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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Headache ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research relating to headaches at its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cerebellar Hypoplasia ? ### Response: Cerebellar hypoplasia is a neurological condition in which the cerebellum is smaller than usual or not completely developed. Cerebellar hypoplasia is a feature of a number of congenital (present at birth) malformation syndromes, such as Walker-Warburg syndrome (a form of muscular dystrophy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cerebellar Hypoplasia ? ### Response: Cerebellar hypoplasia is a neurological condition in which the cerebellum is smaller than usual or not completely developed. Cerebellar hypoplasia is a feature of a number of congenital (present at birth) malformation syndromes, such as Walker-Warburg syndrome (a form of muscular dystrophy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Cerebellar Hypoplasia ? ### Response: The prognosis is dependent upon the underlying disorder. Some of the disorders that are associated with cerebellar hypoplasia are progressive, which means the condition will worsen over time, and will most likely have a poor prognosis. Other disorders that feature cerebellar hypoplasia are not progressive, such as those that are the result of abnormal brain formation during fetal development, and might have a better outcome.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Cerebellar Hypoplasia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports research related to cerebellar hypoplasia and its associated disorders through grants to major research institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure disorders that feature cerebellar hypoplasia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Transverse Myelitis ? ### Response: Transverse myelitis is a neurological disorder caused by inflammation across both sides of one level, or segment, of the spinal cord. The segment of the spinal cord at which the damage occurs determines which parts of the body are affected. Damage at one segment will affect function at that segment and segments below it.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Transverse Myelitis ? ### Response: No effective cure currently exists for people with transverse myelitis. Physicians often prescribe corticosteroid therapy during the first few weeks of illness to decrease inflammation. Following initial therapy, the most critical part of the treatment for this disorder consists of keeping the patients body functioning while hoping for either complete or partial spontaneous recovery of the nervous system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Transverse Myelitis ? ### Response: Most individuals will have only one episode of transverse myelitis. Recovery usually begins within 2 to 12 weeks of the onset of symptoms and may continue for up to 2 years and in some cases longer--requiring aggressive physical therapy and rehabilitation. However, if there is no improvement within the first 3 to 6 months, complete recovery is unlikely (although some recovery can occur).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Transverse Myelitis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to transverse myelitis in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional transverse myelitis research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Tremor ? ### Response: Tremor is an unintentional, rhythmic, muscle movement involving to-and-fro movements of one or more parts of the body. Most tremors occur in the hands, although they can also affect the arms, head, face, voice, trunk, and legs. Sometimes tremor is a symptom of another neurological disorder or a side effect of certain drugs, but the most common form occurs in otherwise healthy people.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tremor ? ### Response: There is no cure for most tremors. The appropriate treatment depends on accurate diagnosis of the cause. Drug treatment for parkinsonian tremor involves levodopa or dopamine-like drugs such as pramipexole and ropinirole. Essential tremor may be treated with propranolol or other beta blockers (such as nadolol) and primidone, an anticonvulsant drug.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tremor ? ### Response: There is no cure for most tremors. The appropriate treatment depends on accurate diagnosis of the cause. Drug treatment for parkinsonian tremor involves levodopa or dopamine-like drugs such as pramipexole and ropinirole. Essential tremor may be treated with propranolol or other beta blockers (such as nadolol) and primidone, an anticonvulsant drug.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Tremor ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, a unit of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the nations leading federal funder of research on disorders of the brain and nervous system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Sandhoff Disease ? ### Response: Sandhoff disease is a rare, inherited lipid storage disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme beta-hexosaminidase, which results in the harmful accumulation of certain fats (lipids) in the brain and other organs of the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Sandhoff Disease ? ### Response: Sandhoff disease is a rare, inherited lipid storage disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme beta-hexosaminidase, which results in the harmful accumulation of certain fats (lipids) in the brain and other organs of the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Sandhoff Disease ? ### Response: Sandhoff disease is a rare, inherited lipid storage disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme beta-hexosaminidase, which results in the harmful accumulation of certain fats (lipids) in the brain and other organs of the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Sandhoff Disease ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a part of the National Institutes of Health, the largest supporter of biomedical research in the world.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome ? ### Response: Tethered spinal cord syndrome is a neurological disorder caused by tissue attachments that limit the movement of the spinal cord within the spinal column. Attachments may occur congenitally at the base of the spinal cord (conus medullaris) or they may develop near the site of an injury to the spinal cord.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome ? ### Response: MRI imaging is often used to evaluate individuals with these symptoms, and can be used to diagnose the location of the tethering, lower than normal position of the conus medullaris, or presence of a tumor or fatty mass (lipoma). In children, early surgery is recommended to prevent further neurological deterioration.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome ? ### Response: With treatment, individuals with tethered spinal cord syndrome have a normal life expectancy. However, some neurological and motor impairments may not be fully correctable. Surgery soon after symptoms emerge appears to improve chances for recovery and can prevent further functional decline.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome ? ### Response: With treatment, individuals with tethered spinal cord syndrome have a normal life expectancy. However, some neurological and motor impairments may not be fully correctable. Surgery soon after symptoms emerge appears to improve chances for recovery and can prevent further functional decline.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Progressive Supranuclear Palsy ? ### Response: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare brain disorder that causes serious and progressive problems with control of gait and balance, along with complex eye movement and thinking problems. One of the classic signs of the disease is an inability to aim the eyes properly, which occurs because of lesions in the area of the brain that coordinates eye movements.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy ? ### Response: There is currently no effective treatment for PSP, although scientists are searching for better ways to manage the disease. In some patients the slowness, stiffness, and balance problems of PSP may respond to antiparkinsonian agents such as levodopa, or levodopa combined with anticholinergic agents, but the effect is usually temporary.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy ? ### Response: PSP gets progressively worse but is not itself directly life-threatening. It does, however, predispose patients to serious complications such as pneumonia secondary to difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia). The most common complications are choking and pneumonia, head injury, and fractures caused by falls.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy ? ### Response: PSP gets progressively worse but is not itself directly life-threatening. It does, however, predispose patients to serious complications such as pneumonia secondary to difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia). The most common complications are choking and pneumonia, head injury, and fractures caused by falls.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Binswanger's Disease ? ### Response: Binswanger's disease (BD), also called subcortical vascular dementia, is a type of dementia caused by widespread, microscopic areas of damage to the deep layers of white matter in the brain. The damage is the result of the thickening and narrowing (atherosclerosis) of arteries that feed the subcortical areas of the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Binswanger's Disease ? ### Response: There is no specific course of treatment for BD. Treatment is symptomatic. People with depression or anxiety may require antidepressant medications such as the serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) sertraline or citalopram. Atypical antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone and olanzapine, can be useful in individuals with agitation and disruptive behavior.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Binswanger's Disease ? ### Response: BD is a progressive disease; there is no cure. Changes may be sudden or gradual and then progress in a stepwise manner. BD can often coexist with Alzheimer's disease. Behaviors that slow the progression of high blood pressure, diabetes, and atherosclerosis -- such as eating a healthy diet and keeping healthy wake/sleep schedules, exercising, and not smoking or drinking too much alcohol -- can also slow the progression of BD.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Binswanger's Disease ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to BD in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dravet Syndrome ? ### Response: Dravet syndrome, also called severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI), is a severe form of epilepsy. It appears during the first year of life with frequent febrile seizures fever-related seizures that, by definition, are rare beyond age 5. Later, other types of seizures typically arise, including myoclonus (involuntary muscle spasms).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dravet Syndrome ? ### Response: Dravet syndrome, also called severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI), is a severe form of epilepsy. It appears during the first year of life with frequent febrile seizures fever-related seizures that, by definition, are rare beyond age 5. Later, other types of seizures typically arise, including myoclonus (involuntary muscle spasms).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Dravet Syndrome ? ### Response: As children with Dravet syndrome get older, their decline in cognitive function stabilizes, and in many, it improves slightly. However, most teenagers with Dravet syndrome are dependent on caregivers. The degree of cognitive impairment appears to correlate with the frequency of seizures.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Dravet Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports a broad program of basic and clinical research on all types of epilepsy, including Dravet syndrome. Study of the genetic defects responsible for Dravet syndrome and related disorders is expected to lead to the development of effective drug therapies.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Mucolipidoses ? ### Response: The mucolipidoses (ML) are a group of inherited metabolic diseases that affect the bodys ability to carry out the normal turnover of various materials within cells. In ML, abnormal amounts of carbohydrates and fatty materials (lipids) accumulate in cells. Because our cells are not able to handle such large amounts of these substances, damage to the cells occurs, causing symptoms that range from mild learning disabilities to severe intellectual impairment and skeletal deformities.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Mucolipidoses ? ### Response: No cures or specific therapies for ML currently exists. Therapies are generally geared toward treating symptoms and providing supportive care to the child. For individuals with corneal clouding, surgery to remove the thin layer over the eye has been shown to reduce the cloudiness in the eye.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Mucolipidoses ? ### Response: Symptoms of ML can be congenital (present at birth) or begin in early childhood or adolescence. Early symptoms can include skeletal abnormalities, vision problems and developmental delays. Over time, many children with ML develop poor mental capacities, have difficulty reaching normal developmental milestones, and, in many cases, eventually die of the disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Mucolipidoses ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. Investigators are conducting studies to determine the effects of ML genetic mutations in various animal models of the disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hereditary Neuropathies ? ### Response: Hereditary neuropathies are a group of inherited disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. The hereditary neuropathies are divided into four major subcategories: hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, hereditary sensory neuropathy, hereditary motor neuropathy, and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hereditary Neuropathies ? ### Response: There are no standard treatments for hereditary neuropathies. Treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive. Medical treatment includes physical therapy and if needed, pain medication. Orthopedic surgery may be needed to correct severe foot or other skeletal deformities.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Hereditary Neuropathies ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with hereditary neuropathies depends upon the type of neuropathy. Some hereditary neuropathies have very mild symptoms and may go undiagnosed for many years. Other types are more severe and are associated with more disabilities.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Hereditary Neuropathies ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with hereditary neuropathies depends upon the type of neuropathy. Some hereditary neuropathies have very mild symptoms and may go undiagnosed for many years. Other types are more severe and are associated with more disabilities.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia ? ### Response: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN) is a rare pain syndrome that affects the glossopharyngeal nerve (the ninth cranial nerve that lies deep within the neck) and causes sharp, stabbing pulses of pain in the back of the throat and tongue, the tonsils, and the middle ear.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia ? ### Response: Most doctors will attempt to treat the pain first with drugs. Some individuals respond well to anticonvulsant drugs, such as carbamazepine and gabapentin. Surgical options, including nerve resection, tractotomy, or microvascular decompression, should be considered when individuals either dont respond to, or stop responding to, drug therapy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia ? ### Response: Some individuals recover from an initial attack and never have another. Others will experience clusters of attacks followed by periods of short or long remission. Individuals may lose weight if they fear that chewing, drinking, or eating will cause an attack.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes at the National Institutes of Health conduct research related to GN and support additional research through grants to major research institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure disorders such as GN.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Gaucher Disease ? ### Response: Gaucher disease is one of the inherited metabolic disorders known as lipid storage diseases. Lipids are fatty materials that include oils, fatty acids, waxes, and steroids (such as cholesterol and estrogen). Gaucher disease is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Gaucher Disease ? ### Response: Enzyme replacement therapy is available for most people with types 1 and 3 Gaucher disease. Given intravenously every two weeks, this therapy decreases liver and spleen size, reduces skeletal abnormalities, and reverses other symptoms of the disorder. The U.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Gaucher Disease ? ### Response: Enzyme replacement therapy is very beneficial for type 1 and most type 3 individuals with this condition. Successful bone marrow transplantation can reverse the non-neurological effects of the disease, but the procedure carries a high risk and is rarely performed in individuals with Gaucher disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Gaucher Disease ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a part of the National Institutes of Health), is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Shingles ? ### Response: Shingles (herpes zoster) is an outbreak of rash or blisters on the skin that is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox the varicella-zoster virus. The first sign of shingles is often burning or tingling pain (which can be severe), or sometimes numbness or itch,generally on one side of the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Shingles ? ### Response: The severity and duration of an attack of shingles can be significantly reduced by immediate treatment with antiviral drugs, which include acyclovir, valcyclovir, or famcyclovir. Antiviral drugs may also help stave off the painful after-effects of shingles known as postherpetic neuralgia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Shingles ? ### Response: For most healthy people who receive treatment soon after the outbreak of blisters, the lesions heal, the pain subsides within 3 to 5 weeks, and the blisters often leave no scars. However, shingles is a serious threat in immunosuppressed individuals for example, those with HIV infection or who are receiving cancer treatments that can weaken their immune systems.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Shingles ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS supports research on viral proteins and virus defense mechanisms in neurons to understand why the varicella-zoster virus establishes latency uniquely in neurons and not in other cell types.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Leigh's Disease ? ### Response: Leigh's disease is a rare inherited neurometabolic disorder that affects the central nervous system. This progressive disorder begins in infants between the ages of three months and two years.Rarely, it occurs in teenagers and adults.Leigh's disease can be caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA or by deficiencies of an enzyme called pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Leigh's Disease ? ### Response: The most common treatment for Leigh's disease is thiamine or Vitamin B1. Oral sodium bicarbonate or sodium citrate may also be prescribed to manage lactic acidosis. Researchers are currently testing dichloroacetate to establish its effectiveness in treating lactic acidosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Leigh's Disease ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with Leigh's disease is poor. Individuals who lack mitochondrial complex IV activity and those with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency tend to have the worst prognosis and die within a few years. Those with partial deficiencies have a better prognosis, and may live to be 6 or 7 years of age.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Leigh's Disease ? ### Response: The NINDS supports and encourages a broad range of basic and clinical research on neurogenetic disorders such as Leigh's disease. The goal of this research is to understand what causes these disorders and then to apply these findings to new ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent them.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kuru ? ### Response: Kuru is a rare and fatal brain disorder that occurred at epidemic levels during the 1950s-60s among the Fore people in the highlands of New Guinea. The disease was the result of the practice of ritualistic cannibalism among the Fore, in which relatives prepared and consumed the tissues (including brain) of deceased family members.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kuru ? ### Response: Kuru is a rare and fatal brain disorder that occurred at epidemic levels during the 1950s-60s among the Fore people in the highlands of New Guinea. The disease was the result of the practice of ritualistic cannibalism among the Fore, in which relatives prepared and consumed the tissues (including brain) of deceased family members.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Kuru ? ### Response: Similar to other the TSEs, kuru had a long incubation period; it was years or even decades before an infected person showed symptoms. Because kuru mainly affected the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordination, the usual first symptoms were an unsteady gait, tremors, and slurred speech.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Kuru ? ### Response: Similar to other the TSEs, kuru had a long incubation period; it was years or even decades before an infected person showed symptoms. Because kuru mainly affected the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordination, the usual first symptoms were an unsteady gait, tremors, and slurred speech.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation ? ### Response: NBIA is a progressive condition. Most individuals experience periods of rapid decline lasting weeks to months, with relatively stable periods in between. The rate of progression correlates with the age at onset, meaning that children with early symptoms tend to fare more poorly.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. NINDS-funded researchers are developing a mouse model of an NBIA disorder to gain insight into the causes of the disease and accelerate ongoing efforts to identify therapeutics to treat it.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Pompe Disease ? ### Response: Pompe disease is a rare (estimated at 1 in every 40,000 births), inherited and often fatal disorder that disables the heart and skeletal muscles. It is caused by mutations in a gene that makes an enzyme called acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). Normally, the body uses GAA to break down glycogen, a stored form of sugar used for energy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Pompe Disease ? ### Response: Individuals with Pompe disease are best treated by a team of specialists (such as cardiologist, neurologist, and respiratory therapist) knowledgeable about the disease, who can offer supportive and symptomatic care. The discovery of the GAA gene has led to rapid progress in understanding the biological mechanisms and properties of the GAA enzyme.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Pompe Disease ? ### Response: Without enzyme replacement therapy, the hearts of babies with infantile onset Pompe disease progressively thicken and enlarge. These babies die before the age of one year from either cardiorespiratory failure or respiratory infection. For individuals with late onset Pompe disease, the prognosis is dependent upon the age of onset.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Pompe Disease ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports Pompe research through grants to major research institutions across the country. Research related to Pompe disease is conducted in one of the laboratories of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) at the National Institutes of Health.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dysgraphia ? ### Response: Dysgraphia is a neurological disorder characterized by writing disabilities. Specifically, the disorder causes a person's writing to be distorted or incorrect. In children, the disorder generally emerges when they are first introduced to writing. They make inappropriately sized and spaced letters, or write wrong or misspelled words, despite thorough instruction.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Dysgraphia ? ### Response: Treatment for dysgraphia varies and may include treatment for motor disorders to help control writing movements. Other treatments may address impaired memory or other neurological problems. Some physicians recommend that individuals with dysgraphia use computers to avoid the problems of handwriting.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Dysgraphia ? ### Response: Treatment for dysgraphia varies and may include treatment for motor disorders to help control writing movements. Other treatments may address impaired memory or other neurological problems. Some physicians recommend that individuals with dysgraphia use computers to avoid the problems of handwriting.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Dysgraphia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support dysgraphia research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to treat, and ultimately, prevent dysgraphia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Orthostatic Hypotension ? ### Response: Orthostatic hypotension is a sudden fall in blood pressure that occurs when a person assumes a standing position. It is due to a lesion of the baroreflex loop, which senses a change in blood pressure and adjusts heart rate and activates sympathetic nerve system fibers to cause the blood vessels to narrow and correct blood pressure.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Orthostatic Hypotension ? ### Response: When orthostatic hypotension is caused by hypovolemia due to medications, the disorder may be reversed by adjusting the dosage or by discontinuing the medication. When the condition is caused by prolonged bed rest, improvement may occur by sitting up with increasing frequency each day.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Orthostatic Hypotension ? ### Response: When orthostatic hypotension is caused by hypovolemia due to medications, the disorder may be reversed by adjusting the dosage or by discontinuing the medication. When the condition is caused by prolonged bed rest, improvement may occur by sitting up with increasing frequency each day.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Orthostatic Hypotension ? ### Response: When orthostatic hypotension is caused by hypovolemia due to medications, the disorder may be reversed by adjusting the dosage or by discontinuing the medication. When the condition is caused by prolonged bed rest, improvement may occur by sitting up with increasing frequency each day.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Huntington's Disease ? ### Response: Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited disorder that causes degeneration of brain cells, called neurons, in motor control regions of the brain, as well as other areas. Symptoms of the disease, which gets progressively worse, include uncontrolled movements (called chorea), abnormal body postures, and changes in behavior, emotion, judgment, and cognition.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Huntington's Disease ? ### Response: There is no treatment that can stop or reverse the course of HD. Tetrabenazine is prescribed for treating Huntingtons-associated chorea. It is the only drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifically for use against HD. Antipsychotic drugs may help to alleviate chorea and may also be used to help control hallucinations, delusions, and violent outbursts.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Huntington's Disease ? ### Response: There is no treatment that can stop or reverse the course of HD. Tetrabenazine is prescribed for treating Huntingtons-associated chorea. It is the only drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifically for use against HD. Antipsychotic drugs may help to alleviate chorea and may also be used to help control hallucinations, delusions, and violent outbursts.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Huntington's Disease ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. A major focus of research on HD is to understand the toxicity of mutant huntingin protein to brain cells and to develop potential drugs for counteracting it.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ? ### Response: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of rare degenerative brain disorders characterized by tiny holes that give the brain a "spongy" appearance. These holes can be seen when brain tissue is viewed under a microscope.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ? ### Response: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of rare degenerative brain disorders characterized by tiny holes that give the brain a "spongy" appearance. These holes can be seen when brain tissue is viewed under a microscope.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ? ### Response: There is currently no treatment that can halt progression of any of the TSEs. Treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms and making the patient as comfortable as possible. A clinical trial of a potential therapy for CJD is expected to begin soon at the University of California at San Francisco.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ? ### Response: There is currently no treatment that can halt progression of any of the TSEs. Treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms and making the patient as comfortable as possible. A clinical trial of a potential therapy for CJD is expected to begin soon at the University of California at San Francisco.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neurosarcoidosis ? ### Response: Neurosarcoidosis is a manifestation of sarcoidosis in the nervous system. Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that typically occurs in adults between 20 and 40 years of age and primarily affects the lungs, but can also impact almost every other organ and system in the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neurosarcoidosis ? ### Response: The prognosis for patients with neurosarcoidosis varies. Approximately two-thirds of those with the condition will recover completely; the remainder will have a chronically progressing or on-and-off course of illness. Complications resulting from immunosuppressive treatments, such as cryptococcal and tuberculous meningitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and inclusion body myositis, may be fatal for a small percentage of individuals.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neurosarcoidosis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) has joined with other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to form a trans-NIH working group to coordinate and fund research into the disease mechanisms of sarcoidosis, predisposing factors, genetic underpinnings, and the potential for clinical therapies.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Mitochondrial Myopathy ? ### Response: Mitochondrial myopathies are a group of neuromuscular diseases caused by damage to the mitochondriasmall, energy-producing structures that serve as the cells' "power plants." Nerve cells in the brain and muscles require a great deal of energy, and thus appear to be particularly damaged when mitochondrial dysfunction occurs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Mitochondrial Myopathy ? ### Response: Although there is no specific treatment for any of the mitochondrial myopathies, physical therapy may extend the range of movement of muscles and improve dexterity. Vitamin therapies such as riboflavin, coenzyme Q, and carnitine (a specialized amino acid) may provide subjective improvement in fatigue and energy levels in some patients.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Mitochondrial Myopathy ? ### Response: Although there is no specific treatment for any of the mitochondrial myopathies, physical therapy may extend the range of movement of muscles and improve dexterity. Vitamin therapies such as riboflavin, coenzyme Q, and carnitine (a specialized amino acid) may provide subjective improvement in fatigue and energy levels in some patients.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Mitochondrial Myopathy ? ### Response: Although there is no specific treatment for any of the mitochondrial myopathies, physical therapy may extend the range of movement of muscles and improve dexterity. Vitamin therapies such as riboflavin, coenzyme Q, and carnitine (a specialized amino acid) may provide subjective improvement in fatigue and energy levels in some patients.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Lissencephaly ? ### Response: Lissencephaly, which literally means "smooth brain," is a rare, gene-linked brain malformation characterized by the absence of normal convolutions (folds) in the cerebral cortex and an abnormally small head (microcephaly). In the usual condition of lissencephaly, children usually have a normal sized head at birth.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lissencephaly ? ### Response: There is no cure for lissencephaly, but children can show progress in their development over time. Supportive care may be needed to help with comfort, feeding, and nursing needs. Seizures may be particularly problematic but anticonvulsant medications can help.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Lissencephaly ? ### Response: The prognosis for children with lissencephaly depends on the degree of brain malformation. Many will die before the age of 10 years. The cause of death is usually aspiration of food or fluids, respiratory disease, or severe seizures. Some will survive, but show no significant development -- usually not beyond a 3- to 5-month-old level.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Lissencephaly ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the complex systems of normal brain development, including neuronal migration. Recent studies have identified genes that are responsible for lissencephaly. The knowledge gained from these studies provides the foundation for developing treatments and preventive measures for neuronal migration disorders.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension ? ### Response: Multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension is the current classification for a neurological disorder that was once called Shy-Drager syndrome. A progressive disorder of the central and autonomic nervous systems, it is characterized by orthostatic hypotension (an excessive drop in blood pressure when standing up) which causes dizziness or fainting.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension ? ### Response: There is no cure for multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension. Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms. Anti-Parkinson medication such as Sinemet may improve the general sense of well-being. Medications to elevate blood pressure while standing are often used, but may cause high blood pressure when lying down.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension ? ### Response: There is no cure for multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension. Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms. Anti-Parkinson medication such as Sinemet may improve the general sense of well-being. Medications to elevate blood pressure while standing are often used, but may cause high blood pressure when lying down.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research on disorders of the autonomic nervous system, including multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension. This research is aimed at developing techniques to diagnose, treat, and prevent these disorders. Currently there are ongoing treatment trials of drugs to treat MSA.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Transient Ischemic Attack ? ### Response: A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a transient stroke that lasts only a few minutes. It occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is briefly interrupted. TIA symptoms, which usually occur suddenly, are similar to those of stroke but do not last as long.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Transient Ischemic Attack ? ### Response: Because there is no way to tell whether symptoms are from a TIA or an acute stroke, patients should assume that all stroke-like symptoms signal an emergency and should not wait to see if they go away. A prompt evaluation (within 60 minutes) is necessary to identify the cause of the TIA and determine appropriate therapy.