the top four spots. Pole-sitter Roberto Guerrero was fifth fastest, and Bobby Rahal was the fastest of the Chevrolet powered machines. Al Unser Jr. practiced a disappointing 25th speed rank. There were eight cautions during the two-hour session, but none for accidents. Rahal-Hogan Racing with driver Bobby Rahal and chief mechanic Jim Prescott won the Miller Pit Stop contest. During the week leading up to the race, Walker Racing announced that Scott Goodyear would replace Mike Groff in the team's qualified car. Goodyear, the team's primary driver, was bumped on the final day of time trials. The switch required the #15 car to be moved to the rear of the field, and Goodyear would start 33rd on race day. Starting grid Row Inside Middle Outside 1 36 – Roberto Guerrero 9 – Eddie Cheever 2 – Mario Andretti 2 6 – Arie Luyendyk 51 – Gary Bettenhausen 1 – Michael Andretti 3 22 – Scott Brayton 18 – Danny Sullivan 4 – Rick Mears 4 12 – Bobby Rahal 5 – Emerson Fittipaldi 3 – Al Unser Jr. 5 91 – Stan Fox 8 – John Andretti 19 – Éric Bachelart 6 44 – Philippe Gache 10 – Scott Pruett 93 – John Paul Jr. 7 7 – Paul Tracy 48 – Jeff Andretti 26 – Jim Crawford 8 27 – Al Unser 14 – A. J. Foyt 21 – Buddy Lazier 9 11 – Raul Boesel 39 – Brian Bonner 90 – Lyn St. James 10 47 – Jimmy Vasser 68 – Dominic Dobson 59 – Tom Sneva 11 92 – Gordon Johncock 31 – Ted Prappas 15 – Scott Goodyear† : Guerrero crashed during the second parade lap, and did not start the race. Gache also spun on the parade lap, and drove to the pits and missed the start. He joined the field on lap 3. : Scott Goodyear and Mike Groff were teammates for Walker Racing. Goodyear was the full-time primary driver (entered in a 1992 chassis), and Groff the second team driver (entered in a 1991 chassis). Due to a lingering oil pressure problem, and the hectic nature of the abbreviated pole day time trials session, Goodyear and Groff temporarily swapped cars to qualify, in order to take advantage of the favorable draw. At the close of qualifying, the team pre-planned to swap the drivers back to their original cars, and Goodyear and Groff would move to the rear of the field. However, at the close of qualifying, Groff had qualified 26th, but Goodyear was bumped. As expected, and as planned, Goodyear took Groff's place behind the wheel in the primary car. The driver switch required the car to be moved to the rear of the field (33rd). Alternates First alternate: Mike Groff (#75/#17) – qualified 26th, but turned the car over to teammate Scott Goodyear Failed to Qualify Kenji Momota – bumped Didier Theys (#38) – blew an engine during qualifying Tony Bettenhausen Jr. (#16/#61) – too slow Mark Dismore (#66/#93) – too slow Johnny Parsons (#30) – too slow Johnny Rutherford – too slow Pancho Carter (#81) – crashed in practice; suffered broken arm Hiro Matsushita (#11) – crashed in practice; suffered broken leg Nelson Piquet – crashed in practice; suffered serious leg injuries Jovy Marcelo – crashed in practice; fatally injured Fabrizio Barbazza (#30/#42) – practiced, but did not make a qualifying attempt Race recap Pre-race Pole-sitter Roberto Guerrero crashed during the pace laps. A cold front entered the Indianapolis area the evening before the race, bringing misty rain and cold temperatures. Race morning dawned at , with winds gusting to . The resulting wind chill was as low as . Mary F. Hulman gave the starting command at 10:51 a.m., and the pace car, driven by Bobby Unser led the field on the way to the first parade lap. John Paul Jr.'s car experienced engine issues on the grid, but at the last second, he hastily pulled away to join the field. The cold weather made for precarious conditions for the drivers, as it would be increasingly difficult to warm up the slick tires. As the field entered the backstretch on the second parade lap, polesitter Roberto Guerrero gunned his machine to warm up the tires. The back end whipped around, and the car spun into the inside wall. The suspension was damaged enough that he could not continue, and he was out of the race before the green flag. Moments later, Philippe Gache lost control on cold tires, and spun lazily into the apron of turn 4. The incidents delayed the start by about five minutes. Without the polesitter in the race, second place starter Eddie Cheever was charged with leading the field to the green flag. First half In turn one, outside runners Michael and Mario Andretti split Cheever on the inside and outside. Michael took the lead, with Mario behind him in 2nd. Michael Andretti blistered the track to set a new record for the first lap at 210.339 mph. After only four laps of green flag racing, however, Éric Bachelart blew an engine. Unable to return to the pits, Bachelart brought out the yellow. During this caution period, Mario Andretti made two pit stops to have identified (and replaced) a shorted ignition wire, and dropped one lap down. The field went back to green on lap 11. In turn four, Tom Sneva lost control with cold tires, and crashed hard into the outside wall. A long caution followed to clean up the debris. On lap 21, the race finally got going, with Michael Andretti the early and dominating leader. A fairly long stretch of green flag racing saw Michael Andretti starting to lap the field up through 12th place. Andretti was running race laps in the high 220 mph range. Andretti was being chased primarily by Arie Luyendyk, Scott Brayton and Eddie Cheever. By lap 60, Andretti held a 30-second lead, and only three cars were on the lead lap. The average speed at lap 60 had climbed to 161.458 mph Multiple crashes The devastating aftermath of Jeff Andretti's crash in turn 2. Michael Andretti's blistering pace was halted on lap 62 when Gordon Johncock blew an engine. The caution bunched the field for a restart on lap 67. Moments after the green, rookie Philippe Gache spun and hit the outside wall. The car slid into the path of Stan Fox, and Fox plowed into the wreck. The crash was blamed on cold tires, and Gache's inexperience, although both drivers emerged from the crash virtually unhurt. The green came back out on lap 75. In turn one, Jim Crawford lost control while attempting to pass John Andretti, and collected Rick Mears. Both cars crashed hard into the outside wall and rested on the south chute. Behind the crash, Emerson Fittipaldi lost control and hit the outside wall in turn one as well. All three drivers were sent to Methodist Hospital for relatively minor injuries. Mears would miss the next race two weeks later in Detroit as a result of this crash. On lap 84, the green came out once again, but as the field headed down the mainstretch, Mario Andretti crashed in turn four. The car lost the back end due to cold tires, and slammed nose-first hard into the wall. Andretti went to Methodist Hospital with broken toes. Like Mears, Mario would also miss the next race two weeks later in Detroit due to the crash. The green came back out on lap 90, but the racing was brief as Scott Brayton blew an engine on lap 94. That caution was followed by another after Paul Tracy also blew an engine on lap 97, and Jimmy Vasser subsequently smacked the wall in turn one. The field went back to green on lap 103, but cold tires struck again, as rookie Brian Bonner lost control and crashed in turn 4. The field safely restarted on lap 110. Five laps later, a major crash occurred. Jeff Andretti's car broke a right-rear wheel hub in turn two. The car snapped into a hard spin, and Jeff Andretti crashed head-on into the wall near the Turn Two Suites. The front of the car was demolished, and Andretti suffered severe leg injuries. Andretti's errant right-rear tire and wheel bounced off the outside retaining wall and flew high into the air and across the track. The wheel struck Gary Bettenhausen's left front suspension, sending him out of control into the inside wall at the start of the backstretch, eliminating him from the race as well. It took 18 minutes to extricate Jeff Andretti from the car, and he was immediately transported to Methodist Hospital for surgery. Meanwhile, Jeff's older brother Michael Andretti was still leading. Michael, however, had just seen both his father and brother crash and be sent to the hospital. Just seconds before Jeff Andretti's crash, Bobby Rahal was forced to pit due to a flat tire. When the yellow came out for Andretti, Rahal lost a lap, and would be mired a lap down the rest of the way. From lap 62–122, only nine laps of green flag racing were turned in. Eight cautions slowed the race for almost 90 minutes. The race finally got back underway at lap 123. Second half Michael Andretti took over where he had left off, and pulled away from the competition. The dwindling field was down to 17 cars, and only six were on the lead lap. Among the cars still in contention were Ganassi teammates Eddie Cheever and Arie Luyendyk. Al Unser Jr. and Al Unser Sr. had moved up into the top five, and Scott Goodyear had climbed from last starting position to 6th place (last car on the lead lap). A. J. Foyt had worked his way into the top ten, and by lap 135, Lyn St. James was the only rookie left running. Around the halfway point of the race, the National Weather Service had issued a bulletin. The temperature was , cloudy skies, with winds at 15 mph, resulting in a wind chill of . On lap 137, Arie Luyendyk attempted to lap A. J. Foyt, but Foyt had lost a mirror and did not see him. Luyendyk got into the "marbles," and slid up into the turn 4 wall. The green resumed on lap 144, with Al Unser Jr. in the lead after a sequence of pit stops. Michael Andretti charged towards the front, but Al Unser Sr. passed him for second momentarily. The dicing was halted when Buddy Lazier blew an engine and brought another yellow out. With 50 laps to go, only 15 cars were running, and only five cars were on the lead lap. Late race With 45 laps to go, the green came out and the field began the race to the finish. Michael Andretti once again began to easily pull away from his competitors. On the 166th lap, he ran a record race lap of 229.118 mph, en route to a 15-second lead. On laps 171–177, the field began circulating through a series of green-flag pit stops. It would be the final stops of the day. During the sequence, Al Sr. passed his son Al Jr. and led for four laps. After the field shuffled through their stops, Michael Andretti was back in the lead, by 23 seconds. Finish Al Unser Jr.'s 1992 Indy 500 winning Galmer. With 12 laps to go, Michael Andretti held a 28-second lead over Scott Goodyear. One lap later, Al Unser Jr. passed Goodyear for second place. On lap 189, Michael Andretti was pulling alongside Al Sr. to put him a lap down in turn two. Down the backstretch, however, Andretti suddenly began to slow. His fuel pump had failed, and the car coasted to a stop in the north short chute. Andretti had dominated nearly the entire race up to that point, and had led 160 of the first 189 laps. Al Unser Jr. suddenly inherited the lead, with Scott Goodyear right behind him in second. The caution came out for Andretti's stalled car, and the field bunched up for a late-race restart. With 7 laps to go, the green flag came out, and the race was down to a tense two-man battle between Al Unser Jr. and Scott Goodyear. With four laps to go, Unser held a 0.3-second lead. The cars battled nose-to-tail around the entire track, with the savvy Unser holding off Goodyear. On the final lap, Goodyear drafted Unser down the backstretch, and tucked closely behind through the final turn. In turn four, Unser got loose, and claimed he had to back off the throttle slightly, and Goodyear pounced on the opportunity to close in. Out of the final turn, Goodyear zig-zagged behind Unser down the straightaway. A few hundred yards from the finish line, Goodyear pulled alongside, attempting a slingshot pass. Unser held him off officially by 0.043 seconds, less than one car length, the closest finish in Indy 500 history. Al Unser Sr. edged out Eddie Cheever by a split second for third place. A. J. Foyt brought his car home in 9th, while John Paul Jr., who nursed his car all day with a broken fuel cable, avoided all the crashes to finish 10th. Lyn St. James (11th place) clinched the rookie of the year award, as she was the only rookie left running. Danny Sullivan finished 5th, giving Galles/KRACO Racing two cars in the top five. It was Sullivan's first top ten since 1986. CART points leader Bobby Rahal also escaped the carnage, coming home 6th, and maintained his points lead. It was the first of three bitter defeats in the Indy 500 for Scott Goodyear. Goodyear, an experienced road racer, was lauded by many for charging from last place (33rd) to nearly winning the race. It would have been the first time in Indy history that a driver won from the last starting position, and would have been Goodyear's first win in Indy car competition. Later in the year, he would triumph at the Michigan 500. In a post-race interview a disappointed but happy Goodyear said "This is a real disappointment. When Michael Andretti lost the lead those last few laps I thought 'This is a real possibility.' It was a two-car race from there. I just couldn't get enough time against him and he just beat me. We just drove flat-out those last 3 laps and my Mackenzie team did a fantastic job. We had an up-and-down month and they gave me such a good race-car. I just needed a little more time to get him." In victory lane, a very emotional Al Unser Jr. climbed from the cockpit, and was interviewed by ABC-TV's Jack Arute. When Arute noticed some tears behind Unser, Jr's voice, Unser Jr. responded in what would become one of the most famous quotes regarding victory at the Indianapolis 500: Unser's quote would be replayed in many subsequent airings, as well as during the intro for ABC's Wide World of Sports in reference to the famous catchphrase "The Thrill of Victory". Box score Driver Status Team 1 12 3 Al Unser Jr. 222.989 G C 200 134.477 mph Galles/KRACO Racing 2 33 15 Scott Goodyear 221.800 L C 200 0.043 seconds Walker Racing 3 22 27 Al Unser, Sr. 223.744 L B 200 10.236 seconds Team Menard 4 2 9 Eddie Cheever 229.639 L F 200 10.281 seconds Chip Ganassi Racing 5 8 18 Danny Sullivan 224.838 G C 199 +1 lap Galles/KRACO Racing 6 10 12 Bobby Rahal 224.158 L C 199 +1 lap Rahal/Hogan Racing 7 25 11 Raul Boesel 222.433 L C 198 +2 laps Dick Simon Racing 8 14 8 John Andretti 222.644 L C 195 +5 laps Jim Hall Racing 9 23 14 A. J. Foyt 222.798 L C 195 +5 laps A. J. Foyt Enterprises 10 18 93 John Paul Jr. 220.244 L B 194 +6 laps D.B. Mann Development 11 27 90 Lyn St. James 220.150 L C 193 +7 laps Dick Simon Racing 12 29 68 Dominic Dobson 220.359 L C 193 +7 laps Burns Racing 13 6 1 Michael Andretti 228.168 L F 189 Fuel Pressure Newman/Haas Racing 14 24 21 Buddy Lazier 222.688 L B 139 Engine Leader Cards Racing 15 4 6 Arie Luyendyk 229.127 L F 135 Crash T4 Chip Ganassi Racing 16 32 31 Ted Prappas 219.173 L C 135 Gear Box P.I.G. Racing 17 5 51 Gary Bettenhausen 228.932 L B 112 Crash BS Team Menard 18 20 48 Jeff Andretti 219.306 L C 109 Crash T2 A. J. Foyt Enterprises 19 26 39 Brian Bonner 220.845 L B 97 Crash T4 Dale Coyne Racing 20 19 7 Paul Tracy 219.751 P C 96 Engine Penske Racing 21 28 47 Jimmy Vasser 222.313 L C 94 Crash T1 Hayhoe Racing 22 7 22 Scott Brayton 226.142 L B 93 Engine Dick Simon Racing 23 3 2 Mario Andretti 229.503 L F 78 Crash T4 Newman/Haas Racing 24 11 5 Emerson Fittipaldi 223.607 P C 75 Crash T1 Penske Racing 25 21 26 Jim Crawford 228.859 L B 74 Crash T1 King Racing 26 9 4 Rick Mears 224.594 P C 74 Crash T1 Penske Racing 27 13 91 Stan Fox 222.867 L B 63 Crash SS Hemelgarn Racing 28 16 44 Philippe Gache 221.496 L C 61 Crash T1 Dick Simon Racing 29 31 92 Gordon Johncock 219.287 L B 60 Engine Hemelgarn Racing 30 17 10 Scott Pruett 220.464 T C 52 Engine TrueSports 31 30 59 Tom Sneva 219.737 L B 10 Crash T4 Team Menard 32 15 19 Éric Bachelart 221.549 L B 4 Engine Dale Coyne Racing 33 1 36 Roberto Guerrero 232.481 L B 0 Crash BS King Racing – Former Indianapolis 500 winner, – Rookie C Chassis: G=Galmer, L=Lola, P=Penske, T=TrueSports E Engine: B=Buick, C=Ilmor-Chevrolet, F=Cosworth-Ford All cars utilized Goodyear tires. Race statistics Lap Leaders Laps Leader 1–6 Michael Andretti 7 Mario Andretti 8–13 Michael Andretti 14–20 Eddie Cheever 21–46 Michael Andretti 47 Eddie Cheever 48 Arie Luyendyk 49–87 Michael Andretti 88 Eddie Cheever 89–107 Michael Andretti 108–109 Al Unser Jr. 110–115 Michael Andretti 116 Al Unser Jr. 117–140 Michael Andretti 141–151 Al Unser Jr. 152–173 Michael Andretti 174–177 Al Unser 178–189 Michael Andretti 190–200 Al Unser Jr. Total laps led Laps Leader Michael Andretti 160 Al Unser Jr. 25 Eddie Cheever 9 Al Unser 4 Mario Andretti 1 Arie Luyendyk 1 Cautions: 13 for 85 laps Laps Reason 6–10 Eric Bachelart, engine 12–20 Crash turn 4 – Sneva 62–66 Johncock, engine 67–75 Crash turn 1 – Fox, Gache 76–83 Crash turn 1 – Crawford, Mears, Prappas, Fittipaldi 83–89 Crash turn 4 – Mario Andretti 94–96 Brayton, engine 97–102 Tracy engine, Vasser crash turn 1 102–109 Crash turn 4 – Bonner 115–122 Crash turn 2 – Jeff Andretti, Bettenhausen 137–143 Crash turn 4 – Luyendyk 150–155 Lazier, engine 190–193 Michael Andretti stalled Legacy Scott Goodyear's charge from 33rd starting position to second place marked the second time a driver had done so in Indy history, Tom Sneva went from 33rd to 2nd in 1980. The winning margin of Unser over Goodyear was later deemed to be closer than published. Unser's Galmer-Chevrolet placed its timing transponder in the nose of the car rather than the sidepod, the standard location in all the other cars. Goodyear's Lola lagged behind due to its placement of the transponder in the sidepod. USAC officials estimated an unofficial winning margin of 0.0331 seconds. The exciting finish of the 1992 Indy 500 was overshadowed by the vast number of serious crashes during the month, including the fatal crash of Jovy Marcelo and the devastating injures suffered by both Nelson Piquet and Jeff Andretti. The crash-filled race saw 13 cautions for 85 laps, and the slowest average speed since 1958. Several drivers spent time in the hospital, while others required lengthy rehabilitation. At the next Indy car race at Detroit, several drivers required substitute drivers, including Mario Andretti, Rick Mears, and Hiro Matsushita. In the aftermath of his crashes during practice and the race, Rick Mears raced only a partial schedule for the remainder of the 1992 season. He dropped out of the Michigan 500 due to the nagging injured wrist he suffered in his practice crash and abruptly retired from driving in December. The 1992 race was also the final start for A. J. Foyt, who would retire from the cockpit before the 1993 race. The Andretti Family's misfortunes during the race reflected back to the Andretti Curse. Jeff Andretti's devastating leg injuries, Mario Andretti's foot injuries, and Michael Andretti's shocking late-race fuel pump failure collectively amounted to one of the worst examples of bad luck the family ever experienced at Indianapolis. Michael Andretti would not return to Indy for two years, due to his 1993 Formula One participation, and Jeff would qualify only one additional time in his career. A couple years later, family patriarch Mario reflected on the day in his autobiography Andretti. With his youngest son Jeff undergoing surgery, himself recuperating in a hospital bed, and hearing of his other son Michael's heartbreaking loss, the elder Andretti called it the "worst day of my life." During the summer of 1992, the track would be reconfigured for safety reasons. The apron at the bottom of the track was removed and replaced with a new warm up lane. The outside retaining wall was also replaced. These improvements were completed in time for the 1993 race. Statistics *The race was held on May 24, only the third time in Indy history the race had fallen on that date. The previous winners on that date had been Bobby Unser (May 24, 1981) and Al Unser, Sr. (May 24, 1987). Al Unser Jr.'s victory on May 24, 1992, marked all three runnings on that date as victories by the Unser family. Michael Andretti led 160 laps but failed to win the race. It was the most laps led by a non-winner since his father Mario led 170 in a losing effort in the 1987 race. Polesitter Roberto Guerrero became the third pole winner to finish last. Cliff Woodbury (1929) and Pancho Carter (1985) were the previous two at the time. Eddie Cheever became the first #2 starter to complete 500 miles since Mario Andretti in 1969. During that period, the second starting position was experiencing a perceived "curse," where it produced no winners, and cars frequently dropping out. In the intervening 22 races, the #1 and #3 starting positions had accounted for 12 victories. Al Unser, Sr. became the first driver to complete 500 miles in a car powered by a Buick V6 engine. His third-place finish was the highest finishing position for a Buick powered car since its debut in 1985, and would ultimately be the best finishing position for that engine. A record ten former winners representing 20 victories started the race. The ten drivers included: *A. J. Foyt (4 wins) *Al Unser, Sr. (4) *Rick Mears (4) *Gordon Johncock (2) *Mario Andretti (1) *Tom Sneva (1) *Danny Sullivan (1) *Bobby Rahal (1) *Emerson Fittipaldi (1) *Arie Luyendyk (1) Three-time winner Johnny Rutherford also attempted to qualify, but was too slow. With Al Unser Jr. a first-time winner, the field ultimately comprised 11 winners. In addition, Eddie Cheever and Buddy Lazier would eventually go on to win the race, bringing the winners total to 13 drivers (representing 26 victories) in the 1992 field. Although A. J. Foyt, Al Unser, Sr., and Rick Mears had competed together for many years, this was the first and only time they took the green flag together as four-time winners. This was the most recent 500 with two drivers in the field with three or more victories until it was accomplished again in 2013, with both Hélio Castroneves and Dario Franchitti, each with 3 victories apiece. There were 85 caution laps. Had the pace car been considered an official entry it would have finished 23rd. Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Bob Jenkins served as chief announcer for the third year. Derek Daly served as the "driver expert." Daly, who had experience on ESPN, replaced Johnny Rutherford for 1992, but this would be his only appearance on the network. The broadcast was heard on over 600 affiliates. Bob Forbes conducted the winner's interview in victory lane. It would be the final time until 2004 that a separate interview would be conducted by the radio network crew. In subsequent years, the radio network would simulcast the winner's interview from television. Other than Daly, the rest of the crew remained the same from 1991. The 1992 race, notable for its windy and cold weather, saw the turn announcers reporting from admittedly uncomfortable locations. The radio network call of the closest finish in Indy history was critically praised and replayed often. The last seconds of the call were included in a television commercial for Valvoline (Unser Jr.'s sponsor) which ran for several months following the race. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Bob Jenkins Driver expert: Derek Daly Statistician: Howdy Bell Historian: Donald Davidson Turn 1: Jerry Baker Turn 2: Gary Lee Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Lamey Bob Forbes (north pits)Brian Hammons (north-center pits)Sally Larvick (south-center pits)Chris McClure (south pits)Chuck Marlowe (garages) Television The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. Paul Page served as host and play-by-play announcer, accompanied by Bobby Unser and Sam Posey. For the second time, Unser served as the pace car driver, and reported live from the pace car on the warm up laps. The same exact crew from 1990 to 1991 returned. The 1992 broadcast is notable in that it missed the finish of the race. As Al Unser Jr. held off Scott Goodyear at the finish line, the director cut to a camera angle over the flagstand, and viewers were not able to see the leaders actually cross the line until a replay was shown. Locally, ABC affiliate WRTV arranged to air the race in same-day tape delay in the Indianapolis market. The race is blacked out in Indianapolis, and previously would not be shown locally until a week or two weeks after the race was held. The broadcast registered a 10.9 rating (34 share) with 37 million viewers, the highest since going to a live broadcast in 1986. The final two hours peaked at 11.8/34. The broadcast has re-aired numerous times on ESPN Classic since the mid-2000s. ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host/Announcer: Paul Page Color: Sam Posey Color: Bobby Unser Jack AruteGary GerouldDr. Jerry Punch Gallery File:Nick's IMG 1025.JPG|1992 Cadillac Allanté pace car File:Indy500winningcar1992.JPG|Al Unser Jr. 1992 winning car

Introduction Dorin Mateuț is a retired Romanian footballer who played as an offensive midfielder. Club career Mateuț was born in Bogata-Curtuiuș, Cluj County on 2 August 1965, but his birth was declared by his family to the authorities on 5 August 1965. He made his Divizia A on 14 October 1981 playing for Corvinul Hunedoara in a 3–1 victory against Olt Scornicești under coach Mircea Lucescu, a coach who he would also work with at Dinamo București and Brescia. After 5 seasons and a half in which he scored 36 goals in 132 Divizia A matches for Corvinul, helping the club finish 3rd in the 1981–82 Divizia A, also appearing in three games in which he scored one goal in the 1982–83 UEFA Cup, he was transferred in the middle of the 1986–87 season to Dinamo București. He scored an astounding 43 goals, only one from a penalty kick, to take the top goalscorer title and even the European Golden Boot in the 1988–89 season. In the following season Mateuț helped Dinamo win the league championship contributing with 9 goals scored in 22 matches, the Romanian cup in which he scored one goal in the final which ended with a 6–4 victory against Steaua București and he scored 4 goals in 8 matches as Dinamo reached the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup semi-finals. After the 1989 Romanian Revolution, Mateuț went to play abroad, in Spain at La Liga club, Real Zaragoza. He retired after having spells in Italy at Serie A clubs, Brescia and Reggiana, had a comeback at Dinamo and ended his career at Sportul Studențesc where he made his last Divizia A appearance on 23 March 1996 in a 1–0 victory against Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț. Dorin Mateuț has a total of 281 Divizia A appearances in which he scored 134 goals and 25 games played with 12 goals scored in European competitions. International career Dorin Mateuț played 56 matches and scored 10 goals for Romania, making his debut on 7 February 1984 when coach Mircea Lucescu sent him on the field in the 81st minute in order to replace Aurel Țicleanu in a friendly which ended 1–1 against Algeria. In his following game, a friendly which ended with a 2–0 victory against Greece, Mateuț scored his first goal. He played four games, scoring one goal at the 1986 World Cup qualifiers, five games in which he scored one goal at the Euro 1988 qualifiers and 6 games in which he scored two goals at the successful 1990 World Cup qualifiers, also being part of the 1990 World Cup squad, playing in a group game against Argentina which ended 1–1. Mateuț's last game for the national team was a 1–1 against Bulgaria at the Euro 1992 qualifiers, where he appeared in a total of six games in which he scored two goals. For representing his country at the 1990 World Cup, Mateuț was decorated by President of Romania Traian Băsescu on 25 March 2008 with the Ordinul "Meritul Sportiv" – (The Medal "The Sportive Merit") class III. International goals :Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Mateuț goal. + List of international goals scored by Dorin Mateuț Goal Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 7 March 1984 Stadionul Central, Craiova, Romania 2–0 2–0 Friendly 2 28 August 1985 Stadionul 1 Mai, Timișoara, Romania 2–0 2–0 1986 World Cup qualifiers 3 4 June 1986 Stadionul 23 August, București, Romania 3–1 3–1 Friendly 4 29 April 1987 Stadionul Steaua, București, Romania 2–0 3–1 Euro 1988 qualifiers 5 19 October 1988 Vasil Levski National Stadium, Sofia, Bulgaria 1–0 3–1 1990 World Cup qualifiers 6 2 November 1988 Stadionul Steaua, București, Romania 1–0 3–0 1990 World Cup qualifiers 7 23 November 1988 Stadionul Municipal, Sibiu, Romania 2–0 3–0 Friendly 8 23 November 1988 Stadionul Municipal, Sibiu, Romania 3–0 3–0 Friendly 9 5 December 1990 Stadionul Național, București, Romania 2–0 6–0 Euro 1992 qualifiers 10 13 November 1991 Stadionul Steaua, București, Romania 1–0 1–0 Euro 1992 qualifiers Honours Club Dinamo București Divizia A: 1989–90 Cupa României: 1989–90 Individual Divizia A top scorer: 1989 Romanian Footballer of the Year: 1988 European Golden Shoe: 1989

Introduction The 75th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, on Sunday, May 26, 1991. Rick Mears won from the pole position, becoming the third four-time winner of the Indy 500, joining A. J. Foyt and Al Unser. During time trials, Mears also established an Indy record by winning his sixth career pole position. The month of May for Mears was tumultuous, as he suffered his first ever crash at Indy since arriving as a rookie in 1977. The wreck during a practice run totaled his primary car, and broke a bone in his right foot. Mears kept the injury mostly secret, and later admitted that the pain he experienced during the race was so bad, he had to cross his legs in the car and push the accelerator pedal down with his left foot. The race was noteworthy in that it featured the first African American driver to qualify for the Indianapolis 500, Willy T. Ribbs. It also saw its first Japanese driver, Hiro Matsushita. The pre-race attention going into the month focused on A. J. Foyt, who was expected to retire from driving after the event. During time trials, Foyt qualified on the front row, his record 34th consecutive Indy appearance. On race day, however, Foyt dropped out early due to suspension damage. He eventually retracted his retirement plans, and returned one final time in 1992. During time trials, a sudden rain shower halted pole qualifying, unexpectedly shutting out several contenders from a chance at the front row. A number of top drivers were forced to qualify on the second day of time trials. Gary Bettenhausen in a Buick-powered machine was the surprise fastest qualifier, albeit he was ineligible for the pole position. For the first time in Indy history, four members of the same family qualified for the same race. Mario, Michael, Jeff, and John Andretti competed together. Michael, Mario, and John all finished in the top ten, while Jeff was named the Rookie of the Year. Michael Andretti led the most laps during the race and battled Rick Mears for the win in the closing laps. Andretti executed a daring pass for the lead on the outside of turn one on lap 187. Mears, however, made a similar pass one lap later to re-take the lead, and drove to victory. Michael's second-place finish would ultimately be his career best finish at Indy. The race was sanctioned by USAC, and was included as part of the 1991 CART PPG Indy Car World Series. Morning rain delayed the start of the race by about 55 minutes. The rain stopped, the track was dried, and the race was run to completion without interruption. Later in the year, Rick Mears would also win the Michigan 500, sweeping both 500-mile races for the season, the final two victories of his racing career. Background Pre May News 1991 Dodge Viper RT/10 Indy 500 Pace Car, on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway's "From the Vault" exhibit, December 2019 A. J. Foyt suffered a crash at Road America in September 1990, which injured his feet and legs. Foyt recuperated and went through rehabilitation during the offseason. He initially planned to race at Indy one final time in 1991, then retire from driving. Only a few team/driver changes occurred during the offseason, while most of the key fixtures from 1990 remained on the same respective teams. Among the handful of changes, Danny Sullivan departed Penske Racing, and joined the Pat Patrick Alfa Romeo effort. Rick Mears' familiar Pennzoil Z-7 Special livery was gone for 1991, as the Penske team (Mears and Fittipaldi) became a two-car team with Marlboro sponsoring both cars. Doug Shierson Racing, who won the 1990 race with driver Arie Luyendyk, was sold to businessman Bob Tezak. The team was re-organized in a joint effort with Vince Granatelli, and re-booted as UNO/Granatelli Racing. The car's former sponsor Domino's Pizza left the sport, and the livery was changed to the classic day-glow orange utilized by Granatelli entries over the years. Luyendyk's services were retained for 1991 (he won earlier in the season at Phoenix), but the entry suffered from a lack of sponsorship. During most of the season, the car had blank sidepods, but RCA sponsored the entry at Indy. John Andretti joined the newly rebooted Hall-VDS team, taking over the Pennzoil sponsorship. Andretti kicked off the season by winning his first (and only) career CART race at the season opener, the Gold Coast Grand Prix at Surfers Paradise. Al Unser Jr. and Bobby Rahal returned together at Galles/KRACO Racing. Unser, the 1990 CART champion, won at Long Beach. Rahal started off the season finishing second at all three of the races prior to Indianapolis. After sitting out the 1990 season due to injury, Scott Pruett was back behind the wheel at Truesports. The team introduced its brand new "All-American" Truesports 91C chassis, powered by Judd. For the second year in a row, veteran Geoff Brabham was entered at Indy only for a second team car. Derrick Walker, formerly associated with the Penske and Porsche teams, entered rookie Willy T. Ribbs at Walker Racing. On a shoestring budget, the team was considered a long-shot to make the field. Pace car controversy The pace car for the 1991 Indy 500 was initially chosen to be the Dodge Stealth. However, the UAW, along with fans and traditionalists, protested since the Stealth was a captive import built by Mitsubishi in Japan. Traditionally, the make of the pace car has always been a domestic American brand. In late February, the Stealth was downgraded to be the "festival" (driven by the event's dignitaries for promotional purposes) and backup pace car. The pre-production Dodge Viper RT/10 replaced the Stealth as the official pace car when the track opened in May. Carroll Shelby served as the driver, thought to be the first person to drive the pace car after having a heart transplant. It was Shelby's second appearance at Indy. He had also driven the pace car in 1987. As the Viper did not begin production until later that year, the race winner would win the Stealth instead of the Viper, and dealers sold pace car replica editions of the Stealth. Race schedule Race schedule — April/May 1991 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 21  22  23  34  25  26ROP 27ROP 28ROP 29  30  1  2  3  4Practice 5Practice 6Practice 7Practice 8Practice 9Practice 10Practice 11Pole Day 12Time Trials 13Practice 14Practice 15Practice 16Practice 17Practice 18Time Trials 19Bump Day 20  21  22  23Carb Day 24Mini-Marathon 25Parade 26Indy 500 27Memorial Day 28  29  30  31    Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP — denotes RookieOrientation Program Practice - week 1 Gordon Johncock during practice. The first two days of practice (May 4 & May 5) were rained out. The only on-track activity was brief. A limited number of cars took "shake down" laps, but no laps were run at speed. Monday May 6 The first hot laps were run on Monday May 6. Penske teammates Emerson Fittipaldi (223.981 mph) and Rick Mears (223.430 mph) led the speed chart. Tuesday May 7 Rick Mears ran the fastest lap thus far at 226.569 mph. Gary Bettenhausen also gained attention with a lap of 224.888 mph in the stock block Buick V-6. Wednesday May 8 Jim Crawford hit 225.643 mph in a Buick on Wednesday May 8, and Bobby Rahal became the second driver over 226 mph, with a lap of 226.080 to lead the speed chart for the day. Thursday May 9 The speed of the stock block Buicks continued to impress as Kevin Cogan turned a lap of 226.677 mph on Thursday May 9. Friday May 10 - "Fast Friday" On "Fast Friday," the final day of practice before time trials, Rick Mears shocked the establishment, suffering his first-ever crash at Indy. Something broke in the rear of the car, sending him spinning into the turn one wall. Mears suffered an injured right foot, and was cleared to drive later in the day. Later in the day, Emerson Fittipaldi set the fastest lap of the month at 226.705 mph, and became the favorite for the pole. At 5:09 p.m., rookie Mark Dismore lost traction coming out of turn 4, while travelling an estimated 215 mph. His car first slid across the track, clipping the inside wall near the entrance to the pits, then struck the dividing barrier between the pits and the main straightaway head-on. Dismore's car broke into two pieces which both tumbled into the pit lane. Dismore suffered multiple injuries to his arms, legs, and feet, and a fractured neck; and was sidelined for the year. Dismore's incident was similar in both track location and crash trajectory to that of Swede Savage's fatal crash in the 1973 Indianapolis 500. As a result of Dismore's crash, officials made a quick change in the pits in the interest of safety for the crews. The two northernmost pit stalls were removed, and replaced instead at the south end of the pit lane. The move added about 80 feet of buffer from the track surface to the first pit box. Time Trials - First weekend Pole Day - Saturday May 11 Pole day was held on Saturday May 11, and conditions were hot and humid. A. J. Foyt drew #1 in the qualifying order, and was the first car out on the track. Foyt put himself on the provisional pole position, with a four-lap run of 222.443 mph. The second car out to qualify was Randy Lewis, who wrecked in turn one on his first lap. About an hour into the session, Mario Andretti completed a run of 221.818 mph, which put him tentatively on the front row. Several cars waved off their runs, and others simply pulled out of line, preferring to wait until later in the day, anticipating better conditions. Bobby Rahal, Michael Andretti, and his brother rookie Jeff Andretti completed runs. By 12:45 p.m., there were only eight cars in the field. At 12:51 p.m., Rick Mears took to the track, one day after suffering his practice crash. He qualified for the pole position with a speed of 224.113 mph. It was not a track record, but it would be Mears' record sixth Indy 500 pole. The track went mostly quiet during the heat of the day, and only two cars went out over the next 2½ hours. At 3:52 p.m., Emerson Fittipaldi made his first attempt. After three laps in the 223 mph range (fast enough for second starting position, but not fast enough for the pole), his crew waved him off. Not realizing that storm clouds were hovering just to the east, the team planned to go out later and make another run at the pole position. A few minutes later, John Andretti completed his run under a light mist falling at the north end of the track. Lightning from the gathering storm clouds actually struck near turn 3 while the main straightaway remained awash in sunshine. The sun quickly gave way to the storm and the rain washed out the remainder of the day. Since the original qualifying order had exhausted before the rains came, pole day was officially over. Only twelve cars qualified, and several drivers were left out, including Emerson Fittipaldi, Arie Luyendyk, and Gary Bettenhausen. Roger Penske was later presented with the dubious Jigger Award for having waved off Fittipaldi's run, and effectively giving up second starting position. Meanwhile, the front row was established with Rick Mears on the pole, A. J. Foyt in the middle, and Mario Andretti on the outside. Historians point to this as one of the most storied and historic front rows in Indy history. Second Day - Sunday May 12 Many of the drivers who were left out of qualifying a day earlier returned to qualify on Sunday May 12. The first 45 minutes of the day saw heavy action. Gary Bettenhausen took to the track and completed his run at 224.468 mph, faster than Mears' pole speed, making him the fastest qualifier in the field. Since he was a second-day qualifier, however, he was forced to line up behind the first-day qualifiers, in 13th position. Arie Luyendyk's qualifying run of 223.881 mph made him the third fastest car in the field, but his second-day status lined him up 14th. Emerson Fittipaldi finally made the field, qualifying 15th at 223.065 mph. The three cars of the 5th row (Bettenhausen, Luyendyk, Fittipaldi) ended up qualifying faster than the three cars of the front row. The rest of the day saw light action with only one major incident, an accident from Dominic Dobson in turn four which fractured his left leg, wiping out the Burns team 89 Lola, but the injury was not sufficient enough to sideline him. However, the crash forced Dominic into a backup 89 Lola that was purchased from Truesports (Truesports ran the car during the 1990 season to save money while developing their own chassis). At the end of the day, the field was filled to 22 cars. Practice - Week 2 The second week of practice focused on the non-qualified drivers, and those still looking for rides. Rookie Willy T. Ribbs passed his drivers test on Monday, but suffered through multiple engine failures during the week. Ribbs managed a practice lap of 213.230 mph, but as practice came to a close, it appeared doubtful he might be able to qualify. Among the drivers named to rides during the week were former winners Gordon Johncock and Tom Sneva. The Patrick Racing Alfa-Romeo team added Roberto Guerrero (their primary driver from 1990) for a second team car. Al Unser Sr., however, was unable to secure a competitive ride, and decided to sit out the race. Initially Unser was expected to drive a back-up car to Arie Luyendyk at UNO/Granatelli Racing, but engine lease issues, and the lack of adequate preparation time prevented the deal from coming to fruition. Unser missed the race for the first time since 1969, the year he broke his leg in a motorcycle crash in the infield the night before time trials. Rookie Hiro Matsushita led the speed chart for the non-qualified drivers most of the week, with a top lap of 216.570 mph. Roberto Guerrero quickly got up to speed in the Alfa Romeo, with the fastest lap of the week (216.941 mph). Two days during the second week of practice, Tuesday (May 14) and Thursday (May 16), saw limited track activity due to rain. After concerns earlier in the month about a short field, going into the final weekend of time trials, enough rides had materialized to ensure a full 33-car field. Time Trials - Second weekend Willy T. Ribbs at the 1991 Indianapolis 500 Third Day - Saturday May 18 Twelve cars made attempts in the first hour, and the field was filled to 29 cars. Rookie Hiro Matsushita was the fastest car of the day, qualifying at 218.141 mph, officially becoming the first Japanese driver to qualify for the Indy 500. Other notable qualifiers included Roberto Guerrero, John Paul Jr., and Scott Pruett. Tom Sneva completed a slow run of 213.189 mph, and he sat as the slowest car in the field. Two crashes occurred during the day. Dean Hall crashed in the morning practice session, and Ted Prappas wrecked in turn 4 later in the afternoon. Both drivers would miss the race. Willy T. Ribbs' frustrations continued, as his car revved too high, and he broke a valve on his warmup lap. Bump Day - Sunday May 19 Four positions remained open on the final day of time trials. Gordon Johncock was the first driver to complete an attempt, and took a run of 213.812 mph. A few minutes later, Willy T. Ribbs' car started smoking and spewing oil, and suffered a turbocharger failure. Yet another engine-related headache for the team. The team scrambled to replace the turbo, but then discovered a damaged scavenger pump, which delayed them further. At 2:45 p.m., Pancho Carter filled the field to 33 cars. Tom Sneva (213.189 mph) was now on the bubble. At about 3:30 p.m., Willy T. Ribbs finally returned to the track to shake down the car. He ran a few practice laps, and was quickly over 214 mph. At 5:05 p.m., the team placed the car in the tech line, and prepared to qualify. With much anticipation from fans and the media, Ribbs completed the four-lap qualifying run at a speed of 217.358 mph, the fastest laps he had run all month. On his cool-down lap, an ecstatic Ribbs hoisted himself partially out of his seat, waving and cheering with both hands out of the cockpit as he pulled into the pits. Ribbs bumped former winner Tom Sneva, and was comfortably in the field. Randy Lewis was the final car to complete an attempt, and he bumped Johnny Parsons from the field. In the final 15 minutes, three drivers took to the track, but all three waved off. Gordon Johncock survived the bubble, and held on to qualify 33rd. Starting grid Row Inside Middle Outside 1 3 Rick Mears 14 A. J. Foyt 6 Mario Andretti 2 18 Bobby Rahal 10 Michael Andretti 2 Al Unser Jr. 3 4 John Andretti 26 Jim Crawford 20 Danny Sullivan 4 8 Eddie Cheever 86 Jeff Andretti 15 Scott Goodyear 5 51 Gary Bettenhausen 1 Arie Luyendyk 5 Emerson Fittipaldi 6 9 Kevin Cogan 91 Stan Fox 50 Mike Groff 7 22 Scott Brayton 16 Tony Bettenhausen Jr. 48 Bernard Jourdain 8 21 Geoff Brabham 71 Buddy Lazier 7 Hiro Matsushita 9 93 John Paul Jr. 23 Tero Palmroth 19 Scott Pruett 10 40 Roberto Guerrero 17 Willy T. Ribbs 66 Dominic Dobson 11 39 Randy Lewis 12 Pancho Carter 92 Gordon Johncock : Gary Bettenhausen was the fastest qualifier. However, he qualified on the second day of time trials, and thus, was ineligible for the pole position. He lined up as the fastest second day qualifier, behind the 12 drivers who qualified on the first day. Alternates First alternate: Johnny Parsons (#11) - Bumped; standing by as relief driver for Gordon Johncock, who was ill on race day Second alternate: Tom Sneva - Bumped Failed to Qualify Salt Walther (#77) - Too slow Didier Theys (#17/#50T) - Too slow Mark Dismore (#12) - wrecked in practice on May 10, serious leg, neck, and foot injuries Dean Hall (#97) - Wrecked in practice on May 18, knee injury Ted Prappas (#31) - wrecked in practice on May 18 Guido Daccò - Completed only 6 practice laps, did not attempt to qualify Davey Hamilton (#81) - Did not practice Phil Krueger (#25) - Did not practice Vinicio Salmi - Did not practice Paul Tracy (#90) - Replaced by Randy Lewis Jeff Wood = Indianapolis 500 rookie = Former Indianapolis 500 winner Race recap Front row during the pace laps. Outside (Mario Andretti), middle (A. J. Foyt), inside (Rick Mears) Start Morning rain delayed the start of the race by 55 minutes. Mary F. Hulman gave the command to start engines at 11:46 a.m., and the field pulled away. Danny Sullivan's Alfa Romeo car suffered a fuel pump problem, and was he pushed back to the pits. Observers also noted that the engine in the car of Willy T. Ribbs did not sound right. The field circulated for three warm-up laps (two parade laps and one pace lap). At the start, polesitter Rick Mears took the lead into turn one. Gary Bettenhausen got sideways in turn 1, causing Buddy Lazier to swerve and tag the outside wall with his nosecone. The caution came out, and both Bettenhausen and Lazier made it back to the pits. Bettenhausen changed tires and continued, but Lazier's car was too damaged to continue. After quick repairs, Danny Sullivan joined the race right after the field took the green flag. However, since he missed the three warm-up laps, he was given a three-lap penalty, and was not scored until his fourth time around (so as to match the other cars). On lap 5, Willy T. Ribbs pulled into the pits with a misfire, and dropped out. First half Mears gave up the lead to Mario Andretti on lap 12. Michael Andretti then took the lead and dominated most of the first half. On lap 25, Kevin Cogan and Roberto Guerrero clipped wheels in turn one, and the two cars crashed hard into the outside wall. Guerrero was unhurt, but Cogan suffered injuries to his right shoulder and forearm. Debris from the crash littered the track, and A. J. Foyt ran over a large piece of debris, breaking his left front suspension. Foyt limped back to the pits, waving to the crowd, as he felt his day was done. The crowd gave him an ovation as he walked back to the garage area, but he was still non-committal to his retirement decision. Cogan assigned Guerrero the responsibility for the crash in interviews that evening, and maintained that stance even later in life. Footage from the broadcast was inconclusive of what caused the Cogan-Guerrero crash. At some point later, however, amateur footage shot from a spectator in the grandstand emerged that showed that Cogan may have come down on Guerrero. Blame for the crash has never been fully vetted. Several cars began dropping out due to mechanical problems. Jim Crawford, John Paul Jr., Mike Groff, Tero Palmroth, and Gary Bettenhausen were all out of the race before the halfway point. At the halfway point, Michael Andretti continued to lead, with Emerson Fittipaldi holding onto second. Teammates Bobby Rahal and Al Unser Jr. were strong top five contenders. Rick Mears barely clung to the lead lap, and was in danger of being lapped at one point. Second half Michael Andretti continued his dominance, but Emerson Fittipaldi was now a strong challenger. Fittipaldi took the lead on lap 113, and held it for a total of 46 laps in the second half. Fittipaldi suffered a gearbox failure exiting the pits on lap 171, and dropped out the race. The field dwindled down to only about 13 cars for the final 50 laps. Early contender Bobby Rahal blew an engine on lap 130, followed by Scott Brayton, who also blew an engine on lap 149. Mario Andretti faded in the second half, falling two laps down and out of contention for the win. Only two cars remained on the lead lap - Michael Andretti and Rick Mears. Arie Luyendyk moved into third, one lap down, with Al Unser Jr. also in the top five. Unser's car though was suffering from wastegate problems. Gordon Johncock, who started 33rd, and was suffering from flu-like symptoms before the race, was now in the top ten. Finish On lap 183, Danny Sullivan blew his engine down the frontstretch, spewing a huge cloud of smoke, and bringing out the caution flag. Leader Michael Andretti took advantage of the break, and ducked into the pits for much-needed fuel. Andretti's stop was quick, and he came back out onto the track in second. He lined up just behind leader Rick Mears for the restart. As the leaders came down for the restart to complete lap 186, Andretti diced back and forth down the frontstretch, and passed Mears on the outside of turn one to take the lead in dramatic fashion. It was a rare move drivers would seldom attempt. Immediately after the pass Andretti began to pull away, but Mears reeled him back in after the exit of turn four. At the end of the main stretch, not to be upstaged, Mears pulled the same move, passing Andretti on the outside of turn one to re-take the lead. Almost immediately, Mears began pulling away from Andretti, as Andretti's handling began to go away. With only 11 laps to go, Mears began to lengthen his lead. Suddenly on lap 190, Andretti's father Mario Andretti stalled at the entrance to the pits. The yellow flag came out for the tow-in and bunched the field for another restart. A controversy erupted, as many felt Mario stopped on purpose in a ploy to aid his son. Mario denied this post-race, saying that he only warned Michael that "Whether he needs a yellow or not, I'm creating one because I can't make it to the pits." The green flag came out with six laps to go, and Mears got the jump on the restart. Michael Andretti's handling was not improving, and he was unable to challenge Mears for the lead. Mears cruised over the final five laps to the finish line, and became the third four-time winner of the Indianapolis 500. In a 2011 interview, Michael Andretti and Roger Penske both stated that had Andretti managed to put Mears a lap down, it likely would have been over for Mears. What changed the complexity of the race was that fact that Andretti suffered a cut tire just before he could have lapped Mears. Results Official Box Score Finish Start No Name Chassis Engine Laps Status Team Points 1 1 3 Rick Mears Penske PC-20 Chevy 265-A 200 2:50:00 Team Penske 21 2 5 10 Michael Andretti Lola T9100 Chevy 265-A 200 +3.149 seconds Newman/Haas Racing 17 3 14 1 Arie Luyendyk Lola T9100 Chevy 265-A 199 -1 Lap Granatelli Race Team 14 4 6 2 Al Unser Jr. Lola T9100 Chevy 265-A 198 -2 Laps Galles-KRACO Racing 12 5 7 4 John Andretti Lola T9100 Chevy 265-A 197 -3 Laps Hall-VDS Racing 10 6 33 92 Gordon Johncock Lola T9000 Cosworth DFS 188 -12 Laps Hemelgarn-Byrd Racing 8 7 3 6 Mario Andretti Lola T9100 Chevy 265-A 187 Engine Newman/Haas Racing 6 8 17 91 Stan Fox Lola T9100 Buick Indy V6 185 -15 Laps Hemelgarn-Byrd Racing 5 9 20 16 Tony Bettenhausen Jr. Penske PC-19 Chevy 265-A 180 -20 Laps Bettenhausen Racing 4 10 9 20 Danny Sullivan Lola T9100 Alfa Romeo 173 Turbo Patrick Racing 3 11 15 5 Emerson Fittipaldi Penske PC-20 Chevy 265-A 171 Gearbox Team Penske 2 12 27 19 Scott Pruett TrueSports 91 Judd 166 Transmission TrueSports Race Team 1 13 30 66 Dominic Dobson Lola T8900 Judd 164 -36 Laps Burns Racing 14 31 39 Randy Lewis Lola T9000 Cosworth DFS 159 -41 Laps Dale Coyne Racing 15 11 86 Jeff Andretti Lola T9100 Cosworth DFS 150 Engine Bruce Leven 16 24 7 Hiro Matsushita Lola T9100 Buick Indy V6 149 -51 Laps Paragon-Dick Simon Racing 17 19 22 Scott Brayton Lola T9100 Chevy 265-A 146 Engine Dick Simon Racing 18 21 48 Bernard Jourdain Lola T9100 Buick Indy V6 141 Gearbox A. J. Foyt Enterprises 19 4 18 Bobby Rahal Lola T9100 Chevy 265-A 130 Engine Galles-KRACO Racing 20 22 21 Geoff Brabham TrueSports 91 Judd 109 Electrical TrueSports Race Team 21 32 12 Pancho Carter Lola T8900 Buick Indy V6 94 Engine Arciero Racing 22 13 51 Gary Bettenhausen Lola T9100 Buick Indy V6 89 Radiator Team Menard 1 23 26 23 Tero Palmroth Lola T9000 Cosworth DFS 77 Engine Paragon-Dick Simon Racing 24 18 50 Mike Groff Lola T9100 Cosworth DFS 68 Water leak Euromotorsports 25 25 93 John Paul Jr. Lola T9000 Buick Indy V6 53 Oil leak D.B. Mann Development 26 8 26 Jim Crawford Lola T9100 Buick Indy V6 49 Engine King Racing 27 12 15 Scott Goodyear Lola T9100 Judd 38 Engine O'Donnell Racing 28 2 14 A. J. Foyt Lola T9100 Chevy 265-A 25 Suspension A. J. Foyt Enterprises 29 16 9 Kevin Cogan Lola T9100 Buick Indy V6 24 Crash turn 1 Team Menard 30 28 40 Roberto Guerrero Lola T9100 Alfa Romeo 23 Crash turn 1 Patrick Racing 31 10 8 Eddie Cheever Lola T9100 Chevy 265-A 17 Electrical Chip Ganassi Racing 32 29 17 Willy T. Ribbs Lola T9000 Buick Indy V6 5 Engine Walker Racing 33 23 71 Buddy Lazier Lola T9000 Buick Indy V6 1 Crash turn 1 Hemelgarn-Byrd Racing = Indianapolis 500 rookie = Former Indianapolis 500 winner All cars utilized Goodyear tires. Race statistics FromLap Tolap # oflaps Leader 1 11 11 Rick Mears 12 33 22 Mario Andretti 34 54 21 Michael Andretti 55 55 1 Al Unser Jr. 56 79 24 Michael Andretti 80 82 3 Al Unser Jr. 83 108 26 Michael Andretti 109 112 4 Emerson Fittipaldi 113 113 1 Bobby Rahal 114 138 25 Emerson Fittipaldi 139 140 2 Rick Mears 141 153 13 Emerson Fittipaldi 154 165 12 Michael Andretti 166 169 4 Emerson Fittipaldi 170 170 1 Rick Mears 171 183 13 Michael Andretti 184 186 3 Rick Mears 187 187 1 Michael Andretti 188 200 13 Rick Mears Leader Laps Michael Andretti 97 Emerson Fittipaldi 46 Rick Mears 30 Mario Andretti 22 Al Unser Jr. 4 Bobby Rahal 1 Fromlap Tolap # oflaps Reason 1 3 3 Bettenhausen (#51) and Lazier (#71) crash in turn 1 20 23 4 Cheever (#8) stalled in turn 4 25 33 9 Guerrero (#40), Cogan (#9) and Foyt (#14) crash in turn 1 84 89 6 Palmroth (#23) fire on backstretch, stalled 148 153 6 Brayton (#22) blown engine, Jourdain (#48) stalled on track 184 186 3 Sullivan (#20) blown turbocharger on main straight 191 194 4 Ma.Andretti (#6) stalled at pit entrance Race notes The 1991 Indy 500 was held shortly after the conclusion on Operation Desert Storm. General Norman Schwarzkopf was invited to serve as grand marshal. Michael Andretti's second-place finish would be the best Indy 500 result in his career. Michael Andretti led the most laps, and led as late as 13 laps to go, but failed to win, adding to the Andretti Curse. The race's 75th Running was highly publicized, and the event was advertised as the "Diamond Jubilee Running." Three days after the 1991 race, Stephen C. White, 31, of Indianapolis, entered the grounds of the speedway early on Wednesday, May 29. At some point before 7:30 a.m., he started driving around the track in a GMC pickup truck. He completed three or four laps, approaching speeds of . Luther Wray, a foreman in the speedway's maintenance department attempted to block his truck by parking a Dodge Caravan minivan on the track near the start-finish line. White was driving approximately when he struck the van, his truck became airborne and landed approximately away. He was pronounced dead upon arrival at Methodist Hospital. With the win in the 1991 Indy 500, Rick Mears joined Bobby Unser in becoming only the second driver to win the Indianapolis 500 in 3 different decades. Standings after the race + Drivers' Championship standings Rank +/– Driver Points Difference 1 10px 1 Rick Mears 58 Leader 2 10px 1 Arie Luyendyk 49 -9 3 10px 2 Bobby Rahal 48 -10 4 10px Al Unser Jr. 42 -16 5 10px John Andretti 32 26 Note: Only the top five positions are included for the drivers' standings. Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Bob Jenkins served as chief announcer for the second year. Johnny Rutherford returned as "driver expert" and Bob Forbes conducted the winner's interview in victory lane. The network celebrated its 40th anniversary. For 1991, the backstretch reporting location was eliminated permanently. Howdy Bell, who revived the position from 1989 to 1990, moved into the booth to serve as "Statistician." Bell updated the running order for the entire field in 25-lap intervals. With Ron Carrell's departure, Chris McClure joined the crew as a new pit reporter. Due to the rain delay, the broadcast signed on at 10:00 EST, but only for a weather report. The airtime was sent back to the affiliates to wait out the delay. Updates were given through the hour, and the network came back on-air for an abbreviated pre-race show. The race itself, however, was carried in its entirety. Technical director Tom Allebrandi celebrated his 25th year working the broadcast. Longtime network veteran Ralph "Luke" Walton, who served on the crew for the final time in 1988, died on June 18, 1990, at the age of 83. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Bob Jenkins Driver expert: Johnny Rutherford Statistician: Howdy Bell Historian: Donald Davidson Turn 1: Jerry Baker Turn 2: Gary Lee Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Lamey Bob Forbes (north pits)Brian Hammons (north-center pits)Sally Larvick (south-center pits)Chris McClure (south pits)Chuck Marlowe (garages) Television The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. Paul Page served as host and play-by-play announcer, accompanied by Bobby Unser and Sam Posey. The start of the race was delayed about one hour, and ABC filled the time with interviews, highlights, and other features. The same exact crew from 1990 returned. To commemorate the 75th anniversary race, Jack Whitaker joined the pre-race coverage as an essayist. Rick Mears was the first Indy 500 winner to carry an onboard camera for the television broadcast. The top four finishers happened to all be carrying on-board cameras, as well as the pace car. Bobby Rahal also carried a camera, but he dropped out early in the second half. ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host/Announcer: Paul Page Color: Sam Posey Color: Bobby Unser Essayist: Jack Whitaker Jack AruteGary GerouldDr. Jerry Punch Gallery File:1991 Dodge Viper Indianapolis 500 Pace Car.jpg|1991 Dodge Viper RT/10 pace car File:Dodge Stealth Indy 500 Officialcar1991.jpg|1991 Dodge Stealth Official Car

Introduction The 74th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday, May 27, 1990. Dutchman Arie Luyendyk took the lead with 32 laps to go, and earned his first-ever victory in championship-level competition. It was the second consecutive year the Indy 500 was won by a foreign-born competitor, the first time that had occurred since 1965–1966. Luyendyk completed the 500 miles at an average speed of , a record that stood for 23 years until 2013. In reference to the long-standing speed record, the 1990 race had often been referred to as "The Fastest 500." Defending champion Emerson Fittipaldi started on the pole position and dominated the first half of the race. Setting a new track record in qualifying, Fittipaldi became the first driver to break the 225 mph barrier in time trials. He was looking to become the first back-to-back winner in twenty years. In the second half of the race, however, he fell victim to blistering tires, fell a lap down, and wound up finishing third. Bobby Rahal, the 1986 winner, was in position to win his second Indy 500, but he too suffered handling problems, which dropped him to second at the finish. A. J. Foyt, making his 33rd consecutive Indy start, finished in sixth place. Rookie Jeff Andretti attempted to become the unprecedented fourth member of the Andretti family to qualify for the same race, but was bumped on the final day of time trials. Rain hampered much of the month, washing out nearly the entire first weekend of time trials as well as two practice days. The 1990 race was also the first Indy 500 presided over by Tony George, who was named president of the Speedway in January. The race was sanctioned by USAC, and was included as part of the 1990 CART PPG Indy Car World Series. Background Rule changes 1990 Indy 500 ticket stub. Controversy hovered over the month, regarding new aerodynamic rules. All teams utilizing 1989 (or older) model year chassis were required to affix a "diffuser" to the underbody ground effects tunnels, to reduce their depth by 2 inches - a rule intended to reduce downforce and curtail speeds. Competitors complained that the diffusers made their cars unstable and unbalanced, and were responsible for the increased number of practice crashes involving the older cars. Despite voiced complaints and meetings with officials, no changes were made to the rules. Ultimately, no major crashes occurred amongst the older cars during the race itself. The Porsche Indycar team, led by Derrick Walker, was fresh off their first victory at Mid-Ohio in September 1989 with driver Teo Fabi. They planned to roll out a new March chassis for 1990, the first all-carbon fiber monocoque Indy car. Rules were evolving by the CART series (and likewise USAC) to eventually allow for all-carbon fiber chassis. Porsche interpreted the rules as permitting the car for 1990, provided they were granted a waiver, and embarked on the project. However, in January, the board of directors voted to disallow the chassis for competition in 1990. The Porsche team was forced to utilize a March chassis that was constructed with a then-standard aluminum bottom to adhere to the rules. All-carbon fiber monocoques would be delayed until 1991. With the Pocono 500 disbanded after 1989, the 1990 Indy car season and beyond would no longer feature a "triple crown" of 500-mile races. The triple crown would not return until 2013. Team and driver changes Team and driver changes for 1990 were highlighted by defending CART champion and defending Indy winner Emerson Fittipaldi (and sponsor Marlboro) departing Patrick Racing and joining Penske Racing. The Penske team would be a three-car effort in 1990 with Fittipaldi, Rick Mears, and Danny Sullivan. Meanwhile, Chip Ganassi took over the assets of the former Patrick Racing, and it became Chip Ganassi Racing. Eddie Cheever, who had spent the past decade in Formula One, and was the United States' lone F1 participant, switched to the CART series for 1990 and took the seat. Target was brought in as the new sponsor for the budding team, beginning one of the longest tenures for an Indy car sponsor (1990-2016) in the history of the sport. KRACO Racing (Bobby Rahal) owned by Maurice Kraines, merged with the Rick Galles team. They became a two-car effort known as Galles-KRACO Racing. Al Unser Jr. returned in the Valvoline-sponsored entry, and Rahal got the use of the Chevy Ilmor V-8 engine for the first time. Arie Luyendyk left Dick Simon Racing, and joined Doug Shierson Racing to drive the #30 Domino's Pizza "Hot One" Chevrolet entry. After the previous two years utilizing Judd power, Shierson also was granted a lease for the Chevy Ilmor engine. Truesports driver Scott Pruett, who won the rookie of the year award in 1989, had a serious crash at West Palm Beach during preseason testing. He suffered serious leg injuries, and was forced to sit out the season for rehabilitation. Raul Boesel was hired to drive as a substitute. The Truesports team was already in development of their in-house "All American" chassis, which was scheduled to debut in 1991. For the 1990 season, the team utilized 1989 Lola/Judd machines to save cost. However, they re-fabricated the underbody of the cars in order to adhere to the new rules specifications, and avoided the need to use the aforementioned "diffusers". The Alfa Romeo Indy car effort, formerly headed up by Alex Morales Motorsports, was taken over in 1990 by a re-booted Patrick Racing. The Alfa Romeo engine had not been ready in time to race at the 1989 Indy 500, therefore 1990 would its first appearance at Indy. Roberto Guerrero, who drove for Morales in 1989, was kept on as the driver for 1990 at Patrick. Al Unser Sr., released by Penske, was brought in to enter a second team car at Indy and the other 500-miler at Michigan. Patrick Racing assumed the sponsorship of Miller, previously associated with Penske. It was another "trade" between the two organizations. Construction During the offseason, the Tower Terrace Extension grandstand was razed at the north end of the pit area. In its place, a new 900-foot long, 17,000-seat permanent double-decker grandstand was constructed. It featured aluminum chair-back bench seating, as well as modern restroom facilities and storefront space on the lower level. On the upper deck, 38 luxury suites were built, each with seats for 80 people. In the south short-chute, near the museum, the first dedicated Wheelchair Accessible grandstand was constructed. With seating for 302 persons, (including non-handicapped "companion" seating), the Speedway introduced its first ADA-compliant grandstand. Across the street from turn one, a famous Speedway landmark, the brick smokestack of the former Prest-O-Lite company was demolished. For decades, the smokestack was said to be used by drivers to see clues about wind speed and direction. It was taken down by wrecking ball just two months after the 1990 race. Schedule Race schedule — April/May, 1990 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 22  23  24  25  26  27ROP 28ROP 29ROP 30  1  2  3  4  5Practice 6Practice 7Practice 8Practice 9Practice 10Practice 11Practice 12Pole Day 13Time Trials 14Practice 15Practice 16Practice 17Practice 18Practice 19Time Trials 20Bump Day 21  22  23  24Carb Day 25Mini-Marathon 26Parade 27Indy 500 28Memorial Day 29  30  31      Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP — denotes RookieOrientation Program Practice (first week) During rookie orientation, driver Steve Barclay was injured in a crash, and was forced to sit out practice. Opening day – Saturday May 5 Tero Palmroth of Dick Simon Racing earned the honor of first car out on the track on opening day. The first day of practice saw moderate activity, with Tom Sneva in a Buick-powered entry setting the fastest lap (215.646 mph). Several drivers (Al Unser Jr., Emerson Fittipaldi, Geoff Brabham, Bobby Rahal, and Danny Sullivan) were not present for opening day due to their participation in the first round of IROC XIV at Talladega. Unser Jr., who finished second in that race, along with Rahal, did make it to Indianapolis in time to take a few practice laps. Sunday May 6 History was made at Indy when four members of the same family practiced on the track at the same time. Mario, Michael, John, and Jeff Andretti all were on the track together for a brief time at 3:35 p.m. Jim Crawford crashed in turn one 20 minutes before the track closed for the day. Emerson Fittipaldi, taking his first laps of the month, topped the speed chart with a lap of 222.607 mph. Monday May 7 Three crashes occurred on Monday. Johnny Rutherford, rookie Buddy Lazier, and Bill Vukovich III all suffered wall contact. Lazier hit the outside wall at the exit of turn four. Rutherford went high exiting turn two, and brushed the wall. Vukovich was the most serious, crashing hard in turn one, suffering a concussion. Rick Mears (224.398 mph) set the fastest lap, with Arie Luyendyk (222.816 mph) second and Emerson Fittipaldi (222.211 mph) third. Tuesday May 8 Emerson Fittipaldi (223.286 mph) was the fastest of the day. Steve Chassey crashed in turn three. Wednesday May 9 Johnny Rutherford had his second crash of the month. He spun in turn three, and crashed hard into the outside wall, suffering a concussion and knee injury. Al Unser Jr. (220.507 mph) was the fastest of the day. Arie Luyendyk was second-fastest once again. Thursday May 10 A cold, windy afternoon kept most cars off the track. Jim Crawford, driving his back-up car, was the fastest of the day at only 208.686 mph. Only two cars turned laps over 200 mph, and of the 12 drivers that completed laps, few took any laps at speed. The track was closed 51 minutes early due to weather conditions. Only 74 laps were turned all day. Friday May 11 On the final day of practice before time trials, the speeds climbed, and activity was heavy. At least 40 drivers took to the track, completing 1,517 laps. Two minor crashes occurred early in the afternoon. Rookies Jeff Wood and Jeff Andretti both suffered accidents. Wood hit the outside wall exiting turn one, then brushed it three more times as the car came to a stop. He was uninjured. Andretti spun in turn four, hitting the outside wall. The car was heavily damaged, but Andretti suffered only a bruised knee. Shortly after 4 p.m., Emerson Fittipaldi rans laps of 227.101 mph and 227.181 mph. They were the fastest unofficial laps in Indy history. Not to be upstaged, at 5:09 p.m., Al Unser Jr. blistered the track with a lap of 228.502 mph, the fastest practice lap ever run at Indy. At 5:24 p.m., Jim Crawford suffered his second crash of the week. This accident, which occurred in the south short chute, was spectacular. He spun in turn one, hit the outside wall, then as the car came off wall, debris lifted the chassis airborne. It flew approximately 15–20 feet off the ground for as much as 280 feet, then came to the ground, upright. It continued to slide for another 360 feet and came to rest along the inside wall. Crawford was not seriously injured. The first week of practice ended with Unser Jr., Fittipaldi, Rick Mears, and Mario Andretti topping the speed chart. All four had run laps over 225 mph. Time trials (first weekend) Emerson Fittipaldi won the pole position. Pole Day Part 1 – Saturday May 12 Pole day was scheduled for Saturday May 12, with Al Unser Jr. and Emerson Fittipaldi the favorites for the pole position. Rain washed out the entire day. Pole qualifying was rescheduled for Sunday. Pole Day Part 2 – Sunday May 13 On Sunday, rain threatened to wash out the entire weekend. Continuing rain, cool temperatures and "weepers" kept the cars off the track until after 2:30 p.m. Emerson Fittipaldi was the first driver to make a qualifying attempt, as time trials finally got underway at 4:34 p.m. Fittipaldi set new one and four-lap qualifying records to secure the provisional pole position. Each lap increased in speed. He became the first driver to officially break to 225 mph barrier at Indy. Lap 1 – 39.999 seconds, 225.006 mph Lap 2 – 39.954 seconds, 225.259 mph Lap 3 – 39.935 seconds, 225.366 mph Lap 4 – 39.898 seconds, 225.575 mph Total – 2:39.786, 225.302 mph A hectic, abbreviated qualifying session saw 16 attempts before the track closed at 6 p.m. Rick Mears (224.215 mph) and Bobby Rahal (222.694 mph) tentatively rounded out the front row. The day ended when Rich Vogler wrecked in turn two on his third qualifying lap. Several drivers including Danny Sullivan, Al Unser Jr., Arie Luyendyk, and A. J. Foyt, were left waiting in line at the 6 o'clock gun. They would have to wait until the following Saturday to have a shot at the pole position. Time trials was scheduled to pick up with the remainder of the pole round on Saturday. Scott Brayton took to the track for his attempt, but his crew forgot to wave the green flag to start the run. His run was negated, and he lost his opportunity to qualify in the pole position round. Practice (second week) Monday May 14 Arie Luyendyk, who was not able to qualify yet, was the fastest car of the day at 221.773 mph. Al Unser Jr. concentrated on race day setups instead, and ran a lap of 220.496 mph. Tuesday May 15 Practice was rained out. Wednesday May 16 Practice was rained out. Thursday May 17 Arie Luyendyk again led the speed chart, with a lap of 217.854 mph. Rookie Guido Daccò passed his rookie test, and Salt Walther took to the track for the first time. Friday May 18 Al Unser Jr. re-established himself as a threat for the pole position, running a lap of 224.995 mph, the fastest of the day. But before the day was over, he blew his qualifying engine, and the team was forced to install a back-up engine for time trials. Arie Luyendyk was second-fastest at 223.586 mph, also making him a threat for the front row. Bernard Jourdain wrecked twice in three hours, first in his backup car, then in his primary car, requiring surgery and ending his month. Time trials (second weekend) Pole Day Part 3 – Saturday May 19 On Saturday May 19, pole qualifying resumed, with 16 cars still eligible for the pole round. Arie Luyendyk (223.304 mph) squeezed onto the front row, bumping Bobby Rahal back to row two. The highly anticipated run by Al Unser Jr. was a disappointment, as he only managed 220.920 mph, putting him in 7th starting position. By holding on to the second starting position, Rick Mears qualified on the front row for a record 10th time in his career. A total of 23 cars qualified during the pole round, and at 11:45 a.m., the original qualifying draw had exhausted. Emerson Fittipaldi officially won the pole position. It was the second year in a row the defending champion had won the pole, and Penske Racing swept 1st-2nd on the grid. "Third day" qualifying commenced at 11:50 a.m., with Johnny Rutherford waving off a slow run. Scott Brayton, who missed his chance to qualify on Sunday, put in a solid speed, as did Teo Fabi, who also missed out on the pole round. The two Alfa Romeo entries of Roberto Guerrero and Al Unser, Sr. put their cars safely in the field, as did Tom Sneva in a Buick. At 5:45 p.m., the field was filled to 33 cars, Mike Groff (203.643 mph) on the bubble. Jim Crawford then easily bumped out Groff. After two crashes, and two slow qualifying attempts, Johnny Rutherford (204.801 mph) was now on the bubble. Stan Fox bumped him out by over 9 mph, and for the second year in a row, Rutherford was in a position to miss the race. Bump Day – Sunday May 20 Bump Day saw rain in the morning, and the track did not open until 2:30 p.m. As the day opened, rookie Buddy Lazier (209.418 mph) was on the bubble. After two attempts, John Paul Jr. was able to bump out Lazier. In the final 20 minutes, Salt Walther (attempting to make a comeback to racing) took to the track for his first qualifying attempt in ten years. Rookie Jeff Andretti (210.268 mph) was on the bubble. Andretti was trying to qualify for the first time, and also be the fourth member of the Andretti family to qualify for the same race. Walther completed his run at 210.558 mph, just fast enough to bump Andretti. In the final 8 minutes, Walther was on the bubble, trying to hold on to the 33rd and final starting position. Johnny Rutherford made one last futile effort to bump his way in, but waved off after only two laps. That allowed just enough time for Rocky Moran to take to the track. His speed of 211.076 mph bumped out Salt Walther at the 6 o'clock gun, and the field was set for race day. Starting grid Row Inside Middle Outside 1 1 Emerson Fittipaldi 2 Rick Mears 30 Arie Luyendyk 2 18 Bobby Rahal 3 Michael Andretti 6 Mario Andretti 3 5 Al Unser Jr. 14 A. J. Foyt 7 Danny Sullivan 4 41 John Andretti 86 Dominic Dobson 12 Randy Lewis 5 16 Tony Bettenhausen Jr. 25 Eddie Cheever 11 Kevin Cogan 6 23 Tero Palmroth 19 Raul Boesel 51 Gary Bettenhausen 7 21 Geoff Brabham 70 Didier Theys 28 Scott Goodyear 8 29 Pancho Carter 4 Teo Fabi 39 Dean Hall 9 9 Tom Sneva 22 Scott Brayton 97 Stan Fox 10 20 Roberto Guerrero 15 Jim Crawford 40 Al Unser 11 81 Bill Vukovich III 93 John Paul Jr. 56 Rocky Moran Alternates Salt Walther (#77) – Bumped (first alternate) Jeff Andretti (#98) – Bumped (second alternate) Failed to qualify Guido Daccò – Passed rookie orientation Mike Groff (#10/#50) – Bumped Buddy Lazier (#91) – Bumped Johnny Rutherford – Bumped, second attempt waived off Steve Chassey (#93/#96) – Wrecked practice Rich Vogler (#8/#12/#50) – Wrecked qualifying Jeff Wood – Wrecked practice Bernard Jourdain (#69) – Wrecked practice George Snider (#51) – Withdrew, replaced Hiro Matsushita (#10) – Passed rookie orientation Steve Barclay – Wrecked, rookie orientation Kenji Momota – Did not appear for rookie orientation Race summary Start After rain on Saturday, race day dawned sunny and warm. Temperatures were higher than expected, which ultimately led to poor chassis set ups and handling problems for many drivers. Emerson Fittipaldi took the lead from the start, and dominated the opening laps. The start was clean, and went 19 laps before the first caution. In turn one, Danny Sullivan's car broke a suspension piece, which sent his car spinning and he crashed hard into the outside wall. First half With Fittipaldi continuing to dominate, the top five was being battled amongst Bobby Rahal, Al Unser Jr., and Arie Luyendyk. Rick Mears dropped back with handling issues, and fell a lap down. Tony Bettenhausen Jr. brought out the second caution, when he stalled in lap 45. He was towed back to the pits, and would continue for a time in the race. On lap 63, Mario Andretti and Raul Boesel suffered engine failures, and oil was reported on the track. At the same time, Pancho Carter slowed down the backstretch with a broken CV joint. In turn four, he spun due to the bad handling, and tagged the wall in turn 4. Carter was uninjured. Emerson Fittipaldi continued to lead, and set a new Indy record by leading the first 92 consecutive laps. He lost the lead on lap 93 when he pitted. Arie Luyendyk took the lead for two laps, then relinquished the lead back to Fittipaldi when he himself pitted. At the halfway point, Fittipaldi had led 98 laps and was averaging 174.192 mph, just shy of the race record. Second half Blistering tires began to be an issue with several drivers. The fast pace and the changing weather conditions were both factors. On lap 116, Emerson Fittipaldi ducked into the pits for a scheduled pit stop. That allowed Bobby Rahal to take the lead for the first time. The rest of the leaders cycled through stops, and Fittipaldi once again found the lead. On lap 136, leader Fittipaldi suddenly entered the pits for an unscheduled pit stop. He was the victim of a blistered right rear tire. Bobby Rahal took over the lead, and began to pull away. Arie Luyendyk was now running second, with Fittipaldi dropping to third, just in front of fourth place Al Unser Jr. On lap 140, John Andretti brushed the wall in turn four, damaging the suspension. He continued down the frontstretch, and spun lazily in turn 1. It would be the final caution period of the day. Leader Bobby Rahal pitted under the caution, taking on fuel and only two tires (right sides only). The team was expressing concern about changing all four, as many teams were blistering tires. Luyendyk, however, took on four tires and fuel. Rahal and Luyendyk came back out on the track in that order, a few cars ahead of third place Fittipaldi. On lap 153, Fittipaldi was forced make another unscheduled pit stop for yet another blistered tire. This time he fell a lap down. He slipped to fourth, with Al Unser Jr. passing him for third. Bobby Rahal continued to lead, but handling problems were starting to slow his pace. Having taken on only two tires, coupled with a damaged wing adjuster, was causing a pushing condition. Arie Luyendyk began to reel him in, and took over the lead with a pass in turn three on lap 168. Going into the race, Luyendyk had never led a lap at Indy, and had never won an Indy car race. Finish Both Luyendyk and Rahal needed one final pit stop to make it to the finish. Rahal pitted first, on lap 171. Luyendyk followed two laps later, and was able to get back out on the track ahead of Rahal. With Al Unser Jr. 30 seconds behind in third place, and Fittipaldi now a lap down in fourth, the race became a two-man duel between Luyendyk and Rahal - with Rahal seemingly unable to close the gap. Some observers were unsure if Luyendyk and Rahal could make it to the finish on fuel, but neither team planned to pit. In the final twenty laps, Luyendyk began to pick up the pace, and the average speed began to climb, well above the existing record. Al Unser Jr.'s chance at a third place were dashed when he was forced to make a pit stop for fuel on lap 187. Fittipaldi passed him for third, and set his sights on Luyendyk, trying to get his lap back. Luyendyk had begun to experience minor blistering on his tires, but not enough to cause concern. Rahal was still trailing in second place by over ten seconds. With three laps to go, Luyendyk led Rahal by 13.3 seconds. Third place Emerson Fittipaldi caught Luyendyk, and was attempting to un-lap himself. After closely pursuing for a couple laps he made his move on Luyendyk. Fittipaldi did so on the main stretch with one lap to go, which distracted Luyendyk, and he did not see the white flag. The next time around, the checkered flag was displayed, and Luyendyk won his first-career Indy car race. In victory lane an emotional Luyendyk was thrilled over his victory stating in a post-race interview: "I can't believe this. It feels like a dream. This is unbelievable. I don't care if we won by 60 miles per hour we still got first place and that's what counts." Third place Emerson Fittipaldi was disappointed about not repeating his victory after dominating the race. “I’m very disappointed,” Fittipaldi said. “It was a shame. Everything was under control. The car, she was flying. It’s the third time I’ve been leading and something happened. It seems that for my wins here, I have to be striving and then I can win.” Legacy Eddie Cheever won the rookie of the year award. The record average speed of marked the fastest Indy 500 to-date, and the fastest 500-mile Indy car race to-date. The 500-mile speed record would later be broken at the 1990 Michigan 500. The 1990 average speed record would stand until 2013. Eddie Cheever was the highest finishing rookie in 8th place. He was also named the rookie of the year. Luyendyk's win marked the lone victory for Lola at the Indianapolis 500 in the 1980s and 1990s. Lola returned to Indy car competition in 1983 with Mario Andretti, and quickly became a competitive chassis on the circuit. Despite the manufacturer's high level of success in the sport during that period, which saw six CART championships between 1984 and 1993, and saw them quickly displace March as the prominent customer chassis, Lola failed to win at Indianapolis again. The only previous victories to their credit at Indy were with Graham Hill in 1966 and with Al Unser Sr. in a modified Lola Chaparral in 1978. They would be upstaged numerous times by March, Penske and Reynard, until ceasing participation at the Indy 500 after 1996. Box score Finish Start No Name Qual Rank C E Laps Status 1 3 30 Arie Luyendyk 223.304 3 L C 200 185.981 mph 2 4 18 Bobby Rahal 222.694 4 L C 200 +11.878 seconds 3 1 1 Emerson Fittipaldi 225.301 1 P C 200 +41.719 seconds 4 7 5 Al Unser Jr. 220.920 7 L C 199 Flagged 5 2 2 Rick Mears 224.215 2 P C 198 Flagged 6 8 14 A. J. Foyt 220.425 8 L C 194 Flagged 7 26 22 Scott Brayton 215.028 23 L D 194 Flagged 8 14 25 Eddie Cheever 217.925 15 P C 193 Flagged 9 15 11 Kevin Cogan 217.738 16 P B 191 Flagged 10 21 28 Scott Goodyear 213.622 27 L J 191 Flagged 11 20 70 Didier Theys 214.033 25 P B 190 Flagged 12 16 23 Tero Palmroth 217.423 17 L C 188 Flagged 13 30 40 Al Unser 212.086 31 M A 186 Flagged 14 12 12 Randy Lewis 218.412 13 P B 186 Flagged 15 29 15 Jim Crawford 212.201 30 L B 183 Flagged 16 32 93 John Paul Jr. 214.411 24 L B 176 Flagged 17 24 39 Dean Hall 216.975 20 L C 165 Radiator 18 23 4 Teo Fabi 220.022 10 M P 162 Transmission 19 19 21 Geoff Brabham 216.580 21 L J 161 Flagged 20 5 3 Michael Andretti 222.055 5 L C 146 Vibration 21 10 41 John Andretti 219.484 11 M P 136 Spun T1 22 11 86 Dominic Dobson 219.230 12 L C 129 Engine 23 28 20 Roberto Guerrero 212.652 29 M A 118 Suspension 24 31 81 Billy Vukovich III 211.389 32 L B 102 Engine 25 33 56 Rocky Moran 211.076 33 L B 88 Engine 26 13 16 Tony Bettenhausen Jr. 218.369 14 L B 76 Engine 27 6 6 Mario Andretti 222.025 6 L C 60 Engine 28 17 19 Raul Boesel 217.381 18 L J 60 Engine 29 22 29 Pancho Carter 213.156 28 L C 59 Crash T4 30 25 9 Tom Sneva 216.142 22 P B 48 CV Joint 31 18 51 Gary Bettenhausen 217.264 19 L B 39 Wheel Bearing 32 9 7 Danny Sullivan 220.310 9 P C 19 Crash T1 33 27 97 Stan Fox 213.812 26 L B 10 Gearbox – Former Indianapolis 500 winner, – Rookie C Chassis: L=Lola, P=Penske, M=March E Engine: A=Alfa-Romeo, B=Buick, C=Ilmor-Chevrolet, D=Cosworth DFS, J=Judd, P=Porsche All cars utilized Goodyear tires. Race statistics Lap Leaders Laps Leader 1–92 Emerson Fittipaldi 93–94 Arie Luyendyk 95–117 Emerson Fittipaldi 118–122 Bobby Rahal 123–135 Emerson Fittipaldi 136–167 Bobby Rahal 168–200 Arie Luyendyk Total laps led Laps Leader Emerson Fittipaldi 128 Bobby Rahal 37 Arie Luyendyk 35 Cautions: 4 for 26 laps Laps Reason 20–25 Danny Sullivan crash (turn 1) 45–51 Tony Bettenhausen stalled on track 63–69 Pancho Carter crash (turn 4) 141–146 John Andretti spin (turn 1) Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. A new era arrived at the network for 1990. Lou Palmer and the Speedway management parted ways. Bob Jenkins, a veteran on the crew as a turn reporter, as well as his work on ESPN, was named the new chief announcer and newest Voice of the 500. Brian Hammons, who previously worked as a pit reporter on the ABC-TV crew, moved over to the radio network for 1990. Bob Lamey moved from turn two to the turn four position (vacated by Jenkins), and would remain there until 2000. For 1990, the reporting location in turn four was slightly shifted down the track, closer to the exit of the turn. Newcomer Gary Lee took over turn two, still positioned atop Turn Two Suites. Longtime broadcast member Ron Carrell, who debuted in 1965 and served as both a turn reporter and pit reporter over the years, would make his final appearance on the crew in 1990. Carrell would die at the age of 75 on the morning of the 2012 race. Johnny Rutherford failed to qualify for the race again, and returned to serve as "driver expert". Bob Forbes conducted the winner's interview in victory lane. One of the first changes Jenkins made to the broadcast was to eliminate commentary and reporting during the pre-race ceremonies. During the pre-race, the broadcast would instead simulcast the Speedway's public address system (Tom Carnegie, Jim Phillipe, John Totten, and Dave Calabro). Luke Walton, who was a longtime fixture of the radio network, had only served in a limited pre-race role from 1983 to 1988. He was not part of the crew in 1989 nor 1990. Three weeks after the 1990 race, on June 18, 1990, Walton died at the age of 83. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Bob Jenkins Driver expert: Johnny Rutherford Historian: Donald Davidson Turn 1: Jerry Baker Turn 2: Gary Lee Backstretch: Howdy Bell Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Lamey Bob Forbes (north pits)Ron Carrell (center pits)Sally Larvick (center pits)Brian Hammons (south pits) Chuck Marlowe (garages) Television The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. Paul Page served as host and play-by-play announcer, accompanied by Bobby Unser and Sam Posey. For the first time, the race was advertised as being broadcast in stereophonic sound. Pit reporter Brian Hammons departed, and was replaced by Gary Gerould (who switched over from the radio network). Jack Arute and Dr. Jerry Punch returned. For the second year in a row, the telecast would go on to win the Sports Emmy award for "Outstanding Live Sports Special." For the first time, on board telemetry was featured in one of the cars (Teo Fabi). In addition, the first "crew cam" was mounted on the headset of a pit crew member (for the car of Emerson Fittipaldi). ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host/Announcer: Paul Page Color: Sam Posey Color: Bobby Unser Jack AruteGary GerouldDr. Jerry Punch Gallery File:1990 Chevy Beretta Indy Pace Car Replica.jpg|1990 Chevrolet Beretta pace car replica

Introduction The 73rd Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday, May 28, 1989. Two-time World Drivers' Champion Emerson Fittipaldi of Brazil became the first foreign-born winner of the race since 1969, and first non-American winner since 1966. Though Fittipaldi started on the front row and dominated much of the race, he found himself running second in the waning laps. Michael Andretti passed Fittipaldi for the lead on lap 154, then led until his engine blew. Al Unser Jr. moved up to second, but trailed Fittipaldi by a big margin. Gambling on fuel mileage, Unser Jr. caught up to Fittipaldi after a fortuitous caution period on lap 181, and subsequently took the lead on lap 196. On the 199th lap, Al Unser Jr. was leading Emerson Fittipaldi, at which time the two leaders encountered slower traffic. Down the backstretch, Unser and Fittipaldi weaved through the slower cars, then Fittipaldi dived underneath going into turn three. The two cars touched wheels, and Unser spun out, crashing into the outside retaining wall. Fittipaldi completed the final lap under caution behind the pace car to score his first of two Indy 500 victories. Unser was uninjured, and despite the crash, was still credited with second place. Race winner Emerson Fittipaldi set a new record and reached a significant milestone, becoming the first Indy 500 winner to earn a one million dollar single-race prize money purse. His prize money officially totaled $1,001,600. After dominating the 1988 month of May, all three cars of the Penske Team failed to finish the race in 1989. Danny Sullivan suffered a broken arm in a practice crash, and mechanical failures sidelined all three cars on race day. It was the only year in the decade of the 1980s, and the first time since 1976, that the Penske team failed to score a top five finish. Ironically, race winner Emerson Fittipaldi (driving for rival Patrick Racing) was fielding a Penske PC-18 chassis, acquired from Penske in a special arrangement between the two teams. The race was sanctioned by USAC, and was included as part of the 1989 CART PPG Indy Car World Series. At season's end, Fittipaldi became the fourth driver since 1979 to win the Indy 500 and CART championship in the same season. The win was also Patrick Racing's third and final Indy victory. Former driver Chip Ganassi, who had become a co-owner at Patrick Racing in 1989, enjoyed his first of six Indy wins (as of 2022) as a car owner or co-owner. Background and offseason Track improvements Speedway management resurfaced the entire track with asphalt during the summer of 1988, which would result in higher overall speeds for 1989. The last time the track had been repaved was in 1976. The apron at the bottom of the track (typically used for warm-up and cool-down laps, as well as an escape lane for slowing cars), which was previously known to be bumpy, relatively flat, and usually avoided by drivers, was also repaved. The racing surface was separated from the apron by a painted white line. The smooth and re-profiled apron was now tempting drivers to dip below the white line in practice and during the race. Drivers were starting to treat the apron as an extension of the track width. USAC announced penalties would be assessed for driving with four wheels below the white line excessively, other than to make routine passes in heavy traffic. The rough and bumpy concrete pit lane was also paved over in asphalt and a guardrail was installed to protect the crew members in the sign board area. The newly paved pit area made egress and ingress to the pits smoother and safer, but also sharply increased entrance and exit speeds, potentially putting crew members at risk. Within a few years, after a succession of incidents on the Indy car circuit, as well as in NASCAR, pit road speed limits would be implemented to curtail excessive speeding through the pit lane. In addition the pneumatic jacks built into the cars were found to be embedding themselves into the soft asphalt of the pit lane. This necessitated crews to affix steel plates on the pit lane to accommodate the jacks (a practice that was also later deemed unsafe). In 1994, this would be finally be solved when the individual pit boxes were resurfaced in concrete. Rule changes Goodyear arrived at the track providing both a hard and soft compound tire. The exclusive tire provider spent the off-season developing new tires that were better-suited to the newly repaved track. Teams were permitted to run either compound at any time, however, they were required to start the race on the same tires that they used during time trials. All teams qualified on the soft compounds, thus all were required to start the race on soft compounds. Teams electing to switch to hard compound tires for the race could do so on their first pit stop. Team and driver changes Cosworth DFS "short stroke" engine Team and driver changes were highlighted by Bobby Rahal's departure from Truesports. For 1989, Rahal switched to the Maurice Kranes Kraco Racing Team (A year later, the team would merge with Galles). Rahal, along with Arie Luyendyk at Dick Simon Racing, fielded the new Cosworth DFS "short stroke", and updated version of the mainstay DFV. However, Rahal's DFS engine blew during Carburetion Day practice, and for race day the team would have to revert to a previous generation DFX. Rookie Scott Pruett, the IMSA GTO and SCCA Trans-Am champion, moved to the Indy car ranks, and took over the vacated seat at Truesports. The team would continue to field the Judd powerplant. After a noteworthy 6th-place performance in the 1988 race, Jim Crawford was back at King Racing. Patrick Racing was once again a one-car effort for 1989, after periodically running two cars in previous seasons. Pat Patrick had announced that he was planning to retire after the 1989 season, and Chip Ganassi joined the team as co-owner. After the season, Ganassi would take over the team and it would become Chip Ganassi Racing. As part of the arrangement, the Marlboro-sponsored Patrick Racing would run Penske chassis (PC-18), while Penske Racing would receive sponsorship money from Marlboro to run a third car for Al Unser Sr. Newman Haas Racing also made headlines, expanding to a two-car team for 1989. Mario Andretti was joined by his son Michael to form a two-car Andretti effort. It was also Michael's first opportunity to field the Chevrolet engine. Michael had previously driven for the Kraco Racing Team. Alfa Romeo joined the CART series with Alex Morales Motorsports in 1989. However, they were not yet ready to compete at Indianapolis. Their debut would actually come a couple weeks later at Detroit. As a result, driver Roberto Guerrero would miss the Indy 500 for the first time since he arrived as a rookie in 1984. Absent from the race as a driver was Dick Simon, who retired at the end of the 1988 season. Simon had been a participant at Indy since 1970, but was still entered as owner of Dick Simon Racing. Race schedule Race schedule – April/May, 1989 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 23  24  25  26  27  28ROP 29ROP 30ROP 1  2  3  4  5  6Practice 7Practice 8Practice 9Practice 10Practice 11Practice 12Practice 13Time Trials 14Time Trials 15Practice 16Practice 17Practice 18Practice 19Practice 20Time Trials 21Time Trials 22  23  24  25Carb Day 26Mini-Marathon 27Parade 28Indy 500 29Memorial Day 30  31        Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP – denotes RookieOrientation Program Practice – week 1 Saturday May 6 Opening day was Saturday May 6. Only eleven cars took to the track on a cold day, which saw snow flurries in the morning and the afternoon. Arie Luyendyk () led the speed chart for the day. Sunday May 7 Practice picked up on Sunday May 7, with 44 cars taking to the track. Emerson Fittipaldi () set the fastest lap of practice thus far. Michael Andretti was also over . Monday May 8 Rick Mears set an all-time unofficial track record at , the first ever practice lap over at the Speedway. His teammate Al Unser was close behind at . Tuesday May 9 Rain washed out practice. Wednesday May 10 Rookie Steve Butler crashed in turn 4, suffering a broken collarbone, sidelining him for the month. The speeds were slightly down from Monday, with Al Unser topping the chart at . Thursday May 11 At 4:11 p.m. on Thursday May 11, Danny Sullivan's car lost the engine cover, causing him to break into a 180° spin in turn three. The car hit the wall hard with the right side. Sullivan suffered a mild concussion and a fractured right arm. Sullivan would be forced to sit out the first weekend of time trials. High winds kept the speeds down, with Jim Crawford in a Buick V-6 () the best lap of the day. Friday May 12 Rick Mears blistered the track on the final day of practice before time trials. His lap of was the fastest practice lap ever run at the Speedway. Jim Crawford and Al Unser also topped . Mears finished the week as the favorite for the pole position. Time trials – first weekend Saturday May 13 Pole day was scheduled for Saturday May 13. Rain, however, washed out the entire day. All time trial activities were postponed until Sunday. Sunday May 14 – Pole day On Sunday May 14, pole day time trials were held. Per USAC rules at the time, the cars would be allowed one trip through the qualifying draw order, and the pole round would be concluded. Al Unser Sr. drew first in line, and was the first driver to make an attempt. Unser set a track record on all four laps, and put himself on the provisional pole position with a track record run of . A busy hour of qualifying saw several cars complete runs. Scott Brayton, Scott Pruett, Bernard Jourdain, Teo Fabi, and Michael Andretti were among those who completed runs. Bobby Rahal and A. J. Foyt followed, and the field was already filled to eleven cars by 1:30 p.m. At 2 p.m., Mario Andretti () tentatively put himself third. The next car out, however, was pole favorite Rick Mears. Mears set a one-lap track record of , and a four-lap record of to secure the pole position. Minutes later, it was announced that Michael Andretti's car failed post-qualifying inspection. His run was disallowed as the car found to be 4.5 pounds underweight. With Mears and Unser Sr. firmly holding the top two spots, the rest of the session focused on which driver would round out the front row in third starting position. Jim Crawford, in the Buick V-6, set a stock block track record of to sit in third at 2:40 p.m. Twenty minutes later, though, Emerson Fittipaldi took to the track, the final car eligible for the pole round. His run of put him on the outside of the front row, and bumped Crawford back to the inside of row two. After the pole position round was settled, the "Second Day" of time trials commenced at 3:15 p.m. Second day qualifiers would line up behind the first day qualifiers. Michael Andretti re-qualified at (the 8th fastest car in the field), but was forced to start 22nd as a second-day qualifier. Andretti complained he could not get to the proper level of turbocharger boost due a possibly malfunctioning pop-off valve, but USAC took no action. Tom Sneva had an impressive first lap of , but blew his engine before the run was completed. At the end of the day, the field was filled to 26 cars. Practice – week 2 Practice during the second week was light, with many qualified drivers practicing in back-up cars. Most of the focus was on the non-qualified drivers, and the recovery status of Danny Sullivan. The Penske Team started preparing a back-up machine for Sullivan, with Geoff Brabham selected to shake the car down. Danny Sullivan returned to the cockpit on Thursday May 18. He completed about 10-12 hot laps, with a top speed of . Jim Crawford crashed his already-qualified car in turn 3. A suspension piece broke as he entered the turn, and the car spun into the outside wall. The team would repair the machine. Rain washed out practice on "Fast" Friday May 19, the third day overall lost during the month. Time trials – second weekend Third Day time trials – Saturday May 20 On the third day of time trials, Danny Sullivan qualified comfortably at . Sullivan was the fastest car of the day, followed by Kevin Cogan and Rocky Moran. Two crashes occurred during the day, involving Buddy Lazier and Steve Saleen. Neither would manage to qualify. At the end of the third day, the field was filled to 31 cars. Bump Day time trials – Sunday May 21 On Bump Day, much of the attention was focused on three-time Indy winner Johnny Rutherford, the biggest name who had not yet qualified. As the day opened, Billy Vukovich III () put his car in the field with an impressive run, ranked 16th-fastest overall. The second car to qualify was Johnny Rutherford, who completed his run at . The field was now filled to 33 cars. Davy Jones () was the slowest car in the field, and now on the bubble. John Paul Jr. bumped Davy Jones out of the field at 12:45 p.m. Paul was attempting to make a return to Indy after a four-year absence. His career was interrupted in 1986 when he was sentenced to five years in prison for his involvement in a drug trafficking ring with his father (John Paul Sr.) and subsequently refused to testify against him. He served a total of thirty months, being released in October 1988. Though tentatively in the field, Paul himself was now sitting on the bubble in 33rd at . The track activity went quiet during the heat of the afternoon. At 3 p.m., Davy Jones returned to the track and bumped his way back into the field with a run at . That move put Phil Krueger () on the bubble. At 4:45 p.m., Pancho Carter bumped out Krueger. At that point, Johnny Rutherford () had now slipped down to the bubble spot. Rutherford survived three attempts, and clung to the bubble spot nervously over the next hour. During that time, he put together a last-minute deal to step into a Foyt back-up car if necessary. He shook down the car with some practice laps, and appeared to be finding some speed. It was the second time in recent years that Rutherford was teaming up with Foyt on Bump Day. In 1984 Rutherford successfully bumped his way into the field with a Foyt backup car in the last ten minutes of time trials. With fifteen minutes left in the day, Rich Vogler () bumped Johnny Rutherford from the field. Rutherford scrambled to get in line, and made it to the front with less than two minutes to spare. With the crowd cheering him on, at 5:58 p.m., Rutherford pulled out onto the track for one final attempt. He had a great warm-up lap of over , but just after he took the green flag, his engine blew in turn one. Seconds later, the 6 o'clock gun went off. Rutherford failed to make the field for only the second time in his career. Rookie Bernard Jourdain held on to the final bubble spot, and the field was set. Starting grid = Indianapolis 500 rookie, = Former Indianapolis 500 winner Row Inside Middle Outside 1 Rick Mears Al Unser Emerson Fittipaldi 2 Jim Crawford Mario Andretti Scott Brayton 3 Bobby Rahal Al Unser Jr. Raul Boesel 4 A. J. Foyt Randy Lewis John Andretti 5 Teo Fabi Gary Bettenhausen Arie Luyendyk 6 Tero Palmroth Scott Pruett Ludwig Heimrath 7 Didier Theys Bernard Jourdain Michael Andretti 8 Tom Sneva Gordon Johncock Derek Daly 9 John Jones Danny Sullivan Kevin Cogan 10 Rocky Moran Dominic Dobson Bill Vukovich III 11 Davy Jones Pancho Carter Rich Vogler Alternates First alternate: Johnny Rutherford – Bumped Second alternate: Phil Krueger (#77) – Bumped Failed to Qualify John Paul Jr. (#39/#79/#97) – Bumped Michael Greenfield – failed to qualify; wave off Tony Bettenhausen Jr. (#17/#24) – failed to qualify; wave off Steve Butler – crashed in practice Buddy Lazier (#35) – crashed in practice Steve Saleen – crashed in practice Johnny Parsons (#59/#69) – crashed in practice Scott Harrington (#44) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify Tom Bigelow (#66) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify Stan Fox (#84) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify Steve Chassey (#79, #97) – practiced, did not attempt to qualify Dale Coyne – practiced, did not attempt to qualify Dick Ferguson (#47) – did not take practice Bobby Olivero – unknown Race summary Start During one of the parade laps, veteran Gary Bettenhausen suffered a broken valve, and coasted to a stop on the mainstretch. He would be wheeled to the garage area without completing a single lap, and finished 33rd. At the start, Emerson Fittipaldi jumped to the lead from the outside of the front row. He pulled out to a sizable lead over the first few laps. On the third lap, Kevin Cogan had a spectacular crash at the pit-entrance section of the front straightaway. His car made slight contact with the outside wall as he exited turn four, spun to the inside and made heavy contact with the inside pit wall. The car rebounded into the attenuating barrier at the pit entrance (also breaking the ABC Sports robo camera at the pit road entry), broke in two pieces, and slid on its side through the pits. The engine completely separated from the remains of the car and came to a stop in the pit area. Amazingly, Cogan climbed out unhurt. Mid race The race was dominated by Emerson Fittipaldi for the first 400 miles. During that stretch, several contenders retired due to mechanical failures, including all three Penske machines. Top-five contenders Bobby Rahal, Jim Crawford, and Arie Luyendyk also dropped out of the race. Mario Andretti experienced electrical problems, which caused him to lose significant ground to the leader. Michael Andretti, who had started in the seventh row, had been chasing Fittipaldi the entire race and by the 150-lap mark, he was within sights of the leader. Meanwhile, Al Unser Jr. remained on the lead lap in third place, despite being lapped earlier in the race. By this point, the three leaders had significant distance on the fourth place car of Raul Boesel. With less than 100 miles to go, Michael Andretti passed Fittipaldi for the lead, but his engine expired a few laps later. Fittipaldi regained the lead, with Al Unser Jr. second. The remainder of the field ran at least six laps behind. A caution came out on lap 181 when Tero Palmroth lost a wheel in turn four. Leader Fittipaldi pitted for much-needed fuel, but he nearly stalled his engine as he pulled away. He lost several seconds on the stop, and was also blocked momentarily by a safety truck as he exited the pit area. Al Unser Jr. was running a distant second place, but the caution came partly to his advantage. On the previous rounds of pit stops, Unser Jr. had been experiencing slightly better fuel mileage than Fittipaldi. The team had been setting Unser up to potentially make it to the finish on one less pit stop than Fittipaldi. Under this late yellow, the team decided to gamble on track position, and Unser stayed out and did not to pit for fuel. Unser emerged just one car behind Fittipaldi. Team owner Rick Galles made the call not to pit – their fuel calculations were close enough that believed they could make it to the finish. Their reasoning was that even if Unser ran out of fuel on the final lap, they would still finish no worse than second since third place Raul Boesel was six laps behind. Finish When the race restarted on lap 186, Fittipaldi quickly built a 3-second lead while Unser struggled to get around the lapped car of Raul Boesel (3rd place). Boesel's car was spewing fluid, and appeared ready to blow. After clearing Boesel, Unser began closing dramatically. By lap 193 he was directly behind Fittipaldi, and a lap later he nearly touched wheels with him as the two drivers worked around the lapped cars of Derek Daly and Mario Andretti and battled for the lead. On lap 196, Unser passed Fittipaldi for the lead in turn three and began to pull away. Unser's light fuel load made him much faster on the straights but there was still considerable fear he might run out of fuel short of the finish line. With two laps to go, Unser approached a line of slower cars consisting of Rocky Moran, Ludwig Heimrath Jr., Bernard Jourdain and John Jones. The two leaders were able to get around Moran easily in turn one, but Unser was held up behind Heimrath through turn two, allowing Fittipaldi to close in rapidly. On the backstretch, Fittipaldi pulled inside Unser, who then cut to the inside to pass Heimrath. Both cars ran side-by-side down the backstretch, going 3-wide to pass Jourdain on the inside as they entered turn 3. Unser remained on the racing line, with Fittipaldi down low on the warm-up apron. Near the apex of the corner, Fittipaldi's car oversteered and drifted slightly up the track, and the two cars touched wheels. Unser spun and crashed hard into the turn three wall, while Fittipaldi recovered from the drift and continued on. The yellow flag came out for the last lap with Fittpaldi leading, cruising around on his way to certain victory. Unser emerged from his crashed car unhurt and stepped to the edge of the track to gesture at Fittipaldi as he drove by. According to Unser, at the last second he reconsidered and gave Fittipaldi a sporting thumbs-up instead, but some viewers interpreted his gesture as a mocking one. The pace car escorted the field around the final corner, and for the second year in a row, the race finished under caution. Emerson Fittipaldi took the checkered flag, his first of two Indy 500 victories. Despite the crash Unser was still credited with second place, having completed four more laps than Boesel in third. Boesel managed to nurse his failing motor to the checkered flag. The third place was his best Indy finish, and best finish to-date for Shierson Racing. Fittipaldi's win was well-received by the Indy car community. Fittipaldi also spoke, in his native Portuguese, a greeting to the people in Brazil in victory lane, to the thunderous roars of the crowd. Al Unser Jr., after being checked out and released from the track hospital, congratulated his adversary on the win, and rejected theories that Fittipaldi intentionally crashed him in response to their previous year's tangle at the Meadowlands. Box score Finish Start No Name Qual Rank Laps Status 1 3 20 Emerson Fittipaldi 222.329 3 200 2 8 2 Al Unser Jr. 218.642 9 198 Crash T3 3 9 30 Raul Boesel 218.228 11 194 Running (−6 laps) 4 5 5 Mario Andretti 220.485 5 193 Running (−7 laps) 5 10 14 A. J. Foyt 217.135 12 193 Running (−7 laps) 6 6 22 Scott Brayton 220.458 6 193 Running (−7 laps) 7 31 50 Davy Jones 214.279 22 192 Running (−8 laps) 8 33 29 Rich Vogler 213.238 31 192 Running (−8 laps) 9 20 69 Bernard Jourdain 213.105 33 191 Running (−9 laps) 10 17 3 Scott Pruett 213.955 28 190 Running (−10 laps) 11 25 65 John Jones 214.028 27 189 Running (−11 laps) 12 30 81 Billy Vukovich III 216.698 13 186 Running (−14 laps) 13 18 71 Ludwig Heimrath 213.878 29 185 Running(−15 laps) 14 28 33 Rocky Moran 214.212 24 181 Running (−19 laps) 15 24 10 Derek Daly 214.237 23 167 Running (−33 laps) 16 16 56 Tero Palmroth 214.203 25 165 Spindle 17 21 6 Michael Andretti 218.774 8 163 Engine 18 29 86 Dominic Dobson 213.590 30 161 Engine 19 4 15 Jim Crawford 221.450 4 135 Drive Train 20 19 12 Didier Theys 213.120 32 131 Engine 21 15 9 Arie Luyendyk 214.883 20 123 Engine 22 32 24 Pancho Carter 214.067 26 121 Electrical 23 1 4 Rick Mears 223.885 1 113 Engine 24 2 25 Al Unser 223.471 2 68 Clutch 25 12 70 John Andretti 215.611 16 61 Engine 26 7 18 Bobby Rahal 219.530 7 58 Valve 27 22 7 Tom Sneva 218.396 10 55 Pit Fire 28 26 1 Danny Sullivan 216.027 15 41 Rear Axle 29 11 28 Randy Lewis 216.494 14 24 Wheel Bearing 30 13 8 Teo Fabi 215.563 17 23 Ignition 31 23 91 Gordon Johncock 215.072 19 19 Engine 32 27 11 Kevin Cogan 214.569 21 4 Crash FS 33 14 99 Gary Bettenhausen 215.230 18 0 Valve Race statistics Lap Leaders Laps Leader 1–34 Emerson Fittipaldi 35 Mario Andretti 36 Raul Boesel 37-87 Emerson Fittipaldi 88-92 Michael Andretti 93-112 Emerson Fittipaldi 113-123 Michael Andretti 124-129 Emerson Fittipaldi 130-139 Michael Andretti 140-153 Emerson Fittipaldi 154-162 Michael Andretti 163 Emerson Fittipaldi 164-165 Al Unser Jr. 166-195 Emerson Fittipaldi 196-198 Al Unser Jr. 199-200 Emerson Fittipaldi Total laps led Laps Leader Emerson Fittipaldi 158 Michael Andretti 35 Al Unser Jr. 5 Mario Andretti 1 Raul Boesel 1 Cautions: 7 for 43 laps Laps Reason 5–14 #11 (Cogan) crash turn 4 61-65 #18 (Rahal) stalled on track 128-131 #9 (Luyendyk) blown engine 139-149 #15 (Crawford) stalled on track 162-166 #6 (Mi. Andretti) blown engine 181-186 #56 (Palmroth) lost wheel turn 4 199-200 #3 (Unser Jr.) crash turn 3 Quotes "They're side-by-side, Emmo on the inside, Al covered traffic goes high, they touched wheels, Al Jr. hit into the wall hard, Emerson Fittipaldi keeps on going, they touched wheels, Al Jr. into the wall and Emerson Fittipaldi will lead them back to the yellow flag." – Larry Henry described the crash involving Al Unser Jr. and Emerson Fittipaldi on Lap 198 for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network. "Fittipaldi comes inside Little Al! A drag race on the back side again. … Slower traffic moves to the right. … Can Fittipaldi get past? Little Al brings it down low. … They touch! Little Al into the wall, Fittipaldi continues on! Little Al slams the wall, as Emerson Fittipaldi screams toward the white flag!" – Paul Page on ABC television. Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Lou Palmer served as the chief announcer for the second and final time. It would be Palmer's 32nd and final 500 as part of the radio crew. Bob Forbes reported from victory lane. One of the more significant changes involved Howdy Bell, now becoming the "elder statesman" of the crew. After many years in turn two, then one year as a pit reporter, Bell revived the backstretch reporting location. Bell was utilized sparingly, mostly for observations and brief commentary. The on-air "Statistician" duty was eliminated for 1989. This would be Bob Lamey's last year in turn two, and Bob Jenkins' final year as the radio reporter in turn four. The biggest departure for 1989 was that of pit reporter Luke Walton, who had joined the crew in the mid-1950s. From 1983 to 1988, Walton reprised his traditional role of introducing the starting command during the pre-race ceremonies, but did not have an active role during the race itself. Pit reporter Gary Gerould took over the duty of introducing the starting command, but it would be the final time that was done on the radio broadcast. Starting in 1990, the radio would instead simulcast the public address system during the pre-race ceremonies. This was Gerould's last year on the radio broadcast. He would work the TV broadcast starting in 1990. In addition, Chuck Marlowe switched from pit reporter to the garage area duties. Three-time Indy winner Johnny Rutherford failed to qualify for the race, and joined the crew as "driver expert." Since Rutherford never again qualified for the race (and subsequently retired in 1994), he went on to become a long-time fixture on the broadcast. The 1989 race began what would be a 14-year run for Rutherford as the resident "driver expert." After the race, during the off-season, the Speedway and Lou Palmer parted ways. A new Voice of the 500 would debut in 1990, along with many other changes. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Lou Palmer Driver expert: Johnny Rutherford Historian: Donald Davidson Turn 1: Jerry Baker Turn 2: Bob Lamey Backstretch: Howdy Bell Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Jenkins Ron Carrell (north pits)Bob Forbes (north-center)Sally Larvick (south-center pits)Gary Gerould (south pits)Chuck Marlowe (garages) Television The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. The 1989 race celebrated the 25th year of the Indy 500 on ABC. Paul Page served as host and play-by-play announcer, accompanied by Bobby Unser and Sam Posey. At the start of the race, Unser drove the pace car, and reported live from the car during the pace laps. Pit reporters Jack Arute and Brian Hammons were joined by Dr. Jerry Punch, who appeared at Indy for the first time. The telecast would go on to win the Sports Emmy award for "Outstanding Live Sports Special." ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host/Announcer: Paul Page Color: Sam Posey Color: Bobby Unser Jack AruteBrian HammonsDr. Jerry Punch Gallery File:Pontiac Trans Am 1989 Indianapolis 500 pace car.jpg|1989 Pontiac Trans Am pace car

Introduction The 72nd Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, on Sunday May 29, 1988. Team Penske dominated the month, sweeping the top three starting positions with Rick Mears winning the pole position, Danny Sullivan at the center of the front row, and Al Unser, Sr. on the outside. Mears set a new track record, becoming the first driver to break the 220 mph barrier in time trials. On race day, the Penske teammates proceeded to lead 192 of the 200 laps, with Rick Mears taking the checkered flag, his third-career Indy 500 victory. The race represented the milestone 50th victory in Championship car racing for owner Roger Penske and Penske Racing. The victory was the first of six consecutive Indy 500 wins by the Chevy Indy V-8 engine, and seven consecutive overall by Ilmor-constructed powerplants. The victory also marked a triumphant return of success for the Penske chassis (in this case the PC-17), after dismal results in 1987 (PC-16), and sparse use in the previous four seasons. The race was the third round of the 1988 CART PPG Indy Car World Series, and was sanctioned by USAC. Background Chevy Indy V-8 engineDefending champion Al Unser Sr. returned to Penske to join a three-car effort with full-time drivers Rick Mears and Danny Sullivan. After a dismal go around with the PC-16 in 1987, Penske introduced the brand-new PC-17 ('88), with promise. Mears and Sullivan, respectively, won the pole positions for the first two races of the CART season. For the third year, Penske was fielding the Chevy Ilmor Indy V-8 engine. Back-to-back defending CART champion, and 1986 Indy winner Bobby Rahal returned for what would be his last season at Truesports. The team dropped the Cosworth DFX and they took up the development of the Judd AV engine. The engine was known to be down on horsepower, but excelled in fuel mileage and reliability, particularly in the 500-mile races. Among the other changes included Al Unser Jr., who left Shierson after a winless 1987 campaign and re-joined Galles. Galles was now running the Ilmor Chevy engine, after running the Brabham-Honda and Buick in previous years. Raul Boesel took Unser's place in the #30 Domino's Pizza entry. During a tire test session at the Speedway in September 1987, Roberto Guerrero had a crash, and suffered a serious head injury that put him in a coma for seventeen days. After a lengthy recovery, Guerrero was back in the cockpit for 1988. Jim Crawford, who suffered serious leg injuries during time trials in 1987, also returned, signing with King Racing. Billy Vukovich III, son of Bill Vukovich II, and grandson of two-time winner Bill Vukovich, would become the first third-generation driver in Indy history. Many of the cars in the field were sporting new style wheels with flush discs, giving the 1988 month of May a unique visual appearance. After becoming famous for being "first in line" at the Indy 500 from 1950-1987, longtime fan Larry Bisceglia of Chicago, and later from Phoenix, fell ill and missed the 1988 race. With failing health, he died December 7, 1988. Rule changes Starting in 1988, teams were allowed to have six crew members over the wall during a pit stop. The crews would consist of four tire changers, a fueler, and a fuel vent/airhose man. Previously they were only allowed five (i.e., three tire changers). This was due in part to the fact that after the series changed from bias-ply tires to radials, the left-front tire (which at the time was seldom changed) would now be changed much more frequently. For 1988, turbocharger "boost" pressure was reduced from 47 to 45 inHG. Stock-block engines were permitted 55 inHG. Race schedule Race schedule — April/May 1988 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 24  25  26  27  28  29ROP 30ROP 1ROP 2  3  4  5  6  7Practice 8Practice 9Practice 10Practice 11Practice 12Practice 13Practice 14Time Trials 15Time Trials 16Practice 17Practice 18Practice 19Practice 20Practice 21Time Trials 22Bump Day 23  24  25  26Carb Day 27Mini-Marathon 28Parade 29Indy 500 30Memorial Day 31          Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP — denotes RookieOrientation Program Practice - Week 1 Rookie Orientation Six drivers took part in rookie orientation. John Andretti led the group, putting in 220 laps with a top speed of 201.974 mph. After being denied entry five years ago, Harry Sauce returned to attempt the program once again. Saturday May 7 Opening day saw Raul Boesel first out on the track for Shierson. Dick Simon (211.665 mph) posted the best lap of the day, with less than 15 minutes to go in the session. Sunday May 8 The track closed about two hours early due to rain. Mario Andretti set the best lap of the day (210.970 mph), but did not eclipse Simon's speed from Saturday. Monday May 9 Rick Mears turned the fastest lap of the month thus far at 213.118 mph. Two cars, Teo Fabi in the Porsche entry, and Ludwig Heimrath suffered mechanical/engine-related problems. Tuesday May 10 Rick Mears turned the fastest unofficial practice lap in Indy history, breaking the 220 mph for the first time. His lap of 220.048 mph was just a tick faster than Mario Andretti's lap of 219.995 mph. Roberto Guerrero was involved in the first crash of the week. He spun in turn one and tapped the outside wall. His car suffered damage to the rear wing. He was not injured. Wednesday May 11 After two days of Mears topping the speed chart, Mario Andretti moved back into the top spot. His lap of 221.565 mph broke the day-old unofficial track record at 5:45 p.m. Thursday May 12 Ludwig Heimrath went high in turn 2 and brushed the outside wall, the second crash of the month. His car whipped around, and hit the wall again. He was not injured, and car had light damage. Mario Andretti (219.084 mph) led the speed chart, with Scott Brayton second. Friday May 13 The final day of practice was anticipated to be a duel between Rick Mears and Mario Andretti, the two drivers who had distanced themselves from the rest of the field. Mears and Andretti finished the day with identical laps at 221.465 mph to tie at the top of the speed chart. Danny Sullivan came in third-best with a lap of 218.446 mph. Andretti finished the week of practice with the fastest over speed, set on Wednesday. Mears was second, and the pair went into time trials as the favorites for the pole position. Time Trials - First weekend Danny Sullivan makes his time trial run Pole day - Saturday May 14 On pole day morning, Rick Mears blistered the track with a lap of 222.827 mph during the morning practice session. It was a new all-time unofficial track record. Mario Andretti (220.372 mph) was close behind with the second-fastest. Raul Boesel and Tom Bigelow suffered single-car crashes during the session. Mario Andretti drew the coveted first qualifying attempt. After leading the speed charts in practice much of the week, his qualifying speed was inconsistent and disappointingly slow. His first lap of 217.014 mph was his fastest, but 4 mph slower than he practiced a day earlier. His final lap of 212.761 mph pulled his four-lap average down to 214.692 mph. He claims to have hit a patch of oil-dry in turn four, which was laid down earlier that morning due to Boesel's crash. About one hour into the session, Al Unser Sr. took to the track and completed his attempt at 215.270 mph, good enough to take over the provisional pole position. Derek Daly and Scott Brayton completed runs over 212 mph, and by 1 p.m., the field was filled to ten cars. At 1:21 p.m., Danny Sullivan took to the track and set a one-lap track record of 217.749 mph on his second lap. His four-lap average fell short of a record, but his speed of 216.214 mph took over the pole position for the moment. Not to be upstaged, Rick Mears took to the track at 2 p.m. His first lap of 220.453 mph was an all-time official track record, the first driver to break the 220 mph barrier. His four-lap average of 219.198 mph won him the coveted pole position. It was his then-record fourth Indy 500 pole position. With Penske cars Mears, Sullivan, and Unser, ranked 1st-2nd-3rd, the team had the opportunity to become the first team ever to sweep all three spots on the front row of the starting grid. After Mears' run, the track stayed mostly quiet until the final hour. With better conditions at 5 p.m., Arie Luyendyk put his car in the field at just over 213 mph. Al Unser Jr. was the last car with a realistic shot at the front row. Unser Jr. fell short, with a speed of 214.186 mph, good enough for 5th position. At the end of the day, Bobby Rahal was among those not yet in the field. His first presentation to the line was aborted when the car would not crank. He waved off two attempts, the second attempt was averaging 212.8 mph after three laps. A. J. Foyt went out early, but debris on the track forced him to pull off. His second attempt was too slow, and he waved off. At the end of the day, the field was filled to 19 cars. Second day - Sunday May 15 At hot 88 degree day kept cars off the track most of the afternoon. At about 5:30 p.m., Jim Crawford put his car in the field at 210.564 mph. Bobby Rahal was the only other qualifier, with a speed of 208.526 mph, slower than his speeds from Saturday. At the close of the first weekend of time trials, there were 21 cars in the field. Among those not in the field yet were A. J. Foyt, Raul Boesel, Johnny Rutherford, and rookie John Andretti. Practice - Week 2 Monday May 16 Rookie Harry Sauce spun in turn one during the final phase of his rookie test. The car was not damaged. Mario Andretti (216.398 mph) was the fastest of the day. Tuesday May 17 Gordon Johncock took to the track for his first shakedown laps of the month. Rookie Dominic Dobson completed his refresher test. Danny Sullivan (214.183 mph), was the fastest of the day. Wednesday May 18 Spike Gehlhausen wrecked hard in turn 1, and was taken to the hospital. X-rays were negative, however, but he was out for the rest of the month. After struggling getting up to speed, Harry Sauce withdrew. Rookie Dale Coyne also announced he would not attempt to qualify. Pancho Carter (208.574 mph) was the fastest non-qualified driver, while Al Unser, Sr. (210.280 mph) was the fastest overall. Thursday May 19 Raul Boesel (213.270 mph) topped the speed chart for the day. Rookie Scott Atchison wrecked in turn 4. he spent the night in the hospital, but was cleared to drive. Friday May 20 The final full day of practice saw Pancho Carter (213.878 mph) and Raul Boesel (213.068 mph) lead the non-qualified drivers. Mario Andretti drove a back-up car to 212.314 mph. Time Trials - Second weekend Third Day - Saturday May 21 Nine cars completed qualifying runs, filling the field to 30 cars. Raul Boesel (211.058 mph) was the fastest of the day, with Dominic Dobson (210.096 mph) second fastest, and the fastest rookie. A. J. Foyt secured a starting position in his record 31st consecutive Indy 500. Pancho Carter crashed twice during the day. On his final qualifying lap, he brushed the wall in the final turn, and slid and spun down the mainstretch. Later in the day, he wrecked his backup car in turn 2 during a practice run. He was uninjured. Billy Vukovich III, grandson of two-time winner Bill Vukovich, and son of race veteran Bill Vukovich II qualified with a solid run in the final hour. He became the first third-generation driver in Indy 500 history. As time expired, Steve Chassey made his third and final attempt, which was good enough to make the field. Bump Day - Sunday May 22 The final day of time trials opened with three positions left unfilled. Johnny Rutherford was the first car to make an attempt, and qualified comfortably at 208.442 mph. Later, Howdy Holmes and Stan Fox (driving Foyt backup car) filled the field to 33 cars. Scott Atchison (205.142 mph) was the first car on the bubble. Atchison survived three attempts, but Ludwig Heimrath finally bumped him out at 3:45 p.m. The move put Rich Vogler (206.463 mph) on the bubble. Ed Pimm made an attempt but wrecked, and Gordon Johncock waved off after a lap of only 206.049 mph. Vogler waited, and the team wheeled out a back-up car just in case. After crashing twice on Saturday, Pancho Carter's team purchased a back-up car from Hemelgarn Racing, but with practice time running out, they were having difficulty getting the car up to speed. Meanwhile, A. J. Foyt rolled another backup car out of the garage area. George Snider decided he did not want to qualify the car, and Foyt quickly consummated a deal with Johnny Parsons. Foyt shook the car down, and Parsons took it out for a practice run. At 5:29 p.m., he went high and smacked the wall in the northchute, ending his chances to qualify. At 5:43 p.m., Gordon Johncock made his third and final attempt, this time bumping Vogler. However, Johncock himself was now on the bubble (206.693 mph) with less than ten minutes renaming. Rich Vogler quickly climbed into his backup car, and as time expired, bumped his way back into the field with a speed of 207.126 mph. Johncock was out, and Pancho Carter was left waiting in line. Carburetion Day - Thursday May 26 A total of 31 of the 33 qualified cars took to the track on the final practice session. Two of the alternates took laps, for a total of 33 cars on the track. A few cars experienced minor mechanical problems, but there were no accidents. Mario Andretti (215.105 mph) was the fastest car of the day. Penske teammates Danny Sullivan and pole-sitter Rick Mears were second and third. Penske Racing, with driver Danny Sullivan, won the Miller Pit Stop Contest. The day before the race, Al Unser Jr. reportedly came down with a stomach flu or possibly food poisoning. However, he rested and planned to drive on race day. Starting grid Row Inside Middle Outside 1 5 Rick Mears Pennzoil Z-7Penske RacingPenske PC-17, Chevrolet 265 9 Danny Sullivan Miller High LifePenske RacingPenske PC-17, Chevrolet 265 1 Al Unser HertzPenske RacingPenske PC-17, Chevrolet 265 2 6 Mario Andretti Amoco/KmartNewman/Haas RacingLola T8800, Chevrolet 265 3 Al Unser Jr.Valvoline/Stroh'sGalles RacingMarch 88C, Chevrolet 265 7 Arie LuyendykProvimi VealDick Simon RacingLola T8800, Cosworth DFX 3 91 Scott BraytonAmway ProductsHemelgarn RacingLola T8800, Buick V-6 20 Emerson FittipaldiMarlboroPatrick RacingMarch 88C, Chevrolet 265 10 Derek DalyRaynor Garage DoorRaynor RacingLola T8800, Cosworth DFX 4 18 Michael AndrettiKraco StereoKraco RacingMarch 88C, Cosworth DFX 24 Randy LewisToshiba/OracleLeader Card RacingLola T8800, Cosworth DFX 2 Roberto GuerreroSTP/DianeticsVince Granatelli RacingLola T8800, Cosworth DFX 5 11 Kevin CoganSchaefer/Playboy FashonMachinists Union RacingMarch 88C, Cosworth DFX 81 Tom Sneva Pizza Hut/WRTV-6Hemelgarn RacingLola T8800, Judd 9 Phil KruegarCNC SystemsGohr RacingMarch 86C, Cosworth DFX 6 22 Dick SimonUniden/SoundesignDick Simon RacingLola T88000, Chevrolet 265 8 Teo FabiQuaker StatePorscheMarch 88C, Porsche North America 15 Jim CrawfordMac ToolsBernstein RacingLola T8700, Buick V-6 7 4 Bobby Rahal BudweiserTruesportsLola T8800, Judd 30 Raul BoeselDomino's PizzaDoug Shierson RacingMarch 88C, Cosworth DFX 92 Dominic Dobson Moore IndustriesDobson MotorsportsLola T8700, Cosworth DFX 8 14 A. J. Foyt Copenhagen/GilmoreA. J. Foyt EnterprisesLola T8800, Cosworth DFX 56 Bill Vukovich III Genesee Beer WagonGohr RacingMarch 88C, Cosworth DFX 16 Tony Bettenhausen Jr.Scot Lad FoodsBettenhausen MotorsportsLola T8700, Cosworth DFX 9 23 Tero Palmroth Neste/EditorDick Simon RacingLola T8800, Cosworth DFX 35 Steve ChasseyGary Trout MotorsportsGary Trout MotorsportsMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 98 John Andretti Skoal BanditCurb RacingLola T8800, Cosworth DFX 10 48 Rocky Moran GreerA. J. Foyt EnterprisesMarch 86C, Chevy V6 84 Stan FoxCalumet FarmsA. J. Foyt EnterprisesMarch 86C, Chevy V6 17 Johnny Rutherford Mac ToolsBernstein RacingLola T8700, Buick V-6 11 71 Ludwig Heimrath Jr,Mackenzie FinancialHemelgarn RacingLola T8800, Cosworth DFX 29 Rich VoglerByrd/Pepsi/Bryant HeatingMachinists Union RacingMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 33 Howdy HolmesJiffy MixAlex Morales MotorsportsMarch 88C, Cosworth DFX Alternates First alternate: Gordon Johncock (#60) - Bumped Second alternate: Rich Vogler (#27T) - Back up car Third alternate: Scott Atchison (#55) - Bumped Failed to Qualify Gary Bettenhausen (#46) - Waved off, too slow John Jones (#12) - Waved off, too slow Pancho Carter (#28) - Waved off, too slow Johnny Parsons (#36) - Incomplete run Ed Pimm (#27) - Wrecked during qualifying Tom Bigelow (#77) - Practiced, but did not attempt to qualify Dick Ferguson (#27)- Car taken over by Pimm George Snider (#84) - Practiced, but did not attempt to qualify Spike Gehlhausen (#87) - Practice crash, injured Harry Sauce (#36) - Withdrew Dale Coyne (#39) - Withdrew = Indianapolis 500 rookie = Former Indianapolis 500 winner Race summary Al Unser, Sr. (outside), Danny Sullivan (middle), Rick Mears (pole position) Start Danny Sullivan darted into the lead at the green flag, with Rick Mears in second. In turn two, Scott Brayton spun, collecting Roberto Guerrero, and both cars crashed into the outside wall. Tony Bettenhausen Jr., behind the incident, also crashed. On lap 6, the green flag came back out. Danny Sullivan got the jump on the start, and pulled out to a comfortable lead. The top five would be Sullivan, Rick Mears, Al Unser Sr., Al Unser Jr., and Mario Andretti. First half During the first sequence of pit stops, Tom Sneva crashed coming out of turn four on lap 34. Under the yellow, Teo Fabi, using the Porsche engine, pulled out of his pit stall with one of the rear wheels not secured. The wheel came off, and the car bottomed out, creating a terminal oil leak. Danny Sullivan continued to dominate in the lead, with Rick Mears falling to 10th place with handling problems. Al Unser Sr. and Al Unser Jr. continued to hold on to the top five, with Arie Luyendyk also lurking. Jim Crawford also began working his way into the top ten. Three additional single-car crashes occurred prior to the halfway point. A. J. Foyt wrecked coming out of turn two on lap 58, due to handling problems and slick conditions. On the ensuing restart on lap 64, Arie Luyendyk tagged Ludwig Heimrath Jr., sending Heimrath spinning and crashing out of turn four. Steve Chassey crashed in turn 4 on lap 81, suffering a concussion. Both Mario Andretti (gearbox) and Al Unser Jr. (CV joint) came to the pits for long repairs. Both cars re-entered the race several laps down. After suffering early handling issues, Rick Mears radioed his crew and requested that they switch to the old style wheels. The car was not handling well with the new style flush disc wheels. The crew had to scramble back to the transporter to collect sets of older style wheels, and have all the tires re-mounted back in the garage area. On lap 93, the caution came out for debris on the track. Rick Mears had just un-lapped himself, and got back on to the lead lap. Leader Danny Sullivan pitted, giving the lead for the first time to Jim Crawford in the Buick-powered machine. Crawford blistered the track for the next several laps, with a noticeably drastic racing line, dipping deep below the white line, and aggressive dicing through traffic. Second half Jim Crawford led 8 laps. At lap 100, Jim Crawford led, with Rick Mears finally back up to second, Al Unser Sr. third, and now Danny Sullivan back to fourth. On lap 102, Sullivan's front wing adjusters broke, sending his car up into the outside wall in turn 1. After leading 92 laps, Sullivan was out, but Penske teammates Rick Mears and Al Unser Sr. were now in control. After a caution for debris (Unser ran over a rabbit), Rick Mears took the lead on lap 113. Johnny Rutherford crashed in turn 1, similar to Sullivan's crash. It would be Rutherford's final lap of Indy 500 competition (he would fail to qualify in subsequent years and officially retired in 1994). After trading positions, Rick Mears took over the lead for good on lap 129. With Mears pulling away, the rest of the top three was being battled out amongst Al Unser Sr. and Jim Crawford. Emerson Fittipaldi worked his way up to the top five, as did Bobby Rahal in the Judd. After several long pit stops to repair gearbox problems, an oil leak, and electrical gremlins, Mario Andretti finally called it quits. With the leaders nearing lap 170, Mario was about 50 laps down with a dead engine. Mario was credited with 118 laps in 20th place. Finish With Rick Mears seemingly in control, the only battle that remained was for second place. Emerson Fittipaldi was running second, but he was deep in traffic. In the final twenty laps, USAC officials were contemplating issuing a two-lap penalty to Fittipaldi for passing a car under the yellow while exiting the pits on lap 164. After first penalizing Fittipaldi, then tentatively retracting the penalty, USAC henceforth decided to impose it. The penalty dropped Fittipaldi down to 7th. The resulting scoring adjustments elevated Jim Crawford into second place, Al Unser Sr. into third. On lap 194, Jim Crawford got sideways in turn three, which flat-spotted his tires. He ducked into the pit area to change tires, but the crew had difficulty changing them, and he lost several seconds. He dropped back to 6th on the track. Suddenly Penske teammates Rick Mears and Al Unser Sr. were running 1st-2nd. Moments later, on lap 197 a piece of bodywork flew off of Michael Andretti's car. The yellow came out, and the safety crews were unable to clean up the debris before the white flag came out for the final lap. The race finished under caution with Rick Mears winning his third Indy 500. For the moment, Al Unser Sr. was second, Michael Andretti third, and Bobby Rahal worked all the way up to 4th in the Judd-powered entry. After the race, during the post-race scoring evaluation, Patrick Racing threatened to protest Emerson Fittipaldi's two-lap penalty. USAC claimed that while exiting the pits, Fittipaldi passed the lapped car of Rich Vogler, and did not properly honor the blend-in rule. Fittipaldi claimed that Vogler waved him by as they exited turn two to the backstretch. When Vogler got word of Fittipaldi's penalty, he immediately went to the USAC officials and corroborated Fittipaldi's account. Vogler claimed that he was 8-10 laps down at the time and purposely waved Fittipaldi by, and that the penalty was "unjust." Under the rules, slower cars were permitted to wave other faster cars by during yellows, a move primarily used in order to not to impede the leaders. USAC re-evaluated the situation, and when official results were posted Monday morning, they retracted Fittipaldi's penalty once and for all. Fittipaldi's laps were reinstated, which elevated him to a second-place finish. Al Unser Sr. was officially third, denying Penske Racing of their first 1st-2nd Indy sweep. Jim Crawford's exciting day finished with a 6th place, the Buick V-6's best finish to-date. One year after his best ever finish in the Indianapolis 500, Dick Simon rallied from a 16th starting spot to finish 9th in his final 500 as a driver. During the season finale weekend in Miami, Simon would announce his retirement from driving to concentrate running his race team. Race Results Box Score Finish Start No Name Qual Rank Laps Led Status 1 1 5 Rick Mears 219.198 1 200 89 Running 2 8 20 Emerson Fittipaldi 212.512 8 200 0 Running 3 3 1 Al Unser, Sr. 215.270 3 199 12 Flagged 4 10 18 Michael Andretti 210.183 12 199 0 Flagged 5 19 4 Bobby Rahal 208.526 21 199 0 Flagged 6 18 15 Jim Crawford 210.564 11 198 8 Flagged 7 20 30 Raul Boesel 211.058 10 198 0 Flagged 8 15 97 Phil Krueger 208.212 24 196 0 Flagged 9 16 22 Dick Simon 207.555 28 196 0 Flagged 10 6 7 Arie Luyendyk 213.611 6 196 0 Flagged 11 13 11 Kevin Cogan 209.552 17 195 0 Flagged 12 33 21 Howdy Holmes 206.970 33 192 0 Flagged 13 5 3 Al Unser Jr. 214.186 5 180 0 Flagged 14 23 56 Billy Vukovich III 208.545 20 179 0 Flagged 15 11 24 Randy Lewis 209.774 14 175 0 Flagged 16 28 48 Rocky Moran 207.181 31 159 0 Engine 17 32 29 Rich Vogler 207.126 32 159 0 Crash T3 18 21 92 Dominic Dobson 210.096 13 145 0 Lost Coolant 19 25 23 Tero Palmroth 208.001 25 144 0 Engine 20 4 6 Mario Andretti 214.692 4 118 0 Electrical 21 27 98 John Andretti 207.894 27 114 0 Engine 22 30 17 Johnny Rutherford 208.442 22 107 0 Crash T1 23 2 9 Danny Sullivan 216.214 2 101 91 Crash T1 24 26 35 Steve Chassey 207.951 26 73 0 Crash T4 25 31 71 Ludwig Heimrath 207.214 30 59 0 Crash T4 26 22 14 A. J. Foyt 209.696 15 54 0 Crash BS 27 14 81 Tom Sneva 208.659 18 32 0 Crash T4 28 17 8 Teo Fabi 207.244 29 30 0 Accident Pits 29 9 10 Derek Daly 212.295 9 18 0 Gearbox 30 29 84 Stan Fox 208.579 19 2 0 Half Shaft 31 7 91 Scott Brayton 212.624 7 0 0 Crash T2 32 12 2 Roberto Guerrero 209.632 16 0 0 Crash T2 33 24 16 Tony Bettenhausen Jr. 208.342 23 0 0 Crash T2 = Indianapolis 500 rookie; = Former Indianapolis 500 winner Statistics Cautions: 14 for 68 laps FromLap ToLap # OfLaps Reason 1 5 5 #2 (Guerrero), #16 (Bettenhausen Jr.), #91 (Brayton) accident turn 2 34 39 6 #81 (Sneva) accident turn 4 58 63 6 #14 (Foyt) accident turn 2 64 70 7 #71 (Heimrath) accident turn 4 82 88 7 #35 (Chassey) accident turn 4 93 95 3 Debris 102 106 5 #9 (Sullivan) accident turn 1 109 111 3 Dead rabbit on track 117 120 4 #17 (Rutherford) accident turn 1 140 145 6 #6 (Ma. Andretti) stopped on track 160 163 4 #23 (Palmroth) stopped on track 167 170 4 #48 (Moran) engine 175 179 5 #29 (Vogler) accident turn 3 198 200 3 Debris from #18 (Mi. Andretti) Lap Leaders Driver FromLap ToLap Numberof Laps Danny Sullivan 1 30 30 Al Unser 31 33 3 Danny Sullivan 34 94 61 Jim Crawford 95 101 7 Rick Mears 102 103 2 Jim Crawford 104 104 1 Al Unser 105 112 8 Rick Mears 113 121 9 Al Unser 122 122 1 Rick Mears 123 200 78 Total Laps Led Driver Total Laps Danny Sullivan 91 Rick Mears 89 Al Unser 12 Jim Crawford 8 Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. In September 1987, Paul Page left NBC Sports and joined ABC. As a result, Page left the IMS Radio Network, and vacated his position as Voice of the 500. Veteran personality Lou Palmer, who debuted with the network in 1958, was elevated to the chief announcer position for 1988. Outside of Page's departure, a few changes were made to the crew for 1988. Pancho Carter, who failed to qualify for the race, served as "driver expert." Bob Lamey debuted on the crew, taking the Turn 2 location on top of the VIP Suites. Howdy Bell, who was previously in that spot, moved to the pit area and shared the north pits with Chuck Marlowe. Luke Walton covered the starting command during the pre-race, but did not have a role during the race itself. After the race, with Palmer now in the booth, Bob Forbes conducted the victory lane winner's interview. Sally Larvick (Paul Page's wife), who had worked on the crew from 1982-1987 in only a limited role (conducting interviews with celebrities, etc.), elevated to a full pit reporter starting in 1988. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Lou Palmer Driver expert: Pancho Carter Statistician: John DeCamp Historian: Donald Davidson Turn 1: Jerry Baker Turn 2: Bob Lamey Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Jenkins Luke Walton (pre-race)Bob Forbes (garages) Howdy Bell (north pits)Chuck Marlowe (north pits)Sally Larvick (center pits)Ron Carrell (south/center pits)Gary Gerould (south pits) Television The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. Major changes were ushered in for 1988. Don Ohlmeyer was brought in as one of the directors, and a new style of the broadcast reflected Ohlmeyer's influence. The opening tease featured Alan Silvestri's score from the film The Delta Force, in a medley with the instrumental song "Katydid's Ditty" by Mason Williams. The Delta Force intros (known as the "Page Teases"), narrated by Paul Page, would become a popular fixture of the ABC telecasts of the Indy 500, Brickyard 400, and other Indycar races, through 1998 and reprised again in 2001. With Jim McKay departed, Paul Page served as both host and play-by-play announcer. Bobby Unser and Sam Posey returned as color commentators, and this three-man booth crew would cover the Indy 500 and other Indycar races on ABC through 1995. Jack Arute and Brian Hammons served as pit reporters, the only time a crew of only two men covered the pits since going to a live broadcast. New RaceCam angles debuted for 1988. Along with the "over-the-shoulder" camera, there were also cameras facing backwards from the cars, as well as a cockpit camera looking up at the driver. ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host/Announcer: Paul Page Color: Sam Posey Color: Bobby Unser Jack AruteBrian Hammons

Introduction The 71st Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, on Sunday May 24, 1987. After dominating practice, qualifying, and most of the race, leader Mario Andretti slowed with mechanical problems with only 23 laps to go. Five laps later, Al Unser Sr. assumed the lead, and won his record-tying fourth Indianapolis 500 victory. During the month of May, an unusually high 25 crashes occurred during practice and qualifying, with one driver in particular, Jim Crawford, suffering serious leg injuries. Al Unser's victory is considered one of the biggest upsets in Indianapolis 500 history. Unser, whose driving career was beginning to wind down, had dropped down to part-time status a year earlier. He entered the 1987 month of May without a ride and without sponsorship money, which left him on the sidelines for the first week of practice. After Danny Ongais suffered a concussion in a practice crash, Unser was hired by Penske to fill the vacant seat. Unser proceeded to win the race with a year-old March chassis, and the venerable Cosworth DFX, the powerplant's tenth consecutive Indy victory. Unser's car, originally entered as a back-up, had been sitting in a hotel lobby in Reading, Pennsylvania, as a show car just weeks prior. The race was sanctioned by the United States Auto Club, and was included as part of the 1987 CART PPG Indy Car World Series. Of the notable statistics, the 1987 Indy 500 was the first such where the entry list did not include a single car built in the United States. During the race, a spectator was killed when an errant tire was hit into the grandstand, the first spectator fatality at the event in a racing-related incident since 1938. Background Defending Indy 500 winner Bobby Rahal went on to win the 1986 CART championship. During the offseason, his Truesports racing team made a highly publicized switch from the March chassis to the up-and-coming Lola chassis. Truesports, however, stayed with the proven Cosworth engine. Rahal was a strong favorite to repeat as winner. For 1987, the Ilmor Chevrolet Indy V-8 expanded its participation in Indy car racing. Penske Racing fielded a three-car effort with the powerplant, while resuming its in-house chassis program. The PC-16 chassis was the primary car for the team, but as a backup, three one-year-old March 86C chassis were also entered. Newman/Haas Racing joined the Ilmor Chevrolet program, pairing the engine in a Lola. With it, Mario Andretti scored the engine's first victory a month earlier at Long Beach. Patrick Racing (Emerson Fittipaldi & Kevin Cogan) was the third team to utilize the Ilmor Chevrolet, but they used the 1987 March chassis. Roberto Guerrero won the second race of the season, held at Phoenix. Guerrero was a rising star on the circuit, and the impressive victory from last starting position at Phoenix made him a favorite for Indy. For 1987, his Vince Granatelli Racing team was sporting a special paint job, a "throwback" day-glow orange which resembled the Andy Granatelli entries from the late 1960s and early 1970s. A new engine arrived at Indianapolis in 1987. The Judd AV V-8 was badged as the Brabham-Honda, and was fielded by Galles Racing. After part-time use during the 1986 CART season, the engine was utilized full-time beginning in 1987. Indy veteran Geoff Brabham, son of Jack Brabham (co-founder of Engine Developments Ltd.) and rookie Jeff MacPherson were the drivers. At Penske Racing, Rick Mears and Danny Sullivan returned as the full-time entries. During the offseason, three-time Indy 500 winner (1970, 1971, 1978), and three-time national champion (1970, 1983, 1985) Al Unser Sr. retired from full-time driving duties. Unser had been driving for Penske from 1983 to 1986, and was still interested in driving part-time, particularly at Indianapolis and the other 500-mile races (Michigan and Pocono). Meanwhile, businessman and media mogul Ted Field arranged a deal with Roger Penske to field Indy veteran Danny Ongais in the third Penske entry. Al Unser was unable to secure a ride before the month of May, and arrived at the track unemployed, albeit shopping around for a competitive car. Goodyear arrived at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway for the first time with a new radial tire. After a few years of development in the CART series, the radials were ready for competition in the Indy 500. The most noticeable construction project completed at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway for 1987 was a series of electronic dot matrix scoreboards installed around the track. Race schedule Race schedule – April/May 1987 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 19  20  21  22  23  24ROP 25ROP 26ROP 27  28  29  30  1  2Practice 3Practice 4Practice 5Practice 6Practice 7Practice 8Practice 9Pole Day 10Time Trials 11Practice 12Practice 13Practice 14Practice 15Practice 16Time Trials 17Bump Day 18  19  20  21Carb Day 22Mini-Marathon 23Parade 24Indy 500 25Memorial Day 26  27  28  29  30  31              Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP – denotes RookieOrientation Program Practice – week 1 Rick Mears in a Penske PC-16 chassis during the first week of practice. Saturday May 2 Practice started on Opening Day, Saturday May 2. Rookie Ludwig Heimrath Jr. was the first car on the track. A somewhat light day of activity saw several drivers pass their rookie tests. Michael Andretti posted the fastest lap of the day, at . His father Mario, however, did not take any laps. Sunday May 3 The second day of practice saw increased activity. Mario Andretti posted the fastest lap of the day at . Later in the day, the weather cooled, and wind picked up. At 5:58 p.m., Pancho Carter suffered a spectacular crash. His car spun in turn three, air got underneath, and flipped upside-down. The car landed on the pavement on its roll bar, and proceeded to skid about through the North chute. The car hit the outside wall in turn four, and came to a rest still upside-down. Carter, however, was not seriously injured. His helmet had three major scrapes from rubbing along the pavement. Carter later proudly showed off the helmet, showing where he had rotated his head to spread the abrasion damage. Monday May 4 High winds kept the speeds down. Dennis Firestone and Roberto Guerrero tied for fast lap of the day (211.565 mph), while Mario Andretti was third. Tuesday May 5 Tuesday saw the fastest lap in Indy history to date. Mario Andretti blistered the track at an unofficial track record of . It made him the favorite for the pole position. The next fastest time, turned in by Bobby Rahal was a full slower. The second crash of the month occurred, involving Dennis Firestone. He spun and crashed in turn four, breaking bones in his left foot and fracturing his left leg, eventually this crash with a second crash would sideline him for the month. Wednesday May 6 Four crashes occurred during practice on Wednesday. Kevin Cogan drifted high exiting turn 1, and crashed into the outside wall. Later, Scott Brayton hit the wall in turn four. Derek Daly and Dick Ferguson both brushed the wall in the south short chutes, but both nursed their cars back to the pits. None of the four drivers were seriously injured. Mario Andretti continued his dominance of practice, leading the speed charts again, at . A surprising second-fastest was Jim Crawford, driving a Buick-powered 1986 March to a lap of . Cogan, Brayton, and Daly were all driving 1987 March chassis. By mid-week, teams fielding the 1987 March chassis were finding the cars difficult to handle with the new Goodyear radial tires. Coupled with the warmer temperatures, and often windy conditions, many teams were finding the search for speed difficult. Thursday May 7 Danny Ongais during practice prior to his accident. Breezy conditions continued on Thursday. The most serious crash of the month to date occurred less than an hour into the day. Danny Ongais, driving the third Penske entry, crashed hard into the outside wall in turn 4. He suffered a concussion and was sidelined for the rest of the month. The crash added to the frustration the Penske team was having so far during the month. While they were having little trouble with the Ilmor Chevrolet engine, the PC-16 chassis was deemed a lemon. Rick Mears and Danny Sullivan were struggling to keep pace, and were rarely amongst the top ten each day on the speed chart. Meanwhile, Mario Andretti continued to top the speed chart, again by , with a lap at . Rocky Moran upped the crash tally for the week to eight, when he crashed exiting turn 2. Late in the afternoon of May 7, Penske Racing decided to park the PC-16 chassis in favor of their stable of 1986 Marches. However, none were presently at the track, nor immediately race ready. In some cases, they were serving as show cars. The first car would arrive the following morning, and Rick Mears and Danny Sullivan flipped a coin to see who would drive it. Mears won the toss. "Fast" Friday May 8 The final day of practice before Pole Day was warm and windy. Mario Andretti led the speed chart once again (216.242 mph), but Bobby Rahal was a close second (215.568 mph). Four more crashes occurred, bringing the total for the month to twelve. Tom Sneva crashed exiting turn one. Dick Ferguson crashed for the second time, and suffered major damage. Gary Bettenhausen spun, and Phil Krueger suffered rear suspension damage after tagging the turn four wall. Time trials – weekend 1 Pole-sitter Mario Andretti waits by his car during a practice session. Pole day qualifying – Saturday May 9 During morning practice on Saturday May 9, Bobby Rahal led the speed chart at . Mario Andretti was second-fastest. Rick Mears, who only a day earlier stepped into a 1986 March, already had the car up to speed at . Stan Fox was involved in the 13th crash of the month, when he spun out of turn three and tapped the inside wall. Hot, slick, and windy conditions were observed during pole day. Many teams who had struggled during the week with handling problems, sat idle on pole day, waiting for better track conditions. The first two cars waved off, and Rick Mears became the first car in the field at . Bobby Rahal tentatively secured the top spot with a run of . Over the next hour and a half, five cars started runs, but all were waved off. By 1 p.m., there were still only two cars in the field. At 1:09 p.m., Mario Andretti took to the track. Despite hot and slick conditions, and gusty winds, Andretti took the pole position with a speed of . Andretti's run was "nerve-wracking", inconsistent, and at times he lost traction, but the battle for the pole was settled. After Andretti's run, sparse activity took place until late in the day. Most teams stayed off the track altogether. Veteran drivers, Johnny Rutherford and Dick Simon managed successful runs, and filled the field to five cars. Jim Crawford, a darkhorse favorite for the front row in a Buick entry, made his first attempt at 2:25 p.m. The crew waved off after a slower-than-expected speed. A little over an hour later, Crawford returned to the track. After a quick warm-up lap, he lost control in turn one, and hit the wall nose-first. He suffered severe injuries, fractures to both ankles, a fractured lower right shin, and a fractured left knee. He would be sidelined for an entire year. Johnny Parsons also brushed the wall in turn 2 during a practice run, upping the total to 15 accidents during the month. Late in the day, several veterans took to the track in an attempt to qualify. Among the fastest were Roberto Guerrero and Arie Luyendyk. Shortly after 5 p.m., A. J. Foyt qualified in 4th position, extending his streak to a record thirty consecutive Indy 500 races. With reluctance, Danny Sullivan completed a slow qualifying run in his PC-16/Chevrolet. It was a strategic move, in order to secure Sullivan a tentative spot in the field in case time trials were rained out on the second weekend. At the close of pole day, only eleven cars had completed qualifying runs. With Andretti, Rahal, and Mears taking the top three spots, it was the first time since 1975 that the front row consisted of all former winners (and only the second time ever). With A. J. Foyt qualifying fourth, it was also the first time that former winners swept the top four positions. Rick Mears surprised observers by putting a year-old car (with only two days of shake-down practice) on the outside of the front row, his record seventh front row start. Veteran Dick Simon enjoyed his first start in the front two rows by qualifying 6th. The Ilmor-Chevy Indy V-8 engine won the qualifying battle, placing machines 1st and 3rd, while Cosworth's best car (Rahal) was 2nd. Second day qualifying – Sunday May 10 Three more crashes occurred on Sunday May 10, lifting the total for the month to 18. The most serious by Tom Sneva, his second crash in three days. Former winner Gordon Johncock was announced as the replacement for the injured Jim Crawford. Johncock initially retired before the 1985 race, but had tentative plans for a return in 1986. Johncock was expected to immediately begin practicing on the track. The second day of time trials opened with two attempts, by rookie Ludwig Heimrath Jr. and Rich Vogler. Over an hour and half hour later, more cars lined up to qualify. By the end of the day, the field was filled to 18 cars, with Heimrath the fastest of the afternoon. Among those not yet in the field were Al Unser Jr., Tom Sneva, and Kevin Cogan. Practice – week 2 Monday May 11 Gordon Johncock took to the track for his first stint of laps at speed. At night, the first significant rain in many days washed the track of some rubber buildup. Mario Andretti (211.714 mph) was the fastest car of the day. Tuesday May 12 Penske Racing driver Danny Ongais was officially withdrawn from his entry. Following his crash on May 7, Ongais was diagnosed with a concussion, and was not medically cleared to drive. No replacement was yet announced, but Al Unser was rumored as the choice. Track activity was leisurely, with Mario Andretti leading the speed chart at 212.916 in a back-up car. Rookie Fabrizio Barbazza was the fastest driver not yet qualified at 206.091. Dominic Dobson, another rookie, used the afternoon to finish the final phases of his rookie test. Wednesday May 13 Three-time Indy 500 winner Al Unser Sr. was officially announced as the replacement for the injured Danny Ongais at Penske Racing. Unser took his first laps of the month, driving a newly arrived 1986 March/Cosworth. Unser had entered the month unemployed, and was at the track supporting his son Al Unser Jr. in his efforts at Doug Shierson Racing, all the while shopping around the garage area for a competitive ride for himself. Al Unser Jr. had been struggling to get his 1987 March/Cosworth up to speed during the first week of practice, and was unable to qualify during the first weekend of time trials. Unser Sr. had planned to go home to Albuquerque by Monday, if he had not yet secured a ride. But he decided to stay through the week to help his son Unser Jr. get his car up to speed. About a day later, he was approached to drive for Penske. Al Unser Sr.'s Penske Racing teammate Danny Sullivan started taking laps for the first time in a 1986 March chassis, powered by an Ilmor Chevrolet Indy V-8. Plans were being made to withdraw Sullivan's PC-16/Chevrolet from the qualified field, and re-qualify in the year-old March. Meanwhile, Penske was already prepping a third 1986 March for Unser, but his would be powered by a Cosworth engine. Late in the day Geoff Brabham broke a wheel, and slid into the wall in turn three. It was the 19th crash of the month. Thursday May 14 Al Unser Jr., after two weeks of struggling with speed, led the non-qualified cars at . Mario Andretti continued to practice in his back-up car, posting the fourth-fastest speed of the day. Two single-car crashes by Johnny Parsons and Rick Miaskiewicz respectively, brought the total of the month to 21 crashes. Parsons suffered a broken ankle, and was sidelined for the rest of the month. Friday May 15 The final regular day of practice took place on Friday May 15. Dennis Firestone suffered his second crash in a week, and 22nd overall for the month. In turn four, he slid into the outside wall, suffering a neck fracture and concussion. This would sideline him for the remainder of the month. Al Unser Jr. again led the non-qualified cars at . Time trials – weekend 2 Third day qualifying – Saturday May 16 The third day of time trials took place on May 16. Several veteran drivers, as well as a couple rookies, completed qualifying runs, and filled the field to 30 cars. Among the veterans qualifying early on were Al Unser Jr., Gordon Johncock, and Al Unser Sr. Danny Sullivan withdrew his already-qualified PC-16 Chevrolet, and re-qualified with a 1986 March/Chevrolet. His qualifying speed increased by . Late in the afternoon, Kevin Cogan made the field, as well as Tony Bettenhausen Jr. Tom Sneva, after two crashes during the month, finally put a car in the field at over . Shortly after, the track closed for the day. Bump day qualifying – Sunday May 17 The final day of qualifying was held on May 17. At the start of the day, three positions in the starting field were vacant. Steve Chassey was the first driver to attempt to qualify, but waved off after only one lap of . Chassey's car, a small single-car team, was entered by Lydia Laughrey, a rare female car owner. Pancho Carter withdrew his qualified car, and re-qualified faster in a backup. Phil Krueger was the third car out on the track, and his first lap would have been fast enough to ultimately make the field. On his second lap, however, he dipped low in turn one, hit the outside wall, then spun and hit the wall again. It was the 24th crash of the month. After the crash, the track stayed mostly quiet until 4:45 p.m. Steve Chassey made his second attempt to qualify, but again waved off following three, slow, inconsistent laps. Rocky Moran was next, and despite only a average, he completed his run. Dominic Dobson and Davy Jones (driving for Foyt Racing) then filled the field to 33 cars. Jones in the process, became the fastest rookie qualifier in the field. With 49 minutes to go before the 6:00 p.m. gun, George Snider took another Foyt back up car and bumped Rocky Moran. It was the fourth Foyt entry to qualify for the field. The move put rookie Dominic Dobson (201.240 mph) on the bubble. Dobson survived attempts by Ed Pimm and Rick Miaskiewicz, and by 5:30 p.m., still clung to the starting field. Steve Chassey made his third and final allotted attempt. At , he bumped his way into the field by just over 1 mph. Sammy Swindell (201.840 mph) then found himself on the bubble. Ed Pimm, after days of frustration, handling problems, and with the oil light flashing during his run, bumped Swindell out. That move dropped Chassey down to the bubble spot. Over the final twenty minutes, Chassey held on, and the field was set. Carburetion Day On Thursday May 21, the final scheduled practice session was held. The weather continued to be hot and dry. Two incidents during the session altered the grid for race day, bringing the total for the month to 25 crashes leading up to the race. About a half hour into the session, A. J. Foyt, who qualified 4th on the grid, got into turbulence in turn one. He lost control, did a half spin, and crashed hard into the wall. About an hour later, Emerson Fittipaldi, nursing an ill-handling car, spun and crashed in turn three. Foyt's car was deemed repairable, and he was able to start in his qualified position. Fittipaldi's car, however, was a total loss, and he would be required to start a backup car on race day. He was moved from the 10th starting position to the rear of the field. Mario Andretti continued his complete dominance of the month, and posted the fastest lap of the day. His speed of was over faster than Rick Mears, who was second-fastest. Likewise, Andretti marched closer towards a clean sweep for the month, guiding his Newman Haas team to a win in the Miller Indy Pit Stop Championship. He beat Bobby Rahal (Truesports racing) in the final round. Starting grid Row Inside Middle Outside 1 5 Mario AndrettiHanna Auto WashNewman/Haas RacingLola T8700, Chevrolet 265 1 Bobby RahalBudweiserTruesportsLola T8700, Cosworth DFX 8 Rick MearsPennzoil Z-7Penske RacingMarch 86C, Chevrolet 265 2 14 A.J. FoytCopenhagen/GilmoreA. J. Foyt EnterprisesLola T8700, Cosworth DFX 4 Roberto GuerreroTrue Value/STPGranatelli RacingMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 22 Dick SimonSoundesignDick Simon RacingLola T8700, Cosworth DFX 3 71 Arie LuyendykLiving Well/Provimi Veal/WTTVHemelgarn RacingMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 21 Johnny RutherfordVermont AmericanAlex Morales RacingMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 18 Michael AndrettiKraco/STPKraco RacingMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 4 23 Ludwig Heimrath Jr.MacKenzie Financial/Tim Horton DoughnutsDick Simon RacingLola T8700, Cosworth DFX 81 Rich VoglerByrd's Kentucky Fried Chicken/Living WellHemelgarn RacingMarch 87C, Buick V-6 11 Jeff MacPhersonMcHoward LeasingGalles RacingMarch 87C, Judd 5 91 Scott BraytonAmway/AutostyleHemelgarn RacingMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 15 Geoff BrabhamTeam ValvolineGalles RacingMarch 87C, Judd 56 Gary BettenhausenGenesee Beer WagonGohr RacingMarch 86C, Cosworth DFX 6 3 Danny SullivanMiller AmericanPenske RacingMarch 86C, Chevrolet 265 12 Fabrizio BarbazzaArciero WineryArciero RacingMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 2 Gordon JohncockSTP Oil TreatmentAmerican RacingMarch 86C, Buick V-6 7 77 Derek DalyScheid Tire/Superior Training/MetrolinkPace RacingMarch 87C, Buick V-6 25 Al UnserCummins/Holset TurboPenske RacingMarch 86C, Cosworth DFX 33 Tom SnevaSkoal BanditMike CurbMarch 86C, Buick V-6 8 30 Al Unser Jr.Domino's PizzaDoug Shierson RacingMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 24 Randy LewisToshiba/Altos/OracleLeader Cards RacingMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 7 Kevin CoganMarlboroPatrick RacingMarch 87C, Chevrolet 265 9 55 Josele GarzaBryant Heating & Cooling/SchaeferMachinists Union RacingMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 41 Stan FoxKerker Exhaust/Skoal ClassicA. J. Foyt EnterprisesMarch 86C, Cosworth DFX 16 Tony Bettenhausen Jr.Nationwise/PaylessBettenhausen MotorsportsMarch 86C, Cosworth DFX 10 44 Davy JonesSkoal Classic/Gilmore/UNOA. J. Foyt EnterprisesMarch 86C, Cosworth DFX 29 Pancho CarterHardee'sMachinists Union RacingMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 98 Ed PimmSkoal ClassicMike CurbMarch 86C, Cosworth DFX 11 84 George SniderCalumet/CopenhagenA. J. Foyt EnterprisesMarch 86C, Chevy V-6 87 Steve ChasseyUnited Oil/Life of IndianaUnited OilMarch 87C, Cosworth DFX 20 Emerson Fittipaldi†MarlboroPatrick RacingMarch 87C, Chevrolet 265 † - Emerson Fittipaldi qualified 10th on pole day. On Carburetion Day, he crashed his already-qualified car, and it was damaged beyond repair. The car was replaced with a back-up car, and was moved the rear of the field. Alternates First alternate: Sammy Swindell – bumped Second alternate: Dominic Dobson – bumped Failed to Qualify Rocky Moran (#76) – bumped Rick Miaskiewicz – too slow Jim Crawford (#2T) – wrecked qualifying on pole day; suffered serious injuries to feet and legs, replaced by Gordon Johncock Phil Krueger (#10T) – wrecked qualifying on bump day Danny Ongais (#25) – wrecked in practice; suffered concussion and replaced by Al Unser Dick Ferguson (#19) - wrecked in practice; car was rebuilt by bump day but never turned a lap at speed Dennis Firestone (#10) - wrecked in practice, injured Spike Gehlhausen (#35) - did not attempt to qualify Johnny Parsons (#91) - wrecked in practice, broken leg Race summary Start Race day dawned warm with clear blue skies. During the pace lap, the car of George Snider caught fire, with a turbocharger failure. Snider pulled into the pits, as the rest of the field took the green flag. Mario Andretti charged from the pole position, and led the field into turn one. In the first turn of the first lap, Josele Garza was down low on the white line, and lost the back end of the car. Right next to Al Unser, he started spinning. Unser slipped by cleanly, but reported being tagged gently from behind. Garza spun up the track, and collected Pancho Carter. Neither driver was injured, but both cars suffered damage. First half On lap 6, the green came back out, with Mario Andretti continuing to lead. Driving at a blistering pace, it took only seven laps for him to start lapping backmarkers. On lap 25, Ludwig Heimrath was running 7th, and made his first pit stop, but one of the wheels was not properly secured. The wheel came off, and he spun in turn four. Under the caution, Mario Andretti pitted, and managed to stay in the lead. Only seven cars remained on the lead lap. Around the mark, several cars were dropping out of contention. Kevin Cogan blew an engine, Randy Lewis dropped out with a gearbox failure, and Michael Andretti broke a CV joint, then had a pit fire. On lap 34, Bobby Rahal, who had been running as high as second, made an unscheduled, five-minute long pit stop due to an electrical problem. After several long stops, Rahal would eventually drop out. Mario Andretti continued to dominate, giving up the lead temporarily only through the sequence of pit stops. Roberto Guerrero and Danny Sullivan consistently were chasing him. Shortly before the halfway point, Rick Mears was forced to the pits with an electrical problem, and would also be forced to drop out. At the 90 lap mark, Al Unser Sr. had worked up to 4th, and Tom Sneva 5th. Unser had been lapped by Andretti early in the going. At that juncture, he elected to change his strategy and started charging up the standings. Andretti was still dominating, running laps in the low 200 mph range, while most other cars were in the 190 mph range, or slower. Dick Simon was running 7th, but ran the car out of fuel on the backstretch. He lost several laps as he was towed back to the pits, but received fuel, and returned to the track. Second half The dominance by Mario Andretti continued in the second half, leading Roberto Guerrero by several seconds. The rest of the field was at least one lap down. Several of the other competitors were falling by the wayside, including A. J. Foyt (who was running 9th) and Rich Vogler. Sullivan and Unser Sr., both in the top 5, were now close to 2 laps down. Meanwhile, Tom Sneva and Arie Luyendyk, clinging to the top eight, both started losing ground to Fabrizio Barbazza. Spectator fatality A replica of Roberto Guerrero's 1987 March/Cosworth (shown in road course trim). A close-up look of the 1987 March chassis nose cone area with the cover removed. Note the location of the brake master cylinder and clutch slave cylinder nestled inside. This part of the car was damaged when Guerrero struck the errant wheel.On the 130th lap, Tony Bettenhausen started suffering a handling problem exiting turn two. Down the backstretch, his right-front wheel lug nut may have come off the car, and the wheel began to loosen. In turn three, the wheel came off and began rolling though the north short chute. Second place Roberto Guerrero came up on the wheel suddenly, and hit it with his nosecone. The nosecone cover was broken off, and the wheel was punted high into the air. The wheel cleared the catchfencing, and flew towards the "K" grandstand. Spectators were witnessed fleeing the seating in a "V" shape as the 18-pound wheel headed their direction. The wheel came down and struck 41-year-old Lyle Kurtenbach of Rothschild, Wisconsin in the head, sitting in the top row of the grandstand. He suffered massive head injuries, and was pronounced dead at Methodist Hospital shortly afterwards. The wheel bounded and came to rest in the tunnel underneath the north short chute. Guerrero slowed, and nursed his car back to the pits. Under the caution flag, the pit crew worked to replace the nosecone, and got Guerrero back on to the track, albeit a lap down. It was not immediately discovered at the time, but striking the tire had damaged the clutch slave cylinder, which was located in the nose. Fluid had begun to leak from the cylinder, which would ultimately render the clutch inoperable. At speed, use of the clutch was unnecessary, but exiting the pits would pose increasing difficulty. The incident was reported live on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network by fourth turn reporter Bob Jenkins. The extent of injury was unknown at the time. The live ABC television broadcast, however, was at commercial when it occurred. During the commercial, the incident was noticed by the producers and commentators. When they returned on-air, however, footage of the incident was not shown, nor were specific details given of what had occurred. Instead, still images of Guerrero's nosecone and pit crew were shown. No further information was given during the remainder of the race. During the post-race coverage, Jim McKay briefly announced on-air that the Associated Press wire service was reporting that a spectator fatality had occurred, but he did not connect the incidents. Late race With 25 laps to go, Mario Andretti held a one-lap lead over second place Roberto Guerrero, and an almost two-lap lead over third place Al Unser Sr. The field had dwindled down to only 12 cars running, most of which were many laps down. With Rick Mears and Danny Sullivan both out of the race, Roger Penske took over the pit of Al Unser Sr. As Penske took over Unser's pit stall, Danny Sullivan and Rick Mears stood near Unser's pit stall to watch the race finish and pull for their teammate. Andretti, Guerrero, and Unser all needed one final fuel stop to make it to the finish. Unser Sr. made his final pit stop first. Roger Penske called Unser into the pits a few laps early, in an effort to "put the pressure on Guerrero" in hopes of moving up to second place. Andretti, leading by 1 lap, slowed down between turns 3 and 4, allowing Guerrero to pass him. At first it was believed that Andretti was ducking into the pits for his final pit stop. However, after leading 170 of 177 laps, Andretti suddenly slowed down the frontstretch on lap 177. An electrical failure in the fuel metering device, part of the fuel injection system, began flooding the engine with raw fuel. After the race, it was determined that Andretti had begun to back off to protect his lead. His lower revs developed a harmonic imbalance in the engine, which led to a broken valve spring. The misfortune reinforced the perceived Andretti Curse. Andretti coasted around to the pit area, and the team immediately replaced the spark box and wastegate. Guerrero stormed into the lead, but still had one pit stop remaining. Sitting still in the pit area, the once dominating Andretti started slipping in the standings. Finish With twenty laps to go, Roberto Guerrero led second place Al Unser Sr. by almost a full lap. He came upon Unser Sr. in traffic, and decisively put him a lap down on lap 180. Two laps later, Guerrero went to the pits for his final fuel stop. With his clutch failing from the earlier incident, entering and exiting the pits was becoming increasingly difficult. Sometime during the race, Guerrero had also broken third gear. While stopped in the pit box, his car became stuck in gear. When refueling was complete, he attempted to pull out of the pits, but the engine stalled. Unser Sr. was driving through the turn three at the time. The crew refired the engine, and the car started to roll away. With Unser Sr. heading down the mainstretch, Guerrero's car stalled once again. The lifeless car sat on the pit road as Unser Sr. drove by to take the lead. Guerrero's frenzied crew ran out to the car and pulled it back to the pit. At that point, they simply tried to push start the car, which was successful. Guerrero finally got back on to the track, but by that time, Unser Sr. had put him a full lap down. Meanwhile, Mario Andretti's team had made some hasty repairs, and returned him to the track. After one slow lap, still being scored in the top 8, he returned to the pits for further repairs. Guerrero spent the next several laps furiously chasing Unser Sr. in an attempt to get his lap back. With 11 laps to go, Unser was slowing his pace as the third place car, rookie Fabrizio Barbazza was momentarily holding him back. Barbazza was trying to avoid going two laps down. Unser's crew asked officials to wave the "blue flag" to order Barbazza to pull over and allow Unser past. Officials waved the blue flag to Barbazza who refused to acknowledge. The issue became moot when Barbazza ducked into the pits for a late pit stop. With 9 laps to go, Guerrero unlapped himself. Meanwhile, Mario Andretti tried once again to get his car back up to speed. Mario Andretti's second return to the track was also short-lived, and his car stalled. The car coasted to a stop in turn four and brought out the race's final caution on lap 192. The yellow flag bunched up the field, and allowed Guerrero to make up the rest of the lap; he lined up only six cars behind Unser Sr. The green flag came out with four laps to go, and Al Unser Sr. held off Roberto Guerrero by 4.496 seconds, to win his record-tying fourth Indianapolis 500 victory. By leading the final 18 laps, Unser Sr. tied the all-time record for most laps led in Indy 500 competition, and, at 47 years of age, also became the oldest winner of the 500. Post-race notes A replica of Al Unser Sr.'s winning car with "Cummins" decals accurately depicted in original race day configuration; mixed case on the left sidepod (top), and all-caps on the right sidepod (bottom). Mario Andretti's dominance of the month, and subsequent failure to achieve victory, was largely unprecedented in modern times. He led the practice speed chart on 11 of the 17 days (he participated in only 13 days), won the pole position, won the pit stop contest, had the fastest leading lap of the race, and led 170 of the first 177 laps. Despite not running at the finish, due to high attrition, Andretti was still credited with 9th place, his 8th top-10 finish at Indy. Al Unser Sr.'s victory in a year-old car was unusual in the CART era. Just weeks prior to being used in the race, the car had been sitting on display at a Sheraton hotel in Reading, Pennsylvania. The car went from Hertz sponsorship to Cummins after a couple of days. Due to time constraints, proper decals were unavailable in time for qualifying. Unser Sr.'s car was fitted with sentence case "Cummins" decals (the proper form of the company's logo) on the left sidepod - the side most visible, and the side used for most official photographs. All upper case "CUMMINS" decals (an improper rendition of the company's logo) were used on the right sidepod (the side least visible, and seldom photographed). In post-race interviews, brothers Bobby Unser and Al Unser had a live conversation from the television broadcasting booth to victory circle, with Bobby congratulating his brother Al. It is believed to be the only time brothers were part of the victory lane interview. Bobby was seen in tears of joy as he watched his family celebrate in victory lane, from the broadcast booth. Bobby was in his first race broadcasting the Indy 500 on ABC television (the previous year he was part of the radio network crew). Two nights before the race, at the Hulman Hundred, Al Unser Sr.'s nephew Robby Unser suffered a broken leg in a crash. Robby listened to the race on the radio at the hospital, while Robby's father Bobby Unser called the race live on ABC Sports. This was the final Indy 500 for famous spectator Larry Bisceglia of Yuma. He traditionally was the first person in line since 1950, as well as 1948–1949 when he was one of the first in line. Bisceglia died on December 7, 1988. A little more than two months after the race, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway hosted the opening ceremonies for the Pan Am Games. Results Box Score Finish Start No Name Chassis Engine Laps Status Points 1 20 25 Al Unser March 86C Cosworth DFX 200 Running 20 2 5 4 Roberto Guerrero March 87C Cosworth DFX 200 Running 16 3 17 12 Fabrizio Barbazza March 87C Cosworth DFX 198 Flagged 14 4 22 30 Al Unser Jr. March 87C Cosworth DFX 196 Flagged 12 5 15 56 Gary Bettenhausen March 86C Cosworth DFX 195 Flagged 10 6 6 22 Dick Simon Lola T8700 Cosworth DFX 193 Flagged 8 7 26 41 Stan Fox March 86C Cosworth DFX 192 Flagged 6 8 12 11 Jeff MacPherson March 87C Judd 182 Flagged 5 9 1 5 Mario Andretti Lola T8700 Chevrolet 265 180 Valve spring 6 10 27 16 Tony Bettenhausen Jr. March 86C Cosworth DFX 171 Engine 3 11 8 21 Johnny Rutherford March 87C Cosworth DFX 171 Flagged 2 12 13 91 Scott Brayton March 87C Cosworth DFX 167 Engine 1 13 16 3 Danny Sullivan March 86C Chevrolet 265 160 Engine 0 14 21 33 Tom Sneva March 86C Buick V-6 143 Crash T2 0 15 19 77 Derek Daly March 87C Buick V-6 133 Engine 0 16 33 20 Emerson Fittipaldi March 87C Chevrolet 265 131 Lost Power 0 17 25 55 Josele Garza March 87C Cosworth DFX 129 Flagged 0 18 7 71 Arie Luyendyk March 87C Cosworth DFX 125 Suspension 0 19 4 14 A. J. Foyt Lola T8700 Cosworth DFX 117 Oil Seal 0 20 11 81 Rich Vogler March 87C Buick V-6 109 Rocker Arm 0 21 30 98 Ed Pimm March 86C Cosworth DFX 109 Lost Boost 0 22 18 2 Gordon Johncock March 86C Buick V-6 76 Valve 0 23 3 8 Rick Mears March 86C Chevrolet 265 75 Coil Wire 0 24 14 15 Geoff Brabham March 87C Judd 71 Oil Pressure 0 25 32 87 Steve Chassey March 87C Cosworth DFX 68 Engine 0 26 2 1 Bobby Rahal Lola T8700 Cosworth DFX 57 Ignition 0 27 29 29 Pancho Carter March 87C Cosworth DFX 45 Valve 0 28 28 44 Davy Jones March 86C Cosworth DFX 34 Engine 0 29 9 18 Michael Andretti March 87C Cosworth DFX 28 CV Joint 0 30 10 23 Ludwig Heimrath Lola T8700 Cosworth DFX 25 Spin 0 31 24 7 Kevin Cogan March 87C Chevrolet 265 21 Oil Pump 0 32 23 24 Randy Lewis March 87C Cosworth DFX 8 Gearbox 0 33 31 84 George Snider March 86C Chevy V-6 0 Fuel Leak 0 Indicates 1 bonus point added to race total for pole position & 1 more bonus point added to race total for leading the most laps. All cars utilized Goodyear Tires Statistics Lap Leaders FromLap ToLap Total #of Laps Leader 1 27 27 Mario Andretti 28 28 1 Roberto Guerrero 29 60 32 Mario Andretti 61 64 4 Danny Sullivan 65 80 16 Mario Andretti 81 81 1 Roberto Guerrero 82 96 15 Mario Andretti 97 97 1 Roberto Guerrero 98 177 80 Mario Andretti 178 182 5 Roberto Guerrero 183 200 18 Al Unser Sr. Total laps led Laps Leader 170 Mario Andretti 18 Al Unser Sr. 8 Roberto Guerrero 4 Danny Sullivan Cautions: 10 for 55 laps FromLap ToLap Total #of Laps Reason 1 5 5 #'s 29/55 (Garza/Carter) crash in turn 1 27 33 7 #23 (Heimrath) spun/lost wheel in turn 4 39 42 4 Debris 62 67 6 Debris 81 84 4 #3 (Sullivan) spun in turn 4 96 101 6 #22 (Simon) stalled on backstretch 131 134 4 #16 (T. Bettenhausen) lost wheel in turn 3 150 158 9 #33 (Sneva) crash in turn 3 162 166 5 #12 (Barbazza) spun in turn 3 192 196 4 #5 (Ma. Andretti) stalled in turn 4 CART Standings following the race Note: Only the top 10 are listed Rank Driver Points Diff Pos Change 1 Mario Andretti 39 Leader 0 2 Roberto Guerrero 38 -1 +1 3 Al Unser Jr. 28 -11 +2 4 Michael Andretti 24 -15 -2 5 Al Unser 20 -19 Unranked 6 Josele Garza 18 -21 -2 7 Bobby Rahal 16 -23 -2 8 Fabrizio Barbazza 15 -24 +12 9 Tom Sneva 14 -25 -2 9 Arie Luyendyk 14 -25 -2 Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. This would be the final 500 that featured the familiar crew that worked the race from the mid-1970s to the late-1980s. Paul Page served as the chief announcer for the eleventh and final year (until 2014). It would be Page's fourteenth year overall as part of the network crew. Lou Palmer, who debuted in 1958, had become a fixture of the south pits and victory lane since 1963. The 1987 race would be the final time Palmer reported from the pit area, and the final time he conducted the victory lane winner's interview. Parnelli Jones joined the crew as the "driver expert." After only one year on the radio crew, Bobby Unser left to become a driver analyst for the ABC television crew. Luke Walton reprised his traditional duty of introducing the starting command during the pre-race; however, he did not have an active role during the race. With four pit reporters now part of the crew, Bob Forbes went back to exclusive duty covering the garage area and track hospital. Later in the year, Paul Page left NBC Sports and joined ABC in September. As a result, Page left the IMS Radio Network, and ultimately would be replaced as anchor by Lou Palmer for 1988. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Paul Page Driver expert: Parnelli Jones Statistician: John DeCamp Historian: Donald Davidson Turn 1: Jerry Baker Turn 2: Howdy Bell Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Jenkins Luke Walton (pre-race)Sally Larvick (interviews)Bob Forbes (garages) Ron Carrell (north pits)Chuck Marlowe (north-central pits)Gary Gerould (south-central pits)Lou Palmer (south pits) Television ABC Sports carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States for the first time on the scheduled race day. Jim McKay served as host, his 20th and final 500 on ABC. Jim Lampley served as announcer for the second and final time. Bobby Unser joined ABC starting in 1987, serving as color commentator alongside Sam Posey. Unser had been working CART series races on NBC (with anchor Paul Page) and had been part of the IMS Radio Network crew in 1986. Three pit reporters served on the crew: Jack Arute, Al Trautwig, and Jerry Gappens (the future CEO of New Hampshire Motor Speedway). The 1987 race was Gappens' lone appearance at Indy, and Trautwig's assignments primarily focused on features and interviews. The victory lane interview of race winner Al Unser Sr., conducted by Arute, featured a unique moment when Bobby Unser took over and conducted a brief interview with his brother. The broadcast has re-aired numerous times on ESPN Classic since the mid-2000s. ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host: Jim McKay Announcer: Jim Lampley Color: Sam Posey Color: Bobby Unser Jack AruteJerry GappensAl Trautwig Quotes

Introduction The 70th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Saturday, May 31, 1986. After being rained out on May 25–26, the race was rescheduled for the following weekend. Bobby Rahal was the winner, becoming the first driver in Indy history to complete the in less than three hours. At an average speed of , it was the fastest 500-mile Indy car race to that point. Nearly the entire race unfolded as a three-way battle between polesitter Rick Mears, Bobby Rahal, and Kevin Cogan. Cogan, who was a key fixture in the controversial crash on the opening lap of the 1982 race, took the lead in dramatic fashion with 13 laps to go. Cogan, driving for Patrick Racing, appeared to be on his way to victory, and career redemption. But on lap 194, his lead evaporated when a spin by Arie Luyendyk brought out the caution flag. After a quick cleanup, the green flag came back out with two laps to go. Second place Bobby Rahal got the jump on the restart and grabbed the lead. Rahal pulled away and won the race, with car owner Jim Trueman, stricken with cancer, cheering him on in the pit area. Trueman died eleven days after the victory. At the time, it was the closest three-car finish in Indy history. The race was sanctioned by USAC, and was included as part of the 1986 CART PPG Indy Car World Series. For the first time, ABC Sports televised the race live "flag-to-flag" on network television in the United States. The race celebrated the 75th anniversary of the first 500, but there was very little fanfare of the milestone outside of the cover art of the official program. Offseason news The new Gasoline Alley garage area at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Garage area The highlight of offseason improvements at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was the construction of a new, state of the art garage area. Just days after the 1985 race, the old Gasoline Alley garage area, most of which had stood since the 1940s, was dismantled and demolished. Official groundbreaking for the new facility occurred on August 26, 1985. The new concrete garages increased to 96 units (up from 88), and each stall provided approximately 30% more working room than their predecessors. The green and white wooden barn doors were replaced with overhead steel garage doors, and the layout was changed from east–west to north–south. The access lanes were widened substantially, improving ingress and egress, improving drainage, and various vendor and support units were also part of the new complex. Lastly, a refueling complex was constructed in the southeast corner, including two underground tanks, one each for methanol and gasoline fuels. Most of the work was completed in April, however, some of the finishing touches were still being completed during the first week of on-track activity. Though the new garages were universally praised for their increased space and function, they were criticized for lack of aesthetics, and for breaking tradition. The plain precast concrete walls resembled the cookie-cutter stadiums of the era that were largely criticized in baseball and football. The design was a sharp and striking contrast to the previous garage complex, which led some to call them overtly plain or "antiseptic." Changing the layout to north–south based was also a thinly-veiled attempt by the management to further scale back the oft-rowdy "Snakepit" area formerly located inside the turn one infield. The interiors were spacious and without walls (except those adjacent to the middle corridors), allowing teams the flexibility to erect partitions as they saw fit, as well as layout their work area however they desired. Lastly, the new complex greatly improved safety. The old wooden buildings were criticized as potential "fire traps," and management did not want a repeat of the devastating 1941 fire. The concrete construction was more fire-resistant, water spigots were provided in every stall, and the wider lanes provided easier fire escape. Victory lane The new victory lane, visible in 1988. A new victory lane area was constructed for the 1986 race. From 1971 to 1985, the winner drove up the checkerboard ramps into the "horseshoe" area below the Master Control Tower. A hydraulic platform was now used, which was located in the actual pit area, in line with the pit stalls. The car would drive onto the platform, and it would raise into the air, and then slowly spin 360° for the fans to see the winner. This victory lane was popular, but could only a hold a small number of people when raised. It would be used through 1993. Television On August 19, 1985, after years of being shown tape delayed, ABC Sports signed an initial three-year deal to cover the Indianapolis 500 live flag-to-flag starting in 1986. Longtime anchor Jim McKay was moved to the host position, and play-by-play would be handled by Jim Lampley and Sam Posey. The Daytona 500 had been shown live flag-to-flag on CBS since 1979, and ABC officials had wanted to do the same for Indianapolis for several years. ABC's landmark telecast was scheduled to feature 32 cameras, three RaceCams, and an hour-long live pre-race. Team and driver changes Defending Indy 500 winner Danny Sullivan returned to Penske Racing, however, the rest of the team saw a shake-up from the previous year. Rick Mears returned to full-time driving. After his serious crash at Sanair in 1984, Mears only drove a partial schedule (ovals only) in 1985. Al Unser, Sr., who drove full-time for Penske in 1985, and won the 1985 CART championship, dropped to part-time. Unser would race only the three 500 milers (Indy, Michigan, and Pocono), along with Phoenix and Tamiami. Unser was assigned the duty of being the first driver to roll out the brand new PC-15/Ilmor Chevy Indy V-8 265A. Kevin Cogan moved over from the Kraco Team to Patrick Racing. Cogan joined Emerson Fittipaldi to make the team a two-car effort. Fittipaldi's new livery for 1986 featured a new sponsor to the sport, Marlboro, which would become a big part of the sport for over two decades. Bobby Rahal won three of the last six races of 1985, and finished third in the points. Despite a heavy crash at Michigan in August, and a testing crash in the fall at Indy, Rahal was hot off the finish of the 1985 season, returning with Truesports, and a favorite entering the season. Borg-Warner Trophy For the month of May 1986, the Borg-Warner Trophy celebrated its 50th anniversary sporting a new look, featuring a brand new three-row base. The likeness of the 1986 race winner was going to fill the body of the trophy, and the new base was constructed in order to accommodate winners through 2003. On the base, the first square was filled with a gold likeness of the late Speedway president Tony Hulman. The base increased the height of the trophy to 55 inches, and the weight to about 95 pounds. Race schedule Race schedule — April/May 1986 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 20  21  22  23  24  25ROP 26ROP 27ROP 28  29  30  1  2  3Practice 4Practice 5Practice 6Practice 7Practice 8Practice 9Practice 10Pole Day 11Time Trials 12Practice 13Practice 14Practice 15Practice 16Practice 17Time Trials 18Bump Day 19  20  21  22Carb Day 23Mini-Marathon 24Parade 25Indy 500 26Indy 500 27  28  29  30Practice 31Indy 500 Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP — denotes RookieOrientation Program Practice and qualifying Jim Trueman during practice. Practice – week 1 Practice started on Opening Day, Saturday, May 3. Chip Ganassi earned the honor of first car on the track. Michael and Mario Andretti led the speed chart for the day, both over . On the second day of practice, the Andrettis continued their dominance, again posting the top two speeds. On Tuesday, May 6, three single cars crashes marked the first incidents of the month. Danny Ongais, Herm Johnson, and Johnny Parsons all suffered single-car crashes in turn one, with Johnson's the most serious. Around 3:30 p.m., a piece of bodywork flew off Johnson's car in turn 1, which caused him to break into a hard spin. His car hit nearly head on into the retaining wall, and he suffered serious fractures to his feet and back. Penske teammates Rick Mears and Danny Sullivan nudged the speeds up over by Wednesday, May 7, then the day ended early due to a rain shower. On Thursday, May 8, Emerson Fittipaldi joined them as the third driver over . By Friday, May 9, the last practice session before pole day, seven drivers were over , with Mears still the fastest of the month at . The only incident of the day was a suspension failure and spin by Johnny Rutherford, but no wall contact resulted. Pole Day time trials During the morning practice on Saturday, May 10, Rick Mears set an all-time unofficial track record, at . Later in the session, Michael Andretti and Bobby Rahal both broke the barrier. No incidents were reported. Mario Andretti took the honor of first-in-the-field, with a qualifying run of . Three cars later, defending champion Danny Sullivan took the provisional pole position with a new track record of . The speed did not hold up long, as less than an hour later, Rick Mears blistered the track with a first lap of and a four lap average of . Mears' one- and four- lap track records would stand for two years. Michael Andretti squeezed himself into the front row, with a run of , faster than his father Mario. Emerson Fittipaldi ran 2 laps over , but a flat tire slowed his average to just over . Bobby Rahal managed one lap over , and qualified 4th. With about 10 minutes to go, A. J. Foyt lined up to make an attempt, but his car failed technical inspection, and he was sidelined for the day. After qualifying was over, the cars of Raul Boesel and Dick Simon, both of the same team, were disqualified for faulty pop-off valve fitting. Second day time trials After missing out on a qualifying attempt on pole day, A. J. Foyt took to the track on Sunday, May 11 to qualify for his 29th career Indy 500. He posted the 5th fastest speed in the field, but since he was a second day qualifier, he lined up deep in the field. Raul Boesel re-qualified his machine, after being disqualified a day earlier. At the close of the day, the field was filled to 28 cars. Practice – week 2 Rain delayed the opening of practice on Monday, May 12, and only 21 cars took laps Tuesday (May 13). Both days saw light activity, and the biggest news came off-the-track. Two-time winner Gordon Johncock planned to end a one-year retirement, and purchase a back-up car from Penske. However his funding fell through at the last minute, and he was forced to sit out the race. On Tuesday, May 14, Mario Andretti was practicing his qualified car. A suspension piece failed, and he crashed hard into the turn 3 wall. Newman/Haas Racing would spend the next several days trying to make repairs, but the car's tub was rendered a total loss. Later in the week, Andretti started practicing his back-up car, which the team announced he would be driving on race day. The remainder of the week saw sparse track activity. Most cars on the track belonged to yet-unqualified drivers. Thursday, May 15 was almost a complete wash out due to a thunderstorm. Day 3 time trials Despite threatening weather for the next two days, the third day of qualifying saw only four additional cars added to the field. Jim Crawford was the fastest of the day, over . Dick Simon, who was disqualified the previous weekend, put his car back into the field with a speed of . The day ended with 1 position left vacant in the field. Bump Day time trials As many as 12 cars started the day with hopes to make the field on the final day of time trials. Rain kept the track closed until 3 p.m., with qualifying finally getting underway at 4 p.m. By late afternoon, however, several cars were pulled out of line and chose not to make an attempt. George Snider went out first in an A. J. Foyt back-up car, and filled the field to 33 cars. That placed Dick Simon on the bubble as the slowest car in the field. After a wave-off by Steve Chassey, Gary Bettenhausen took to the track, found some much sought after speed, and bumped his way into the field with ease. With Geoff Brabham on the bubble, and with rain approaching, Rick Miaskiewicz was the next car out. His first two laps were not nearly fast enough, and his team waved him off. That gave Derek Daly just enough time to get out on the track. His first two laps were fast enough to bump Brabham, but as he was completing his second lap, the skies poured rain, and the run was negated. Geoff Brabham held on as the slowest car in the field, while Dick Simon, the only car bumped, stood as the first alternate. Qualifying for the day lasted less than 45 minutes. Carburetion Day On Thursday, May 23, the final scheduled practice session was held. All 33 qualified cars except Phil Krueger took practice laps. At 11:43 a.m., a major crash occurred. A brake rotor on Dennis Firestone's car exploded, blowing his left rear tire. He spun wildly out of turn four, collecting the car of Roberto Moreno. Both cars spun into the inside wall, and Firestone slammed into the pit-entrance barrier, splitting the car in half. Moreno continued to spin through the pits, running into the back of George Snider's car, and crashing into the parked car of Josele Garza. None of the drivers were seriously injured, however, Firestone's car was damaged beyond repair. The following day, Firestone's car was withdrawn from the field. George Snider and Roberto Moreno announced they would be driving back-up cars in the race. Both cars moved to the back of the grid. After Firestone withdrew, the first alternate Dick Simon was awarded the 33rd starting position. Rick Mears led the speed chart for the afternoon, with a hand-timed lap of . Later in the day, Penske Racing and driver Danny Sullivan won the annual Miller Indy Pit Stop Contest. Sullivan's team defeated the Truesports team (Bobby Rahal) in the final round to win the event for the second year in a row. Starting grid Row Inside Middle Outside 1 Rick Mears Danny Sullivan Michael Andretti 2 Bobby Rahal Al Unser Kevin Cogan 3 Tom Sneva Roberto Guerrero Al Unser Jr. 4 Ed Pimm Emerson Fittipaldi Johnny Rutherford 5 Randy Lanier Pancho Carter Jacques Villeneuve 6 Danny Ongais Josele Garza Tony Bettenhausen Jr. 7 Arie Luyendyk Geoff Brabham A. J. Foyt 8 Raul Boesel Scott Brayton Phil Krueger 9 Chip Ganassi Jim Crawford Rich Vogler 10 Johnny Parsons Gary Bettenhausen Mario Andretti† 11 George Snider†† Roberto Moreno†† Dick Simon‡ † - Mario Andretti qualified 5th on pole day. A few days later, he crashed his already-qualified car, and it was damaged beyond repair. The car was replaced with a back-up car, and was moved the rear of the field. †† - George Snider and Roberto Moreno were both involved in the multi-car crash on Carburetion Day. Both primary cars were damaged beyond repair. Their cars were replaced with back-up cars, and moved to the rear of the field, Moreno originally qualified in 16th place. ‡ - After Dennis Firestone withdrew his wrecked car, Dick Simon was added to field in the 33rd position as the first alternate Qualified cars withdrawn Dennis Firestone; wrecked on Carburetion Day and withdrawn. Alternates First alternate: Dick Simon (#23) – Bumped – Named to starting field on 5/23 Second alternate: none Failed to qualify Derek Daly (#28) – Incomplete qualifying run due to rain Rick Miaskiewicz – Waved off Steve Chassey (#56/#65) – Waved off Steve Bren Spike Gehlhausen (#10) Rupert Keegan – Did not make an attempt Jan Lammers – Did not make an attempt Herm Johnson (#28) – Wrecked in practice, injured Mike Nish John Paul Jr. (#31) Paul withdrew after a few days of practice after being sentenced to prison for his involvement in drug trafficking with his father, John Paul, Sr. Rain delay Sunday, May 25 After two days of rain, the Speedway infield became a quagmire of mud and garbage. The race was scheduled to be held Sunday, May 25. Despite a forecast of only a 15% chance of precipitation, race morning saw overcast skies and steady rain. Track drying efforts began around 10:45 a.m. EST. The track was close to dry, and spectators began filing into their seats. The cars were then wheeled to the pits, in preparations for a start. At 1:15 p.m., however, the rain resumed, and threatened to wash out the entire day. The rain stopped, and track drying efforts started a second time. The rain returned once more, and at 3:35 p.m., officials rescheduled the race for Monday. During the delay, ABC-TV diverted its programming for several minutes in favor of live coverage of Hands Across America. Grim memories of the tragic 1973 race were still in many people's minds, and all involved were determined to make certain the race would not be hastily put on in a rushed, last-minute, fashion. In addition, officials were uncommitted on how late they would permit a start, and if they would aim for a 101-lap race (the minimum distance for the event to be official), or insist on adequate time for a full 200-lap race before sunset. The weather forecast for Monday (80% chance of rain) was yet another concern. Monday, May 26 On Monday, May 26, there was no chance to hold the race, as it rained all day. The infield turned into a sea of mud, and most of the spectators had since departed, going home to their jobs. Authorities estimated Monday's attendance at a paltry 5,800 spectators. Those who did arrive merely milled around, as most of the infield was impassable, concession stands were out of food, and souvenir tents were empty and abandoned. Some visited the Speedway museum. At 3:20 p.m., officials announced that the race was going to be postponed, but did not yet announce the date or time to which it would be rescheduled. Unsubstantiated rumors even circulated about canceling the race outright. ABC television was scheduled to cover the race live for the first time, but did not commit to live coverage on Tuesday. Track officials were faced with the possibility of running the race on Tuesday in front of empty grandstands, and without live TV coverage. Weather forecasts for Tuesday and Wednesday were not promising, a substantial amount of the track staff was unavailable, and the sloppy conditions made parts of the facility impassable. Around 6 p.m. on Monday evening, a deal had been struck to reschedule the race for Saturday, May 31. Mid-week During the week, teams spent time resting and relaxing, while others prepared for the next race at Milwaukee. Track crews worked diligently to clean up the infield, and make it passable for Saturday. As a result of the postponement, a special thirty-minute practice session was arranged on Friday, May 30. Participants were held to a speed limit, and it served mostly as a leak check exercise. Some drivers, including polesitter Rick Mears, as well as Bobby Rahal, did not even participate. The five-day delay wound up being a popular choice by nearly all of the participants. It allowed them to rest and unwind, and regroup for race day without the uncertainty that was looming over them of when the race would start. For the weekend, the Rex Mays 200 at Milwaukee, originally scheduled for Sunday June 1, was pushed back one week to accommodate the Indy rain delay. The 1986 race marked the first time since 1973 that the race was pushed to another day, and the first time since 1915 that 'not a single wheel had turned' all weekend because of rain. It also marked the first time since 1967 the race was held May 31; until 1971, when the race was always held on May 30, if that day was a Sunday, it was held the ensuing Monday, May 31. As of 2021, it is the most recent "500" to be held on May 31, and until 2020, was the longest postponement in Indy history. Race summary Bobby Rahal during the race Start Saturday, May 31 saw sunny skies and temperatures in the low 80s. Traditional pre-race ceremonies were retooled slightly, with some replacement performers. The Purdue band was absent, while Robert McFarland, scheduled to sing "Back Home Again in Indiana", had departed and was replaced by John S. Davies, the artist-in-residence at the Indianapolis Opera. A smaller balloon spectacle was also hastily arranged, after all of the original balloons had lost their helium by Monday afternoon. An army band from Fort Benjamin Harrison was brought in to accompany the performances, and to perform "Taps." Mary F. Hulman gave the starting command just minutes before 11 a.m., and the field pulled away for the parade and pace laps. On the final pace lap, Tom Sneva veered off-course at the exit of turn 2. Further down the backstretch, a massive smoke bomb was set off by some unruly spectators. The yellow flag was displayed, and the start was waved off. The next time by, the field was red-flagged, and halted on the frontstretch. Sneva's crash was cleaned up, but it was determined that the field had burned an unnecessary four laps of fuel. A decision was made to replenish each of the 32 remaining cars' pitside fuel tanks with 3 gallons of methanol. The red flag wound up delaying the start by over a half-hour. At 11:34 a.m., Tony George gave the command to restart the engines, and the field assembled for two pace laps. The field was straggling through the fourth turn to take the green, and Michael Andretti jumped into the lead from the outside of the front row. He set a new all-time record for the first lap at , the first time the opening lap was run over . After a postponement of six days, and after another half hour delay due to the Sneva crash, the race was finally underway. First half After charging from the 30th starting position, Mario Andretti's day was short-lived. On the 15th lap, he brought out the yellow when he stalled in turn three with an ignition problem. Michael Andretti set the early pace, leading the first 42 laps. Mario later returned to the track, but his car lasted only four additional laps, and he finished 32nd. The first half of the race saw record average speed, with only two yellows for 10 laps, and no major incidents. The second yellow on lap 52 came out for debris when Michael Andretti lost a mirror. Rick Mears came to the lead by lap 49, and held it until the next round of pit stops. On lap 83, Bobby Rahal took the lead for 19 laps, and led at the halfway point. Second half Johnny Parsons spun out of turn two on lap 102, and came to a stop along the inside wall. The car suffered minor damage, and Parsons was uninjured. After another long stretch of green, Rich Vogler crashed in turn three on lap 135. On the 135th lap, Rahal (1st) and Cogan (2nd) pitted under caution. Rahal's crew nearly made a critical error, and did not change the left-front tire (it had not been changed yet in the race). Rahal had to pit once again the next time around to correct the oversight. Since the field was under caution, the consequences were not quite as serious, but he still fell from 1st to 4th. On the restart, Rick Mears resumed as the leader. Short-pitting due to poor handling, 4th place Michael Andretti was the first of the leaders to pit again (on lap 163). Mears led all the way until his final scheduled pit stop on lap 165. Moments later Roberto Moreno brought out the caution by stalling in turn four. After Rahal and Cogan cycled through their final planned stops on lap 166, Mears again found himself up front. Michael Andretti (at the tail-end of the lead lap in 4th place) actually led the field behind the pace car as the field went back to green with 31 laps to go. Observers noted that the three leaders would have to complete the final 34 laps on one tank of fuel. Without another caution, it was feared that they might need a splash-and-go stop for fuel in order to make it to the finish. Finish Bobby Rahal's winning car. With 14 laps to go, Rick Mears led Bobby Rahal and Kevin Cogan. Fourth place Michael Andretti was still clinging on to the tail-end of the lead lap, just ahead of Mears. As the leaders approached traffic, Rahal looked to pass Mears for the lead. Down the backstretch, Rahal took the lead and headed towards turn 3. Cogan passed Mears on the outside of turn four and took second place. Down the frontstretch, Rahal was caught up behind the slower car of Randy Lanier. Cogan diced back and forth, and slipped by Rahal going into turn one. With then 13 laps to go, Cogan suddenly pulled out to a sizable 3-second lead. Cogan's car was visibly loose in the turns, and on several occasions nearly clipped the outside wall in turn 2. Rahal was having trouble keeping up with the hard-charging Cogan, while Mears had slipped to third and appeared to be having some handling difficulties. With 7 laps to go, fourth place Michael Andretti ducked into the pit area for a splash of fuel. On lap 194, Arie Luyendyk who was running 11th, spun exiting turn four. His car whipped around and lightly tagged the inside wall near the entrance of the pits. The yellow flag came out, and the field was bunched up behind the pace car. Cogan's lead was erased, but there was some conjecture that the race could finish under yellow, with Cogan the certain winner. With the help of the yellow, the fuel concerns were now lessened. Safety crews were able to clean up the incident quickly. Cogan led, with Rahal second, and Mears third, all together on the track. With 2 laps to go, the lights on the pace car were turned off, signifying that the field was ready to go back to green. Cogan, Rahal, and Mears picked up the pace in the north chute, and came out of turn four for a restart and two laps to go. Rahal got the jump on Cogan out of turn four, and took the lead mid-way down the frontstretch. Rahal led at the line, and dove in front of Cogan in turn one. Down the backstretch, Rahal pulled to over a 1-second lead, and Mears set up to pass Cogan in turn three. Cogan held off the challenge, as Rahal took the white flag. Rahal's speed on the 199th lap was a noteworthy . Rahal pulled out to a 1.4 second advantage, and won his first Indianapolis 500. Cogan and Mears finished second and third, in what was the closest three-car finish to date. Rahal's final lap was an all-time record , the fastest race lap to-date in Indy 500 competition. Rahal completed the in 2 hours, 55 minutes, 43.470 seconds; becoming the first driver to complete the Indianapolis 500 in less than three hours. His average speed of 170.722 broke Rick Mears' 1984 record. Rahal later claimed his fuel light had come on during the final lap, and a post-race inspection showed that only two gallons of methanol fuel remained in his tank. Race box score Finish Start No Name Qual Laps Status 1 4 3 Bobby Rahal 213.550 200 170.722 mph 2 6 7 Kevin Cogan 211.922 200 1.441 seconds 3 1 4 Rick Mears 216.828 200 1.881 seconds 4 8 5 Roberto Guerrero 211.576 200 10.558 seconds 5 9 30 Al Unser Jr. 211.533 199 Flagged 6 3 18 Michael Andretti 214.522 199 Flagged 7 11 20 Emerson Fittipaldi 210.237 199 Flagged 8 12 21 Johnny Rutherford 210.220 198 Flagged 9 2 1 Danny Sullivan 215.382 197 Flagged 10 13 12 Randy Lanier 209.964 195 Flagged 11 29 24 Gary Bettenhausen 209.756 193 Flagged 12 20 8 Geoff Brabham 207.082 193 Flagged 13 22 22 Raul Boesel 211.202 192 Flagged 14 33 23 Dick Simon 204.978 189 Flagged 15 19 61 Arie Luyendyk 207.811 188 Crash T4 16 14 15 Pancho Carter 209.635 179 Wheel Bearing 17 10 66 Ed Pimm 210.874 168 Electrical 18 17 55 Josele Garza 208.939 167 Flagged 19 32 9 Roberto Moreno 209.469 158 Stalled 20 15 81 Jacques Villeneuve 209.397 154 Main Bearing 21 25 59 Chip Ganassi 207.590 151 Engine 22 5 11 Al Unser 212.295 149 Vibration 23 16 25 Danny Ongais 209.158 136 Ignition 24 21 14 A. J. Foyt 213.212 135 Spun in pits 25 27 6 Rich Vogler 209.089 132 Crash T3 26 31 84 George Snider 209.025 110 Ignition 27 28 95 Johnny Parsons 207.894 100 CV Joint 28 18 16 Tony Bettenhausen Jr. 208.933 77 Valve Spring 29 26 31 Jim Crawford 208.911 70 Head Gasket 30 23 71 Scott Brayton 208.079 69 Engine 31 24 42 Phil Krueger 207.948 67 Engine 32 30 2 Mario Andretti 212.300 19 Ignition 33 7 33 Tom Sneva 211.878 0 Crash T2 Statistics Lap Leaders Laps Leader 1–42 Michael Andretti 43 Kevin Cogan 44–47 Al Unser Jr. 48 Emerson Fittipaldi 49–74 Rick Mears 75 Bobby Rahal 76–77 Kevin Cogan 78–79 Al Unser Jr. 80–82 Michael Andretti 83–101 Bobby Rahal 102 Rick Mears 103–135 Bobby Rahal 136–165 Rick Mears 166 Bobby Rahal 167 Rick Mears 168 Roberto Guerrero 169–186 Rick Mears 187 Bobby Rahal 188–197 Kevin Cogan 198–200 Bobby Rahal Total laps led Laps Leader 76 Rick Mears 58 Bobby Rahal 45 Michael Andretti 13 Kevin Cogan 6 Al Unser Jr. 1 Emerson Fittipaldi 1 Roberto Guerrero Cautions: 6 for 29 laps Laps Reason Pace lap (Red Flag) Tom Sneva crashed in exit of turn 2 15–19 Mario Andretti stalled in turn 3 52–56 Debris in turn 1 102–106 Johnny Parsons crashed on backstretch 136–141 Rich Vogler crashed in turn 3 166–169 Roberto Moreno stalled in turn 3 195–198 Arie Luyendyk spun and crashed near pit entrance Post race Truesports victory parade The race celebration was emotional for the Truesports team, in that owner Jim Trueman was stricken with cancer. Visibly frail and lacking strength, he managed to arrive in victory lane to celebrate with his driver Bobby Rahal: as the race ended, he reportedly told ABC reporter Jack Arute, "I can go now". Due to the rain delay, the traditional victory banquet was canceled. A makeshift victory luncheon was held in its place on Sunday June 1 at the Speedway Motel. The top three finishers were invited to the private reception. Later, Rahal's crew celebrated with a lunch at the nearby Red Lobster. The city of Columbus held a victory celebration downtown on June 5. Over 300 Red Roof Inn employees took part in a parade down Broad Street. Trueman was too sick to attend. On June 11, Trueman succumbed to his illness, at the age of 51. Rahal and the Truesports team rode the wave of success to five additional wins during the CART season, and clinched the 1986 CART championship. The team made it back-to-back titles by winning the 1987 CART championship as well. Kevin Cogan suffered through his second major disappointment at Indy, following the misfortunes of 1982. Despite winning the season opener at Phoenix, he faded as a contender during the season. He also was asked several times, during the month of May, about his accident in 1982 with Andretti and Foyt, leading Cogan to reportedly exit a press conference early. Race winner Rahal, on Cogan's redemption story, remarked afterwards, "1982 was a bum rap. The drivers treated him unfairly. He suffered through some rough times . . . I can't imagine what it must have been like to go to a race and have people boo you."(28) Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Paul Page served as the chief announcer for the tenth year. It was Page's thirteenth year overall as part of the network crew. Lou Palmer reported from victory lane. Bobby Unser, Page's frequent booth partner on NBC Sports, joined the broadcast for the first and only time as "driver expert." Ron Carrell and Jerry Baker swapped places, with Carrell moving to the north pits (where he remained until 1990) and Baker moving to the high-profile Turn 1 location. Baker has remained in that location until 2017 (except 2010 and 2013 when it was vacant) as he would depart the crew and join the public address crew for 2018 when it was decided that Turn 1 would not be used in 2018 but due to a new broadcast booth debuting in 2019 named after Sid Collins, Turn 1's broadcasting location would be reinstated.. Gary Gerould (one of Page's NBC colleagues), made his first appearance as a pit reporter, sharing duties in the south pits with Lou Palmer. Luke Walton reprised his traditional duty of introducing the starting command during the pre-race, however, he did not have an active role during the race. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Paul Page Driver expert: Bobby Unser Statistician: John DeCamp Historian: Donald Davidson Turn 1: Jerry Baker Turn 2: Howdy Bell Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Jenkins Luke Walton (pre-race)Sally Larvick (interviews) Bob Forbes (north pits/garages)Ron Carrell (north pits)Chuck Marlowe (center pits)Gary Gerould (south pits)Lou Palmer (south pits) Television The race was carried in the United States on ABC Sports on live, flag-to-flag coverage for the first time. Jim McKay moved to the host position, while Jim Lampley served as announcer. The initial live broadcast set for Sunday, May 25 was rained out. The telecast was filled with interviews, talk, and highlights of previous races. The broadcast returned on Saturday, May 31 for the live coverage of the race. Three pit reporters served on the crew, joined by Donna de Varona, who was slated to serve as a roving reporter, conducting interviews and other features. However, she appeared only on the original Sunday telecast, and did not return on Saturday. Dr. Joe Randolph was also announced as part of the team, slated to report from the medical center, but he never appears on-air. Three RaceCams were used (none were utilized in 1985), with defending champion Danny Sullivan the highest-profile driver to feature one. For the first time, the broadcast carried all of the pre-race ceremonies live, although they omitted coverage of the invocation. The broadcast has re-aired numerous times on ESPN Classic since the mid-2000s. ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host: Jim McKay Announcer: Jim Lampley Color: Sam Posey Jack AruteLarry NuberAl TrautwigDonna de Varona (May 25 only)Dr. Joe Randolph (not utilized) Quotes Paul Page described the finish of IMS Radio Network: Kevin Cogan responding to Sam Posey for an in-race radio interview with only 3 laps to go: Sam Posey on ABC-TV after being snubbed by Kevin Cogan: Gallery Image:Indy500pacecar1986.JPG|1986 Chevrolet Corvette pace car File:Jimtrueman1986.jpg|Winning car owner Jim Trueman File:BobbyRahal1986Helmet.JPG|Race-worn helmet of Bobby Rahal on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum

Introduction Sid Meier's Railroads! is a business simulation game developed by Firaxis Games on the Gamebryo game engine that was released in October 2006 and is the sequel to Railroad Tycoon 3. Although Sid Meier created the original Railroad Tycoon, subsequent versions were developed by PopTop Software. Railroads! was the first game in the series since the original to have direct input from Sid Meier himself. After a visit to Miniatur Wunderland in Hamburg, Germany, Meier was inspired to reinvent his original creation. A version for the Mac OS X was published by Feral Interactive on November 1, 2012, under the latter's Feral Legends label. A mobile version was released in April 2023. Overview Railroads! is fully three-dimensional and geared more toward head-to-head real-time strategy than the previous versions, resulting in it being less suited to single player play, and a less realistic simulation of railway operation. The terrain is more compressed in this game; there are few areas where players are allowed a long, straight run of track without earthworks or a bridge, meaning that terrain (such as hills, mountains, rivers and inlets) plays a more important role, at least in the early stages of a game. The game is heavily focused on economics – players have to build and sustain entire industries using the railroads they develop. Gameplay changes from previous editions of Railroad Tycoon include a system where new technology is first auctioned to the highest bidder. This gives the player a ten-year exclusive use of that technology. Similarly, individual industries are also put up for auction amongst players. However, the game does not have the dynamic pricing of goods across the entire map or cargo that can find alternate means of transportation if no train service is provided that were features of Railroad Tycoon III, and other simplifications compared to previous Railroad Tycoon games are that there is no separation of individual money from company money, nor the ability to raise money on an in-game bond market. Tracklaying is automated and much easier than other editions of Railroad Tycoon. When combined with the more "compressed" terrain, it allows for tactical placement of track to obstruct and frustrate opponents. However, players are limited to laying track in a contiguous system, which in turn reduces the impact of there being no network effects in the economics of the game. Another limitation is that trains do not keep to the right on a stretch of double track, meaning unrealistic blocking of the track by one's own trains is common if more than one train is allowed on a stretch of track. Industries vary depending on the location and timeframe. European scenarios include Wine, Beer, and Dairy Products while Western United States scenarios focus on Oil and Gold. The game also allows head-to-head play over a LAN and, prior to 2013 when GameSpy ceased online hosting services for multiplayer games, the Internet, supporting up to four players per game, either human or artificial intelligence. Scenarios Like the previous versions, Railroads! offers various historical scenarios, in regions such as the Southwestern United States, the Pacific Northwest, the United Kingdom, France, Eastern Europe, and Germany. In these scenarios (fifteen in all), the game allows the user to take on the role of various famous railway tycoons and robber barons from the past, such as Cornelius Vanderbilt and J.P. Morgan. Custom scenarios With the introduction of patch 1.1 a map editor could be enabled by editing one of the game's .ini files, allowing for the creation of custom maps by users. Critical reception The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Introduction The 69th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, on Sunday, May 26, 1985. The race was sanctioned by USAC, and was included as part of the 1985 CART PPG Indy Car World Series. The Speedway also celebrated 40 years of ownership by the Hulman/George family. In one of the most dramatic moments in Indy 500 history, Danny Sullivan took the lead from Mario Andretti on lap 120. But as he was completing the pass, Sullivan's car stepped out, and he lost control. He spun directly in front of Andretti in turn one, doing a complete 360°. Andretti veered to the inside and slipped by unscathed, while Sullivan's car somehow avoided contact with the concrete wall. Sullivan remarkably gathered control without stalling the engine, and continued in the race. About twenty laps later, Sullivan managed to re-pass Andretti for the lead, this time cleanly. Sullivan led the final 61 laps, and scored his first and only Indy victory. It was the fifth Indy win for car owner Roger Penske (Penske Racing), tying the record at the time held by Lou Moore. Due to the electrifying spin by Sullivan, and the subsequent recovery, the race became known in auto racing lore as the "Spin and Win". It is largely considered one of the most famous moments in all of Indy car racing history. The 1985 Indy 500 was the breakout race for the "stock block" Buick V-6 engine. Pancho Carter and Scott Brayton swept the top two spots on the starting grid with the pushrod Buick, setting new track record speeds in time trials. However, both cars still had questionable reliability for the full 500 miles, and both dropped out early with mechanical problems on race day. Background Defending Indy winner Rick Mears suffered serious leg injuries in a crash at Sanair Super Speedway in August 1984. He missed the rest of the 1984 season, and would run only a part-time schedule in 1985. The 1985 Indy 500 was his first race back after recovery. Danny Sullivan joined Penske Racing for 1985. Al Unser Sr., who was filling in for Mears during the rest of the season, took the wheel of a third Penske entry for Indy. Willy T. Ribbs entered the Rookie Orientation Program in April, hoping to become the first African American driver to qualify for the Indy 500. However, after 20 laps of testing, he managed only 172 mph, and withdrew, citing his inexperience. He would return in 1991. This would be the final Indy 500 broadcast on television in tape delay. Later in the summer, ABC-TV signed a deal to broadcast the Indy 500 live for the first time starting in 1986. It would also be Jim McKay's final Indy 500 as play-by-play anchor. A. J. Foyt announced during the month he was planning to retire after the 1987 race, which would be his 30th start. The decision was later retracted. Foyt entered the month of May 1985 with the opportunity to pass the 10,000 mile mark in competition at Indy, and the race would mark his record 300th career Indy car start. At the conclusion of the race, the Speedway planned to tear down the legendary Gasoline Alley garage area, in preparations for construction of a new, modern garage facility. This would be the final Indy 500 field to utilize the famous landmark green and white "barn-like" garages. Race schedule Race schedule — April/May 1985 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 21  22  23  34  25  26ROP 27ROP 28ROP 29  30  1  2  3  4Practice 5Practice 6Practice 7Practice 8Practice 9Practice 10Practice 11Pole Day 12Time Trials 13Practice 14Practice 15Practice 16Practice 17Practice 18Time Trials 19Bump Day 20  21  22  23Carb Day 24Mini-Marathon 25Parade 26Indy 500 27Memorial Day 28  29  30  31    Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP — denotes RookieOrientation Program Time trials The Buick V-6 Indy car engine Pole Day – Saturday May 11 Pole day was sunny and warm, with temperatures in the low 80s. Mario Andretti (214.285 mph) and Bobby Rahal (214.183 mph) were the fastest cars in practice, and were early favorites for the pole position. Qualifying began promptly at 11 a.m. The first car to take to the track was Scott Brayton in one of the Buick V-6 stock block engines. He set new one and four-lap track records, as well as track records for stock block engines. His four-lap average of 212.354 mph tentatively put him on pole position. Lap 1 – 42.490 seconds, 211.815 mph (new 1-lap track record) Lap 2 – 42.216 seconds, 213.189 mph (new 1-lap track record) Lap 3 – 42.017 seconds, 214.199 mph Lap 4 – 42.905 seconds, 210.256 mph Total – 2:49.523, 212.354 mph Brayton's final lap dropped off due to transmission trouble. Not to be upstaged, less than twenty minutes later, Pancho Carter took to the track, also driving a Buick V-6. Lap 1 – 42.351 seconds, 212.510 mph Lap 2 – 42.309 seconds, 213.721 mph Lap 3 – 42.222 seconds, 213.159 mph Lap 4 – 42.464 seconds, 211.944 mph Total – 2:49.346, 212.533 mph Carter could not eclipse Brayton's one-lap track record, but his run was more consistent. Carter's four-lap average of 212.533 mph was faster overall than Brayton, and itself was a new four-lap track record. Carter took the top spot by a mere 0.177 seconds. As a result, in a mostly rare situation, the one-lap and four-lap track records were thus held by two different drivers. Carter clinched the pole position, and completed a 1st-2nd sweep for the Buicks on the starting grid. Only a half-hour had passed, but the Buicks had already established their dominance of time trials, and distanced themselves from the rest of the competition. After the record-setting run, Brayton picked up the sponsorship of Hardee's during the week. With the pole position basically out-of-reach, the rest of the field battled out to see who would fill out the front row. Emerson Fittipaldi (211.322 mph) put himself tentatively in third position, but Mario Andretti (211.576 mph) later bumped him off the front row. At 1:13 p.m., Bobby Rahal, the last driver with a legitimate shot, turned in a run of 211.818 mph, securing the outside of the front row. A busy day saw 27 cars qualify. Rick Mears returned from his 1984 leg injuries to qualify 10th. Danny Sullivan put his car in the field in 8th. No driver from 1911–1984 had ever won the race from 8th starting position, and it was often nicknamed the dreaded "8-ball spot." Second Day – Sunday May 12 Only two cars, Steve Chassey and Chet Fillip, made qualifying attempts, both late in the day. At the end of the first weekend of time trials, the field was filled to 29 cars. Third Day – Saturday May 18 The second weekend of time trials saw cooler weather, and better conditions. Rookie Raul Boesel was the first car to take to the track, and put in a solid run of 206.498 mph. Late in the day, George Snider continued the trend of stock block engines, putting a Foyt V-6 in the field. In doing so, the field was filled to 33 cars. John Paul Jr. squeezed in a qualifying run between his IMSA commitments, and bumped Derek Daly from the field. Tony Bettenhausen Jr. bumped out Chet Fillip, who earlier in the day, had wrecked his back-up car, leaving him on the sidelines for the rest of the month. The day ended as Jim Crawford bumped out Kevin Cogan. Bump Day – Sunday May 19 The final day of time trials opened with Steve Chassey on the bubble, and about nine cars looking to make the field. Kevin Cogan got in his backup car, and easily bumped his way back into the field to open the afternoon. After Cogan's run, the track went mostly quiet, as drivers awaited better conditions. Three-time winner Johnny Rutherford was now on the bubble, the second year in a row he was in danger of not qualifying. At about 5 p.m., Derek Daly (207.548 mph) bumped out Rutherford. A few minutes later, Rutherford got in a backup car, and at 208.254 mph, easily put himself back in the field. Rutherford bumped out Michael Roe in the process. With a half hour left in the day, Pete Halsmer was on the bubble. He survived an attempt by Tom Bigelow, but Rich Vogler succeeded in bumping him out. Tony Bettenhausen Jr. (204.824 mph) was now on the bubble. Michael Roe tried twice to bump him out, but fell short on both attempts. Starting grid The cars of the seventh row: #33 Howdy Holmes, #61 Arie Luyendyk, #14 A. J. Foyt Row Inside Middle Outside 1 Pancho Carter Scott Brayton Bobby Rahal 2 Mario Andretti Emerson Fittipaldi Don Whittington 3 Al Unser Danny Sullivan Geoff Brabham 4 Rick Mears Al Unser Jr. Bill Whittington 5 Tom Sneva Dick Simon Michael Andretti 6 Roberto Guerrero Danny Ongais Josele Garza 7 Howdy Holmes Arie Luyendyk A. J. Foyt 8 Ed Pimm Raul Boesel John Paul Jr. 9 Chip Ganassi Johnny Parsons Jim Crawford 10 George Snider Tony Bettenhausen Jr. Johnny Rutherford 11 Derek Daly Kevin Cogan Rich Vogler Alternates First alternate: Pete Halsmer (#59) – Bumped Second alternate: Michael Roe – Bumped Failed to qualify Steve Chassey (#56) – Bumped Chet Fillip (#38, #39) – Bumped; crashed in practice Tom Bigelow (#24, #42, #50) – Incomplete qualifying runs Dennis Firestone (#36) – Incomplete qualifying runs Jerry Karl (#51, #62) – Practiced; did not attempt to qualify Phil Krueger (#50, #51) – Practiced; did not attempt to qualify Mike Nish – Practiced; did not attempt to qualify Dick Ferguson (#69) – Practiced; did not attempt to qualify Herm Johnson (#8) – Crashed in practice, injured Jacques Villeneuve (#76) – Crashed in practice, injured; replaced by Johnny Parsons Gordon Johncock – Retired May 10; replaced by Don Whittington Randy Lanier (#57) – Passed rookie test; not approved to compete by USAC Race summary The front row (L to R): #10 Bobby Rahal on the outside, #37 Scott Brayton in the middle, #6 Pancho Carter on the pole position. Start Going into the race, the top two qualifiers, Pancho Carter and Scott Brayton were considered underdogs, due to reliability issues with the Buick engine. Mario Andretti emerged as the race day favorite. Race day dawned sunny and warm. Mary F. Hulman gave the command to start engines just before 11 a.m., and the field pulled away for the pace laps. At the green flag, Bobby Rahal got the jump from the outside of the front row, and took the lead into turn 1. Brayton settled into second, but polesitter Carter slipped back to fourth. By turn three, Mario Andretti had picked off Brayton for second, and Rahal went on to lead the first lap. In the first few laps, Carter slid down the standings, and on lap 6, he pulled into the pits with a failed oil pump. He became the second polesitter to finish last (33rd) after Cliff Woodbury in 1929. Bobby Rahal led the first 14 laps. On lap 15, George Snider and Josele Garza both suffered blown engine, bringing out the first caution. Mario Andretti had a faster pit stop, and emerged on the track as the new leader on lap 16. First half The Buicks' day came to an end on lap 19 when Scott Brayton stopped on the track with a blown engine from a cracked cylinder wall. After keeping a close margin to Andretti, Bobby Rahal went to the pits on lap 52 with a turbocharger wastegate problem. After several long pit stops, Rahal eventually dropped out with 84 laps. Mario Andretti continued to dominate, with Danny Sullivan now in second. Also, high in contention was Emerson Fittipaldi, Al Unser Jr. and Al Unser, Sr. On lap 61, A. J. Foyt came into the pits with a poor-handling car in 20th place. After a heated exchange with his crew, it was determined that the front wing was broken. An angry Foyt stormed around the car, bumped into the fueler, fuel spilled, and fire started in the pit area. The fire was quickly doused. Foyt was out of the race just one lap short of the 10,000-mile career mark at the Speedway. Al Unser, Sr. was penalized for running over his air hose, which dropped him down the standings, Al Unser Jr., who was in the top five, dropped out on lap 91 with an engine failure. Second half At the halfway point, only four cars remained on the lead lap. In order, they were Mario Andretti, Emerson Fittipaldi, Tom Sneva, and Danny Sullivan. After green flag pit stops, Sullivan moved into 2nd place by being the only driver among them to take a fuel-only stop. Danny Sullivan spin Shortly after the halfway point, Danny Sullivan got a radio call from his crew, but he misunderstood the message. He thought they said there were only 12 laps to go. In reality, there were still over 80 laps remaining. Sullivan quickly turned up the turbocharger boost, and started closing in on Andretti for the lead. On lap 120, Sullivan pulled to the inside down the front stretch, and took the lead going into turn one. Andretti held his ground, forcing Sullivan to make the pass down below the yellow line in the somewhat rough and flat apron. Suddenly, the car slipped as Sullivan came off the apron, and the back end snapped loose. Out of control, Sullivan's car began a counterclockwise 360° spin directly in front of Andretti in the south short chute. Andretti pinched his car down to the inside, and slipped by unscathed. Meanwhile, Sullivan spun completely around, did not hit anything, and the engine stalled for an instant. When the tire smoked cleared, Sullivan noticed he was pointing in the correct direction, and he put the car in gear. The engine caught, and Sullivan pulled away under power to resume the race. The spin was immediately considered one of the most electrifying moments in Indy history, both for Andretti's ability to avoid Sullivan's spinning car, and for Sullivan's recovery from the spin. Sullivan considered it 50/50 skill and "dumb luck" that he emerged from the spin unscathed. Andretti's split-second decision to veer to the inside (the more difficult move, pinching his own car down) was a result of his experience from a very similar incident two years earlier. In the 1983 race, Andretti was faced with a nearly identical situation when Johnny Parsons spun in front of him coming out of turn one. Andretti was forced to try to avoid Parsons' car to the outside, the two cars collided, and Andretti crashed hard into the concrete wall. #3 Mario Andretti, #40 Emerson Fittipaldi, #20 Don WhittingtonThe yellow flag immediately came out, and both Sullivan and Andretti made pit stops for tires and fuel. Their stops briefly put Emerson Fittipaldi into the lead, until he too stopped under caution. This left Andretti back in the lead, with Tom Sneva second and Sullivan third. Several lapped cars began ahead of the race leaders on the restart. Going into turn 1 on lap 124, Howdy Holmes drifted down into the rear quarter of Rich Vogler. Vogler was sent hard into the wall, skidding in front of the leaders. Andretti avoided the wreck, but Sneva locked his brakes and spun wide in front of Sullivan, who slipped by unscathed. Sneva hit the wall, but was not injured. Vogler, with a concussion and two cuts above his eyelid, was airlifted to Methodist Hospital for further treatment. After the cleanup, the race again reverted to Mario Andretti leading and Danny Sullivan second. On lap 140, Sullivan tried for the second time to get by Andretti, in exactly the same place as 20 laps before. This time he made the pass cleanly and started to pull away. Danny Sullivan started to pull away at will in the final 50 laps. Mario Andretti was starting to struggle, and was passed by Emerson Fittipaldi for second place for several laps. Finish Mario Andretti caught a break on lap 175 when John Paul Jr. crashed in turn 2. Paul lost a wheel, and spun nearly head-on into the outside wall near the Turn Two Suites. He was not seriously injured. Andretti, meanwhile, bunched up behind Sullivan, and made the race close over the final laps. After being a factor nearly all afternoon, Emerson Fittipaldi dropped out of the race with low oil pressure and a broken fuel line with only 12 laps to go. On lap 192, Bill Whittington crashed in turn 3. The crash set up a restart with three laps to go. Andretti lined up three cars behind Sullivan, and as the green came out, he was able to quickly pick off both lapped cars. With two laps to go, Sullivan had a comfortable 2.4-second lead. Andretti was not able to close the gap, and Sullivan won his first Indy 500 by 2.477 seconds over Mario Andretti. Andretti matched his best finish in the race besides his win in 1969. Andretti was disappointed in an interview stating: "Second sucks. This was my best chance to win since my 1969 victory. We got a lot out of the car but it was not good enough. I left Danny plenty of room down on the apron and he just spun out. I picked the way to go and it happened to have been the right way. I knew he was cooked when he went down the apron but...he was just lucky that's all." On his victory, Sullivan later stated in 1995: "Mario and I are best friends, but he was so annoyed by the defeat that he didn't talk to me for a year. He would high-five anybody but me for several months. It annoyed him because he felt like he had it won. I had probably the best car of the field and so did he but ultimately I came out on top." Box score Finish Start No Name Qual Rank Laps Led Status 1 8 5 Danny Sullivan 210.298 8 200 67 Running 2 4 3 Mario Andretti 211.576 4 200 107 Running 3 16 9 Roberto Guerrero 208.061 17 200 0 Running 4 7 11 Al Unser 210.523 7 199 0 Flagged 5 26 76 Johnny Parsons 205.778 28 198 0 Flagged 6 30 21 Johnny Rutherford 208.254 15 198 0 Flagged 7 20 61 Arie Luyendyk 206.004 26 198 0 Flagged 8 15 99 Michael Andretti 208.185 16 196 0 Flagged 9 22 98 Ed Pimm 205.723 29 195 0 Flagged 10 19 33 Howdy Holmes 206.372 22 194 0 Flagged 11 32 18 Kevin Cogan 206.367 23 191 0 Flagged 12 31 29 Derek Daly 207.548 18 189 0 Flagged 13 5 40 Emerson Fittipaldi 211.322 5 188 11 Fuel Line 14 12 12 Bill Whittington 209.006 12 183 0 Crash T3 15 24 43 John Paul Jr. 206.340 24 164 0 Crash T2 16 27 34 Jim Crawford 205.525 31 142 0 Electrical 17 17 25 Danny Ongais 207.220 19 141 0 Engine 18 23 23 Raul Boesel 206.498 21 134 0 Radiator 19 9 7 Geoff Brabham 210.074 9 130 0 Engine 20 13 2 Tom Sneva 208.927 13 123 0 Crash T1 21 10 1 Rick Mears 209.796 10 122 0 Linkage 22 25 84 Chip Ganassi 206.104 25 121 0 Fuel Line 23 33 60 Rich Vogler 205.653 30 119 0 Crash T1 24 6 20 Don Whittington 210.992 6 97 0 Engine 25 11 30 Al Unser Jr. 209.215 11 91 0 Engine 26 14 22 Dick Simon 208.536 14 86 0 Oil Pressure 27 3 10 Bobby Rahal 211.818 3 84 14 Waste Gate 28 21 14 A. J. Foyt 205.783 27 62 0 Front Wing 29 29 97 Tony Bettenhausen Jr. 204.824 33 31 0 Wheel Bearing 30 2 37 Scott Brayton 212.354 2 19 1 Cylinder Wall 31 18 55 Josele Garza 206.677 20 15 0 Engine 32 28 44 George Snider 205.455 32 13 0 Engine 33 1 6 Pancho Carter 212.583 1 6 0 Oil Pump Additional information : Carter – Buick engine. Valvoline sponsorship. : Brayton – Buick engine. Hardee's sponsorship. : Rahal – Cosworth engine. March chassis. Truesports team, Budweiser sponsorship. : Mears – Penske Racing team, Pennzoil sponsorship. : Sullivan – Penske Racing team, Miller American beer sponsorship. : Unser, Sr. - Penske Racing team. : Sneva – Dan Gurney Eagle (All American Racers) team, Skoal sponsorship. : Mario Andretti – Newman/Haas Racing team. Lola chassis. Beatrice Foods sponsorship. : E. Fittipaldi – Patrick Racing team. March chassis. 7-Eleven sponsorship. : Foyt – Gilmore team, Copenhagen sponsorship. : Unser Jr. - Shierson Racing team, Domino's Pizza sponsorship : : Reference: Additional information gathered from 1985 telecast of Indianapolis 500. Legacy The "Spin and Win" result went down in Indy 500 lore as one of the most famous moments in the history of the race. Mario Andretti considered the 1985 race his "best chance to win," and his subsequent failure added to the Andretti curse. A disappointed Andretti refused to speak with Sullivan for almost a year after the race. In post-race interviews, the experienced Andretti claimed he baited the younger Sullivan during the pass, and deliberately pinched him down to the apron. Sam Posey reflected the win as a "changing of the guard" on the Indy car circuit, as the young 'hot-shot' Sullivan beat the established and long-experienced Andretti. Likewise, Indy legends such as Foyt was not a factor, and Johnny Rutherford, despite a strong finish, struggled to qualify. The victory thrust Danny Sullivan into superstar status on the CART circuit. He guest-starred on an episode of Miami Vice as well as a soap opera. Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Paul Page served as the chief announcer for the ninth year. It was Page's twelfth year overall as part of the network crew. Lou Palmer reported from victory lane. The 1985 broadcast marked the final time the network featured exclusive live coverage of the race. The following year, ABC Sports would begin covering the race live on network television. Thus, Palmer's live interview with the winner in 1985 was the final time the network was granted exclusive live access to the winner's first interview in victory lane. Veteran Luke Walton introduced the starting command during the pre-race, but did not report during the race itself. Gordon Johncock, who abruptly retired from driving during the month, joined Rodger Ward and the broadcast featured two driver experts. In addition, the reporting location on the backstretch was eliminated, due to the increasing speed of the cars, and the fact that the Turn 2 and Turn 3 reporters had a sufficient view of the straightaway. Bob Forbes spent the first segments of the race reporting from the center pits, then in the second half of the race, concentrated on the garage area and hospital. Doug Zink, who had joined the network in 1966, left the crew. Howdy Bell took over Zink's vacant spot in turn 2, which was also Bell's longtime former position. The number of pit reporters was reduced back to four, and Sally Larvick was reassigned back to interviews and features. This would be the final 500 in broadcasting (radio or television) for Rodger Ward, as well as the final appearance for Ron Carrell as a turn reporter. Carrell's final race reporting from turn one included his call of Danny Sullivan's famous spin on lap 120. In addition, the turn one vantage point was moved from the deck of the Southwest Vista to a platform suspended from the E Stand Penthouse. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Paul Page Driver expert: Rodger Ward Driver expert: Gordon Johncock Statistician: John DeCamp Historian: Donald Davidson Turn 1: Ron Carrell Turn 2: Howdy Bell Backstretch: not used Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Jenkins Luke Walton (pre-race)Sally Larvick (interviews) Jerry Baker (north pits)Chuck Marlowe (center pits)Bob Forbes (center pits/garages)Lou Palmer (south pits) Television The race was carried in the United States on ABC Sports on a same-day tape delay basis. This would be the final time the race was shown in tape delay, as in 1986, the race would move to a live broadcast. Jim McKay served as anchor, and the separate "host" position was eliminated, in favor of McKay serving as both host and announcer. With only five individuals serving as on-air talent, it was ABC's smallest crew of the decade. The race earned a rating of 9.7 (18 share), the lowest such rating in the tape delay/prime time era. Less than three months later on August 19, 1985, ABC Sports signed an initial three-year deal, long-awaited by auto racing fans, to cover the Indianapolis 500 live flag-to-flag starting in 1986. The 1985 race would be final time Jim McKay would anchor the broadcast. For 1986, he would be moved to the host position. The broadcast has re-aired numerous times on ESPN Classic since 2000. ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host/Announcer: Jim McKay Color: Sam Posey Bill FlemmingJack AruteJim Lampley Quotes "The Indianapolis 500 has a new champion, as Danny Sullivan has won the 69th Indianapolis 500." - Paul Page described the finish of the race for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network "The Old American Hero will lose the race Mario Andretti, the New American Hero is Daniel John Sullivan III of Louisville, Kentucky who has won the Indianapolis 500." - Jim McKay called the finish during the ABC Sports broadcast. Gallery File:Indypacecar1985.jpg|1985 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais pace car

Introduction This is a list of current and defunct basketball leagues around the world. Men Intercontinental FIBA Intercontinental Cup Africa International leagues BAL – Basketball Africa League FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup National leagues ABC Super Division – Algerian Basketball Championship Super Division ABL – Angolan Basketball League – first tier ABC – Angola Second Division Basketball Championship – second tier CABL – Central African Division I Basketball League GSP Basketball League EBSL – Egyptian Basketball Super League LBA League LBL – Libyan Division I Basketball League Nationale 1 MBL – Mozambican Division I Basketball League NPL – Nigerian Premier League NBL – National Basketball League SBL – Senegalese Division I Basketball League BNL – Basketball National League TBL – Tunisian Division I Basketball League NBL – National Basketball League Americas International leagues BCLA – Basketball Champions League Americas FIBA Americas League Liga Sudamericana National leagues LNB – Liga Nacional de Básquet – first tier TNA – Torneo Nacional de Ascenso – second tier Libobasquet CBB – Campeonato Brasileiro de Basquete – first tier NBB – Novo Basquete Brasil – first tier Liga Ouro de Basquete (Brazil) – second tier *LDB – Liga de Desenvolvimento de Basquete (Under-22 League) – third tier NBA – National Basketball Association (Toronto Raptors) *NBA G League (Raptors 905) CEBL – Canadian Elite Basketball League NBLC – National Basketball League of Canada LNB – Liga Nacional de Básquetbol de Chile BPC – Baloncesto Profesional Colombiano LBSCR – Liga de Baloncesto Superior de Costa Rica LSB – Liga Superior de Baloncesto LNB – Liga Nacional de Baloncesto LEB – Liga Ecuatoriana de Baloncesto LSBES – Liga Superior de Baloncesto de El Salvador LNBP – Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional – first tier CIBACOPA – Circuito de Baloncesto de la Costa del Pacífico – second tier NBA G League – first tier Minor League ACB League LNB – Liga Nicaragüense de Baloncesto (2018–present) LPB – Liga Profesional de Baloncesto (2015–present) PMBL – Paraguayan Metropolitan Basketball League LBL – Liga de Basket de Lima LNB – Liga Nacional de Basketball BSN – Baloncesto Superior Nacional BSNF – Baloncesto Superior Nacional Femenino LUB – Liga Uruguaya de Basketball NBA – National Basketball Association *NBA G League ABA – American Basketball Association ECBL – East Coast Basketball League FBA – Florida Basketball Association MBL – Maximum Basketball League SBL - Southern Basketball League NABL – North American Basketball League NNBA – New Nation Basketball Association PBL – Premier Basketball League TBL – The Basketball League UBA – Universal Basketball Association UBL – United Basketball League College and university basketball OUA – Wilson Cup U Sports – W. P. McGee Trophy ACCA – Association of Christian College Athletics Bible College NIT CCCAA – California Community College Athletic Association NAIA Division I – NAIA Men's Division I Basketball Championship NAIA Division II – NAIA Men's Division II Basketball Championship NCAA Division I – NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship NCAA Division II – NCAA Men's Division II Basketball Championship *NCAA Division III – NCAA Men's Division III Basketball Championship NCCAA – List of NCCAA men's basketball champions NIT – National Invitation Tournament NJCAA Division I – NJCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship NJCAA Division II – NJCAA Men's Division II Basketball Championship *NJCAA Division III – NJCAA Men's Division III Basketball Championship NWAC – Northwest Athletic Conference USCAA – United States Collegiate Athletic Association Youth leagues AAU – Amateur Athletic Union USSSA – United States Specialty Sports Association LPB – Liga Profesional de Baloncesto Asia International leagues ABL – ASEAN Basketball League East Asia Super League FIBA Asia Champions Cup WABA – WABA Champions Cup West Asia Super League National leagues BPL – Bahraini Premier League CBA – Chinese Basketball Association – first tier NBL – National Basketball League – second tier *CUBA – Chinese University Basketball Association – third tier **CHBL – China High School Basketball League – fourth tier A1 – Hong Kong A1 Division Championship INBC – Indian National Basketball Championship for Men INBL - Indian National Basketball League EPBL – Elite Pro Basketball League IBL – Indonesian Basketball League IBSL – Iranian Basketball Super League IBL – Iraqi Division I Basketball League KBC – Kazakhstan Basketball Championship – first tier KBC – Kazakhstan Basketball Cup – second tier KBL – Kuwaiti Division I Basketball League B.League – first tier since 2016–17 B.League Division Two – second tier *B.League Division Three – third tier **AJIBC - All Japan Intercollegiate Basketball Championship – fourth tier JPBL – Jordanian Premier Basketball League - first tier First Division - second tier FLB League – Lebanese Basketball League MNBA – Mongolian National Basketball Association OBL – Oman Basketball League (Philippine basketball is not divided into a tier-like league system) The Games and Amusements Board (GAB) issues professional licenses for players playing in professional leagues. GAB had instructed amateur leagues that are paying its players to be under its belt. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this hasn't been applied as the GAB has only allowed professional leagues (of any sport) to operate. Professional leagues Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 Filbasket Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League National Basketball League Philippine Basketball Association Pilipinas Super League Pilipinas VisMin Super Cup Women's National Basketball League Amateur leagues: PBA Developmental League Community Basketball Association Metro League College basketball (many college leagues also offer high school basketball tournaments): CESAFI – Cebu Schools Athletic Foundation, Inc. COSAA – Cagayan de Oro Schools Athletics Association CUSA – Colleges and Universities Sports Association ISSA – Iloilo Schools Sports Association LCUAA – Laguna Colleges and Universities Athletic Association MNCAA – Men's National Collegiate Athletic Association NAASCU – National Athletic Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities NCAA – National Collegiate Athletic Association Basketball Championship NCAA South – National Collegiate Athletic Association – South NCRAA – National Capital Region Athletic Association PCCL – Philippine Collegiate Championship League SCUAA – State Colleges and Universities Athletic Association UAAP – University Athletic Association of the Philippines Basketball Championship UCAA – Universities and Colleges Athletic Association UCBL – Universities and Colleges Basketball League UCCL – United Calabarzon Collegiate League UCLAA – United Central Luzon Athletic Association High school basketball: PSSBC – Philippine Secondary Schools Basketball Championship *PRISSAA – Private Secondary Schools Athletics Association QBL – Qatari Basketball League SPL – Saudi Premier League Pro-Am SBL - Pro-Am Singapore Basketball League Merlion Cup KBL – Korean Basketball League – first tier KBL R–League – KBL Reserve League – second tier *KUBL – Korea University Basketball League – third tier SBL – Syrian Basketball League PLG – P. League+ – first tier (professional) T1 – T1 League – first tier (professional) SBL – Super Basketball League – second tier (semi-professional) *A League – third tier (amateur) **UBA – University Basketball Alliance – fourth tier ***HBL – High School Basketball League – fifth tier TBL – Thailand Basketball League NBL – UAE National Basketball League VBA – Vietnam Basketball Association College and university basketball CUBA – Chinese University Basketball Association LIMA – Liga Mahasiswa (many college leagues also offer high school basketball tournaments): CESAFI – Cebu Schools Athletic Foundation, Inc. COSAA – Cagayan de Oro Schools Athletics Association CUSA – Colleges and Universities Sports Association ISSA – Iloilo Schools Sports Association LCUAA – Laguna Colleges and Universities Athletic Association MNCAA – Men's National Collegiate Athletic Association NAASCU – National Athletic Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities NCAA – National Collegiate Athletic Association Basketball Championship NCAA South – National Collegiate Athletic Association – South NCRAA – National Capital Region Athletic Association PCCL – Philippine Collegiate Championship League SCUAA – State Colleges and Universities Athletic Association UAAP – University Athletic Association of the Philippines Basketball Championship UCAA – Universities and Colleges Athletic Association UCBL – Universities and Colleges Basketball League UCCL – United Calabarzon Collegiate League UCLAA – United Central Luzon Athletic Association U-League UBA – University Basketball Alliance Youth leagues CHBL – China High School Basketball League DBL – Developmental Basketball League PSSBC – Philippine Secondary Schools Basketball Championship PRISSAA – Private Secondary Schools Athletics Association HBL – High School Basketball League Europe International leagues Continental Leagues Clubs participate pan-European leagues in two ways. Larger clubs play in Euroleague Basketball's system, with several of them having long-term licenses and others having annual licenses (irrespective of domestic league results), akin to the franchise model in North American sports. The Basketball Champions League (BCL) is the other way clubs participate, which is mostly based on sporting merit. A club usually opts to play in the EuroLeague instead of the BCL if it qualifies for both. BCL – Basketball Champions League – organized by FIBA Europe FIBA Europe Cup – organized by FIBA Europe EuroLeague – organized by Euroleague Basketball EuroCup – organized by Euroleague Basketball Subregional leagues AAC – Alpe Adria Cup – featuring teams from Austria, Croatia, Czechia (Czech Republic), Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia ABA League (also known as the Adriatic League) – first tier league featuring teams from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia ABA League Second Division – second tier BIBL – Balkan International Basketball League – featuring teams from Albania, Bulgaria, Israel, Kosovo, Montenegro and North Macedonia VTB–League – VTB United League – featuring teams from Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia National leagues ABSL – Albanian Basketball Superliga – first tier ABFD – Albanian Basketball First Division – second tier ÖBL – Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga ABL – Armenia Basketball League A ABL – Azerbaijan Basketball League BPL – Belarusian Premier League & BNXT League – first tier in both countries from 2021-22 season onward BCBH – Basketball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina – first tier A1 Liga – second tier NBL – National Basketball League A-1 Liga Cyprus Basketball Division 1 NBL – National Basketball League, also called the Kooperativa NBL for sponsorship reasons DBL – Danish Basketball League KML – Korvpalli Meistriliiga Korisliiga – first tier I Division – second tier LNB Pro A – Ligue Nationale de Basketball Pro A – first tier LNB Pro B – Ligue Nationale de Basket Pro B – second tier GSL – Georgian Superliga BBL – Basketball Bundesliga – first tier ProA – second tier *ProB – third tier GBL – Greek Basket League – first tier GBL A2 – Greek A2 Basket League – second tier *GBL B – Greek B Basket League – third tier **GBL C – Greek C Basket League – fourth tier Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A Premier League First Division IBPL – Israeli Basketball Premier League – first tier Liga Leumit – second tier *Liga Artzit – third tier Serie A – first tier Serie A2 – second tier *Serie B – third tier **Serie C Gold – fourth tier ***Serie C Silver – fifth tier ****Serie D Regionale – sixth tier *****Promozione – seventh tier KBSL – Kosovo Basketball Superleague – first tier KBFL – Kosovo Basketball First League – second tier LBL – Latvijas Basketbola līga LKL – Lietuvos Krepšinio Lyga – first tier NKL – Nacionalinė Krepšinio Lyga – second tier *RKL – Regioninė Krepšinio Lyga – third tier Total League Nationale 2 MFL – Macedonian First League MBL – Montenegrin Basketball League Promotiedivisie – second tier; top purely domestic level from 2021 to 2022 BLNO PLK – Polska Liga Koszykówki (Polish Basketball League) – first tier I Liga – second tier *II Liga – third tier LCB – Portuguese Basketball League Proliga Divizia A VTB–League – VTB United League – first tier since the 2012–13 season (also featuring teams from Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan and Poland) BSL 1 – Basketball Super League 1 – second tier; was the first tier league from 1992 to 2010 *BSL 2 – Basketball Super League 2 – third tier **First League – fourth tier ***VTB-League U21 – fifth tier BLS – Basketball League of Serbia – first tier BLS B – Basketball League of Serbia B – second tier *RBL First Division – Regional Basketball League First Division – third tier **RBL Second Division – Regional Basketball League Second Division – fourth tier SEL Slovak Extraliga 1. A SKL – Premier A Slovenian Basketball League (also known for sponsorship reasons as Liga Telemach) – first tier SSBL – Slovenian Second Basketball League – second tier *SBL – School Basketball League – third tier Liga Endesa – first tier LEB Oro – second tier *LEB Plata – third tier **Liga EBA – fourth tier ***Primera División – fifth tier SBL – Swedish Basketball League (Ligan) – first tier Basketettan – second tier LNBA – Swiss Basketball League – first tier Championnat LNB – second tier BSL – Turkish Basketball Super League – first tier TBL – Turkish Basketball First League – second tier *TB2L – Turkish Basketball Second League – third tier **TRBL – Turkish Regional Basketball League – fourth tier UBSL – Ukrainian Basketball Superleague – first tier Higher League – second tier Super League BBL – British Basketball League – First Tier NBL - National Basketball League – Second Tier SBC – Scottish Basketball Championship – Second Tier Oceania NBL – National Basketball League – Major League NBL1 – Minor League Big V – Minor League GBA – Guam Basketball Association NBL – National Basketball League Women Africa FIBA Africa Women's Clubs Champions Cup Arab Women's Club Basketball Championship National leagues AWBL - Angola Women's Basketball League MWBC - Moroccan Women's Basketball Championship Tunisian Women's Division I Basketball League ZWBL - Zenith Women Basketball League Americas Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) *Athletes Unlimited Basketball (AUB) Women's American Basketball Association (WABA) Women's Basketball Development Association (WBDA) College basketball NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament (NCAA Division I Women's) NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament (NCAA Division II Women's) NCAA Division III women's basketball tournament (NCAA Division III Women's) Women's National Invitation Tournament (WNIT) NAIA Division I Women's Basketball Championships (NAIA Division I Women's) NAIA Division II Women's Basketball Championships (NAIA Division II Women's) Association of Christian College Athletics NCCAA Women's Basketball (NCCAA Women's) NJCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship (NJCAA Division I Women's) NJCAA Division II Women's Basketball Championship (NJCAA Division II Women's) NJCAA Division III Women's Basketball Championship (NJCAA Division III Women's) USCAA Women's Basketball (USCAA Women's) Youth leagues AAU USSSA YBOA University basketball U Sports Baloncesto Superior Nacional Femenino (BSNF) Asia WCBA - Women's Chinese Basketball Association - first tier WCUBA - Women's Chinese University Basketball Association - second tier WHKBA - Women's Hong Kong Basketball Association Indian National Basketball Championship for Women Srikandi Cup WJBL - Women's Japan Basketball League Women's Next5Hoops WNBL — Women's National Basketball League Filipino College Basketball UAAP - University Athletic Association of the Philippines WNCAA - Women's National Collegiate Athletic Association NAASCU - National Athletic Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities WKBL - Women's Korean Basketball League (Taiwan) WSBL - Women's Super Basketball League WTBL - Women's Thailand Basketball League Europe EuroLeague EuroCup Europe SuperCup Baltic Women's League Albanian A-1 League AWBB - Austrian Women's Basketball Bundesliga BWBL - Belgian Women's Basketball League Basketball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Women) Bulgarian Women's Basketball Championship Prva ženska liga - Croatian First Women's Basketball League Cyprus Women's Basketball Division A Kadınlar Basketbol Ligi - Women's Basketball League Česká ženská basketbalová liga - Czech Women's Basketball League Women's Danish Basketball League LFB – Ligue Féminine de Basketball WKML - Women's Korvpalli Meistriliiga Naisten Korisliiga Women's Basketball Bundesliga Greek Women's Basket - first tier Greek A2 Women's Basket - second tier Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A for Women's Úrvalsdeild kvenna - Premier league women Israeli Female Basketball Premier League LegA Basket Femminile Serie A1 - first tier Serie A2 - second tier *Serie B d'Eccellenza - third tier Latvijas Sieviešu basketbola līga LMKL - Lithuanian Women's Basketball League Total League - Dames First Women's Basketball League of Macedonia First A Women's Basketball League of Montenegro Vrouwen Basketball League BLK – Basket Liga Kobiet (first tier) I Liga (second tier) LFB - Premier Women's Basketball League Divizia A Russian Women's Basketball Premier League Superleague *Higher League Adriatic League First Women's Basketball League of Serbia Slovak Women's Basketball Extraliga Slovenian Women's Basketball League LFB – Liga Femenina de Baloncesto Ligue Féminine de Basketball LF2B - Liga Femenina 2 de Baloncesto Ligue Féminine 2 de Basketball Basketligan dam Swiss Women's Basketball Championship TWBL - Turkish Women's Basketball League UWBSL, Ukrainian Women's Basketball SuperLeague WBBL - Women's British Basketball League EWBL - English Women's Basketball League SWNL - Scottish Women's National League Oceania WNBL – Women's National Basketball League Tauihi Basketball Aotearoa – first tier D-League – Women's Development League – second tier Defunct leagues Men World McDonald's Championship, 1987–1999 Americas National Basketball League (NBL), 1993–94 Canadian National Basketball League (CNBL), 2002–2004 Amateur Athletic Association Basketball (AAU), 1897–1982 National Basketball League (NBL), 1898–99 to 1903-04 Philadelphia Basketball League (PBL), 1902–1909 New England Basketball League (NEBL), 1903–1904 Western Massachusetts Basketball League (WMBL), 1903–1904 Western Pennsylvania Basketball League (WPBL), 1903–1904; 1912–1913; 1914–1915 New England Basketball Association (NEBA), 1904–1905 Mohawk Valley League (MVL), 1906–1910 Central Basketball League (CBL), 1906–1912 Hudson River League (HRL), 1909–12 Eastern Basketball League (EBL), 1909–1933 New York State League (NYSL), 1911–23 Pennsylvania State League (PSL), 1914–1921 Interstate Basketball League (IBL), 1915–1920 Interstate League (IL), 1919–1923 Metropolitan Basketball League (MBL), 1921–1928 American Basketball League (ABL), 1925–1955 National Basketball League (NBL), 1926–27 National Basketball League (NBL), 1929–30 National Basketball League (NBL), 1932–33 Midwest Basketball Conference (MBC), 1935–1937; became National Basketball League with 1937–38 season. National Basketball League (NBL), 1937–1949; merged with the Basketball Association of America to become the National Basketball Association. World Professional Basketball Tournament (WPBT), 1939–1948 Eastern Pro League (EPL) Pacific Coast Professional Basketball League (PCPBL), 1946–1948 Basketball Association of America (BAA), 1946–1949; merged with the National Basketball League to become the National Basketball Association. New York State Professional Basketball League (NYSPL), 1946–1949 Continental Basketball Association (CBA), 1946–2009; originally named Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League, then Eastern Professional Basketball League. Professional Basketball League of America (PBLA), 1947–1948 National Industrial Basketball League (NIBL), 1947–1961 National Professional Basketball League (NPBL), 1950–1951 American Basketball League (ABL), 1961–1963 Midwest Professional Basketball League (MPBL) (1961-1964) North American Basketball League (1964-1968), (NABL) 1964–1968 American Basketball Association (ABA), 1967–1976 All-American Basketball Alliance (AABA), 1977–78 Western Basketball Association (WBA), 1978–79 World Basketball League (WBL), 1988–1992; was founded as the International Basketball Association in November 1987, before changing its name prior to the 1988 season. Global Basketball Association (GBA), 1991-92 - December 1992; league folded midway through 1992–93 season. International Basketball Association (IBA), 1995–2001 International Basketball League (IBL), 1999–2001 National Rookie League (NRL), 2000 All-American Professional Basketball League (AAPBL), 2005 United States Basketball League (USBL) National Professional Basketball League (NPBL) All-American Basketball Alliance (2010) Global Professional Basketball League (GPBL) Global Professional Basketball League 2 (GPBL 2) United Regions Basketball League (URBL) National Alliance Basketball League (NABL) National Athletic Basketball League (NABL) Universal Basketball League (UBL) Minor League Basketball Association (MLBA) Continental Basketball League (CBL) American Basketball League (ABL) Eastern Basketball Alliance (EBA) West Coast Pro Basketball League (WCBL) International Basketball League (IBL) Asia Chinese New Basketball Alliance (CNBA), 1996–97 Chinese University Basketball Super League (CUBS), 2004–15 UBA Pro Basketball League, 2015–17 bj league - Basketball Japan League, 2005–16 JBL - Japan Basketball League, 2007–2013 NBL - National Basketball League, 2013–16 MNBL - Malaysia National Basketball League, 1981–2013 Philippine Basketball League (PBL), 1983–2011 Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association (MICAA), 1938-1981 Metropolitan Basketball Association (MBA), 1998–2002 Liga Pilipinas (LP), 2008–2011 (Taiwan) Chinese Basketball Alliance (CBA), 1995–1999 Europe Subregional leagues BBL – Baltic Basketball League - teams from the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania plus Sweden CEBL – Central European Basketball League National leagues Pro Basketball League (PBL), 1925–2021; replaced by the BNXT League National Basketball League (NBL), 1972–2003 Dutch Basketball League (DBL), 1960–2021; replaced by the BNXT League Professional Basketball League (PBL), 2010–2013; superseded by the VTB United League Former Yugoslavia Yugoslav Basketball League Oceania Australian Basketball Association (ABA), 1965–2008 South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL), 1981–2018 Conference Basketball League (CBL), 1981–2010 Women Americas Women's Professional Basketball Association (WPBA), 1975; the league folded before it ever started. Women's Professional Basketball League (WBL), 1978–1981 Ladies Professional Basketball Association (LPBA), 1980–81; formed as a rival league to the WBL when the WBL began to experience financial problems. The league was poorly organized and played only five (or seven) games before disbanding with three teams never playing a game. Women's American Basketball Association (WABA), 1984 See: (WABA) National Women's Basketball Association (NWBA), 1986; the league folded right before the season was supposed to start. Liberty Basketball Association (LBA), 1991; played one pre-season exhibition game on February 10, 1991, before disbanding. Women's Basketball Association (WBA), 1993-1995 See: (WBA/WABA) American Basketball League (ABL), 1996–1998 National Women's Basketball League (NWBL), 1998–2007 Women's American Basketball Association (WABA), 2002 Women's Minor League Basketball Association (WMLBA), 2016–2020 Asia Women's Chinese University Basketball Super League (WCUBS), 2004–15 Pinay Ballers League (2014-2018) Women's Philippine Basketball League (WPBL) Oceania Women's Basketball Championship (WBC) Women's Basketball Championship Division Two (WBC Division Two) Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) Women's Basketball League (WBL), conference-based second-tier league

Introduction The 68th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday May 27, 1984. Rick Mears, who previously won in 1979, won his second (of four) Indy 500 victories driving for Penske. Contenders Tom Sneva and Mario Andretti dropped out of the race in the second half, leaving Mears alone two laps ahead of the field, and he cruised to the victory. Three months after the race, however, Mears would suffer severe leg injuries in a practice crash at Sanair. Three rookies finished in the top five: Roberto Guerrero (2nd), Al Holbert (4th), and Michael Andretti (5th). Guerrero and Andretti shared the rookie of the year award. The race is well-remembered for the terrible crash of sportswriter-turned-racer, Pat Bedard, who tumbled through the infield in turn 4 on lap 58. Another rookie, two-time World Champion and future two-time Indy winner Emerson Fittipaldi made a quiet debut. The race was sanctioned by USAC, and was included as part of the 1984 CART PPG Indy Car World Series. The 1984 race has the distinction of having the record for most entries (117), and the most cars to actually be seen in the garage (87). Defending race winner Tom Sneva, who broke the 200 mph barrier during time trials in 1977, headlined qualifying on pole day. Sneva made history once again, as he became the first driver to break the 210 mph barrier, en route to his third pole position. This Indy 500 was the last for 33 years that an active Formula One driver, Teo Fabi, featured in the field, with double World Champion Fernando Alonso making his 500 debut in 2017. Race schedule Race schedule — April/May 1984 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 22  23  24  25  26  27ROP 28ROP 29ROP 30  1  2  3  4  5Practice 6Practice 7Practice 8Practice 9Practice 10Practice 11Practice 12Pole Day 13Time Trials 14Practice 15Practice 16Practice 17Practice 18Practice 19Time Trials 20Bump Day 21  22  23  24Carb Day 25Mini-Marathon 26Parade 27Indy 500 28Memorial Day 29  30  31      Color Notes Green Practice Dark Blue Time trials Silver Race day Red Rained out Blank No track activity Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain ROP — denotes RookieOrientation Program Time trials Tom Sneva's garage in Gasoline Alley. Pole Day – Saturday May 12 Pole Day was a historic day as Tom Sneva broke the track record with the first lap over 210 mph at Indy. Sneva was also the first driver to break the 200 mph barrier, which he accomplished during time trials in 1977. Nonetheless, going into Pole Day, Mario Andretti was actually the favorite for the pole position, after he ran a practice lap of 212 mph. Rick Mears was the first driver in the field, completing his run with a track record of 207.847 mph. Rookie Michael Andretti was the next car out (207.805 mph), running surprisingly close to Mears. At 12:45 mph, Mario Andretti took to the track, with high expectations. His first lap was completed at 209.687 mph, a new one-lap track record. His second and third laps dropped off, however. As he came out of turn four on the fourth and final lap, his car quit. He coasted across the finish line powerless to complete the run, but the average speed sank to 207.467 mph. It would be good enough for row 2, but a disappointment compared to his practice speeds earlier in the week. Shortly before 2 p.m., Tom Sneva took to the track, and electrified the crowd. His third lap was run at 210.423 mph, a new track record, and the first qualifying lap ever at Indy over 210 mph. His fourth lap (210.689) mph was the fastest. His four-lap speed of 210.029 mph was a record, and secured him the pole position. It was Sneva's third Indy pole, and fourth time overall as the fastest qualifier. Later in the day, Howdy Holmes squeezed onto the front row with a run of 207.977 mph. It put him in second starting position, and bumped Rick Mears to the outside of the front row. Rookie Michael Andretti out-qualified his father, and would line up in 4th position (Mario qualified 6th). A total of 28 cars qualified on pole day. Second Day – Sunday May 13 Rain kept the track closed until nearly 1 p.m. Only three cars made attempts all afternoon, but none of them were run to completion. Johnny Rutherford went out for his second attempt in a Foyt entry, but never completed a lap due to mechanical problems. During a practice run, John Paul Jr. wrecked in turn four, suffering leg injuries. Third Day – Saturday May 19 The day began with five spots remaining unfilled on the grid. With rain in the forecast for Sunday, several teams scrambled to get their cars prepared to qualify on this day. Bill Alsup was the first driver to make an attempt, but his crew waved off. George Snider was the first driver to complete his run, putting in a safe run of 201.860 mph in a Foyt backup car. Later, Steve Chassey wrecked on the first lap of his qualifying attempt. He would sit out the rest of the month with a concussion. At 1 p.m. the field was filled to 33 cars. Chris Kneifel (199.831 mph) was on the bubble. Among the drivers still not in the field was three-time winner Johnny Rutherford. He was struggling to get his car up to speed, and exhausted his three allotted attempts in a Foyt Chevy V-6. The team bought a back-up car from Galles, and Rutherford immediately began shaking the car down. Rutherford was in danger of missing the race for the second year in a row. In 1983, he was sidelined with a broken foot and broken ankle from a practice crash. At 5:50 p.m., with only ten minutes left before the 6 o'clock gun, Johnny Rutherford took to the track for one last attempt to qualify. His first lap was an impressive 203.156 mph, but the car began smoking throughout. Rutherford decided to ride it out, and he was not black-flagged. His speed dropped over the final three laps, but his four-lap average of 202.062 mph was fast enough to bump his way into the field. Spike Gehlhausen (200.478 mph) was now on the bubble. Gary Bettenhausen made a last-ditch effort to bump him out, but he waved off after only two laps. Bump Day – Sunday May 20 As expected, rain washed out the final day of time trials. Since the field had been filled to 33 cars a day earlier, the field was set, and there would be no further qualifying. Jacques Villeneuve, who suffered a crash during practice, withdrew from the starting field due to injury. The first alternate, Chris Kneifel was re-instated to the field to fill the vacancy. He became the last driver to start the Indianapolis 500 with a qualifying speed under 200 mph. Starting grid Row Inside Middle Outside 1 1 - Tom Sneva 41 - Howdy Holmes 6 - Rick Mears 2 99 - Michael Andretti 20 - Gordon Johncock 3 - Mario Andretti 3 9 - Roberto Guerrero 18 - Geoff Brabham 28 - Herm Johnson 4 2 - Al Unser 25 - Danny Ongais 14 - A. J. Foyt 5 77 - Tom Gloy 33 - Teo Fabi 7 - Al Unser Jr. 6 21 - Al Holbert 16 - Tony Bettenhausen Jr. 5 - Bobby Rahal 7 35 - Patrick Bedard 22 - Dick Simon 10 - Pancho Carter 8 40 - Chip Ganassi 47 - Emerson Fittipaldi 55 - Josele Garza 9 57 - Spike Gehlhausen 37 - Scott Brayton 98 - Kevin Cogan 10 30 - Danny Sullivan 61 - Derek Daly 84 - Johnny Rutherford 11 4 - George Snider 50 - Dennis Firestone 73 - Chris Kneifel Qualified cars withdrawn Jacques Villeneuve (#76) – Withdrew qualified car due to practice crash Alternates First alternate: Chris Kneifel (#73) - Bumped; Named to the starting field on 5/24 Second alternate: none Failed to qualify Stan Fox – Too slow, waved off Gary Bettenhausen (#8, #60, #82) – Too slow, waved off Tom Bigelow (#75) – Car quit during qualifying attempt Pete Halsmer (#11) – Too slow, waved off Roger Mears (#55, #76) – Too slow, waved off Steve Chassey (#56, #65) – Wrecked during qualifying attempt Johnny Parsons (#34, #59) – Incomplete qualifying attempt Bill Alsup (#27) – Too slow, waved off Ed Pimm (#64) – Incomplete qualifying attempt Phil Caliva – Incomplete qualifying attempt Jim Crawford (#68, #78) – Too slow, waved off Mike Chandler (#88) – Practice crash, injured John Paul Jr. (#12) – Practice crash, injured Steve Krisiloff (#87) – Practice crash, injured Jerry Sneva (#66) – Practice crash, injured Larry Cannon (#81) – Practice crash Chuck Ciprich Dick Ferguson (#31, #51) Chet Fillip (#38) Bruno Giacomelli Jerry Karl (#59) Phil Krueger (#85) Desiré Wilson Al Loquasto (#86) – Withdrew; team sold car to GTS Racing for Emerson Fittipaldi Race summary Start Race day dawned cool and clear, with temperatures in the 60s. Rain was forecast for later in the afternoon, but was not expected to affect the race. Mary F. Hulman gave the command to start engines just before 11 a.m., and all cars pulled away for the pace laps. At the start, Rick Mears got the jump and swept across the track to take the lead in turn one. Pole sitter Tom Sneva settled into second, and rookie Michael Andretti went from the inside of row 2 to take third. Mears led the first lap at a speed of 195.610 mph, a new Indy record for the opening lap. Geoff Brabham ducked into the pits after one lap, dropping out with a bad fuel line. A few laps later, Michael Andretti passed Tom Sneva to take second place. Gordon Johncock also went to the pits for an unscheduled pit stop. First half DataSpeed Timing and Scoring System The first 100 miles were run clean, with no incidents. Tom Sneva led Al Unser Jr., Rick Mears, Mario and Michael Andretti. After 37 laps, race rookie and future two-time winner Emerson Fittipaldi dropped out due to low oil pressure. The two-time Formula One World Champion had a relatively quiet month of May, acclimating himself gradually to the Indy car circuit. It was a largely unnoticed effort in the underfunded W.I.T. Promotions entry, a pink-painted car. On lap 45, Spike Gehlhausen spun in turn 1, and came to a rest in turn 2 without contact. Rick Mears took the lead for the second time on lap 54. On lap 58, Patrick Bedard suffered a terrible crash in turn four. The car spun to the inside of the north shortchute, hit the inside wall, flipped over, and barrel-rolled through the grass. The car broke into two pieces, the tub and the engine. Debris littered the track, and a lengthy caution was needed to clean up the incident. Bedard was injured, but the injuries were not life-threatening. Under the caution, Danny Sullivan came up too fast and ran into the car of Roberto Guerrero, hopping up on two wheels, and damaging his right-front suspension. Sullivan dropped out of the race, but Guerrero was able to continue. The lead traded amongst Mears, Sneva, Mario Andretti, Teo Fabi, and Danny Ongais. After the lengthy caution for Bedard's crash, Tom Sneva came to the lead, and led at the halfway point. Around lap 70, the DataSpeed computer timing and scoring system crashed. The remainder of the race would have to be scored manually, and the scoring serials were at times incomplete. However, at no point was the leader of the race unknown or disputed. Second half At lap 100, Tom Sneva led, looking for back-to-back wins. Al Unser Jr. was in second, Rick Mears third, Mario Andretti fourth, and Michael Andretti fifth. The rest of the top ten was Bobby Rahal, Roberto Guerrero, Al Holbert, Al Unser, Sr., and Teo Fabi. Four laps later, however, Fabi was out with a broken fuel system. On lap 103, Gordon Johncock hit the wall coming out of turn four. He spun to the inside, hit the pit wall, then spun back across the pits and hit the wall separating the pits from the track. He missed hitting Teo Fabi's car, which was being pushed back to the garage, and somehow missed hitting the crew members that were in the sign board area. Johncock injured his left ankle (he had suffered a right ankle injury at Michigan the previous year), and ultimately took a short retirement from racing. With Rick Mears now leading, Mario Andretti started slipping in the standings due to a broken exhaust pipe. The engine was losing rpm, but he was still managing to stay in contention. After running in the top five most of the day, Al Unser Jr. dropped out on lap 131 with a broken water pump. Tom Sneva briefly took the lead on laps 142-143 during a sequence of pit stops. Rick Mears was back in front on lap 144. With 50 laps to go, Rick Mears led Tom Sneva and Roberto Guerrero. Al Unser Sr. had now worked his way into the top five. Michael Andretti and Mario Andretti were also still in contention. On lap 153, Mario Andretti went into the pits for a routine stop. He was held up in traffic, and the car of Josele Garza cut in front of him down the pit lane. Garza's car made contact, and broke the nosecone of Mario's car. It was too damaged to continue, and Mario was forced to drop out. Finish With several contenders dropping out in quick succession, the race came down to two drivers in the final 100 miles: Rick Mears and Tom Sneva. Scott Brayton stalled on the track on the leader's lap 163, bringing out the caution. With 33 laps to go, Sneva's crew debated pitting, hoping to make it to the finish on one more stop. They planned on pitting with 30 laps to go. On lap 168, however, sparks came from the back of Sneva's car in turn 3 as the field was preparing to go back to green. Sneva immediately ducked into the pits with a broken CV joint, and he climbed from the car. Mears, post-race, would remark, "I feel bad for him, but it's a relief for me...he was my toughest competitor." With Sneva out of the race, Rick Mears now held a commanding lead. No other cars were in contention, with Mears now two laps ahead of the entire field. Mears cruised to the finish, and was not challenged the rest of the way. The only battle remained for second place, between Roberto Guerrero and Al Unser Sr. A light drizzle started entering the area in the final 30 laps or so, threatening to end the race early. The heavy rain did not come, and Mears completed the 200 laps at a race record 163.612 mph. Mears won his second Indy 500, with a margin of victory of over two laps. Due to the ongoing scoring issues from the DataSpeed timing and scoring system, Al Unser Sr. was tentatively hand scored in second, with Roberto Guerrero unofficially third. For a brief period, it was Penske Racing's first 1-2 finish in the Indy 500. However, when scoring was ultimately resolved, Guerrero was rightfully elevated to second, with Unser dropping to third. After an eventful day - nearly being caught up in the Bedard crash, being hit by Sullivan during the ensuring yellow flag, overshooting his pit stall during one of his stops, and spinning in turn two - Guerrero was surprised to find out he finished second, and was voted co-Rookie of the Year. Box score Finish Grid No Name Qual Rank Laps Status 1 3 6 Rick Mears 3 200 Running 2 7 9 Roberto Guerrero 7 198 Flagged 3 10 2 Al Unser 10 198 Flagged 4 16 21 Al Holbert 19 198 Flagged 5 4 99 Michael Andretti 4 198 Flagged 6 12 14 A. J. Foyt 12 197 Flagged 7 18 5 Bobby Rahal 22 197 Flagged 8 9 28 Herm Johnson 9 194 Flagged 9 11 25 Danny Ongais 11 193 Flagged 10 24 55 Josele Garza 31 193 Flagged 11 31 4 George Snider 25 193 Flagged 12 32 50 Dennis Firestone 29 186 Flagged 13 2 41 Howdy Holmes 2 185 Flagged 14 13 77 Tom Gloy 13 179 Engine 15 33 73 Chris Kneifel 33 175 Transmission 16 1 1 Tom Sneva 1 168 Left CV Joint 17 6 3 Mario Andretti 6 153 Broken Nosecone 18 26 37 Scott Brayton 14 150 Transmission 19 21 10 Pancho Carter 27 141 Engine 20 27 98 Kevin Cogan 15 137 Frozen Wheel 21 15 7 Al Unser Jr. 18 131 Water Pump 22 30 84 Johnny Rutherford 23 116 Engine 23 20 22 Dick Simon 26 112 In Pits 24 14 33 Teo Fabi 16 104 Fuel System 25 5 20 Gordon Johncock 5 103 Crash T4 26 17 16 Tony Bettenhausen Jr. 20 86 Piston 27 29 61 Derek Daly 21 76 Handling 28 22 40 Chip Ganassi 28 61 Engine 29 28 30 Danny Sullivan 17 57 Broken Wheel 30 19 35 Patrick Bedard 24 55 Crash NC 31 25 57 Spike Gehlhausen 32 45 Spun SC 32 23 47 Emerson Fittipaldi 30 37 Oil Pressure 33 8 18 Geoff Brabham 8 1 Fuel Line Statistics Lap Leaders Laps Leader 1–24 Rick Mears 25 Tom Sneva 26-47 Mario Andretti 48-49 Tom Sneva 50-53 Mario Andretti 54-59 Rick Mears 60 Tom Sneva 61-63 Mario Andretti 64-70 Teo Fabi 71-73 Danny Ongais 74-80 Teo Fabi 81-82 Tom Sneva 83-86 Al Unser Jr. 87-109 Tom Sneva 110-141 Rick Mears 142-143 Tom Sneva 144-200 Rick Mears Total laps led Laps Leader 119 Rick Mears 31 Tom Sneva 29 Mario Andretti 14 Teo Fabi 4 Al Unser Jr. 3 Danny Ongais Cautions: 5 for 34 laps Laps Reason 48-53 Spike Gehlhausen spin in turn 1 59-68 Patrick Bedard crash in turn 4 107-114 Gordon Johncock crash in pit area 154-158 Roberto Guerrero spin in turn 2 163-167 Scott Brayton stalled Broadcasting Radio The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. Paul Page served as the chief announcer for the eighth year. It was Page's eleventh year overall as part of the network crew. Lou Palmer reported from victory lane. Luke Walton introduced the starting command during the pre-race ceremonies, but did not have on-air duties during the race itself. Bob Forbes spent the early segments of the race covering the center pits, then spent the second half of the race concentrating on covering the garage area and track hospital. Sally Larvick was once again used in a limited role, conducting interviews. She also reported from the track hospital in the early portions of the race. This was the last year of the Backstretch reporter. The Backstretch reporter would return for a two-year period from 1989 to 1990 but have a very limited role both years. This would be the final 500 on the crew for Doug Zink, who debuted in 1966. Zink died April 3, 2016. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network Booth Announcers Turn Reporters Pit/garage reporters Chief Announcer: Paul Page Driver expert: Rodger Ward Statistician: John DeCamp Historian: Donald Davidson Turn 1: Ron Carrell Turn 2: Doug Zink Backstretch: Howdy Bell Turn 3: Larry Henry Turn 4: Bob Jenkins Luke Walton (pre-race)Sally Larvick (interviews/hospital) Jerry Baker (north pits)Chuck Marlowe (center pits)Bob Forbes (center pits/garages)Lou Palmer (south pits) Television The race was carried in the United States on ABC Sports on a same-day tape delay basis. Jackie Stewart served as the host position in "ABC Race Central" for the final time. Jack Arute joined the crew as a pit reporter, a position he would hold for over 20 years. After 1983, Chris Economaki left ABC, and joined CBS for the Daytona 500 and other NASCAR events. Larry Nuber debuted as a pit reporter in his first Indy assignment, and ABC News and ABC Sports correspondent Ray Gandolf supplied in-depth features. A new camera angle was introduced for this broadcast, located on the start's stand over the shoulder of the flagman. The angle would be used at the dropping of the green flag as well as the finish. The race was televised in Brasil for the first time, as the debut of former Formula One champion Emerson Fittipaldi attracted national interest. Record aired the race with Emerson's father Wilson Fittipaldi as announcer. The broadcast has re-aired on ESPN Classic since May 2011. ABC Television Booth Announcers Pit/garage reporters Host: Jackie Stewart Announcer: Jim McKay Color: Sam Posey Bill FlemmingJack AruteLarry NuberRay Gandolf (features) Gallery File:Indypacecar1984.jpg|1984 Pontiac Fiero pace car

Introduction If I Had One Wish is a young adult novel by Jackie French Koller, about a teenager named Alec Lansing, whose little brother Stevie is always getting him in trouble. The book was first published in 1991. Plot One day an old woman grants Alec one wish for his kindness to her. Alec uses it to wish that his little brother Stevie had never been born; to his horror, it comes true. Although no one else remembers Stevie, and Alec's life is in some ways better now, he is still guilt-stricken, and desperately tries to find a way to reverse his wish. Adaptation In 2003, the story was adapted as a Disney Channel Original Movie titled You Wish!. First edition *Little, Brown & Co., 1991 ()

Introduction Live Oak Brewing Company located in Austin, Texas, is a locally owned and operated brewery. The brewery produces four year-round beers as well as nearly 20 more seasonal (or limited release) beers. Live Oak beers are available on draft across Texas at bars and restaurants. In 2016, Live Oak began canning their beers for retail sale at grocery, liquor, and convenience stores across the state. While Live Oak uses industry standard step mashing for most of their beers, they use a more difficult and rarely used old world style of mashing known as decoction mashing for a few of their beers, most notably the Live Oak Pilz and the Oaktoberfest. Live Oak uses large, horizontal dairy tanks as fermenting vessels instead of the more traditional cylindroconical fermenters. From 1997 to 2015, the brewery was run out of rented industrial space on East 5th Street in central Austin. In December 2015, the company relocated to a new brewery and taproom facility built on of undeveloped land on the Colorado river just north of the Austin-Bergstrom International Airport. Construction of the new facility took 11 months. Live Oak Brewing Company brewery and taproom. The Live Oak Brewing Company Taproom & Biergarten is family-friendly and open to the public, home of The Black Forest food truck, group events, public brewery tours, beer release parties, art markets, trivia nights, beer and food events, Rolling Roadshows, and more. In 2018, Chip and head-brewer, Dusan Kwiatkowski, traveled to Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Poland, to learn more about the beer-making traditions of the Grodziskie style beer. Together with Browar Grodzisk a collaboration beer was born, Grodziskie Imperialne, with stronger notes of oak smoke and bitterness exceeding the Grodzisk standards. In 2019, Live Oak Brewing took home a bronze medal from The Great American Beer Festival for their Hefeweizen.

Introduction David Murray Brockie was a Canadian-American musician, who was the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Gwar, in which he performed as Oderus Urungus. He performed as a bassist and lead singer in the bands Death Piggy, X-Cops, and the Dave Brockie Experience (DBX), and starred in the comedy/horror TV sitcom Holliston as Oderus Urungus. Brockie died of a heroin overdose in 2014. Early life David Brockie was the youngest of two adopted sons of William and Marion Brockie, both of whom were originally from the United Kingdom. David's older brother, Andrew, died from complications of AIDS in the early 1990s. While born in Canada, at age 3 his parents emigrated to the United States. David grew up in Fairfax, Virginia. He attended Oak View Elementary School and graduated from James W. Robinson Secondary High School in 1981. David's interest in playing music began in high school. David was a huge fan of Monty Python's Flying Circus and frequently impersonated their skits with friends. He possessed a vivid imagination and was very creative throughout his youth. Oderus Urungus Brockie in character as Oderus Urungus in 2010 Brockie portrayed Oderus Urungus, Gwar's lead singer, from Gwar's inception in 1984 until his death. Oderus appeared as an intergalactic humanoid barbarian with devil horns and a meaty-looking face, and carried a long sword named "Unt Lick" and a cuttlefish around his loins. Backstory According to the character's backstory, Oderus Urungus is 50 billion years old, and was assembled on a planet called Scumdogia in "Syntho Womb 5" after pieces of his moldy war frame were found scattered throughout the galaxy. His only true companion was his cuttlefish, though lost for a short period it returned to its true resting place, strategically placed over his loins. According to interviews, Oderus's father was a supercomputer, and his mother was a petri dish. During a reading of Goodnight Moon, Oderus revealed that he was born into a gladiatorial arena, during which time he was given a sword, and battled an onslaught of "slowtards" who were trying to rape him. It is suggested in the lyrics of "Fire in the Loins" (from RagNaRok) that Slymenstra Hymen is his sister, but this is never fully explained. History Oderus Urungus was the only character to have existed throughout every incarnation of Gwar until his death, having started as a guitarist, then moving to bass, and finally lead vocals. Like all of Gwar's characters, Oderus underwent several design changes since his inception. He first started out as a relatively normal-looking character with a papier-mâché helmet with spikes that appeared to be made out of aluminum foil. This eventually progressed into a rubber wig. In the late 1980s Brockie, along with Chuck Varga, created the now-famous original design mask. After Hell-O!, he added large shoulder pads. These remained relatively unchanged (except for materials used) until 1994, when Brockie experimented with a new style - the left arm resembled a very mutated tentacle. The change did not last, and by the year's end, the design returned to the World War I-era German helmet-shaped shoulder pads. This version can be found in the "Saddam A Go-Go" video from the "Rendezvous With RagNaRok" movie. In 2001, after the filming of "It's Sleazy", Brockie redesigned the shoulder pads to feature two skulls with longer, more blade-shaped points. The disfigured face remained relatively unchanged since 1988, with slight additions made in 2001 (the redesign of Oderus was in collaboration with the medieval violence-themed Violence Has Arrived album, released in November of that year) – two horns, roughly six or seven inches (178 mm) in length. For the Beyond Hell album and tours both preceding and succeeding said album, Oderus's mask was once again redesigned. It appeared more decayed and distorted than the previous masks, and there was exposed flesh on the forehead and the mask had a lighter color to it. The beard was fuller and larger and had red and green highlights in it. The most recent Oderus mask had longer horns and cheek bones that stood out more. As the front man for the band, Dave Brockie was the most interviewed among the group, alternating between himself and Oderus Urungus. All of Gwar's major television appearances included Dave portraying Oderus. Oderus appeared semi-regularly on the late-night Fox News talk show Red Eye w/Greg Gutfeld as the Intergalactic Correspondent from July 8, 2009, to September 30, 2010. Holliston On April 3, 2012, the television sitcom Holliston had its world television premiere on the FEARnet cable television network. Created by horror filmmaker Adam Green (Hatchet, Frozen), the series starred Dave Brockie in his "Oderus Urungus" character as series lead Adam Green's imaginary alien friend and guardian angel who lives in his closet. In each episode, whenever "Adam" faced a personal problem, "Oderus" would come out of his closet and dish out advice that was both hilariously and terribly misguided, oftentimes causing "Adam" to have even worse problems. A second season was green-lit the morning after the second episode had aired. The second season of Holliston began airing on television on June 4, 2012. Brockie toured and appeared with his castmates as "Oderus Urungus" at many live performances of Holliston across the United States in 2012 and 2013. Green appeared on stage with Gwar several times when the band had him introduce their encore performance. The full Holliston cast was murdered on stage and fed to both Gwar's world maggot and meat grinder at several US shows. A third season of Holliston was being scripted by Green when Brockie died in March 2014. When asked in interviews about how he would address the loss of Brockie and whether or not Holliston would indeed continue, Green stated, "I am too heartbroken over the loss of my friend and brother to think about that right now." Green says he will be focusing on his other upcoming film projects until he is emotionally ready to turn his attention back to his TV series and that "it will take me however long it may take me." Green joined Jello Biafra and Randy Blythe on stage as one of the speakers at Brockie's public memorial in Richmond, Virginia in August 2014 where he delivered a 15 minute eulogy to the crowd and posted a public eulogy in his blog on www.ariescope.com that included the full audio of Brockie's final voice mail to him. In the voice mail message, Brockie calls Green from Gwar's tour in Australia simply to say, "I miss my Holliston family and I love you… like a little motherfucking little brother. I love you very much." In 2012, he joined the 11th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers. 1990 arrest for obscenity In 1990, Brockie was arrested by police for obscenity after a Charlotte, North Carolina concert, that almost led to him being deported (Brockie was, at the time, a Canadian citizen and did not have a driver's license), taking the "Cuttlefish of Cthulhu" (an on-stage prop meant to represent Oderus's penis) into custody as "evidence". In the end, Brockie was not deported but was banned from North Carolina for a year. The arrest was written into the Oderus Urungus mythology. Oderus attracts trouble wherever he goes, including one instance where, according to the storyline of Gwar's America Must Be Destroyed album and Phallus in Wonderland movie, Corporal Punishment of The Morality Squad ambushes and detaches the Cuttlefish. This is detailed in the song "Ham On The Bone" (although the song predates the event in question by more than a year, it fits the context of the story perfectly). Since that incident, Oderus had made it a point to appear with the Cuttlefish whenever possible. Though some tours downplayed the "fish", Gwar's more recent tours had utilized a re-designed Cuttlefish as a means to spray the audience with various fluids. Instruments Though he was the lead vocalist of Gwar, Dave Brockie played other instruments with the band. His original position was as one of the (three) guitarists, though other Slave Pit members (as well as Brockie himself) claimed that he was a very poor guitarist. Don Drakulich, a.k.a. Sleazy P. Martini, has given a similar answer in the "Ask Sleazy" section of Bohab Central (the largest Gwar fansite), even going so far as to say that all of Brockie's guitar parts on Let There Be Gwar were removed. As a bass player, however, Brockie fared much better. In the Live From Antarctica concert video, Oderus played bass on "Cool Place To Park", while Michael Bishop (then Beefcake the Mighty) sang – though Bishop was capable of singing and playing at the same time, his thrashing and jumping made that impossible. Brockie also played bass on the tracks "Eat Steel" and "Fight", on Gwar's album This Toilet Earth. Additionally, Brockie played bass for X-Cops as Patrolman Cobb Knobbler, as well as the Dave Brockie Experience. Musical influences Brockie stated he grew up a "rocker"; he started out listening to heavy metal as a kid, then immediately became more absorbed into punk rock as a teenager, especially the 1980s hardcore punk scene. Brockie stated his favorite punk bands were Bad Brains, Black Flag, Dayglo Abortions and Charged GBH. He got back into heavy metal when thrash metal bands, such as Metallica and Slayer began to emerge. Death David Brockie as Oderus Urungus live on stageOn Sunday March 23, 2014, Brockie was found dead, his body sitting upright in a chair in his home, by a fellow band member. The cause of death was determined to be a heroin overdose. Gwar's management confirmed Brockie's death on the official Gwar website on March 24. Fellow musicians honored his memory, including Lamb of God lead singer Randy Blythe, Foo Fighters lead singer Dave Grohl, and The Daily Beast writer Andy Hinds. Oderus Urungus was given a traditional Viking funeral in a public memorial prior to the 5th annual GWAR-B-Q event on August 15, 2014. Brockie is not buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia, but has a memorial marker. After Brockie's death, a fan petition was started to persuade the developers of Mortal Kombat X to include Oderus into the game as a tribute to Brockie. In addition, a second petition was made to persuade the developers of Killer Instinct to include Oderus. As a part of the band's complex mythology, on the Gwar Eternal Tour, Mr. Perfect tells Gwar that he stole Oderus Urungus' immortality and impaled him on his own sword. Brockie was survived by his father, William Brockie. In April 2015, William Brockie filed suit in Richmond, Virginia, Circuit Court against the surviving band members and their management company, Slave Pit Inc., seeking "$1 million in compensatory damages, punitive damages, and injunctive relief on claims of conversion, breach of contract, and unauthorized use of David Brockie's image." Discography With Gwar Hell-O Scumdogs of the Universe America Must Be Destroyed This Toilet Earth Ragnarök Carnival of Chaos We Kill Everything Violence Has Arrived War Party Live From Mt. Fuji Beyond Hell Lust in Space Bloody Pit of Horror Battle Maximus With Dave Brockie Experience Diarrhea of a Madman Live From Ground Zero Songs for the Wrong With Death Piggy Love War 7-inch EP (1983) Death Rules the Fairway 7-inch EP (1984) R45 7-inch EP (1985) Smile Or Die (compilation) With X-Cops You Have the Right to Remain Silent... Bibliography

Introduction Greenwich House Pottery is a non-profit pottery studio located in the West Village of New York City. History Potter's Wheel at Greenwich House Pottery Greenwich House Pottery was founded in New York's Greenwich Village in 1909 as a part of the settlement house Greenwich House. Greenwich House provides arts education (including Greenwich House Music School, senior service and behavioral health programs. Greenwich House Pottery was founded as a place both to teach pottery making skills by molding the clay or on a potter's wheel. It has taught children, from two years of age, since it was founded to provide a safe after-school and recreation program. Notable ceramic artists who have taught at Greenwich House include Stanley Rosen (1956–59), Bernard Leach, Shōji Hamada, Peter Voulkos, Elise Siegel and Robert Turner. Israeli ceramist Siona Shimshi studied at Greenwich House. Location The pottery studio is located in a Colonial Revival building designed by Delano & Aldrich at 16 Jones Street in Greenwich Village in New York City. It is located within the South Village Historic District, and was registered on February 24, 2014, as a National Register of Historic Places. Description Greenwich House Pottery offers classes, including sculpting and firing, of six or twelve weeks in duration. There are day and evening classes for beginners to advanced students throughout the year. It teaches children, starting with toddlers, and adults. In addition to classes, it also offers lectures and workshops. It conducts exhibitions and performs outreach to the community. Within Greenwich House Pottery is the Jane Hartsook Gallery. The Gallery was named in honor of Jane Hartsook, former Pottery Director, for her leadership role in making it "one of the nation's leading ceramic arts studios," according to Alfred University. Owing, in part, to a renaissance in ceramics, enrollment at the pottery grew to a point where a major renovation was planned. Starting in 2019, the pottery will undergo substantial changes which include adding an elevator, expanded workspace, more kilns, and a roofdeck.

Introduction St James' Independent Schools in London (UK) are three fee-paying schools for children aged 4 to 18. The Junior and Senior Girls' Schools are in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, and the Senior Boys' School in Ashford, Surrey. In 2019 The Times UK School Guide ranked St James' Senior Girls School 102nd with 82.1% scoring A*-B at A-Level, and St James' Senior Boys 251st with 75.9% scoring A*- B at A-level. Meditation and Mindfulness St James' incorporate stillness, meditation, reflection techniques into the school routine. Sanskrit Language Unusually for a UK school, the St James Schools teach Sanskrit.，which is a compulsory second language for the junior students. Being an ancient Indo-European language its study illuminates the grammar and etymology of modern languages of that family, including English; its philosophical concepts provide a wealth of human thought; regarded classical language par excellence and considered positive while assessing university admissions. It also helps students grasp maths, science and other languages better. Warwick Jessup, head of Sanskrit department, says: "This is the most perfect and logical language in the world, the only one that is not named after the people who speak it. Indeed the word 'Sanskrit' itself means perfected language." Paul Moss, Headmaster of the school, says: "The Devanagri script and spoken Sanskrit are two of the best ways for a child to overcome stiffness of fingers and the tongue. Today’s European languages do not use many parts of the tongue and mouth while speaking or many finger movements while writing, whereas Sanskrit helps immensely to develop cerebral dexterity through its phonetics." Students of St. James chanted Vedic hymns in presence of Queen Elizabeth at the Buckingham Palace in 2010 to celebrate beginning of the Commonwealth Games. Connection with the School of Economic Science The School of Economic Science, through associated overseas schools, supports independent children's schools in a number of countries, including Australia, New Zealand, Ireland (John Scottus School), the West Indies and the United States. The St James' Schools are legally independent from the School of Economic Science. They seek to preserve the ethos of their founding philosophical principles which are derived from the Advaita Vedanta philosophical tradition, which the schools describe as encompassing the concept of unity, and of a multicultural approach which embraces all faiths – and no faith. Philosophy is taught and transcendental meditation is an optional practice in the schools. The Education Renaissance Trust, a UK registered charity, was founded by the SES in 1998 with the aim of "making their philosophy of education based on spiritual values available more widely". The ERT provides support and funding for the St James schools worldwide, and currently runs inset training days for teachers in UK state schools. Today, only around 10 per cent of the children have parents involved with SES. Criticisms In the early 1980s the London Evening Standard ran a critical series of articles focusing on the School's discipline regime and its links to the School of Economic Science. An independent inquiry into mistreatment of pupils between 1975 and 1985 at St James' and its then sister school St Vedast's, which closed in 1985, was funded by the schools and chaired by James Townend QC. The report, published in January 2006, concluded that "mental and physical mistreatment" of some pupils had occurred, including "criminal assaults" by teachers, during the ten-year period considered by the inquiry. Townend's report also found that throughout this period the schools' management and governors were failing to the extent that they "were not in any real sense in charge of the Schools". In his conclusion, Townend stated that there had been "a real change of ethos and conduct of the schools" since the period of abuses he identified in his report. In December 2020 a BBC News report stated that nearly £1m in compensation had been paid to dozens of former students at St James and St Vedast schools following historical allegations of abuse. Following the legal action, which was launched against the school in 2016, the BBC reported 45 former students who attended the schools between 1975 and 1992 had so far received payments of up to £30,000 each. All of the cases were settled without an admission of liability and did not come before court. Former schools St Vedast's School for Boys, at Sarum Chase in West Heath Road, Hampstead, London, was sold in January 2005 for £9,300,000. The building is now a private residence. Notable former pupils Notable former pupils include: Clara Salaman, actress, The Bill Emily Watson, actress, star of Breaking the Waves and Appropriate Adult

Introduction Emil Săndoi is a Romanian football manager and former player. A centre-back, he was born in Craiova and debuted in Divizia A with hometown side Universitatea Craiova in 1983. Săndoi made his debut for the Romania national team in 1987 against Greece, and was chosen in the 1990 FIFA World Cup squad. Game interference In a game between Chindia Târgoviște and Argeș in Romania's second division, Săndoi was standing on the side line as manager, and yet interfered in the match by tripping an opposition player. International stats + Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Romania 1987 1 0 1988 5 0 1989 2 0 1990 4 0 1991 10 0 1992 3 0 1993 5 0 Total 30 0 Honours Player Universitatea Craiova Divizia A: 1990–91 Cupa României: 1990–91, 1992–93 Coach FC Universitatea Craiova Cupa României runner-up: 1999–00 Pandurii Târgu Jiu Divizia B: 2004–05

Introduction Lees from Merlot after fermentation. Fujian red rice wine lees Lees are deposits of dead yeast or residual yeast and other particles that precipitate, or are carried by the action of "fining", to the bottom of a vat of wine after fermentation and aging. The same while brewing beer at a brewery is known as trub – the same from secondary fermentation of wine and beer are the lees or equally, as to beer only, dregs. This material is the source for most commercial tartaric acid, which is used in cooking and in organic chemistry. Normally, the wine is transferred to another container (racking), leaving this sediment behind. Some wines (notably Chardonnay, Champagne, and Muscadet) are sometimes aged for a time on the lees (a process known as sur lie), leading to a distinctive yeasty aroma and taste. The lees may be stirred () for uptake of their flavour. The lees are an important component in the making of ripasso, where the leftover lees from Amarone are used to impart more flavour and colour to partially aged Valpolicella. Fujian red wine chicken is made from rice wine lees. ''Sur lie'' Lees in a glass Sur lie literally translates from French as 'on lees'. Sur lie wines are bottled directly from the lees without racking (a process for filtering the wine). In the case of great Chardonnay, such as Montrachet, this adds a toasty, nutty "hazelnut" quality and additional depth and complexity. Chemically, this can alter the oak flavour molecules, increasing the integration, and making the oak seem less obtrusive to the palate. This is desirable because oak tannins are polyphenolic acids, and can be harsh. This process can also give an added freshness and creaminess to the wine, and improve color and clarity. Muscadet is made in this fashion. The effect of the lees during bottle fermentation for at least 18 months on Champagne is considerable. The "bready" toasty notes associated with some of the greatest sparkling wines made are the result of sur lie aging. Other uses Beer on an element of lees (residual sediment) is also sold, such as many Trappist beers Unibroue Quebec, Canada-based ales/beers Real ales of older styles (not India Pale Ale) Kombucha can also be brewed sur lie. Light lees protocol In a process in which yeast is added to wine that has completed primary fermentation, this secondary yeast addition typically remains in the wine from 2–8 weeks, depending on the winemaker's goals. The yeast is stirred (bâtonage) frequently, and racked when the protocol is complete. Also known as secondary autolysis, a light lees protocol releases additional mannoproteins and polysaccharides that can influence the flavour, tannins, and acidity of the wine.

Introduction A Ring of Endless Light is a 2002 Disney Channel Original Movie based on the Madeleine L'Engle book of the same name filmed on location in Australia, and starring Mischa Barton in the main lead role. In the U.S., it was aired on August 23, 2002. Plot When 16-year-old Vicky Austin, her sister Suzy and little brother Rob visit their grandfather on Seven Bay Island, Vicky faces several unexpected challenges. Her beloved grandfather, the retired Reverend Eaton, seems to be seriously ill, but tries to pretend that nothing is wrong. Vicky met the rich but emotionally troubled Zachary Gray the previous summer, and he reappears to renew the acquaintance. Another boy, 17-year-old Adam Eddington, recruits Vicky to help him with a research project, working with a dolphin called Basil. Vicky discovers she can communicate telepathically with the dolphin and his mate – and possibly with Adam as well. Vicky copes as best she can with the increasing stress placed on her by her grandfather's illness, especially once he admits to her that he is dying of leukemia. In turn, Reverend Eaton tries to encourage Vicky with his gentle wisdom and appreciation of her talents, especially her writing, in marked contrast to her parents' long distance expectations that she study science. A rivalry develops between Zach and Adam, which becomes an uneasy alliance as the three teenagers seek to expose the illegal use of drift nets, which trap and kill dolphins, by a ship owned by Zach's father. Eventually they succeed, saving their dolphin friend (and Adam himself) from the deadly net just as Vicky's grandfather arrives with the Coast Guard. The excitement is too much for Reverend Eaton, however, who dies soon afterward. He leaves behind a new blank book for Vicky in which to write her poetry. Vicky decides to follow her heart and her talents rather than her parents' plans for her. Cast Mischa Barton as Vicky Austin Ryan Merriman as Adam Eddington Jared Padalecki as Zachary Gray Scarlett Pomers as Suzy Austin Soren Fulton as Rob Austin James Whitmore as Grandfather Theresa Wong as Dr. Zand Penny Everingham as Cecily Comparison with the novel The television adaptation is considerably "lighter" in tone than the novel A Ring of Endless Light. In the book, a family friend has just died while trying to save the life of Vicky's troubled friend Zachary Gray. Shortly thereafter, a baby dolphin dies, a marine biologist of Vicky's acquaintance is nearly killed in an accident, and a sick girl suffers a seizure and dies in Vicky's arms. In the film, Vicky's grandfather is dying and some dolphins are threatened by illegal fishing nets, but that is about the extent of the death and impending death Vicky sees around her. The fishing nets storyline, which does not appear in the novel, is standard Disney fare in that it involves young characters behaving heroically in an adventure setting. Its climax, in which one of the major characters is tangled in a net and nearly drowns, echoes a similar scene in the Disney Channel movie The Thirteenth Year. Vicky's on-screen love life is also substantially different from what appears in the book. In the film, Zachary does not try to commit suicide, and his negative behavior has been toned down. Instead the film shows Zach involved in positive activities, most notably joining forces with Adam to expose the illegal fishing methods. In the book, the character Leo Rodney competes with Zachary Gray for Vicky's attention, while Adam tries to avoid forming a romantic attachment with her because of a negative experience the previous summer. In the film, Adam and Zachary are rivals, and Leo does not appear. Family relationships in the film have been similarly changed and streamlined. Vicky's parents are absent for most of the film, whereas they are very much present in the novel. In the film, Vicky's parents expect her to study science, while in the book, they encourage Vicky to choose her own path. Vicky's older brother John is not mentioned, and his interest in astronomy is given to Suzy instead. In the novel, Vicky's grandfather is completely honest about his illness and from the beginning, Vicky understands that her grandfather will not be alive at the end of the summer. In the film the extent and nature of his illness is a secret that is only gradually revealed. Reception Laura Fries of Variety reviewed the film negatively, remarking "Writers Marita Giovanni and Bruce Graham take the poignant and thought-provoking notions of life and death found in the Madeline L’Engle teen novel and turn it into Gidget meets Flipper drivel..." Lynne Heffley of Los Angeles Times was more complimentary, lauding the performances, highlighting "...Mischa Barton's luminous presence as Vicky and the venerable James Whitmore as her tender and wise grandfather." Award and nomination The film's director, Greg Beeman, was nominated for the 2002 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children's Programs for A Ring of Endless Light.

Introduction Cosmos was a Latvian a cappella band that formed in Riga in 2002. The band comprised singers Jānis Šipkēvics, Andris Sējāns (both countertenors), Juris Lisenko (tenor), Jānis Ozols (baritone), Jānis Strazdiņš (bass) and Reinis Sējāns (rhythm). Cosmos gained national and international recognition after they were chosen to represent Latvia in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest held in Athens, Greece with the song "I Hear Your Heart". Despite winning the national Eirodziesma 2006 contest, the band finished in joint sixteenth place out of the twenty-four finalists, with thirty points. Discography *Cosmos Pa un par Тетради любви Ticu un viss Turbulence Pasaki man un tev

Introduction Kåre Holt at his Holmestrand home in 1980 Kåre Holt was a Norwegian author. He wrote plays, poetry and about forty books. Biography Holt was born in the village of Våle in Vestfold, Norway. His parents were Peder Anton Kristiansen (1870-1958) and Mathilde Sofie Larsen Rønningen (1871-1945). He worked for some time as a journalist at Vestfold Arbeiderblad. His initial work was published in 1939, a children's book named Tore Kramkar. As his career progressed, Holt wrote many children's books, plays, radio plays, biographies, and historical novels. The trilogy Kongen about King Sverre Sigurdsson is considered his principal work. He is also remembered for his mythologically-based novels about icons of Norwegian history, among others Kappløpet about Roald Amundsen which created a sensation when it was published in 1974. Holt won The Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature 1954, for Mennesker ved en grense. Holt was nominated three times for The Nordic Council's Literature Prize (Nordisk Råds litteraturpris): in 1966 for the novel Kongen—Mannen fra utskjæret, in 1970 for the novel Kongen—Hersker og trell and in 1979 for the novel Sønn av jord og himmel. Holt was made a Knight 1st Class in the Order of St. Olav in 1991. He died during 1997 at Holmestrand in Vestfold. In 2007, a bust of the author by artist Ada Madssen was unveiled in front of his former house at Reidvintunet, an open-air museum in the village of Hillestad in Holmestrand. Bibliography Kåre Holt bust at Reidvintunet in Holmestrand Tore finner vei – (1940) Spillemann og kjøgemester – (1941) Udåden – (1945) Hurra for han som innstifta da'n – a biography of Henrik Wergeland for young people (1945) Demring – (1946) Nattgjester – novel (1948) Cleng Peerson og Nils med luggen – teen book (1948) Det store veiskillet – novel (1949) Brødre – novel (1951) Hevnen hører meg til – novel (1953) Mennesker ved en grense – novel (1954) Det stolte nederlag – novel (1956) Natt ved sjøen – radioplay (1956) Storm under morgenstjerne – novel (1958) Rømlingen Oskar og Maria fra Hulesjøen – teen novel (1959) Opprørere ved havet – novel (1960) Den gamle veien til Kierlighed – stories (1961) Perlefiskeren – novel (1963) Mannen fra utskjæret – novel (1965) (about King Sverre Sigurdsson) Fredløse menn – novel (1967) (about King Sverre Sigurdsson) Hersker og trell – novel (1969) (about King Sverre Sigurdsson) Kristina av Tunsberg – play (1971) Oppstandelsen – novel (1971) Ansikter i sagaens halvlys – (1971) (illustrated by Karl Erik Harr) Farvel til en kvinne – novel (1972) (about the queen buried at Oseberg) Hilsen fra Rafnaberg – collection of articles (1973) Folket ved Svansjøen – prose collection (1973) Kappløpet – novel (1974) (about Roald Amundsen) Sjøhelten – novel (1975) (about Peter Wessel Tordenskiold) De lange mil til paradiset – novel (1977) Sønn av jord og himmel – novel (1978) (about Hans Egede) Skuddet – criminal novel (1979) (about Claus Jæger) Gjester fra det ukjente – novel (1980) Biter av et bilde – drawings (1981) Mørke smil – satire (1981) Sannferdig beretning om mitt liv som løgner – autobiography (1982) Veien videre. Ny sannferdig beretning om mitt liv som løgner – autobiography (1983) Skoggangsmann – (1984) (about Rottenikken) Budbringeren fra Tunsberg – teen novel (1985) Flyktningen fra Stiklestad – teen novel (1986) Vandringen – novel (1986) (about Fridtjof Nansen) Det finnes en kvinne i Nevada for hvem jeg ha løyet – collection of articles (1995) Prizes *Norwegian Culture and Religious Department prize for young peoples literature for Cleng Peerson og Nils med luggen - 1948 The Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for Mennesker ved en grense - 1954 Språklig samlings litteraturpris - 1966 Gyldendal's Endowment - 1967 Sarpsborgprisen - 1967 Dobloug Prize - 1970 Sproingprisen for Kristina av Tunsberg - 1991 Norwegian Culture and Religious Department prize for young peoples literature for Kristina av Tunsberg - 1991

Introduction Heikki Ilmari Savolainen was a Finnish artistic gymnast. He competed in five consecutive Olympics from 1928 to 1952 and won at least one medal in each of them. In 1928, he won a bronze on pommel horse, which was the first-ever medal in gymnastics for Finland. Winning his last medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, he became the oldest gymnastics medalist, at 44 years old; he delivered the Olympic Oath in the opening ceremony of those games. In 1932, Savolainen and his teammate Einari Teräsvirta had the same score on horizontal bar, but the Finnish team voted to give the silver medal to Savolainen. In 1948, he again had the same score as teammates Veikko Huhtanen and Paavo Aaltonen on pommel horse, and the gold medal was shared between the three. At the world championships, Savolainen won only one medal, a team silver in 1950. Domestically, he collected 20 titles between 1928 and 1950, including six individual all-around titles in 1928–37. Savolainen at a field hospital in his wartime duties as a physician with the rank of major Savolainen graduated as a physical education teacher in 1931, and a Doctor of Medicine in 1939, after which he started working as a doctor in his home town Kajaani, Finland. During the Winter War he served with the rank of lieutenant colonel as the head doctor in a military hospital. In parallel Savolainen worked for the Finnish sports magazine Urheilulehti in 1932–37. From 1946 to 1959 he served as vice-president of the Finnish Gymnastics Federation, and in 1946–56 as president of gymnastics federation of Kajaani, the town where he lived most of his later life. Savolainen is the only Finnish gymnast inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame (2004).

Introduction Mike Skinner (seen in 2011), the inaugural Truck Series champion The 1995 NASCAR SuperTruck Series presented by Craftsman was the inaugural season of the NASCAR SuperTruck Series. The season began on February 5, 1995, and ended on October 28. Mike Skinner of Richard Childress Racing won the championship. Prior to and after the season, NASCAR conducted seven exhibition races. This was the first year that Dodge ran in NASCAR in any capacity since 1985. Teams and drivers Team Manufacturer Race Driver Crew Chief AAG Racing Chevrolet 65 Frank Kimmel Kirk Shelmerdine Kenny Allen A. J. Foyt Enterprises Ford 41 A. J. Foyt Akins-Sutton Motorsports Ford 38 Sammy Swindell Roland Wlodyka Full Archer Racing Chevrolet 03 Tommy Archer Bobby Allison Motorsports Ford 32 Derrike Cope Borneman Motorsports Chevrolet 8 John Borneman Brevak Racing Ford 4 Bob Brevak 34 Ray Daniels 42 Bob Brevak Bunce Engineering Chevrolet 63 Ron Esau Collins Motorsports Chevrolet 74 Gary Collins Cone Racing Chevrolet 22 Todd Massey Combs Racing Chevrolet 05 Rodney Combs Jr. Chesrown Racing Chevrolet 6 Rick Carelli Joe Garone Full 62 Mike Chase Churchill Motorsports Ford 55 Randy Churchill 88 Jerry Churchill Randy Churchill Freddie Query Clark Racing Chevrolet 23 T. J. Clark Dale Earnhardt, Inc. Chevrolet 16 Ron Hornaday Jr. Doug Richert Full 76 Dennis Dyer David Green Darrell Waltrip Motorsports Chevrolet 17 Darrell Waltrip Decuir Racing Chevrolet 10 Troy Beebe Stan Fox Dennis Wooldridge Steve Darne Garrett Evans Dokken Racing Chevrolet 64 Michael Dokken Doran Racing Chevrolet 77 Gary St. Amant Jimmy Dick Racing Chevrolet 79 Jimmy Dick Earl Barban Racing Ford 90 Kenny Wallace Enerjetix Motorsports Chevrolet 99 Pancho Carter Gary Herrin Flores Racing Chevrolet 57 Bob Walker Genzman Racing Ford 48 Andy Genzman Geoff Bodine Racing Ford 7 Geoff Bodine Dave Rezendes Dave Rezendes 07 Barry Bodine Gigliotti Racing Chevrolet 82 Lou Gigliotti Glanville Motorsports Ford 81 Jerry Glanville Grier Lackey Motorsports Dodge 30 Joe Bessey Mark Gibson Jimmy Hensley Dennis Setzer Griffin Racing Chevrolet 31 Jack Sprague Hansen Racing Ford 53 Scott Hansen Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 5 Terry Labonte Roger Mears 24 Scott Lagasse Dennis Conner Full 25 Roger Mears Rick Hendrick Jack Sprague Irvan-Simo Racing Ford 4 Boris Said 28 Ernie Irvan 84 Joe Ruttman Sammy Houston Full 94 Mark Simo Jacks Racing Chevrolet 58 Wayne Jacks Joe Bessey Racing Chevrolet 9 Joe Bessey Jones Racing Chevrolet 09 Bob Jones K-Automotive Motorsports Dodge 29 Bob Keselowski Ron Keselowski Ken Schrader Racing Chevrolet 52 Ken Schrader Tim Kohuth Ron Esau Darrell Waltrip Kevin Harvick, Inc. Chevrolet 72 Kevin Harvick Mike Harvick L&M Racing Chevrolet 83 Steve Portenga Rob Dehoney Liberty Racing Ford 98 Butch Miller Gary Showalter Full MacDonald Motorsports Chevrolet 71 Kenji Momota MB Motorsports Ford 26 Tony Roper Andy Brass Mike Wallace McEachern Motorsports Chevrolet 54 Steve McEachern NEMCO Motorsports Chevrolet 87 John Nemechek Nooner Racing Ford 15 Tim Nooner Petty Enterprises Chevrolet 43 Rodney Combs Bob Johnson Redding Motorsports Chevrolet 89 John Nemechek Troy Beebe Bugs Hairfield Dennis Setzer Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet 3 Mike Skinner Rich Burgess Full 31 Bill Cooper Dave Marcis Roehrig Motorsports Chevrolet 18 Johnny Benson Davy Jones Wally Dallenbach Jr. Rosenblum Racing Chevrolet 51 Kerry Teague Roush Racing Ford 61 Ted Musgrave Todd Bodine RPM Racing Ford 11 Mike Hurlbert Chad Little Sadler Racing Chevrolet 00 Hermie Sadler Sellers Motorsports Ford 78 Dirk Stephens Serrano Racing Chevrolet 40 Carlos Serrano Spears Motorsports Chevrolet 75 Bill Sedgwick Dan Press Full Strait Racing Ford 37 Bob Strait Stroppe Motorsports Ford 14 John Kinder Tallas Racing Chevrolet 70 G. T. Tallas Ultra Motorsports Ford 06 Butch Gilliland 08 Mike Bliss John Borneman 2 Dave Ashley Mike Bliss Barry Dodson 12 Bob Strait Dave Smith Venable Racing Ford 21 Tobey Butler Full Venturini Motorsports Chevrolet 35 Bill Venturini Vestar Motorsports Chevrolet 0 Frank Davis 1 P. J. Jones Leon Ruther Mike Chase 01 Gary Lloyd Ricky Johnson Andy Hillenburg Walker Evans Racing Dodge 20 Walker Evans 26 Ron Esau 28 Winslow Racing Chevrolet 68 Ernest Winslow Ronnie Riddle Schedule The 1995 SuperTruck Series presented by Craftsman schedule consisted of twenty races, at eighteen tracks in fifteen states. In addition, an exhibition race was run following the end of the season at the Homestead-Miami Speedway as a demonstration of the trucks' suitability for larger racetracks. No. Race Title Track Date Network 1 Skoal Bandit Copper World Classic Phoenix International Raceway, Avondale February 5 TNN 2 Racing Champions 200 Tucson Raceway Park, Tucson April 8 ESPN 3 Scott Irvin Chevrolet/Craftsman 200 Saugus Speedway, Saugus April 15 TNN 4 Ford Credit 125 Mesa Marin Raceway, Bakersfield April 22 ABC 5 Maxx Race Cards 200 Portland Speedway, Portland May 5 TNN 6 Jerr Dan/Nelson 150 Evergreen Speedway, Monroe May 13 TNN 7 Western Auto 200 I-70 Speedway, Odessa May 27 TNN 8 Ford Credit 200 Louisville Motor Speedway, Louisville June 3 ESPN 9 Pizza Plus 150 Bristol International Raceway, Bristol June 13 ESPN 10 Sears Auto Center 125 Milwaukee Mile, West Allis July 1 CBS 11 Total Petroleum 200 Colorado National Speedway, Erie July 15 CBS 12 Heartland Tailgate 175 Heartland Park Topeka, Topeka July 29 TNN 13 Action Packed Racing Cards 150 Indianapolis Raceway Park, Clermont August 3 ESPN 14 Stevens Beil/Genuine Car Parts 150 Flemington Speedway, Flemington August 19 TNN 15 Fas Mart Supertruck Shootout Richmond International Raceway, Richmond September 7 ESPN 16 Goody's 150 Martinsville Speedway, Martinsville September 25 ESPN 17 Lowe's 150 North Wilkesboro Speedway, North Wilkesboro September 30 ESPN 18 Subway 100 Sears Point Raceway, Sonoma October 7 TNN 19 Spears Manufacturing 200 Mesa Marin Raceway, Bakersfield October 15 TNN 20 GM Goodwrench/Delco Battery 200 Phoenix International Raceway, Avondale October 28 TNN NASCAR Supertruck 25 Homestead-Miami Speedway, Homestead November 4 TBS Season summary The Skoal Bandit Copper World Classic, the first SuperTruck race to be run, was an 80-lap race held February 5 at Phoenix International Raceway. The second race of the year at Tucson Raceway Park was the first Truck race to have a green–white–checker finish. Mike Skinner led the Maxx Race Cards 200 at Portland Speedway from flag to flag (all 200 laps), while the No. 58 of Wayne Jacks rolled over after hitting a large tractor tire that separated pit road from the race track. In the Total Petroleum 200 at Colorado National Speedway, the margin of victory by Butch Miller over Mike Skinner was officially .001 of a second. Replays during the telecast on CBS showed a virtual dead heat between Miller and Skinner at the checkered flag. In the following race at Heartland Park Topeka, the No. 51 of Kerry Teague was injured in a crash on lap 9 after the throttle hung on his Chevrolet. His truck then spun driver's side first into the wall, making the truck slightly airborne. Teague was airlifted to a local hospital for precautionary reasons. At Indianapolis Raceway Park in the Action Packed Racing Cards 150, on the last lap of the race, the No. 77 of Gary St. Amant (who finished 11th) spun out off of turn 2 and hit a light pole in the infield, knocking out a cluster of lights in the process. The same exact lights were knocked out the next evening during the Busch Grand National race by Chris Diamond; Mike Skinner lead flag to flag again (all 150 laps). The Stevens Beil/Genuine Car Parts 150 at Flemington Speedway saw the race was lengthened to 151 laps due to a green–white–checker finish; the race was Jack Sprague's debut for Hendrick Motorsports. The Lowe's 150 at North Wilkesboro Speedway on September 30 saw the Truck debut of Ernie Irvan, who had been out of racing for over a year because of critical injuries suffered in practice for the 1994 GM Goodwrench 400 at Michigan International Speedway. Irvan qualified his No. 28 on the outside pole and led 24 laps. However, his truck was unable to answer the call after the halftime break and was credited with a 30th-place finish. The next day, Irvan made his comeback to the Winston Cup Series in a second Texaco/Havoline Ford for Robert Yates Racing, the No. 88. In the following race at Sears Point Raceway, Ray Daniels in the No. 34 truck flipped out of the course coming to rest on the tire wall after hitting the tires coming out of Turn 10. Daniels was uninjured. Ron Hornaday Jr. led all 40 laps en route to the win. Results and standings Races No. Race Pole position Most laps led Winning driver Winning manufacturer 1 Skoal Bandit Copper World Classic Ron Hornaday Jr. Ron Hornaday Jr. Mike Skinner Chevrolet 2 Racing Champions 200 Mike Skinner Ron Hornaday Jr. Ron Hornaday Jr. Chevrolet 3 Scott Irvin Chevrolet/Craftsman 200 Mike Skinner Mike Skinner Ken Schrader Chevrolet 4 Ford Credit 125 Mike Skinner Ron Hornaday Jr. Ron Hornaday Jr. Chevrolet 5 Maxx Race Cards 200 Mike Skinner Mike Skinner Mike Skinner Chevrolet 6 Jerr Dan/Nelson 150 Mike SkinnerSteve Portenga* Ron Hornaday Jr. Ron Hornaday Jr. Chevrolet 7 Western Auto 200 Ron Hornaday Jr.** Mike Skinner Mike Skinner Chevrolet 8 Ford Credit 200 Mike SkinnerJack Sprague* Mike Skinner Mike Skinner Chevrolet 9 Pizza Plus 150 Mike Skinner Sammy Swindell Joe Ruttman Ford 10 Sears Auto Center 125 Mike Skinner Mike Skinner Mike Skinner Chevrolet 11 Total Petroleum 200 Ron Hornaday Jr. Ron Hornaday Jr. Butch Miller Ford 12 Heartland Tailgate 175 Ron Hornaday Jr. Ron Hornaday Jr. Ron Hornaday Jr. Chevrolet 13 Action Packed Racing Cards 150 Mike Skinner Mike Skinner Mike Skinner Chevrolet 14 Stevens Beil/Genuine Car Parts 150 Joe Ruttman Ron Hornaday Jr. Ron Hornaday Jr. Chevrolet 15 Fas Mart Supertruck Shootout Terry Labonte Geoff Bodine Terry Labonte Chevrolet 16 Goody's 150 Mike Skinner** Mike Skinner Joe Ruttman Ford 17 Lowe's 150 Mike Skinner Geoff Bodine Mike Bliss Ford 18 Subway 100 Ron Hornaday Jr. Ron Hornaday Jr. Ron Hornaday Jr. Chevrolet 19 Spears Manufacturing 200 Bill Sedgwick Ron Hornaday Jr. Mike Skinner Chevrolet 20 GM Goodwrench/Delco Battery 200 Jack Sprague Mike Skinner Mike Skinner Chevrolet NASCAR Supertruck 25 Mike SkinnerJimmy Hensley* Mike Skinner Geoff Bodine Ford - Qualifying was redrawn after time trials; second named driver actually started first. *- No time trials due to rain Driver standings Driver Races Points PHO TUS SGS MMR POR EVG I70 LVL BRI MLW CNS HPT IRP FLM RCH MAR NWS SON MMR PHO 1 Mike Skinner 1* 27 5* 4 1* 4 1* 1* 20 1* 2 5 1* 3 3 2* 10 3 1 1* 3224 2 Joe Ruttman 8 4 13 8 2 2 4 2 1 6 6 2 6 7 4 1 6 12 5 8 3098 3 9 1* 6 1* 9 1* 14 16 9 3 3* 1* 19 1* 15 13 5 1* 15* 5 2986 4 Butch Miller 7 9 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 18 1 8 12 14 35 25 2 7 6 22 2812 5 Jack Sprague 6 5 14 6 10 23 7 9 6 9 8 7 28 4 10 20 4 11 4 6 2740 6 Rick Carelli 24 3 9 12 8 8 6 5 23 4 7 11 3 2 12 29 12 15 11 11 2683 7 Bill Sedgwick 12 8 3 2 7 15 8 11 5 5 4 15 27 5 33 8 25 6 9 10 2681 8 Mike Bliss 14 19 3 5 5 13 7 14 13 27 9 7 6 9 7 1 8 2 12 2636 9 Scott Lagasse 11 6 17 9 21 14 12 21 8 14 14 12 5 25 36 16 9 4 7 13 2470 10 Tobey Butler 25 17 8 13 4 18 11 4 11 28 13 16 29 8 20 33 15 5 13 20 2358 11 Bob Strait 15 24 10 11 12 11 9 8 7 11 22 24 9 11 21 28 32 23 21 2182 12 Sammy Swindell 17 7 24 10 13 17 24 13 4* 12 26 21 33 10 17 36 24 10 32 39 2109 13 Steve Portenga 22 21 19 12 5 6 24 20 9 25 17 16 14 11 13 16 24 26 2048 14 Walker Evans 29 18 21 27 23 28 22 12 16 10 17 16 37 34 28 13 23 23 1744 15 Bob Keselowski 22 28 11 7 11 20 10 19 10 25 29 15 29 10 20 25 1742 16 John Nemechek 13 26 14 27 23 22 29 17 15 8 20 19 9 22 30 19 1674 17 P. J. Jones 16 2 16 14 17 6 20 12 16 23 11 22 31 1519 18 Jerry Glanville 27 14 19 DNQ 18 22 25 14 22 21 18 32 18 17 22 1482 19 Dave Rezendes 10 19 7 2 15 8 5 26 9 9 14 1453 20 Geoff Bodine 5 2 6 2 25 2* 15 3* 26 3 1436 21 T. J. Clark 32 23 DNQ 29 21 19 21 33 22 30 12 14 18 40 1235 22 Kerry Teague 19 13 20 17 25 19 17 13 27 23 30 22 1221 23 John Kinder 23 15 22 13 19 17 26 28 34 13 38 31 1183 24 Bob Brevak 18 18 24 24 20 20 12 23 17 DNQ 12 28 1182 25 Mike Hurlbert 26 16 DNQ DNQ 26 25 16 20 16 21 21 24 1146 26 Johnny Benson 10 7 2 11 3 DNQ 10 17 1049 27 Kenny Allen 15 20 31 13 23 26 24 DNQ 17 17 DNQ 992 28 Dennis Setzer 2 12 10 21 34 26 16 35 850 29 Ken Schrader 3 1 INJ 5 32 14 35 27 828 30 Mike Chase 27 24 28 18 19 19 28 16 767 31 Michael Dokken 21 18 26 15 DNQ 21 17 33 DNQ 753 32 Todd Bodine 4 6 6 7 8 748 33 Jerry Churchill 23 12 15 23 24 26 19 715 34 Rodney Combs 10 4 16 14 11 660 35 Steve McEachern 28 15 DNQ 18 26 19 DNQ 613 36 Ray Daniels 25 19 21 20 16 DNQ 543 37 Terry Labonte 2 3 1 515 38 Wayne Jacks 29 22 20 18 14 506 39 Butch Gilliland 31 26 7 29 13 501 40 Troy Beebe 30 25 12 25 16 491 41 Darrell Waltrip 6 8 35 21 450 42 Gary Collins 20 21 20 10 440 43 Ron Esau 9 26 29 20 DNQ 427 44 Kenny Wallace 4 8 15 420 45 Ernie Irvan DNQ 30 3 2 408 46 Roger Mears 21 16 24 29 382 47 Randy Churchill 15 10 15 370 48 Frank Davis 24 19 DNQ 23 DNQ 368 49 Pancho Carter DNQ 28 16 349 50 Tommy Archer 18 10 27 325 51 Jimmy Dick 17 18 22 318 52 Dennis Wooldridge 15 24 19 315 53 Hermie Sadler 13 5 279 54 Rodney Combs Jr. 18 31 23 273 55 Jimmy Hensley 25 18 30 270 56 Todd Massey 25 22 DNQ 249 57 Carlos Serrano 30 19 31 249 58 Mark Gibson 11 22 227 59 Ernest Winslow DNQ 26 DNQ 220 60 Tony Roper 22 DNQ 27 219 61 Bob Jones DNQ 27 213 62 Joe Bessey 4 38 209 63 Bob Walker 18 24 200 64 Gary St. Amant 11 31 200 65 Tim Nooner 28 14 200 66 G. T. Tallas 22 34 DNQ 186 67 Stan Fox 30 18 182 68 2 170 69 Chad Little 32 DNQ DNQ 162 70 Ted Musgrave 4 160 71 Dave Marcis 7 146 72 Derrike Cope 7 146 73 John Borneman 33 29 140 74 David Green 9 138 75 Mark Simo 14 121 76 Dirk Stephens 27 119 77 Gary Lloyd DNQ 31 119 78 Bill Venturini DNQ 34 116 79 Kirk Shelmerdine 17 112 80 Garrett Evans 36 36 110 81 A. J. Foyt 18 109 82 Kenji Momota DNQ 37 104 83 Lou Gigliotti 20 103 84 Kevin Harvick 27 DNQ 101 85 Gary Herrin 21 100 86 Andy Genzman DNQ DNQ 95 87 Frank Kimmel 23 94 88 Rick Hendrick 23 94 89 Andy Brass 23 94 90 Bugs Hairfield 24 91 91 Boris Said 24 91 92 Bill Cooper 25 88 93 Ricky Johnson 25 88 94 Dennis Dyer 26 85 95 Davy Jones 28 79 96 Mike Wallace 29 76 97 Dave Ashley 30 73 98 Barry Bodine 30 73 99 Steve Darne 32 67 100 Dave Smith 32 67 101 Andy Hillenburg 33 64 102 Freddie Query DNQ 40 103 Scott Hansen DNQ 3 Driver PHO TUS SGS MMR POR EVG I70 LVL BRI MLW CNS HPT IRP FLM RCH MAR NWS SON MMR PHO Points Races Bold – Pole position awarded by time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or by practice speeds.  – Most laps led. 1 – Post entry, driver and owner did not score points. Note: DNQ data for this season is incomplete.

Introduction Cătălin George Hîldan was a Romanian professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Club career Dinamo fans paying homage to Cătălin Hîldan in 2005 Cătălin Hîldan first came into contact with sports at the age of eight at the rugby club Olimpia together with his older brother Cristian. Two years later, in the summer of 1986, he joined football club Dinamo București along with Florentin Petre, Mihai Tararache and others. His first match for Dinamo was on 2 October 1994 in a Divizia A derby against Steaua București which ended with a 2–0 loss. After a couple of months he was loaned to Oțelul Târgoviște, where he helped the team win promotion to the second division and then to the first division. He was recalled to Dinamo by coach Cornel Dinu. In a couple of years he became the team's captain. In the 1999–2000 season, Hîldan played 29 league games in which he scored one goal, helping Dinamo win the league title for the first time in nine years, which was won mathematically after a 3–2 victory against Steaua, also in the same season, he scored the second goal of the 2–0 victory in the 2000 Cupa României final against Universitatea Craiova. He played a total of 138 matches in which he scored 6 goals in Divizia A, also appearing in 11 matches without scoring in European competitions. International career Cătălin Hîldan played 8 friendly games and scored one goal for Romania, making his debut on 3 March 1999 when coach Victor Pițurcă introduced him in the 85th minute to replace Gheorghe Popescu in a friendly which ended with a 2–0 victory against Estonia. He scored his only goal for the national team in a 1–1 against Georgia and played his last game on 3 June 2000 in a 2–1 victory against Greece. Hîldan was a part of Romania's squad at the Euro 2000 final tournament, but did not play. International goals :Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hîldan goal. + List of international goals scored by Cătălin Hîldan # Date Venue Cap Opponent Score Result Competition 1 4 February 2000 Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium, Larnaca, Cyprus 4 1–1 1–1 Friendly match Death Cătălin Hîldan died on 5 October 2000, while playing in a friendly match between Dinamo and Șantierul Naval Oltenița, having a stroke in the 74th minute of the game and fell to the ground. Before his death he was nicknamed "The only captain" by Dinamo's fans, a nickname that became more popular after his death and his number, 11, was retired by Dinamo in his honor. The north stand of the Dinamo Stadium is named "Peluza Cătălin Hîldan" (Cătălin Hîldan Stand), in his honor, also the Stadionul Cătălin Hîldan from his native Brănești is named after him. In 2006, he was posthumously named one of the 100 Greatest Romanians in a nationwide poll. Honours Oțelul Târgoviște Divizia B: 1995–96 Divizia C: 1994–95 Dinamo București Divizia A: 1999–00 Cupa României: 1999–00

Introduction The slender tuna, Allothunnus fallai, is a species of tuna, the only species in the genus Allothunnus, found around the world in the southern oceans between latitudes 20° and 50° South, although there are two records of probable vagrants, one in Los Angeles Harbour and the other from the North Pacific subarctic gyre. It has a more elongated body than other species of tuna with which it is symaptric such as the albacore The colour is blue-black on the back with silvery greyish-white sides, however some individuals have a coppery sheen soon after capture. It has a small second dorsal and anal fins resembling a small albacore, but the slender tuna lacks the long sweeping pectoral fins characteristic of albacores. The pectoral fins and pelvic fins are purple on their distal portions and black near their bases. Its length is up to and it can weigh up to . It occasionally forms schools and its main prey is krill but it is also known to prey on squid and smaller fishes, such as jack mackerel. It is a species of minor commercial importance, taken mainly as bycatch by fisheries for other tuna species. It has rather oily flesh, paler than that of other tuna, but the flesh is palatable when cooked, although it is suitable for canning. The high oil content of the flesh is caused by the oily nature of its diet and varies over the tuna's life, fish which have just fed are high in oil but specimens caught at the end of their migrations will have relatively low oild content. The high concentration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the flesh of this species caused the CSIRO to declare that the slender tuna was Australia's healthiest seafood dish.

Introduction Thomas Barrasford was a 19th-century British entrepreneur and entertainment impresario, who operated and built a number of theatres across Britain, mainly under the Barrasford Halls brand. Early career Born in South Shields, County Durham, he attended the Royal Scotch Arms pub, and noticed its transformation under his later competitors Moss and Thornton into the Empire Music Hall in 1890. In 1895, in partnership with a man named Varah, Barrasford took over the wooden circus on the Ormond Street, Jarrow, turning it into a music hall, known as the Jarrow Palace of Varieties. Expanding his empire quickly from 189o, he acquired the Leeds Tivoli theatre, renaming it the Leeds Hippodrome on 20 March 1899. This was his first encounter with fellow impresarios Edward Moss and Sir Oswald Stoll, whose chain had just opened the Leed Empire theatre, whose features and scale had, less than two months later, brought about the failure of the lessor and resultant sale of the Tivoli to Barrasford. Barrasford noticed that fellow impresario Frank MacNaughten in Bradford had countered the opening of the Stoll Bradford Empire in January 1899, by using an idea pioneered by George "Champagne Charlie" Laybourne in 1870 in his Wear music hall, offering a "twice nightly" performance schedule. The formula proved so successful at not only countering the drop in attendance figures normally experienced in existing theatres facing competition from a new Stoll theatre, but actually increased revenues. Barrasford borrowed MacNaughten's Bradford theatre manager to replicate the system in Leeds, with the choice proving so successful and lucrative, that Barrasford moved his home and the operational headquarters of his business to Leeds. Rivalry with Sir Edward Moss and Sir Oswald Stoll The form of entertainment contract at the time was called a "tour," whereby an impresario would book an act to tour all of his venues. Barrasford had noticed that Stoll would try to run his theatres cheaply, by booking foreign acts on a one-week trial contract to fill-in for his headline British acts: if they were a success then they got a tour, if not their contract would terminate at the end of the week. Barrasford hence started to attend Stoll's theatres in competition to his on a Monday, and if the act proved a success would then find them and sign them to a tour of his theatres. This skull dugery as far as Stoll was concerned was immoral, and after he banned Barrasford and his employees from the entire Stoll empire, so began a long term battle between the two impresarios. Building the tour Barrasford in return set about competing by resolving to build his theatres bigger and better than the Moss and Stoll empires. In 1900 he co-leased the short-lived Tivoli Theatre, Edinburgh and moved to Glasgow, opening three theatres there in 1902–04, including the Glasgow Pavilion. In 1901 he acquired the Birmingham Hippodrome (renamed from the Tower theatre), and then the Alhambra theatre, Kingston upon Hull. In 1902 he acquired the Glasgow Hippodrome, but his most important theatre in his business opened that year, the Bank Holiday opening of the brand new 4,000 seat Bertie Crewe designed Liverpool Royal Hippodrome, with prices at rock bottom. Although the now combined Moss-Stoll consortia already had a theatre in the city, they specifically built the Liverpool Olympia close by. Opened with a production of Tally Ho! direct from the London Hippodrome, it never paid its way thanks to the pulling power of the scale, extravagance and "twice-nightly" format of the Barrasford Hall. Barrasford followed this success with the 1903 opening of the brand new Newcastle Pavilion in Westgate Road, with a bill topped by Tyneside contralto Madame Belle Cole. Barrasford in competition to Moss-Stoll added two further existing theatres to his tour in Liverpool: the Lyric Theatre in Everton Valley (opened Easter Monday, 1903); and the St Helens Hippodrome (previously the St Helens Empire), which opened with Fred Karno's comedy company in a production of Jail Birds. Barrasford also added the Grand Theatre, Manchester and the Regent Theatre in Salford, neither of which proved financially successful and where hence quickly disposed of. In 1904, the second new Barrasford Hall opened in Glasgow, the Bertie Crewe designed Glasgow Pavilion on 29 February 1904. Barrasford also expanded south at this time, adding the Bristol Empire and the Brighton Hippodrome. He also took over the lease on the Britannia Theatre, Hoxton, letting Crewe refurbish it, but handed the lease over to Frank MacNaughten after nine months. The St Helens Hippodrome was the fourteenth music hall added to the Tour in four years, with the empire spanning the following: Palace, Jarrow; Tivoli, Leeds; Tivoli, Edinburgh and Tivoli, Birmingham; Alhambra, Hull; Empire, Bristol; Lyric, Everton; Grand, Manchester, and Regent, Salford. The Britannia Theatre, Hoxton, together with the Hippodromes at Liverpool, Glasgow and Brighton and St. Helens. Barrasford now expanded the physical footprint of his theatres further afield. Registering Barrasford Circuit as a limited company at Leicester Place, off Leicester Square, London, Barrasford was listed as managing director, and Hugh Astley ex-manager of the London Pavilion as chairman. They then purchased the Newcastle Pavilion, and after the closure of the Hoxton venture, took on Stoll in a direct race to open in the Westend. Barrasford bought the old Lyceum Theatre, just off The Strand, which he commissioned Bertie Crewe to refurbish. Although Stoll's Empire won the opening race (Christmas Eve, 1904), the Lyceum opened on Boxing Day. But much of Barrasford's financial success had been based on alcohol sales, and London County Council refused a license on principle for the Lyceum. Although the Lyceum attracted royal patronage before the Empire, with the first production of the ballet Excelsior seen by the Prince and Princess of Wales, afterwards King George V and Queen Mary. By mid-1905, Barrasford Halls were facing a mini-financial crisis. Barrasford, in trying to outpace Stoll and Moss by trialling acts in Europe, had opened Alhambra-themed halls in Brussels and Paris. However, the former lost money, while the Paris paid for itself. and the London Lyceum lost money. With no possibility of a liquor license, Barrasford ended his lease of the Lyceum. Consolidation Barrasford moved the centre of his business operations to Brighton. Having turned the ice rink into the Brighton Hippodrome in 1902, he acquired an old music hall in New Road and refurbished it as the Brighton Coliseum. Barrasford himself lived in a converted warehouse next to the Hippodrome, called Hippodrome House. There now followed a period of consolidation around the business. The Tivoli, Leeds, was refurbished and renamed the New Hippodrome, opening in 1906. The Hull Alhambra was refurbished as the New Hippodrome, but on completion of works the lease was handed to its manager Alfred Graham. The opening of the Coventry Hippodrome on 31 December 1906, also coincided with disposal of the loss-making theatres in Manchester. On 23 December 1907, the Crewe designed Sheffield Hippodrome opened, followed the following year in the opening of the last Barrasford Hall, the Crewe designed Nottingham Hippodrome, opening on 28 September 1908. Other interests Barrasford was an enthusiastic race horse owner, and after becoming a prominent figure at the Jockey Club, inventing the starting device the "Barrasford Gate." On an occasion of being assured that his horse would win at Pontefract Racecourse, he placed a five-shilling bet on behalf of every member of his staff at the Leed's Tivoli. After it won, the performances that night were cancelled at the Tivoli, as the entire staff spent the night celebrating. Cinema, and retirement Barrasford was an early adopter of the new moving pictures invention, creating the Barrascope system for cinematograph projection. Holding a patent with Leeds photographer Owen Brooks, with assistance from an engineer named Borland, they first put the machine into the Leeds Tivoli from 1902. He later adapted a number of his theatres to use it, including the Brighton Coliseum in 1909. By now, Barrasford was suffering from persistent ill health from Bright's Disease, and impresarios in USA and Britain expressed interest in taking over his entire tour. Sir Alfred Butt succeeded, in association with the Orpheum Circuit of America, and developed a new British circuit which rivalled the Moss-Stoll combine. Barrasford died at his home in Brighton on 1 February 1910. His second wife was former music hall singer Maud D'Almayne, with whom he had three sons, all of whom worked in the theatre business. His funeral was one of the largest ever held in Brighton.

Introduction "The Master Thief" is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Chr. Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe. The Brothers Grimm included a shorter variant as tale 192 in their fairy tales. Andrew Lang included it in The Red Fairy Book. George Webbe Dasent included a translation of the tale in Popular Tales From the Norse. It is Aarne–Thompson type 1525A, Tasks for a Thief. Synopsis A poor cottager had nothing to give his three sons, so he walked with them to a crossroad, where each son took a different road. The youngest went into a great woods, and a storm struck, so he sought shelter in a house. The old woman there warned him that it is a den of robbers, but he stayed, and when the robbers arrived, he persuaded them to take him on as a servant. They set him to prove himself by stealing an ox that a man brought to market to sell. He took a shoe with a silver buckle and left it in the road. The man saw it and thought it would be good if only he had the other, and went on. The son took the shoe and ran through the countryside, to leave it in the road again. The man left his ox and went back to find the other, and the son drove the ox off. The man went back to get the second ox to sell it, and the robbers told the son that if he stole that one as well, they would take him into the band. The son hanged himself up along the way, and when the man passed, ran on and hanged himself again, and then a third time, until the man was half-convinced that it was witchcraft and went back to see if the first two bodies were still hanging, and the son drove off his ox. The man went for his third and last ox, and the robbers said that they would make him the band's leader if he stole it. The son made a sound like an ox bellowing in the woods, and the man, thinking it was his stolen oxen, ran off, leaving the third behind, and the son stole that one as well. The robbers were not pleased with his leading the band, and so they all left him. The son drove the oxen out, so they returned to their owner, took all the treasure in the house, and returned to his father. He decided to marry the daughter of a local squire and sent his father to ask for her hand, telling him to tell the squire that he was a Master Thief. The squire agreed, if the son could steal the roast from the spit on Sunday. The son caught three hares and released them near the squire's kitchen, and the people there, thinking it was one hare, went out to catch it, and the son got in and stole the roast. The Master Thief, under the guise of an angel, tricks the priest into accompanying him into "Heaven". Illustration by Henry Justice Ford for Andrew Lang's The Red Fairy Book. The priest made fun of him, and when the Master Thief came to claim his reward, the squire asked him to prove his skill further, by playing some trick on the priest. The Master Thief dressed up as an angel and convinced the priest that he was come to take him to heaven. He dragged the priest over stones and thorns and threw him into the goose-house, telling him it was purgatory, and then stole all his treasure. The squire was pleased, but still put off the Master Thief, telling him to steal twelve horses from his stable, with twelve grooms in their saddles. The Master Thief prepared and disguised himself as an old woman to take shelter in the stable, and when the night grew cold, drank brandy against it. The grooms demanded some, and he gave them a drugged drink, putting them to sleep, and stole the horses. The squire put him off again, asking if he could steal a horse while he was riding it. The Master Thief said he could, and disguised himself as an old man with a cask of mead, and put his finger in the hole, in place of the tap. The squire rode up and asked him if he would look in the woods, to be sure that the Master Thief did not lurk there. The Master Thief said that he could not, because he had to keep the mead from spilling, and the squire took his place and lent him his horse to look. The squire put him off again, asking if he could steal the sheet off his bed and his wife's shift. The Master Thief made up a dummy like a man and put it at the window, and the squire shot at it. The Master Thief let it drop. Fearing talk, the squire went to bury it, and the Master Thief, pretending to be the squire, got the sheet and the shift on the pretext they were needed to clean the blood up. The squire decided that he was too afraid of what the thief would steal next, and let him marry his daughter. Analysis and formula "The Master Thief" is classified in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index as ATU 1525 and subtypes. Folklorist Stith Thompson argues the story can be found in tale collections from Europe, Asia and all over the world. Folklorist Joseph Jacobs wrote a reconstruction of the tale, with the same name, in his Europa's Fairy Book, following a formula he specified in his commentaries. The motif of the impossible thievery can be found in a story engraved in a Babylonian tablet with the tale of the Poor Man of Nippur. Joseph Jacobs, in his book More Celtic Fairy Tales, mentions an Indian folkloric character named "Sharaf, the Thief" (Sharaf Tsúr; or Ashraf Chor). Folklorist and scholar Richard Dorson cited the opinions of two scholars about the origins of the tale type: Alexander H. Krappe suggested an Egyptian origin for the tale, while W. A. Clouston proposed an Asiatic provenance. Variants An earlier literary variant is Cassandrino, The Master-Thief, by Straparola in his The Facetious Nights. Ralph Steele Boggs, following Johannes Bolte and Jiri Polívka's Anmerkungen, lists Spanish picaresque novel Guzmán de Alfarache as a predecessor of the tale-type. The Grimm Brothers' version begins with the son's arrival home, and the squire sets him the tasks of stealing the horses from the stable, the sheet and his wife's wedding ring, and the parson and clerk from the church as tests of skill, or he would hang him. The thief succeeds and leaves the country. German scholar Johann Georg von Hahn compared 6 variants he collected in Greece to the tale in the Brothers Grimm's compilation. 19th century poet and novelist Clemens Brentano collected a variant named Witzenspitzel. His work was translated as Wittysplinter and published in The Diamond Fairy Book. Variants of the tale and subtypes of the ATU 1525 are reported to exist in American and English compilations. A scholarly inquiry by Italian Istituto centrale per i beni sonori ed audiovisivi, produced in the late 1960s and early 1970s, found the existence of variants and subtypes of the tale across Italian sources, grouped under the name Mastro Ladro. Northern India folklore also attests the presence of two variants of the tale, this time involving a king's son as the "Master-Thief". Irish folklorist Patrick Kennedy also listed Jack, The Cunning Thief as another variant of the Shifty Lad and, by extension, of The Master Thief cycle of stories. Another Irish variant, The Apprentice Thief, was published anonymously in compilation The Royal Hibernian Tales. In a third homonymous Irish variant, the king challenges young Jack, son of Billy Brogan, to steal three things without the King noticing. In the Irish tale How Jack won a Wife, the Master Thief character, Jack, fulfills the squire's challenges to prove his craft and marries the squire's daughter. Svend Grundtvig collected a Danish variant, titled Hans Mestertyv. According to Professor Bronislava Kerbelytė, the story of the Master Thief is reported to contain several variants in Lithuania: 284 (two hundred and eighty-four) variants of the AT 1525A, "The Crafty Thief", and 216 (two hundred and sixteen) variants of AT 1525D, "Theft by Distracting Attention", both versions with and without contamination from other tale types. Professor Andrejev noted that the tale type 1525A, "The Master Thief", was one of "the most populär tale types" across Ukrainian sources, with 28 variants, as well as "in the Russian material", with 19 versions. Folklorist Stith Thompson argued that similarities between the European "Master Thief" tales and Native American trickster tales led to the merging of motifs, and the borrowing may have originated from French Canadian tales. Anthropologist Elsie Clews Parsons collected variants of the tale in Caribbean countries. Modern adaptations In a storybook and cassette in the Once Upon a Time Fairy Tale series, the Squire is called the Count and the tasks he gives the thief are to steal his horse, the bedsheet and the Parson and Sexton from the church. When he has succeeded, the Count tells him if he changes his ways, he will make him Governor of the town. The Thief agrees, promising never to steal anything again.

Introduction Daniel Timofte is a Romanian football manager and former player who played as an attacking midfielder, most notably for Turkish club Samsunspor. Club career Timofte debuted in Divizia A with Jiul Petroșani in 1986. The team was relegated that season, but Timofte helped them earn promotion again before he joined Dinamo București in 1989. The following season, he won the double with Dinamo. He later played in Germany and Turkey, and he retired in 2000 after his third spell with Dinamo. Timofte made his debut for the Romania national team in 1990 against Egypt, scoring in his debut match. At the 1990 FIFA World Cup he had a penalty kick saved in the penalty shootout against Ireland by Packie Bonner in the round of sixteen, which caused Romania's exit from the tournament. Timofte got 22 caps in total, the last in 1995, and scored two goals. Timofte played for Dinamo București against St Patrick's Athletic in the 1990–91 European Cup. In Tolka Park, Dublin, the Irish home fans gave him mocking cheers for his shootout miss. A Bayer Uerdingen scout was at the match, which led to his transfer to Germany. His football career was cut short by a knee injury. He returned to Petroșani and opened a number of bars, the first named "Penalty". Between June and September 2013 he was the assistant coach of Liga I giants Dinamo București being part of the managing team led by Gheorghe Mulțescu. Honours Player Jiul Petroșani Liga II: 1988–89 Dinamo București Liga I: 1989–90, 1999–00 Romanian Cup: 1989–90, 1999-00 Bayer Uerdingen 2. Bundesliga: 1991–92 Samsunspor Balkans Cup: 1993–94 Coach Dacia Unirea Braila Liga III: 2009–10

Introduction Racking red wine Racking, often referred to as Soutirage or Soutirage traditionnel, also filtering or fining, is the process of moving wine or beer from one container to another using gravity rather than a pump, which can be disruptive to the beverage. The process is also known as Abstich in German and travaso in Italian. Alexis Lichine's Encyclopedia of Wines and Spirits defines racking as "siphoning wine or beer off the lees (in the case of wine) or trub (in the case of beer), into a new, clean barrel or other vessel". Racking allows clarification and aids in stabilization. Wine that is allowed to age on the lees often develops "off-tastes". A racking hose or tube is used and can be attached to a racking cane to make the task easier. The racking process is repeated several times during the aging of wine. Process Soutirage Soutirage of Twomey Cellars's Merlot Racking or soutirage is a traditional method in wine production of moving wine from one barrel to another using gravity rather than a pump. The process is repeated when the casks are moved to the second-year cellar. Soutirage was developed in the Bordeaux region of France in the 19th century at a time when there was no electricity to power pumps. Many estates such in Bordeaux and some estates in Pomerol and St. Emilion still employ this labor-intensive method. During aging, the wine is decanted several times from barrel to barrel. This process softens tannins, clarifies the wine and enhances aromatic qualities. According to Oz Clarke, "traditionally the wine is 'racked' or drawn from barrel or tank to another empty one on a number of occasions (called soutirage). This helps clarify and freshen the wine by removing the fine lees or sediment which forms and provides a tiny amount of oxygen to help the aging process. The wine may also be 'fined' (collage) using egg white or other materials to settle out particles in suspension which are then removed through further racking." Egg white is often applied to each barrel during the process. Equipment A racking hose is a flexible, plastic hose, used to siphon wine or beer from one vessel to another. It is used in both racking and bottling operations. A racking cane is a rigid tube, often bent or "L"-shaped, that is attached to the racking hose to make racking easier. A protective cap is placed over the lower end of the cane that allows liquid to be drawn into the cane from above rather than below while keeping most large solids out. The cap allows the tip of the cane to be lowered close to the lees without unduly disturbing them. The lower tip of the racking cane should initially be held about midway between the surface and the lees and gradually lowered as the volume decreases due to the siphoning.

Introduction Luis Antonio Jiménez Garcés is a Chilean former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He was also a member of the Chile national team from 2004 to 2021, playing at the Copa América in 2004 and 2011. Club career Early career Born in Santiago, Chile, Jiménez played youth football for Palestino in Chile, a club mostly made up of players of Palestinian descent. He gained Palestinian citizenship in June 2013. He started his Italian footballing career in 2002 at Ternana Calcio. During the January 2006 transfer window, Jimenez moved to Serie A side ACF Fiorentina while remaining under joint ownership with his former club, for €3 million. For Fiorentina, he generally played as a right sided winger, striker or occasionally a centre forward. His right foot is his strongest but he can also make good use of his left. He made 19 appearances during the 2005–06 season for Fiorentina, scoring 3 goals in the process. In late June 2006, Ternana purchased back half of the rights to Jiménez from Fiorentina for €3 million. Since Ternana were to play in Italian Serie C1 in the 2006–07 season, it was highly unlikely that Jimenez would remain with them. However, although a loan deal was reached with Serie A Lazio, with an option to make the deal permanent at the end of the loan, Ternana changed the terms and made extortionate demands, which included Lazio paying the salary for four of Ternana's players. The deal fell through and Jiménez remained in Ternana. The unhappy player stated that he would not play for Ternana again and has asked FIFA to intervene and annul his contract with Ternana because of their unfair treatment. Lazio On 15 January 2007, Lazio finally agreed a move for Jiménez with the first season on loan, for €311,000 and on 27 January he played his first match for Lazio against Palermo. Internazionale On 15 July 2007, Internazionale signed him on loan from Ternana, for €1 million. He scored his first Inter goal in extra time in the Champions League against Fenerbahce. He was rewarded with his first Inter start on 2 December against Fiorentina, where he scored the opening goal. He also started the subsequent match against Lazio on 5 December, where he set up Maicon's goal. At the end of the 2007–08 season, Inter officially signed him on a co-ownership deal, for €6.3 million on a 3-year contract. Under coach Jose Mourinho, he played his first game against A.S. Roma coming on as a second-half substitute and scored a penalty in Inter's Italian Supercup win. Jiménez played his first game of the 2008–09 Serie A year against Sampdoria on 30 August 2008, but unfortunately picked up an injury later in a practice session. He returned from injury on 30 November 2008 when he was subbed in Inter Milan's Serie A game against Napoli. A subsequent long-term injury limited Jiménez to a total of 6 appearances for the 2008-09 Serie A season. The co-ownership deal with Ternana was renewed on 23 June 2009. West Ham United Jiménez (1st West Ham player on right) at the end of his debut game against Wolverhampton Wanderers. Other West Ham players are Frank Nouble, Junior Stanislas, Mark Noble and Jonathan Spector Jiménez signed for West Ham United on 23 June 2009. Although a work permit had been granted a couple of weeks before, the deal was only announced after personal terms were agreed. West Ham signed Jiménez for a one-year loan initially, with an option to purchase at the end of the loan period. He made his full debut for West Ham in their 2–0 away win against Wolves on 15 August 2009. He scored his only goal for West Ham, a penalty and West Ham's fifth, in a 5–3 home win against Burnley on 28 November 2009. Parma On 1 February 2010, Parma signed the Chilean attacking midfielder on loan from Internazionale until June, his previous loan with West Ham United having ended prematurely. He signed as part of the deal which saw McDonald Mariga move to Internazionale. Jiménez has been sent off three times since signing for Parma. At the end of season, Parma wanted to signed him outright, but collapsed after Ternana bought back Jiménez. Ternana On 26 June 2010, after Inter failed to agree a price with Ternana for the remain 50% registration rights, the rights went to auction and Ternana won, for €3.177 million. made Inter profited €5.277 million in accounting (amortization approach). It is because Inter had over-amortized Jiménez's transfer fee (Inter amortized €8.4 million but only cost Inter €6.3 million only, €2.1M exceed) and €3.177 million. (Inter presented the profit as €2.154 million (market price €3.177 × 2 – contract residual value €4.2M) + €3.123 million financial income (value of Inter unpaid half €6.3 million – actual value €3.177M) ) Since Ternana would play at 2010–11 Lega Pro Prima Divisione, he did not attend the training of Ternana and Ternana sought a new buyer to sign him. Cesena On 31 August 2010 he was loaned to newly promoted Serie A team Cesena for €1 million with option to buy, and entered the starting line-up after the poor form of the original starting lineup. The coach put Ezequiel Schelotto into bench and Jiménez became the new second striker in the 4–3–3 formation, partnered with central forward Erjon Bogdani and wing forward Emanuele Giaccherini. Al-Ahli Dubai On 29 June 2011, Al-Ahli Dubai announced that Jiménez had joined the club in four-year contract. He had a successful first season, scoring 13 goals and featuring in most of it. In the 2012–2013 season, he won the Presidents Cup with Al Ahli. Magallanes In May 2022, while playing for Palestino, it was announced that Jiménez would play his last match as a professional footballer on Sunday 22 against Cobresal in the Estadio Municipal de La Cisterna. The result was a 3–1 win and Jiménez made an assist for the third goal. However, he returned to the football activity after signing with Primera B club Magallanes in July 19. International career Jiménez represented Chile U17 at the 2001 South American U-17 Championship and Chile U20 at the 2003 South American U-20 Championship. At senior level, he made his international debut on 28 April 2004, in a match against Peru. On 4 June 2005, Jiménez assisted Marcelo Salas' historic 35th goal with the national team, which made Salas Chile's top scorer ever. The goal came in a qualifying match against Bolivia which Chile went on to win 3–1. Four days later, he scored twice against Venezuela in another qualification match. Jiménez became captain of Chile during 2006 and also won the 2005–06 Chile Player of the Year award. However, he saw little national team activity under the direction of Marcelo Bielsa. On 19 June 2011, he returned in an international friendly against Estonia and was subsequently included by Claudio Borghi in the squad for 2011 Copa America. However, he stopped being called up since moving to Al Ahli. In March 2021, after a 10-year absence, he was recalled by Martín Lasarte for a friendly match against Bolivia, in which he scored his third international goal. At 36 years and 282 days of age, Jiménez became Chile's oldest goalscorer. International goals :Scores and results list Chile's goal tally first. No Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1. 7 June 2005 Estadio Nacional, Santiago, Chile 1–0 2–1 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 2. 2–0 3. 26 March 2021 El Teniente, Rancagua, Chile 1–0 2–1 Friendly Personal life Jiménez married Chilean model María José "Coté" López in 2006. They have triplets together, all girls: Rebeca, Isidora and Rafaela, born on 15 June 2010, and a son, Jesús, born 30 April 2016. In addition, Jiménez has a son, Diego, who was born before his marriage to María José. On December 2008, Jiménez assaulted Mauricio Pinilla in a Santiago nightclub. His daughter Isidora is a young football player for the Magallanes youth ranks and has been called up to train with the Chile youth squad. The Jiménez family has a close friendship with fellow footballer Carlos Villanueva's family. In addition to the fact that Jiménez coincided with Villanueva in Al-Ittihad, Jiménez and his wife are the godparents of the Villanueva's son as well as Villanueva and his wife are the godparents of the Jiménez's children. Honours Club ;Internazionale Serie A: 2007–08, 2008–09 Supercoppa Italiana: 2008 ;Al Ahli Arabian Gulf League: 2013–14 Arabian Gulf Super Cup: 2013 UAE President's Cup: 2012–13 UAE League Cup: 2011–12, 2013–14 ;Palestino Copa Chile: 2018

Introduction Privacy law is the body of law that deals with the regulating, storing, and using of personally identifiable information, personal healthcare information, and financial information of individuals, which can be collected by governments, public or private organisations, or other individuals. It also applies in the commercial sector to things like trade secrets and the liability that directors, officers, and employees have when handing sensitive information. Privacy laws are considered within the context of an individual's privacy rights or within reasonable expectation of privacy. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to privacy. The interpretation of these rights varies by country and is not always universal. Classification of privacy laws Privacy laws can be broadly classified into: General privacy laws that have an overall bearing on the personal information of individuals and affect the policies that govern many different areas of information. *Trespass *Negligence *Fiduciary International legal standards on privacy Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) APEC created a voluntary Privacy Framework that was adopted by all 21 member economies in 2004 in an attempt to improve general information privacy and the cross-border transfer of information. The Framework consists of nine Privacy Principles that act as minimum standards for privacy protection: Preventing harm, Notice, Collection limitation, Use of personal information, Choice, Integrity of personal information, Security safeguards, Access and correction, and Accountability. In 2011, APEC implemented the APEC Cross Border Privacy Rules System with the goal of balancing "the flow of information and data across borders ... essential to trust and confidence in the online marketplace." The four agreed-upon rules of the System are based upon the APEC Privacy Framework and include self-assessment, compliance review, recognition/acceptance, and dispute resolution and enforcement. Council of Europe Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which was drafted and adopted by the Council of Europe in 1950 and currently covers the whole European continent except for Belarus and Kosovo, protects the right to respect for private life: "Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence." Through the huge case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, privacy has been defined and its protection has been established as a positive right of everyone. The Council of Europe also adopted Convention for the protection of individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data in 1981 and addressed privacy protection in regards to the Internet in 1998 when it published "Draft Guidelines for the protection of individuals with regard to the collection and processing of personal data on the information highway, which may be incorporated in or annexed to Code of Conduct." The Council developed these guidelines in conjunction with the European Commission, and they were adopted in 1999. European Union (EU) The 1995 Data Protection Directive (officially Directive 95/46/EC) recognized the authority of National data protection authorities and required that all Member States adhere to universal privacy protection standards. Member States must adopt strict privacy laws that are no more relaxed than the framework provided by the Directive. Additionally, the Directive outlines that non-EU countries must adopt privacy legislation of equal restriction in order to be allowed to exchange personal data with EU countries. Furthermore, companies in non-EU countries must also adopt privacy standards of at least equal restriction as provided in the Directive in order to do business with companies located in EU countries. Thus, the Directive has also influenced the development of privacy legislation in non-European countries. The proposed ePrivacy Regulation, which would replace the Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive 2002, also contributes to EU privacy regulations. The General Data Protection Regulation replaced the Data Protection Directive of 1995 when it came to effect on 25 May 2018. A notable contribution that has come from the General Data Protection Regulation is its recognition of a "right to be forgotten," which requires any group that collects data on individuals to delete the data related to an individual upon that individual's request. The Regulation was influenced by the aforementioned European Convention on Human Rights. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) In 1980, the OECD adopted the voluntary OECD Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data in response to growing concerns about information privacy and data protection in an increasingly technological and connected world. The OECD Guidelines helped establish an international standard for privacy legislation by defining the term "personal data" and outlining fair information practice principles (FIPPs) that other countries have adopted in their national privacy legislation. In 2007, the OECD adopted the Recommendation on Cross-border Co-operation in the Enforcement of Laws Protecting Privacy. This framework is based on the OECD Guidelines and includes two cooperation based model forms to encourage the enforcement of privacy laws among member states. The Recommendation is also notable for coining the term "Privacy Enforcement Authority". United Nations (UN) Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of the United Nations in 1966 also protects privacy: "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks." On December 18, 2013, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 68/167 on the right to privacy in the digital age. The resolution makes reference to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and reaffirms the fundamental and protected human right of privacy. The Principles on Personal Data Protection and Privacy for the United Nations System were declared on October 11, 2018. Privacy laws by country Australia The current state of privacy law in Australia includes Federal and state information privacy legislation, some sector-specific privacy legislation at state level, regulation of the media and some criminal sanctions. The current position concerning civil causes of action for invasion of privacy is unclear: some courts have indicated that a tort of invasion of privacy may exist in Australia. However this has not been upheld by the higher courts, which have been content to develop the equitable doctrine of Breach of Confidence to protect privacy, following the example set by the UK. In 2008, the Australian Law Reform Commission recommended the enactment of a statutory cause of action for invasion of privacy. The Privacy Act 1988 aims to protect and regulate an individual's private information. It manages and monitors Australian Government and organisations on how they hold personal information. Bahamas The Bahamas has an official data protection law that protects the personal information of its citizens in both the private and public sector: Data Protection Act 2003 (the Bahamas Law). The Bahamas Law appoints a data protection commissioner to the Office of Data Protection to ensure that data protection is being held. Even though there is legislation enforced in the Bahamas through the Data Protection Act 2003, the act lacks many enforcements since a data protection officer doesn't need to be in office nor does any group or organization need to notify the Office of Data Protection when a hacker has breached privacy law. Also, there are no requirements for registering databases or restricting data flow across national borders. Therefore, the legislation does not meet European Union standards, which was the goal of creating the law in the first place.  The Bahamas is also a member of CARICOM, the Caribbean Community. Belize Belize is currently part of the minority of countries that do not have any official data privacy laws. However, the Freedom of Information Act (2000) currently protects the personal information of the citizens of Belize, but there is no current documentation that distinguishes if this act includes electronic data. As a consequence of the lack of official data privacy laws, there was a breach of personal data in 2009 when an employee's laptop from Belize's Vital Statistics Unit was stolen, containing birth certification information for all citizens residing in Belize. Even though the robbery was not intentionally targeting the laptop - the robber did not predict the severity of the theft - Belize was put in a vulnerable position which could have been avoided if regulations were in order. Brazil A Brazilian citizen's privacy is protected by the country's constitution, which states: On 14 August 2018, Brazil enacted its General Personal Data Protection Law. The bill has 65 articles and has many similarities to the GDPR. The first translation into English of the new data protection law was published by Ronaldo Lemos, a Brazilian lawyer specialized in technology, on that same date. There is a newer version. Canada In Canada, the federal Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act governs the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information in connection with commercial activities and personal information about employees of federal works, undertakings and businesses. It generally does not apply to non-commercial organizations or provincial governments. Personal information collected, used and disclosed by the federal government and many crown corporations is governed by the Privacy Act. Many provinces have enacted similar provincial legislation such as the Ontario Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act which applies to public bodies in that province. There remains some debate whether there exists a common law tort for breach of privacy. There have been a number of cases identifying a common law right to privacy but the requirements have not been articulated. In Eastmond v. Canadian Pacific Railway & Privacy Commissioner of Canada Canada's Supreme Court found that CP could collect Eastmond's personal information without his knowledge or consent because it benefited from the exemption in paragraph 7(1)(b) of PIPEDA, which provides that personal information can be collected without consent if "it is reasonable to expect that the collection with the knowledge or consent of the individual would compromise the availability or the accuracy of the information and the collection is reasonable for purposes related to investigating a breach of an agreement". China In 1995, the Computer Processed Personal Information Protection Act was enacted in order to protect personal information processed by computers. The general provision specified the purpose of the law, defined crucial terms, prohibited individuals from waiving certain rights. The National Security Law and the Cybersecurity Law promulgated in 2015 give public security and security departments great powers to collect all kinds of information, forcing individuals to use network services to submit private information for monitoring, and forcing network operators to store user data Within China, unrestricted "technical support" from the security department must be provided. Other laws and regulations related to privacy are as follows: Constitution Article 38. The personal dignity of citizens of the People's Republic of China shall not be violated. It is forbidden to use any method to insult, slander, and falsely accuse citizens. Article 39. The residences of the People's Republic of China should be inviolable. It is prohibited to illegally search or trespass into citizens’ houses. Article 40. The freedom and confidentiality of communications of citizens of the People’s Republic of China are protected by law. Except for the needs of national security or the pursuit of criminal offenses, the public security organs or procuratorial organs shall inspect communications in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law, no organization or individual may infringe on citizens’ freedom of communication and confidentiality for any reason. Civil Code Article 1032. Natural persons enjoy the right to privacy. No organization or individual may infringe the privacy rights of others by spying, harassing, divulging, disclosing, etc. Privacy of the deceased The Supreme People's Court's "Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Determination of Liability for Compensation for Mental Damage in Civil Torts" was adopted at the 116th meeting of the Judicial Committee of the Supreme People's Court on February 26, 2001. Article 3 After the death of a natural person, if a close relative of a natural person suffers mental pain due to the following infringements, and the people’s court sues for compensation for mental damage, the people’s court shall accept the case: (2) Illegal disclosure or use of the privacy of the deceased, or infringement of the privacy of the deceased in other ways that violate social public interests or social ethics. Law on the Protection of Minors Article 39. No organization or individual may disclose the personal privacy of minors. No organization or individual may conceal or destroy letters, diaries, and e-mails of minors, except for the need to investigate crimes. Public security organs or people's procuratorates shall conduct inspections in accordance with the law, or letters, diaries, and e-mails of minors who are incapacitated. Diaries and e-mails shall be opened and read by their parents or other guardians, and no organization or individual shall open or read them. Fiji An archipelago located in the Pacific, the country of Fiji was founded on 10 October 1970. In its constitution, the people inhabiting the land are granted the right to privacy. The exact workings from the constitution is the following: "Every person has the right to personal privacy, which includes the right to — (a) confidentiality of their personal information; (b) confidentiality of their communications; and (c) respect for their private and family life". But in this very same constitution, it is expressed that it is possible "to the extent that it is necessary" for a law to be passed that limits or impacts the execution of the right to privacy law. Another privacy related law can be seen in section 54 of the Telecommunications Promulgation passed in 2008, which states that "any service provider supplying telecommunications to consumers must keep information about consumers confidential". Billing information and call information are no exceptions. The only exception to this rule is for the purpose of bringing to light "fraud or bad debt". Under this law, even with the consent of the customer, the disclosure of information is not permitted. Other Privacy laws that have been adopted by this country are those that are meant to protect the collected information, cookies and other privacy-related matter of tourist. This is in regards to (but not limited to) information collected during bookings, the use of one technology of another that belongs to said company or through the use of a service of the company, or when making payments. Additionally, as a member of the United Nations, the Fiji is bound by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states in article twelve, "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks". France France adopted a data privacy law in 1978. It applies to public and private organizations and forbids gathering sensitive data about physical persons (including sexuality, ethnicity, and political or religious opinions). The law is administered by the Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL), a dedicated national administration. Like in Germany, data violations are considered criminal offenses (Art. 84 GPR with Code Pénal, Section 1, Chapitre VI, Art. 226ff.). Germany Germany is known to be one of the first countries (in 1970) with the strictest and most detailed data privacy laws in the world. The citizens' right to protection is stated in the Constitution of Germany, in Art. 2 para. 1, and Art. 1 para. 1. The citizens' data of Germany is mainly protected under the Federal Data Protection Act (1977) from corporations, which has been amended the most recently in 2009. This act specifically targets all businesses that collect information for its use. The major regulation protects the data within the private and personal sector, and as a member of the European Union (EU), Germany has additionally ratified its act, convention, and additional protocol with the EU according to the EU Data Protection Directive 95/46 EC. In Germany, there are two kinds of restrictions on a transfer of personal data. Since Germany is part of the EU Member States, the transfer of personal data of its citizens to a nation outside the EEA is always subject to a decent level of data protection in the offshore country. Secondly, according to German data policy rules, any transfer of personal data outside the EEA symbolizes a connection to a third party which requires a reason. That reason may be for emergency reasons, and a provision must be met with consent by the receiver and the subject of the data. Keep in mind that in Germany, data transfers within a group of companies is subject to the same treatment as transfer to third-parties if the location is outside the EEA. Specifically, the Federal Data Protection Commission is in charge of regulating the entirety of the enforcement of data privacy regulations for Germany. In addition, Germany is part of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The Federal Data Protection Commission of Germany is a member of the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners, European Data Protection Authorities, the EU Article 29 Working Party, and the Global Privacy Enforcement Network. Regarding the protection of children, Germany is potentially the first nation that has played an active role in banning the share of data within toys connected to Wi-Fi and the Internet, like for instance, "My Friend Cayla". The group in charge of protecting the data of children is the Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur).  Like in France, data violations are considered offenses (Art. 84 GPR with § 42 BDSG). Greece During the military dictatorship era the 57 AK law prohibited taking photos of people without their permission but the law has since been superseded. The 2472/1997 law protects personal data of citizens but consent for taking photos of people is not required as long as they aren't used commercially or are used only for personal archiving ("οικιακή χρήση" / "home use"), for publication in editorial, educational, cultural, scientific or news publications, and for fine art purposes (e.g. street photography which has been uphold as legal by the courts whether done by professional or amateur photographers). However, photographing people or collecting their personal data for commercial (advertising) purposes requires their consent. The law gives photographers the right to commercially use photos of people who have not consented to the use of the images in which they appear if the depicted people have either been paid for the photo session as models (so there is no separation between editorial and commercial models in Greek law) or they have paid the photographer for obtaining the photo (this, for example, gives the right to wedding photographers to advertise their work using their photos of newly-wed couples they photographed in a professional capacity). In Greece the right to take photographs and publish them or sell licensing rights over them as fine art or editorial content is protected by the Constitution of Greece (Article 14 and other articles) and free speech laws as well as by case law and legal cases. Photographing the police or children and publishing the photographs in a non-commercial capacity is also legal. Hong Kong In Hong Kong, the law governing the protection of personal data is principally found in the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486) which came into force on 20 December 1996. Various amendments were made to enhance the protection of personal data privacy of individuals through the Personal Data (Privacy) (Amendment) Ordinance 2012. Examples of personal data protected include names, phone numbers, addresses, identity card numbers, photos, medical records and employment records. As Hong Kong remains a common law jurisdiction, judicial cases are also a source of privacy law. The power of enforcement is vested with the Privacy Commissioner (the "Commissioner") for Personal Data. Non-compliance with data protection principles set out in the ordinances does not constitute a criminal offense directly. The Commissioner may serve an enforcement notice to direct the data user to remedy the contravention and/or instigate the prosecution action. Contravention of an enforcement notice may result in a fine and imprisonment. India The Right to Privacy is a fundamental right and an intrinsic part of Article 21 that protects life and liberty of the citizens and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution. In June 2011, India passed subordinate legislation that included various new rules that apply to companies and consumers. A key aspect of the new rules required that any organization that processes personal information must obtain written consent from the data subjects before undertaking certain activities. However, application and enforcement of the rules is still uncertain. The Aadhaar Card privacy issue became controversial when the case reached the Supreme Court. The hearing in the Aadhaar case went on for 38 days across 4 months, making it the second longest Supreme Court hearing after the landmark Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala. On 24 August 2017, a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court in Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. vs Union Of India And Ors. unanimously held that the right to privacy is an intrinsic part of right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. Previously, the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 made changes to the Information Technology Act, 2000 and added the following two sections relating to Privacy: Section 43A, which deals with implementation of reasonable security practices for sensitive personal data or information and provides for the compensation of the person affected by wrongful loss or wrongful gain. Section 72A, which provides for imprisonment for a period up to three years and/or a fine up to Rs. for a person who causes wrongful loss or wrongful gain by disclosing personal information of another person while providing services under the terms of lawful contract. A constitutional bench of the Supreme Court declared 'Privacy' as a fundamental right on 24 August 2017. Ireland The Republic of Ireland is under the Data Protection Act 1988 along with the EU General Data Protection Regulation, which regulates the utilization of personal data. The DPA protects data within the private and personal sector. The DPA ensures that when data is transported, the location must be safe and in acknowledgement of the legislation to maintain data privacy. When collecting and processing data, some of the requirements are listed below: the subject of personal data must have given consent the data is in the subject's interest the reason for the processing of data is for a contract the reason for the processing of data is the prevention of injury Specifically the Data Protection Commissioner oversees the entirety of the enforcement of data privacy regulations for Ireland. All persons that collect and process data must register with the Data Protection Commissioner unless they are exempt (non-profit organizations, journalistic, academic, literary expression etc.) and renew their registration annually. Electronic Privacy Protection Considering the protection of internet property and online data, the ePrivacy Regulations 2011 protect the communications and higher-advanced technical property and data such as social media and the telephone. In relation to international data privacy law that Ireland is involved in, the British–Irish Agreement Act 1999 Section 51 extensively states the relationship between data security between the United Kingdom and Ireland. In addition, Ireland is part of the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The Data Protection Commissioner of Ireland is a member of the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners, European Data Protection Authorities, the EU Article 29 Working Party, Global Privacy Enforcement Network, and the British, Irish, and Islands Data Protection Authorities. Ireland is also the main international location for social media platforms, specifically LinkedIn and Twitter, for data collection and control for any data processed outside the United States. Jamaica The Jamaican constitution grants its people the right to "respect for and protection of private and family life, and privacy of the home". Although the government grants its citizens the right to privacy, the protection of this right is not strong. But in regards to other privacy laws that has been adopted in the country of Jamaica, the closest one is the Private Security Regulation Authority Act. This act passed in the year 1992, established the Private Security Regulation Authority. This organization is tasked with the responsibility of regulating the private security business and ensuring that everyone working as a private security guard is trained and certified. The goal of this is to ensure a safer home, community, and businesses. One of the reasons as to why this law was passed is that as trained workers, the guards could ensure maximum Customer service and also with the education they received they would be equipped how best to deal with certain situations as well as avoid actions can that could be considered violations, such as invasion of privacy. Additionally, as a member of the United Nations, the Jamaica is bound by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states in article two "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks". Japan On 30 May 2003, Japan enacted a series of laws in the area of data protection: The Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI) The Act on the Protection of Personal Information Held by Administrative Organs (APPIHAO) The Act on the Protection of Personal Information Held by Incorporated Administrative Agencies (APPI-IAA) The two latter acts (amended in 2016) contain provisions applicable to the protection of personal information by public sector entities. Kenya Kenya currently does not have a strong general privacy protection law for its constituents. But in chapter 4 — The Bill of Rights, and in the second part which is titled "Rights and Fundamental Freedoms", of the constitution, privacy is allocated its own section. There we see that the Kenyan government express that all its people have the right to privacy, "which includes the right not to have — (a) their person, home or property searched; (b) their possessions seized; (c) information relating to their family or private affairs unnecessarily required or revealed, or (d) the privacy of their communications infringed". Although Kenya grants its people the right to privacy, there seems to be no existing document that protects these specific privacy laws. Regarding privacy laws relating to data privacy, like many African countries as expressed by Alex Boniface Makulilo, Kenya's privacy laws are far from the European 'adequacy' standard. As of today, Kenya does have laws that focus on specific sectors. The following are the sectors: communication and information. The law pertaining to this is called the Kenya Information and Communication Act. This Act makes it illegal for any licensed telecommunication operators to disclose or intercept information that is able to get access through the customer's use of the service. This law also grants privacy protection in the course of making use of the service provided by said company. And if the information of the customer is going to be provided to any third party it is mandatory that the customer is made aware of such an exchange and that some form of agreement is reached, even if the person is a family member. This act also goes as far as protecting data for Kenyans especially for the use of fraud and other ill manners. Additionally, as a member of the United Nations, Kenya is bound by the universal declaration of Human Rights which states in article two "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks". Malaysia After their independence from Great Britain in 1957, Malaysia's existing legal system was based primarily on English common law. The following common law torts are related to personal information privacy and continue to play a role in Malaysia's legal system: breach of confidence, defamation, malicious falsehood, and negligence. In recent years, however, the Court of Appeal in Malaysia has referred less to English common law and instead looked more toward other nations with similar colonial histories and whose written constitutions are more like the Malaysian Constitution. Unlike the courts in these other nations, such as India's Supreme Court, the Malaysian Court of Appeal has not yet recognized a constitutionally protected right to privacy. In June 2010, the Malaysian Parliament passed the Personal Data Protection Act 2010, and it came into effect in 2013. It outlines seven Personal Data Protection Principles that entities operating in Malaysia must adhere to: the General Principle, the Notice and Choice Principle, the Disclosure Principle, the Security Principle, the Retention Principle, the Data Integrity Principle, and the Access Principle. The Act defines personal data as "'information in respect of commercial transactions that relates directly or indirectly to the data subject, who is identified or identifiable from that information or from that and other information." A notable contribution to general privacy law is the Act's distinction between personal data and sensitive personal data, which entails different protections. Personal data includes "information in respect of commercial transactions ... that relates directly or indirectly to a data subject" while sensitive personal data includes any "personal data consisting of information as to the physical or mental health or condition of a data subject, his political opinions, his religious beliefs or other beliefs of a similar nature." Although the Act does not apply to information processed outside the country, it does restrict cross-border transfers of data from Malaysia outwards. Additionally, the Act offers individuals the "right to access and correct the personal data held by data users", "the right to withdraw consent to the processing of personal data", and "the right to prevent data users from processing personal data for the purpose of direct marketing." Punishment for violating the Personal Data Protection Act can include fines or even imprisonment. Other common law and business sector-specific laws that exist in Malaysia to indirectly protect confidential information include: Official Secrets Act 1972 Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 Financial Services Act 2013 Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 Labuan Financial Services and Securities Act 2010 Labuan Islamic Financial Services and Securities Act 2010Common law duty of bank confidentiality Mexico On 5 July 2010, Mexico enacted a new privacy package focused on treatment of personal data by private entities. The key elements included were: Requirement of all private entities who gather personal data to publish their privacy policy in accordance to the law. Set fines for up to $16,000,000 MXN in case of violation of the law. Set prison penalties to serious violations. New Zealand In New Zealand, the Privacy Act 1993 (replaced by Privacy Act 2020) sets out principles in relation to the collection, use, disclosure, security and access to personal information. The introduction into the New Zealand common law of a tort covering invasion of personal privacy at least by public disclosure of private facts was at issue in Hosking v Runting and was accepted by the Court of Appeal. In Rogers v TVNZ Ltd, the Supreme Court indicated it had some misgivings with how the tort was introduced, but chose not to interfere with it at that stage. Complaints about privacy are considered by the Privacy Commissioner Nigeria Federal Republic of Nigeria's constitution offers its constituents the right to privacy as well as privacy protection. The following can be found in the constitution pertaining to this: "The privacy of citizens, their homes, correspondence, telephone conversations and telegraphic communications is hereby guaranteed and protected". Additionally, as a member of the United Nations, Nigeria is bound by the universal declaration of Human Rights which states in article twelve "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks". Nigeria is one of the few African countries that is building on the privacy laws. This is evident in the fact that Nine years later in the year 2008, the Cybersecurity and Information Protection Agency Bill was passed. This bill is responsible for the creation of the Cybersecurity and Information Protection Agency. This agency is tasked with the job of preventing cyberattacks and regulating the Nigerian information technology industry. Additional laws have been passed that are meant to prevent the disclosure of information without permission and the intercepting of some form of transaction with or without evil intent. Philippines In Article III, Section 3, paragraph 1 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines lets its audience know that "The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law". Not only does this country grant the Filipinos the right to privacy, but it also protects its people's right to privacy by attaching consequences to the violation of it thereof. In the year 2012, the Philippines passed the Republic Act No. 10173, also known as the "Data Privacy Act of 2012". This act extended privacy regulations and laws to apply to more than just individual industries. This act also offered protection of data belonging to the people regardless of where it is stored, be it in private spheres or not. In that very same year, the cybercrime prevention law was passed. This law was "intended to protect and safeguard the integrity of computer and communications systems" and prevent them from being misused. Not only does the Philippines have these laws, but it has also set aside agents that are tasked with regulating these privacy rules and due ensure the punishment of the violators. Additionally, with the constitution, previous laws that have been passed but that are in violation of the laws above have been said to be void and nullified. Another way this country has shown their dedication in executing this law is extending it to the government sphere as well. Additionally, as a member of the United Nations, the Philippines is bound by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states in article two "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks". Russia Applicable legislation: # Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data, signed and ratified by the Russian Federation on December 19.2005; # the Law of the Russian Federation "On Personal Data" as of 27 July 2006 No. 152-FZ, regulating the processing of personal data by means of automation equipment. It is the operator who is required to comply with that Act. As a general rule, consent of the individual is required for processing, i.e. obtaining, organizing, accumulating, holding, adjusting (updating, modifying), using, disclosing (including transfer), impersonating, blocking or destroying of his personal data. This rule doesn't apply where such processing is necessary for performance of the contract, to which an individual is a party. Data protection principles and legislation in the Russian Federation (in English) On-line database of the Russian laws (in Russian) Federal Service on supervising in the sphere of communications, information technology and mass media (in Russian) #In 2022, in the doctoral dissertation of Doctor of Law A. V. Krotov, the right of private life as an objective right was considered as a sub-branch of constitutional law, under the Subject of the sub-branch of private life law, the author proposes to understand an array of social relations that arise in the process of formation and development of peculiar, inherent exclusively given to the individual physical, mental and social characteristics that are objectively amenable to legal regulation and receive such regulation. As part of the sub-sector, the following stand out: the institution of privacy, including the sub-institution of the inviolability of the home; institution of religious identity; the institute of family relations, including the sub-institution of the right to become a parent and the sub-institution of gender identity; a communication institution that includes the sub-institution of privacy in cyberspace. Thus, taking into account modern trends in the development of society, a qualitatively different understanding of the right of private life is proposed, as a subjective right of private life, A.V. ) choosing the type and measure of acceptable behavior in the sphere of his personalization, depending on his will and consciousness and serving to satisfy his legitimate interests, coupled with the ability of an authorized subject to demand certain behavior from an obligated person and guaranteed by the state. The subjective right to privacy has the following features: it can be both individual and collective; arises in a person (individual subject) and belongs to him from the moment of birth, to the family (collective subject) from the moment of creation; not alienable; combines the norms of law, morality, in some legal systems of religion; is complex, includes negative and positive elements; its nature, as a rule, requires specification of the content in sectoral legislation; is a natural right, derived from the very rational nature of a person, mediates the characteristics of a person as a biosocial being with pronounced innate attitudes to personalize his properties, is connected and aimed at the implementation of the goals inherent in him by nature, and others. Exploring the post-Soviet model of the right to private life, A. V. Krotov notes its features associated with the special culture of Soviet society: the subordination of the individual's personal existence to public principles of morality and ethics, party duty, condemnation of individualism, and the specifics of Eastern Christian theology. In Orthodoxy, a person is not an autonomous being, a person is conceived in relation and communication with other personalities, the world and God, morality is in the center, and non-personality. A. V. Krotov comes to the conclusion that the post-Soviet model of the right to private life in the Orthodox countries of Eastern Europe, as a rule, is an adapted version of the Western doctrine, the result of the catch-up growth paradigm, a necessary and forced reaction to the evolution of technological , cultural, religious, political and legal systems of Western civilization. Approval at the end of the 20th century. of the pro-Western model of the right to private life in the former Soviet states (countries of the Eastern Christendom) occurred en masse not because of the public need for it, but for populist purposes, as a kind of emotional element that convinces people of a change in the state course, to demonstrate the pro-Western orientation of politicians who led the post-Soviet countries at the end of the twentieth century. However, the Western model of the right to private life does not coincide with the mass legal consciousness and the established system of values in Russia (as a collectivist society), with the philosophical and religious principles of Orthodoxy (the principle of conciliarity). Constitutional norms on the right to private life in Russia are developed to a lesser extent in sectoral legislation (compared to Western law). Singapore Singapore, like other Commonwealth jurisdictions, relies primarily on common law, and the law of confidence is employed for privacy protection cases. For example, privacy can be protected indirectly through various common law torts: defamation, trespass, nuisance, negligence, and breach of confidence. In February 2002, however, the Singaporean government decided that the common law approach was inadequate for their emerging globalized technological economy. Thus, the National Internet Advisory Committee published the Model Data Protection Code for the Private Sector, which set standards for personal data protection and was influenced by the EU Data Protection Directive and the OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy. In the private sector, businesses can still choose to adopt the Model Code, but in 2005 Parliament decided that Singapore needed a more comprehensive legislative privacy framework. In January 2013, Singapore's Personal Data Protection Act 2012 came into effect in three separate but related phases. The phases continued through July 2014 and dealt with the creation of the Personal Data Protection Commission, the national Do Not Call Registry, and general data protection Rules. The Act's general purpose "is to govern the collection, use and disclosure of personal data by organisations" while acknowledging the individual's right to control their personal data and the organizations' legal needs to collect this data. It imposes eight obligations on those organizations that use personal data: consent, purpose limitation, notification, access, correction, accuracy, protection/security, and retention. The Act prohibits transfer of personal data to countries with privacy protection standards that are lower than those outlined in the general data protection rules. The Personal Data Protection Commission is responsible for enforcing the Act, which is based primarily on a complaints-based system. The punishments for violating the Act can include being ordered by the commission to stop collecting and using personal data, to destroy the data, or to pay a penalty of up to $1 million. Singapore has also passed various sector-specific statutes that more indirectly deal with privacy and personal information, including: Banking Act Statistics Act Official Secrets Act Statutory Bodies and Government Companies Act Central Provident Fund Act Telecommunications Act There are also more specific acts for electronically stored information: Spam Control Act 2007 Electronic Transactions Act National Computer Board Act Computer Misuse Act South Africa The Constitution of South Africa guarantees the most general right to privacy for all its citizens. This provides the main protection for personal data privacy so far. The Protection of Personal Information Act 2013 (POPI) was signed into act, focusing on data privacy and is inspired by other foreign national treaties like the European Union. Minimum requirements are presented in POPI for the act of processing personal data, like the fact that the data subject must provide consent and that the data will be beneficial, and POPI will be harsher when related to cross-border international data transfers, specifically with personal information. The recording of conversations over phone and internet is not allowed without the permission of both parties with the Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communications Related Act (2002). In addition, South Africa is part of the Southern African Development Community and the African Union. Sweden The Data Act is the world's first national data protection law and was enacted in Sweden on 11 May 1973. The law was then superseded on 24 October 1998 by the Personal Data Act (Sw. Personuppgiftslagen) that implemented the 1995 EU Data Protection Directive. Switzerland The main legislation over personal data privacy for the personal and private sector in Switzerland is the Swiss Federal Protection Act, specifically the Data Protection Act, a specific section under the Swiss Federal Protection Act. The Data Protection Act has been enacted since 1992 and is in charge of measuring the consent of sharing of personal data, along with other legislation like the Telecommunication Act and the Unfair Competition Act. The Act generally guides on how to collect, process, store, data, use, disclose, and destruct data. The Data Inspection Board is in charge of overseeing data breaches and privacy enforcement. Personal data must be protected against illegal use by "being processed in good faith and must be proportionate". Also, the reason for the transfer of personal data must be known by the time of data transfer. Data not associated with people (not personal data) is not protected by the Data Protection Act. In the case of data transfer to unsafe data protection countries, these are the major regulations required by the Data Protection Act: Need of direct channels for data transfer Individual case must have consent from receivers of data Disclosure is accessible to public Switzerland is a white-listed country, meaning that it is a nation that has proper levels of data protection under the surveillance by the European Commission (EU Commission). Switzerland is not under the EU Data Protection Directive 95/46 EC. However, the data protection regulations are sufficient enough under European Union (EU) regulations without being a member of the EU. In addition, Switzerland is part of the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The Data Inspection Board of Switzerland is a member of the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners, European Data Protection Authorities, the EU Article 29 Working Party, and the Nordic Data Protection Authorities. Taiwan The right to privacy is not explicitly mentioned in the Republic of China Constitution, but it can be protected indirectly through judicial interpretation. For example, article 12 of the Constitution states "the people shall have freedom of confidentiality of correspondence" while article 10 states "the people shall have freedom of residence and of change of residence." Along with several other articles that assert the Constitution's protection of freedoms and rights of the people, the Grand Justices are able to decide how privacy protection fits into the legal system. The Justices first made reference to privacy being a protected right in the 1992 "Interpretation of Council of Grand Justices No. 293 on Disputes Concerning Debtors' Rights," but it was not directly or explicitly declared to be a right. In 1995, Taiwan passed the Computer-Processed Personal Data Protection Act which was influenced by the OECD Guidelines and enforced by each separate Ministry depending on their industry sector responsibility. It only protected personal information managed by government agencies and certain industries. In 2010, Taiwan enacted the Personal Data Protection Act that laid out more comprehensive guidelines for the public and private sectors and was still enforced by individual Ministries. In the 2010 Act, personal data is protected and defined as any "data which is sufficient to, directly or indirectly, identify that person", and includes data such as name, date of birth, fingerprints, occupation, medical records, and financial status, among many others. A few other administrative laws also deal with communication-specific personal privacy protection: Telecommunications Act Communications Protection and Surveillance Act Additionally, chapter 28 of the Criminal Code outlines punishments for privacy violations in article 315, sections 315-1 and 315–2. The sections primarily address issues of search and seizure and criminal punishment for wrongful invasion of privacy. Finally, articles 18(I),184(I), and 195(I) of the Taiwanese Civil Code address the "personality right" to privacy and the right to compensation when one injures the "rights" of another, such as when someone uses another's name illegally. Thailand Thailand's unique history of being an authoritarian buffer state during the Cold War and being under the constant threat of a coup d'état means that privacy laws have so far been limited in order to preserve national security and public safety. Thailand uses bureaucratic surveillance to maintain national security and public safety, which explains the 1991 Civil Registration Act that was passed to protect personal data in computerized record-keeping and data-processing done by the government. The legislature passed the Official Information Act 1997 to provide basic data protection by limiting personal data collection and retention in the public sector. It defines personal information in a national context in relation to state agencies. Two communication technology related laws, the Electronic Transactions Act 2001 and the Computer Crime Act 2007, provide some data privacy protection and enforcement mechanisms. Nevertheless, Thailand still lacks legislation that explicitly addresses privacy security. Thus, with the need for a more general and all-encompassing data protection law, the legislature proposed the Personal Data Protection Bill in 2013, which is heavily influenced by the OECD Guidelines and the EU Directive. The draft law is still under evaluation and its enactment date is not yet finalized. Ukraine Privacy and data protection in Ukraine is mainly regulated by the Law of Ukraine No. 2297-VI 'On Personal Data Protection' enacted on 1 June 2010. On 20 December 2012 legislation was substantially amended. Some general and sector-specific aspects of privacy are regulated by the following acts: The Constitution of Ukraine; The Civil Code of Ukraine; Law of Ukraine No. 2657-XII 'On Information' dated 2 October 1992; Law of Ukraine No. 1280-IV 'On Telecommunications' dated 18 November 2003; Law of Ukraine No. 80/94-BP 'On Protection of Information in the Information and Telecommunication Systems' dated 5 July 1994; Law of Ukraine No. 675-VIII 'On Electronic Commerce' dated 3 September 2015. United Kingdom As a member of the European Convention on Human Rights, the United Kingdom adheres to Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees a "right to respect for privacy and family life" from state parties, subject to restrictions as prescribed by law and necessary in a democratic society towards a legitimate aim. However, there is no independent tort law doctrine which recognises a right to privacy. This has been confirmed on a number of occasions. Processing of personal information is regulated by the Data Protection Act 2018, supplementing the EU General Data Protection Regulation, which is still in force (in amended form) after the UK's exit from the EU as "retained EU legislation". Kaye v Robertson Wainwright v Home Office United States The right to privacy is not explicitly stated anywhere in the Bill of Rights. The idea of a right to privacy was first addressed within a legal context in the United States. Louis Brandeis (later a Supreme Court justice) and another young lawyer, Samuel D. Warren II, published an article called "The Right to Privacy" in the Harvard Law Review in 1890 arguing that the United States Constitution and common law allowed for the deduction of a general "right to privacy". Their project was never entirely successful, and the renowned tort expert and Dean of the College of Law at University of California, Berkeley, William Lloyd Prosser argued in 1960 that "privacy" was composed of four separate torts, the only unifying element of which was a (vague) "right to be left alone". The four torts were: Appropriating the plaintiff's identity for the defendant's benefit Placing the plaintiff in a false light in the public eye Publicly disclosing private facts about the plaintiff Unreasonably intruding upon the seclusion or solitude of the plaintiff One of the central privacy policies concerning minors is the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which requires children under the age of thirteen to gain parental consent before putting any personal information online. For additional information on Privacy laws in the United States, see: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 Financial Services Modernization Act (GLB), 15 U.S. Code §§ 6801–6810 Final Rule on Privacy of Consumer Financial Information, 16 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 313 Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), 15 U.S. Code §§ 1681-1681u Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692-1692 Driver's Privacy Protection Act (DPPA), 18 U.S.C. §§ 2721–2725 Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 E-Government Act of 2002 Recently, a handful of lists and databases are emerging to help risk managers research U.S. State and Federal laws that define liability. They include: Perkins Coie Security Breach Notification Chart: A set of articles (one per state) that define data breach notification requirements among U.S. states. NCSL Security Breach Notification Laws: A list of U.S. state statutes that define data breach notification requirements. ts jurisdiction: A commercial cybersecurity research platform with coverage of 380+ U.S. State & Federal laws that impact cybersecurity before and after a breach. ts jurisdiction also maps to the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. Uzbekistan Though the right to privacy exists in several regulations, the most effective privacy protections come in the form of constitutional articles of Uzbekistan. Varying aspects of the right to privacy are protected in different ways by different situations. Vietnam Vietnam, lacking a general data protection law, relies on Civil Code regulations relating to personal data protection. Specifically, the Code "protects information relating to the private life of a person." The 2006 Law on Information Technology protects personal information, such as name, profession, phone number, and email address, and declares that organizations may only use this information for a "proper purpose". The legislation, however, does not define what qualifies as proper. The 2005 Law on Electronic Transactions protects personal information during electronic transactions by prohibiting organizations and individuals from disclosing "part or all of information related to private and personal affairs ... without prior agreement." The 2010 Law on Protection of Consumers' Rights provides further protection for consumer information, but it does not define the scope of that information or create a data protection authority; additionally, it is only applicable in the private sector. In 2015, the Vietnam legislature introduced the Law on Information Security, which ensures better information safety and protection online and in user's computer software. It took effect on 1 July 2016 and is Vietnam's first overarching data protection legislation. Countries without official data privacy laws Source Afghanistan Algeria Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belize Bolivia Botswana Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Comoros Cuba Djibouti Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Fiji Gambia Guatemala Guinea Haiti Iran Iraq Jordan Kiribati Kuwait Lebanon Liberia Libya Malawi Maldives Mongolia Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Rwanda Samoa Saudi Arabia Sierra Leone Somalia Sri Lanka Sudan Syria Tajikistan Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Turkmenistan Tuvalu United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican (Holy See) Venezuela Zambia

Introduction Fritz Pfleumer was a German engineer who invented magnetic tape for recording sound. Biography Fritz was born as the son of Robert and Minna, née Hünich. His father Robert (1848–1934) was born in Greiz, and his mother Minna (1846–1932) was born in Freiberg. Fritz had five siblings – Mimi, Hans, Hermann, Otto, and Mizi. Hans emigrated to the US. Fritz Pfleumer, with his magnetic tape machine (1931) Pfleumer developed a process for putting metal stripes on cigarette papers and reasoned that he could similarly coat a magnetic stripe to be used as an alternative to wire recording. In 1927, after experimenting with various materials, Pfleumer used very thin paper that he coated with iron oxide powder using lacquer as glue. He received a patent in 1928. On 1 December 1932 Pfleumer granted AEG the right to use his invention when building the world's first practical tape recorder, called Magnetophon K1. It was first demonstrated at the IFA in 1935. Fritz Pfleumer

Introduction Tor Jonsson was a Norwegian author and journalist. Tor Jonsson is known for simple, strongly worded lyric poetry, but his poems stir up conflicts and a sense of loneliness. One senses a strong resistance to the legacy of national romantic spirit in his works. Biography His birthplace and childhood home was in the valley of Boverdal (Bøverdalen) in Lom in Oppland, Norway. His parents were Johannes Johnsen (1867-1929) and Torø Thorsen (1878-1950). Jonsson lived in great poverty with a sick mother who was nearly helpless. His father also had difficulties and died early. Of necessity, Jonsson had to work as a farm and garden laborer, and later as a printer. Jonsson's poetry was strongly influenced by these younger years which conveys a sense of long shadows falling around the author. He remained bound by the needs of his mother and his sister, who had similar difficulties to his mother’s. He attended the horticulture school (Valle videregående skole) at Lena in Østre Toten from 1939-40. During the period 1945-47 he worked as a journalist at Dølenes Blad, later at Dølabladet and as editor at Hallingdølen. In the years from 1943 through 1948 he wrote several collections of poetry which were published as Mogning i mørkret, Berg ved blått vatn and Jarnnetter. After the death of his mother in June 1950, Tor Jonsson moved to Oslo. In 1950 his collection of articles, Nesler was published, followed the next year by Siste stikk. There he also became obsessively enamored with the journalist Ruth Alvesen, but she did not feel a reciprocal interest. The radical, intellectual, and energetic Tor Jonsson sought love, but was unsuccessful in achieving this desire, although he was well liked and had many good comrades. He had a troubled mind and in his childhood years was considered to be unusually focused, even to the point of becoming obsessed with a topic once he became interested in it. In 1951 Tor Jonsson committed suicide at 34 years of age. He was awarded The Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature posthumously in 1956 in recognition of the enduring character of his work. His former home in Bøverdalen is now part of the outdoor museum Lom bygdamuseum at Presthaugen which is associated with the Gudbrandsdalsmusea. Bibliography Mogning i mørkret - 1943 Berg ved blått vatn - 1946 Jarnnetter - 1948 Jul í Bygda (short story) - 1949 Nesler - 1950 Ein dagbok for mitt hjarte - 1951 Siste stikk - 1951 Prosa i samling - 1960 Diktning - 1963 Og evig er Ordet - 1970 Kvite fuglar - 1978 Ved grensa - 1995 Blant bygdedyr og vestkantkrokodiller - 2000 Prizes *Melsom-prisen - 1952 (Posthumous honor) The Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature - 1956 (Posthumous honor) References and notes

Introduction James Harrison Oliver was a Rear Admiral and member of the Naval Board of Strategy during World War I. He was also the first military Governor of the United States Virgin Islands from 1917 to 1919. He was often referred to as J. H. Oliver. Biography Oliver was born in Houston County, Georgia. He graduated from Washington and Lee University in 1872 and the United States Naval Academy in 1877. In 1893, he moved to Shirley Plantation in Charles City, Virginia and married; this would remain his home, while not serving in the Navy, for the remainder of his life. Resignation from the Navy In 1904, while a Lieutenant Commander commanding the , his ship was involved in a collision with a schooner in Delaware Bay which resulted in the deaths of 29 crewmembers of the schooner. He was arrested and to be court-martialed, but the trial was delayed for more than a year while he remained in command of his ship—despite being technically under arrest. (In Navy tradition, he had also been stripped of his sword—a humiliation.) He was subsequently acquitted "with honor". At the ceremony officially returning his sword to him, he broke the sword and threw it into the ocean and immediately resigned from the Navy. While retired, he was briefly appointed as the Inspector of the Fourteenth Lighthouse District in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt formally reinstated his commission, reportedly saying (with respect to his resignation) "I'd have done the same thing myself." When reinstated, he was simultaneously promoted to Commander. He was promoted to Captain in 1910 and Rear Admiral in 1916, just prior to the United States entrance into World War I. He was subsequently elevated to Chief of Naval Intelligence by 1917. Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands On March 28, 1917, he was appointed as Governor of the United States Virgin Islands by President Woodrow Wilson. (Edwin Taylor Pollock was made acting-Governor until his arrival.) He remained as Governor for two years, until 1919. He was awarded Navy Cross for his service as a governor. Oliver was quickly granted a loan of $200,000 ($3.4 million, adjusted for inflation) by the government of the United States for expenses relating to the occupation, including the building of fortifications on the island and the stationing of troops. Being disappointed with the quality of native educators, he also requested that additional instructors be sent from the mainland. From 1919 until the end of the war, Oliver served on the Naval Board of Strategy. Oliver retired from the Navy in January 1921. He died of heart disease in 1928 at his home in Virginia.

Introduction Men in Trees is an American romantic comedy-drama television series starring Anne Heche as relationship coach Marin Frist, which premiered on September 12, 2006, on ABC. The series is set in the fictional town of Elmo, Alaska, and concerns Marin Frist's misadventures in relationships. The premise showed at least superficial similarities to the HBO television series Sex and the City, which also featured a romantically oriented female writer. The protagonist's apparent "fish-out-of-water" feeling in a remote, small Alaskan town can be likened to CBS's Northern Exposure. The protagonists in both series were New Yorkers thrust into small town Alaskan societies. Filming for the series was based in Squamish, British Columbia, Canada. Five episodes of the first production season, which had not yet been shown on ABC, debuted in New Zealand on the TV2 network in June and July 2007. The five carryover episodes aired on ABC after the first episode of the second production season, beginning October 19, 2007. Men In Trees was cancelled on June 11, 2008. Its final episodes aired that summer as a burn-off. Scheduling The show first aired on ABC with a preview on September 12, 2006, after the season premiere of Dancing with the Stars. The show initially aired on Fridays at 9 pm. ET. From November 30, 2006, until March 2007 episodes aired Thursdays at 10 pm. The network announced on May 15, 2007, it would move to Fridays at 10pm for its second season. ABC held off five episodes for its second season. Noting the absence of Men in Trees from ABC's schedule starting in March 2007, series creator Jenny Bicks reported in her blog for ABC that reruns of the show would be shown on ABC beginning in June 2007, continuing throughout the summer. Reruns of the series' first season began airing on ABC on Thursday, June 28. The series began the fall 2007 season airing Fridays at 10 pm. However, due to its inability to hold on to the audience of freshman show Women's Murder Club and the underperformance of 20/20 at 8 pm, Men in Trees was moved to the 8 pm Friday slot. Following the end of the 2008 writers' strike, the show returned on February 27, 2008, in its new timeslot on Wednesdays at 10pm. Characters Main characters Marin Frist (Anne Heche) Relationship coach, author, and radio host. She discovers that her fiancé Graham has been cheating on her and decides to start a new life in Elmo, Alaska. Annie O'Donnell (Emily Bergl) Fan of Marin's books and Patrick's fiancée. She follows Marin to Alaska. Patrick O'Bachelorton (Derek Richardson) Avid fan of Marin's books, runs the town inn and radio station; engaged to Annie. Patrick changed his last name to O'Bachelorton, after it was originally Bachelor, citing the influences as O' from (Annie) O'Donnell, Bachelor from his mother, and -ton from his biological father's last name, Washington. Jane Burns (Seana Kofoed) Marin's editor, falls for "plow guy". Jack Slattery (James Tupper) Local biologist and Marin's love interest. Buzz Washington (John Amos) -Pilot of one of the only planes in and out of Elmo. The biological father of Patrick from a tryst with Celia Bachelor. Ben Thomasson (Abraham Benrubi) Owner of the town bar, The Chieftain, and the local hockey team, the Huskies. The town sports facility, Thomasson Center, is named after him. Allegedly made his fortune by inventing Wetnaps but left Seattle to get away from his various hangers-on. At the show's beginning, he and his wife Theresa are estranged but continue to live in the same house while Theresa conducts several affairs. When he and Sara resume their old relationship, he asks Theresa to move out. He and Theresa eventually reconcile. Sara Jackson (Suleka Mathew) The town's former "working girl", single mother who now works at The Chieftain with one-time boyfriend Ben. Theresa Thomasson (Sarah Strange) Ben's wife, once estranged from him, who works as the town barmaid. Even though she and Ben are separated, they live under the same roof. It's only after Ben asks her to leave following the resumption of his relationship with Sara that she realizes how much she loves him. Theresa also reveals the motives behind her behavior: her marriage with Ben is her first relationship that hasn't turned abusive, and it scares her. She is a former backup singer for Jewel. Police Chief Celia Bachelor (Cynthia Stevenson) Patrick's clingy, widowed mother. Celia's maiden name is Hisbut. (Episodes 14-36, recurring previously). Mai Washington (Lauren Tom) Buzz's wife, an entrepreneur who sells various items taken from unclaimed luggage. (Episodes 14-36, recurring previously). Recurring characters Jerome Robinsky (Timothy Webber) Regular patron at the Chieftain. As the show progresses, bits of Jerome's past are revealed (for example, in "The Girl Who Cried Wolf," several pictures of a younger Jerome are seen with various world leaders, and in "Sonata in Three Parts," he reveals to Annie that he is a composer. His last name is also revealed.) He was previously involved with Annie's mother Mary Alice, but the relationship ended when Jerome discovered she had gone back to her husband. He composes a song for her, which he plays at Sam and Jane's wedding in New York. Carl (Adrian McMorran) Lynn Barstow (Justine Bateman) Jack's pregnant ex-girlfriend who has again left Elmo because Jack didn't love her. Police Supervisor Richard Ellis (Currie Graham) Celia Bachelor's boyfriend Sam Soloway/"Plow Guy" (Ty Olsson) Jane's husband who drives a plow Stuart Maxson (Jason O'Mara) Marin's book publisher Cash (Scott Elrod) An attractive handyman who finishes repairing Marin's cabin in exchange for a place to live and has a secret: he's dying of kidney failure. Eric (Nicholas Lea) The minister at the local church who dates Sara. George Washington (Orlando Jones) Buzz Washington's gay son. Terri (Mario Cantone) Elmo's only hairdresser, a New York transplant, and occasional boyfriend of George Washington. He donates a kidney to Cash. Ivan Palacinke (Diego Klattenhoff) Croatian ice hockey player Episodes Season Episodes Originallyaired DVD releasedate 1 17 TBA 2 19 TBA Season 1: 2006–07 No.overall No. inseason Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod.code Season 2: 2007–08 Season 2, consisting of 19 episodes, first premiered in New Zealand on the TV2 network on June 25, 2007 with "Chemical Reactions". Season 2 premiered on ABC on October 12, 2007 with the first produced episode of Season 2. No.overall No. inseason Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod.code Ratings Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of Men in Trees on ABC: Season Timeslot (ET) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers(in millions) 1 Friday 9.00 P.M. (September 12 November 10, 2006)Thursday 10.00 P.M. (November 30 February 15, 2007) September 12, 2006 February 15, 2007 20062007 #65 8.4 2 Friday 10:00 P.M. (October 12 November 2, 2007)Friday 8:00 P.M. (November 9 December 7, 2007)Wednesday 10:00 P.M. (February 27 June 11, 2008) October 12, 2007 June 11, 2008 2007-2008 #105 5.8 + Season 1 Episode # Title Air date Rating Share 18-49 Viewers Rank 1 "Pilot" September 12, 2006 8.0 13 3.7 12.1 2 "Power Shift" September 15, 2006 5.3 10 2.2 8.02 3 "For What It's Worth..." September 22, 2006 5.5 10 2.5 8.21 4 "Sink or Swim" September 29, 2006 4.7 8 2.2 6.92 5 "Talk for Tat" October 6, 2006 4.8 8 1.9 7.11 6 "The Caribou in The Room" October 13, 2006 5.1 9 2.2 7.15 7 "Ladies Frist" October 20, 2006 4.4 8 1.6 6.16 8 "The Buddy System" October 27, 2006 4.5 8 2.2 6.86 9 "The Menaissance" November 10, 2006 4.3 7 1.9 6.35 10 "New York Fiction (1)" November 30, 2006 8.0 13 4.0 11.85 11 "New York Fiction (2)" December 7, 2006 5.9 10 2.7 8.28 12 "The Darkest Day" January 11, 2007 6.9 11 3.6 10.26 13 "History Lessons" January 18, 2007 7.3 12 3.7 10.70 14 "Bed, Bat & Beyond" January 25, 2007 7.7 13 3.9 10.98 15 "Take It Like a Man" February 1, 2007 7.3 12 3.9 10.64 16 "Nice Girls Finish First" February 8, 2007 7.1 12 4.1 10.90 17 "The Indecent Proposal" February 15, 2007 7.6 12 4.1 11.21 + Season 2 Episode # Title Air date Rating Share 18-49 Viewers Rank 1 "A Tree Grows In Elmo" October 12, 2007 4.9 9 2.0 7.05 2 "Chemical Reactions" October 19, 2007 4.4 8 1.7 6.42 3 "No Man Is An Iceland" October 26, 2007 4.6 8 1.7 6.51 4 "I Wood If I Could" November 2, 2007 4.1 7 2.0 7.41 5 "The Girl Who Cried Wolf" November 9, 2007 4.4 8 1.5 6.16 6 "Nice Day For A Dry Wedding" November 16, 2007 4.5 8 1.6 6.40 7 "Sea Change" November 23, 2007 3.8 7 1.5 5.57 8 "Sweatering it Out" December 7, 2007 4.2 7 1.3 5.97 9 "Charity Case" February 27, 2008 4.0 7 1.7 5.66 10 "Sonata in Three Parts" March 5, 2008 4.0 7 1.6 5.74 11 "Home Seized Home" March 12, 2008 4.1 7 1.7 5.62 12 "Read Between the Minds" March 19, 2008 4.0 7 1.6 5.89 13 "A Tale of Two Kidneys" March 26, 2008 4.0 7 1.5 5.61 14 "Get a Life" April 2, 2008 3.7 6 1.5 5.50 15 "Wander/Lust" April 16, 2008 4.4 7 1.6 6.11 16 "Kiss and Don't Tell" April 23, 2008 3.8 6 1.5 5.21 17 "New Dogs, Old Tricks" May 28, 2008 3.7 6 1.6 5.31 18 "Surprise, Surprise " June 4, 2008 3.3 5 1.4 5.25 19 "Taking the Lead" June 11, 2008 3.2 1.1 4.51 Production history The series was given a 13 episode order at ABC's May 2006 upfronts, to debut in the fall of 2006, originally to follow Ugly Betty. After that series was shifted to a lead time slot on Thursdays, Men in Trees eventually followed Friday encore episodes of Grey's Anatomy until November 30, when Trees was moved to follow first-run Grey's episodes. On October 28, 2006, ABC ordered four more scripts to be written for the show. ABC then ordered a full season pickup for the show on November 8. It became the seventh new series to be given a full 22-episode order in the 2006-07 season. Men in Trees was among several scripted series affected by the 2007-08 Writers Guild of America strike. In particular, 14 new episodes were written for the second season, versus an order for 22. Combined with five episodes carried over from the first production season, Men in Trees had 19 completed episodes for its second broadcast season in the United States and was on hiatus from late December 2007 until it returned on February 27, 2008, taking over for Cashmere Mafia. The series was not aired during the May 2008 sweeps period. On May 4, 2008, ABC announced the official cancellation of the show and said that the final episodes would be broadcast starting on May 28, 2008. Critical reviews

Introduction Erinnyis crameri, or Cramer's sphinx, is a small member of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by William Schaus in 1898. Distribution It lives from northern South America, through Central America, and into the lower regions of the United States (Texas and Florida). Description Erinnyis crameri MHNT CUT 2010 0 524 Valle de Cochabamba Bolivia - male dorsal.jpg|Erinnyis crameri ♂ Erinnyis crameri MHNT CUT 2010 0 524 Valle de Cochabamba Bolivia - male ventral.jpg|Erinnyis crameri ♂ △ Erinnyis crameri MHNT CUT 2010 0 524 Valle de Cochabamba Bolivia - female dorsal.jpg|Erinnyis crameri ♀ Erinnyis crameri MHNT CUT 2010 0 524 Valle de Cochabamba Bolivia - female ventral.jpg|Erinnyis crameri ♀ △

Introduction Blood on the Sun Blood on the Sun is a 1945 American war film directed by Frank Lloyd and starring James Cagney and Sylvia Sidney. The film is based on a fictional history behind the Tanaka Memorial document. The film won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction for a Black & White (Wiard Ihnen, A. Roland Fields) film in 1945. Plot In 1929, the existence of the “Tanaka Memorial,” a Japanese plan devised by Baron Giichi Tanaka to conquer the world, is published in the Tokyo Chronicle. The Japanese secret police visit the Chronicle’s headquarters, demanding the editor Nick Condon to disclose the source, to which he replies. "The American press", where the same editor published the same story. Ollie Miller, a Chronicle reporter who obtained the original plan, and his wife Edith make plans to leave Japan on a ship. Believing he discovered the details of the plan, the secret police arrange to have him killed. When Condon goes to his cabin on the ship, he finds Edith strangled, and narrowly misses another woman exiting the cabin; he glimpses a ruby ring on her hand. Later that night, Ollie is shot outside Condon’s house. Before he dies, he gives to Condon a copy of the Tanaka Memorial plan. As the secret police, led by Captain Oshima, arrive, Condon hides the document behind a portrait of Emperor Hirohito. Revering the portrait, Oshima does not search it, but ransacks the rest of his house and subdues him when he resists. Condon wakes up the next morning in a prison cell. The Japanese police have fabricated a story about him having a drunken party the previous night and fixed his house to hide the damage, and the document is missing. Condon’s search for it is interrupted by a courier inviting him to Baron Tanaka’s home. At Tanaka’s home, the Baron offers Condon a substantial sum of money if he returns the document, and Condon realizes that Tanaka does not have it and someone else took it. Suspecting that the other party consists of Japanese anti-war liberals interested in sneaking the document out of the country, Condon publicly announces his intention to return to the United States. That evening, he meets Iris Hilliard, a half-Chinese woman. Seeing a ring on her finger, he suspects she was the woman he saw fleeing Edith’s cabin, but the two are attracted to one another. Unbeknownst to him, Iris is a spy for Baron Tanaka, tasked with retrieving the plan. Disgruntled at being passed over as Condon’s replacement as editor, Cassell, an unscrupulous reporter, inadvertently reveals that Tanaka ordered him to introduce Iris to Condon. Armed with this knowledge, Condon confronts Iris, who confesses that, while she works for Tanaka, she is loyal to Japan’s liberal fraction and, having no fear of the Emperor’s portrait, she herself took the Tanaka Memorial from his house. Condon takes the document and leaves. Eavesdropping on their conversation, the secret police imprison Iris, but she escapes. Disgraced by his failure, Tanaka commits seppuku. Before Condon leaves for the United States, Iris contacts him, asking to meet on a fishing dock. Evading the secret police tailing him, Condon meets her on the dock. She is accompanied by Prince Tatsugi, a liberal within the Japanese government. Aware that the government will claim the document is a forgery, Tatsugi places his seal on it, legitimizing it. The police arrive and kill Tatsugi; Condon gives the document to Iris, who flees in a fishing boat, and stays behind to delay the policemen. Defeating Captain Oshima at judo and evading the secret police, Condon arrives outside the embassy. He is shot and incapacitated, but when the Japanese search him, they are unable to find the document. As an American diplomat arrives to help Condon, the head of the secret police asks him to forgive his enemy. Avoiding a proposed handshake Condon replies, “Sure, forgive your enemies – but first, get even!” Cast Adaptations Blood on the Sun was adapted as a radio play on the December 3, 1945 episode of Lux Radio Theater with James Cagney and on the October 16, 1946 episode of Academy Award Theater starring John Garfield. Production Los Angeles Policeman Jack Sergel was featured in several magazine stories listing him as a top judo expert. William Cagney contacted him about teaching his brother James judo for the film. Sergel adopted the stage name John Halloran to appear as Cagney's opponent in the film. He later appeared in several of James Cagney's films, including teaching judo to Edmund O'Brien in White Heat, Copyright and home video status In 1973, the film entered the public domain in the United States because the owners did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication. As a result of this, it has been released in many substandard budget editions with inferior video and audio quality, and missing four minutes of footage. Its original uncut length was 94 minutes, though an original running time of 98 minutes has been much perpetuated with no supporting evidence whatsoever. As of 2019, there have been very few quality home video editions. It was released on US DVD (2001, Image Entertainment) with a transfer licensed from the Hal Roach Library. The rear sleeve states: "DIGITALLY MASTERED FROM THE ORIGINAL NITRATE CAMERA NEGATIVE. Blood on the Sun has historically suffered by being presented in very poor 16mm and 35mm dupe versions, most of which contained a very serious indigenous jitter. This stunning digital transfer was made from the brilliant original nitrate camera negative, which remains in mint condition after almost six decades." The DVD has a running time of 94 minutes. In 1993, Republic Pictures had the film computer-colorized using a high quality print. This was subsequently released on DVD in the US (2003, Artisan Entertainment) and UK (2000, Eureka Entertainment). In other media In the television series Cagney & Lacey, the character Christine Cagney has the poster of Blood on the Sun in her apartment , with the strapline "Cagney's Mightiest" adding to her characterization.

Introduction Peter was the Duke of Cantabria. While various writers have attempted to name his parentage, (for example, making him son or brother of King Erwig), early sources say nothing more specific than the chronicle of 'Pseudo-Alfonso': that he was "ex semine Leuvigildi et Reccaredi progenitus" (descended from the bloodline of Liuvigild and Reccared I), and even this has been challenged as a possible politically-motivated fiction created to support his descendants' later claim to exclusive kingship. He was the father of King Alfonso I and of Fruela of Cantabria, father of Kings Aurelius and Bermudo I. According to the Muslim chroniclers, in the year 714, Musa ibn Nusair sacked Amaya, capital of Cantabria, for the second time after Tariq did the year before. Peter, the provincial dux, led his people into refuge in the mountains, and after the local noble Pelayo of Asturias started a rebellion against the Berber garrison, which they had managed to establish over the mountain passes in neighbor Asturias, Dux Peter and other western Galician nobles supported the election of Alfonso as new King or Princeps to lead against the common enemy. Other scholars have said, that Pelayo may have been a Cantabrian relative, defending the western access to the Duchy through his own county seat, as that part of the modern province of Asturias was part then of the Cantabrian duchy and the Cantabria of classic Latin record. At any rate, Cantabria and the rest of what would be called Asturias merged as one realm. After the Battle of Covadonga, in which Pelayo avoided defeat by the larger invading force, and managed to dislodge its governor Munuza altogether from Asturias, it seems likely that Peter sent his son to the court of Pelayo at Cangas de Onís. It had been a Visigothic practice to send noble children to the royal court, this was thus a tacit admission of Pelayo's regality. According to the Crónica Albeldense, the territories of the two leaders were united by marriage between Peter's son Alfonso and Pelayo's daughter Ermesinda: :Adefonsus, Pelagi gener, reg. an. XVIIII. Iste Petri Cantabriae ducis filius fuit; et dum Asturias venir Ermesindam Pelagii filiam Pelagio proecipiente, accepit. Alfonso later succeeded to the Asturian throne and was the first to use the title of king. While Iberian Muslim scholars would call his descendants the Beni Alfons ( (Beni Iḍfunš)) after his son, they are more commonly referred to as the Astur-Leonese dynasty.

Introduction American Export Airlines Sikorsky VS-44 American Overseas Airlines was an airline that operated between the United States and Europe between 1945 and 1950. It was headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. History American Export Airlines, commonly known as Am Ex, was founded in April 1937 as a wholly owned subsidiary of the shipping company American Export Lines. Transatlantic surveys were done with a Consolidated PBY-4 flying boat and in 1939 AEA placed an order for three Vought-Sikorsky VS-44 flying boats, dubbed 'Flying Aces', named after the parent company's Four Aces. That same year, AEA made an application to the U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) for routes across the Atlantic from the United States to the United Kingdom, France, and Portugal. On July 15, 1940, in spite of strong protests by Juan Trippe, the president of Pan American Airways (PAA), President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave his approval to AEA for a seven-year temporary certificate to serve Lisbon (Portugal) from New York City-La Guardia Flying Boat base. Later, services were also flown to Foynes (Ireland). These services ended in 1944 when AEA started operations on behalf of the U.S. Air Transport Command (ATC), using Douglas C-54 Skymasters mainly between the US and military bases in North Africa. AEA could not begin its New York City (USA) – Foynes (Ireland) flying boat service before June 1942, due in part to vigorous objections from PAA. Postwar operations In 1945, AEA was awarded transatlantic rights, which covered destinations in Northern Europe with the requirement that the shipping company (American Export Lines) divest itself of control and turn the control over to another carrier, so that an airline was not controlled by a surface carrier. Consequently, enough stock was sold to American Airlines to give them control, but the chairman of the board of AEA, J. E. Slater, remained. American Airlines was interested in acquiring AEA since it wanted to break into the overseas market, dominated at that time by PAA. The US CAB approved the acquisition of AEA by American Airlines on July 5, 1945. The La Guardia – Botwood – Shannon route was initially operated by Vought-Sikorsky flying boats using the Marine Air Terminal at LaGuardia Airport. By 1948 the airline also served Prestwick, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Berlin, Keflavik, Oslo, Copenhagen, Stockholm and Helsinki. The AEA name was retained until November 1945 when AEA was renamed to American Overseas Airlines. The entity started operations with six C-54s at the end of AEA's ATC contract. AOA launched international landplane flights on October 24, 1945, operating a Douglas DC-4, Flagship New England, on the route New York City) to London via Boston, Gander (Newfoundland) and Shannon (Ireland). Boeing 377 Stratocruiser The reliable but unpressurised DC-4s were replaced on the Atlantic routes by Lockheed L-049 Constellations from 23 June 1946. From summer 1949 the Constellations were supplemented and then largely replaced by Boeing 377 Stratocruisers, the first AOA service by the type being on 17 August that year to London Heathrow Airport. AOA was acquired by PAA but on May 17, 1950, the US CAB ruled against this merger. President Harry S. Truman, however, overturned the CAB decision, and AOA was merged into what would become Pan American's Atlantic Division on September 25, 1950. This unit ultimately became part of Delta Air Lines, following Pan Am's bankruptcy in 1991. Destinations According to the August 1, 1950, American Overseas Airlines system timetable, the carrier was serving the following destinations shortly before Pan American was allowed to acquire the airline: Amsterdam, Netherlands Berlin, Germany Boston, Massachusetts Copenhagen, Denmark Frankfurt, Germany Gander, Newfoundland, Canada Hamburg, Germany Helsinki, Finland Keflavik, Iceland London, England, United Kingdom New York City, New York Oslo, Norway Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Prestwick, Scotland, United Kingdom Shannon Airport, Ireland Stockholm, Sweden The above referenced timetable states that the airline was operating Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, Douglas DC-3, Douglas DC-4 and Lockheed L-049 Constellation prop aircraft at this time, all of which AOA referred to as "flagships". The same AOA timetable also contains an American Airlines (AA) connecting service route map with domestic U.S flights as well as flights between the U.S. and Canada and Mexico operated by AA. Accidents and incidents On June 18, 1942, an AEA Consolidated 16 Commodore (NC664M) sank into Takla Lake while being flown to Alaska. The flying boat had been contracted by the U.S. Military and was on a fuel stop in Takla Lake when the fuel split, causing a fire which sunk the plane. In 2010, plans were made to salvage the wreck and send it to San Diego Air & Space Museum. On October 3, 1942, AEA's Excalibur, a Vought-Sikorsky VS-44, crashed on take-off at Botwood (Newfoundland) when flaps were inadvertently extended to landing position, thus causing the aircraft to stall immediately after lift-off. In the crash, 5 out of crew of 11 and 6 out of 26 passengers perished. On April 21, 1945, an AEA Douglas C-54 (41-107452) crashed at Kindley Field, Bermuda, after suffering engine failure on a cargo flight. It is unknown if there were any fatalities or injuries. On October 3, 1946, AOA's Flagship New England crashed into a steep ridge en route from Stephenville (Newfoundland) to Shannon (Ireland). This plane crash happened 7.1 miles past the departure runway. There were 8 crew and 31 passenger fatalities; no survivors. The crash investigators attributed the probable cause to "The action of the pilot in maintaining the direction of take-off toward higher terrain over which adequate clearance could not be gained." On May 3, 1947, AOA's Flagship Denmark was damaged on the runway in Boston when the right wing struck the ground because the right landing gear was retracted while the plane was on the ground. Fleet Douglas C-54 N90905 at Bromma Airport in Stockholm 1947. As AEA Consolidated PBY-4 28-4: Transatlantic SN/C-4 Douglas C-54 Skymaster: (42-107452) Vought-Sikorsky VS-44: Excalibur As AEA and AOA Vought-Sikorsky VS-44: Excambian Exeter Douglas DC-3: Helsinki Douglas C-47 Skytrain: (N90907) Nairobi Douglas C-54 Skymaster: Flagship America; also named Stockholm Flagship Frankfurt Flagship Oslo Flagship New England Flagship Glasgow; also named Berlin Flagship Copenhagen; also named Chicago As AOA Douglas DC-4 Skymaster: Flagship Keflavik Flagship Shannon Flagship Reykjavik Flagship Washington; also named Prestwick Flagship Amsterdam (no flagship name) (N90914) Flagship Gander Lockheed L-049 Constellation: Flagship Sweden; also named Stockholm Flagship Denmark; also named Copenhagen and Oslo Flagship Great Britain; also named Scotland and Oslo Flagship Holland; also named Amsterdam and Shannon Flagship America; also named Philadelphia and Copenhagen Flagship Éire; also named Amsterdam and Chicago Flagship Norway; also named Detroit and Glasgow Boeing 377 Stratocruiser: Flagship Scandinavia; also named Flagship Europe and Flagship Great Britain Flagship Europe; also named Flagship Great Britain Flagship Holland; also named Flagship Europe Flagship Ireland Flagship Norway Flagship Sweden Flagship Denmark Flagship Scotland

Introduction Baharagora is a village in the Baharagora CD block in the Ghatshila subdivision of the East Singhbhum district, in the Indian state of Jharkhand. History Baharagora CD block was established in 1956. Geography Location Baharagora is located at . It has an average elevation of . The Subarnarekha River flows along its adjoining areas (approx at a distance of ). It is situated on the south-east corner of Jharkhand. It is from Kharagpur, from Jamshedpur, from Ghatshila, from Baripada and from Kolkata Baharagora is the entry point of Jharkhand from the two states, namely West Bengal and Odisha, as it is located at the border, West Bengal is approx and Odisha is approx from there. Civic administration There is a police station at Baharagora. The headquarters of Baharagora CD block is located at Baharagora village. Demographics According to the 2011 Census of India, Baharagora had a total population of 1,132, of which 571 (50%) were males and 561 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 128. The total number of literate persons in Baharagora was 899 (89.54% of the population over 6 years). (*For language details see Baharagora block#Language and religion) Dialect spoken: Bahraagi Transport Baharagora is a very important hub for transport as National Highway 6/Asian Highway 46 passes through here and almost all the Transport Companies have their transit hub here. National Highway 18 connects NH 6 at Baharagora and NH 2 at Barhi, Jharkhand. It is connected to Baripada in Odisha by NH 18. The nearest railway stations are Chakulia , Ghatsila , Jhargram , Kharagpur , Tatanagar & Kolkata (Howrah) . Nearest International Airport Kolkata, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport. Education Schools Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Balikuria Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya, Baharagora Kumardubi Darkhuli High School, Kumardubi Saraswati Shishu Vidya Mandir, Baharagora Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Bankati (Mouda) Colleges Baharagora College, Baharagora Culture Chitreshwer Shiv Mandir - . Baharagora Krishi Mela. Baharagora Krishi Mela

Introduction Ion Timofte is a Romanian retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He spent the vast majority of his career in Portugal, amassing Primeira Liga totals of 215 matches and 61 goals over nine seasons with Porto and Boavista and winning seven major titles both clubs combined. Club career Early years / Porto Timofte was born in Anina, and started playing with local Minerul before signing with Liga II club CSM Reşiţa in early 1989. He made his debut in Liga I with FC Politehnica Timișoara after joining them in the summer, notably helping his team oust Atlético Madrid in the first round of the 1990–91 UEFA Cup by playing 175 minutes of a possible 180 in a 2–1 aggregate win. In July 1991, Timofte moved to FC Porto. He made his Primeira Liga debut on 24 August, scoring the first goal in a 2–0 away triumph against G.D. Estoril Praia. Timofte netted 11 times in 23 games in the 1992–93 season, as the Dragons renewed their domestic supremacy. During his three-year tenure, two of his goals helped defeat S.L. Benfica in O Clássico twice, on 22 March 1992 (3–2 away success) and 15 November of that year (1–0 home win, through a penalty kick). Boavista Timofte joined Boavista F.C. in the 1994 off-season. He hade his best year with the side in 1998–99 after the arrival of the new manager Jaime Pacheco, scoring 15 goals to help to the second position behind Porto. The 1999–2000 campaign started with Timofte helping the northerners reach the group stage of the UEFA Champions League, starting in both legs of the tie against Brøndby IF and providing an assist in the 2–1 win in Denmark, in an eventual 6–3 aggregate score. He also begun dealing extensively with injuries, however, retiring in June 2000 at the age of 32. After his retirement, Timofte opened a restaurant and a hotel in Timișoara, both called Boavista. International career Timofte earned ten caps for Romania. His debut came on 3 April 1991, coming on as an 85th-minute substitute for Florin Răducioiu in a 0–0 away draw against Switzerland for the UEFA Euro 1992 qualifiers; 14 days later, in a friendly in Spain, he scored his first and only goal, contributing to the 2–0 win in Cáceres. International stats Romania national team Year Apps Goals 1990 0 0 1991 6 1 1992 1 0 1993 0 0 1994 0 0 1995 3 0 Total 10 1 International goals # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 17 April 1991 Estadio Príncipe Felipe, Cáceres, Spain 0–1 0–2 Friendly Honours Club FC Porto Primeira Divisão: 1991–92, 1992–93 Taça de Portugal: 1993–94 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1991, 1993 Boavista FC Taça de Portugal: 1996–97 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1997

Introduction Adiposogenital dystrophy is a condition that may be caused by tertiary hypogonadism originating from decreased levels in GnRH. Low levels of GnRH has been associated with defects of the feeding centers of the hypothalamus, leading to an increased consumption of food and thus caloric intake. Presentation It is characterized by: Obesity Growth delays and delayed sexual development, atrophy or hypoplasia of the gonads, and altered secondary sex characteristics, Headaches Problems with vision polyuria, polydipsia. It is usually associated with tumors of the hypothalamus, causing increased appetite and depressed secretion of gonadotropin. It seems to affect males mostly.Many overweight children may appear to have the disorder because of the concurrence of obesity and retarded sexual development; these children have no endocrine disturbances, however, and they mature normally after delayed puberty. Diagnosis Laboratory analysis of the urine from children with Froehlich syndrome typically reveals low levels of pituitary hormones, and that finding may suggest the presence of a lesion on the pituitary. Additional tests are needed before a definite diagnosis of Froehlich syndrome may be made. Treatment Pituitary extracts may be administered to replace the missing hormones (hormonal replacement therapy) in patients with Froehlich syndrome. Tumors of the hypothalamus should be surgically removed if possible. Appetite may be very difficult to manage, although weight control depends on this.

Introduction Vancouver Talmud Torah is a Jewish community day school located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada serving students from preschool to grade 7. The largest Canadian Jewish day school west of Ontario, Vancouver Talmud Torah (VTT) traces its roots to 1913, when the first afternoon/evening classes were held on Heatley Street, in what is now the neighbourhood of Strathcona. In 1918, the school was founded as The Vancouver Hebrew School under the leadership of president Max Grossman. It became the official ‘afternoon school’ of the nearby synagogue, Schara Tzedeck, in 1921. In 1934, VTT incorporated as an independent school, and in 1943, the school expanded to a full-day school, moving to an 11-room house on W 14th Avenue. In 1948, VTT built the original wing of its present location on Oak Street. At that time, the founders created bylaws designating VTT as a community school, accepting all students regardless of their ability to pay tuition. VTT has stayed true to that ideal, and has expanded to a school of 340+ students. A dual-curriculum school offering Judaic and general studies, all students are taught the traditional Jewish values of Derech Eretz, Tikkun Olam, and Ahavat Yisrael. In 2017, VTT built a large expansion to the school. Featuring a double gym and the largest rooftop field in Vancouver. Since 1948, VTT has graduated more than 2,000 students. VTT is supported by tuition, the VTT Foundation, the Jewish Federation of Greater Vancouver, private donors, and alumni. Notable alumni Seth Rogen, comedian Nathan Fielder, comedian and writer

Introduction Asola is a comune in the province of Mantua, Lombardy (northern Italy). It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree of October 23, 1951. In 1516, when it was part of the Republic of Venice, it was unsuccessfully besieged by the troops of the Austrian Maximilian I. The event is portrayed in a painting by Tintoretto, The Siege of Asola. The local civic museum is titled Museo Civico Goffredo Bellini. Physical geography The comune is traditionally referred to as belonging to the territory of Alto Mantovano, the area of the province of Mantua located north of the provincial capital close to the morainic amphitheater of Lake Garda. It borders the province of Brescia to the west, and is located at an altitude of 42 m above sea level. It lies halfway between Mantua and Cremona, from which it is about 35 km, while it is about 50 km from Brescia. Anthropic geography Post-Risorgimento urban development has kept the elegance of the town center intact. The large Piazza XX Settembre, flanked by comfortable porticoes, is overlooked by the cathedral and the town hall; from here the main streets radiate out again. Climate Asola's climate is typical of the upper Po Valley of the temperate subcontinental type: winters are moderately harsh, with little rain and foggy days; summers are hot and muggy with thunderstorm-like precipitation; springs and autumns are generally rainy. Origins of the name Asola is diminutive of the Latin "Ansa," curve of the fiume Chiese near which the city was founded. History Asola stands in an area frequented since prehistoric times, as evidenced by the finds preserved in the local museum. Finds from the Iron Age, a period characterized by the settlement of Celtic populations in the territory, are sporadic. Subsequently, the area is affected by Roman occupation around the 1st century B.C., attested mainly by funerary monuments and grave goods. In the final years of the Middle Ages, around the 12th and 13th centuries, with its own fortified fortress it falls under the comital jurisdiction of Brescia controlled by the Visconti, in 1348 it passes to the dominion of the Malatesta, then again to the Venetians and later to the Gonzaga. In 1440 Asola decided to freely subject itself to the Serenissima, becoming an extremely important border fortress for the Republic's control of the mainland. Asola would remain under the control of Venice until the arrival of Napoleon in 1797. The arrival of the French then marked the return to the Mantuan territory to which it would remain linked even in 1814 with its annexation to Austrian rule. Also active in Risorgimento events, it fought for national independence with the efforts of patriots such as Don Ottaviano Daina and Francesco Fario. In 1859 it was liberated and annexed to the Kingdom of Piedmont and finally to united Italy. Monuments and places of interest Religious architectures Cattedrale di Sant'Andrea Built beginning in 1472 on the basis of an earlier building, the cathedral today is a remarkable example of late Lombard Gothic architecture and preserves many important works of art: an Antegnati organ, canvases by Moretto, Romanino, Lattanzio Gambara, and Jacopo Palma il Giovane, the 15th-century Polyptych of Mercy by Antonio della Corna, and other later, 17th- and 18th-century artworks. Chiesa di San Rocco Also called the Chiesa dell'Ospedale it was begun in 1475 in an area of the old castle and was consecrated in 1506. Probably destroyed during the Siege of 1516, it was rebuilt in 1539 at the expense of the community from a design projected by Cristoforo Mantuano de Leno. Chiesa dei Disciplini Bianchi On Via Oberdan, next to the cathedral, is the church named after the confraternity of the Disciplini Bianchi, who made it their headquarters. It is also called the Chiesa di Santa Maria Della Misericordia. Chiesa di Santa Maria del Lago Also called Chiesa dei Disciplini Rossiin Betlemme, it is the church of lower Asola in the Santa Maria district on Via Nazario Sauro. It was built in 1570 and stands on the remains of an older chapel dedicated to St. Mary, much venerated as early as the early 16th century. Civic architectures Palazzo Municipale Located in Piazza XX Settembre, it is the seat of the Municipality of Asola. In the north corner of the building opens an elegant Loggia Veneta built in 1610 from a project design by architect Lantana. Fontana di Ercole Monumental fountain depicting Hercules crushing the hydra, marble copy of the work by sculptor Giovanni Antonio Carra (16th century). Gran Caffe Liberty Enoteca Local used to house the Archivio Storico Comunale, in 1811 it became the seat of the Magistrate's Court and later Caffè del Popolo, Gran Caffè Savoia, Caffè Centrale and finally Gran Caffè Liberty Enoteca. It preserves Art Nouveau interiors, and was recognized as a historic establishment of regional importance by D.G.R. VII/1733 of January 18, 2006. Open since 1936. Palazzo Monte dei Pegni Located along Via Garibaldi, opposite the facade of the cathedral. It was renovated in 1828 in a neoclassical style. Historical seat of the Circolo Filatelico Numismatico Città di Asola (Philatelic and Numismatic Club of Asola), since 2006 it has housed the Goffredo Bellini Civic Museum. Palazzo Terzi Located in Via Garibaldi, it has a sober facade with the balcony from which Garibaldi looked out on April 28, 1862 to speak to the people of Asola. It is characterized inside by the presence of a large English garden that hides an icehouse below ground level. Palazzo Beffa Negrini Located on Via Garibaldi, immediately after the Palazzo Terzi. This grand 18th-century palace retains a Baroque facade adorned with marble trophies and a solemn portal. It was the residence of the Counts Beffa Negrini, one of the most notable families in Asola. Teatro Sociale The building, located on Via Piave, was inaugurated in 1891. It features a late Neoclassical facade and on the eaves cornice statues depicting masks from the commedia dell'arte. On the right side remains the Romanesque apse of St. Erasmus and an epigraph commemorating the origins of the church itself. Ceasing to be used for theatrical performances, it was used as a movie theater in the second half of the 20th century. Loggia delle Clarisse Between the Palazzo Monte dei Pegni and the Cassa di Risparmio, on Via Piave, there is what remains of the Antico Convento delle Clarisse, characterized by a loggia with slender columns. Colleggio Schiantarelli Located on Via Mazzini, it features typical neoclassical architecture. Count Paolo Tosio in 1825 commissioned architect Vantini to build the palace that was to house his picture gallery, now in Brescia. Instead, the palace became a boarding school in 1863, and its inscription still remains to remind us of its history. Since 2002 it has housed the offices of the ASL of Asola. Ospedale The Ospedale di Asola, once an autonomous institution, now depends on the Azienda Ospedaliera Carlo Poma of Mantua. It is an acute-care hospital that provides health responses to patients, mainly from the provinces of Mantua, Brescia and Cremona, representing the reference health facility of the Asolano district with a potential catchment area of at least 50,000 inhabitants. Vecchi Mulini The old mills, now in an advanced state of disrepair, are located on the Strada Bassa per Casalmoro as you leave the town northward. La Chiusa This is a damming of the course of the Fiume Chiese regulated by a series of sluice gates with the purpose of drawing water from the river for irrigating fields. It is located near the locality Camporegio in the countryside south of Asola. Military architectures Castello di Asola Asola Castle was a stronghold presumably dating back to the 12th century. It was destroyed and rebuilt several times; no traces remain today. Fortezza di Asola The existence of a fortified fortress is attested as early as the 12th century. In the aftermath of the Act of Dedication, Venice promoted an articulated program of fortification of the city that was implemented from 1458 to 1483, remaining virtually unchanged until Asola lost its primary role in the Republic's military chessboard in favor of the defensive bulwark of Orzinuovi. The fortress thus remains unchanged in graphic representations in its irregular quadrilateral shape, whose perimeter was bordered by walls with fourteen cylindrical towers protected on the outside by a moat and on the inside by an embankment. To the northeast stood the fortress, square with cylindrical corner towers. There were two gates: Porta Fuori to the east, Porta Chiese to the west, each protected by a ravelin. At the head of the fortress was a governor with a military garrison; at the old castle, near the Torre delle Polveri, was another minor garrison, under the orders of a Magnifico Castellano. Infrastructure and transportation Roads The municipality is traversed by Strada statale 343, to which Asola gives its name. Railways The Asola station, located on the Brescia-Parma railway, is served by regional trains operated by Trenord and timed on an hourly basis as part of the service contract stipulated with the Lombardy Region. In the past it offered connections with two suburban tramways, the Cremona-Asola, operating between 1929 and 1955, and the Mantova-Asola, operating between 1886 and 1933. Urban Mobility Asola is connected to Mantua by two APAM lines: one direct to Castiglione delle Stiviere and the other to Mantua; and by ARRIVA ITALIA s.p.a by a direct line to Cremona. Twin towns Leingarten, Germany, since 2004 Lésigny, France, since 2004

Introduction Roger Daniel Kitter was an English actor, comedian and impressionist, best known for playing Captain Alberto Bertorelli in series 7 of the British sitcom TV series Allo 'Allo! after the actor Gavin Richards left the role. He had previously appeared weekly with Lulu throughout the 10-week run of her 1973 BBC1 series It's Lulu and was a regular on the ITV show Who Do You Do?. With Kaplan Kaye he also recorded a song "Chalk Dust - The Umpire Strikes Back" using the monicker "The Brat". Released on the Hansa label, it entered the UK Singles Chart on 10 July 1982; it reached a peak of number 19, and remained in the chart for 8 weeks. The song was a Top 10 hit in the Netherlands, Belgium and South Africa, and lampooned John McEnroe complaining about line calls in tennis ("The ball's in, everyone can see that the ball's in!"). He also provided the voice of Tommy Cooper in the Lego "Kipper" advertisement. A Freemason, he was a member of the Chelsea Lodge No. 3098, made up of entertainers. On 25 September 2009 he became Chairman of the Entertainment Artistes' Benevolent Fund. Kitter died from cancer on 3 January 2015, aged 65.

Introduction Banchieri is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Adriano Banchieri (1568–1634), Italian composer, music theorist, organist, and poet Antonio Banchieri (1667–1733), Italian cardinal Mauricio Banchieri (born 1972), Chilean businessman and entrepreneur

Introduction Aberdeen City was a Boston-based indie/alternative rock band. The members of the band were: Ryan Heller (guitar), Chris McLaughlin (guitar and vocals), Rob McCaffrey (drums), and Brad Parker (bass and vocals). They formed at Boston College, though McCaffrey, Heller and Parker all grew up in the same Chicago neighborhood. Their album, The Freezing Atlantic, was voted the number one new album by the WFNX Boston Phoenix Best Music Poll 2006. The album also won Local Album of the Year at the 2006 Boston Music Awards, pairing with the bands win for Best Local Rock Act. The band's first single, "God is Going To Get Sick of Me" took home the "Local Song of the Year" award the previous year before the album had been nationally released. Their moody debut LP was produced by Nic Hard (The Church, The Bravery) and Steve Lillywhite (U2, Morrissey, Talking Heads). The band toured nationally with Electric Six, The Go! Team, Rasputina, We Are Scientists, Elefant, British Sea Power, The Hold Steady and more. The band was dropped from their recording contract with Sony after their tour. The band took a break from writing their follow up to The Freezing Atlantic to collaborate on a handful of songs with Amanda Palmer (The Dresden Dolls). The five-some played three sold-out shows (Boston, Hoboken, NYC) and had plans to record some of the material in the fall of 2007, though this has not been released to date. There were rumors in 2008 that the band was close to dissolving and Ryan Heller left the band in June 2008 to go to grad school in New York. Though the band never released a formal public statement declaring the end of their band, their official website has not been updated since 2009. Discography Albums 2003: We Learned By Watching 2005: The Freezing Atlantic reissued in 2006 on Red Ink / Columbia)

Introduction Calvin Michael Mosley, Jr. is a former American football defensive tackle. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Missouri. He has also played for the Cleveland Browns, New York Jets, Jacksonville Jaguars, Detroit Lions and Miami Dolphins. Early years Mosley was born in Fort Knox, Kentucky, and earned All-State honors at Waynesville High School in Waynesville, Missouri and was ranked among the top defensive tackle prospects by Rivals.com. He was a three-time All-District selection posted 21.0 sacks and 267 tackles during his career, and recorded 97 tackles and 10 sacks as a senior. He also finished 3rd in the shot put at the Missouri state track meet as a senior. College career After being redshirted at the University of Missouri in 2001, he earned Freshman All-America honorable mention honors from College Football News in 2002. He played in every game with 5 starts at nose guard and posted 39 tackles, 3 sacks, 8 tackles for loss, and a forced fumble. He began his collegiate career with 3 tackles, and 2 tackles for loss at Illinois and had 8 tackles and added a sack and 2 tackles for loss vs. Colorado. He also recorded a season-high 9 tackles and made a sack and 3 tackles for loss at Texas A&M. In 2003, he earned 2nd-team All-Big 12 honors from the league's coaches and was named the team's Defensive Lineman of the Year. That season, he started 11 games at nose guard and ranked among the nation's leaders with 16 tackles for loss on the year. He also was 2nd on the team with 7 QB hurries and 6.0 sacks. He registered 7 tackles, 4 tackles for loss, and 2.0 sacks in season opener vs. Illinois, and had 3 tackles and a sack vs. Eastern Illinois. He came off the bench to record 8 tackles, a sack that knocked QB Bill Whittmore out of the game, and added 2 tackles for loss at Kansas. Against Texas A&M, he made 9 tackles and also had 2 sacks and 3 tackles for loss. In the Independence Bowl vs. Arkansas, he registered 4 tackles and a tackle for loss. In 2004, Mosley earned Associated Press 1st-team All-Big 12 honors and was named the team's Defensive Lineman of the Year. That year, he started all 11 games at RDT, and led a defense that finished 2nd in the conference and 14th nationally in total yardage allowed. He made 61 tackles, 6.5 sacks, 14 tackles for loss, as well as recovering 2 fumbles, forced another, and blocked a kick. He opened the season with 8 tackles, 3 QB hurries, a sack, and 3 tackles for loss vs. Arkansas State. The following week at Troy, he posted 8 tackles, 2.0 sacks, and 3 tackles for loss. Versus Colorado, he recorded 5 tackles, a sack, and 3 tackles for loss. He registered 8 tackles and a fumble recovery at Texas, and had 5 tackles, a sack, and a forced fumble vs. Oklahoma State. He blocked a kick and added a fumble recovery and 4 tackles vs. Kansas State. C.J. finished his career with 4 tackles and a sack at Iowa State. Mosley started 27 of 36 games he played in during his 3 years with the Tigers. He recorded 167 tackles with 15.5 sacks, 38 tackles for loss, and 22 QB hurries. He was part of a defense in 2004 that ranked 2nd in the Big 12 and 14th nationally in total yardage allowed and was twice named the team's Defensive Lineman of the Year. Professional career Minnesota Vikings In his rookie year for Minnesota, Mosley accumulated 19 tackles, 3 sacks and 1 forced fumble while filling in for an injured Kevin Williams in the middle of the 2005 NFL season. New York Jets Mosley, along with an undisclosed draft pick, was traded to the Jets on August 31, 2006 for backup quarterback Brooks Bollinger. Cleveland Browns Mosley signed a two-year, $5 million with the Cleveland Browns on March 6, 2009. He became the first former Jets player in NFL history to later join the Browns in his career. Mosley was placed on injured reserve on December 7, 2009, due to a broken right ankle. Jacksonville Jaguars Mosley was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on October 5, 2010. The Jaguars re-signed him on March 15, 2012. He was released on April 1, 2013. Detroit Lions On April 3, 2013 Mosley signed with the Detroit Lions on a two-year contract. The Lions sent Mosley home early before their game in London against the Atlanta Falcons after they discovered marijuana in his hotel room. Miami Dolphins On June 10, 2015, Mosley signed a one-year contract with the Miami Dolphins, reuniting him with former Detroit teammate, Ndamukong Suh. On December 1, 2015, he was waived/injured, but was placed on the team's injured reserve the following day after clearing waivers. On December 18, 2015, Mosley was waived by the Miami Dolphins.

Introduction "Realism in the Balance" () is a 1938 essay by Georg Lukács written while he lived in Soviet Russia and first published in a German literary journal. In it, he defends the "traditional" realism of authors like Thomas Mann in the face of rising Modernist movements, such as Expressionism, Surrealism, and Naturalism. Practitioners of these movements, such as James Joyce, placed an emphasis on displaying the discord and disenchantment of modern life through techniques that highlight individualism and individual consciousness, such as stream of consciousness. In his essay, Lukács presents a complex, nuanced view of these movements and their relation to what he regards as "true" realism: On the one hand, Lukács argues that such movements are a historical necessity, but he also strongly expresses the sentiment that these new artistic movements lack what he views as revolutionary power. Themes The new movements in context Lukács felt that the new movements were evidence that capitalism was being stretched to the breaking point. As he writes: That is to say, the focus on individual isolation in these artistic movements is correlated directly with the wholesale integration of the capitalist system. This forms one of Lukács' primary arguments against the revolutionary potential of modernism, namely, that these movements portray individual life as disconnected at a time in which capitalism ensures that people's lives are actually more intertwined than ever. Social totality Lukács believed strongly that literature could yield effects on society at large. Indeed, "Realism in the Balance" begins with a quote from Georgi Dimitrov on the importance of Don Quixote to the middle class in their battle against feudalism. And it was traditional realism that Lukács believed could lead to Marxist revolution. Lukács takes the Marxist stance that those in the working class are a restless force, full of potential but lacking direction. It is the duty of the author, then, to make evident to the working class the true nature of social relations. To Lukács, then, the struggle over the nature of "realism" was not an obscure theoretical squabble but a debate of importance that had phenomenal potential to change society. As he writes: "Whatever manifests itself immediately and on the surface" here is a clear jab at the techniques and perspectives of the Modernist schools. Realism and great literature Lukács believed that those authors willing to try and capture this social totality produced better works, both in aesthetics and in revolutionary potential, than the writers of the Modernist schools. Cleverly paralleling the dialectical developments of larger society, Lukács writes that the "monotony" of Modernist works proceeds inexorably from the decision to abandon any attempt to mirror objective reality ... this approach permits no creative composition, no rise and fall, no growth from within to emerge from the true nature of the subject-matter. In particular, Lukács expresses his support for the German author Thomas Mann. Citing the title character of Mann's work Tonio Kröger, Lukács writes that: But Lukács did not only prize the work of leftists. He felt that any author, regardless of political affiliation, would be better served by displaying the "real" nature of social totality. This explains Lukács' support of the works of Balzac, who, as a royalist, was diametrically opposed to Lukács' Leninist beliefs. Historical materialism Lukács refuses to grant any revolutionary potential to the new Modernist schools, but in doing so, he is forced to defend his thesis in a controversial way. Marxist thought holds that each new advance in society merely hastens the eventual revolution. But certainly the Modernist schools are a new advance, and so they must have some revolutionary potential. Lukács is therefore forced to either declare that Modernism is not historically necessary, or to debate the Marxist concept of inevitability. Since he has already incorporated the development of Modernist movements into his thesis of social totality, he must take the latter position. As he writes: Synopsis The initial intent of "Realism in the Balance", stated at its outset, is debunking the claims of those defending Expressionism as a valuable literary movement. Lukács addresses the discordance in the community of modernist critics, whom he regarded as incapable of deciding which writers were Expressionist and which were not, arguing that "perhaps there is no such thing as an Expressionist writer". Although his aim is ostensibly to criticise what he perceived as the over-valuation of modernist schools of writing at the time the article was published, Lukács uses the essay as an opportunity to advance his formulation of the desirable alternative to these schools. He rejects the notion that modern art must necessarily manifest itself as a litany of sequential movements, beginning with Naturalism, and proceeding through Impressionism and Expressionism to culminate in Surrealism. For Lukács, the important issue at stake was not the conflict that results from the modernists' evolving oppositions to classical forms, but rather the ability of art to confront an objective reality that exists in the world, an ability he found almost entirely lacking in modernism. Lukács believed that desirable alternative to such modernism must therefore take the form of Realism, and he enlists the realist authors Maxim Gorky, Thomas and Heinrich Mann, and Romain Rolland to champion his cause. To frame the debate, Lukács introduces the arguments of critic Ernst Bloch, a defender of Expressionism, and the author to whom Lukács was chiefly responding. He maintains that modernists such as Bloch are too willing to ignore the realist tradition, an ignorance that he believes derives from a modernist rejection of a crucial tenet of Marxist theory, a rejection which he quotes Bloch as propounding. This tenet is the belief that the system of capitalism is "an objective totality of social relations," and it is fundamental to Lukács's arguments in favour of realism. He explains that the pervasiveness of capitalism, the unity in its economic and ideological theory, and its profound influence on social relations comprise a "closed integration" or "totality," an objective whole that functions independent of human consciousness. Lukács cites Marx to bolster this historical materialist worldview: "The relations of production in every society form a whole." He further relies on Marx to argue that the bourgeoisie's unabated development of the world's markets are so far-reaching as to create a unified totality, and explains that because the increasing autonomy of elements of the capitalist system (such as the autonomy of currency) is perceived by society as "crisis," there must be an underlying unity that binds these seemingly autonomous elements of the capitalist system together, and makes their separation appear as crisis. Returning to modernist forms, Lukács stipulates that such theories disregard the relationship of literature to objective reality, in favour of the portrayal of subjective experience and immediacy that do little to evince the underlying capitalist totality of existence. It is clear that Lukács regards the representation of reality as art's chief purpose—in this he is perhaps not in disagreement with the modernists—but he maintains that "If a writer strives to represent reality as it truly is, i.e. if he is an authentic realist, then the question of totality plays a decisive role." "True realists" demonstrate the importance of the social context, and since the unmasking of this objective totality is a crucial element in Lukács's Marxist ideology, he privileges their authorial approach. Lukács then sets up a dialectical opposition between two elements he believes inherent to human experience. He maintains that this dialectical relation exists between the "appearance" of events as subjective, unfettered experiences and their "essence" as provoked by the objective totality of capitalism. Lukács explains that good realists, such as Thomas Mann, create a contrast between the consciousnesses of their characters (appearance) and a reality independent of them (essence). According to Lukács, Mann succeeds because he creates this contrast. Conversely, modernist writers fail because they portray reality only as it appears to themselves and their characters—subjectively—and "fail to pierce the surface" of these immediate, subjective experiences "to discover the underlying essence, i.e. the real factors that relate their experiences to the hidden social forces that produce them." The pitfalls of relying on immediacy are manifold, according to Lukács. Because the prejudices inculcated by the capitalist system are so insidious, they cannot be escaped without the abandonment of subjective experience and immediacy in the literary sphere. They can only be superseded by realist authors who "abandon and transcend the limits of immediacy, by scrutinising all subjective experiences and measuring them against social reality;" this is no easy task. Lukács relies on Hegelian dialectics to explain how the relationship between this immediacy and abstraction effects a subtle indoctrination on the part of capitalist totality. The circulation of money, he explains, as well as other elements of capitalism, is entirely abstracted away from its place in the broader capitalist system, and therefore appears as a subjective immediacy, which elides its position as a crucial element of objective totality. Although abstraction can lead to the concealment of objective reality, it is necessary for art, and Lukács believes that realist authors can successfully employ it "to penetrate the laws governing objective reality, and to uncover the deeper, hidden, mediated, not immediately perceptible of relationships that go to make up society." After a great deal of intellectual effort, Lukács claims a successful realist can discover these objective relationships and give them artistic shape in the form of a character's subjective experience. Then, by employing the technique of abstraction, the author can portray the character's experience of objective reality as the same kind of subjective, immediate experience that characterise totality's influence on non-fictional individuals. The best realists, he claims, "depict the vital, but not immediately obvious forces at work in objective reality." They do so with such profundity and truth that the products of their imagination can potentially receive confirmation from subsequent historical events. The true masterpieces of realism can be appreciated as "wholes" which depict a wide-ranging and exhaustive objective reality like the one that exists in the non-fictional world. After advancing his formulation of a desirable literary school, a realism that depicts objective reality, Lukács turns once again to the proponents of modernism. Citing Nietzsche, who argues that "the mark of every form of literary decadence ... is that life no longer dwells in the totality," Lukács strives to debunk modernist portrayals, claiming they reflect not on objective reality, but instead proceed from subjectivity to create a "home-made model of the contemporary world." The abstraction (and immediacy) inherent in modernism portrays "essences" of capitalist domination divorced from their context, in a way that takes each essence in "isolation," rather than taking into account the objective totality that is the foundation for all of them. Lukács believes that the "social mission of literature" is to clarify the experience of the masses, and in turn show these masses that their experiences are influenced by the objective totality of capitalism, and his chief criticism of modernist schools of literature is that they fail to live up to this goal, instead proceeding inexorably towards more immediate, more subjective, more abstracted versions of fictional reality that ignore the objective reality of the capitalist system. Realism, because it creates apparently subjective experiences that demonstrate the essential social realities that provoke them, is for Lukács the only defensible or valuable literary school of the early twentieth century.

Introduction Orville Inman "Coot" Veal was an American professional baseball shortstop. He was signed by the Detroit Tigers before the season and played in all or portions of six seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tigers (1958–1960; 1963), Washington Senators (1961), and Pittsburgh Pirates (1962). Born in Sandersville, Georgia, Veal threw and batted right-handed, stood tall, and weighed . Veal attended Auburn University, where he played baseball and basketball. Selected in the 1960 American League expansion draft, he was the first player to come to bat in the history of the second modern (1961–71) Washington Senators franchise, now the Texas Rangers. On April 10, 1961, at Griffith Stadium, with President John F. Kennedy having thrown out the first ball, Veal led off the bottom of the first inning against Hall of Fame right-hander Early Wynn of the Chicago White Sox. He reached base on an infield single near third base, was advanced to second on a Marty Keough single to left, then scored (along with Keough) on a Gene Woodling triple. Veal was a very good defensive shortstop (.976), but his bat was somewhat weak. He had a lifetime average of .231, with 141 hits, 26 doubles, three triples, one home run in 611 total at bats and a slugging percentage of .288. He scored 75 runs and drove in 51 in his 247 big-league games. His last year as an active player was 1964. Veal was inducted into the Macon, Georgia, Sports Hall of Fame in 2001. Death Veal died on March 14, 2021, at the age of 88.

Introduction The Vancouver Waldorf School is an independent Waldorf school with preschool, kindergarten and grades 1 to 12. The administrative offices, early childhood centre, and grade school are located at 2725 St Christophers Road in North Vancouver, British Columbia. The high school is at a separate location in Edgemont Village and the Lifeways childcare centre is in Moodyville. The curriculum includes an emphasis on experiential learning. The school is a member of the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America.

Introduction Stuart Carl Mason is an English professional golfer. Mason was born in Buxton, Derbyshire. He won several amateur tournaments before turning professional and becoming something of a journeyman on the European Tour. After twenty years of trying he finally won on tour for the first time in 1994. His biggest successes, however, came after turning 50. He picked up 25 tournament victories on the European Senior Tour and headed the Order of Merit three times, becoming the leading career money winner on the tour. Career Regular career Mason turned professional in 1973, following an outstanding amateur career playing out of Goring & Streatley Golf Club, and was a rookie on the European Tour the following year. He finished in 67th place on the Order of Merit that year and was recipient of the Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year award. He made the top 100 on the European Tour Order of Merit twenty three years in a row up to 1996, with a best ranking of 19th in 1994. In 1980, he finished tied for 4th with Jack Nicklaus in The Open Championship held at Muirfield. Despite those successes, Mason only won twice on the European Tour, both times in 1994. His first victory came at the 455th attempt, in the Turespana Masters Open de Andalucia, and the second in the Scottish Open just a few months later. He also won three times on the Safari Circuit in Africa. European Senior Tour After a spell working for the PGA European Tour as a tournament referee, he joined the European Seniors Tour on turning fifty. He was immediately successful as a senior, winning four of his first eleven events and topping the Order of Merit in 2003 and 2004. He was Order of Merit runner-up in each of the following two seasons before recapturing top spot in 2007. That year, after winning the European Senior Masters, he surpassed Tommy Horton as the highest career money earner on the European Seniors Tour. The next week he won the PGA Seniors Championship, and went on to finish the 2007 season with earnings of €412,376, a new record for money won in a season on the tour, breaking his previous record of €354,775 set in 2004. In 2010, he won his 23rd EST event, which placed him in a tie with Tommy Horton for the most EST wins. In May 2011, Mason who his 24th event, the OKI Open de Espana Senior. He won his 25th event at the Benahavis Senior Masters in October 2011. Amateur wins *1973 British Youths Open Amateur Championship Professional wins (30) European Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 27 Feb 1994 Turespaña Masters Open de Andalucía −10 (67-70-71-70=278) 2 strokes José María Olazábal 2 9 Jul 1994 Bell's Scottish Open −15 (67-69-61-68=265) 1 stroke Peter Mitchell Safari Circuit wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 25 Mar 1984 Zambia Open −12 (69-70-69-72=280) 2 strokes Roger Chapman 2 1 Mar 1987 555 Kenya Open −9 (72-68-67-68=275) Playoff Gordon J. Brand, Roger Chapman, Martin Poxon Other wins (2) 1975 Lusaka Open 1999 Farmfoods British Par 3 Championship European Senior Tour wins (25) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 13 Jul 2003 Mobile Cup −10 (69-66-68=203) 1 stroke Bob Cameron 2 20 Sep 2003 The Daily Telegraph Turismo AndaluzSeniors Match Play Championship 1 up Denis O'Sullivan 3 28 Sep 2003 Merseyside English Seniors Open −8 (71-66-71=208) 1 stroke Bill Longmuir, Denis O'Sullivan 4 12 Oct 2003 Estoril Seniors Tour Championship −11 (64-73-65=202) 8 strokes Keith MacDonald, Noel Ratcliffe, Dragon Taki 5 21 Mar 2004 Tobago Plantations Seniors Classic −9 (71-64-72=207) 3 strokes David Good 6 6 Jun 2004 AIB Irish Seniors Open −10 (68-69-69=206) 1 stroke Nick Job 7 8 Aug 2004 De Vere PGA Seniors Championship −13 (67-71-69-68=275) Playoff Seiji Ebihara, Jim Rhodes 8 11 Sep 2004 The Daily Telegraph Turismo AndaluzEuropean Seniors Match Play Championship (2) 3 and 2 John Chillas 9 26 Sep 2004 ADT English Seniors Open (2) −3 (71-67-75=213) 3 strokes Bob Cameron, John Chillas 10 26 Jun 2005 De Vere Northumberland Seniors Classic −16 (68-63-69=200) 3 strokes Eamonn Darcy 11 3 Jul 2005 Ryder Cup Wales Seniors Open −5 (68-69-65=202) 5 strokes Bob Charles, Denis O'Sullivan 12 10 Sep 2006 European Senior Masters −7 (73-67-69=209) 2 strokes Horacio Carbonetti 13 17 Sep 2006 Midas Group English Seniors Open (3) −4 (70-71-71=212) 1 stroke Stewart Ginn 14 22 Oct 2006 Estoril Seniors Open of Portugal −9 (64-69-71=204) 4 strokes Stewart Ginn, Sam Torrance 15 17 Jun 2007 Ryder Cup Wales Seniors Open (2) −6 (73-69-68=210) 2 strokes Ross Drummond, Juan Quirós 16 12 Aug 2007 Bad Ragaz PGA Seniors Open −16 (65-64-65=194) 6 strokes Horacio Carbonetti, Costantino Rocca, David J. Russell 17 2 Sep 2007 European Senior Masters (2) −6 (71-66-73=210) Playoff Costantino Rocca 18 9 Sep 2007 PGA Seniors Championship (2) −20 (67-67-67-67=268) 6 strokes Philippe Dugeny, Costantino Rocca 19 21 Oct 2007 OKI Castellón Open de España Senior −17 (66-68-65=199) 4 strokes Luis Carbonetti 20 10 Aug 2008 Bad Ragaz PGA Seniors Open (2) −15 (69-61-65=195) 2 strokes Bill Longmuir 21 28 Jun 2009 De Vere Collection PGA Seniors Championship (3) −9 (73-70-67-69=279) 3 strokes Ángel Franco, Chris Williams 22 18 Oct 2009 Benahavis Senior Masters −7 (66-72-68=206) Playoff Gordon Brand Jnr 23 4 Jul 2010 Bad Ragaz PGA Seniors Open (3) −11 (64-67-68=199) 2 strokes Jerry Bruner 24 20 May 2011 OKI Open de Espana Senior −13 (67-65-68=200) 4 strokes George Ryall 25 16 Oct 2011 Benahavis Senior Masters (2) −9 (70-65-69=204) 3 strokes Mark James, Gary Wolstenholme European Senior Tour playoff record (3–2) No. Year Tournament Opponent(s) Result 1 2003 Senior British Open Tom Watson Lost to par on second extra hole 2 2004 De Vere PGA Seniors Championship Seiji Ebihara, Jim Rhodes Won with birdie on second extra holeRhodes eliminated by par on first hole 3 2007 Sharp Italian Seniors Open Tony Allen, John Benda, Simon Owen Owen won with birdie on first extra hole 4 2007 European Senior Masters Costantino Rocca Won with birdie on first extra hole 5 2009 Benahavis Senior Masters Gordon Brand Jnr Won with birdie on second extra hole Playoff record Champions Tour playoff record (0–1) No. Year Tournament Opponent Result 1 2003 Senior British Open Tom Watson Lost to par on second extra hole Results in major championships Tournament 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 The Open Championship CUT 62 T24 T50 Tournament 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 The Open Championship T4 CUT CUT CUT CUT T56 T44 T57 Tournament 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 The Open Championship T39 T67 CUT T22 CUT Note: Mason only played in The Open Championship. CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place Team appearances Professional World Cup (representing England): 1980 Hennessy Cognac Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1980 (winners) UBS Cup (representing the Rest of the World): 2003 (tie), 2004

Introduction Computerra was a Russian computer weekly publication. The first edition was released on December 21, 1992 and was published by C&C Computer Publishing Limited (Computerra Publishing House). Later, it received the online counterpart at www.computerra.ru, which supplements the contents of the publication; due to the financial problems and lack of advertisement material, the issue 811–812 on December 15, 2009 was announced as the last issue to be published offline, with only the online version remaining active. The last issue cover lacks a usual cover image, with only the black rectangle instead and the words roughly translatable as "now you can shut down your computerra", as a pun on the shutdown image of Windows 95. The founder was Dmitriy Mendrelyuk. The magazine was headquartered in Moscow. There are some other magazines founded by him like Business-Journal. The typical audience of Computerra magazine includes the working men 25–34 years old, who have high social status, high or medium income level, and use computers. The difference of Computerra from the most of other computer magazines is that this magazine not only writes about computer hardware and software, but writes philosophical thoughts about life, "computer people" life above all. Alexa.com traffic rank for Computerra.ru official website is 36,816 . History Editors-in-chief: Georgiy Kuznetsov (1995–1998) Eugene Kozlovsky (1998–2004) Sergey Leonov (2004–2006) Dmitriy Mendrelyuk (temporary in 2006) Vladimir Guriev 2007–2008 Vladislav Biryukov

Introduction Leitrim was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament) from 1937 to 1948. The constituency elected 3 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) to the Dáil, on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV). History The constituency was created for the 1937 general election, when the Electoral (Revision of Constituencies) Act 1935 split the old Leitrim–Sligo constituency, with County Sligo being represented from 1937 through the new Sligo constituency. Under the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1947, the Leitrim constituency was abolished, and the Sligo–Leitrim constituency was created for the 1948 general election. Boundaries Some Dáil constituencies cross county boundaries, in order to ensure a reasonably consistent ratio of electors to TDs. The 1935 Act defines the boundaries of the Leitrim constituency as being: TDs Elections 1944 general election 1943 general election 1938 general election 1937 general election

Introduction The Dudleian lectures are a series of prestigious lectures on religion at Harvard University, where they are the oldest endowed lectureship. They were held annually and without interruption from 1755 to 1857 when they were suspended by the board of trustees "in order that the Fund, now in their judgment insufficient to support the charge of the same, may accumulate." They began again in 1888. The lectures were endowed by Paul Dudley in 1750 with a sum of £133 6s 8d. Dudley specified that the topic of the lectures should rotate among four themes, so that students would hear each one before graduation: # The principles of natural religion. # The truths of scriptural revelation. # "The detecting and convicting and exposing the idolatry of the Romish church, their tyranny, usurpations, damnable heresies, fatal errors, abominable superstitions, and other crying wickedness in their high places". # "The validity of the presbyterial ordination of ministers" (specifically, in the form practiced at the time in Scotland and Geneva, and among Englishmen who opposed the episcopal ordination of the Church of England). In accordance with these precepts, the Dudleian lecturers of the 18th century did faithfully promote the doctrines of New England's anti-authoritarian Low-Church Protestantism, and — as L.K. Gilbert argues — wedded them to principles of Enlightenment rationality by associating ecclesiastical with civil tyranny. By the 19th century, however, the virulent anti-Catholicism had been much tempered, and in the middle of the 20th century, Clifford K. Shipton could note that "for many years past it has not been deemed expedient by the college authorities to honor the donor’s wishes in this respect." Contemporary Dudleian lectures tend to be highly academic in nature, and are often delivered by Catholic or non-Christian theologians or priests. In a more ecumenical, less religiously polemical age the third topic has been reinterpreted to intend relations among the Christian denominations: The first Catholic who gave the Dudleian lecture under this rubric was Fr. Henri Nouwen. Notable Dudleian lecturers have included Jason Haven, William Ellery Channing, Reinhold Niebuhr, Paul Tillich, John LaFarge, Jr., Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Carlo Maria Martini, Maria Pilar Aquino.

Introduction =1 In mathematics, a polynomial lemniscate or polynomial level curve is a plane algebraic curve of degree 2n, constructed from a polynomial p with complex coefficients of degree n. For any such polynomial p and positive real number c, we may define a set of complex numbers by This set of numbers may be equated to points in the real Cartesian plane, leading to an algebraic curve ƒ = c2 of degree 2n, which results from expanding out in terms of z = x + iy. When p is a polynomial of degree 1 then the resulting curve is simply a circle whose center is the zero of p. When p is a polynomial of degree 2 then the curve is a Cassini oval. Erdős lemniscate Erdős lemniscate of degree ten and genus six A conjecture of Erdős which has attracted considerable interest concerns the maximum length of a polynomial lemniscate ƒ = 1 of degree 2n when p is monic, which Erdős conjectured was attained when p = zn − 1. This is still not proved but Fryntov and Nazarov proved that p gives a local maximum. In the case when n = 2, the Erdős lemniscate is the Lemniscate of Bernoulli : and it has been proven that this is indeed the maximal length in degree four. The Erdős lemniscate has three ordinary n-fold points, one of which is at the origin, and a genus of (n − 1)(n − 2)/2. By inverting the Erdős lemniscate in the unit circle, one obtains a nonsingular curve of degree n. Generic polynomial lemniscate In general, a polynomial lemniscate will not touch at the origin, and will have only two ordinary n-fold singularities, and hence a genus of (n − 1)2. As a real curve, it can have a number of disconnected components. Hence, it will not look like a lemniscate, making the name something of a misnomer. An interesting example of such polynomial lemniscates are the Mandelbrot curves. If we set p0 = z, and pn = pn−12 + z, then the corresponding polynomial lemniscates Mn defined by |pn| = 2 converge to the boundary of the Mandelbrot set. The Mandelbrot curves are of degree 2n+1.

Introduction Rasipuram is a town in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the headquarters for the Rasipuram taluk. As of 2015, the town had a population of 88,584 and an area of . It has 27 wards and steps have been taken to increase the wards to 33. Rasipuram is known for ghee and tapioca sago. History Rasipuram dates to the 1st century AD. The town's name is derived from 'Rajapuram' which literally means 'King's Town'. The county (Nagaratchi) of Rasipuram was formerly under the jurisdiction of the Salem District (Managaratchi) and was later governed by the Namakkal District range. Rasipuram is also known for its Lord Shiva temple, said to have been constructed by King Valvil Ori in the 1st or 2nd century. Demographics According to the 2011 census, Rasipuram had a population of 50,244 across a total of 13,104 households. The city had a higher ratio of female to male than the national average (1,077 females to every 1,000 males, national average 929) and higher literacy than the national average (77.71% in Rasipuram compared to national average of 72.99%). 4,168 people (12.05%) were under the age of six (2,183 male, 1,985 female) at the time of survey and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 12.3% and .53% of the population, respectively. There were a total of 20,138 workers, comprising 334 cultivators, 722 main agricultural labourers, 2,019 in household industries, 16,120 other workers, 943 marginal workers, 17 marginal cultivators, 31 marginal agricultural labourers, 84 marginal workers in household industries and 811 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Rasipuram had 92.13% Hindus, 6.02% Muslims, 1.79% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.0% Jains, 0.04% following other religions and 0.0% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference. Geography Kollihills Valley Rasipuram is located at . It has an average elevation of 246 metres (807 feet). Kolli Hills is located exactly from Rasipuram. A lot of medicinal plants and fruit varieties like jackfruit, pineapple and banana are available. Culture A festival named after the legendary king Valvil Ori is celebrated to highlight the indigenous traditions, culture and values of the tribal people living in the hills. Nithya sumagali Mariamman temple festival which is celebrated in the Tamil month of Aippasi Also 63 Nayanmars festival is celebrated grandly every year. A mini town called R.Puduppati is located inside Rasipuram Taluk. Where the Thulukka sudamani amman temple is present. Every year, last Wednesday of panguni month is celebrated as a Thear Thiruvizha on this temple. Politics Rasipuram is a state assembly constituency. Dr. Madhivendhan serves as MLA of Rasipuram Constituency. Rasipuram Constituency is removed from the latest alignments and joined with Namakkal Lok sabha Constituency. It is a part of the Rasipuram (Lok Sabha constituency). Economy The town is known for weaving silk sarees (Rasipuram silks). These iconic woven silk sarees and dhotis are traded and exported. The second popular thing in this town is the pure home made ghee. Transportation Road Rasipuram is located on highway NH7 which connects Salem and Namakkal. Rasipuram town has two bus stands (i.e. old and new bus stand). New bus stand serves buses to Vennandur, Coimbatore, Namakkal, Salem, Attur, Kallakurichi, Karur, Erode, Tiruchengode, Chennai, Bangalore, Mettur, Palani, Bhavani, Sankari, Trichy, Edappadi, Komarapalayam, Paramathi Velur, and Thuraiyur. Andagalur gate, located on NH 7, is a stop for all Mofussil buses which skip Rasipuram town. SH79 (Attur–Mallikkarai–Rasipuram–Tiruchengode–Erode Road) and SH95 (Mohanur–Namakkal–Sendamangalam–Rasipuram Road) are the two state highways which connect to the town. Railway Rasipuram Railway station The town is located on a new broad-gauge line, opened in May 2013, which connects Salem and Karur. The Rasipuram Railway Station (RASP) is connected to major cities in South India, with daily express trains from Chennai Central, Bangalore, Salem, Madurai, Nagercoil, Tirunelveli and Palani and weekly express trains from Hyderabad and Jabalpur. Airport The nearest airport is Salem Airport which is north of the town.

Introduction Mircea Rednic is a Romanian football coach and former player who played as a defender, currently in charge of Liga I side UTA Arad. Club career Rednic as a player (unknown date) Mircea Rednic, nicknamed "Puriul" was born on 9 April 1962 in Hunedoara and until he was 14 years old he played table tennis, handball, volleyball and chess before starting to play football at Corvinul Hunedoara's youth center. Coach Mircea Lucescu gave him his debut for Corvinul's senior squad in the 1979–80 Divizia B season, also giving him his Divizia A debut on 2 August 1980 in a 4–1 victory against ASA Târgu Mureș. In the following seasons Rednic helped the club finish 3rd in the 1981–82 Divizia A, also appearing in four games in the 1982–83 UEFA Cup. In the summer of 1983 Rednic and teammate Ioan Andone were transferred from Corvinul to Dinamo București in exchange for five players which included Nicușor Vlad, Teofil Stredie and Florea Văetuș. Rednic spent a total of 7 seasons with The Red Dogs, winning the title in his first season in which he played 31 games and in the 1989–90 season with 19 appearances and one goal scored. During the same period, Rednic also won three Cupa României and played 36 games in which he scored two goals in European competitions, appearing in 8 games in which he scored one goal in the 1983–84 European Cup season when the team reached the semi-finals and in 8 games in which he scored one goal in the 1989–90 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup campaign when the team also reached the semi-finals with his former Corvinul coach, Mircea Lucescu. Rednic took part in a big scandal in the derby against Steaua from March 1989 which was lost with 2–1 after Gheorghe Hagi opened the score, Ioan Andone equalized for Dinamo and Gabi Balint scored the winning goal for Steaua in the last minute of the game, also referee Ion Crăciunescu eliminated Rodion Cămătaru and Claudiu Vaișcovici from Dinamo. Feeling that they were disadvantaged by the referee, right after the game Rednic and Andone showed some obscene gestures in front of the official tribune where Valentin Ceaușescu, the son of dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu and unofficial president of Steaua was staying. Rednic got away with it after a friend of his from Steaua, László Bölöni talked to Valentin Ceaușescu, and Andone was initially suspended for a year by the Romanian Football Federation, but after his friend from Steaua, Marius Lăcătuș talked to Valentin Ceaușescu and convinced him to forgive Andone, his suspension was reduced to three months. After the 1989 Romanian Revolution, Rednic alongside fellow Romanians Claudiu Vaișcovici and Gheorghe Nițu went to play in Turkey for Bursaspor. In 1991, coach Mircea Lucescu told him to go to Standard Liège because that is the team that he will be coaching in the near future, however Lucescu never got to train there but Rednic spent five seasons with the club in which he made 140 Belgian First Division appearances with three goals scored, played three games in European competitions, won a Belgian Cup and was colleague for short periods with fellow Romanians Bogdan Stelea and Gheorghe Butoiu. After his period at Standard Liège ended, he moved at fellow Belgian First Division club Sint-Truidense, where he stayed only one season in which he played 10 games. In 1997, Rednic returned to Romania at Rapid București, at the advice of coach Mircea Lucescu, where he would spend the last three years of his playing career, appearing in 32 matches in which he scored one goal in the 1998–99 season, helping the team win the first title after 32 years, he also won a cup, a supercup and played four games in European competitions. Mircea Rednic gained throughout his career a total of 391 Divizia A appearances with 29 goals scored and a total of 47 matches with 2 goals scored in European competitions. International career Mircea Rednic played 83 matches and scored two goals at international level for Romania, making his debut under coach Mircea Lucescu in a 0–0 against Switzerland at the 1982 World Cup qualifiers. He made 8 appearances at the successful Euro 1984 qualifiers, being used by coach Mircea Lucescu in all the minutes of the three matches from the final tournament as Romania did not pass the group stage. He played 8 games at the 1986 World Cup qualifiers, four at the Euro 1988 qualifiers and three at the successful 1990 World Cup qualifiers, being used by coach Emerich Jenei in all the minutes of the four matches from the final tournament, as Romania got eliminated by Ireland in the eight-finals. Rednic played one game at the Euro 1992 qualifiers and made his last appearance for the national team on 23 May 1991 in a friendly which ended with a 1–0 loss against Norway. Rednic was also part of Romania's U20 squad at the 1981 World Youth Championship from Australia, appearing in 6 games, helping the team finish the tournament in the 3rd position, winning the bronze medal. For representing his country at the 1990 World Cup, Rednic was decorated by President of Romania Traian Băsescu on 25 March 2008 with the Ordinul "Meritul Sportiv" – (The Medal "The Sportive Merit") class III. International goals :Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Rednic goal. Goal Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 29 July 1984 Stadionul 23 August, Iaşi, Romania 1–0 4–2 Friendly 2 26 May 1990 Heysel Stadium, Brussels, Belgium 1–2 2–2 Friendly Managerial career Mircea Rednic had his first coaching experience while still being an active player in December 1998 at Rapid București when Mircea Lucescu left the club to go train Inter Milan and he was appointed as a caretaker manager for one Divizia A game, a 3–0 victory against Universitatea Cluj. He started working as a full-time coach in 2000 when he was appointed at Rapid București in order to replace Anghel Iordănescu. He then moved to fellow Divizia A team FCM Bacău where he stayed only a few months, returning in 2002 at Rapid. His second spell at Rapid was one in which he won the first trophies of his coaching career, consisting of the Divizia A 2002–03 title, a cup and two supercups. Rapid dismissed him in the middle of the 2003–04 season while the club was still in the top positions, fighting to win the championship. Afterwards, Rednic had his first coaching experience outside Romania when he signed with Saudi Arabian side Al-Nassr where he spent a few months, bringing Adrian Neaga with him. He then returned in Romania as Universitatea Craiova's manager in the 2004–05 Divizia A season, where after a 3–1 victory against Rapid, at the press conference after the game he sang the chorus of a song made by the Romanian band Ca$$a Locco:"I'm so glad that you took the sting, I'm so glad that you lost!", this being a message to the leaders from Rapid who fired him, however he resigned after a 1–1 against FCM Bacău in the 8th round of the championship. In 2005 he went to coach FC Vaslui in Divizia B, who he helped promote to the first league, but he refused to extend his contract at the end of the season, however after six rounds from the 2005–06 Divizia A season, he came back to the team, helping it avoid relegation. In 2006, Rednic had his first and most successful spell out of the total of five he had at Dinamo București managing to win the 2006–07 Liga I where in the first 13 rounds the team had 13 consecutive victories and won all four derbies against Steaua and Rapid in that season, including the 4–2 victory against Steaua which was the first away victory for The Red Dogs in the derby after 18 years, also managing to pass the group stage of the 2006–07 UEFA Cup, reaching the sixteenths-finals where the team was eliminated with 3–1 on aggregate by Benfica. He resigned from Dinamo after a bad start of the 2007–08 season as the club did not manage to qualify in the Champions League group stage after a 4–2 aggregate loss with Lazio Roma. In October 2007, Rednic returned for a third spell at Rapid which lasted until March 2007 when he resigned. In April 2008, Rednic started his second spell at Dinamo and in the 2008–09 season, the team was on the first position for the most part of the championship, but after three losses in the last three games of the season, the team finished on the 3rd place and he left the club. In August 2009, Rednic went to coach abroad, first at Russian second league side Alania Vladikavkaz with whom he finished the championship in the third position, thus failing to gain promotion to the Russian Premier League and from July 2010 until December 2011, he managed Khazar Lankaran in Azerbaijan where he formed a colony of Romanians, bringing 9 Romanian players to the club, managing to win the Azerbaijan Cup and finished the 2010–11 Azerbaijan Premier League season on the second position, being dismissed after a 1–0 loss against Inter Baku in the 15th round of the 2011–12 regular season. In March 2012, Rednic came back to Romania where he signed a contract with Astra Ploiești until the end of the season when he decided not to continue with Astra, instead, he moved to their biggest rivals, Petrolul Ploiești. In October 2012, Rednic left Petrolul Ploiești in order to go and coach Standard Liège, bringing Romanian players Adrian Cristea and George Țucudean with him, his objective was to reach a European cup position after an unconvincing start of the former coach, eight place in twelve rounds. He made his debut as Les Rouches coach in an away league game which ended with a 2–0 victory against Genk who was the only team unbeaten in the previous 12 rounds of the season, at the game he wore the tie that the club gave him as a gift in 1996 when he was a player and left the club after 5 years. Rednic's contract was not extended at the end of the season after the emphatic 7–1 aggregate win over Gent in the play-off for Europa League qualification. He explicitly attributed his sacking to a conflict between him and club's chairman Roland Duchâtelet who wanted a "marionette" instead of a coach. Instead of Rednic, neither Vercauteren nor Girard has been appointed but the Israel national under-21 team coach Guy Luzon. On 10 June 2013, Rednic returned to Romania, becoming the new head coach of CFR Cluj, but ended his contract by mutual agreement only two months later after winning only one game from the first four played in the championship and had a conflict with the team captain Ricardo Cadú. On 1 October 2013, it was announced that Rednic moved to Gent to replace Víctor Fernández, but was dismissed in April 2014 with a few rounds before the end of the season, the club officials claiming that the relationship between the coach and the players was not good. After a short second spell at Petrolul Ploiești and a third spell at Dinamo with whom he reached a cup final which was lost in front of CFR Cluj, he went to coach a third team in Belgium, Excel Mouscron where he worked with Romanian players Cristian Manea and Dorin Rotariu, taking the club from the last place of the 2016–17 Belgian First Division A and helping it avoid relegation, however he was dismissed the following season after managing to obtain 29 points in 26 rounds, which was considered insufficient by the club's officials. From 2018 until 2021, Rednic had coaching experiences at Saudi Arabian club Al-Faisaly, Politehnica Iași, Viitorul and two spells at Dinamo all of them being short and unsuccessful with a low victory percentage. Mircea Rednic has a total of 375 matches as a manager in the Romanian top-division, Liga I consisting of 165 victories, 104 draws and 106 losses. Honours Player Corvinul Hunedoara Divizia B: 1979–80 Dinamo București Divizia A: 1983–84, 1989–90 Cupa României: 1983–84, 1985–86, 1989–90 Standard Liége Belgian Cup: 1992–93 Rapid București Divizia A: 1998–99 Cupa României: 1997–98 Supercupa României: 1999 Manager Rapid București Divizia A: 1998–99, 2002–03 Cupa României: 2001–02 Supercupa României: 2002, 2003 FC Vaslui Divizia B: 2004–05 Dinamo București Liga I: 2006–07 Khazar Lankaran Azerbaijan Cup: 2010–11

Introduction Captain Thunder may refer to: Captain Thunder, 1930 starring Victor Varconi in the title role Capitán Trueno, the hero of a series of Spanish comic books by Víctor Mora Captain Thunder (DC Comics), an alternate version of Captain Marvel, as well as an early name for the character.

Introduction Lillias Rumsey Sanford was the founder of Rumsey Hall School, the second private nondenominational pre-preparatory school in the United States, originally located in Seneca Falls, New York.

Introduction Calen Carr is an American former professional soccer player. He played in Major League Soccer for the Chicago Fire and Houston Dynamo as a forward and winger. He currently works for MLS as a match analyst for MLS Season Pass broadcasts on Apple TV and a host on the league's website. Career High School and College Born in Oakland, California, Carr attended The Branson School in Ross, California until 2001, where he was the team Offensive Player of the Year three times. During this time, Carr trained at the Zico Academy in Brazil. Carr played college soccer at the University of California, Berkeley, where he finished with 22 goals and 15 assists in 75 matches. He was redshirted in 2003 due to injury. While with the Golden Bears, Carr was named All-Pac-10 First Team three times, as well as being an All-American and the Pac-10 Player of the Year in 2005. In 2019, Carr was inducted into the Cal Athletics Hall of Fame. He also played with Orange County Blue Star in the USL Premier Development League for two seasons, and in the summer of 2005, trained with Arsenal in England. Professional Chicago Fire Carr was drafted in the first round, 10th overall, by the Chicago Fire in the 2006 MLS SuperDraft. He made his Fire debut in the opening match of April 1, 2006, coming on as substitute in a 3–2 loss to FC Dallas. Carr scored his first professional goal on June 11 in the stoppage time against the New England Revolution, however the Revs would score twice soon after, with the game ending 3–3. On June 25, he recorded the first assist of his career in a 2–0 win over the New York Red Bulls. The next match saw him Carr get his first career start, as he helped the Fire to a 2–1 win over Real Salt Lake. He ended the regular season with 1 goal and 1 assist from 22 appearances, however just 3 of them were starts. He appeared off the bench in both legs of Chicago's playoff matchup with New England, with the Revolution advancing on penalties. In the 2006 U.S. Open Cup, Carr scored three goals and one assists as he helped the Fire win the Open Cup. On may 17, 2007, Carr scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 loss to FC Dallas. On July 29, he had a goal and an assist in a 3–0 win over Toronto FC. On October 21, he had an assist in the 93rd minute to give Chicago a 1–- 0win over the Los Angeles Galaxy. Carr finished the regular season with 27 appearances, 10 of them starts, 3 goals and 2 assists, helping the Fire qualify for the playoffs. After a 1–0 win for the Fire in the first leg of the Conference Semifinals, Carr had 2 assists to give the Fire a 2–2 draw in leg 2, advancing past D.C. United. He came off the bench in the Conference Final as Chicago lost 1–0 to New England. Carr scored his first goal of the 2008 season on May 17 in a 2–1 loss to the Houston Dynamo. On July 1, Carr scored once in a 4–1 win over the Cleveland City Stars in the U.S. Open Cup. He found the back of the net in Chicago's next match to help the Fire to a 2–2 draw with the Columbus Crew. On July 8, Carr tore his right ACL during a 2–1 loss to D.C. United in the Open Cup quarterfinals. He missed the rest of the season due to the injury, having made just 9 appearances up to that point in the regular season. Carr returned to the field on July 4, 2009, coming on as a late substitute in a 2–1 win over the Colorado Rapids. He would make 10 appearances in 2009, all of them off the bench. He didn't play in any of the three playoff games for Chicago. On February 8, 2010, Carr signed a new contract with Chicago. He missed the first 4 months of the season due to a quadriceps injury suffered during preseason. On August 18, Carr made his first appearance of the season, coming on as a substitute and scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 win over the New England Revolution. In Chicago's next match, Carr scored as a sub again, however this time the Fire lost 4–3 to Houston. Carr ended the season with 3 goals from 14 appearances, 4 of them being starts. While playing for the Chicago Fire, Carr participated in an off-season friendly playing for Chivas USA against their sister club, C.D. Guadalajara.  Carr drew a penalty as the two sides drew 1-1. During the 2011 preseason Carr suffered a serious concussion. Houston Dynamo On March 23, 2011, Carr was traded to the Houston Dynamo in exchange for Dominic Oduro. He made his Dynamo debut on August 17, 2011, coming on as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with the New England Revolution. During the game, Carr wore a protective helmet for the first time, something he would do throughout the rest of his career. On September 14, he came off the bench and scored in the 86th minute to give Houston a 2–2 draw with the Columbus Crew. He ended the regular season with 1 goal from 9 appearances, 4 of them being starts. In Houston's opening game of the playoffs, Carr scored to help the Dynamo to a 2–1 win over the Philadelphia Union. Carr would start the second leg of the Conference Semifinals as Houston beat the Union 1–0 to advance. He got the start in the Conference Finals as well, helping the Dynamo beat Sporting Kansas City 2–0 to advance to MLS Cup 2011, where Carr and the Dynamo would lose to the Los Angeles Galaxy 1–0. 233x233pxCarr underwent surgery on his left knee ahead of the 2012 season. Houston opened the 2012 season on March 11 with a 1–0 win over Chivas USA, with Carr coming off the bench in the game. On June 16, he suffered a left hamstring strain during a 2–1 win over FC Dallas, forcing him to miss 5 games. He returned from the injury on July 15, making a substitute appearance in a 4–0 win over D.C. United. In Houston's next match, Carr scored twice to give the Dynamo a 2–1 win over Sporting Kansas City, On July 21, he picked up his first assist of the season in a 3–0 win over the Montreal Impact. On July 28, he scored in a 2–0 win against Toronto FC. Carr found the back of the net again in Houston's next game, a 2–0 win over the New York Red Bulls. On September 20, Carr played in his first career CONCACAF Champions League match, scoring once in a 4–0 win against C.D. FAS. He ended the regular season with 4 goals and 2 assists from 27 appearances. In the first match of the playoffs, Carr had an assist to help the Dynamo defeat the Chicago Fire 2–1. In leg 1 of the Conference Semifinals, he had an assist to help Houston to a 2–0 win over Sporting Kansas City. In the second leg, Carr went down with a left hamstring strain, but the Dynamo would still advance. He would miss both legs of the Conference Finals, but the Dynamo would advance past D.C. United 4–2 on aggregate. He returned from his hamstring injury to start MLS Cup 2012. In the 44th minute Carr scored to put Houston up 1–0 over the Los Angeles Galaxy through one half. However, he would leave the game less than 10 minutes into the second half due to a torn left ACL. Los Angeles would go onto win 3–1. Carr did not make any first team appearances in 2013 as a result of the injury, but he did make an appearance with the Dynamo reserves, scoring in the game. He retired after the 2013 season. Personal life Carr was born in Oakland, California and raised in nearby Berkeley, but spent significant time traveling around the world with mother, Claudia Carr, who was a professor at University of California, Berkeley. His mom is white from Indianapolis, Indiana while his dad is Aboriginal Australian from Alice Springs, Northern Territory. He founded a clothing company called Future Collective with two friends. Post-playing career Since 2016, Carr has worked as a host for various shows on MLS's website and YouTube channel, including "The Movement" documentary series and the "Extratime" podcast. Career statistics Club :Source: Club Season League Playoffs Open Cup CONCACAF Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Chicago Fire 2006 MLS 22 1 2 0 3 3 — 27 4 2007 27 3 3 0 1 0 — 31 3 2008 9 2 0 0 3 1 — 12 3 2009 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 2010 14 3 — 0 0 0 0 14 3 Fire Total 82 9 5 0 7 4 0 0 94 13 Houston Dynamo 2011 MLS 9 1 4 1 0 0 — 13 2 2012 26 4 4 1 0 0 2 1 32 6 2013 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dynamo Total 35 5 8 2 0 0 2 1 45 8 Career total 117 14 13 2 7 4 2 1 139 21 Honors Club Chicago Fire U.S. Open Cup: 2006 Houston Dynamo MLS Eastern Conference: 2011, 2012 Individual Pac-10 Conference Men's Soccer Player of the Year: 2005

Introduction Jesse Garcia is an American actor. Career Garcia starred in the award-winning film Quinceañera, written and directed by Wash Westmoreland and Richard Glatzer with executive producer Todd Haynes, which won both the Grand Jury Prize and the Audience Award at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival in the Dramatic Independent Feature Competition. Quinceañera was also selected to play at the 2006 Berlin Film Festival. Garcia won Best Actor at the 2007 ALMA Awards for his role as Carlos, a troubled gay teenager, in Quinceañera. He appeared in the thriller Locker 13 in 2009. He made a cameo appearance on Marvel's The Avengers in 2012. Garcia was born in Rawlins, Wyoming, and spent most of his childhood in Hanna, Wyoming. He was raised as a Jehovah's Witness, though he no longer practices that faith. his sister one year younger worked oilfield trucking for over 19 years. His father is from the Mexican state of Durango and his mother, a native of Wyoming, is of Spanish and Mexican descent. He appeared in the 2010 revival of The Pee-wee Herman Show and in the 2010 music video of Wisin & Yandel's "Estoy enamorado". Filmography Television Year Title Role Notes 2004 Expeditions to the Edge Episode: "Hostage Mountain" 2005 Unfabulous Fashion Designer Episode: "The Charity Chase" 2006 The Shield Mariano 2 episodes Walkout Armando Lopez TV movie The Closer Carlos Episode: "Borderline Justice Frankie Duarte Episode: "Shotgun" 2007 ER Carlos Vega Episode: "In a Different Light" CSI: Miami Vasco Torres Episode: "Permanent Vacation" Law & Order: Criminal Intent Felix Aguilar Episode: "Senseless" 2008 Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles Carlos 3 episodes 2009 NCIS Marine Private First Class Tomas Tamayo Episode: "Deliverance" 2011 Sons of Anarchy Rafi 5 episodes 2012 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Ollie Ruiz Episode: "Wild Flowers" 2013 East Los High Abraham Episode: "The Beauty to the Bitch" Longmire Rodeo Sharpshooter Episode: "The Great Spirit" 2014 You're the Worst Martinez Episode: "What Normal People Do" 2014–2016 From Dusk till Dawn: The Series Freddie Gonzalez Main cast 2015 Looking Hector Episode: "Looking for Truth" 2018 Chicago P.D. Reimundo Morales Episode: "Captive" The Last Ship Manuel Plasencia / Michael / Manuelito 2 episodes 2019 The High Life Gabriel Episode: "Pilot" El Asesino Frankie TV movie 2020 Narcos: Mexico Sal Orozco 9 episodes 2021 Snowfall Officer Carlos Lorca 3 episodes Films Year Title Role Notes 2003 Performance Anxiety Guitar Player 2004 Last Goodbye Featured Player Delivery Boy Chronicles Mexican Leaf Blower 2005 Picnic Man Reading Book Unseen Video 2006 Marrying God Jesus Quinceañera Carlos The Other Side Search and Rescue Guy Father Figure Jesse 2007 American Identity Bobby Freeman Put It in a Book Tiny Under the Same Moon David The Comebacks Jorge Juanson 2008 Down & Out Video Good Dick Jose Emilio Hot Dog Vendor A Beautiful Life David Days of Wrath Mario 2009 Saint John of Las Vegas Park Ranger Locker 13 Ray Bedrooms Sal Periphery Smitty Spit Brown Buck Santa 2010 Elektra Luxx Camilo Hollywood Untitled Jose Mission Park Jason 2011 Three Veils Carlos Falling Overnight Miguel Without Men Boss' Assistant 2012 House Arrest Guillermo The Avengers Carrier Bridge Tech 2014 Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day Dwayne 2015 Re-Kill Hernandez 2020 Adverse Detective Ranie 2021 The Starling Hector 2022 Ambulance Roberto What Comes Around Tim Tell It Like a Woman Johnny 2023 Flamin' Hot Richard Montañez The Mother TBA Post-production

Introduction The Loon is the debut album of the Minneapolis-based band Tapes 'n Tapes. It was originally self-released by the band's own Ibid Records on October 28, 2005 on compact disc. On July 24, 2006, the album was released in the United Kingdom on XL Recordings, on both CD and vinyl. The album was generally well received by music critics, and earned numerous comparisons to the Pixies and Pavement. Pitchfork Media gave the album a favorable review, and gave it a "Best New Music" commendation. The songs "Insistor" and "Cowbell" were released as singles in 2006 on XL Recordings. "Insistor" is also featured in the soundtrack of the video game Major League Baseball 2K7. In late 2006, the band's song "Jakov's Suite" (the final song of the album) began appearing in a television commercial for Nissan. It also appears in the University of Oregon's basketball advertisements during the games. Track listing All songs written by Josh Grier. # "Just Drums" – 3:44 # "The Illiad" – 2:15 # "Insistor" – 4:20 # "Crazy Eights" – 3:24 # "In Houston" – 4:04 # "Manitoba" – 4:12 # "Cowbell" – 2:33 # "10 Gallon Ascots" – 5:02 # "Omaha" – 3:32 # "Buckle" – 3:40 # "Jakov's Suite" – 4:37

Introduction "Boom Bang-a-Bang" is a song recorded by Scottish singer Lulu. The song was written by Alan Moorhouse and Peter Warne. It was the at the Eurovision Song Contest 1969, held in Madrid. It was the joint winner with three other entries: Salomé singing "Vivo cantando" for , Lenny Kuhr singing "De troubadour" for the , and Frida Boccara singing "Un jour, un enfant" for . Lyrically, the song is a plea from the singer to her lover to "cuddle me tight". She then goes on to explain that "my heart goes boom bang-a-bang boom bang-a-bang when you are near", complete with appropriate musical accompaniment. The single made No. 2 in the UK Singles Chart and was a major hit throughout Europe. Over two decades after its first release, the song was included on a blacklist of banned songs issued by the BBC during the 1991 Gulf War. Boom Bang-A-Bang was also the name of a BBC One 1-hour programme made to celebrate fifty years of the Eurovision Song Contest in . Broadcast during that year's Eurovision week, the special was hosted by Sir Terry Wogan and featured archive footage and highlights of past contests, along with a performance of that year's UK entry by Daz Sampson. The song is the theme tune for the BBC Three sitcom Him & Her. Charts Chart (1969) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 15 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 10 Belgium (Ultratop) 4 Denmark (Hitlisten) 9 Finland (Official Finnish Charts) 10 Ireland (IRMA) 1 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 19 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 19 New Zealand (RIANZ) 5 Norway (VG-lista) 1 Spain (Promusicae) 5 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 3 UK Singles (OCC) 2 West Germany (Musikmarkt) 8

Introduction Dalfopristin is a semi-synthetic streptogramin antibiotic analogue of ostreogyrcin A (virginiamycin M, pristinamycin IIA, streptogramin A). The combination quinupristin/dalfopristin (marketed under the trade name Synercid) was brought to the market by Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals in 1999. Synercid (weight-to-weight ratio of 30% quinupristin to 70% dalfopristin) is used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Synthesis Through the addition of diethylaminoethylthiol to the 2-pyrroline group and oxidation of the sulfate of ostreogrycin A, a structurally more hydrophobic compound is formed. This hydrophobic compound contains a readily ionizable group that is available for salt formation. Large Scale Preparation Dalfopristin is synthesized from pristinamycine IIa through achieving a stereoselective Michael-type addition of 2-diethylaminoethanethiol on the conjugated double bond of the dehydroproline ring . The first method found was using sodium periodate associated with ruthenium dioxide to directly oxidize the sulfur derivative into a sulfone. However, using hydrogen peroxide with sodium tungstate in a 2-phase medium produces an improved yield, and is therefore the method of choice for large scale production. The production of the dalfopristin portion of quinupristin/dalfopristin is achieved through purifying cocrystallization of the quinupristin and dalfopristin from acetone solutions. Physical Characteristics (as mesylate salt) Appearance White to yellow solid Physical state Solid Solubility Soluble in ethanol, methanol, DMSO, DMF, and water (0.072 mg/ml) Storage -20 °C Boiling point 940.5 °C at 760 mmHg Melting point 150 °C Density 1.27 g/cm3 Refractive index n20D 1.58 pK values pKa: 13.18 (Predicted), pKb: 8.97 (Predicted) Antimicrobial activity Alone, both dalfopristin and quinupristin have modest in vitro bacteriostatic activity. However, 8-16 times higher in vitro bactericidal activity is seen against many gram-positive bacteria when the two streptogramins are combined . While quinupristin/dalfopristin is effective against staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, in vitro studies have not demonstrated bactericidal activity against all strains and species of common gram-positive bacteria. Mechanism of action Both dalfopristin and quinupristin bind to sites located on the 50S subunit of the ribosome. Initial dalfopristin binding results in a conformational change of the ribosome, allowing for increased binding by quinupristin. A stable drug-ribosome complex is created when the two drugs are used together. This complex inhibits protein synthesis through prevention of peptide-chain formation and blocking the extrusion of newly formed peptide chains. In many cases, this leads to bacterial cell death. Mechanism of resistance Streptogramin resistance is mediated through enzymatic drug inactivation, efflux or active transport of drug out of the cell, and most commonly, conformational alterations in ribosomal target binding sites. Enzymatic drug inactivation may occur in staphylococcal and enterococcal species through production of dalfopristin-inactivating acetyltransferase or quinupristin-inactivating hydrolase. Efflux or active transport of the drug may occur in coagulase-negative staphylococci and Enterococcus faecium. Constitutive ribosome modification has been seen in staphylococci with resistance seen in quinupristin only. While resistance to dalfopristin may be conferred via a single point of mutation, quinupristin/dalfopristin offers the benefit of requiring multiple points of mutation targeting both dalfopristin and quinupristin components to confer drug resistance. Comparatively, only 2-5% of staphylococcal isolates collected in France show resistance to a related streptogramin, pristinamycin, in over 35 years of use. Drug interactions Both dalfopristin and quinupristin are extensively hepatically metabolized, excreted from the feces, and serve as an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 enzyme pathway. Caution should be taken with concommitent use with drugs metabolized by the CYP3A4 pathway. Concomitant use of quinupristin/dalfopristin with cyclosporine for 2–5 days has shown to result in a two-fold increase in cyclosporine levels. No adverse effects have been seen in patients with hepatic impairment and no recommendations by the manufacturer have been made for dose reduction of quinupristin/dalfopristin in this patient population. Commercialization While little information is available regarding the regulatory and commercialization history of Dalfopristin alone, Synercid (quinupristin/dalfopristin), made by Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals, was approved in 1999 as an IV injectable for the treatment of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium and complicated skin and skin structure infections. Dalfopristin can be purchased alone on the internet from various chemical manufacturers as a mesylate salt.

Introduction Gionvannelli is an Italian surname, derived from the given name Giovanni. Notable people with the surname include: Benedetto Giovannelli (1602–1676), architect Leonida Nikolai Giovannelli (1906–198?), Italian/Manx writer and cultural activist Miriam Giovanelli (born 1989), Italian/Spanish actress and model Paolo Giovannelli (born 1960), former professional footballer Riccardo Giovanelli (born 1946), astronomer Ruggiero Giovannelli (c. 1560 – 1625), composer

Introduction Gladys Kamakakuokalani Ainoa Brandt was an educator and civic leader in Hawaii. She served as a principal at Kamehameha Schools and helped found the University of Hawaii's Hawaiian Studies Center, leading to a revival of interest in native Hawaiian culture. Later, she led protests against the trustees of Kamehameha Schools for financial mismanagement, leading to their replacement. Biography Early life Gladys Kamakakūokalani Ainoa Brandt was born in Honolulu on August 20, 1906. Her father, David Kanuha, was involved in the counterrevolutionary movement of royalist Robert William Wilcox in the mid-1890s working to restore the monarchy of Liliuokalani. Arrested and convicted of treason for his beliefs, Kanuha was elected to the new territorial legislature. She attended the funeral of the last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani's in 1917, one of many events marking the social changes to Hawaiian culture. She denied her culture as a child, ignored her language, and rubbed her skin with lemon juice to try to whiten it. However, she took self-determined leaps towards embracing her Hawaiian roots in the 1960s and 1970s, and fought to rebuild them. For a time as a young child, she attended Kamehameha School for Girls and was raised by its first principal Ida May Pope. When Brandt was 16, her father changed the family name to Ainoa (her mother was Esther Aionoa), meaning "to eat in freedom" in the Hawaiian language. It was a reference to the Ai Noa period of freedom after a king of ancient Hawaii had died, and the particular one in 1819 which marked the major changes to the Hawaiian social system. Career in education Brandt graduated from President William McKinley High School in 1925. She received a teaching certificate from the University of Hawaii (then called Hawaii Normal School), and married Isaac Brandt in 1927. She first taught in public schools on the island of Maui, and then Kauai. In 1943, she received a bachelor's degree in education from the University of Hawaii. She then became Hawaii's first woman public school principal. She was the first woman to be named superintendent of schools, in 1962 on Kauai island. She then moved on to become the principal of the Kamehameha School for Girls in 1963. Although the institute was created distinctly for Hawaiians, Gladys was its first Native Hawaiian principal. She was promoted to director of the high school division in 1969, serving until 1971. When she invited Hawaiian culture expert Nona Beamer to teach, Beamer insisted that traditional standing hula, which had been banned as being "indecent" for girls, would be required. Later years Although officially retired in 1971 after 44 years of being an educator, Brandt served on various boards and officers of civic organizations. In 1983, Governor of Hawaii George Ariyoshi appointed her to the Board of Regents of the University of Hawaii. She served until 1986, and was chair for four years. She lobbied the legislature to fund the UH Center for Hawaiian Studies, which offers both an undergraduate and (starting in 2005) master's degree. It was named after her Hawaiian name Kamakakuokalani in 2002. In 1997, Brandt co-authored two essays known as "Broken Trust", which criticized Kamehameha Schools, the largest private landowner in Hawaii, resulting in their reorganization. In 1998, Governor Ben Cayetano appointed her a trustee of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Legacy Brandt died on January 15, 2003, in Honolulu. Cayetano said "I never met anyone who was so widely respected across all ethnicities." Senator Daniel Akaka praised Brandt for championing education as most important to the future of the Native Hawaiian people, instead of anger or fear.

Introduction "Turn It Up" is a song by American recording artist Paris Hilton from her self-titled debut studio album Paris. The song was written by Jeff Bowden, Dorian Hardnett and Scott Storch. It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. Track listing *Digital download #"Turn It Up" — 3:14 Digital download (U.S. Maxi Single) #"Turn It Up" (Paul Oakenfold Remix Edit) — 4:59 #"Turn It Up" (DJ Dan's Hot 2 Trot Edit) — 4:48 #"Turn It Up" (DJ Dan's Hot 2 Trot Dub Edit) — 4:47 #"Turn It Up" (Peter Rauhofer Does Paris Edit) — 4:57 #"Turn It Up" (Peter Rauhofer Turns It Up Edit) — 4:58 CD single #"Turn It Up" (Album Version) — 3:11 #"Turn It Up" (DJ Dan's Hot 2 Trot Edit) — 3:48 #"Turn It Up" (Paul Oakenfold Remix) — 5:44 #"Turn It Up" (DJ Dan's Hot 2 Trot Dub) — 8:04 #"Turn It Up" (DJ Dan's Hot 2 Trot Vocal) — 6:35 #"Turn It Up" (Peter Rauhofer Does Paris) — 8:13 #"Turn It Up" (Peter Rauhofer Turns It Up Mix) — 9:22 12" vinyl #"Turn It Up" (Album Version) — 3:11 #"Turn It Up" (DJ Dan's Hot 2 Trot Vocal) — 6:35 #"Turn It Up" (Paul Oakenfold Remix) — 5:44 #"Turn It Up" (DJ Dan's Hot 2 Trot Dub) — 8:04 #"Turn It Up" (Peter Rauhofer Turns It Up Mix) — 9:35 #"Turn It Up" (Peter Rauhofer Does Paris) — 8:13 #"Turn It Up" (Peter Rauhofer Remix Edit) — 4:55 Charts Chart (2006) Peakposition Release history + Release dates and formats for "Turn It Up" Region Date Format Label United States July 11, 2006 Digital download Warner Bros. July 18, 2006 August 15, 2006 CD Canada August 22, 2006 United States September 5, 2006 12"

Introduction The Boston Royal Giants were a Negro league baseball team in Boston. The team was also known as the Boston Giants, Quaker Giants, Philadelphia Giants and Boston Colored Giants. The Royal Giants served as a farm team of sorts for the league. They played as far north as Canada's Cape Breton League, and games against mill or industrial teams in Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire. History of the team Black baseball in Boston started in the 1870s when the City League formed teams of men. Though the Boston Giants were never among the most nationally popular black semi-pro teams, Boston was a hotbed of black baseball in the 1930s and 1940s. In 1923, Negro league veteran Danny McClellan organized a team that had been playing as the Quaker Giants into a Boston-based contingent called, for marketing purposes, the Philadelphia Giants. Black sports teams often named themselves after cities that would immediately identify them as African American to white fans and media (such as the Harlem Globetrotters, who were founded in Chicago). The Boston Royal Giants sometimes played in famed Boston Park League. Venues that hosted the Giants were often small public parks such as Medford's Playstead Park and Boston's Lincoln Park, but Braves Field (now Boston University's Nickerson Field) rented to African American owners as early as 1938, and Fenway Park was used for heavily-promoted games after 1942. On July 13, 2002, the Boston Red Sox dressed in 1948 Boston Royal Giants uniforms to honor the Negro league. Significant players Players included Texan sidearm pitcher Will "Cannonball" Jackman and catcher Burlin White. Over the 1920s Giants came and went, and the team adopted the names Boston (Colored) Giants and Boston Royal Giants, but Jackman and White were mainstays. Jackman threw a blazing fastball that dropped as it approached the plate — legendary New York Giants manager John McGraw coveted him so that he called Jackman a great pitcher and hitter who would help bring a pennant to any major league team, but for his complexion. Negro league superstar Bill Yancey, later a New York Yankees scout, said Jackman was the greatest all-around ballplayer he ever saw. According to James A. Riley's "Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Leagues," Jackman was "52-2 one season with the Giants and bested Satchel Paige twice in two outings." Longtime Negro league pitcher Pud Flournoy pitched for the team when he was past his prime, and centerfielder Gene Benson told a Black baseball author the Royal Giants left him stranded in Michigan during a road trip. Newark Eagles first baseman Frannie Matthews, from Cambridge, Massachusetts, also saw time with the RG's. Known players *Gene Benson Willis Flournoy William "Cannonball" Jackman Fran Matthews Burlin White

Introduction In population genetics overlapping generations refers to mating systems where more than one breeding generation is present at any one time. In systems where this is not the case there are non-overlapping generations (or discrete generations) in which every breeding generation lasts just one breeding season. If the adults reproduce over multiple breeding seasons the species is considered to have overlapping generations. Examples of species which have overlapping generations are many mammals, including humans, and many invertebrates in seasonal environments. Examples of species which consist of non-overlapping generations are annual plants and several insect species. Non-overlapping generations is one of the characteristics that needs to be met in the Hardy–Weinberg model for evolution to occur. This is a very restrictive and unrealistic assumption, but one that is difficult to dispose of. Overlapping versus non-overlapping generations In population genetics models, such as the Hardy–Weinberg model, it is assumed that species have no overlapping generations. In nature, however, many species do have overlapping generations. The overlapping generations are considered the norm rather than the exception. Overlapping generations are found in species that live for many years, and reproduce many times. Many birds, for instance, have new nests every (couple of) year(s). Therefore, the offspring will, after they have matured, also have their own nests of offspring while the parent generation could be breeding again as well. An advantage of overlapping generations can be found in the different experience levels of generations in a population. The younger age group will be able to acquire social information from the older and more experienced age groups. Overlapping generations can, similarly, promote altruistic behaviour. Non-overlapping generations are found in species in which the adult generation dies after one breeding season. If a species for instance can only survive winter in the juvenile state the species will automatically consist of non-overlapping generations. The bee Amegilla dawsoni, an example of a species with non-overlapping generations The group of species lacking overlapping generations mostly consists of univoltine insects, and some annual plants. One example of univoltine insects, only breeding once a year, is Dawson's burrowing bee, Amegilla dawsoni. Although annual plants die after one season, not all annual plants truly lack overlapping generations. Many annual plants have seed banks containing dormant seeds that remain dormant for at least one year. This makes overlapping generations possible in annual plants. N.B domestication of annual plants has led to a reduction of seed dormancy. These domesticated annual plants, therefore, have non-overlapping generations. Effects of overlapping generations Genetic diversity Whether a species has overlapping generations or not can influence the genetic diversity in the new generation. Changes in the genetic variance in populations due to genetic drift have been shown to been twice as great when they are overlapping generations as opposed to there being non-overlapping generations. Assumptions in population genetic models Effective population size is an essential concept in evolutionary biology and notoriously hard to estimate. In models estimating this figure, it is often assumed that the species has non-overlapping generations. This can bias the estimate of the effective population size, because temporal fluctuations in allele frequencies follow complicated patterns when generations overlap. In the Neutral theory of molecular evolution, it is shown that the rate of evolution (substitution rate) in neutral genes is not influenced by fluctuations in population size. This, however, is only true for species having discrete generations. In this case, the substitution rate is equal to the mutation rate. When generation overlapping is incorporated in this model, the substitution rate does change with population size fluctuations. The substitution rate increases when the population size transits from small to large, with a high survival probability and when the population size transits from large to small, with a low survival probability. Experimentation In many experiments species are assumed to only consist of non-overlapping generations. For instance, when a scientist wants to look at genetic mutations in a strain of bacteria. He will look at all the offspring (F1) of the current generation (P). For a further look into genetic mutations in the strain he will then look at the next generation (F2) which consists only of offspring from generation F1 while the first generation P will not be used in the experiment any longer.

Introduction Welf VI and Welf VII from Steingaden Abbey. Welf VII was the only son of Welf VI, Duke of Spoleto and Margrave of Tuscany, and Uta, daughter of Godfrey of Calw, count palatine of the Rhine. He was a member of the House of Welf. The ancient arms of the House of Welf: Or a lion azure rampant His father inherited the family's estates in Swabia, including the prominent counties of Altdorf and Ravensburg, which he gave to Welf. Welf, however, spent much of his time managing the Italian possessions while his father stayed in Swabia. Both Welfs supported Frederick Barbarossa as king of Germany and the younger Welf (VII) accompanied him on his Italian campaigns, starting in 1154. In 1160, he was made duke of Spoleto by the emperor. Between 1164 and 1166, he was a central theme in the notable Stuafen-Welf feud between his father and Hugh of Tübingen, which the emperor himself resolved. He was a participant in the campaign of 1167, in which malaria devastated the army and forced the emperor back over the Alps. Welf was a victim of the malaria and died at Siena. He was buried in Steingaden Abbey in Bavaria, where his father was also later buried. The death of Welf (and Frederick IV) allowed his cousin Frederick I to exercise power directly in Swabia and accept the autonomy of the Lombard communes.

Introduction David Frizzell is an American country music singer. He is the younger brother of country musician, Lefty Frizzell. His career started in the late 1950s, but his biggest success came in the 1980s. Biography Frizzell was born in El Dorado, Arkansas, United States. He began performing in his brother's show at the age of 12. He toured with his brother throughout the 1950s and 1960s and served in the U.S. Air Force during the Vietnam War. He signed with Columbia Records in 1970 and finally achieved solo success, placing the single "I Just Can't Help Believing" on the Billboard top-40 country chart. Frizzell appeared regularly on Buck Owens' All American TV Show during the 1970s, and recorded for Capitol Records. In 1981, he recorded his first number-one country hit, "You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma," a duet with Shelly West. The song won the Country Music Association's Song of the Year and Vocal Duet of the Year awards in 1981, was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, and was featured in Clint Eastwood's film Any Which Way You Can. Frizzell and West also won the Academy of Country Music award for Vocal Duo of the Year in 1981 and 1982. In August 1982, Frizzell scored his only solo number-one country single with "I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home". He continued to tour and record with West until 1986. After he parted ways with Shelly West, Frizzell continued to record solo albums, but he has not kept up the popularity he enjoyed during the early 1980s. Notwithstanding, he continues to record and tour. Discography Albums Year Album US Country Label 1981 Carryin' On the Family Names 6 Warner/Viva 1982 The David Frizzell & Shelly West Album 8 The Family's Fine, But This One's All Mine 7 1983 Our Best to You 24 On My Own Again 32 Viva 1984 In Session 33 Solo — Golden Duets (The Best of Frizzell & West) 45 1993 My Life Is Just a Bridge — BFE 1999 For the Love of Country — Kingston 2004 Confidentially — Nashville America 2010 Frizzell & Friends – This Is Our Time — 2012 Frizzell & Friends – It'll Be Alright — 2014 Frizzell & Friends present Buddy Holly Country Tribute: Remember Me — Singles Year Song Chart Positions Album US Country CAN Country 1970 "L.A. International Airport" 67 — singles only "I Just Can't Help Believing" 36 — 1971 "Goodbye" 73 — 1973 "Words Don't Come Easy" 63 — "Take Me One More Ride" 94 — 1976 "A Case of You" 100 — 1981 "Lefty" (with Merle Haggard) 45 — Carryin' On the Family Names 1982 "I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home"A 1 3 The Family's Fine, ButThis One's All Mine "Lost My Baby Blues" 5 5 1983 "Where Are You Spending Your Nights These Days" 10 13 On My Own Again "A Million Light Beers Ago" 39 38 1984 "Black and White" 64 — "Who Dat" 60 — Solo "When We Get Back to the Farm(That's When We Really Go to Town)" 49 43 "No Way Jose" 49 38 single only 1985 "Country Music Love Affair" 63 — Solo 1986 "Celebrity" 71 — singles only 1987 "Beautiful Body" 74 — 1993 "The One That Got Away" — — My Life Is Just a Bridge 2012 "Say Hello to Heaven" — — Frizzell & Friends – It'll Be Alright A"I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home" also peaked at No. 20 on the RPM Top Singles chart in Canada. Singles with Shelly West Year Song Chart Positions Album US Country CAN Country 1981 "You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma" 1 13 Carryin' on the Family Names 1981 "A Texas State of Mind" 9 — "Husbands and Wives" 16 38 1982 "Another Honky-Tonk Night on Broadway" 8 20 The David Frizzell & Shelly West Album "I Just Came Here to Dance" 4 9 "Please Surrender" 43 — Our Best to You 1983 "Cajun Invitation" 52 — "Pleasure Island" 71 — In Session 1984 "Silent Partners" 20 20 "It's a Be Together Night" 13 40 Golden Duets (The Best of Frizzell & West) 1985 "Do Me Right" 60 — Music videos Year Video 1984 "Silent Partners" 1987 "Beautiful Body"

Introduction Importance Sindhi-language media has been said to cover issues ignored by the mainstream Urdu-language media in Pakistan; because Urdu media is the national transmission media, it gives coverage entirely to national issues beside focusing on global and international matters. The government, recognising the importance of Sindhi media, decided to establish the Sindhi Media House in Karachi. The Habib University began teaching students Sindhi through Sindhi music and literature. Print media The Sindhi language has long been used for communication. Sindhi printing began in 1848 and the first printed Sindhi book was published in 1858. Although 1836 is the earliest recorded date of printing, some facts show that it existed before then as well. Newspapers Newspapers constitute a major part of print media. Sindhi newspapers also developed as a result of Sindhi nationalism, specifically. There are a number of Sindhi-language newspapers, reflecting readers' interests. The most famous newspapers include Daily Kawish, Daily Awami Awaz, Daily Ibrat, Daily Nijat, Daily Sobh, Pehnji Akhbar, and Koshish. The Sindhi-language media took an active part in the One Unit movement of 1954 in Pakistan; among those newspapers Al-Waheed, Daily Karvan and Daily Nayi Sindh were sanctioned. Nawa-e-Sindh was the only newspaper which favoured the One Unit. Magazines Sindhi magazines have also been a very popular medium among their readers. Not too many magazines are found in this language. All sorts of magazines including general interest, educational, and fashion are available in the language. Special children's editions are also published. Mehran is a popular magazine; others include Waskaro, Laat, and Gul Phul. Aarsee After separation from Awami Awaz, renowned journalist Sohail Sangi launched Weekly Aarsee (The Mirror) Sindhi magazine from Karachi. It was the first news magazine in Sindhi. It became so popular that English magazine Newsline carried a story on this new experience in Sindhi journalism. The team included Ajiz Jamali, Zahid Mirani, Rahim Bux Burq and Riaz Sohail. Due to its bold stand and financial constraints, publication was closed down. Other magazines include Kesooba Magazine and Affair News Magazine. Electronic media History Sindhi electronic media does not have a long history. It started in the 1970s when initially 25 minutes were given by Pakistan Television for programmes in regional languages in their respective provinces. For many years, the provincial languages were given 25-minute time slots early in the evening, much earlier than prime time. PTV National broke the tradition of regional languages being given a few hours each – private channels came and changed the entire milieu. KTN was the first private channel in Sindhi, followed by Sindh TV, Dharti TV, Mehran TV, KTN News, Sindh TV News, Awaz TV and music channel Kashish. Radio channels There are many FM radio channels which air programs in the Sindhi language. The Radio Voice of Sindh is based in London and features news and music. Radio Sindhi is run by the Sindhi diaspora scattered around the world. Available channels KTN started in September 2002 by the owners of Daily Kawish. It soon became one of the leading private channels. Sindh TV was launched in October 2004. Another channel named Kashish was started as a part of KTN network, and is basically a music channel which telecasts music videos round the clock. The existence of Kashish has made investors focus on more specified fields in this language. These channels do not outsource programming to private production companies and prefer self-production, which they deem much cheaper. Available programming As soon as specific channels started, a variety of programs have been telecast in the language. They possess a complete range of programs including news, talk shows, religious programs, dramas, songs and many more. Special programs for children are also presented. Most dramas are based on the routine life of the people. They usually portray the lives of the Sindhi people, especially those who are living in the interior. On Kawish Television Network (KTN TV) a number of dramas including , , , , , Fasla, Wanodni and talk shows like Diyo and Music on Demand are telecasted. It is a 24-hour channel; in the evening new episodes are presented whereas the afternoon features re-telecast programs. Currently a show titled Kuch Reh Jeewiyal Pall has become popular. It is an Indian show dubbed in Sindhi and its popularity shows the enjoyment of high-quality Indian-made television content. It completed 100 episodes on Friday 4 May 2007. Zalim, jar, and are popular dramas on Sindh TV. Public Demand and Your Choice are favourite musical programs. As the 1990s were a booming period in Urdu-language music, now in the same way many new singers with Sindhi songs are coming up. , What do you know, Your choice, and Popat post man are the names of some of the programs telecast on Kashish. One advantage of the Sindhi channels is that a large number of new talents have found opportunities to express themselves better. Some Sindhi artists who have earned fame in Urdu-language media are also appreciated. Social media Sindhi social media has evolved in recent decades and gives a voice to whose voice is unheard or ignored by other types of media. Various social sites are used such as Facebook, Twitter, as well as (), a digital media magazine in Sindhi, and Mokhi Media the first Sindhi broadcasting and media production company.

Introduction Adam James Hunter was a Scottish professional golfer. His achievements included winning the 1995 Portuguese Open. He later became a renowned coach for such golfers as Paul Lawrie. Career After completing two-and-a-half years of a golf scholarship at Virginia Tech in the United States, he turned professional in 1984. He joined the European Tour the following year after coming through final qualifying school. He failed to hold on to his tour card in his rookie season, but was back on tour after another successful visit to qualifying school. Having lost his playing privileges again at the end of the 1986 season, when he made just one cut, Hunter did not return to the European Tour until 1990. He maintained consistent form though the 1990s earning sufficient money each season to retain his tour card until the end of 1998. His only win on the tour came at the 1995 Portuguese Open, and that season he finished a career high 63rd on the European Tour Order of Merit. He also won the 1987 Northern Open, a non-tour event. Hunter became a successful golf coach. He worked with many top professionals, including 1999 Open Champion Paul Lawrie from 1998 to 2004, and LPGA Tour player Catriona Matthew. He also provided coaching to Scottish golfers Stephen Gallacher, Alastair Forsyth and Gary Orr. Death Hunter died at the Beatson Oncology Centre on 14 October 2011 from leukaemia, two years after his diagnosis with the disease. He was 48. Professional wins (5) European Tour wins (1) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 19 Mar 1995 Portuguese Open −11 (73-65-71-68=277) Playoff Darren Clarke European Tour playoff record (1–0) No. Year Tournament Opponent Result 1 1995 Portuguese Open Darren Clarke Won with birdie on first extra hole Other wins (4) 1985 Granite City Classic 1986 Carnoustie Challenge 1987 Northern Open, Scottish Under-25 Championship Results in major championships Tournament 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 The Open Championship CUT CUT CUT Note: Hunter only played in The Open Championship. CUT = missed the half-way cut Team appearances Amateur Jacques Léglise Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 1981 (winners)

Introduction Louis-Antoine Dornel – 22 July 1757) was a French composer, harpsichordist, organist and violinist. Biography Dornel was probably taught by the organist Nicolas Lebègue. He was appointed organist at the church of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine-en-la-Cité in 1706, where he took over from François d'Agincourt. He was runner-up in the competition for the post to Jean-Philippe Rameau, who eventually refused the terms set by the church authorities. He occupied several organist posts in Paris over a period from 1714 to 1748. In 1719 he was appointed to the abbey of Sainte-Geneviève, following the death of André Raison. From 1725 to 1742, Dornel was appointed successor to du Boussetto as the music master of the Académie Française. He was required to compose a large-scale motet for choir and orchestra to be performed by the Académie each year on the feast of Saint Louis (August 25), but none survive. Dornel's works for harpsichord and for organ were well regarded at the time, the Mercure de France stating that they were "fort estimées et de très facile exécution" (well regarded and easy to play). We know little more about the rest of his career, other than that his last surviving organ manuscript is dated 1756. A hand written inscription on the cover gives his birth and death date as 1691 and 1765. As Dornel was not a salaried court musician, he had to respond to the tastes of the concert societies set up by the French aristocracy, and in particular to the popularity of the sonata form promoted by the Italian-educated Marc-Antoine Charpentier, as well as traditional suites of French dances. Works His surviving work includes: four books of chamber music - Livre de simphonies contenant six suites en trio avec une sonate en quatuor, Sonates à violon seul et suites pour la flûte traversière avec la basse, Sonates en trio pour les flûtes allemandes, violons, hautbois, and Concerts de simphonies; a collection of pieces for harpsichord (1731) filled with pieces of character - miniature movements with evocative titles beloved by the bourgeoisie as made popular by Couperin; vocal music entitled airs sérieux, published by Ballard in 1706; four cantatas, and a series of unpublished organ pieces. He was also author of a book of music theory published 1745: Le tour du clavier sur tous les tons. Dornel organ pieces A series of unpublished organ pieces (c. 1756) survive in manuscript (Bibliothèque Ste-Geneviève, Paris), and were published by Norbert Dufourcq in 1965 (ed. Schola Cantorum, Paris).

Introduction Jean Jacques Clark Parent is a writer, poet, composer, singer, playwright, novelist, and philosopher. He was born in Pétion-Ville, Haiti on October 17, 1951. He was a Senator of the Republic of Haiti, elected in 1990 under FNCD in the Ouest department. Clark Parent is the founder and producer of the Haitian musical group, Les Frères Parent, which was made up of his brother and sister. Together they produced well over 15 albums. They won numerous awards and recognized globally for their fight for human rights in Haiti. The group has collaborated with notable film maker Jonathan Demme and the Neville Brothers. As a writer and novelist, Clark has published numerous books in both French and Haitian Creole, like Jadin La Kilti, Mi Dieu Mi Bete, Quand Les Dieux Sont Amoureux, Le Comportement de L'Haitien a travers la Psychanalise, N'ap Kanzo nan filozofi, Clark Parent: Ce Qu'il Croit et Ce Qu'il Panse, L'eloge de l'Absurde, and La Clef des Problematique Haitienne. As a playwright, he has written Libetin, L'ile Sauvage, La Tragedie de Sergo, Mize Makiye, Le Mari Ilegal, Doleyis, and Les Fils des Dechoukes. He has also written a book of traditional Haitian riddles entitled ZoPelinZo, with theorist J.T. Chatagnier. Together with a group of Haitian citizens, Clark Parent is the founder of the political party, Parti Democrate Haitien, also known as PADEMH. Clark Parent also was the founder of Radio Creole on 88.9 FM. The station was later demolished by the Cédras military regime for supporting the return of Jean Bertrand Aristide to Haiti. Presently, Clark is the director and founder of a non-profit organization, CRECOP. Located in Pétion-Ville, CRECOP's mission is built on educating the mass. Clark Parent continues to devote his work in bringing about change in Haiti.

Introduction Hieronim Wołłowicz Hieronim Wołłowicz of Bogorya Coat of Arms, born in the 16th century, died in the 17th century, was Podkanclerz and Grand Treasurer of Lithuania of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Starost of Samogitia from 1618 to 1641. Brother of Andrzej Wołłowicz (d.1614), Eustachy Wołłowicz (bishop of Vilnius) and Paweł Wołłowicz, starosta grodzieński. Hieronim married Elżbieta Gosławska before 1608. They had one daughter: Tekla Anna Wołłowicz

Introduction Mwave was a technology developed by IBM allowing for the combination of telephony and sound card features on a single adapter card. The technology centers around the Mwave digital signal processor (DSP). The technology was used for a time to provide a combination modem and sound card for IBM's Aptiva line and some ThinkPad laptops, in addition to uses on specialized Mwave cards that handled voice recognition or ISDN networking connectivity. Similar adapter cards by third-party vendors using Mwave technology were also sold. However, plagued by consumer complaints about buggy Mwave software and hardware, IBM eventually turned to other audio and telephony solutions for its consumer products. History Malcolm Ware, a former developer on Mwave, dates the technology back to its development in an IBM research lab in Zurich, Switzerland in 1979. The first prototype was tested in an IBM PC in 1981. After being utilized in some other adapter cards, Mwave was given its official name and used in IBM's WindSurfer ISA/MCA card. IBM manufactured Mwave hardware for both Microsoft Windows and its own OS/2. Another revision of the technology was used in IBM's newly renamed Aptiva line. Gary Harper developed some automated test software, loosely based on the movie War Games, to test how well the Mwave modem could connect to modems used by various bulletin board systems. Mwave Dolphin card One of the revisions of the Mwave card was the Mwave Dolphin. The card was an ISA legacy card that did not support plug and play and natively supported Windows through its software. It featured a 28.8k/second fax/modem and a Sound Blaster-compatible audio solution. One of the card's most publicized features was its software upgradeability: a version of the Mwave software upgraded the modem function to 33.6k. In addition, the card was key in the support of some of the Aptiva's Rapid Resume features, including Wake-up On Ring. There were various consumer complaints with users reporting problems involving either the sound or modem features separately, or using both at the same time. Some consumers were offered a check for the purchase of hardware to replace the Mwave card, while others were offered a replacement modem, sound card or both. At one point, a class action lawsuit was filed; it was finally settled in 2001. Mwave Dolphin drivers version 20D and the Stingray version of the Mwave adapter addressed some shortcomings of the Dolphin (Stingray added plug and play support), but IBM eventually stopped using the Mwave adapter card in its Aptiva computers and resorted to conventional sound card and modem options. Mwave in some form or another has been produced for the MCA, ISA and PCMCIA busses. Select ThinkPad 600 and 770 models had a PCI version integrated (the Mwave chip integrated in select ThinkPad 755, 760 and 765 models was ISA-based). Certain Sun Sparcstation workstations incorporated the Mwave DSP chip for sound card functionality. Although Mwave adapter cards were discontinued, a Linux driver for the PCI-based Mwave in the ThinkPad 600 and 770 models was developed and released by IBM.

Introduction Casino Aztar may refer to either of two casinos originally opened by the Aztar Corporation: Casino Aztar Caruthersville, now Century Casino Caruthersville — Caruthersville, Missouri Casino Aztar Evansville, now Bally's Evansville — Evansville, Indiana

Introduction (born 11 April 1969) is a Japanese pop singer who also is notable as a songwriter. She is affiliated with Up-Front Create, a subsidiary of the Up-Front Group. Moritaka's singing career as the unrivaled "Dance Queen" began in May 1987 with the release of her debut album New Season. She differed from many other female Idol singers in Japan in that she wrote her own lyrics for majority of her albums. More than 60 of her songs were composed by Hideo Saitō. Moritaka also played drums on many of the tracks, as well as piano, guitar, recorder, clarinet, and other instruments. Her musical style was influenced by Pink Lady, Janet Jackson, Roger Taylor, and The Beatles. From 1987 to 1999, Moritaka sold over 6.4 million singles and 5.2 million albums. Moritaka's advertising jingles were hits into the mid-1990s in television commercials for goods and services such as consumer electronics, chocolate, beer, gin, and travel packages. She has also made numerous appearances on Japanese game and talent shows and is still a household name. In twelve years after her debut, she released 13 studio albums and created a strong following of devoted fans. Biography Early history Born in Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan, Chisato Moritaka was raised in Kumamoto, Kyushu. Her father, , was a member of a rockabilly band called . Her mother, , is a former actress. While studying at (now Kyūshū Lutheran College), Moritaka played drums in a band that mainly covered Rebecca songs. Entertainment career Moritaka's big break into show business came when she won the Grand Prix of the first Pocari Sweat Image Girl Contest in 1986. She appeared in a series of Pocari Sweat commercials with Shigesato Itoi, who was one of the judges of the contest. While pursuing her new career, Moritaka transferred to Horikoshi High School in Tokyo. In 1987, Moritaka starred in the Toho film Aitsu ni Koishite, which premiered on 30 May. She also made her music debut with her first single "New Season" on 25 May. Following her first concert at Shibuya Live Inn on 7 September, Moritaka focused on her music career. In 1988, she wrote the lyrics for her first song, "The Mi-ha" which was composed by Hideo Saitō. During a rehearsal in the middle of her first tour, Moritaka suffered abdominal pain and was hospitalized for a week. Her experience at the hospital inspired her to write the lyrics for "The Stress". On 25 May 1989, Moritaka released "17-sai", a cover of Saori Minami's 1971 song. The single peaked at No. 8 on Oricon's singles chart, making it her first top-10 hit. The song's catchy Eurobeat arrangement, combined with Moritaka's dance choreography and colorful costumes with flashy miniskirts that display her slender legs, defined her musical style and image throughout the first half of her career and made her a hit with male fans. Her fifth album Kokon Tozai in 1990 became her first and only album to hit No. 1 on Oricon's albums chart. On 25 June 1992, Moritaka released the single "Watashi ga Obasan ni Natte mo". Composed by Saitō, Moritaka wrote the lyrics when she was 20 after being told by male staff of her management that women reach their prime at age 19. The song peaked at No. 15, but has since become a popular hit among women, especially after actress Hikari Ishida announced it as during the 43rd Kōhaku Uta Gassen on NHK. Her Rock Alive tour featured female musicians as members of her band. Starting with her album Pepperland, Moritaka started recording drums, guitar, bass, piano, and other instruments on most of her songs. In addition, she began playing instruments on her concerts more frequently. This also marked a change in her image from her vibrant outfits to a more contemporary look. In 1993, Moritaka scored her first No. 1 hit with the single "Kaze ni Fukarete". However, she was forced to cancel her national tour in 1994 after suffering a temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and she was unable to tour for two years. While recovering, Moritaka played drums in Shigeru Izumiya's band at a fundraising concert at the Nippon Budokan to aid victims of the Great Hanshin earthquake. Also in the band was actor and bassist Yōsuke Eguchi, whom Moritaka would eventually marry four years later. Moritaka resumed touring in April 1996 with the Do the Best tour, starting at the Yokohama Arena. During the later half of the 1990s, she fulfilled some lifetime goals through two albums. Her 10th anniversary album Peachberry saw her recording her tracks at the famous Abbey Road Studios and take a pilgrimage to Liverpool as a Beatles fan. Moritaka worked with veteran producer Haruomi Hosono on her 1998 album Kotoshi no Natsu wa More Better. However, 1998 saw a decline in sales, with her singles no longer making the top-10. Retirement and return Moritaka retired at the end of 1999 after her marriage to focus on raising her children. During her retirement, she made a few commercial appearances with Eguchi for House Foods Java Curry. After an eight-year hiatus from public life, Moritaka recorded a song for a Nissan Lafesta commercial in early 2007. In 2008, she made a guest appearance at Sharam Q's 20th anniversary concert at the Nippon Budokan, performing "Watarasebashi" and "Kibun Sōkai". A year later, Moritaka made her first TV appearance in over 10 years on Bokura no Ongaku. From 2010 to 2018, she served as a host of Tokyo Broadcasting System Television's travel show . On 9 April 2011, Moritaka joined other members of the Up-Front Group roster in the charity event at Yamashita Park to support the victims of the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. On 25 May 2012, Moritaka celebrated her 25th anniversary by renewing her official website and opening new accounts on YouTube, Facebook, and Google+. As part of her anniversary celebration, she challenged herself to cover 200 of her songs on her YouTube channel, which she accomplished in 2017 with "Oshare Fū". Moritaka and Warner Music Japan also released the three-disc compilation album The Singles on 8 August; it reached No. 5 on Oricon's Albums Chart, making it her first top-five album since Peachberry. In 2013, Moritaka and DJ tofubeats collaborated on a single titled "Don't Stop the Music." She also recorded the song "Kumamonmon" to celebrate Kumamon's third birthday. In 2018, Moritaka and dance choreographer Mikiko were inducted into the Fourth Women of Excellence Awards. On 27 and 28 May, Moritaka hosted a two-day concert at the Hitomi Memorial Hall, performing The Singles in its entirety. The concert was released on Blu-ray on 22 May 2019 as 30th Anniversary Final Project "The Singles" Day 1・Day 2 Live 2018 Complete Version. In 2019, Moritaka hosted the , her first national concert tour in 21 years. The tour was well received, prompting her to announce a second national tour for the next year. In 2020, Moritaka became the brand ambassador for DHC's Queen of Serum anti-aging skin cream. On 21 March, she performed "La La Sunshine" on Fuji TV's music special , which was broadcast to cheer up the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. On 4 May, Moritaka was among the 121 members of Up-Front Group to participate in a YouTube telework to support the frontline workers during the pandemic. On 25 July, Moritaka hosted an online concert, performing her 10 most popular songs as voted by her fans. In addition, Warner Music Japan announced the release of Moritaka's Kono Machi Tour 2019 Blu-ray and DVD on 26 August. The video covers her concert at Kumamoto Castle Hall on 20 December 2019, which was her first show in her hometown in over 26 years. On 15 October, she performed a special concert at Zepp Diver City in Tokyo, titled . The concert featured live performances of 20 of Moritaka's songs selected by music critic Nobuaki Onuki, plus her covers of Shonen Knife's "Banana Chips" and Negoto's "Sharp". On 8 December, Moritaka performed her third and final online concert of 2020 at Zepp Haneda in Tokyo, titled . The concert featured a personal selection of Moritaka's 16 songs, plus her cover of Capsule's "More More More". In May 2021, Moritaka announced the release of the three-disc live video Chisato Moritaka Live 2020, which compiles her three online concerts from the past year. On March 11, 2022, Moritaka participated in the Shuichi "Ponta" Murakami tribute concert "One Last Live", performing "Zaru de Mizu kumu Koigokoro" and "La La Sunshine". She also joined Mie in performing the Pink Lady hit single "UFO". In November, Moritaka became the brand ambassador for Yakult Honsha's Lactdew beauty product line. Moritaka currently hosts Nippon Broadcasting System's All Night Nippon Music 10 every second Wednesday of the month. She also hosts the Fuji TV program Love Music. Personal life Moritaka married actor Yōsuke Eguchi on 3 June 1999 after discovering she was pregnant with their first child. She gave birth to a daughter in February 2000 and a son in May 2002. Moritaka's father runs a coffee shop in Aso, Kumamoto called "Orange Hill", named after his old band. In an interview with AndGirl magazine, Moritaka revealed that her secret to retaining her youthful looks and toned legs was regular skin moisturizing and exercise, including an hour of swimming. In an interview with Vogue Japan, she said she has also been doing hot yoga. Legacy *In 1993, guitar designer Bill Lawrence released the MB-68 Chisato Moritaka Signature Model electric guitar, which Moritaka used during her Lucky 7 tour that year. In 2007, a stele was erected in Ashikaga, Tochigi in honor of Moritaka's song "Watarasebashi". The stele features a speaker that plays a portion of the song. Singer-songwriter Takuro Yoshida praised Moritaka's songwriting style, commenting that she "destroyed the world view of lyrics that we musicians have built over decades until now." Moritaka's drumming skills also impressed veteran jazz drummer Shuichi Murakami. On 29 March 2019, Music Station hosted its "Heisei 30 Nenkan Music Station No.1 Award" ceremony to mark the end of the Heisei era. Moritaka was recognized in two categories: Best Costume (2nd Place: "Nozokanai de") and Most Performances (10th Place: 102). Discography New Season Mi-ha Mite Hijitsuryokuha Sengen Kokon Tozai Rock Alive Pepperland Lucky 7 Step by Step Taiyo Peachberry Kotoshi no Natsu wa More Better Sava Sava Filmography Film (Toho, 30 May 1987) – Chisato Matsumae (debut) (Fuji TV, 30 August 1997) – Herself (cameo) TV (Fuji TV, 19 April – 27 September 1987) – assistant (Fuji TV, 4 May 1987) – guest appearance (episode 5) – (NHK, 27 July 1987) – Mayumi Kōda (episode 6) – (Fuji TV, 21 September 1987) – Yūko Ichinose – (NHK, 1 December 1987) – (TV Tokyo, 28 March 1988) Kōhaku Uta Gassen appearances Year / Broadcast Appearance Song Appearance order Opponent Notes 1992 (Heisei 4) / 43rd Debut "Watashi ga Obasan ni Natte mo" 12/28 Kenichi Mikawa Also performed a cover of "Candy Candy" with Hikaru Nishida and Miho Nakayama. 1993 (Heisei 5) / 44th 2 "Watashi no Natsu" 12/26 Masaharu Fukuyama 1994 (Heisei 6) / 45th 3 "Suteki na Tanjōbi" 14/25 Hideki Saijo 1995 (Heisei 7) / 46th 4 "Futari wa Koibito" 8/25 SMAP 1996 (Heisei 8) / 47th 5 "La La Sunshine" 8/25 Hiromi Go 1997 (Heisei 9) / 48th 6 "Sweet Candy" 9/25 Kiyoshi Maekawa Bibliography (Kindaieigasha, 5 August 1987) by Gin'iro Natsuo (Kadokawa Shoten, 18 December 1987) (Kodansha, 12 June 1989) (CBS Sony, 20 October 1989) i-Realite (S.S. Communications, 14 May 1992) Step by Step (Wani Books, 1 May 1995) Peachberry by Nobuaki Onuki (Gentosha, 20 December 2012) (Up-Front Group, 11 May 2013) (Magazine House, 21 September 2016) (Shueisha, 25 September 2020)

Introduction Wolfgang Feiersinger is an Austrian former professional footballer who played as a defender. Club career Feiersinger started his professional career in 1986 with Austria Salzburg and stayed with them for ten years, winning two league titles during the club's most successful period. In 1994, he played with them in the UEFA Cup final against Inter Milan. During the 1996–97 season he joined German side Borussia Dortmund and immediately won the Champions League with them, playing both legs of the semi-final against Manchester United but missing out on the Final squad altogether because Matthias Sammer returned from injury to claim his place. Feiersinger also won the Intercontinental Cup with Dortmund later that year. In 2000, he returned to Austria and signed for LASK Linz only to move to back to Salzburg after only one season in Linz. After one other season with Austria he finished his career with lower league PSV SW Salzburg. International career Feiersinger made his debut for Austria in an August 1990 friendly match against Switzerland and went on to earn 46 caps, scoring no goals. His last international was an April 1999 European Championship qualification match against San Marino. Feiersinger was a member of the Austrian team at the 1998 FIFA World Cup, he played in all three matches. Also, he played in 15 World Cup qualification games. Personal life Feiersinger's daughter Laura Feiersinger is a professional football player as well. She plays for FFC Frankfurt and the Austria women's national football team. Honours Austria Salzburg Austrian Bundesliga: 1993–94, 1994–95 Austrian Supercup: 1994, 1995 Borussia Dortmund UEFA Champions League: 1996–97 Intercontinental Cup: 1997

Introduction Roy F. Baumeister is an American social psychologist who is known for his work on the self, social rejection, belongingness, sexuality and sex differences, self-control, self-esteem, self-defeating behaviors, motivation, aggression, consciousness, and free will. Education and academia Baumeister earned his A.B. from Princeton University and his M.A. from Duke University. He returned to Princeton University with his mentor Edward E. Jones and earned his Ph.D. from the university's Department of Psychology in 1978. Baumeister then taught at Case Western Reserve University from 1979 to 2003, serving as a professor of psychology and later liberal arts. He later worked at Florida State University as the Francis Eppes Eminent Scholar and head of the social psychology graduate program. At FSU, Baumeister worked in the psychology department, teaching classes and graduate seminars on social and evolutionary psychology. In 2016 he moved to the School of Psychology at the University of Queensland in Australia where he taught for several years. He is a fellow of both the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and the Association for Psychological Science. Baumeister was named an ISI highly cited researcher in 2003 and 2014. Topics of research Baumeister has researched social psychology for over four decades and made a name for himself with his laboratory research. His research focuses on six themes: self control, decision-making, the need to belong and interpersonal rejection, human sexuality, irrational and self-destructive behavior, and free will. He is the most cited author of a series of psychology journals focusing on personality such as Psychological Bulletin, Journal of Personality, Personality and Social Psychology Review (T&F), Psychological Science in the Public Interest. The self Baumeister has conducted research on the self, focusing on various concepts related to how people perceive, act, and relate to their selves. Baumeister wrote a chapter titled, "The Self" in The Handbook of Social Psychology, and reviewed the research on self-esteem, concluding that the perceived importance of self-esteem is overrated. Irrationality and self-defeating behavior In a series of journal articles and books, Baumeister inquired about the reasons for self-defeating behavior. His conclusions: there is no self-defeating urge (as some have thought). Rather, self-defeating behavior is either a result of trade-offs (enjoying drugs now at the expense of the future), backfiring strategies (eating a snack to reduce stress only to feel more stressed), or a psychological strategy to escape the self – where various self-defeating strategies are rather directed to relieve the burden of selfhood. The Need to Belong Baumeister wrote a paper on the need-to-belong theory with Mark Leary in 1995. This theory seeks to show that humans have a natural need to belong with others. Baumeister and Leary suggest that human beings naturally push to form relationships. This push helps to distinguish a need (rather than a desire). In addition to the drive for attachment, people also struggle to avoid the disintegration of these relationships. As part of this theory, a lack of belonging would have a long-term, negative impact on mood and health, and those who do not meet their belonging needs may suffer from behavioral and psychological issues. Need-to-belong theory has two necessary parts: # There is frequent contact between the people involved in the attachment that is typically conflict-free. # The notion of an ongoing and continued relationship between them is essential. This work was groundbreaking in that it separated itself from previous theories relating to attachment such as those of John Bowlby. While Bowlby's theory implied the attachment needs to be applied to a group leader or authority figure, Baumeister and Leary's need-to-belong theory posited that the relationship could be with anyone. To further distinguish the two theories, Baumeister and Leary theorized that if a relationship dissolved, the bond can often be replaced with a bond to another person. Later, Baumeister published evidence that the way people look for belongingness differs between men and women. Women prefer a few close and intimate relationships, whereas men prefer many but shallower connections. Men realize more of their need to belong via a group of people, or a cause, rather than in close interpersonal relations. Self regulation Baumeister also researched self-regulation. He coined the term "ego depletion" to describe the evidence that humans' ability to self-regulate is limited, and after using it there is less ability (or energy) to self-regulate. Ego depletion has a general effect, such that exerting self-control in one area will use up energy for further regulation in other areas of life. Further research by Baumeister and colleagues has led to the development of the Strength Model of self-control, which likens this ego depletion to the tiredness that comes from physically exerting a muscle. A corollary to this analogy, supported by his research, is that self-control can be strengthened over time, much like a muscle. The energy used up is more than metaphorical, however; his research has found a strong link between ego depletion and depletion of blood-glucose levels. Baumeister also edited two academic books on self-regulation, Losing Control and Handbook of Self-Regulation, and has devoted numerous experiments and journal papers to the topic. He also describes this research in a book, Willpower, authored with former New York Times journalist John Tierney. In 2016 a large study carried out at two-dozen labs in countries across the world that sought to reproduce the effects described in these studies was unsuccessful. Baumeister, however, disputed the protocol used in this replication. Baumeister also plans to run his own pre-registered replication using a protocol that is more in line with most ego-depletion experiments. Culture and human sexuality A series of studies of human sexuality has addressed questions such as how nature and culture influence people's sex drive, rape and sexual coercion, the cultural suppression of female sexuality, and how couples negotiate their sexual patterns. In his research, Baumeister reached four major conclusions: # The relative influence of culture and nature on sexuality varies by gender. Female sexuality is more cultural/nurture, and male sexuality is more in-born/nature (see erotic plasticity). # There is a gender difference with sex drive. Men, on average, want more sex than women. # The present widespread cultural suppression of female sexuality exists in large part at the behest of women. # Sexual interactions can be analyzed in terms of cost-benefit analysis and market dynamics with "sexual economics." Free will Baumeister approaches the topic of free will from the view-point of evolutionary psychology. He has listed the major aspects that make up free will as self-control, rational, intelligent choice, planful behavior, and autonomous initiative. Baumeister proposes that "the defining thrust of human psychological evolution was selection in favor of cultural capability" and that these four psychological capabilities evolved to help humans function in the context of culture. In his view, free will is an advanced form of action control that allows humans to act in pro-social ways towards their enlightened self-interest when acting in these ways would otherwise be in conflict with the fulfillment of evolutionarily older drives or instincts. Research by Baumeister and colleagues (principally Kathleen Vohs) has shown that disbelief in free will can lead people to act in ways that are harmful to themselves and society, such as cheating on a test, increased aggression, decreased helpfulness, lower achievement levels in the workplace, and possible barriers to beating addiction. Erotic plasticity Baumeister coined the term "erotic plasticity", which is the extent to which one's sex drive can be shaped by cultural, social and situational factors. He argues that women have high plasticity, meaning that their sex drive can more easily change in response to external pressures. On the other hand, men have low plasticity, and therefore have sex drives that are relatively inflexible. Works Books authored Identity: Cultural Change and the Struggle for Self. Masochism and the Self. Meanings of Life. Escaping the Self: Alcoholism, Spirituality, Masochism, and Other Flights from the Burden of Selfhood. Your Own Worst Enemy: Understanding the Paradox of Self-Defeating Behavior. Breaking Hearts: The Two Sides of Unrequited Love. Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation. Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. With Dianne Tice, The Social Dimension of Sex. With Tina S. Miracle and, Andrew W. Miracle, Human Sexuality: Meeting Your Basic Needs. The Cultural Animal: Human Nature, Meaning, and Social Life. With Brad J. Bushman, Social Psychology and Human Nature. Is There Anything Good About Men?: How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men. Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength. Homo Prospectus. The Power of Bad, co-written with John Tierney, (2019). Books edited Public Self and Private Self. Self-Esteem: The Puzzle of Low Self-Regard. The Self in Social Psychology. Social Psychology and Human Sexuality. With George Loewenstein and Daniel Read, Time and Decision: Economic and Psychological Perspectives on Intertemporal Choice. With Kathleen D. Vohs, Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications. With Kathleen D. Vohs, Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. With Kathleen D. Vohs and George Loewenstein, Do Emotions Help or Hurt Decision Making?: A Hedgefoxian Perspective. With John Baer and James C. Kaufman, Are We Free? Psychology and Free Will. With Joseph P. Forgas and Dianne M. Tice, Psychology of Self-Regulation: Cognitive, Affective, and Motivational Processes. With Alfred Mele and Kathleen Vohs, Free Will and Consciousness: How Might They Work?. With Eli J. Finkel, Advanced Social Psychology: The State of the Science. With Kathleen D. Vohs, New Directions in Social Psychology. With Joseph P. Forgas, The Social Psychology of Living Well Personal Baumeister is married to Dianne Tice, a social psychologist with whom he has collaborated.

Introduction The Football Federation of Chile is the governing body of football in Chile. It was founded 19 June 1895, making it the second oldest South American association football federation, and is a founding member of CONMEBOL in 1916. It supervises of the Chile national football team, Chile women's national football team, Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional: (National Association of Professional Football, originally called Asociación Central de Fútbol, or ACF, and Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Amateur (National Association of Amateur Football). Affiliation and organization The Federación is affiliated to FIFA, CONMEBOL and the Olympic Committee of Chile. In turn, it is the body that governs both the professional and amateur football in Chile. The Football Federation of Chile is responsible for overseeing the Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional (ANFP) and Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Amateur (ANFA). These two associations are managed by the Instituto Nacional del Fútbol (National Institute of Football, also known as INAF) created in 1996 for the training of referees, football coach, engineering of the implementation of business administration, sports organizations, technical operation and the maintenance of sports venues and recreation. Association staff Name Position Source Pablo Milad President Justo Alvarez Vice-president Jorge Yunge General secretary Elias Vistoso Treasurer Francis Cagigao Technical director Eduardo Berizzo Team coach (men's) José Letelier Team coach (women's) Hector Olave Media/communications manager Luis Alberto Ramírez Futsal Coordinator Jorge Antonio Fernández Aldunate Referee coordinator History The Football Association of Chile was founded, after a meeting in Valparaiso on 19 June 1895, and is headed by a journalist David Scott. This organization was a pioneer in terms of football organization in Chile, but with a very limited scope. It came into conflict with the Federación Sportiva Nacional, the national institution created in 1909 to protect the sports in the country. Having Hispanicised its name to Asociación de Football de Chile, FAC achieved affiliation to FIFA provisionally in 1913 and fully in 1914. In 1916, during the competition of the first Copa América, CONMEBOL was founded with Chile as one of the founding members, besides the Confederação Brasileira de Desportos (CBD), Asociación Argentina de Football (AAF) and Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol (AUF). In 1917, the disputes with the Federación Sportiva Nacional were resolved. But in the early twenties, there appeared the Federación de Football de Chile located in Santiago, which, in October 1923, took the continental football national representation, before the retreat of the Asociación de Football de Chile from the CONMEBOL in order to form a parallel confederation. Faced with this situation, FIFA removed Chile in 1925. This vital removal forced quick solutions, and on 24 January 1926, the Federación de Football de Chile merged with the Asociación de Football de Chile, thus creating a single entity which rose to be the sole governing body of Chilean football. After the unification, the newly formed organization remained the name of "Federación de Football de Chile" and based in Valparaiso. It was recognized by CONMEBOL in April and, on a temporary basis, by FIFA in July. The Federación de Fútbol de Chile registered its 1954 candidacy for hosting the 1962 World Cup. On 10 June 1956, as part of FIFA's Executive Congress in Lisbon, Portugal, Chile was elected with 32 votes in favour to be the host of FIFA World Cup 1962, while Argentina received 10 votes and 14 members voted blank. On 15 August 2006, the Federación de Fútbol de Chile presented its candidacy to the Executive Committee of FIFA to host the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, 2008, the fourth edition of the tournament. The committee resolved on 15 September 2006 granting the organising right to the Chilean Federation and it will be the first FIFA Women's World Cup, of any category, to be held in South America.

Introduction Jackknife clam, cooked, valves open The Atlantic jackknife clam, Ensis leei, also known as the bamboo clam, American jackknife clam or razor clam, is a large edible marine bivalve mollusc found on the North American Atlantic coast, from Canada to South Carolina. The species has also been introduced to Europe. The name "razor clam" is also used to refer to different species such as the Pacific razor clam (Siliqua patula) or Razor shell (Ensis magnus). Jackknife clams live in sand and mud and are found in intertidal or subtidal zones in bays and estuaries. Its streamlined shell and strong foot allow Jackknife clams to burrow quickly in wet sand. Jackknife clams are also able to swim by propelling jets of water out of their shells. The Jackknife clam gets its name from their shell's extremely sharp rim and the overall shape bearing a strong resemblance to an old fashioned straight razor. Beachgoers can be injured when the shell is accidentally stepped on. At low tide the position of the Atlantic jackknife clam is revealed by a keyhole-shaped opening in the sand; when the clam is disturbed, a small jet of water squirts from this opening as the clam starts to dig. This species' remarkable speed in digging can easily outstrip a human digger, making the clam difficult to catch. Amos Winter of MIT has studied razor clams and how they bury themselves, in part by using a repurposed ant farm and glass beads. Thus the species is not often commercially fished, even though it is widely regarded as a delicacy: in coastal Massachusetts, they are sought after in the summer by locals to make home cooked clam strips and most towns have ordinances regulating how many can be taken at a time. The easiest way to catch jackknives is to pour salt on the characteristic breathing holes. The clam will try to escape the salt by coming up out of its hole, at which point you can gently grab the shell and pull it out of the ground. Predators of Ensis directus other than humans include birds, such as the ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis) in North America and the Eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) in Europe, and the nemertean worm Cerebratulus lacteus. The Atlantic jackknife clam is now also found in northwestern Europe, where it is regarded as a harmful exotic species. It was first recorded in Europe in 1978/79, in the Elbe estuary. The Atlantic jackknife clam has inspired a kind of biomimetic anchor in development by a team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, adapting the clam's digging method for use in keeping undersea cables and potentially watercraft anchored securely.

Introduction Anton "Toni" Pfeffer is an Austrian former professional footballer who played as a defender. After ending his football career in 2000, Pfeffer ran unsuccessfully in local elections for the Austrian People's Party. In 2005, he joined the board of SKN St. Pölten and advises the executive committee on sporting issues. Pfeffer has also developed a folk singing career with the release of two collections of Austrian folk songs. He currently works as one of Sky Austria's main football pundits. Club career Born in Lilienfeld, Lower Austria, Pfeffer joined Austria Wien at 19 years of age and made his professional debut for them in 1987. He stayed loyal to Austria during his entire playing career winning four league titles and four domestic cups. He also captained the team. International career Pfeffer made his debut for Austria in an April 1988 friendly match against Greece and was a participant at the 1990 and 1998 FIFA World Cup. He earned 63 caps, scoring one goal. His last international was the embarrassing 0-9 demolition by Spain in a European Championship qualification match in March 1999. Career statistics :Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Pfeffer goal. + List of international goals scored by Anton Pfeffer No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 30 May 1990 Praterstadion, Vienna, Austria 3–0 3–2 Friendly Honours Austria Wien Austrian Bundesliga: 1986, 1991, 1992, 1993 Austrian Cup: 1986, 1990, 1992, 1994

Introduction The Demerara Harbour Bridge is a long floating toll bridge. It was commissioned on 2 July 1978. The bridge crosses the Demerara River south of the Guyanese capital Georgetown, from Peter's Hall, Demerara-Mahaica, East Bank Demerara to Schoon Ord, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, West Bank Demerara. There is a pedestrian footwalk. A raised section lets small vessels pass under. A retractor span lets large vessels pass. The bridge has 61 spans. A high-level span provides a horizontal clearance of and a vertical clearance of to let small craft pass at all times. To let large craft pass, two retractor spans retract fully once per day to leave a horizontal clearance of . The number vehicles transiting per day was approximately 9,000 in 2015, and 14,000 . Although the bridge was designed to last ten years, it has been so successful that it has inspired the Berbice Bridge, completed in 2008. History Construction of the Demerara Harbour Bridge began on 29 May 1976. The basic design was by Capt. John Patrick Coghlan, with construction assistance was provided by the British Government. The bridge was only designed to last 10 years, yet it is still in use. Tolls are collected only in east-to-west travel even though the bridge handles one lane of traffic in each direction. On Monday 23 July 2012 at 06:45 Span 61, the western retractor span collapsed during maintenance work, causing it to partly sink, trapping a minibus. No injuries resulted but as all the larger ferries are decommissioned it caused major disruption. Management The Demerara Harbour Bridge is managed by the Management and Monitoring Unit, Demerara Harbour Bridge Rehabilitation Project (MMU), a subsidiary of the Ministry of Public Works (MPW). MMU, however functions independently of the MPW, and maintains a full staff responsible for maintenance, management, construction and operation. MMU also maintains financial independence based on revenue earned from tolls (vehicle and water-borne vessels). They have a staff of about 60 people. New Demerara River Bridge In December 2015 tenders were received from twenty-three international and local companies for a new bridge. In August 2017 plans were announced to construct a new bridge two kilometres north of the existing bridge, linking Houston on the eastern bank to Versailles on the western bank. However, breaches in procurement due to "unsolicited proposals" delayed plans. In 2020, a new request for bid was issued, with proposed connection between Nandy Park to the east and Meer Zorgen/La Grange to the west.

Introduction Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai was an Afghan politician. He served as acting prime minister of Afghanistan from 1995 to 1996. He was an ethnic Pashtun from the Ahmadzai sub-tribe. Biography Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai was born in Malang, a village in the Khaki Jabbar district of Kabul Province. He studied engineering at Kabul University and then worked in the agriculture ministry. In 1972 he received a scholarship to study in the United States, at Colorado State University. He received a master's degree in 1975 and became a professor at King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia. Following the communist coup in 1978, Ahmadzai returned to Afghanistan to join the mujahideen. He was a close associate of Burhanuddin Rabbani, being deputy of his Jamiat-e Islami party, but then left and joined Abdul Rasul Sayyaf's Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan party in 1992, the year that communist rule ended. He served as a minister in the post-communist Afghan government, variously as interior, construction and education minister, and later became prime minister between 1995 and 1996, although he has downplayed the import of these posts given the chaos due to the fighting at that time. Ahmadzai left Afghanistan in 1996 after the government fled the Taliban advance. He lived in exile in Istanbul and London, before he returned to Afghanistan in 2001 after the fall of Taliban. He was an independent candidate in the 2004 Afghan presidential election supporting an Islamic system of government. He secured 0.8% of the total votes counted.

Introduction Scott Lawton is an American conductor based in Germany. Career and Education Lawton has served as the Principal Conductor of the Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg in Potsdam since 1999. His activities with the Filmorchester include performances of silent films, studio recordings for film and television productions and orchestral concerts. Since 2005 he has served as conductor of the Landespolizeiorchester Nordrhein-Westfalen, a professional symphonic wind orchestra based in Wuppertal. From 2004 to 2009 he also served as music director of the summer festival in Bad Gandersheim. During his high school years, Lawton attended programs of the Pennsylvania Governor's School for the Arts and the summer program of the Berklee School of Music. His university studies led to degrees from the Oberlin Conservatory and the University of Cincinnati. For several summers in the mid-80s, he conducted at the Ohio Light Opera, assisting James Paul with Gilbert and Sullivan and other productions and recordings. Following his Cincinnati studies, he worked with Vincent Persichetti in preparing the world premiere in Philadelphia of the opera "The Sibyl". During a subsequent year of graduate studies at the Louisiana State University, he assisted opera singer Martina Arroyo as she began her teaching career. Prior to working with the Filmorchester in the late '90s he was staff conductor at the opera houses in Saarbrücken, Bielefeld and Trier. He also led major musical productions of The Phantom of the Opera, Les Misérables and 42nd Street in Vienna, Miss Saigon in Stuttgart, Cyrano in Amsterdam and Chicago in Berlin, Munich, Basel and Düsseldorf. At the Wiener Kammeroper he conducted productions of The Marriage of Figaro and Rigoletto. He conducted in 2007 a new production of Les Misérables for the opera house in Meiningen, Germany. An advocate of genre-crossing symphonic projects, he has worked closely together with Omara Portuondo and the Buena Vista Social Club, Udo Lindenberg, Karat, Jon Lord and Joy Denalane. With Scorpions' "Moment of Glory" symphonic program he has toured Russia and the Baltic countries. In 2005 he led a tour of symphonic film music with UFA film star Johannes Heesters. He has conducted the annual televised José Carreras Benefit Gala in Leipzig since 2000. A series of crossover concerts in Potsdam's Nikolaisaal recently featured projects with the Motion Trio, Mísia, Besh O Drom and Mousse T. He led the final concert of the 2007 Potsdam Sanssouci Music Festival, which was subsequently broadcast on 3sat throughout Europe. As a guest conductor he has led the Kölner Rundfunkorchester, Gürzenich Orchestra Köln, Wuppertal Sinfonie Orchester, Saarländisches Staatsorchester, the Meininger Hofkapelle, the Orchester of the Ludwigsburger Schlossfestspiele and the Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester. He has led premiere performances of orchestral works by Franz Waxman (reconstruction of the original music to the film "Liliom"), Sir Malcolm Arnold ("Ballade for Piano and Orchestra" from "Stolen Face") und Ashley Irwin (new live soundtrack to Hitchcock's "The Lodger"). He has composed the music for several productions at the summer festival in Bad Gandersheim: 1) "Mozart in Manhattan", a chamber opera about Mozart's librettist Lorenzo da Ponte after he became a resident of New York City, 2) "Wenn Ärzte lieben", a musical theater parody of the Romance novel in a medical milieu, and 3) incidental music to a new productions of Astrid Lindgren's Emil i Lönneberga and L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Introduction Erinnyis ello, the ello sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is distributed from Argentina through Central America to the United States as far north as Nevada. The ello sphinx can be parasitized by the braconid wasp Microplitis figueresi. Erinnyis ello ello MHNT CUT 2010 0 525 Itatiaia National Park Brazil - female dorsal.jpg|Erinnyis ello ♀ Erinnyis ello ello MHNT CUT 2010 0 525 Itatiaia National Park Brazil - female ventral.jpg|Erinnyis ello ♀ △ Subspecies *Erinnyis ello ello Erinnyis ello encantada Kernbach, 1962 (Galápagos Islands) Erinnyis ello encantada MHNT CUT 2010 0 525 - Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador - male dorsal.jpg|Erinnyis ello encantada ♂ Erinnyis ello encantada MHNT CUT 2010 0 525 - Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador - male ventral.jpg|Erinnyis ello encantada ♂ △ Erinnyis ello encantada MHNT CUT 2010 0 525 - Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador - female dorsal.jpg|Erinnyis ello encantada ♀ Erinnyis ello encantada MHNT CUT 2010 0 525 - Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador - female ventral.jpg|Erinnyis ello encantada ♀△

Introduction Farmer Weathersky is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Chr. Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in Norske Folkeeventyr. Andrew Lang included it in The Red Fairy Book as "Farmer Weatherbeard". It is Aarne–Thompson type 325, The Magician and His Pupil, and involves several transformation chases. This tale type is well known in India and Europe and notably stable in form. Others of this type include Master and Pupil and The Thief and His Master. A literary variant is Maestro Lattantio and His Apprentice Dionigi. A version of the tale appears in A Book of Wizards by Ruth Manning-Sanders. Synopsis A farmer was trying to apprentice his son, but because his wife insisted that the boy must learn to be a master above all masters struggled to find him a place. Finally, a driver, Farmer Weathersky, accepted the boy and told him to get on his sleigh, whereupon it flew off into the air. When the farmer told his wife what had happened she sent him off to look for the boy. He found a hag in the forest, and she consulted all the animals and was unable to tell him where to find Farmer Weathersky. She sent him to her sister, who unsuccessfully consulted all the fish and sent him on to the third sister, who consulted all the birds and found an eagle who could help him. The eagle sent him in to steal three crumbs of bread, three hairs from a man who snored, who proved to be Farmer Weathersky himself, a stone, and three chips of wood, and to use the crumbs to catch a hare. They were chased by a flock of crows, but the father threw down the hairs, and they turned to ravens that drove them off. Then Farmer Weathersky himself came after them, and the father threw down the wood chips, which turned to a forest, and Farmer Weathersky had to go back to get his ax. When he got through the forest, the father threw down the stone, and it turned to a mountain. Trying to get through it, Farmer Weathersky broke his leg and had to go home. The man took the hare to a churchyard and sprinkled the dirt over him, and the hare became his son. When it was time for the fair, the son turned into a horse and told his father not to sell him with the headstall. The father sells him twice, with the son escaping afterward, but third time, Farmer Weathersky bought him and got the father so drunk he forgot to take off the headstall. Farmer Weathersky rode him off but decided to have a drink. So he tied up the horse with red-hot nails at its nose and a sieve of oats at its tail, but a lass saw it and released the horse. The boy jumped into the duckpond, turning himself into a fish, and Farmer Weathersky turned into a pike. The boy turned into a dove, and Farmer Weathersky into a hawk, but a princess saw the chase and said he should come in her window. He told her his tale, and she had him turn into a golden ring on her finger, though he warned her that the king would fall ill, and Farmer Weathersky would cure him and demand the ring as payment; she said that she would claim the ring was from her mother. It happened, and the king insisted on the payment, whatever the princess said. The princess put the ring in the fireplace's ashes, and Farmer Weathersky turned into a cock to scrape among them, and the boy turned into a fox and bit off his head. Commentary Farmer Weathersky is sometimes translated as Farmer Windie, because of his obvious connection to the winds. He tells the father that he is equally at home in all the directions. This tale is similar to sequences in T.H. White's The Once and Future King and the Disney 1963 animated film based on it, The Sword in the Stone. Legacy Bonde Værskjegg is the name given to tale type ATU 325 in 's The Types of the Norwegian Folktale.

Introduction Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 is the implementation of the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6 and performs error reporting and diagnostic functions. ICMPv6 has a framework for extensions to implement new features. Several extensions have been published, defining new ICMPv6 message types as well as new options for existing ICMPv6 message types. For example, Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is a node discovery protocol based on ICMPv6 which replaces and enhances functions of ARP. Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) is an extension of NDP with extra security. Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) is used by IPv6 routers for discovering multicast listeners on a directly attached link, much like Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used in IPv4. Multicast Router Discovery (MRD) allows the discovery of multicast routers. Message types and formats ICMPv6 messages may be classified as error messages and information messages. ICMPv6 messages are transported by IPv6 packets in which the IPv6 Next Header value for ICMPv6 is set to the value 58. The ICMPv6 message consists of a header and the protocol payload. The header contains only three fields: type, code, and checksum. type specifies the type of the message. Values in the range from 0 to 127 (high-order bit is 0) indicate an error message, while values in the range from 128 to 255 (high-order bit is 1) indicate an information message. The code field value depends on the message type and provides an additional level of message granularity. The checksum field provides a minimal level of integrity verification for the ICMP message. +ICMPv6 packet Bit offset 0–7 8–15 16–31 0 Type Code Checksum 32 Message body Types Control messages are identified by the value in the type field. The code field gives additional context information for the message. Some messages serve the same purpose as the correspondingly named ICMP message types. Type Code Value Meaning Value Meaning ICMPv6 Error Messages 1 Destination unreachable 0 no route to destination 1 communication with destination administratively prohibited 2 beyond scope of source address 3 address unreachable 4 port unreachable 5 source address failed ingress/egress policy 6 reject route to destination 7 Error in Source Routing Header 2 Packet too big 0 3 Time exceeded 0 hop limit exceeded in transit 1 fragment reassembly time exceeded 4 Parameter problem 0 erroneous header field encountered 1 unrecognized Next Header type encountered 2 unrecognized IPv6 option encountered 100 Private experimentation 101 Private experimentation 127 Reserved for expansion of ICMPv6 error messages ICMPv6 Informational Messages 128 Echo Request 0 129 Echo Reply 0 130 Multicast Listener Query (MLD) 0 There are two subtypes of Multicast Listener Query messages: General Query, used to learn which multicast addresses have listeners on an attached link. Multicast-Address-Specific Query, used to learn if a particular multicast address has any listeners on an attached link. These two subtypes are differentiated by the contents of the Multicast Address field, as described in section 3.6 of RFC 2710 131 Multicast Listener Report (MLD) 0 132 Multicast Listener Done (MLD) 0 133 Router Solicitation (NDP) 0 134 Router Advertisement (NDP) 0 135 Neighbor Solicitation (NDP) 0 136 Neighbor Advertisement (NDP) 0 137 Redirect Message (NDP) 0 138 Router Renumbering 0 Router Renumbering Command 1 Router Renumbering Result 255 Sequence Number Reset 139 ICMP Node Information Query 0 The Data field contains an IPv6 address which is the Subject of this Query. 1 The Data field contains a name which is the Subject of this Query, or is empty, as in the case of a NOOP. 2 The Data field contains an IPv4 address which is the Subject of this Query. 140 ICMP Node Information Response 0 A successful reply. The Reply Data field may or may not be empty. 1 The Responder refuses to supply the answer. The Reply Data field will be empty. 2 The Qtype of the Query is unknown to the Responder. The Reply Data field will be empty. 141 Inverse Neighbor Discovery Solicitation Message 0 142 Inverse Neighbor Discovery Advertisement Message 0 143 Multicast Listener Discovery (MLDv2) reports 144 Home Agent Address Discovery Request Message 0 145 Home Agent Address Discovery Reply Message 0 146 Mobile Prefix Solicitation 0 147 Mobile Prefix Advertisement 0 148 Certification Path Solicitation (SEND) 149 Certification Path Advertisement (SEND) 151 Multicast Router Advertisement (MRD) 152 Multicast Router Solicitation (MRD) 153 Multicast Router Termination (MRD) 155 RPL Control Message 200 Private experimentation 201 Private experimentation 255 Reserved for expansion of ICMPv6 informational messages Note that the table above is not comprehensive. The current complete list of assigned ICMPv6 types can be found at this link: IANA: ICMPv6 Parameters. Checksum ICMPv6 provides a minimal level of message integrity verification by the inclusion of a 16-bit checksum in its header. The checksum is calculated starting with a pseudo-header of IPv6 header fields according to the IPv6 standard, which consists of the source and destination addresses, the packet length and the next header field, the latter of which is set to the value 58. Following this pseudo header, the checksum is continued with the ICMPv6 message. The checksum computation is performed according to Internet protocol standards using 16-bit ones' complement summation, followed by a final ones' complement of the checksum itself and inserting it into the checksum field. Note that this differs from the way it is calculated for IPv4 in ICMP, but is similar to the calculation done in TCP. +ICMPv6 pseudo-header Bit offset 0 – 7 8–15 16–23 24–31 0 Source address 32 64 96 128 Destination address 160 192 224 256 ICMPv6 length 288 Zeros Next header Format Destination Unreachable Message-en.svg|Destination Unreachable Message (Type=1) Packet Too Big Message-en.svg|Packet Too Big Message (Type=2) ICMPv6 Time Exceeded Message-en.svg|ICMPv6 Time Exceeded Message (Type=3) Parameter Problem Message-en.svg|Parameter Problem Message (Type=4) Echo Request Message-en.svg|Echo Request Message (Type=128) Echo Reply Message-en.svg|Echo Reply Message (Type=129) Router Solicitation Message-en.svg|Router Solicitation Message (Type=133) Router Advertisement Message-en.svg|Router Advertisement Message (Type 134) Neighbor Solicitation Message-en.svg|Neighbor Solicitation Message (Type 135) Neighbor Advertisement Message-en.svg|Neighbor Advertisement Message (Type 136) Redirect Message-en.svg|Redirect Message (Type 137) Message processing When an ICMPv6 node receives a packet, it must undertake actions that depend on the type of message. The ICMPv6 protocol must limit the number of error messages sent to the same destination to avoid network overloading. For example, if a node continues to forward erroneous packets, ICMP will signal the error to the first packet and then do so periodically, with a fixed minimum period or with a fixed network maximum load. An ICMP error message must never be sent in response to another ICMP error message.

Introduction The Uruguayan Football Association is the governing body of football in Uruguay. It was founded in 1900, as The Uruguayan Association Football League, and affiliated to FIFA in 1923. It is a founding member of CONMEBOL and is in charge of the national men's team and the national women's team, as well as the Uruguayan football league system. Presidents Chronological list of A.U.F. presidents Period Name 1900 Pedro Charter 1901 William Poole 1902 Carlos Rowland 1903 - 1904 Jorge Clulow 1905 Félix Ortiz de Taranco 1906 Jorge Clulow 1907 - 1912 Héctor Rivadavia Gómez 1913 - 1914 Dr. Abelardo Véscovi 1915 - 1918 Dr. Juan Blengio Rocca 1919 Dr. Ángel Colombo 1920 - 1921 León Peyrou 1922 - 1923 Dr. José M. Reyes Lerena 1924 - 1925 Atilio Narancio 1926 Héctor Rivadavia Gómez 1927 - 1930 Dr. Raúl Jude 1931 César Batlle Pacheco 1932 - 1933 Dr. Mario Ponce De León 1934 - 1937 Dr. Raúl Jude 1938 - 1939 Aníbal Garderes 1940 - 1941 Esc. Héctor Gerona 1942 Dr. Cyro Geanbruno 1943 - 1952 César Batlle Pacheco 1953 - 1956 Arq. Miguel Ángel Cattaneo 1957 - 1960 Fermín Sorhueta 1961 - 1963 Gral. Omar Porcincula 1964 Américo Gil 1965 - 1966 Brigadier Conrado Sáez 1967 - 1969 Julio Lacarte Muro 1970 - 1972 Américo Gil 1973 Fermín Sorhueta 1974 - 1976 Ing. Héctor Del Campo 1976 Dr. Carlos Keralto 1977 - 1978 Cr. Mario Garbarino 1978 - 1980 Yamandu Flangini 1981 - 1982 Cnel (R.) Matías Vázquez 1983 - 1986 Cnel (R.) Héctor Joanicó 1986 Miguel Volonterio 1987 Dr. Donato Griecco 1988 - 1989 Ing. Julio C. Franzini 1989 - 1990 Dr. Julio César Maglione 1991 - 1993 Dr. Hugo Batalla 1994 - 1996 Carlos Maresca 1997 - 2006 Eugenio Figueredo 2006 - 2008 Dr. José Luis Corbo 2008 - 2009 Washington Rivero 2009 - 2014 Dr. Sebastián Bauzá 2014 - 2018 Wilmar Valdez 2018 - 2019 Normalisation committee: Bordaberry-Castaingdebat-Scotti 2019 - Ignacio Alonso Association staff Name Position Source Ignacio Alonso President n/a Vice President Maria Diaz General Secretary Ignacio Alonso Treasurer Gustavo Banales Technical Director Óscar Tabárez Team Coach (Men's) Ariel Longo Team Coach (Women's) Matias Faral Media/Communications Manager Kevork Kouyoumdyan Futsal Coordinator Dario Ubracio Referee Coordinator Tournaments organized Primera División Copa Uruguay Segunda División Campeonato Uruguayo Femenino Men's football The AUF organizes the national football tournament, two professional divisions (First Division and Second Division), and the third category (Amateur Second Division), involving amateur teams from Montevideo metropolitan area. Amateur clubs from the rest of the country are organized by the Interior Football Organization (OFI), federation affiliated to the AUF, but independently. Women's football In Women's football the AUF established the Uruguayan Championship which takes place every year since 1997. In conjunction with the OFI they organized a national tournament called National Tournament of Women's Football which there were only two editions (2001 and 2003). Futsal AUF annually develops the Men's Campeonato de Primera Division, U-20, U-17 and the same tournaments for women. The AUF is one of the two entities that regulates futsal, the other is the Uruguayan Federation of Indoor Football.