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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kennedy's Disease ? ### Response: Kennedy's disease is an inherited motor neuron disease that affects males. It is one of a group of disorders called lower motor neuron disorders (which involve disruptions in the transmission of nerve cell signals in the brain to nerve cells in the brain stem and spinal cord).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kennedy's Disease ? ### Response: Kennedy's disease is an inherited motor neuron disease that affects males. It is one of a group of disorders called lower motor neuron disorders (which involve disruptions in the transmission of nerve cell signals in the brain to nerve cells in the brain stem and spinal cord).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kennedy's Disease ? ### Response: Kennedy's disease is an inherited motor neuron disease that affects males. It is one of a group of disorders called lower motor neuron disorders (which involve disruptions in the transmission of nerve cell signals in the brain to nerve cells in the brain stem and spinal cord).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kennedy's Disease ? ### Response: Kennedy's disease is an inherited motor neuron disease that affects males. It is one of a group of disorders called lower motor neuron disorders (which involve disruptions in the transmission of nerve cell signals in the brain to nerve cells in the brain stem and spinal cord).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neurofibromatosis ? ### Response: The neurofibromatoses are genetic disorders that cause tumors to grow in the nervous system. The tumors begin in the supporting cells that make up the nerves and the myelin sheath--the thin membrane that envelops and protects the nerves. These disorders cause tumors to grow on nerves and, less frequently, in the brain and spinal cord, and produce other abnormalities such as skin changes and bone deformities.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Neurofibromatosis ? ### Response: Treatment may include surgery, focused radiation, or chemotherapy. Surgery to remove NF2 tumors completely is one option. Surgery for vestibular schwannomas does not restore hearing and usually reduces hearing. Sometimes surgery is not performed until functional hearing is lost completely.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neurofibromatosis ? ### Response: In most cases, symptoms of NF1 are mild, and individuals live normal and productive lives. In some cases, however, NF1 can be severely debilitating and may cause cosmetic and psychological issues. The course of NF2 varies greatly among individuals. Loss of hearing in both ears develops in most individuals with NF2.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neurofibromatosis ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. NINDS researchers are working to identify signaling pathways in the nervous system, with the hope of eventually developing drugs and techniques to help diagnose and treat NF.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome Disorder ? ### Response: Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS) is an inherited encephalopathy that affects newborn infants and usually results in severe mental and physical handicap. There are two forms of the syndrome: an early-onset form that is severe, and a late-onset form that has less impact upon neurological function.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome Disorder ? ### Response: Depending upon the severity of symptoms, children may require chest physiotherapy and treatment for respiratory complications. To ensure adequate nutrition and caloric intake, some infants may require special accommodations for diet and feeding. Seizures may be managed with standard anticonvulsant medications.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome Disorder ? ### Response: The prognosis depends upon the severity of symptoms. Children with early-onset AGS have the highest risk of death. Children with the later-onset form may be left with weakness or stiffness in the peripheral muscles and arms, weak muscles in the trunk of the body, and poor head control.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome Disorder ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support research related to AGS through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Current research is aimed at finding new methods for treating and ultimately preventing or curing AGS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Pseudotumor Cerebri ? ### Response: Pseudotumor cerebri literally means "false brain tumor." It is likely due to high pressure within the skull caused by the buildup or poor absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The disorder is most common in women between the ages of 20 and 50. Symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri, which include headache, nausea, vomiting, and pulsating sounds within the head, closely mimic symptoms of large brain tumors.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Pseudotumor Cerebri ? ### Response: Obesity, other treatable diseases, and some medications can cause raised intracranial pressure and symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri. A thorough medical history and physical examination is needed to evaluate these factors. If a diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri is confirmed, close, repeated ophthalmologic exams are required to monitor any changes in vision.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Pseudotumor Cerebri ? ### Response: Obesity, other treatable diseases, and some medications can cause raised intracranial pressure and symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri. A thorough medical history and physical examination is needed to evaluate these factors. If a diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri is confirmed, close, repeated ophthalmologic exams are required to monitor any changes in vision.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Pseudotumor Cerebri ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports research on disorders of the brain and nervous system, including pseudotumor cerebri. This research focuses primarily on increasing scientific understanding of these disorders and finding ways to prevent, treat, and cure them.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Schilder's Disease ? ### Response: Schilder's disease is a rare progressive demyelinating disorder which usually begins in childhood. Schilder's disease is not the same as Addison-Schilder disease (adrenoleukodystrophy). Symptoms may include dementia, aphasia, seizures, personality changes, poor attention, tremors, balance instability, incontinence, muscle weakness, headache, vomiting, and vision and speech impairment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Schilder's Disease ? ### Response: Schilder's disease is a rare progressive demyelinating disorder which usually begins in childhood. Schilder's disease is not the same as Addison-Schilder disease (adrenoleukodystrophy). Symptoms may include dementia, aphasia, seizures, personality changes, poor attention, tremors, balance instability, incontinence, muscle weakness, headache, vomiting, and vision and speech impairment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Schilder's Disease ? ### Response: As with multiple sclerosis, the course and prognosis of Schilder's disease are unpredictable. For some individuals the disorder is progressive with a steady, unremitting course. Others may experience significant improvement and even remission. In some cases, Schilder's disease is fatal.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Schilder's Disease ? ### Response: As with multiple sclerosis, the course and prognosis of Schilder's disease are unpredictable. For some individuals the disorder is progressive with a steady, unremitting course. Others may experience significant improvement and even remission. In some cases, Schilder's disease is fatal.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tarlov Cysts ? ### Response: Tarlov cysts may be drained and shunted to relieve pressure and pain, but relief is often only temporary and fluid build-up in the cysts will recur. Corticosteroid injections may also temporarily relieve pain. Other drugs may be prescribed to treat chronic pain and depression.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tarlov Cysts ? ### Response: Tarlov cysts may be drained and shunted to relieve pressure and pain, but relief is often only temporary and fluid build-up in the cysts will recur. Corticosteroid injections may also temporarily relieve pain. Other drugs may be prescribed to treat chronic pain and depression.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tarlov Cysts ? ### Response: Tarlov cysts may be drained and shunted to relieve pressure and pain, but relief is often only temporary and fluid build-up in the cysts will recur. Corticosteroid injections may also temporarily relieve pain. Other drugs may be prescribed to treat chronic pain and depression.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Multiple Sclerosis ? ### Response: An unpredictable disease of the central nervous system, multiple sclerosis (MS) can range from relatively benign to somewhat disabling to devastating, as communication between the brain and other parts of the body is disrupted. Many investigators believe MS to be an autoimmune disease -- one in which the body, through its immune system, launches a defensive attack against its own tissues.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Multiple Sclerosis ? ### Response: There is as yet no cure for MS. Many patients do well with no therapy at all, especially since many medications have serious side effects and some carry significant risks. However, three forms of beta interferon (Avonex, Betaseron, and Rebif) have now been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of relapsing-remitting MS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Multiple Sclerosis ? ### Response: A physician may diagnose MS in some patients soon after the onset of the illness. In others, however, doctors may not be able to readily identify the cause of the symptoms, leading to years of uncertainty and multiple diagnoses punctuated by baffling symptoms that mysteriously wax and wane.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Multiple Sclerosis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research in laboratories at the NIH and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Moebius Syndrome ? ### Response: Moebius syndrome is a rare birth defect caused by the absence or underdevelopment of the 6th and 7th cranial nerves, which control eye movements and facial expression. Many of the other cranial nerves may also be affected, including the 3rd, 5th, 8th, 9th, 11th and 12th.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Moebius Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no specific course of treatment for Moebius syndrome. Treatment is supportive and in accordance with symptoms. Infants may require feeding tubes or special bottles to maintain sufficient nutrition. Surgery may correct crossed eyes and improve limb and jaw deformities.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Moebius Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no specific course of treatment for Moebius syndrome. Treatment is supportive and in accordance with symptoms. Infants may require feeding tubes or special bottles to maintain sufficient nutrition. Surgery may correct crossed eyes and improve limb and jaw deformities.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Moebius Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no specific course of treatment for Moebius syndrome. Treatment is supportive and in accordance with symptoms. Infants may require feeding tubes or special bottles to maintain sufficient nutrition. Surgery may correct crossed eyes and improve limb and jaw deformities.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Thyrotoxic Myopathy ? ### Response: Thyrotoxic myopathy is a neuromuscular disorder that may accompany hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease, caused by overproduction of the thyroid hormone thyroxine). Symptoms may include muscle weakness, myalgias (muscle tenderness), wasting of the pelvic girdle and shoulder muscles, fatigue, and/or heat intolerance.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Thyrotoxic Myopathy ? ### Response: Thyrotoxic myopathy is a neuromuscular disorder that may accompany hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease, caused by overproduction of the thyroid hormone thyroxine). Symptoms may include muscle weakness, myalgias (muscle tenderness), wasting of the pelvic girdle and shoulder muscles, fatigue, and/or heat intolerance.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Thyrotoxic Myopathy ? ### Response: Thyrotoxic myopathy is a neuromuscular disorder that may accompany hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease, caused by overproduction of the thyroid hormone thyroxine). Symptoms may include muscle weakness, myalgias (muscle tenderness), wasting of the pelvic girdle and shoulder muscles, fatigue, and/or heat intolerance.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Thyrotoxic Myopathy ? ### Response: Thyrotoxic myopathy is a neuromuscular disorder that may accompany hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease, caused by overproduction of the thyroid hormone thyroxine). Symptoms may include muscle weakness, myalgias (muscle tenderness), wasting of the pelvic girdle and shoulder muscles, fatigue, and/or heat intolerance.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neuroacanthocytosis ? ### Response: Neuroacanthocytosis refers to a group of genetic conditions that are characterized by movement disorders and acanthocytosis (abnormal, spiculated red blood cells). Four syndromes are classified as neuroacanthocytosis: Chorea-acanthocytosis, McLeod syndrome, Huntington's disease-like 2 (HDL2), and panthothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Neuroacanthocytosis ? ### Response: There are currently no treatments to prevent or slow the progression of neuroacanthocytosis and treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Medications that block dopamine, such as some of the antipsychotics, may decrease the involuntary movements. Botulinum toxin injections usually improve symptoms of dystonia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Neuroacanthocytosis ? ### Response: There are currently no treatments to prevent or slow the progression of neuroacanthocytosis and treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Medications that block dopamine, such as some of the antipsychotics, may decrease the involuntary movements. Botulinum toxin injections usually improve symptoms of dystonia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neuroacanthocytosis ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research on disorders such as neuroacanthocytosis, aimed at increasing scientific understanding of the disorders and finding ways to prevent and treat them. The genetic mutations responsible for some types of neuroacanthocytosis have recently been identified.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Sotos Syndrome ? ### Response: Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutation in the NSD1 gene on chromosome 5. It is characterized by excessive physical growth during the first few years of life. Children with Sotos syndrome tend to be large at birth and are often taller, heavier, and have larger heads (macrocrania) than is normal for their age.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Sotos Syndrome ? ### Response: Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutation in the NSD1 gene on chromosome 5. It is characterized by excessive physical growth during the first few years of life. Children with Sotos syndrome tend to be large at birth and are often taller, heavier, and have larger heads (macrocrania) than is normal for their age.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Sotos Syndrome ? ### Response: Sotos syndrome is not a life-threatening disorder and patients may have a normal life expectancy. The initial abnormalities of Sotos syndrome usually resolve as the growth rate becomes normal after the first few years of life. Developmental delays may improve in the school-age years, and adults with Sotos syndrome are likely to be within the normal range for intellect and height.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Sotos Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS supports and conducts a wide range of studies which focus on identifying and learning more about the genes involved in normal brain development. The knowledge gained from these fundamental studies provides the foundation for understanding how this process can go awry and, thus, may eventually give clues to understanding disorders such as Sotos syndrome.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) ? ### Response: Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome (COFS) is a pediatric, genetic, degenerative disorder that involves the brain and the spinal cord. It is characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities, severely reduced muscle tone, and impairment of reflexes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) ? ### Response: Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome (COFS) is a pediatric, genetic, degenerative disorder that involves the brain and the spinal cord. It is characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities, severely reduced muscle tone, and impairment of reflexes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) ? ### Response: Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome (COFS) is a pediatric, genetic, degenerative disorder that involves the brain and the spinal cord. It is characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities, severely reduced muscle tone, and impairment of reflexes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome (COFS) ? ### Response: Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome (COFS) is a pediatric, genetic, degenerative disorder that involves the brain and the spinal cord. It is characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities, severely reduced muscle tone, and impairment of reflexes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Piriformis Syndrome ? ### Response: Piriformis syndrome is a rare neuromuscular disorder that occurs when the piriformis muscle compresses or irritates the sciatic nerve-the largest nerve in the body. The piriformis muscle is a narrow muscle located in the buttocks. Compression of the sciatic nerve causes pain-frequently described as tingling or numbness-in the buttocks and along the nerve, often down to the leg.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Piriformis Syndrome ? ### Response: Generally, treatment for the disorder begins with stretching exercises and massage. Anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed. Cessation of running, bicycling, or similar activities may be advised. A corticosteroid injection near where the piriformis muscle and the sciatic nerve meet may provide temporary relief.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Piriformis Syndrome ? ### Response: The prognosis for most individuals with piriformis syndrome is good. Once symptoms of the disorder are addressed, individuals can usually resume their normal activities. In some cases, exercise regimens may need to be modified in order to reduce the likelihood of recurrence or worsening.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Piriformis Syndrome ? ### Response: Within the NINDS research programs, piriformis syndrome is addressed primarily through studies associated with pain research. NINDS vigorously pursues a research program seeking new treatments for pain and nerve damage with the ultimate goal of reversing debilitating conditions such as piriformis syndrome.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Spinal Cord Infarction ? ### Response: Spinal cord infarction is a stroke either within the spinal cord or the arteries that supply it. It is caused by arteriosclerosis or a thickening or closing of the major arteries to the spinal cord. Frequently spinal cord infarction is caused by a specific form of arteriosclerosis called atheromatosis, in which a deposit or accumulation of lipid-containing matter forms within the arteries.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Spinal Cord Infarction ? ### Response: Spinal cord infarction is a stroke either within the spinal cord or the arteries that supply it. It is caused by arteriosclerosis or a thickening or closing of the major arteries to the spinal cord. Frequently spinal cord infarction is caused by a specific form of arteriosclerosis called atheromatosis, in which a deposit or accumulation of lipid-containing matter forms within the arteries.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Spinal Cord Infarction ? ### Response: Spinal cord infarction is a stroke either within the spinal cord or the arteries that supply it. It is caused by arteriosclerosis or a thickening or closing of the major arteries to the spinal cord. Frequently spinal cord infarction is caused by a specific form of arteriosclerosis called atheromatosis, in which a deposit or accumulation of lipid-containing matter forms within the arteries.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Spinal Cord Infarction ? ### Response: Spinal cord infarction is a stroke either within the spinal cord or the arteries that supply it. It is caused by arteriosclerosis or a thickening or closing of the major arteries to the spinal cord. Frequently spinal cord infarction is caused by a specific form of arteriosclerosis called atheromatosis, in which a deposit or accumulation of lipid-containing matter forms within the arteries.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Repetitive Motion Disorders ? ### Response: Repetitive motion disorders (RMDs) are a family of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work or daily activities. RMDs include carpal tunnel syndrome, bursitis, tendonitis, epicondylitis, ganglion cyst, tenosynovitis, and trigger finger.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Repetitive Motion Disorders ? ### Response: Treatment for RMDs usually includes reducing or stopping the motions that cause symptoms. Options include taking breaks to give the affected area time to rest, and adopting stretching and relaxation exercises. Applying ice to the affected area and using medications such as pain relievers, cortisone, and anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce pain and swelling.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Repetitive Motion Disorders ? ### Response: Most individuals with RMDs recover completely and can avoid re-injury by changing the way they perform repetitive movements, the frequency with which they perform them, and the amount of time they rest between movements. Without treatment, RMDs may result in permanent injury and complete loss of function in the affected area.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Repetitive Motion Disorders ? ### Response: Most individuals with RMDs recover completely and can avoid re-injury by changing the way they perform repetitive movements, the frequency with which they perform them, and the amount of time they rest between movements. Without treatment, RMDs may result in permanent injury and complete loss of function in the affected area.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Klippel Feil Syndrome ? ### Response: Klippel-Feil Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the congenital fusion of two or more cervical (neck) vertebrae. It is caused by a failure in the normal segmentation or division of the cervical vertebrae during the early weeks of fetal development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Klippel Feil Syndrome ? ### Response: Klippel-Feil Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the congenital fusion of two or more cervical (neck) vertebrae. It is caused by a failure in the normal segmentation or division of the cervical vertebrae during the early weeks of fetal development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Klippel Feil Syndrome ? ### Response: Klippel-Feil Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the congenital fusion of two or more cervical (neck) vertebrae. It is caused by a failure in the normal segmentation or division of the cervical vertebrae during the early weeks of fetal development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Klippel Feil Syndrome ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge abuot the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. Research supported by the NINDS includes studies to understand how the brain and nervous system normally develop and function and how they are affected by disease and trauma.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ? ### Response: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The carpal tunnel is a narrow, rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand that houses the median nerve and the tendons that bend the fingers.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ? ### Response: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The carpal tunnel is a narrow, rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand that houses the median nerve and the tendons that bend the fingers.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ? ### Response: In general, carpal tunnel syndrome responds well to treatment, but less than half of individuals report their hand(s) feeling completely normal following surgery. Some residual numbness or weakness is common. At work, people can perform stretching exercises, take frequent rest breaks, wear splints to keep wrists straight, and use correct posture and wrist position to help prevent or worsen symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to conduct fundamental research on the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. NINDS-funded scientists are studying the factors that lead to long-lasting nerve pain disorders, and how the affected nerves are related to symptoms of numbness, loss of function, and pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Opsoclonus Myoclonus ? ### Response: Opsoclonus myoclonus is a rare neurological disorder characterized by an unsteady, trembling gait, myoclonus (brief, shock-like muscle spasms), and opsoclonus (irregular, rapid eye movements). Other symptoms may include difficulty speaking, poorly articulated speech, or an inability to speak.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Opsoclonus Myoclonus ? ### Response: Opsoclonus myoclonus is a rare neurological disorder characterized by an unsteady, trembling gait, myoclonus (brief, shock-like muscle spasms), and opsoclonus (irregular, rapid eye movements). Other symptoms may include difficulty speaking, poorly articulated speech, or an inability to speak.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Opsoclonus Myoclonus ? ### Response: The prognosis for opsoclonus myoclonus varies depending on the symptoms and the presence and treatment of tumors. With treatment of the underlying cause of the disorder, there may be an improvement of symptoms. The symptoms sometimes recur without warning. Generally the disorder is not fatal.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Opsoclonus Myoclonus ? ### Response: The prognosis for opsoclonus myoclonus varies depending on the symptoms and the presence and treatment of tumors. With treatment of the underlying cause of the disorder, there may be an improvement of symptoms. The symptoms sometimes recur without warning. Generally the disorder is not fatal.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dysautonomia ? ### Response: Dysautonomia refers to a disorder of autonomic nervous system (ANS) function that generally involves failure of the sympathetic or parasympathetic components of the ANS, but dysautonomia involving excessive or overactive ANS actions also can occur. Dysautonomia can be local, as in reflex sympathetic dystrophy, or generalized, as in pure autonomic failure.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Dysautonomia ? ### Response: There is usually no cure for dysautonomia. Secondary forms may improve with treatment of the underlying disease. In many cases treatment of primary dysautonomia is symptomatic and supportive. Measures to combat orthostatic hypotension include elevation of the head of the bed, water bolus (rapid infusion of water given intravenously), a high-salt diet, and drugs such as fludrocortisone and midodrine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Dysautonomia ? ### Response: The outlook for individuals with dysautonomia depends on the particular diagnostic category. People with chronic, progressive, generalized dysautonomia in the setting of central nervous system degeneration have a generally poor long-term prognosis. Death can occur from pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, or sudden cardiopulmonary arrest.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Dysautonomia ? ### Response: The outlook for individuals with dysautonomia depends on the particular diagnostic category. People with chronic, progressive, generalized dysautonomia in the setting of central nervous system degeneration have a generally poor long-term prognosis. Death can occur from pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, or sudden cardiopulmonary arrest.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ? ### Response: Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is one of a group of genetic disorders called the leukodystrophies, which are characterized by the toxic buildup of lipids (fatty materials such as oils and waxes) and other storage materials in cells in the white matter of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ? ### Response: There is no cure for MLD. Bone marrow transplantation may delay progression of the disease in some infantile-onset cases. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Considerable progress has been made with regard to gene therapy in an animal model of MLD and in clinical trials.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ? ### Response: The prognosis for MLD is poor. Most children within the infantile form die by age 5. Symptoms of the juvenile form progress with death occurring 10 to 20 years following onset. Those persons affected by the adult form typically die withing 6 to 14 years following onset of symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the leading supporter of biomedical research in the world.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke ? ### Response: Atrial fibrillation (AF) describes the rapid, irregular beating of the left atrium (upper chamber) of the heart. These rapid contractions of the heart are weaker than normal contractions, resulting in slow flow of blood in the atrium. The blood pools and becomes sluggish and can result in the formation of blood clots.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke ? ### Response: Within a few hours after onset of a stroke, treatment with drugs or devices that dissolve or break up the clot can restore blood flow to the brain and lead to a better recovery. To prevent strokes related to AF, doctors often prescribe medications to prevent formation of clots in the heart, which can travel to the brain and cause stroke.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke ? ### Response: AF, which affects as many as 2.2 million Americans, increases an individuals risk of stroke by 4 to 6 times on average. The risk increases with age. In people over 80 years old, AF is the direct cause of 1 in 4 strokes. Treating individuals with warfarin or new blood thinners reduces the rate of stroke for those who have AF by approximately one-half to two- thirds.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is the leading Federal agency directing and funding research relevant to AF and stroke prevention. The NINDS conducts basic and clinical research in its laboratories and clinics at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major research institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Migraine ? ### Response: The pain of a migraine headache is often described as an intense pulsing or throbbing pain in one area of the head. However, it is much more; the International Headache Society diagnoses a migraine by its pain and number of attacks (at least 5, lasting 4-72 hours if untreated), and additional symptoms including nausea and/or vomiting, or sensitivity to both light and sound.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Migraine ? ### Response: There is no absolute cure for migraine since its pathophysiology has yet to be fully understood. There are two ways to approach the treatment of migraine headache with drugs: prevent the attacks, or relieve the symptoms during the attacks. Prevention involves the use of medications and behavioral changes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Migraine ? ### Response: Responsive prevention and treatment of migraine is incredibly important. Evidence shows an increased sensitivity after each successive attack, eventually leading to chronic daily migraine in some individuals With proper combination of drugs for prevention and treatment of migraine attacks most individuals can overcome much of the discomfort from this debilitating disorder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Migraine ? ### Response: Researchers believe that migraine is the result of fundamental neurological abnormalities caused by genetic mutations at work in the brain. New models are aiding scientists in studying the basic science involved in the biological cascade, genetic components and mechanisms of migraine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Aicardi Syndrome ? ### Response: Aicardi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects newborn girls. The condition is sporadic, meaning it is not known to pass from parent to child. (An exception is a report of two sisters and a pair of identical twins, all of whom were affected.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Aicardi Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for Aicardi syndrome nor is there a standard course of treatment. Treatment generally involves medical management of seizures and programs to help parents and children cope with developmental delays. Long-term management by a pediatric neurologist with expertise in the management of infantile spasms is recommended.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Aicardi Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for Aicardi syndrome nor is there a standard course of treatment. Treatment generally involves medical management of seizures and programs to help parents and children cope with developmental delays. Long-term management by a pediatric neurologist with expertise in the management of infantile spasms is recommended.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Aicardi Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS supports and conducts research on neurogenetic disorders such as Aicardi syndrome. The goals of this research are to locate and understand the genes involved and to develop techniques to diagnose, treat, prevent, and ultimately cure disorders such as Aicardi syndrome.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Refsum Disease ? ### Response: Adult Refsum disease (ARD) is a rare genetic disease that causes weakness or numbness of the hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy). Due to a genetic abnormality, people with ARD disease lack the enzyme in peroxisomes that break down phytanic acid, a type of fat found in certain foods.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Refsum Disease ? ### Response: The primary treatment for ARD is to restrict or avoid foods that contain phytanic acid, including dairy products; beef and lamb; and fatty fish such as tuna, cod, and haddock. Some individuals may also require plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) in which blood is drawn, filtered, and reinfused back into the body, to control the buildup of phytanic acid.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Refsum Disease ? ### Response: ARD is treatable because phytanic acid is not produced by the body, but is only found in foods. With treatment, muscle weakness, numbness, and dry and scaly skin generally disappear. However, vision and hearing problems may persist and the sense of smell may not return.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Refsum Disease ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports research related to Adult Refsum Disease through grants to major research institutions across the country. Research is focused on finding better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure ARD and other peroxisomal disorders.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Frontotemporal Dementia ? ### Response: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) describes a clinical syndrome associated with shrinking of the frontal and temporal anterior lobes of the brain. Originally known as Picks disease, the name and classification of FTD has been a topic of discussion for over a century.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Frontotemporal Dementia ? ### Response: No treatment has been shown to slow the progression of FTD. Behavior modification may help control unacceptable or dangerous behaviors. Aggressive, agitated, or dangerous behaviors could require medication. Anti-depressants have been shown to improve some symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Frontotemporal Dementia ? ### Response: The outcome for people with FTD is poor. The disease progresses steadily and often rapidly, ranging from less than 2 years in some individuals to more than 10 years in others. Eventually some individuals with FTD will need 24-hour care and monitoring at home or in an institutionalized care setting.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Frontotemporal Dementia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conduct research related to FTD in laboratories at the NIH, and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Shaken Baby Syndrome ? ### Response: Shaken baby syndrome is a type of inflicted traumatic brain injury that happens when a baby is violently shaken. A baby has weak neck muscles and a large, heavy head. Shaking makes the fragile brain bounce back and forth inside the skull and causes bruising, swelling, and bleeding, which can lead to permanent, severe brain damage or death.