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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Tropical Spastic Paraparesis ? ### Response: HAM/TSP is a progressive disease, but it is rarely fatal. Most individuals live for several decades after the diagnosis. Their prognosis improves if they take steps to prevent urinary tract infection and skin sores, and if they participate in physical and occupational therapy programs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Tropical Spastic Paraparesis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to HAM/TSP in laboratories at the NIH, and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Alpers' Disease ? ### Response: Alpers' disease is a progressive, neurodevelopmental, mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome characterized by three co-occurring clinical symptoms: psychomotor regression (dementia); seizures; and liver disease. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutation in the gene for the mitochondrial DNA polymerase POLG.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Alpers' Disease ? ### Response: There is no cure for Alpers' disease and no way to slow its progression. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Anticonvulsants may be used to treat the seizures, but at times the seizures do not respond well to therapy, even at high doses. Therefore, the benefit of seizure control should be weights against what could be excessive sedation from the anticonvulsant.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Alpers' Disease ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with Alpers' disease is poor. Those with the disease usually die within their first decade of life. Continuous, unrelenting seizures often lead to death. Liver failure and cardiorespiratory failure due to brain, spinal cord, and nerve involvement may also occur.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Alpers' Disease ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with Alpers' disease is poor. Those with the disease usually die within their first decade of life. Continuous, unrelenting seizures often lead to death. Liver failure and cardiorespiratory failure due to brain, spinal cord, and nerve involvement may also occur.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Myasthenia Gravis ? ### Response: Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body. Symptoms vary in type and intensity. The hallmark of myasthenia gravis is muscle weakness that increases during periods of activity and improves after periods of rest.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Myasthenia Gravis ? ### Response: Myasthenia gravis can be controlled. Some medications improve neuromuscular transmission and increase muscle strength, and some suppress the production of abnormal antibodies. These medications must be used with careful medical follow up because they may cause major side effects.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Myasthenia Gravis ? ### Response: With treatment, most individuals with myasthenia can significantly improve their muscle weakness. Some case of myasthenia gravis may go into remission temporarily, and muscle weakness may disappear so that medications can be discontinued. In a few cases, the severe weakness of myasthenia gravis may cause respiratory failure, which requires immediate emergency medical care.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Myasthenia Gravis ? ### Response: Scientists are evaluating new and improving current treatments for myasthenia gravis. Different drugs are being tested, either alone or in combination with existing drug therapies, to see if they are effective in treating the disorder. One study seeks to understand the molecular basis of synaptic transmission in the nervous system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Spinal Muscular Atrophy ? ### Response: Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) Types I, II, and III belong to a group of hereditary diseases that cause weakness and wasting of the voluntary muscles in the arms and legs of infants and children. The disorders are caused by an abnormal or missing gene known as the survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1), which is responsible for the production of a protein essential to motor neurons.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Spinal Muscular Atrophy ? ### Response: Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) Types I, II, and III belong to a group of hereditary diseases that cause weakness and wasting of the voluntary muscles in the arms and legs of infants and children. The disorders are caused by an abnormal or missing gene known as the survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1), which is responsible for the production of a protein essential to motor neurons.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Spinal Muscular Atrophy ? ### Response: The prognosis is poor for babies with SMA Type I. Most die within the first two years. For children with SMA Type II, the prognosis for life expectancy or for independent standing or walking roughly correlates with how old they are when they first begin to experience symptoms - older children tend to have less severe symptoms Life expectancy is reduced but some individuals live into adolescence or young adulthood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Spinal Muscular Atrophy ? ### Response: Between 2003 and 2012, the NINDS piloted the Spinal Muscular Atrophy Project to expedite therapeutics development for this hereditary neurodegenerative disease. The Project was designed to accelerate the research process by identifying drugs that increase the level of SMN protein in cultured cells, so that they could be used as potential leads for further drug discovery and clinical testing.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Alzheimer's Disease ? ### Response: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related, non-reversible brain disorder that develops over a period of years. Initially, people experience memory loss and confusion, which may be mistaken for the kinds of memory changes that are sometimes associated with normal aging.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Alzheimer's Disease ? ### Response: Currently there are no medicines that can slow the progression of AD. However, four FDA-approved medications are used to treat AD symptoms. These drugs help individuals carry out the activities of daily living by maintaining thinking, memory, or speaking skills.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Alzheimer's Disease ? ### Response: In very few families, people develop AD in their 30s, 40s, and 50s. This is known as "early onset" AD. These individuals have a mutation in one of three different inherited genes that causes the disease to begin at an earlier age. More than 90 percent of AD develops in people older than 65.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Alzheimer's Disease ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports basic and translational research related to AD through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Current studies are investigating how the development of beta amyloid plaques damages neurons, and how abnormalities in tau proteins create the characteristic neurofibrillary tangles of AD.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Incontinentia Pigmenti ? ### Response: Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is an inherited disorder of skin pigmentation that is also associated with abnormalities of the teeth, skeletal system, eyes, and central nervous system. It is one of a group of gene-linked diseases known as neurocutaneous disorders.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Incontinentia Pigmenti ? ### Response: The skin abnormalities of IP usually disappear by adolescence or adulthood without treatment. Diminished vision may be treated with corrective lenses, medication, or, in severe cases, surgery. A specialist may treat dental problems. Neurological symptoms such as seizures, muscle spasms, or mild paralysis may be controlled with medication and/or medical devices and with the advice of a neurologist.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Incontinentia Pigmenti ? ### Response: The skin abnormalities of IP usually disappear by adolescence or adulthood without treatment. Diminished vision may be treated with corrective lenses, medication, or, in severe cases, surgery. A specialist may treat dental problems. Neurological symptoms such as seizures, muscle spasms, or mild paralysis may be controlled with medication and/or medical devices and with the advice of a neurologist.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Incontinentia Pigmenti ? ### Response: Researchers have begun to use genetic linkage studies to map the location of genes associated with the neurocutaneous disorders. Research supported by the NINDS includes studies to understand how the brain and nervous system normally develop and function and how they are affected by genetic mutations.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Whipple's Disease ? ### Response: Whipple's disease is a multi-system infectious bacterial disease that interferes with the body's ability to metabolize fats. Caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei, the disorder can affect any system in the body, including the brain, eyes, heart, joints, and lungs, but usually occurs in the gastrointestinal system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Whipple's Disease ? ### Response: The standard treatment for Whipple's disease is a prolonged course of antibiotics (up to two years), including penicillin and cefriaxone or doxycycline with hydroxychloroquine. Sulfa drugs (sulfonamides) such as sulfadizine or solfamethoxazole can treat neurological symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Whipple's Disease ? ### Response: Generally, long-term antibiotic treatment to destroy the bacteria can relieve symptoms and cure the disease. If left untreated, the disease is progressive and fatal. Individuals with involvement of the central nervous system generally have a worse prognosis and may be left with permanent neurologic disability.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Whipple's Disease ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS supportsa broad range of research on disorders that affect the central nervous system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Landau-Kleffner Syndrome ? ### Response: Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is a rare, childhood neurological disorder characterized by the sudden or gradual development of aphasia (the inability to understand or express language) and an abnormal electro-encephalogram (EEG). LKS affects the parts of the brain that control comprehension and speech.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Landau-Kleffner Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment for LKS usually consists of medications, such as anticonvulsants and corticosteroids, and speech therapy, which should be started early. A controversial treatment option involves a surgical technique called multiple subpial transection in which th

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Landau-Kleffner Syndrome ? ### Response: The prognosis for children with LKS varies. Some affected children may have a permanent severe language disorder, while others may regain much of their language abilities (although it may take months or years). In some cases, remission and relapse may occur.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Landau-Kleffner Syndrome ? ### Response: The prognosis for children with LKS varies. Some affected children may have a permanent severe language disorder, while others may regain much of their language abilities (although it may take months or years). In some cases, remission and relapse may occur.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Central Pain Syndrome ? ### Response: Central pain syndrome is a neurological condition caused by damage to or dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. This syndrome can be caused by stroke, multiple sclerosis, tumors, epilepsy, brain or spinal cord trauma, or Parkinson's disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Central Pain Syndrome ? ### Response: Pain medications often provide some reduction of pain, but not complete relief of pain, for those affected by central pain syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants such as nortriptyline or anticonvulsants such as neurontin (gabapentin) can be useful. Lowering stress levels appears to reduce pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Central Pain Syndrome ? ### Response: Pain medications often provide some reduction of pain, but not complete relief of pain, for those affected by central pain syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants such as nortriptyline or anticonvulsants such as neurontin (gabapentin) can be useful. Lowering stress levels appears to reduce pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Central Pain Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS vigorously pursues a research program seeking new treatments for chronic pain and nervous system damage. The goals of this research are to develop ways to more effectively treat and potentially reverse debilitating conditions such as central pain syndrome.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ? ### Response: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition. The key symptom of CRPS is continuous, intense pain out of proportion to the severity of the injury, which gets worse rather than better over time. CRPS most often affects one of the arms, legs, hands, or feet.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ? ### Response: Because there is no cure for CRPS, treatment is aimed at relieving painful symptoms. Doctors may prescribe topical analgesics, antidepressants, corticosteroids, and opioids to relieve pain. However, no single drug or combination of drugs has produced consistent long-lasting improvement in symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ? ### Response: Because there is no cure for CRPS, treatment is aimed at relieving painful symptoms. Doctors may prescribe topical analgesics, antidepressants, corticosteroids, and opioids to relieve pain. However, no single drug or combination of drugs has produced consistent long-lasting improvement in symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research relating to CRPS and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Arteriovenous Malformation ? ### Response: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal, snarled tangles of blood vessels that cause multiple irregular connections between the arteries and veins. These malformations most often occur in the spinal cord and in any part of the brain or on its surface, but can develop elsewhere in the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Arteriovenous Malformation ? ### Response: Treatment options depend on the type of AVM, its location, noticeable symptoms, and the general health condition of the individual. Medication can often alleviate general symptoms such as headache, back pain, and seizures caused by AVMs and other vascular lesions.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Arteriovenous Malformation ? ### Response: The greatest potential danger posed by AVMs is hemorrhage. Most episodes of bleeding remain undetected at the time they occur because they are not severe enough to cause significant neurological damage. But massive, even fatal, bleeding episodes do occur. Whenever an AVM is detected, the individual should be carefully and consistently monitored for any signs of instability that may indicate an increased risk of hemorrhage.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Arteriovenous Malformation ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS has established an Arteriovenous Study Group to learn more about the natural causes of AVMs and to improve surgical treatment of these lesions.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Ataxia Telangiectasia ? ### Response: Ataxia-telangiectasia is a rare, childhood neurological disorder that causes degeneration in the part of the brain that controls motor movements and speech. The first signs of the disease are unsteady walking and slurred speech, usually occurring during the first five years of life.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Ataxia Telangiectasia ? ### Response: There is no cure for A-T and, currently, no way to slow the progression of the disease. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Physical and occupational therapy help to maintain flexibility. Speech therapy is important, teaching children to control air flow to the vocal cords.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Ataxia Telangiectasia ? ### Response: Average lifespan has been improving for years, for unknown reasons, and varies with the severity of the underlying mutations, ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) protein levels, and residual ATM kinase activity. Some individuals with later onset of disease and slower progression survive into their 50s.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Ataxia Telangiectasia ? ### Response: NINDS-supported researchers discovered the gene responsible for A-T, known as ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) in 1995. This gene makes a protein that activates many (probably more than 700) other proteins that control cell cycle, DNA repair, and cell death.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Klver-Bucy Syndrome ? ### Response: Klver-Bucy syndrome is a rare behavioral impairment that is associated with damage to both of the anterior temporal lobes of the brain. It causes individuals to put objects in their mouths and engage in inappropriate sexual behavior. Other symptoms may include visual agnosia (inability to visually recognize objects), loss of normal fear and anger responses, memory loss, distractibility, seizures, and dementia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Klver-Bucy Syndrome ? ### Response: Klver-Bucy syndrome is a rare behavioral impairment that is associated with damage to both of the anterior temporal lobes of the brain. It causes individuals to put objects in their mouths and engage in inappropriate sexual behavior. Other symptoms may include visual agnosia (inability to visually recognize objects), loss of normal fear and anger responses, memory loss, distractibility, seizures, and dementia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Klver-Bucy Syndrome ? ### Response: Klver-Bucy syndrome is a rare behavioral impairment that is associated with damage to both of the anterior temporal lobes of the brain. It causes individuals to put objects in their mouths and engage in inappropriate sexual behavior. Other symptoms may include visual agnosia (inability to visually recognize objects), loss of normal fear and anger responses, memory loss, distractibility, seizures, and dementia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Klver-Bucy Syndrome ? ### Response: Klver-Bucy syndrome is a rare behavioral impairment that is associated with damage to both of the anterior temporal lobes of the brain. It causes individuals to put objects in their mouths and engage in inappropriate sexual behavior. Other symptoms may include visual agnosia (inability to visually recognize objects), loss of normal fear and anger responses, memory loss, distractibility, seizures, and dementia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Niemann-Pick Disease ? ### Response: Niemann-Pick disease (NP) refers to a group of inherited metabolic disorders known as lipid storage diseases. Lipids (fatty materials such as waxes, fatty acids, oils, and cholesterol) and proteins are usually broken down into smaller components to provide energy for the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Niemann-Pick Disease ? ### Response: There is currently no cure for Niemann-Pick disease. Treatment is supportive. Children usually die from infection or progressive neurological loss. There is currently no effective treatment for persons with type A. Bone marrow transplantation has been attempted in a few individuals with type B.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Niemann-Pick Disease ? ### Response: Infants with type A die in infancy. Children with Type B may live a comparatively long time, but may require supplemental oxygen because of lung impairment. The life expectancy of persons with type C varies: some individuals die in childhood while others who appear to be less severely affected can live into adulthood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Niemann-Pick Disease ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conducts and supports research about Niemann-Pick disease through research grants to research institutions across the country. Investigators at the NINDS have identified two different genes that, when defective, contribute to Niemann-Pick disease type C.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome includes clobazam and anti-epileptic medications such as valproate, lamotrigine, felbamate, or topiramate. There is usually no single antiepileptic medication that will control seizures. Children who improve initially may later show tolerance to a drug or have uncontrollable seizures.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome includes clobazam and anti-epileptic medications such as valproate, lamotrigine, felbamate, or topiramate. There is usually no single antiepileptic medication that will control seizures. Children who improve initially may later show tolerance to a drug or have uncontrollable seizures.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports a broad program of basic and clinical research on epilepsy including Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. These studies are aimed at finding the causes of these disorders, improving the diagnosis, and developing new medications and other therapies.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Paresthesia ? ### Response: Paresthesia refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body. The sensation, which happens without warning, is usually painless and described as tingling or numbness, skin crawling, or itching.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Paresthesia ? ### Response: Paresthesia refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body. The sensation, which happens without warning, is usually painless and described as tingling or numbness, skin crawling, or itching.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Paresthesia ? ### Response: Paresthesia refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body. The sensation, which happens without warning, is usually painless and described as tingling or numbness, skin crawling, or itching.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Paresthesia ? ### Response: Paresthesia refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body. The sensation, which happens without warning, is usually painless and described as tingling or numbness, skin crawling, or itching.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Myoclonus ? ### Response: Myoclonus refers to a sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles. In its simplest form, myoclonus consists of a muscle twitch followed by relaxation. A hiccup is an example of this type of myoclonus. Other familiar examples of myoclonus are the jerks or "sleep starts" that some people experience while drifting off to sleep.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Myoclonus ? ### Response: Treatment of myoclonus focuses on medications that may help reduce symptoms. The drug of first choice is clonazepam, a type of tranquilizer. Many of the drugs used for myoclonus, such as barbiturates, phenytoin, and primidone, are also used to treat epilepsy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Myoclonus ? ### Response: Simple forms of myoclonus occur in normal, healthy persons and cause no difficulties. In some cases, myoclonus begins in one region of the body and spreads to muscles in other areas. More severe cases of myoclonus can distort movement and severely limit a person's ability to eat, talk, or walk.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Myoclonus ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research relating to myoclonus in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dermatomyositis ? ### Response: Dermatomyositis is one of a group of muscle diseases known as the inflammatory myopathies, which are characterized by chronic muscle inflammation accompanied by muscle weakness. Dermatomyositis cardinal symptom is a skin rash that precedes, accompanies, or follows progressive muscle weakness.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Dermatomyositis ? ### Response: There is no cure for dermatomyositis, but the symptoms can be treated. Options include medication, physical therapy, exercise, heat therapy (including microwave and ultrasound), orthotics and assistive devices, and rest. The standard treatment for dermatomyositis is a corticosteroid drug, given either in pill form or intravenously.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Dermatomyositis ? ### Response: There is no cure for dermatomyositis, but the symptoms can be treated. Options include medication, physical therapy, exercise, heat therapy (including microwave and ultrasound), orthotics and assistive devices, and rest. The standard treatment for dermatomyositis is a corticosteroid drug, given either in pill form or intravenously.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Dermatomyositis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research relating to dermatomyositis in laboratories at the NIH and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Agnosia ? ### Response: Agnosia is a rare disorder characterized by an inability to recognize and identify objects or persons. People with agnosia may have difficulty recognizing the geometric features of an object or face or may be able to perceive the geometric features but not know what the object is used for or whether a face is familiar or not.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Agnosia ? ### Response: Agnosia is a rare disorder characterized by an inability to recognize and identify objects or persons. People with agnosia may have difficulty recognizing the geometric features of an object or face or may be able to perceive the geometric features but not know what the object is used for or whether a face is familiar or not.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Agnosia ? ### Response: Agnosia is a rare disorder characterized by an inability to recognize and identify objects or persons. People with agnosia may have difficulty recognizing the geometric features of an object or face or may be able to perceive the geometric features but not know what the object is used for or whether a face is familiar or not.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Agnosia ? ### Response: Agnosia is a rare disorder characterized by an inability to recognize and identify objects or persons. People with agnosia may have difficulty recognizing the geometric features of an object or face or may be able to perceive the geometric features but not know what the object is used for or whether a face is familiar or not.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Rett Syndrome ? ### Response: Rett syndrome is a childhood neurodevelopmental disorder that affects females almost exclusively. The child generally appears to grow and develop normally, before symptoms begin. Loss of muscle tone is usually the first symptom. Other early symptoms may include a slowing of development, problems crawling or walking, and diminished eye contact.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Rett Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for Rett syndrome. Treatment for the disorder is symptomatic, focusing on the management of symptoms, and supportive. Medication may be needed for breathing irregularities and motor difficulties, and antiepileptic drugs may be used to control seizures.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Rett Syndrome ? ### Response: The course of Rett syndrome, including the age of onset and the severity of symptoms, varies from child to child. Despite the difficulties with symptoms, most individuals with Rett syndrome continue to live well into middle age and beyond. Because the disorder is rare, very little is known about long-term prognosis and life expectancy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Rett Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to Rett syndrome in laboratories at the NIH, and also support additional Rett syndrome research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Brachial Plexus Injuries ? ### Response: The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that conducts signals from the spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. Brachial plexus injuries are caused by damage to those nerves. Symptoms may include a limp or paralyzed arm; lack of muscle control in the arm, hand, or wrist; and a lack of feeling or sensation in the arm or hand.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Brachial Plexus Injuries ? ### Response: The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that conducts signals from the spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. Brachial plexus injuries are caused by damage to those nerves. Symptoms may include a limp or paralyzed arm; lack of muscle control in the arm, hand, or wrist; and a lack of feeling or sensation in the arm or hand.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Brachial Plexus Injuries ? ### Response: The site and type of brachial plexus injury determines the prognosis. For avulsion and rupture injuries, there is no potential for recovery unless surgical reconnection is made in a timely manner. The potential for recovery varies for neuroma and neuropraxia injuries.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Brachial Plexus Injuries ? ### Response: The site and type of brachial plexus injury determines the prognosis. For avulsion and rupture injuries, there is no potential for recovery unless surgical reconnection is made in a timely manner. The potential for recovery varies for neuroma and neuropraxia injuries.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dementia ? ### Response: Dementia is not a specific disease. It is a descriptive term for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders that affect the brain. People with dementia have significantly impaired intellectual functioning that interferes with normal activities and relationships.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Dementia ? ### Response: Drugs to specifically treat Alzheimers disease and some other progressive dementias are now available. Although these drugs do not halt the disease or reverse existing brain damage, they can improve symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. This may improve an individuals quality of life, ease the burden on caregivers, or delay admission to a nursing home.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Dementia ? ### Response: There are many disorders that can cause dementia. Some, such as Alzheimers disease or Huntingtons disease, lead to a progressive loss of mental functions. But other types of dementia can be halted or reversed with appropriate treatment. People with moderate or advanced dementia typically need round-the-clock care and supervision to prevent them from harming themselves or others.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Dementia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to dementia in laboratories at the NIH and also support additional dementia research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Motor Neuron Diseases ? ### Response: The motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy cells that control essential muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. Normally, messages from nerve cells in the brain (called upper motor neurons) are transmitted to nerve cells in the brain stem and spinal cord (called lower motor neurons) and from them to particular muscles.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Motor Neuron Diseases ? ### Response: There is no cure or standard treatment for the MNDs. Symptomatic and supportive treatment can help patients be more comfortable while maintaining their quality of life. The drug riluzole (Rilutek), which as of this date is the only drug approved by the U.S.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Motor Neuron Diseases ? ### Response: Prognosis varies depending on the type of MND and the age of onset. Some MNDs, such as primary lateral sclerosis and Kennedy disease, are not fatal and progress slowly. Patients with spinal muscular atrophy may appear to be stable for long periods, but improvement should not be expected.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Motor Neuron Diseases ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the leading supporter of biomedical research in the world.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hydrocephalus ? ### Response: Hydrocephalus is a condition in which the primary characteristic is excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -- the clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This excessive accumulation results in an abnormal dilation of the spaces in the brain called ventricles.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hydrocephalus ? ### Response: Hydrocephalus is most often treated with the surgical placement of a shunt system. This system diverts the flow of CSF from a site within the central nervous system to another area of the body where it can be absorbed as part of the circulatory process. A limited number of individuals can be treated with an alternative procedure called third ventriculostomy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Hydrocephalus ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals diagnosed with hydrocephalus is difficult to predict, although there is some correlation between the specific cause of hydrocephalus and the patient's outcome. Prognosis is further complicated by the presence of associated disorders, the timeliness of diagnosis, and the success of treatment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Hydrocephalus ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of fundamental studies that explore the complex mechanisms of normal brain development. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to protect, treat, and ultimately cure disorders such as hydrocephalus.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Encephaloceles ? ### Response: Encephaloceles are rare neural tube defects characterized by sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it through openings in the skull. These defects are caused by failure of the neural tube to close completely during fetal development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Encephaloceles ? ### Response: Generally, surgery is performed during infancy to place the protruding tissues back into the skull, remove the sac, and correct the associated craniofacial abnormalities. Even large protrusions can often be removed without causing major functional disability.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Encephaloceles ? ### Response: Generally, surgery is performed during infancy to place the protruding tissues back into the skull, remove the sac, and correct the associated craniofacial abnormalities. Even large protrusions can often be removed without causing major functional disability.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Encephaloceles ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the complex mechanisms of normal brain development. The knowledge gained from these fundamental studies provides the foundation for understanding how this process can go awry and offers hope for new means to treat and prevent congenital brain disorders including neural tube defects such as encephaloceles.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Apraxia ? ### Response: Apraxia (called "dyspraxia" if mild) is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform them. Apraxia results from dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, especially the parietal lobe, and can arise from many diseases or damage to the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Apraxia ? ### Response: Apraxia (called "dyspraxia" if mild) is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform them. Apraxia results from dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, especially the parietal lobe, and can arise from many diseases or damage to the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Apraxia ? ### Response: Apraxia (called "dyspraxia" if mild) is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform them. Apraxia results from dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, especially the parietal lobe, and can arise from many diseases or damage to the brain.