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PL9fwy3NUQKwY2VeAiCJWVIF9_gd5SI9lJ/1Siama2xnE8_postprocess.srt

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+1
+00:00:02,230 --> 00:00:06,690
+عوض بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
+
+2
+00:00:06,690 --> 00:00:11,730
+الحمد لله وكفا و أصلب و أسلم على النبي المصطفى
+
+3
+00:00:11,730 --> 00:00:17,990
+أتشرف أن أبلغ معكم المحاضرة الأخيرة الثانية
+
+4
+00:00:17,990 --> 00:00:22,910
+والثلاثين في هذا المساق الشيق مساق الأحياء الدقيقة
+
+5
+00:00:22,910 --> 00:00:31,070
+لطلبة البصريات الطبيةالان هنتكلم عن باقي الفيروسات
+
+6
+00:00:31,070 --> 00:00:35,850
+اللتي تصيب العين هنتكلم اليوم عن 3 فيروسات أولها
+
+7
+00:00:35,850 --> 00:00:42,890
+german measel virus german measel الحصب الألماني
+
+8
+00:00:42,890 --> 00:00:47,660
+ربما كان اول اكتشافه في ألمانياانتشرت في البلاد
+
+9
+00:00:47,660 --> 00:00:53,960
+وهذا حقيقة الفيروس مهم في ناحية انه يصيب الحوامل
+
+10
+00:00:53,960 --> 00:01:01,080
+وقد يؤدي الى تدمير وقتل الجنين في بطن أمه او تشوهه
+
+11
+00:01:01,080 --> 00:01:07,680
+بعد الولادة وهنشوف احنا الفيروس مشهور باسم Rubella
+
+12
+00:01:07,680 --> 00:01:14,400
+ربما اللي اكتشفوا اسم Rubella في المانيافسموه
+
+13
+00:01:14,400 --> 00:01:17,740
+باسمه هو ال German Messenger الحصب الألماني لكن
+
+14
+00:01:17,740 --> 00:01:23,580
+مشهور باسم Rubella Rubella يعني اسم عالم مكتشف هو
+
+15
+00:01:23,580 --> 00:01:29,900
+Paramezovirus يختلف عن الفيروسات اللي أخدناها
+
+16
+00:01:29,900 --> 00:01:35,760
+بتاعة ال herpes و slow virus يعني slow virus يعني
+
+17
+00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:44,260
+فيروس يعني بطيء و يفتقد إلى ال activityيعني
+
+18
+00:01:44,260 --> 00:01:49,460
+ماعندهوش activity كافية زي باخر الفيروسات فهو يعني
+
+19
+00:01:49,460 --> 00:01:54,460
+مزمن يؤدي إلى مرض مزمن مش هاد زي باخر الفيروسات
+
+20
+00:01:54,460 --> 00:02:03,480
+وحنشوف احنا الفيروس بياخد شجور خلال سنين عشان يحدد
+
+21
+00:02:03,480 --> 00:02:09,820
+ال symptoms عشان يكون فيروسو لا يوجد اكتبتي في
+
+22
+00:02:09,820 --> 00:02:15,840
+النقل الحصبي أو الانتقال في جسم الإنسان السريع
+
+23
+00:02:15,840 --> 00:02:19,700
+الفيروس
+
+24
+00:02:19,700 --> 00:02:28,500
+كان نادر الحدوث في البلاد المتحدة الأمريكية خاصة
+
+25
+00:02:28,500 --> 00:02:36,680
+بعد سنة 1863 لما اكتشفوا اللي هو ال vaccineتطعيم
+
+26
+00:02:36,680 --> 00:02:44,880
+بتاعه حقيقة صار rare اه و قبلها كان طبعا اكتر لكن
+
+27
+00:02:44,880 --> 00:02:50,960
+بيسيب نوعين من الأطفال بيسيب الأطفال اللي ماتجوش
+
+28
+00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:56,700
+تطعيم بعد الولادة راح على المدرسة بدون ان يتطعم
+
+29
+00:02:56,700 --> 00:03:02,700
+فهذا ممكن ان يصيبه الفيروس او حتى شاب او شابة لم
+
+30
+00:03:02,700 --> 00:03:11,570
+يتلقى تطعيميبقى هو هذا اللي هو لم يأخذ التطعيم اه
+
+31
+00:03:11,570 --> 00:03:18,630
+في ال ELA هذا مينصاب رحت عليه يعني يعني هذا اتفضل
+
+32
+00:03:18,630 --> 00:03:22,370
+من غير تطعيم وبالتالي هذا عرض للإصابة والناس
+
+33
+00:03:22,370 --> 00:03:27,090
+التانين اللي هو الجنين في بطن أمه الجنين في بطن
+
+34
+00:03:27,090 --> 00:03:33,310
+أمه هؤلاء يعني ممكن ينصابواالناس الـ non-immunized
+
+35
+00:03:33,310 --> 00:03:39,910
+الذين لم يتم تطييبهم والأطفال اللي لم يتركوا
+
+36
+00:03:39,910 --> 00:03:48,850
+اللقاح بعد الولادة أو الجنين في بطنهم هذه الصورة
+
+37
+00:03:48,850 --> 00:03:52,650
+الميكروسكوبية تعت الهوريوبيلا فيروس او german
+
+38
+00:03:52,650 --> 00:03:59,510
+measles virus حبل نووي وبرّا الـ spikes هذه وبعدين
+
+39
+00:03:59,510 --> 00:04:05,850
+الـ nuclear capsuleأه شايفين و ال envelope الخارجي
+
+40
+00:04:05,850 --> 00:04:10,410
+الأخضر هذا envelope طب ايه في الناحية الوبائية و
+
+41
+00:04:10,410 --> 00:04:19,170
+الانتشار بتاعه اه اقول انه ال virus من سنة ستة الى
+
+42
+00:04:19,170 --> 00:04:24,830
+تسعة سنين بيعمل epidemic يعني بيكون وباء ممكن يعمل
+
+43
+00:04:24,830 --> 00:04:32,340
+وباء في الأطفال اهويتكاتر ف�� الجهاز التنفسي للأسف
+
+44
+00:04:32,340 --> 00:04:39,060
+في الشعب الهوائية وفي الشعبات الهوائية وينتقل عبر
+
+45
+00:04:39,060 --> 00:04:44,260
+القطيرات التنفسية يعني اللي بتطلع من الأنف و الكحة
+
+46
+00:04:44,260 --> 00:04:48,980
+و العطاس روبلس اللي بتطلع من الناس و الفريق من
+
+47
+00:04:48,980 --> 00:04:58,040
+اللي هو الحرق و العومبقول ان ال 25% من نساء
+
+48
+00:04:58,040 --> 00:05:03,660
+الحوامل مشكانين مخلين تطيب قبل ذلك و هم عرضة ان
+
+49
+00:05:03,660 --> 00:05:10,100
+يصابوا اثناء الحمل و يعني يؤدي الى قتل او تشويه
+
+50
+00:05:10,100 --> 00:05:15,100
+الجنين ال
+
+51
+00:05:15,100 --> 00:05:21,040
+virus ممكن انه يتم استخراجه واستخلاصه
+
+52
+00:05:22,170 --> 00:05:26,630
+عدة سنين من المرضى بعد عدة سنين يعني هذا بيروس
+
+53
+00:05:26,630 --> 00:05:33,090
+مزمن هذا كمان روبيلا فيروس روبيلا فيروس روبيلا
+
+54
+00:05:33,090 --> 00:05:34,030
+فيروس روبيلا فيروس روبيلا فيروس روبيلا فيروس
+
+55
+00:05:34,030 --> 00:05:35,670
+روبيلا فيروس روبيلا فيروس روبيلا فيروس روبيلا
+
+56
+00:05:35,670 --> 00:05:38,530
+فيروس روبيلا فيروس روبيلا فيروس روبيلا فيروس
+
+57
+00:05:38,530 --> 00:05:39,850
+روبيلا فيروس روبيلا فيروس روبيلا فيروس روبيلا
+
+58
+00:05:39,850 --> 00:05:48,670
+فيروس روبيلا فيروس روبيلا
+
+59
+00:05:48,670 --> 00:05:53,460
+فيروسهو يجسم الـ Clinical Picture أصوات كليكية
+
+60
+00:05:53,460 --> 00:05:58,060
+التي تحتوي على العلماء والأعراض إلى نوعين الـ
+
+61
+00:05:58,060 --> 00:06:01,880
+General Clinical Picture و الـ Ocular Clinical
+
+62
+00:06:01,880 --> 00:06:06,120
+Picture احنا بنركز كتير على الـ Ocular Clinical
+
+63
+00:06:06,120 --> 00:06:13,940
+Picture الـ General Picture انه في الأضل ساخن في
+
+64
+00:06:13,940 --> 00:06:19,820
+بلش عند سخونة إذك يعني صدراء و ماليزي يعني عنده
+
+65
+00:06:19,820 --> 00:06:25,880
+إغياءماليز يعني إعياء بعد أيام من هذه السخونة
+
+66
+00:06:25,880 --> 00:06:32,100
+والإعياء بيبدأ طفح جلدي يطلع على جلده اسمه ماكيولو
+
+67
+00:06:32,100 --> 00:06:37,300
+popular rash الماكيولو يعني حبيبات صغيرة
+
+68
+00:06:37,300 --> 00:06:43,480
+والفابيولو حبيبات أكبر ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو
+
+69
+00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:49,220
+ماكيولو ماكيولو
+
+70
+00:06:49,220 --> 00:06:49,960
+ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو
+
+71
+00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:50,000
+ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو
+
+72
+00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:51,010
+ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكيولو ماكوعلى
+
+73
+00:06:51,010 --> 00:06:54,990
+الصدر وعلى بطنها ده اسمه trunk يعني مش على إيدي
+
+74
+00:06:54,990 --> 00:06:59,530
+ورجليك وبعدين تنتشر إلى ال extremities تنتشر إلى
+
+75
+00:06:59,530 --> 00:07:05,170
+اللي هو ال upper limb و ال lower limb و لهذه
+
+76
+00:07:05,170 --> 00:07:11,130
+الأعراض تنتشر
+
+77
+00:07:11,130 --> 00:07:20,710
+إلى الأعضاء ممكن في الدم عبر الدم طبعافي
+
+78
+00:07:20,710 --> 00:07:26,530
+Antibiotics اتشكلت دي اللي هو الفيروس عبر مهاجمة
+
+79
+00:07:26,530 --> 00:07:32,330
+ال lymphocytes له فممكن انه يعمل thrombocytopenic
+
+80
+00:07:32,330 --> 00:07:39,130
+pebra انه استقلال الدموية اللي في جسم المريض
+
+81
+00:07:39,130 --> 00:07:46,470
+يصيرها نوع من الاستهلاك ويعني يصير قليلا من ما
+
+82
+00:07:46,470 --> 00:07:52,150
+يودي الى نزيفThrombocytes يعني الصفائح الدموية
+
+83
+00:07:52,150 --> 00:07:58,450
+Platelets وPenic يعني قليل وPepra يعني نزيف نزيف
+
+84
+00:07:58,450 --> 00:08:02,650
+نتيجة انقلت عند الصفائح الدموية بفعل الفيروس اللي
+
+85
+00:08:02,650 --> 00:08:06,950
+هو Rubella أو German Maze وممكن تصير
+
+86
+00:08:06,950 --> 00:08:12,730
+lymphadenopathy تضخم في العقد اللينفاوية خاصة في
+
+87
+00:08:12,730 --> 00:08:20,100
+الرقبة وفي الحلق وSplenomegaly تضخم في الطحالممكن
+
+88
+00:08:20,100 --> 00:08:24,800
+في الحالات اللى وضع فيها صعب ومافيها مناعة كافية
+
+89
+00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:29,220
+انه يصل للمخ عبر الدم سيرقام الانتفاليتس انتقام
+
+90
+00:08:29,220 --> 00:08:36,040
+المخ و ال arthritis اللى هو المفاصل وممكن ال
+
+91
+00:08:36,040 --> 00:08:41,310
+hemorrhage يعني من الحلق او من عضاء اخرىممكن تصير
+
+92
+00:08:41,310 --> 00:08:45,370
+كاربايتس الفهاب في عضلة القلب loss of hearing يعني
+
+93
+00:08:45,370 --> 00:08:51,570
+تصير بسماعش وجينته يورانيالي infections او
+
+94
+00:08:51,570 --> 00:08:59,850
+disorders تصيبوا اضطرابات في اللي هو الجهاز البولي
+
+95
+00:08:59,850 --> 00:09:02,390
+الإخصابي
+
+96
+00:09:03,590 --> 00:09:08,010
+أو اللي هو ال gen-c لكن هذه الأضعمة في ال stations
+
+97
+00:09:08,010 --> 00:09:13,230
+جليلة جدا هذه rare يعني هذه الخمسة rare احنا شفنا
+
+98
+00:09:13,230 --> 00:09:17,710
+حقيقة مرضى حتى thrombocytopenic fever عنده جليل
+
+99
+00:09:17,710 --> 00:09:23,790
+لكن بسخر اه و بسيبه صداء اه و بسيبه اللي هو اعياء
+
+100
+00:09:23,790 --> 00:09:30,030
+اه و ال rush ضروري كلهم بسيب بسيبهم rush بعد هيك
+
+101
+00:09:30,030 --> 00:09:32,730
+جليل اللي بسيبه اللذيف هذا
+
+102
+00:09:36,940 --> 00:09:42,660
+هو الرقبة اه بيصير لكن هذا نادرا ما بيصير خاطئ
+
+103
+00:09:42,660 --> 00:09:48,640
+يعني الا في ناس عندهم نقص منعي طب دي جال العين ايش
+
+104
+00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:53,540
+الفيروس هذا بيعمل في العين بيعمل التهاب من تحماك
+
+105
+00:09:53,540 --> 00:09:59,100
+وdirectivitis التهاب القزحية iritis ممكن يعمل
+
+106
+00:09:59,100 --> 00:10:04,540
+superficial keratitis في الepitheliumof the
+
+107
+00:10:04,540 --> 00:10:09,900
+quernia ممكن يعمل paniobiates هذه طبعا نادرة جدا
+
+108
+00:10:09,900 --> 00:10:14,860
+paniobiates يعني في كل الممر النقودي اللي بتكون من
+
+109
+00:10:14,860 --> 00:10:20,020
+الائرز والسلريبودي والكرايز ممكن انه يعمل
+
+110
+00:10:20,020 --> 00:10:24,380
+exudative retinal detachment يعني exudative
+
+111
+00:10:24,380 --> 00:10:29,110
+النتيجة للرشورةالكثير من السوائل في الشبكية اللي
+
+112
+00:10:29,110 --> 00:10:33,170
+بعد هي بتصيرها fibrosis وscarring ممكن انه تعمل
+
+113
+00:10:33,170 --> 00:10:40,490
+detachment للشبكية لكن الحقيقة هو المشهور انه شفنا
+
+114
+00:10:40,490 --> 00:10:46,850
+عينيهم حمر اه القزحية بتاعتهم ممكن تلتهم و القرنية
+
+115
+00:10:46,850 --> 00:10:50,310
+ممكن تلتهم هنا ال detachment نادر جدا
+
+116
+00:10:50,310 --> 00:10:58,030
+والpneumovirus نادر جدايقول إنه أثناء الحامل لو
+
+117
+00:10:58,030 --> 00:11:05,770
+الحامل أصيبت بفيروس يعمل ميزا لروبيلا ممكن داخل
+
+118
+00:11:05,770 --> 00:11:10,850
+الرحم أن الجنين يتأثر خاصة إن أصابته في ال first
+
+119
+00:11:10,850 --> 00:11:15,990
+trimester إن أصابته في الثلث الأول من الحمل أول
+
+120
+00:11:15,990 --> 00:11:22,970
+تلت شهور من الحمل وممكن جدا يعني أنه أصيبه موت أو
+
+121
+00:11:22,970 --> 00:11:30,730
+أنهيعني تشوّر خطير ونشوف احنا هذا يعتمد على وقت ما
+
+122
+00:11:30,730 --> 00:11:37,270
+الأم أصابها الفيروس بقول عنه gestational age at
+
+123
+00:11:37,270 --> 00:11:43,270
+the time of virus exposure يعني متى تعرض الجنين أو
+
+124
+00:11:43,270 --> 00:11:47,490
+الأم تعرضت للفيروس في أي وقت من الحمل هل في الشهر
+
+125
+00:11:47,490 --> 00:11:51,230
+الأول أو التاني أو التالت أو بعد ذلك وحنشوف احنا
+
+126
+00:11:51,940 --> 00:11:56,180
+بيقول انه في ال early pregnancy يعني خاصة في الشهر
+
+127
+00:11:56,180 --> 00:12:01,640
+الأول او التاني ممكن ينزل ثقت اللي هو abortion
+
+128
+00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:07,900
+يعني اللي لا يكتمل الحمل السير ثقت الثقت هذا بيقول
+
+129
+00:12:07,900 --> 00:12:12,160
+عنه abortion في
+
+130
+00:12:12,160 --> 00:12:16,680
+ال first trimester يعني مثلا خلال أول ثلاث شهور
+
+131
+00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:20,980
+هانا early يعني مثلا في الأيام الأول أو الأسبوع
+
+132
+00:12:20,980 --> 00:12:27,000
+الأوللكن مثلا في أول تلت شهور شهر تاني او تالت
+
+133
+00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:31,520
+ممكن يصير له syndrome اسمه congenital rubella
+
+134
+00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:39,840
+syndrome CRSC congenital rubella syndrome ايش
+
+135
+00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:45,420
+المولود لما يولد مش ميت عايش لكن هتشوفوا ايش الفرق
+
+136
+00:12:45,420 --> 00:12:50,280
+بينه و بين الموتهتلاقي deaf يعني في deafness يعني
+
+137
+00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:57,680
+أطرش أصمت blind يعني أعمى heart malformation فيه
+
+138
+00:12:57,680 --> 00:13:02,220
+اتشوهات في القلب في الصممات في الحجر بتاعة القلب و
+
+139
+00:13:02,220 --> 00:13:10,460
+micro microcephalus يعني الرأس صغيرة الجمجمة صغيرة
+
+140
+00:13:10,460 --> 00:13:15,300
+وهذه خطيرة في أنه لا تسمح للبخ أن ينمو
+
+141
+00:13:18,540 --> 00:13:25,080
+هو microcephalus يعني رأسه رأس صغيرة وهذا يهدد نمو
+
+142
+00:13:25,080 --> 00:13:30,880
+المخ في السنوات الأول من الحياة يبقى ال syndrome
+
+143
+00:13:30,880 --> 00:13:35,200
+هذا priobella syndrome مهم جدا وكثير يعني بتعامل
+
+144
+00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:42,860
+فيه دراسة انه deaf و blind و heart malformation و
+
+145
+00:13:42,860 --> 00:13:44,340
+microcephalus
+
+146
+00:13:47,310 --> 00:13:52,270
+هذا صورة للمولود congenital
+
+147
+00:13:52,270 --> 00:13:59,030
+rubella syndrome hard disease مراد في القلب خاصة
+
+148
+00:13:59,030 --> 00:14:05,270
+في الصنمات القلبية microcephaly يعني رأس الكون
+
+149
+00:14:05,270 --> 00:14:14,930
+صغيرة و عنده PTK و perprah يعني نزيف صغيرptk نظيف
+
+150
+00:14:14,930 --> 00:14:19,790
+كبير نظيف صغير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف
+
+151
+00:14:19,790 --> 00:14:26,890
+كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف
+
+152
+00:14:26,890 --> 00:14:30,310
+كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف
+
+153
+00:14:30,310 --> 00:14:31,170
+كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف
+
+154
+00:14:31,170 --> 00:14:31,210
+كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف
+
+155
+00:14:31,210 --> 00:14:37,670
+كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف
+
+156
+00:14:37,670 --> 00:14:39,930
+كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف
+
+157
+00:14:39,930 --> 00:14:43,980
+كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبير نظيف كبيرفي الشهر الأول
+
+158
+00:14:43,980 --> 00:14:50,740
+او السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او
+
+159
+00:14:50,740 --> 00:14:52,280
+السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او
+
+160
+00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:55,380
+السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او
+
+161
+00:14:55,380 --> 00:14:56,340
+السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او
+
+162
+00:14:56,340 --> 00:14:56,920
+السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او
+
+163
+00:14:56,920 --> 00:14:57,340
+السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او
+
+164
+00:14:57,340 --> 00:15:01,620
+السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او
+
+165
+00:15:01,620 --> 00:15:02,580
+السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او
+
+166
+00:15:02,580 --> 00:15:09,560
+السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او السلسة الأول او
+
+167
+00:15:14,020 --> 00:15:24,320
+glucoma اللي بيقول عنه بو فثالمث بو بو فثالمث
+
+168
+00:15:24,320 --> 00:15:34,760
+فثالمث
+
+169
+00:15:34,760 --> 00:15:42,020
+بو فثالمث congenital glucoma بيو
+
+170
+00:15:43,230 --> 00:15:52,690
+P-H-A-T-H-P-H
+
+171
+00:15:52,690 --> 00:15:52,810
+-P-H-A-T-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H
+
+172
+00:15:52,810 --> 00:15:52,990
+-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P
+
+173
+00:15:52,990 --> 00:15:54,830
+-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H
+
+174
+00:15:54,830 --> 00:16:00,490
+-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H
+
+175
+00:16:00,490 --> 00:16:05,450
+-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H-P-H
+
+176
+00:16:05,450 --> 00:16:08,470
+-P
+
+177
+00:16:08,470 --> 00:16:18,600
+-H-P-H-Konic clouding يعني الكورنيا عالية مش ماشي
+
+178
+00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:25,360
+أكلير Transparent عيرس أتروفي ممكن يصير فيه دموع
+
+179
+00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:29,760
+في بعض مناطق اللي هو العيرس ممكن بعضهم عيرايتس
+
+180
+00:16:29,760 --> 00:16:35,580
+التهاب العيرس كوريو ريتينايتس التهاب مش بس العيرس
+
+181
+00:16:35,580 --> 00:16:42,880
+بل البرويل و ريتنا و أبطك أتروفي كل هذافي عين
+
+182
+00:16:42,880 --> 00:16:46,940
+الموجودة اللى أصابه الفيروس في الثلوج الأول من
+
+183
+00:16:46,940 --> 00:16:51,460
+الحمل لو
+
+184
+00:16:51,460 --> 00:16:57,280
+جبنا كاميرا لقايا العين فاندس كاميرا اسمها
+
+185
+00:16:57,280 --> 00:17:04,240
+photograph تعمل لنا مولود عنده كنية الريوبيلا طبعا
+
+186
+00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:09,160
+بعد أسابيع من ولاته هنلاقي شيء اسمه salt and
+
+187
+00:17:09,160 --> 00:17:14,880
+pepper فاندسSalt and pepper fondas في مناطق في
+
+188
+00:17:14,880 --> 00:17:18,900
+شبكية hyper pigmented وفي مناطق hypo pigmented
+
+189
+00:17:18,900 --> 00:17:24,420
+hypo و hyper pigmented Salt and pepper fondas و
+
+190
+00:17:24,420 --> 00:17:27,860
+هذا salt and pepper fondas بيقول عنه زي الفلفل
+
+191
+00:17:27,860 --> 00:17:35,700
+الأصمر مع الملح لما احنا بنفط في طبق شوية ملح مع
+
+192
+00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:41,280
+فلفل أصمر بيكون اشي أبيض و اشي أسود وهذا طبعايعني
+
+193
+00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:47,040
+مش معهود في ال normal فاندس يعني اللي عمل هيك هو
+
+194
+00:17:47,040 --> 00:17:52,280
+ال virus بتاع ريو ميلا ال virus بتاع ريو ميلا
+
+195
+00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:57,940
+بيقول ان هذا ال sort and paper فاندس سيما لهذا
+
+196
+00:17:57,940 --> 00:18:04,080
+المخلوق طوله عيش خلاص يعني متغيرش مهما كان الوضع
+
+197
+00:18:04,080 --> 00:18:12,770
+طيب لو أصابواوقلنا تلات حاجات لو أصابه في أول حمل
+
+198
+00:18:12,770 --> 00:18:17,910
+أول أول مثلا أول أسبوعين تلاتة هيعمل abortion مات
+
+199
+00:18:17,910 --> 00:18:22,830
+لو صابه في first trimester في أول تلات شهور ممكن
+
+200
+00:18:22,830 --> 00:18:28,130
+يعمله ال syndrome طب لو صابه في trimester الثاني
+
+201
+00:18:28,130 --> 00:18:32,190
+أو الثالث يعني من تلاتة إلى ست شهور أمصي الشهور
+
+202
+00:18:32,190 --> 00:18:37,110
+إلى تسعة شهور يعني نقول من أربعة إلى ستة
+
+203
+00:18:40,040 --> 00:18:48,340
+تسعة تسعة بقول لي يعني ممكن يكون no harm او little
+
+204
+00:18:48,340 --> 00:18:53,580
+harm no harm او little harm على اللي هو الجنين
+
+205
+00:18:53,580 --> 00:18:58,140
+خلصنا احنا الان Europella virus بس انا هقول يعني
+
+206
+00:18:58,140 --> 00:19:02,280
+طرفا الطرف اللي اتعلمناها زمان انه يعني كانوا في
+
+207
+00:19:02,280 --> 00:19:10,360
+بلاد اوروبا لما شابهغير متزوجة يعني تنصاب بالفيروس
+
+208
+00:19:10,360 --> 00:19:15,980
+كانت تعمل party حفلة وتدعو الها زميلاتها في
+
+209
+00:19:15,980 --> 00:19:20,580
+الجامعة مثلا او في الثانوية وفي ال party هذه يعني
+
+210
+00:19:20,580 --> 00:19:30,500
+اتبادلوا اللي هو يعني قبلات وكلام عشان ياخدوا منها
+
+211
+00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:36,020
+الفيروس حتى لما يتزوجوا لو أصيبوا بالفيروس يكونوا
+
+212
+00:19:36,020 --> 00:19:40,710
+عندهم مناعةيعني هما أخذوا الفيروس و هي بنت مش من
+
+213
+00:19:40,710 --> 00:19:46,670
+زوجة فاستفادت في يعني استفادوا اللي يعني عملت
+
+214
+00:19:46,670 --> 00:19:52,070
+معاهم الحفلة انه أخذوا الفيروس فتى انه ماينصبوش في
+
+215
+00:19:52,070 --> 00:19:56,070
+بعد الزواج و يصير لهم الريوبلا syndrome للجنين
+
+216
+00:19:56,070 --> 00:20:00,450
+بتاعهم طبعا الان احنا في الحمد لله في أول سنين من
+
+217
+00:20:00,450 --> 00:20:05,290
+العمر أول سنتين تلاتة بصير قاطعين بهذا الفيروسوجال
+
+218
+00:20:05,290 --> 00:20:08,390
+كثير في العالم اللي هو German measles نتيجة
+
+219
+00:20:08,390 --> 00:20:12,390
+للتطعيم و بخي تصيب بعض الناس اللي لم ياخدوا هذا
+
+220
+00:20:12,390 --> 00:20:17,950
+اللي هو التطعيم الفيروس اللي قبل الأخير فيروس
+
+221
+00:20:17,950 --> 00:20:22,890
+الحصبة وهذه الحصبة لها سجون كانت زمان تقتل يعني
+
+222
+00:20:22,890 --> 00:20:28,710
+أقل اشي 20-30% من الأطفال عبر العالم فيروس الحصبة
+
+223
+00:20:28,710 --> 00:20:33,270
+فيروس الحصبة Paramyzovirus
+
+224
+00:20:33,830 --> 00:20:42,370
+وهو single strand RNA من فصيلة ال paramezoviruses
+
+225
+00:20:42,370 --> 00:20:45,770
+مافيش
+
+226
+00:20:45,770 --> 00:20:49,130
+إله عائل إلا الإنسان بس لا يعيش في الحيوانات أو
+
+227
+00:20:49,130 --> 00:20:54,950
+الفئران أو الغنم أو أوخنازير بس فيه الإنسان مافيش
+
+228
+00:20:54,950 --> 00:21:01,250
+animal reservoir إلا وغير الإنسان ال virus يعني هو
+
+229
+00:21:01,250 --> 00:21:06,510
+أيضا virus تنفسي بيجي في ال nasopharynx في الحلق و
+
+230
+00:21:06,510 --> 00:21:11,630
+في البلعوم و الحنجرة و الرداد اللي بيطلع في العطس
+
+231
+00:21:11,630 --> 00:21:16,680
+أو الكحة ممكن يكون حامل ال virusواللي هو منادير
+
+232
+00:21:16,680 --> 00:21:20,820
+المريض وملابس المريض اللي وجه عليها يعني اللي هو
+
+233
+00:21:20,820 --> 00:21:25,240
+ال secretions بتاعته أيضا حاملة لل فيروس يعني لو
+
+234
+00:21:25,240 --> 00:21:32,410
+واحد يعني طفل كح على طفل عادي وهذا كالأول مريضممكن
+
+235
+00:21:32,410 --> 00:21:38,530
+انه airborne الروداد هذا يصيبه صليم و يصاب و لو
+
+236
+00:21:38,530 --> 00:21:42,490
+اللي هو منافسة المريض او منادي المريض واحد
+
+237
+00:21:42,490 --> 00:21:46,150
+استعملها مباشرة على القلب او الحقر ممكن الويروس
+
+238
+00:21:46,150 --> 00:21:51,270
+يخش و يسكتر ذاته طيب هذا الويروس single strand RNA
+
+239
+00:21:51,270 --> 00:22:00,270
+Paramezovirus اللي هو بتاع الحصبة طيب لما الحصبة
+
+240
+00:22:00,270 --> 00:22:06,860
+كانت بتصيب الطفلهو بصيب الكبير بصير fever سخونة و
+
+241
+00:22:06,860 --> 00:22:12,320
+كف و كحة و كورايزة رشح كورايزة يعني معناها running
+
+242
+00:22:12,320 --> 00:22:18,500
+nose جريان الأنف بالإفرازات و بتبدأ العين تصيب a
+
+243
+00:22:18,500 --> 00:22:25,680
+chronic survivor تستحمل بعد هيك ببدأ السخونة انها
+
+244
+00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:32,320
+تطلع لمدة أسبوع بعدين ببدأ طفل حلو ديوشوفنا احنا
+
+245
+00:22:32,320 --> 00:22:37,840
+ال rush قبل هيك لجمع ال meses ال rush هذا عكس اللي
+
+246
+00:22:37,840 --> 00:22:44,700
+هو الأولاني هذا بيجي على ال اس و بيجي على الجبهة و
+
+247
+00:22:44,700 --> 00:22:49,640
+بيجي على الرقبة و بعدين بيز الأخرى اللي بقول ايه
+
+248
+00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:51,160
+centrifugal
+
+249
+00:22:53,810 --> 00:22:57,310
+Centrifugal يعني هو بيجي من الأطراف و بروح على
+
+250
+00:22:57,310 --> 00:23:03,010
+المركز عكسها ده كاللي ببدأ في المركز اللي هو جم
+
+251
+00:23:03,010 --> 00:23:06,590
+الميزز و بروح على الأطراف وهذه يعني ملفوظة مهمة
+
+252
+00:23:06,590 --> 00:23:11,170
+يعني في التشخيص يعني لو جينا احنا الطفل او الكبير
+
+253
+00:23:11,170 --> 00:23:14,850
+يعني بدأ معاه في ال trunk بكون جم الميزز لو بدأ
+
+254
+00:23:14,850 --> 00:23:19,590
+معاه في الأطراف خاصة الرقبة والدنين والوجه زي
+
+255
+00:23:19,590 --> 00:23:23,390
+الشكل هذا اللي هوريكوا إياه هيهشايفين وش وكيف مرش
+
+256
+00:23:23,390 --> 00:23:29,870
+ومرشم هذا ميجز دي اما ميجز بتبدأش في الولحة بتبدأ
+
+257
+00:23:29,870 --> 00:23:36,690
+في ال trunk بعد هيك لما طلع الراش فتحت ام الولد
+
+258
+00:23:36,690 --> 00:23:43,390
+لجينا شي اسمه complex spots وهو spots وهدي شي عجيب
+
+259
+00:23:43,390 --> 00:23:49,930
+يعني هي دائرة زرقاء مغطاة
+
+260
+00:23:49,930 --> 00:23:58,190
+ب اللي هوب اللون الأزرق وموجودة في الموت من قسم
+
+261
+00:23:58,190 --> 00:24:02,710
+البرن يعني لازم يفتح تمه لازم يفتح تمه بقعد هيك
+
+262
+00:24:02,710 --> 00:24:07,110
+ونشوف الدائرة الزرقاء او البنفسلية الدائرة الزرقاء
+
+263
+00:24:07,110 --> 00:24:13,430
+او البنفسلية كنا نسمع من أطباء الأطفال ان ال
+
+264
+00:24:13,430 --> 00:24:17,350
+complex sign pathognomonic هذا التشخيص
+
+265
+00:24:17,350 --> 00:24:26,570
+pathognomonic للميززليه ال mases ال rush بعد أيام
+
+266
+00:24:26,570 --> 00:24:32,190
+يختفي ويصبح بني بدل ما هو أحمر بيقولوا عنه فرق
+
+267
+00:24:32,190 --> 00:24:37,370
+يعني خلاص بدأ يكتفي سلون وفاتح هذا ال phenomenon
+
+268
+00:24:37,370 --> 00:24:42,610
+طيب ايش ال ocular احنا متعنى ��ال ocular ايش الحصبة
+
+269
+00:24:42,610 --> 00:24:49,470
+بتعمل في اللي هو المريض الحصبة
+
+270
+00:24:50,280 --> 00:24:55,500
+بتعمل في عين المريض conractivitis بتعمل keratitis
+
+271
+00:24:55,500 --> 00:25:06,700
+اتهاب المتحمة و اتهاب الخنانية اه بعد سبوع او
+
+272
+00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:11,860
+اتنين من بداية العدوى الحصبة بعد ما يطلع على الرأس
+
+273
+00:25:11,860 --> 00:25:20,220
+و ال complex بيبدأ يروح العين طيب الانالفيروس بيهد
+
+274
+00:25:20,220 --> 00:25:25,300
+المناعة بتاعك الطفل خاصة في السنة الأولى من السن
+
+275
+00:25:25,300 --> 00:25:30,260
+وبالتالي تبدأ البكتيريا TE وهي البكتيريا موجودة
+
+276
+00:25:30,260 --> 00:25:34,520
+أساسا بس بتكون opportunistic يعني اتهاجية وممكن
+
+277
+00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:37,760
+تعمله blindness في العين البكتيريا مضاعفات يعني
+
+278
+00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:42,660
+طيب زي ايش مضاعفات كون ال illusion عبارة عن تقرحات
+
+279
+00:25:42,660 --> 00:25:48,420
+قرنية وهذه من أهم أسباب العمىلبعض الأطفال يبقى هي
+
+280
+00:25:48,420 --> 00:25:51,480
+major cause of blindness في developing countries
+
+281
+00:25:51,480 --> 00:25:54,900
+في الدول النامية اللى هو الكيراكايتس فيه ايش
+
+282
+00:25:54,900 --> 00:25:59,440
+الكيراكايتس ممكن لو ضيقة المرأة اكتر عند هذا الطفل
+
+283
+00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:04,840
+تعمل ريتنايتس التهاب في اللى هو الشبكية و تعمله
+
+284
+00:26:04,840 --> 00:26:10,640
+macular edema عبارة عن تورم في مركز الشبكية هو
+
+285
+00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:15,860
+الشبكية start formation اللى هو يعني نوع مناللي هو
+
+286
+00:26:15,860 --> 00:26:22,700
+ال اكسيو ديات النجمي على اللي هو الإديمة وهي طبعا
+
+287
+00:26:22,700 --> 00:26:30,880
+خطيرة ممكن ال optic disc يصير swollen إديمة و ممكن
+
+288
+00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:35,180
+يصير neuroletonitis بس هذا طبعا جديد بيصير يعني
+
+289
+00:26:35,180 --> 00:26:38,140
+هذه ال macular edema و ال star formation و الكلام
+
+290
+00:26:38,140 --> 00:26:43,160
+هذا جديد بيصيربقول لي ممكن اكتر من مؤسسة Oblique
+
+291
+00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:47,840
+Neuritis اتهاب العصب البصري Corneolitis و Corneal
+
+292
+00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:51,240
+Ulceration و Percolation هذه نادر مابتصير يبقى
+
+293
+00:26:51,240 --> 00:26:56,260
+نمرأ اربعة و خمسة نادرة جدا في الأطفال اللي يكون
+
+294
+00:26:56,260 --> 00:27:00,520
+بناعتهم صفر انما ال Corneal Ulceration اه و
+
+295
+00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:05,340
+Corneolactovitis و Keratitis اه اه هذه بتصير و
+
+296
+00:27:05,340 --> 00:27:09,560
+ممكن تصلي العمى لكن Corneolitisوالكنيوريتنايتس و
+
+297
+00:27:09,560 --> 00:27:15,780
+الابتكنوريتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و الابتكنوريتس و
+
+298
+00:27:15,780 --> 00:27:21,700
+الكنيوريتنايتس و الابتكنوريتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و
+
+299
+00:27:21,700 --> 00:27:22,280
+الابتكنوريتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و
+
+300
+00:27:22,280 --> 00:27:23,060
+الكنيوريتنايتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و
+
+301
+00:27:23,060 --> 00:27:24,860
+الكنيوريتنايتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و
+
+302
+00:27:24,860 --> 00:27:29,260
+الكنيوريتنايتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و
+
+303
+00:27:29,260 --> 00:27:30,100
+الكنيوريتنايتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و
+
+304
+00:27:30,100 --> 00:27:36,900
+الكنيوريتنايتس و الكنيوريتنايتس و الكنيوريتنايتس
+
+305
+00:27:36,900 --> 00:27:51,930
+و الكنD S D S A A acquired I
+
+306
+00:27:51,930 --> 00:28:01,210
+immuno D deficiency A syndrome متلازمة اللي هو نقص
+
+307
+00:28:01,210 --> 00:28:07,420
+المناع المكتسبة acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
+
+308
+00:28:07,420 --> 00:28:13,920
+الفيروس اللى بيعملها اسمه hiv human human
+
+309
+00:28:13,920 --> 00:28:20,380
+deficiency virus حقيقة ان هذا الفيروس هو single
+
+310
+00:28:20,380 --> 00:28:25,380
+strand RNA حجمه
+
+311
+00:28:25,380 --> 00:28:34,630
+80 الى 140 نانو متركون شبه كمعي ممكن
+
+312
+00:28:34,630 --> 00:28:38,290
+نشوفه من مجلسكوب الاكتروني عبر صبغات م��ددة
+
+313
+00:28:38,290 --> 00:28:44,070
+للفيروسات الواس باكس صغيرة يعني ماتبينش كويس اللي
+
+314
+00:28:44,070 --> 00:28:49,390
+هو الأشواك الخارجية هشوفه الآن وهذا لما يخش في
+
+315
+00:28:49,390 --> 00:28:55,270
+الإنسانخاصة عن طريق العدات الذنسية اللي هي الخاطئة
+
+316
+00:28:55,270 --> 00:29:00,330
+ممكن انه يدخل في الـcytoplasm للمريض اللي انصاب
+
+317
+00:29:00,330 --> 00:29:09,710
+وانه يبدأ يتكاثر في الـcytoplasm داخل الخلايا هذه
+
+318
+00:29:09,710 --> 00:29:17,050
+يعني مختصر مفيد لل main symptoms of AIDS الأعراض
+
+319
+00:29:17,050 --> 00:29:24,190
+الكبرىليه اللي هو نقص المناع المكتسبة في المخ
+
+320
+00:29:24,190 --> 00:29:29,230
+بيعمل central encephalitis و meningitis في ال eye
+
+321
+00:29:29,230 --> 00:29:37,010
+بيعمل tenitis في ال lung بيعمل pneumonia و بيعمل
+
+322
+00:29:37,010 --> 00:29:43,130
+pneumocystitis و tuberculosis و potumals pneumonia
+
+323
+00:29:43,130 --> 00:29:47,670
+انتهاب رئوي pneumocystitis انتهاب في الحواصلات
+
+324
+00:29:47,670 --> 00:29:54,280
+الهوائيةأه تباركوا لوزيس اللي هو celery أوى و
+
+325
+00:29:54,280 --> 00:30:00,240
+tumors أو رعمه في skin هيو بيعمل tumors اللي بيقول
+
+326
+00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:04,620
+عنه skin sarcoma و هتشوفها skin sarcoma
+
+327
+00:30:06,870 --> 00:30:12,530
+في الجهاز الهضمى بيعمل Esophagitis Esophagitis
+
+328
+00:30:12,530 --> 00:30:17,150
+اللى هو الذهاب المريق وكونه دياريا دياريا يعني
+
+329
+00:30:17,150 --> 00:30:24,150
+اللى هو اسهال مزمن و tumors اللى هو أورام في
+
+330
+00:30:24,150 --> 00:30:31,170
+الجهاز الهضمى هذه صورة مكبرة كتير للفيروس كيف
+
+331
+00:30:31,170 --> 00:30:38,000
+الحبل النووي بتاعه وكيف ال spikesالانفلوب بتاعه هو
+
+332
+00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:44,480
+نيكليو كابسيد A اللي هو داخله طيب هاي skin sarcoma
+
+333
+00:30:44,480 --> 00:30:48,620
+هذه نوع من السرطان نوع من السرطان هي في lower lid
+
+334
+00:30:48,620 --> 00:30:57,480
+of this eye برضه هذا sarcoma هي منتشرة في جلد هذا
+
+335
+00:30:57,480 --> 00:31:01,480
+المريض طيب ايه بدي ميوريجي؟ نشوف نواعي الوابعية
+
+336
+00:31:05,680 --> 00:31:10,600
+لهذا المرض ولأنه في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
+
+337
+00:31:10,600 --> 00:31:18,760
+فيروس نقص المناعة HIV بدأ اكتشافه في المسلين جنسيا
+
+338
+00:31:18,760 --> 00:31:24,240
+ال homosexuals في مجتمعة المسلين جنسيا سواء اللي
+
+339
+00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:32,110
+بيمارسوا اللواق أو الصحاق في سنة 1988حقيقة انتهينا
+
+340
+00:31:32,110 --> 00:31:36,810
+من بكاليوز في سنة 1980 ماكناش سامعين في هذا
+
+341
+00:31:36,810 --> 00:31:41,370
+الفيروس او هذا المرض بعد ما جينا بسنوات قالوا انه
+
+342
+00:31:41,370 --> 00:31:47,570
+ايجي مرض جنسي اسمه aids وهذا قتل وبدأ يقتل وانتشر
+
+343
+00:31:47,570 --> 00:31:52,740
+من قردة وكلام زي هذاكيف كانت بينتشر بظنوا ان هما
+
+344
+00:31:52,740 --> 00:31:58,800
+في بلد انتروفينس drug users الناس اللي بيعملوا نقل
+
+345
+00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:03,760
+دم من مريض الى سليم او الناس اللي بيحقنوا حالهم
+
+346
+00:32:03,760 --> 00:32:07,980
+بالمخدرات
+
+347
+00:32:07,980 --> 00:32:12,990
+عن طريق الحقنفي مخدرات اتناطة عن طريق الفقهن يعني
+
+348
+00:32:12,990 --> 00:32:18,590
+بيكونوا المدمنين في حلقة وبيقوم واحد بيصير يعني
+
+349
+00:32:18,590 --> 00:32:25,270
+بسرنجةيعني بيعطي كل واحد منهم مثلا واحد يعني صانتي
+
+350
+00:32:25,270 --> 00:32:29,710
+واحد صانتي واحد صانتي فيعني بنفس السن ونفس الإبرة
+
+351
+00:32:29,710 --> 00:32:34,750
+فإذا كان في واحد منهم مصاب يعني بال AIDS ودخلوا في
+
+352
+00:32:34,750 --> 00:32:39,010
+ال vein بتاعه ل vein واحد تاني ممكن انه مصابوا
+
+353
+00:32:39,010 --> 00:32:46,390
+كلهم بعده بال فيروس بقول هو مش بس في ال
+
+354
+00:32:46,390 --> 00:32:52,260
+heterosexualsبل في الـ Homosexual يعني أي ممارسة
+
+355
+00:32:52,260 --> 00:33:00,260
+جنسية في طرفها واحد مريض بالفيروس بنقله للي اللي
+
+356
+00:33:00,260 --> 00:33:05,780
+هو الآخر بنقله للآخر سواء ذكر مع أنثى أو أنثى مع
+
+357
+00:33:05,780 --> 00:33:11,240
+أنثى أو ذكر مع ذكر كله بنقل هذا الفيروس الخبيث
+
+358
+00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:16,440
+ويعني كان كتير منتشر في أفريقيا وفي الدول الفقيرة
+
+359
+00:33:18,180 --> 00:33:24,600
+طيب الآن ايش ال presentation بتاعه ايش هي الأعراض
+
+360
+00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:31,240
+والعلامات بيقول هذا الفيروس يصيب كل أعضاء الجسم
+
+361
+00:33:31,240 --> 00:33:38,260
+every organ and system can be involved كل وصاب اما
+
+362
+00:33:38,260 --> 00:33:43,980
+مباشرة او غير مباشرة مباشرة بفعل الفيروس اللي دخل
+
+363
+00:33:43,980 --> 00:33:49,490
+في الدم ولف في الدم على كل الأعضاء خربهاأو
+
+364
+00:33:49,490 --> 00:33:55,110
+المخلوقات
+
+365
+00:33:55,110 --> 00:34:01,610
+الانتهازية او الكائنات الانتهازية اللى موجودة في
+
+366
+00:34:01,610 --> 00:34:05,250
+جسمنا و
+
+367
+00:34:05,250 --> 00:34:10,960
+الحمد لله لإنهم ممنوعين ان يمارسوا دورهمالمرضى
+
+368
+00:34:10,960 --> 00:34:20,300
+فلما الفيروس يدخل ويحطم ال T lymphocyte بتاعتنا هم
+
+369
+00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:24,880
+بتقووا وبيدرجوا فيش مناقة تصيروا أقوى منها
+
+370
+00:34:27,960 --> 00:34:33,080
+وبيفتكوا في الجسم يبقى التدمير لل organs بتاعت
+
+371
+00:34:33,080 --> 00:34:37,100
+الجسم اما بصير مباشرة عن طريق الفيروس او بطريق غير
+
+372
+00:34:37,100 --> 00:34:41,860
+مباشر انه اضعف ال T-cell خلايا منعية الانفوسايتز T
+
+373
+00:34:41,860 --> 00:34:46,380
+وبالتالي فتح المجال ال opportunistic infection
+
+374
+00:34:46,380 --> 00:34:56,250
+بقول هذه الانفوسايتز لما تنهزم هذه الانفوسايتزتفتح
+
+375
+00:34:56,250 --> 00:35:05,590
+لكل جهاز المناعي ولمفاوي يتورن مثل hyperplasia
+
+376
+00:35:05,590 --> 00:35:12,910
+ولمفاوى الديبليشن كل جهاز المناعة يصبح ضعيف ويصبح
+
+377
+00:35:12,910 --> 00:35:19,070
+هناك نوع من التضخم سنتحدث الأول عن ال systemic
+
+378
+00:35:19,070 --> 00:35:25,390
+manifestations ثم ننزل إلى الالشيء اللي هو ال
+
+379
+00:35:25,390 --> 00:35:30,930
+systemic manifestations يعني ال symptoms و ال
+
+380
+00:35:30,930 --> 00:35:34,770
+signs ال general ال systemic يعني ال general كل
+
+381
+00:35:34,770 --> 00:35:40,170
+جسم cardiac disease في القلب بصيبه myocarditis
+
+382
+00:35:40,170 --> 00:35:44,450
+التهاب عضلة القلب العضلة اللي بتضخ الدم
+
+383
+00:35:44,450 --> 00:35:52,730
+pericarditis التهاب اللي هو الغشاء التاموراللي هو
+
+384
+00:35:52,730 --> 00:35:57,910
+حول القلب pericardium اسمه pericardium كلمة itis
+
+385
+00:35:57,910 --> 00:36:02,590
+يعني اتهاب يبقى التامور صابوا اتهاب endocarditis
+
+386
+00:36:02,590 --> 00:36:07,050
+جطانة القلب الداخلية اللي هو الشغاف endocarditis
+
+387
+00:36:07,050 --> 00:36:10,310
+برضه بتنصاب يعني القلب كله بنصاب من العضلة و
+
+388
+00:36:10,310 --> 00:36:14,450
+الغشاء الخارجي و الغشاء الداخلي طيب ال killer
+
+389
+00:36:14,450 --> 00:36:15,650
+renal disease
+
+390
+00:36:20,130 --> 00:36:24,470
+اللي هو الفيروسي وهذا مزمن يعني يؤدي إلى فشل كلا
+
+391
+00:36:24,470 --> 00:36:27,870
+فيما بعد الجهاز العصبي المركزي central nervous
+
+392
+00:36:27,870 --> 00:36:35,810
+system بصيبه vascular myopathy myopathy
+
+393
+00:36:35,810 --> 00:36:41,170
+يعني التهاب الجهاز العصبي بسبب اللي هو الفيروس
+
+394
+00:36:41,170 --> 00:36:47,470
+vaccular vaccular myopathy هي نوع من الإذابة ونوع
+
+395
+00:36:47,470 --> 00:36:52,290
+من فقد الخلاياالعصبية طيب نجا العين هو ان هذا
+
+396
+00:36:52,290 --> 00:36:57,430
+بيهمنا العين ايه الفيروس عمل في العين اخطر حاجة ان
+
+397
+00:36:57,430 --> 00:37:05,830
+يكون ال ocular opportunistic infection اشتغلت
+
+398
+00:37:05,830 --> 00:37:11,030
+فالocular opportunisticالو انتياجية في العين زى
+
+399
+00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:14,150
+ايش فيروسات فيروسات منها سايكو ميجالوكو فيروس
+
+400
+00:37:14,150 --> 00:37:18,150
+اخدناها هيربس سيمبكس فيروس هيربس دوستر فيروس وهاي
+
+401
+00:37:18,150 --> 00:37:23,250
+نور فانجاي فالان ا��نا فينا فانجاي ساكتة لما ضاعت
+
+402
+00:37:23,250 --> 00:37:29,110
+الجسم زى ال candy de albicans اه الفتة الأبيض زى
+
+403
+00:37:29,110 --> 00:37:36,330
+كريبتو كوكس نيورو فورمانزوزي نيوموسيستس كارمياي
+
+404
+00:37:36,330 --> 00:37:42,590
+هالي يعني كلها اللي هو فطريات متعايشة الآن و بيصير
+
+405
+00:37:42,590 --> 00:37:47,710
+opportunistic مع مرضى الاست توكسو بلازمه و اخدناها
+
+406
+00:37:47,710 --> 00:37:53,750
+احنا هالي توكسو بلازمه اخدناها هاي الآن ظهرت في
+
+407
+00:37:53,750 --> 00:37:58,660
+العين وعملت احتلال في الشبكيةبكتيريا الانفكشنز
+
+408
+00:37:58,660 --> 00:38:03,360
+كثير في انواع بكتيريا مش هنقول بس تريفوناما مايكو
+
+409
+00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:08,160
+بكتيريام وماتو بكتيريام تريفوكلوزي وعديد من ال
+
+410
+00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:14,500
+بكتيريا البكتيريا العفوية اللى بتكون فى العين ممكن
+
+411
+00:38:14,500 --> 00:38:20,820
+انه حتى تيجي تكون اندوجنس يعني من داخل الجسم وتلف
+
+412
+00:38:20,820 --> 00:38:24,300
+في دم وتجي على عينه تعمل اندوفعميتس او تعمل
+
+413
+00:38:24,300 --> 00:38:28,530
+كرافيتسهذه مجموعة من ال reportionistic infections
+
+414
+00:38:28,530 --> 00:38:35,750
+ايش بتعمل في العالم؟ بيقوللي انه ال اهم اشي قدرته
+
+415
+00:38:35,750 --> 00:38:41,390
+بحث اعتلال الشبكية الفيروسي بسبب ال aids بفيروس
+
+416
+00:38:41,390 --> 00:38:45,150
+اسمه cytomegalic virus اللي اخدناه قبل هيك الفيروس
+
+417
+00:38:45,150 --> 00:38:50,130
+الكبير megalic الضخم هذا بيعمل في الشبكية حاجتين
+
+418
+00:38:50,130 --> 00:38:58,170
+بيعمل فوق ال ischemiaالكيميا نقص اكسيدين وبالتالي
+
+419
+00:38:58,170 --> 00:39:03,710
+الشبكية بيصير الاكسيدين جليل والنقل العصبي عبر ال
+
+420
+00:39:03,710 --> 00:39:10,410
+روتس والفون و ال retinal cells زي ال bipolar cells
+
+421
+00:39:10,410 --> 00:39:15,510
+و زي الجانجليون cells هتأثر النقل العصبي للصور
+
+422
+00:39:15,510 --> 00:39:22,960
+والسيل الكهربائي هيتأثرو يصير cotton wool spots
+
+423
+00:39:22,960 --> 00:39:28,320
+اللي هو الرشح الأبيض اه بيشوفوه بالأثانسكوب لما
+
+424
+00:39:28,320 --> 00:39:34,200
+نمسك الأثانسكوب بنجي زي الصورة هذه كتير في اللي هو
+
+425
+00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:41,140
+cotton wool spots هذا في أولهاالأخطر من فوق
+
+426
+00:39:41,140 --> 00:39:48,440
+الاسكيميا نقص الدم اللي أثر على اللي هو الوكسيزين
+
+427
+00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:54,780
+للشبكية انه صار internal hemorrhage اللي هو نزيف
+
+428
+00:39:54,780 --> 00:39:59,540
+نزيف عشان فمية من ال patients وهذا بيقدر إلى العمى
+
+429
+00:39:59,540 --> 00:40:05,840
+بيقدر إلى العمى هذه صورة لهذه اللي هو الاسكيميا
+
+430
+00:40:05,840 --> 00:40:10,550
+النقطة البيضة هذهاللي متأثر على النقل العصبي وهنا
+
+431
+00:40:10,550 --> 00:40:15,330
+فيه نزيف وهنا فيه نزيف وهنا فيه نزيف اللي هو
+
+432
+00:40:15,330 --> 00:40:20,610
+retinal haemorrhage اخر slide ما هي البكتيريا
+
+433
+00:40:20,610 --> 00:40:27,530
+اللتي تؤثر على العين في اللي هو ال aids بكتيريا ال
+
+434
+00:40:27,530 --> 00:40:35,790
+infections بقول ان البكتيريا هذه منها triponema
+
+435
+00:40:35,790 --> 00:40:40,290
+pallidumTryponema Pallidum نوع من البكتيريا يعني
+
+436
+00:40:40,290 --> 00:40:43,630
+احنا مش متعلقين ندرس فيه بس نعرف اسمه و
+
+437
+00:40:43,630 --> 00:40:49,970
+Mycobacterium Avium بقتوا Mycobacterium Avium
+
+438
+00:40:49,970 --> 00:40:54,830
+Intracellular يعني داخل الخلية و Mycobacterium
+
+439
+00:40:54,830 --> 00:40:59,410
+Tuberculosis اللي بتعمل السل الرئوي السل الرئوي و
+
+440
+00:40:59,410 --> 00:41:05,070
+هذه سبب وفاة يعني بتعمل عريقتين نظيف شديد و تحطم
+
+441
+00:41:05,070 --> 00:41:09,850
+لحواصلات الهوائيةبجانب العديد من البكتيريا الأخرى
+
+442
+00:41:09,850 --> 00:41:16,610
+التي قد تأتي من الدم عند ضعف المناعة وتؤثر على
+
+443
+00:41:16,610 --> 00:41:21,250
+اللي هو العين تعمل endothalmitis endogenous يعني
+
+444
+00:41:21,250 --> 00:41:22,590
+من داخل الجسم
+
+445
+00:41:28,660 --> 00:41:32,420
+البكتيريا السبروفيتيك ممكن تكون جدا عايشة في
+
+446
+00:41:32,420 --> 00:41:37,340
+القلون عايشة في الجهاز التنفسي بس سبروفيتيك يعني
+
+447
+00:41:37,340 --> 00:41:42,540
+متعايشة و تصير aggressive يعني تصير هجومية وتعمل
+
+448
+00:41:42,540 --> 00:41:46,300
+endophthalmitis وبكتيريا الكيرافيتس انا لعندي اللي
+
+449
+00:41:46,300 --> 00:41:49,840
+هنا يعني بكون انهيت المحاضرة وبانتهاء هذه المحاضرة
+
+450
+00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:54,650
+بكون انهيت هذا المشارط الشيءالجميل من الحياة
+
+451
+00:41:54,650 --> 00:41:57,890
+الدقيقة و أسأل الله عز و جل أن ينفع به و احنا
+
+452
+00:41:57,890 --> 00:42:02,170
+بناتي يعني بعد ظهور الفيروس الجديد اللي هو ال
+
+453
+00:42:02,170 --> 00:42:07,970
+corona حقيقة COVID-19 يعني كتير يعني صار هذا العلم
+
+454
+00:42:07,970 --> 00:42:12,630
+مهم مش احنا بنحس انه دجال علينا و بدنا احنا نرميه
+
+455
+00:42:12,630 --> 00:42:19,250
+بأي طريقة لأ يعني هذا المساق مساق العلماء و
+
+456
+00:42:19,250 --> 00:42:25,900
+المفروض انه احنا نتمفيو مايكرهوش لان للمستقبل و
+
+457
+00:42:25,900 --> 00:42:30,980
+لصحتنا احنا عارفين انه لازم نحافظ عليه و نكون
+
+458
+00:42:30,980 --> 00:42:34,960
+عندنا علوم مبدئية كل عام انتوا بخير و كل فصل
+
+459
+00:42:34,960 --> 00:42:39,360
+وانتوا بخير و ان شاء الله بنجاح تام و بدرجات يعني
+
+460
+00:42:39,360 --> 00:42:42,950
+عاليةو انا متأكد انكم كلكم هتكون ناجحين في كل
+
+461
+00:42:42,950 --> 00:42:48,090
+مسابقات خاصة في هذا المسابق و احنا نسأل الله عز
+
+462
+00:42:48,090 --> 00:42:50,870
+وجل ان انا اتقبل منه و منكم و كل عالم و انتم بخير
+
+463
+00:42:50,870 --> 00:42:52,750
+فالسلام عليكم و رحمة الله
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwY2VeAiCJWVIF9_gd5SI9lJ/HcDVQpDua9I.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,943 @@
+1
+00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,960
+اعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
+
+2
+00:00:03,960 --> 00:00:07,780
+الحمد لله و كفى و أصلي و أسلم على النبي المصطفى
+
+3
+00:00:07,780 --> 00:00:14,880
+بناتي مستوى الثالث في قسم البصريات الطبية السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+
+4
+00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:19,080
+أعود لكم الآن في المحاضرة
+
+5
+00:00:19,080 --> 00:00:24,400
+الخامسة حول اللي هو bacterial destruction
+
+6
+00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:27,360
+destruction يعني كيف أبيض البكتيريا أتخلص من
+
+7
+00:00:27,360 --> 00:00:31,900
+البكتيريا، البكتيريا تعيش معانا ومعظمها مرضية سبب
+
+8
+00:00:31,900 --> 00:00:37,080
+منها احنا امراض وتفكيث بأنسان الجميع، فالانسان
+
+9
+00:00:37,080 --> 00:00:40,700
+يتعلم ايضا كيف يقوم البكتيريا بين نوعين نوع اسمه
+
+10
+00:00:40,700 --> 00:00:44,840
+sterilization هي تعقيم ونوع اسمه disinfection
+
+11
+00:00:44,840 --> 00:00:51,020
+تطهير، في فرق دقيق بين التعقيم والتطهير، لما اقول
+
+12
+00:00:51,020 --> 00:00:56,500
+أنا تعقيم يعني أخذ بالي أن أنا أقصد 100% إزالة
+
+13
+00:00:56,500 --> 00:01:03,990
+للبكتيريا يعني ولا واحد من عشرة في المية موجود بس 
+
+14
+00:01:03,990 --> 00:01:12,070
+sterilization defined يعرف as destruction يعني
+
+15
+00:01:12,070 --> 00:01:17,010
+إبادة of all forms of بكتيريا كل أطوار البكتيريا
+
+16
+00:01:17,010 --> 00:01:22,030
+أو ال micro organisms حتى الأحياء الدقيقة سواء
+
+17
+00:01:22,030 --> 00:01:28,700
+منها spores المجارتمة أو vegetative المجارتمة by
+
+18
+00:01:28,700 --> 00:01:32,560
+using physical and chemical means باستخدام الوسائل
+
+19
+00:01:32,560 --> 00:01:37,980
+الفيزيائية والكيميائية، الوسائل الفيزيائية الشمس
+
+20
+00:01:37,980 --> 00:01:45,660
+مثلا فيزيائية الميه، فيزيائية الأشعة،
+
+21
+00:01:45,660 --> 00:01:53,400
+فيزيائية الحرارة، فيزيائية التلج، فيزيائية chemical
+
+22
+00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:58,510
+لأ ال chemical و الكيميائية يعني أنا دخلت حامض دخلت
+
+23
+00:01:58,510 --> 00:02:03,330
+قلوي دخلت يعني أي مواد كيميائية عضوية أو غير عضوية
+
+24
+00:02:03,330 --> 00:02:09,410
+دخلت الكيميا يبقى الفيزيا بما فيها الكهربا تختلف
+
+25
+00:02:09,410 --> 00:02:13,750
+عن كيميا اللي هي مواد كيميائية يبقى أن أنا إبادة
+
+26
+00:02:13,750 --> 00:02:18,630
+لكل أنواع أو أطوار ال micro organisms ومنها
+
+27
+00:02:18,630 --> 00:02:22,910
+البكتيريا الحياة الداخلية ومنها البكتيريا باستخدام
+
+28
+00:02:22,910 --> 00:02:27,730
+وسائل فيزيائية أو كيميائية، الـ disinfection
+
+29
+00:02:27,730 --> 00:02:33,210
+التطهير، التطهير لا فيه احتمال يظل لها نسبة عايشة
+
+30
+00:02:33,210 --> 00:02:38,410
+من الأحياء الدقيقة، يبقى هي process عملية فيزيائية
+
+31
+00:02:38,410 --> 00:02:44,420
+أو كيميائية بتعمل تخلص get rid يعني تخلص من
+
+32
+00:02:44,420 --> 00:02:51,640
+البكتيريا، البكتيريا المرضية يعني such process may
+
+33
+00:02:51,640 --> 00:02:54,840
+or may not affect bacteria in this form in this
+
+34
+00:02:54,840 --> 00:02:58,120
+form يعني البكتيريا المتجدمة، يعني أنا لو قلت أني
+
+35
+00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:02,720
+أنا طهرت إيدي من البكتيريا يعني حطيت عليها مثلا
+
+36
+00:03:02,720 --> 00:03:07,520
+كحول سميرتو حطيت عليها الجل هذا اللي بيحطوه الآن
+
+37
+00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:12,010
+في صدريها، هذا اسمه تطهير يعني احتمال تسعين في المية
+
+38
+00:03:12,010 --> 00:03:17,210
+من البكتيريا تموت لكن احتمال عشر في المية تظل يعني
+
+39
+00:03:17,210 --> 00:03:25,490
+أنا مثلا غسلت الطبق بالصابون آه طهرته أنا طهرته من
+
+40
+00:03:25,490 --> 00:03:29,930
+الفضلات طهرته ونظفته لكن ما أقدرش أقول أني عقمته يعني
+
+41
+00:03:29,930 --> 00:03:33,850
+أنا بتقول أنا تعقيم يعني مية مية يعني أنا مثلا
+
+42
+00:03:33,850 --> 00:03:39,010
+برشت الأرض بالـ chlorine بقولك عقمنة غلط عقمنة
+
+43
+00:03:39,010 --> 00:03:44,110
+يفروض يقولوا طهرنا طهرنا الصفر طهرنا الأرض طهرنا
+
+44
+00:03:44,110 --> 00:03:48,710
+المطبخ، طهرنا أيدينا لكن ما بنقولش عقمنة لأن تعقيم
+
+45
+00:03:48,710 --> 00:03:54,410
+مسألة معقدة وعايزة يعني حاجات هقولها الآن هبدأ
+
+46
+00:03:54,410 --> 00:04:02,830
+بالتعقيم، مولد التعقيم في different metals إيش
+
+47
+00:04:02,830 --> 00:04:08,570
+different metals يعني في عدة وسائل تستخدم في
+
+48
+00:04:08,570 --> 00:04:14,970
+التعقيم أول واحد الـ heat الحرارة الحرارة ربما تكون
+
+49
+00:04:14,970 --> 00:04:22,150
+حرارة جافة أو حرارة مبلولة فيها ميه يعني نبدأ
+
+50
+00:04:22,150 --> 00:04:26,110
+بالحرارة الجافة إيش يعني الحرارة الجافة في حد اسمه
+
+51
+00:04:26,110 --> 00:04:33,430
+الـ heat اللهب باللهب يعني أنا لو جبت مثلا إبرة إبرة
+
+52
+00:04:33,430 --> 00:04:39,370
+طويلة وحطيتها على النار آه أو جبت مجص آه وحطيته
+
+53
+00:04:39,370 --> 00:04:44,390
+على النار آه أو جبت أي قالة جراحية عشان أي شيء
+
+54
+00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:49,710
+وحطيتها على النار آه على اللهب بقتل كل الـ micro
+
+55
+00:04:49,710 --> 00:04:55,310
+organs يعني حركة يعني أنا أما أحط الشيء على النار
+
+56
+00:04:55,310 --> 00:05:03,040
+معناه أن أنا يعني كون زمان مثلا لو بيعمل مثلا جراحة
+
+57
+00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:07,960
+قبل ما تطلع الأدوات الأجهزة الحديثة كان يحط المشرط
+
+58
+00:05:07,960 --> 00:05:12,880
+على النار آه وبعدين يجرح فيه مية في المية مافيش
+
+59
+00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:17,780
+فيه يعني بكتيريا اللي نخاف لكن طبعا مش هيكون هو
+
+60
+00:05:17,780 --> 00:05:23,820
+يعني فيه من بواقي اللهب يعني بعض الصنج والسواد
+
+61
+00:05:25,860 --> 00:05:30,080
+الحرارة الجافة التانية incineration الحرق، الحرق
+
+62
+00:05:30,080 --> 00:05:37,400
+هذه حقيقة يعني مخلفات الجراحة والمستشفيات والشاشة
+
+63
+00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:43,220
+اللي في صديق و دم وملايات الوسخة وبواقي الشاشة
+
+64
+00:05:43,220 --> 00:05:49,320
+الجراحية بيحطوه في برميل وبيحرقوه، الحرق لما الـ
+
+65
+00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:52,440
+incineration عملت حرق قبل الحرق هي التخلص من
+
+66
+00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:59,900
+البكتيريا اللي هو الشاشة والملابس اللي فيها الصديق
+
+67
+00:05:59,900 --> 00:06:04,640
+والدم وهيك احنا نرتاح منها يعني الحرارة جافة أما
+
+68
+00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:14,320
+بلها واما بالحرارة أما النوع الثالث ليه؟ الحرارة
+
+69
+00:06:14,320 --> 00:06:19,420
+الجافة hot air oven لأ هذا لما طلع هذا فرن تعقيم
+
+70
+00:06:19,420 --> 00:06:26,100
+يعني هذا الفرن بنحط فيه الأدوات الجراحية المجصات
+
+71
+00:06:26,100 --> 00:06:33,260
+والمشارط اللي هو أدوات الجراحة المختلفة مدة ساعة
+
+72
+00:06:33,260 --> 00:06:38,310
+إلى ساعتين في حرارة مية وستين إلى مية وسبعين بنحطه
+
+73
+00:06:38,310 --> 00:06:44,750
+في فرن زي هذا زي هيك شوف زي التلاجة الصغيرة وبتسكر
+
+74
+00:06:44,750 --> 00:06:48,890
+ويله مكياز حراري على الكهربا يعني هو electrical
+
+75
+00:06:48,890 --> 00:06:58,900
+ديهاز كهربائية، و هو إيه الـ oven يعني فرن تعقيم وبعدين
+
+76
+00:06:58,900 --> 00:07:03,580
+هذا بتفكر عليه مدة ساعتين ومن قط فيه كل الأدوات
+
+77
+00:07:03,580 --> 00:07:10,020
+الجراحية الدوارب الجزايز السيلنجات الإجاز أي حاجة
+
+78
+00:07:10,020 --> 00:07:15,600
+حديد من أدوات جراحية آه مدة ساعة أو ساعتين مئو
+
+79
+00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:20,320
+سبعين درجة بطلعها fully sterilized إيش sterilized
+
+80
+00:07:20,320 --> 00:07:23,720
+يعني و أقل مائة بالمائة يعني بتعمل عملية جراحية
+
+81
+00:07:23,720 --> 00:07:27,880
+وأنت مطمن أن مافيش بكتيريا راح تدخل في هذا الجرح
+
+82
+00:07:27,880 --> 00:07:29,580
+أو في هذه العملية
+
+83
+00:07:32,270 --> 00:07:36,270
+الحقيقة أنه لو هيك hot air open أول ما طلع قبل
+
+84
+00:07:36,270 --> 00:07:43,470
+حوالي يمكن 80 سنة أو 70 سنة كان فعال جدا لكن موضوع
+
+85
+00:07:43,470 --> 00:07:48,030
+الساعة إلى ساعتين هذه يعني خلت الوضع بعد هيك صعب
+
+86
+00:07:48,030 --> 00:07:51,770
+لأن العمليات الجراحية زادت في المستشفيات ولو كل
+
+87
+00:07:51,770 --> 00:07:56,170
+أنا طاقم جراحي طاقم جراحي ولبس اللي هو الجراحين و
+
+88
+00:07:56,170 --> 00:08:00,610
+الشاشة بدي أنا أخليه ساعتين في الفرن يعني كم عملية
+
+89
+00:08:00,610 --> 00:08:03,030
+بدي اشتغل في اليوم كم عملية بدي اشتغل في اليوم
+
+90
+00:08:03,030 --> 00:08:05,930
+علمي أنه كل طاقة اللي بنعمل في عملية بده ينعاد
+
+91
+00:08:05,930 --> 00:08:10,250
+اللي هو وضعه في الفرن من أول وجديد بعد إيقافه
+
+92
+00:08:10,250 --> 00:08:18,390
+وهذا يعني مش عملي لكن احنا بنقول تاريخيا أن الفرن
+
+93
+00:08:18,390 --> 00:08:25,500
+الحراري هو يستخدم في التعقيم، ليه المستشفيات قال
+
+94
+00:08:25,500 --> 00:08:29,860
+المستشفيات هو يعني وباقي نتاجه كويسة لكن أنه خمس
+
+95
+00:08:29,860 --> 00:08:34,760
+ساعة أو ساعتين يعني جعل بعد هيك الـ auto clave اللي
+
+96
+00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:38,040
+جاي هذا أحسن منه أسرع منه وأسرع منه خلال ربع
+
+97
+00:08:38,040 --> 00:08:42,320
+الساعة ده بيشتغل لكن بيظلوا في الحرارة الجافة هو
+
+98
+00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:46,460
+النوع الثالث يبقى الحرارة الجافة red heat اللهب
+
+99
+00:08:46,460 --> 00:08:54,950
+flame أو حرق للتخلص من المواد القادرة أو الـ hot air
+
+100
+00:08:54,950 --> 00:09:00,070
+open في المستشفيات والآن صار قديم يعني قل
+
+101
+00:09:00,070 --> 00:09:03,670
+استعماله كثير إلا في الدول المتخلفة، الحرارة
+
+102
+00:09:03,670 --> 00:09:07,650
+التانية اسمها moist air الحرارة المبللة يعني ما
+
+103
+00:09:07,650 --> 00:09:11,890
+تدخل فيها ميه وهذه فكرة القدر الكاتم الـ auto
+
+104
+00:09:11,890 --> 00:09:19,500
+-clave اللي هو التعقيم في المستشفيات وهذا يعتمد
+
+105
+00:09:19,500 --> 00:09:23,180
+على pressure
+
+106
+00:09:23,180 --> 00:09:33,420
+بزيادة الضغط فوق الضغط الجوي لماء مغلي يعني أنا
+
+107
+00:09:33,420 --> 00:09:40,200
+فكرة طنجرة الكهربا القدر الكاتب اللي بتصفر هذه شوف
+
+108
+00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:45,330
+يعني أنت بتحط فيها اللحم وقدر من الماء وبتكتمها
+
+109
+00:09:45,330 --> 00:09:49,710
+وبعدين لما تبدأ تصفر تبدأ توطي النار مثلا بعد ربع
+
+110
+00:09:49,710 --> 00:09:56,270
+ساعة تاخد لحم يعني ناضج جدا لأنه استخدمت الضغط
+
+111
+00:09:56,270 --> 00:10:03,230
+الحرارة تحت الضغط، ضغط البخار، يبقى هذه الميه المغلية
+
+112
+00:10:03,230 --> 00:10:08,590
+لا يسمح للبخار أن يطلع وبالتالي بيزيد الضغط داخل الـ
+
+113
+00:10:08,590 --> 00:10:15,510
+Autoclave هذا مع حرارة تصل إلى 121 درجة مئوية بمدة
+
+114
+00:10:15,510 --> 00:10:18,830
+ربع ساعة فقط خمس عشر دقيقة بتعطيك full
+
+115
+00:10:18,830 --> 00:10:23,830
+sterilization الضغط بيكون حوالي خمس عشر رطل
+
+116
+00:10:23,830 --> 00:10:29,670
+إنجليزي على كل إنش مربع من مساحة الفورم جوا هذا مش
+
+117
+00:10:29,670 --> 00:10:38,710
+مهم الكتير المهم يعني اللي هو الحرارة تحت الضغط
+
+118
+00:10:40,530 --> 00:10:45,370
+الداخل اللي هو الفرن هذا بيقول أن هذا الـ autoclave
+
+119
+00:10:45,370 --> 00:10:51,390
+يستخدم لتعقيم surgical instruments كلمة surgical
+
+120
+00:10:51,390 --> 00:10:54,670
+instruments يعني اللي هو أدوات الجراحة قبقم
+
+121
+00:10:54,670 --> 00:10:58,630
+الجراحة تعقيم كل عملية جراحية إلى طجنب يعني مثلا
+
+122
+00:10:58,630 --> 00:11:02,270
+عمليات العيون تختلف عن عمليات المعدة تختلف عن عملية
+
+123
+00:11:02,270 --> 00:11:06,270
+القولون تختلف عن عملية الغضروف تختلف عن عملية المخ
+
+124
+00:11:06,270 --> 00:11:10,710
+تختلف عن عملية الأذن تختلف عن عملية النسا والولادة
+
+125
+00:11:10,710 --> 00:11:18,870
+وهكذا بما فيها الفوط والشاشة أدوات الجراحة وملابس
+
+126
+00:11:18,870 --> 00:11:24,970
+الجراحين كلها تنحط، أطباق المدارس البكتيرية كلها
+
+127
+00:11:24,970 --> 00:11:29,390
+بتنحط تاكلوا وبتطلع وهذه الصورة ربما مشكلة الـ
+
+128
+00:11:29,390 --> 00:11:34,770
+auto play يلو باب هيو بتسكر آه وبتعمل كويس وبعدين
+
+129
+00:11:34,770 --> 00:11:41,740
+بتحط الحرارة على مؤشر معين وعلى الكهربا وبعد خمساشر
+
+130
+00:11:41,740 --> 00:11:48,220
+دقيقة من الحرارة
+
+131
+00:11:48,220 --> 00:11:54,260
+والضبط بناخد تعقيم كامل للأدوات اللي احنا حاطناها
+
+132
+00:11:54,260 --> 00:11:59,840
+داخل هذا الـ أوتوكليز يبقى هذه الحرارة المبالغة للـ
+
+133
+00:11:59,840 --> 00:12:03,260
+أوتوكليز فيه ميه يعني لازم تحط فيه ميه في الفاشنجر
+
+134
+00:12:03,260 --> 00:12:08,890
+الميه، الـ أوتوكليز لازم يكون فيه قدر من الميه فيه
+
+135
+00:12:08,890 --> 00:12:13,270
+عشان هي اللي بدها بعد مية درجة تبدأ تجلي والبخار
+
+136
+00:12:13,270 --> 00:12:18,250
+أن يكتم البخار أن يكتم داخل هذا اللي هو الوتوكليف
+
+137
+00:12:18,250 --> 00:12:24,250
+جهاز التعقيد في شيء اسمه pasteurization Pasteur هو
+
+138
+00:12:24,250 --> 00:12:33,530
+عالم فرنسي أول من فكر في البسترة، البسترة ليه الملك
+
+139
+00:12:33,530 --> 00:12:40,330
+الحليب المبستر جاب الحليب المبستر حطه في نص ساعة
+
+140
+00:12:40,330 --> 00:12:46,290
+اتنين وستين درجة مئوية في جهاز نص ساعة اتنين
+
+141
+00:12:46,290 --> 00:12:50,490
+وستين ونصف درجة مئوية وبعدين بعد هيك راح يحط رابد
+
+142
+00:12:50,490 --> 00:12:56,830
+كولينغ رابد كولينغ يحطه في فريزر ويجرب
+
+143
+00:12:56,830 --> 00:13:02,550
+هذا الكلام مع النبيذ ومع الحليب وجد أنه 100% تشفي 
+
+144
+00:13:02,550 --> 00:13:07,210
+البكتيريا ومن هنا طلع الحليب المبستر the milk هذا
+
+145
+00:13:07,210 --> 00:13:12,450
+تشفي أي نوع من البكتيريا لا التيفوئيد ولا ستاف كوكاي
+
+146
+00:13:12,450 --> 00:13:16,010
+ولا TB ولا بروسيلا التي تعمل القُرْم الملتوية هذه
+
+147
+00:13:16,010 --> 00:13:19,890
+القُرْم الملتوية وهذه بتعمل السل ستاف كوكاي بتعمل
+
+148
+00:13:19,890 --> 00:13:24,770
+الصديد والتيفوئيد من البكتيريا كلها صار الحليب
+
+149
+00:13:24,770 --> 00:13:31,400
+خاليًا منها بس هي اتقدمت للبشرية صحيح أنه يعني خدمة
+
+150
+00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:36,660
+كثير أنه هو سخن الحليب لنصف ساعة  62.5 
+
+151
+00:13:36,660 --> 00:13:40,540
+وبعدين حطه في الـ freezer بعد هيك ليه جت البكتيريا
+
+152
+00:13:40,540 --> 00:13:44,200
+كلها ماتت والآن احنا بنشرب حليب مبستر في الجِجايز
+
+153
+00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:48,910
+أو في الكيس بدون أي بكتيريا وبدون ما نخاف لأن
+
+154
+00:13:48,910 --> 00:13:53,890
+احنا نأخذ حليب البقر ونشربه مرة واحدة ممكن أن
+
+155
+00:13:53,890 --> 00:13:57,350
+يكون فيه أمراض كثيرة لكن مجرد الحليب المبستر حتى
+
+156
+00:13:57,350 --> 00:14:01,410
+لا يغلي ما تغليهوش خذ الحليب المبستر اللي في الجِجايز
+
+157
+00:14:01,410 --> 00:14:06,110
+أو في كيس النيلون واشربه بارد مافيش فيه أي نوع
+
+158
+00:14:06,110 --> 00:14:11,650
+من اللي هو البكتيريا الضارة الوسيلة الثالثة من
+
+159
+00:14:11,650 --> 00:14:13,710
+الحرارة المبللة
+
+160
+00:14:15,850 --> 00:14:21,030
+boiling water الماء المغلي يعني لو أنا جبت أي محقنة
+
+161
+00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:28,050
+جبت أي  سِرِنجة حاجة اه وحطيتها في ماء مغلي مدة عشر
+
+162
+00:14:28,050 --> 00:14:33,230
+دقائق ممكن أنا أقتل البكتيريا اللي فيها بنسبة فوق
+
+163
+00:14:33,230 --> 00:14:37,830
+التسعين في المئة إلا بعض أنواع البكتيريا لا تموت في
+
+164
+00:14:37,830 --> 00:14:41,630
+المغلي اللي هو الماء المغلي دا  equilibrium تتناعي
+
+165
+00:14:41,630 --> 00:14:46,190
+البكتيريا مسببة بمرض التيفوس أو الكزاز لا تموت
+
+166
+00:14:46,190 --> 00:14:51,370
+كذلك بعض البكتيريا الجراثيم لو حطيت للماء المغلي
+
+167
+00:14:51,370 --> 00:14:58,990
+كربونات صوديوم كربونات الصودا هذه 2% ممكن تزيد في
+
+168
+00:14:58,990 --> 00:15:02,970
+كفاءة الماء المغلي و��قتل بكتير أكثر حقيقة احنا
+
+169
+00:15:02,970 --> 00:15:07,710
+كنا قبل عشرات سنين نستخدم في الجراحة الماء
+
+170
+00:15:07,710 --> 00:15:14,280
+المغلي لتعقيم المحاقن والملاقيع وحتى السِرِنجات 
+
+171
+00:15:14,280 --> 00:15:19,160
+لجراحات وبعض الحاجات للصحاحات لكن بعد ما طلع الـ auto
+
+172
+00:15:19,160 --> 00:15:22,560
+cleave  ده استبدلنا الماء المغلي لكن التاريخ بتظل
+
+173
+00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:26,580
+هذا الماء المغلي هو أحد الأدوات لما ما تلاقيش غيرها
+
+174
+00:15:26,580 --> 00:15:32,000
+نغلي اللي هو اللي هو الأشياء في الماء المغلي
+
+175
+00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:40,300
+أحسن من استخدامها بدون تعقيم طيب الآن خلصنا الحرارة
+
+176
+00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:44,820
+خلصنا الحرارة الحرارة نوعين حرارة جافة وحرارة
+
+177
+00:15:44,820 --> 00:15:50,720
+مبللة الآن في بيه radiation الإشعاع والإشعاع احنا
+
+178
+00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:58,000
+عندنا نوعين في إشعاع طبيعي الإشعة الشمس وفي إشعاع
+
+179
+00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:02,000
+radiation  ionizing radiation من
+
+180
+00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:05,060
+المواد المشعة المواد المشعة التي تسمع عنها
+
+181
+00:16:05,060 --> 00:16:10,050
+الإشعاع الذري الأشعة الشمس بتحتوي على نوعين من
+
+182
+00:16:10,050 --> 00:16:18,010
+الأشعة في نوع اسمه ultraviolet ultra U ultraviolet
+
+183
+00:16:18,010 --> 00:16:28,430
+وinfrared الأشعة ultraviolet فوق البنفسجية U UV
+
+184
+00:16:28,430 --> 00:16:31,550
+ultraviolet
+
+185
+00:16:31,550 --> 00:16:37,380
+فوق البنفسجية وinfrared تحت الحمراء في واحدة التي
+
+186
+00:16:37,380 --> 00:16:41,540
+هو infrared طويل الموجي طول الموجي
+
+187
+00:16:41,540 --> 00:16:45,360
+طويل وهذه ultraviolet قصيرة والأشعة فيها ثانية
+
+188
+00:16:45,360 --> 00:16:50,080
+عشان هيك أشعة الشمس تستخدم كثيرًا في التعقيم
+
+189
+00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:53,640
+بالأشعتين
+
+190
+00:16:53,640 --> 00:16:59,480
+هدول اللي هو الـ operating rooms ورا في
+
+191
+00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:05,390
+الجراحة وغرف الحضانات nurseries غرف الحضانات بتاعة
+
+192
+00:17:05,390 --> 00:17:12,130
+الرضع واللي هو مرض الأمراض المعدية منكم ال
+
+193
+00:17:12,130 --> 00:17:19,450
+disease زي مثلًا الـ cell وزي الـ cholera وزي اللي
+
+194
+00:17:19,450 --> 00:17:23,810
+هو الأشياء هذه الأمراض المعدية وزي المعامل
+
+195
+00:17:23,810 --> 00:17:30,840
+البكتيرية التي فيها تجارب بكتيرية وزي الـ nurses ال
+
+196
+00:17:30,840 --> 00:17:34,540
+restaurant المطابخ المطابخ الكبرى لازم تعرضوها
+
+197
+00:17:34,540 --> 00:17:40,140
+لأشعة هاري الشمس وحتى فيه مصابيح فيها artificial
+
+198
+00:17:40,140 --> 00:17:46,920
+atrovirus مصابيح اللي هو أشعة بنفسجية فوق البنفسجية
+
+199
+00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:51,220
+من مصابيح خاصة قديما قالوا البيت التي تدخله الشمس
+
+200
+00:17:51,220 --> 00:17:56,560
+لا يدخله الطبيب جاي دائمًا كل ما الشمس تدخل غرف تدخل
+
+201
+00:17:56,560 --> 00:18:05,720
+أماكن تدخل معامل تدخل مستشفيات تعمل على التعقيم
+
+202
+00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:13,920
+وخاصة شمس الصباح وشمس آخر النهار أما الإشعاع
+
+203
+00:18:13,920 --> 00:18:23,220
+الصناعي من مواد مشعة زي الـ radio مثلًا بقول أن هذه
+
+204
+00:18:23,220 --> 00:18:33,420
+إلها يعني أثر فتاك على الميكروبات اه وكثير يعني
+
+205
+00:18:33,420 --> 00:18:41,480
+بيستخدموها اه في صناعات الدوائية زي pharmaceutical
+
+206
+00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:47,160
+في صناعة الدوائية وصناعة الأدوات الجراحية وخاصة
+
+207
+00:18:47,160 --> 00:18:50,640
+disposable syringe surgical instruments زي مثلًا
+
+208
+00:18:50,640 --> 00:18:54,500
+السِرِنجات لمرة واحدة من البلاستيك هذه وكل
+
+209
+00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:59,160
+الجراحات الآن لها قطعة لمرة واحدة disposable يعني
+
+210
+00:18:59,160 --> 00:19:04,080
+استخدمه وارميه  مشرط استخدمه وارميه أي
+
+211
+00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:09,560
+حاجة استخدمه وارميه سِرِنجة أي حاجة وهذه طبعًا في
+
+212
+00:19:09,560 --> 00:19:13,920
+شركات كبرى اسمها pharmaceuticals تعمل إمدادات للشيء
+
+213
+00:19:13,920 --> 00:19:19,460
+هذا تستخدم رشعات ذرية نووية وهذا شغل دول متقدمة مش
+
+214
+00:19:19,460 --> 00:19:27,060
+شغل يعني ناس زيّنة خلصنا الأشعة للتعقيم الآن اجتالت
+
+215
+00:19:27,060 --> 00:19:31,260
+للتعقيم اسمه filtration التشيح وهذه طريقة قديمة
+
+216
+00:19:31,260 --> 00:19:39,480
+يعني لما يكون مثلًا في سوائل مضاد حيوي يعني
+
+217
+00:19:40,520 --> 00:19:45,340
+لو سخّنّاه أو عرضناه لأشعة تخرب فاحنا بنجيبه في
+
+218
+00:19:45,340 --> 00:19:50,100
+filter الـ filter يبقى عبارة عن زي شبكة عيون صغيرة
+
+219
+00:19:50,100 --> 00:19:55,460
+جدا محط فيه سائل المضاد الحيوي فهو برشح إن الحاجات
+
+220
+00:19:55,460 --> 00:19:59,720
+الضارة وبنزل تحت الحاجات اللي كويسة أو أنَّها كانت
+
+221
+00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:02,900
+الـ antibiotic solutions وبالتالي احنا ما عرضناهش
+
+222
+00:20:02,900 --> 00:20:09,280
+للحرارة حتى يتلف وهي مثال للفلتر هي مثال للفلتر هي
+
+223
+00:20:09,280 --> 00:20:14,460
+before وهي after before كان في شوائب  الفلتر هذا هي
+
+224
+00:20:14,460 --> 00:20:19,800
+العيون دي جامسكها وطلع إنه شيء نقي ما فيش فيه هذه
+
+225
+00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:21,140
+الشوائب
+
+226
+00:20:23,710 --> 00:20:29,050
+هو لما يكون بنخاف المادة أو السائل يتلف من 
+
+227
+00:20:29,050 --> 00:20:33,190
+الحرارة damage يعني التلف من الحرارة فنحطه في 
+
+228
+00:20:33,190 --> 00:20:38,890
+filter شبكة عيون الجِجا ونصفيه وبالتالي احنا
+
+229
+00:20:38,890 --> 00:20:44,270
+بنطلعه نقي من هذه الشوائب دون التلف بالحرارة دون 
+
+230
+00:20:44,270 --> 00:20:49,680
+التلف بالحرارة أنا أرى أن نستكفي بما وصلنا إليه 
+
+231
+00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:54,840
+في محاضرة الخامسة ونقف عند التطهير المرة القادمة
+
+232
+00:20:54,840 --> 00:21:01,600
+يعني بأمر الله وأنا شايف الأمور هتكون أحسن وهي أنا
+
+233
+00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:05,540
+شايف طالباتي يعني بدوا يستوعبوا بس تقراوا أولًا 
+
+234
+00:21:05,540 --> 00:21:09,720
+فأولًا وإن شاء الله ألتقيكم المحاضرة التي جاية في
+
+235
+00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:16,840
+اللي هو التطهير this infection شكرًا لكم والسلام
+
+236
+00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:17,340
+عليكم

PL9fwy3NUQKwY2VeAiCJWVIF9_gd5SI9lJ/HcDVQpDua9I_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,944 @@
+1
+00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,960
+عوض بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
+
+2
+00:00:03,960 --> 00:00:07,780
+الحمد لله و أكفى و أصلي و أسلم على النبي المصطفى
+
+3
+00:00:07,780 --> 00:00:14,880
+بناتي مستوى الثالث في قسم البصريات الطبية السلام
+
+4
+00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:19,080
+عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته أعود لكم الآن في المحاضرة
+
+5
+00:00:19,080 --> 00:00:24,400
+الخامسة حول اللي هو bacterial destruction
+
+6
+00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:27,360
+destruction يعني كيف أبيض البكتيريا أتخلص من
+
+7
+00:00:27,360 --> 00:00:31,900
+البكتيرياالبكتيريا تعيش معانا ومعظمها مرضية سبب
+
+8
+00:00:31,900 --> 00:00:37,080
+منها احنا امراض وتفكيث بانسان الجميع فالانسان
+
+9
+00:00:37,080 --> 00:00:40,700
+اتعلم ايضا كيف يقوم البكتيريا بين نوعين نوع اسمه
+
+10
+00:00:40,700 --> 00:00:44,840
+sterilization هي تعقيم ونوع اسمه disinfection
+
+11
+00:00:44,840 --> 00:00:51,020
+تطهير في فرق دقيق بين التعقيم والتطهير لما اقول
+
+12
+00:00:51,020 --> 00:00:56,500
+انا تعقيم يعني اخد بالي ان انا اقصد 100% ازالة
+
+13
+00:00:56,500 --> 00:01:03,990
+للبكتيريايعني ولا واحد من عشرة في المية موجود بس
+
+14
+00:01:03,990 --> 00:01:12,070
+sterilization defined يعرف as destruction يعني
+
+15
+00:01:12,070 --> 00:01:17,010
+إبادة of all forms of بكتيريا كل أطوار البكتيريا
+
+16
+00:01:17,010 --> 00:01:22,030
+أو ال micro organisms حتى الأحياء الدقيقة سواء
+
+17
+00:01:22,030 --> 00:01:28,700
+منها spores المجارتمة أو vegetative المجارتمةby
+
+18
+00:01:28,700 --> 00:01:32,560
+using physical and chemical means باستخدام الوسائل
+
+19
+00:01:32,560 --> 00:01:37,980
+الفيزيائية والكيميائية الوسائل الفيزيائية الشمس
+
+20
+00:01:37,980 --> 00:01:45,660
+مثلا فيزيائية الميه فيزيائية الأشعة
+
+21
+00:01:45,660 --> 00:01:53,400
+فيزيائية الحرارة فيزيائية التلج فيزيائية chemical
+
+22
+00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:58,510
+لأ ال chemical و الكيميائية يعني انا دخلت حامضدخلت
+
+23
+00:01:58,510 --> 00:02:03,330
+قلوي دخلت يعني اي مواد كيميائية عضوية او غير عضوية
+
+24
+00:02:03,330 --> 00:02:09,410
+دخلت الكيميا يبقى الفيزيا بما فيها الكهربا تختلف
+
+25
+00:02:09,410 --> 00:02:13,750
+عن كيميا اللي هي مواد كيميائية يبقى ان انا ابادة
+
+26
+00:02:13,750 --> 00:02:18,630
+لكل انواع او اطوار ال micro organisms ومنها
+
+27
+00:02:18,630 --> 00:02:22,910
+البكتيريا الحياة الداخلية ومنها البكتيريا باستخدام
+
+28
+00:02:22,910 --> 00:02:27,730
+موسائل فيزيائية او كيميائيةالـ disinfection
+
+29
+00:02:27,730 --> 00:02:33,210
+التطهير التطهير لا فيه احتمال يظل لها نسبة عايشة
+
+30
+00:02:33,210 --> 00:02:38,410
+من الأحياء الدقيقة يبقى هي process عملية فيزيائية
+
+31
+00:02:38,410 --> 00:02:44,420
+أو كيميائيةبتعمل تخلص get rid يعني تخلص من
+
+32
+00:02:44,420 --> 00:02:51,640
+البكتيريا البكتيريا المرضية يعني such process may
+
+33
+00:02:51,640 --> 00:02:54,840
+or may not affect bacteria in this form in this
+
+34
+00:02:54,840 --> 00:02:58,120
+form يعني البكتيريا المتجدمة يعني انا لو قلت اني
+
+35
+00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:02,720
+انا طهرت ايديا من البكتيريا يعني حطيت عليها مثلا
+
+36
+00:03:02,720 --> 00:03:07,520
+كحول سميرتو حطيت عليها الجل هذا اللي بيحطوه الآن
+
+37
+00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:12,010
+في صدريهاهذا اسمه تطهير يعني احتمال تسعين في المية
+
+38
+00:03:12,010 --> 00:03:17,210
+من البكتيريا تموت لكن احتمال عشر في المية تظل يعني
+
+39
+00:03:17,210 --> 00:03:25,490
+انا مثلا جليت الطبق بالسابون اه طهرته انا طهرته من
+
+40
+00:03:25,490 --> 00:03:29,930
+الفضلات طهرته ونظفته لكن ماقدرش اقول اني عقمتهيعني
+
+41
+00:03:29,930 --> 00:03:33,850
+انا بتقول انا تعقيم يعني مية مية يعني انا مثلا
+
+42
+00:03:33,850 --> 00:03:39,010
+برشو الأرض بال ال chlorine بقولك عقمنة غلط عقمنة
+
+43
+00:03:39,010 --> 00:03:44,110
+يفروض يقولوا طهرنا طهرنا الصفر طهرنا الأرض طهرنا
+
+44
+00:03:44,110 --> 00:03:48,710
+المطبخ طهرنا أيدينا لكن مابنقولش عقمنة لأن تعقيم
+
+45
+00:03:48,710 --> 00:03:54,410
+مسألة معقدة وعايزة يعني حاجات هقولها الآن هبدأ
+
+46
+00:03:54,410 --> 00:04:02,830
+بالتعقيم مولد التعقيمفى different metals ايش
+
+47
+00:04:02,830 --> 00:04:08,570
+different metals يعني فى عدة وسائل تستخدم فى
+
+48
+00:04:08,570 --> 00:04:14,970
+التحقيق أول واحد ال heat الحرارة الحرارة ربما تكون
+
+49
+00:04:14,970 --> 00:04:22,150
+حرارة جافة أو حرارة مبلولة فيها مياه يعني نبدأ
+
+50
+00:04:22,150 --> 00:04:26,110
+بالحرارة الجافة ايش يعني الحرارة الجافة فى حد اسمه
+
+51
+00:04:26,110 --> 00:04:33,430
+ال heat اللهباللهب يعني انا لو جبت مثلا إبرة إبرة
+
+52
+00:04:33,430 --> 00:04:39,370
+طويلة وحطيتها على النار اه او جبت مجص اه وحطيته
+
+53
+00:04:39,370 --> 00:04:44,390
+على النار اه او جبت اي قالة جراحية عشناك اشي
+
+54
+00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:49,710
+وحطيتها على النار اه على اللهب بقتل كل ال micro
+
+55
+00:04:49,710 --> 00:04:55,310
+organs يعني حركة يعني انا اما احط الشي على النار
+
+56
+00:04:55,310 --> 00:05:03,040
+معناه ان انايعني كون زمان مثلا لو بيعمل مثلا جراحة
+
+57
+00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:07,960
+قبل ما تطلع الأدوات الأجهزة الحديثة كان يحط المشرط
+
+58
+00:05:07,960 --> 00:05:12,880
+على النار اه و بعدين يجرح فيه مية في المية مافيش
+
+59
+00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:17,780
+فيه يعني بكتيريا اللي انخاف لكن طبعا مش هيكون هو
+
+60
+00:05:17,780 --> 00:05:23,820
+يعني فيه من بواقي اللهب يعني بعض الصيناج والسواد
+
+61
+00:05:25,860 --> 00:05:30,080
+الحرارة الجافة التانية incineration الحرق الحرق
+
+62
+00:05:30,080 --> 00:05:37,400
+هذه حقيقة يعني مخلفات الجراحة والمستشفيات و الشاشة
+
+63
+00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:43,220
+اللي في صديق و دم و ملايات الوسخة و بواكي الشاشة
+
+64
+00:05:43,220 --> 00:05:49,320
+الجراحية بيحطوه في برميل و بيحرقوه الحرق لما ال
+
+65
+00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:52,440
+incineration عملت حرق قبل الحرق هي التخلص من
+
+66
+00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:59,900
+البكتيريااللي هو الشاشة والملابس اللي فيها الصديق
+
+67
+00:05:59,900 --> 00:06:04,640
+والدم وهيك احنا نرتاح منها يعني الحرارة جافة اما
+
+68
+00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:14,320
+بلها واما بالحرارة اما النوع التالتليه؟ الحرارة
+
+69
+00:06:14,320 --> 00:06:19,420
+الجافة hot air oven لأ هذا لما طلع هذا فرن تعقيم
+
+70
+00:06:19,420 --> 00:06:26,100
+يعني هذا الفرن بنحط فيه الأقحم الجراحية المجصات
+
+71
+00:06:26,100 --> 00:06:33,260
+والمشارط اللي هو أدوات الجراحة المختلفة مدة ساعة
+
+72
+00:06:33,260 --> 00:06:38,310
+إلى ساعتين في حرارة مية وستين إلى مية وسبعينبنحطه
+
+73
+00:06:38,310 --> 00:06:44,750
+في فرن زي هذا زي هيك شوف زي التلاجة الصغيرة وبتسكر
+
+74
+00:06:44,750 --> 00:06:48,890
+ويله مكياز حراري على الكهربا يعني هو electrical
+
+75
+00:06:48,890 --> 00:06:58,900
+ديهاز كهربائيهوت ايه ال oven يعني فرن تعقيم وبعدين
+
+76
+00:06:58,900 --> 00:07:03,580
+هذا بتفكر عليه مدة ساعتين ومن قط فيه كل الأدوات
+
+77
+00:07:03,580 --> 00:07:10,020
+الجراحية الدوارب الجزايز السيلنجات الإجازأي حاجة
+
+78
+00:07:10,020 --> 00:07:15,600
+حديد من أدوات جراحية اه مدة ساعة او ساعتين مئو
+
+79
+00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:20,320
+سبعين درجة بطلعها fully sterilized ايش sterilized
+
+80
+00:07:20,320 --> 00:07:23,720
+يعني و اقل مائة بالمائة يعني بتعمل عملية جراحية
+
+81
+00:07:23,720 --> 00:07:27,880
+وانت مطمن ان مافيش بكتيريا راح تدخل في هذا الجرح
+
+82
+00:07:27,880 --> 00:07:29,580
+او في هذه العملية
+
+83
+00:07:32,270 --> 00:07:36,270
+الحقيقة انه لو هيك hot air open اول ما طلع قبل
+
+84
+00:07:36,270 --> 00:07:43,470
+حوالي يمكن 80 سنة او 70 سنة كان فعال جدا لكن موضوع
+
+85
+00:07:43,470 --> 00:07:48,030
+الساعة الى ساعتين هذه يعني خلت الو��ع بعد هيك صعب
+
+86
+00:07:48,030 --> 00:07:51,770
+لان العملات الجراحية زادت في المستشفيات و لو كل
+
+87
+00:07:51,770 --> 00:07:56,170
+انا طاقم جراحي طاقم جراحي ولبس اللي هو الجراحين و
+
+88
+00:07:56,170 --> 00:08:00,610
+الشاشةبدي انا اخليه ساعتين فى الفرن يعنى كام عملية
+
+89
+00:08:00,610 --> 00:08:03,030
+بدي اشتغل فى اليوم كام عملية بدي اشتغل فى اليوم
+
+90
+00:08:03,030 --> 00:08:05,930
+علمى انه كل طاقة اللى بنعمل فى عملية بده ينعاد
+
+91
+00:08:05,930 --> 00:08:10,250
+اللى هو وضعه فى الفرن من اول و جديد بعد ايقافه
+
+92
+00:08:10,250 --> 00:08:18,390
+وهذا يعني مش عملي لكن احنا بنقول تاريخيا ان الفرن
+
+93
+00:08:18,390 --> 00:08:25,500
+الحرارى هو يستخدم فى التعقيمليه المستشفيات قال
+
+94
+00:08:25,500 --> 00:08:29,860
+المستشفيات هو يعني و باقي نتاجي كويسة لكن انه خمس
+
+95
+00:08:29,860 --> 00:08:34,760
+ساعة او ساعتين يعني جعل بعد هيك ال auto class اللي
+
+96
+00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:38,040
+جاي هذا أحسن منه أسرع منه و أسرع منه خلال ربع
+
+97
+00:08:38,040 --> 00:08:42,320
+الساعة ده بيشتغل لكن بيظلوا في الحرارة الجافة هو
+
+98
+00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:46,460
+النوع التالت يبقى الحرارة الجافة red heat اللهب
+
+99
+00:08:46,460 --> 00:08:54,950
+flameأو حرق للتخلص من المواد القادرة او ال hot air
+
+100
+00:08:54,950 --> 00:09:00,070
+open في المستشفيات و الآن صار قديم يعني قل
+
+101
+00:09:00,070 --> 00:09:03,670
+استعماله كثير إلا في الدول المتخلفة الحرارة
+
+102
+00:09:03,670 --> 00:09:07,650
+التانية اسمها moist air الحرارة المبللة يعني ما
+
+103
+00:09:07,650 --> 00:09:11,890
+تدخل فيها ميه وهذه فكرة القدر الكاتم ال auto
+
+104
+00:09:11,890 --> 00:09:19,500
+-cleave اللي هو التعقيم في المستشفياتوهذا يعتمد
+
+105
+00:09:19,500 --> 00:09:23,180
+على pressure
+
+106
+00:09:23,180 --> 00:09:33,420
+بزيادة الضغط فوق الضغط الجوي لماء مغلي يعني انا
+
+107
+00:09:33,420 --> 00:09:40,200
+فكرة طنجرة الكهربا القدر الكاتب اللي بتصفر هذه شوف
+
+108
+00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:45,330
+يعني انت بتحط فيها اللحم و قدر من الماءوبتكتمها
+
+109
+00:09:45,330 --> 00:09:49,710
+وبعدين لما تبدأ تصفر تبدأ توطي النار مثلا بعد ربع
+
+110
+00:09:49,710 --> 00:09:56,270
+ساعة تاخد لحم يعني ناضج جدا لأنه استخدمت الضغط
+
+111
+00:09:56,270 --> 00:10:03,230
+الحرارة تحت الضغط ضغط البخار يبقى هذه المي المغلية
+
+112
+00:10:03,230 --> 00:10:08,590
+لا يسمح البخار ان يطلع وبالتالي بزيد الضغط داخل ال
+
+113
+00:10:08,590 --> 00:10:15,510
+Autoclave هذامع حرارة تصل الى 121 درجة مئاوية بمدة
+
+114
+00:10:15,510 --> 00:10:18,830
+ربع ساعة فقط خمس عشر دقيقة بتعطيك full
+
+115
+00:10:18,830 --> 00:10:23,830
+sterilization الضغط بيكون حوالي خمس عشر رطل
+
+116
+00:10:23,830 --> 00:10:29,670
+انجريزي على كل انش مربع من مساحة الفورم جوا هذا مش
+
+117
+00:10:29,670 --> 00:10:38,710
+مهم الكتير المهم يعني اللي هو الحرارة تحت الضغط
+
+118
+00:10:40,530 --> 00:10:45,370
+الداخل اللى هو الفرن هذا بيقول ان هذا ال autoclave
+
+119
+00:10:45,370 --> 00:10:51,390
+يستخدم لتعقيم surgical instruments كلمة surgical
+
+120
+00:10:51,390 --> 00:10:54,670
+instruments يعني اللى هو أدوات الجراحة قبقم
+
+121
+00:10:54,670 --> 00:10:58,630
+الجراحة تعقيم كل عملية جراحية إلى طجنب يعني مثلا
+
+122
+00:10:58,630 --> 00:11:02,270
+عمليات العيون تختلف عن عمليات المعدةتختلف عن عملية
+
+123
+00:11:02,270 --> 00:11:06,270
+القلون تختلف عن عملية الغضروف تختلف عن عملية المخ
+
+124
+00:11:06,270 --> 00:11:10,710
+تختلف عن عملية الأدن تختلف عن عملية النسا والولادة
+
+125
+00:11:10,710 --> 00:11:18,870
+و هكذا بما فيها الفوط والشاشة أدوات الجراحة وملابس
+
+126
+00:11:18,870 --> 00:11:24,970
+الجراحين كلها تنحطواطباق المدارس البكتيرية كلها
+
+127
+00:11:24,970 --> 00:11:29,390
+بتنحط تاكلوا و بتطلع وهذه الصورة ربما ��شكل ال
+
+128
+00:11:29,390 --> 00:11:34,770
+autoplay يلو باب هيو بتسكر اه و بتعمل كويس و بعدين
+
+129
+00:11:34,770 --> 00:11:41,740
+بتحط الحرارةعلى مؤشر معين وعلى الكهربا وبعد خمساشر
+
+130
+00:11:41,740 --> 00:11:48,220
+دقيقة من الحرارة
+
+131
+00:11:48,220 --> 00:11:54,260
+والضبط بناخد تعقيم كامل للأدوات اللي احنا حاطناها
+
+132
+00:11:54,260 --> 00:11:59,840
+داخل هذا ال اوتوكليز يبقى هذه الحرارة المبالغة لل
+
+133
+00:11:59,840 --> 00:12:03,260
+اوتوكليز فيه ميه يعني لازم تحط فيه ميه في الفاشنجر
+
+134
+00:12:03,260 --> 00:12:08,890
+الميه ال اوتوكليز لازم يكون فيهقدر من الميه فيه
+
+135
+00:12:08,890 --> 00:12:13,270
+عشان هي اللي بدها بعد مية درجة تبدأ تجلي والبخار
+
+136
+00:12:13,270 --> 00:12:18,250
+ان كتم البخار ان كتم داخل هذا اللي هو الوتوكليف
+
+137
+00:12:18,250 --> 00:12:24,250
+جهاز التعقيد في شي اسمه pasteurization Pasteur هو
+
+138
+00:12:24,250 --> 00:12:33,530
+عالم فرنسي أول من فكر في البسترة البسترةليه الملك
+
+139
+00:12:33,530 --> 00:12:40,330
+الحليب المبسطر جاب الحليب المبسطر حطه في نص ساعة
+
+140
+00:12:40,330 --> 00:12:46,290
+اتنين وستين درجه ميئاوية في جهاز نص ساعة اتنين
+
+141
+00:12:46,290 --> 00:12:50,490
+وستين ونص درجه ميئاوية وبعدين بعد هيك راح حط رابد
+
+142
+00:12:50,490 --> 00:12:56,830
+كولينغ رابد كولينغ حطه في فريزر وجرب
+
+143
+00:12:56,830 --> 00:13:02,550
+هذا الكلام مع النبيذ و مع الحليب وجد انه100% تشفي
+
+144
+00:13:02,550 --> 00:13:07,210
+بكتيريا ومن هنا طلع الحليب ال مبسطر ال milk هذا
+
+145
+00:13:07,210 --> 00:13:12,450
+تشفي اي نوع من البكتيريا لا تفوئيد ولا سبت كوكاي
+
+146
+00:13:12,450 --> 00:13:16,010
+ولا TB ولا بروسيلا اللى بتعمل القمة الملطية هذه
+
+147
+00:13:16,010 --> 00:13:19,890
+القمة الملطية وهذه بتعمل السل سبت كوكاي بتعمل
+
+148
+00:13:19,890 --> 00:13:24,770
+الصديد والتفوئيد من البكتيريا كلها صارت الحليب
+
+149
+00:13:24,770 --> 00:13:31,400
+خالص منها بس هي اتقدم للبشريةصحيح انه يعني خدمة
+
+150
+00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:36,660
+كتير انه هو سخن الحليب لنص ساعة اتنين وستين ونص
+
+151
+00:13:36,660 --> 00:13:40,540
+وبعدين حطه في ال freezer بعد هيك ليه جي البكتيريا
+
+152
+00:13:40,540 --> 00:13:44,200
+كلها ماتت والان احنا بنشرب حليب من بستر في الججايز
+
+153
+00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:48,910
+او في الكياسبدون أي بكتيريا و بدون ما نخاف لإن
+
+154
+00:13:48,910 --> 00:13:53,890
+احنا ناخد حليب البقر و نشربه مرة واحدة ممكن ان
+
+155
+00:13:53,890 --> 00:13:57,350
+يكون فيه أمراض كثيرة لكن مجرد الحليب المبسطر حتى
+
+156
+00:13:57,350 --> 00:14:01,410
+لا يغلى ماتغلهوش خد الحليب المبسطر اللي في الجزايز
+
+157
+00:14:01,410 --> 00:14:06,110
+او في كيات النيلون و اشربه بارد مافيش فيه اي نوع
+
+158
+00:14:06,110 --> 00:14:11,650
+من اللي هو البكتيريا الضارة الوسيلة التالتة من
+
+159
+00:14:11,650 --> 00:14:13,710
+الحرارة المبللة
+
+160
+00:14:15,850 --> 00:14:21,030
+boiling water الميه المغلية يعني لو انا جب اي مجص
+
+161
+00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:28,050
+جب اي سيرنجة حاجة اه وحطيتها في ميه مغلية مدة عشر
+
+162
+00:14:28,050 --> 00:14:33,230
+دقايق ممكن انا اقتل البكتيريا اللي فيها بنسبة فوق
+
+163
+00:14:33,230 --> 00:14:37,830
+التسعين في الميةإلا بعض أنواع البكتيريا لاتموت في
+
+164
+00:14:37,830 --> 00:14:41,630
+المغلية اللي هو المي المغلية دا equilibrium تتناعي
+
+165
+00:14:41,630 --> 00:14:46,190
+البكتيريه مسبب بان المرض التفنس أو الكزاز بتموتش
+
+166
+00:14:46,190 --> 00:14:51,370
+كذلك بعض البكتيريا المجارسةلو حطيت للميه المجلية
+
+167
+00:14:51,370 --> 00:14:58,990
+كربونات Sodium كربونات الفلافل هذه 2% ممكن تزيد في
+
+168
+00:14:58,990 --> 00:15:02,970
+كفاءة الميه المجلية وتخطل بكتير اكتر حقيقة احنا
+
+169
+00:15:02,970 --> 00:15:07,710
+كنا قبل عشرات سني�� بنستخدم في الجراحة الميه
+
+170
+00:15:07,710 --> 00:15:14,280
+المجلية لتعقيم المجصات والملاجئوحتى السيرينجات
+
+171
+00:15:14,280 --> 00:15:19,160
+لجزاز وبعض الحاجات للصحاحات لكن بعد ما طلع ال auto
+
+172
+00:15:19,160 --> 00:15:22,560
+-cleave ده اشترنا الميه المغلية لكن التاريخ بتظل
+
+173
+00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:26,580
+هذه الميه المغلية هي احد الأدوات لما ماتيسرش غيرها
+
+174
+00:15:26,580 --> 00:15:32,000
+بنغلي اللي هو اللي هو الاشياء في الميه المغلية
+
+175
+00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:40,300
+احسن من مستخدمها بدون تعقيم طيب الآن خلصنا الحرارة
+
+176
+00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:44,820
+خلصنا الحرارة الحرارة نوعين حرارة جافة و حرارة
+
+177
+00:15:44,820 --> 00:15:50,720
+مبللة الان في بيه radiation الإشعاع والإشعاع احنا
+
+178
+00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:58,000
+عنا نوعين في إشعاع طبيعي الإشعة الشمس وفي إشعاع
+
+179
+00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:02,000
+radiation radiation يعني ionizing radiation من
+
+180
+00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:05,060
+المواد المشعة المواد المشعة اللى بتسمع عنها
+
+181
+00:16:05,060 --> 00:16:10,050
+الإشعاع الذرىالأشعة الشمس بتحتوي على نوعين من
+
+182
+00:16:10,050 --> 00:16:18,010
+الأشعة في نوع اسمه ultraviolet ultra U ultraviolet
+
+183
+00:16:18,010 --> 00:16:28,430
+و infrared اش ال ultraviolet فوق البنفسدية U UV
+
+184
+00:16:28,430 --> 00:16:31,550
+ultraviolet
+
+185
+00:16:31,550 --> 00:16:37,380
+فوق البنفسدية و infrared تحت الحمرانفي واحدة اللى
+
+186
+00:16:37,380 --> 00:16:41,540
+هو infrared طويل طويل اللى هو الموجي طول الموجي
+
+187
+00:16:41,540 --> 00:16:45,360
+طويل وهدى ultraviolet قصيرة والاشعة فيها تانية
+
+188
+00:16:45,360 --> 00:16:50,080
+عشان هيك اشعة الشمس تستخدم كثيرا في التعقيم
+
+189
+00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:53,640
+بالاشعتين
+
+190
+00:16:53,640 --> 00:16:59,480
+هدولة ليه اللى هو ال operating rooms ورا في
+
+191
+00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:05,390
+الجراحةو دور الحضارة nurseries دور الحضارة بتاعة
+
+192
+00:17:05,390 --> 00:17:12,130
+الرضع و اللي هو ورط الأمراض المعدية منكم ال
+
+193
+00:17:12,130 --> 00:17:19,450
+disease زي مثلا ال cell و زي ال cholera و زي اللي
+
+194
+00:17:19,450 --> 00:17:23,810
+هو الأشياء هذه الأمراض المعدية و زي المعامل
+
+195
+00:17:23,810 --> 00:17:30,840
+البكتيريةاللي فيها تجارب بكتيرية وزي ال nurses ال
+
+196
+00:17:30,840 --> 00:17:34,540
+restaurant المطابق المطابق الكبرى لازم يعرضوها
+
+197
+00:17:34,540 --> 00:17:40,140
+للشعع هاري الشمس وحتى فيه لُمَض فيها artificial
+
+198
+00:17:40,140 --> 00:17:46,920
+atrovirus لُمَض اللي هو أشعة بنفسجية فوق البنفسجية
+
+199
+00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:51,220
+من لُمَض خاصة قديما قالوا البيت اللي تدخله الشمس
+
+200
+00:17:51,220 --> 00:17:56,560
+لا يدخله الطبيبجا دايما كل ما الشمس تدخل غرف تدخل
+
+201
+00:17:56,560 --> 00:18:05,720
+أماكن تدخل معامل تدخل مستشفيات تعمل على التعقيد
+
+202
+00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:13,920
+خاصة شمس الصباح و شمس آخر النهار أما الإشعاع
+
+203
+00:18:13,920 --> 00:18:23,220
+الصناعي من مواد مشعة زي ال radio مثلابقول ان هذه
+
+204
+00:18:23,220 --> 00:18:33,420
+إلها يعني أثر فتاك على الميكروبات اه وكتير يعني
+
+205
+00:18:33,420 --> 00:18:41,480
+بيستخدموها اه في صناعات الدوائية زي pharmaceutical
+
+206
+00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:47,160
+في صناعة الدوائية وصناعة الأدوات الدراحيةوخاصة
+
+207
+00:18:47,160 --> 00:18:50,640
+disposable syringe surgical instruments زي مثلا
+
+208
+00:18:50,640 --> 00:18:54,500
+السيرينجات لمرة واحدة باسم البلاستيك هذه وكل
+
+209
+00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:59,160
+الجراحات الآن لها قطكم لمرة واحدة disposable يعني
+
+210
+00:18:59,160 --> 00:19:04,080
+استخدمه ورميه مشرب تستخدمه مجص تستخدمه ورميه اي
+
+211
+00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:09,560
+حاجة تستخدمه ورميها سيرينجة اي حاجة وهذه طبعا في
+
+212
+00:19:09,560 --> 00:19:13,920
+شركات كبرى اسمها pharmaceuticalsتعمل إمدادات للشيء
+
+213
+00:19:13,920 --> 00:19:19,460
+هذا تستخدم رشعات ذرية نوية وهذا شغل دول متقدمة مش
+
+214
+00:19:19,460 --> 00:19:27,060
+شغل يعني ناس زينة خلصنا الأشعة للتعقيم انه اجتالت
+
+215
+00:19:27,060 --> 00:19:31,260
+للتعقيم اسمه filtration التشيح وهذه طريقة قديمة
+
+216
+00:19:31,260 --> 00:19:39,480
+يعني لما يكون مثلا في سوائل مضاد حيوي يعني
+
+217
+00:19:40,520 --> 00:19:45,340
+لو سخّرناها أو عرضناها لأشعة تخرب فاحنا بنجيبها في
+
+218
+00:19:45,340 --> 00:19:50,100
+filter ال filter يبقى عبارة عن زي شبك ريونه صغير
+
+219
+00:19:50,100 --> 00:19:55,460
+جدا محط فيه سائل المضاد الحيوي فهو برشح إن الحاجات
+
+220
+00:19:55,460 --> 00:19:59,720
+الضارة وبنزل تحت الحاجات اللي كويسة أو انها كانت
+
+221
+00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:02,900
+ال antibiotic solutions وبالتالي احنا ماعرضناهش
+
+222
+00:20:02,900 --> 00:20:09,280
+الحرارة حتى يتلقىوهي مثال للفلتر هى مثال للفلتر هى
+
+223
+00:20:09,280 --> 00:20:14,460
+before وهى after before كان في شوائض الفلتر هذا هى
+
+224
+00:20:14,460 --> 00:20:19,800
+العيون دى جامسكها وطلع إنه اشي نقي مافيش فيه هذه
+
+225
+00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:21,140
+الشوائض
+
+226
+00:20:23,710 --> 00:20:29,050
+هو لما يكون بنخاف المادة أو السائل يسيبه damage من
+
+227
+00:20:29,050 --> 00:20:33,190
+الحرارة damage يعني التلف من الحرارة فبنحطه في
+
+228
+00:20:33,190 --> 00:20:38,890
+filter شبكت عيون ال جيجا وبنصفيه وبالتالي احنا
+
+229
+00:20:38,890 --> 00:20:44,270
+بنطلعه نقي من هذه الشوائط دون التلف بالحرارة دون
+
+230
+00:20:44,270 --> 00:20:49,680
+التلفبالحرارة انا اقرأ انه نستكفي بما وصلنا اليه
+
+231
+00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:54,840
+في محاضرة الخامسة ونقف عند التطهير المرة القادمة
+
+232
+00:20:54,840 --> 00:21:01,600
+يعني بأمر الله وانا شايف الأمور هتكون أحسنوهي أنا
+
+233
+00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:05,540
+شايف طالباتي يعني بدوا يستوعبوا بس تقراوا أولا
+
+234
+00:21:05,540 --> 00:21:09,720
+فأول وإن شاء الله ألتقيكم المحاضرة اللي جاية في
+
+235
+00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:16,840
+اللي هو التطهير this infection شكرا لكم والسلام
+
+236
+00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:17,340
+عليكم
+

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+1
+00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:05,480
+عوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
+
+2
+00:00:05,480 --> 00:00:10,740
+الحمد لله وكفاه و أصلي و أسلم على النبي المصطلع
+
+3
+00:00:10,740 --> 00:00:20,760
+طالباتي المستوى الثالث مساق الأحياء الدقيقة السلام
+
+4
+00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:25,860
+عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته بعد هذا الانقطاع لنكمل ما
+
+5
+00:00:25,860 --> 00:00:34,760
+تبقى من هذا المساقفي علم الأحياء الدقيق لأن احنا
+
+6
+00:00:34,760 --> 00:00:41,320
+عندنا موضوع مهم جدا موضوع chlamydia trachomatis
+
+7
+00:00:41,320 --> 00:00:50,140
+chlamydia trachomatis هذه التأمة المرض هو من أكثر
+
+8
+00:00:50,140 --> 00:00:55,280
+الأمراض التي يسبب العمى في العالم خاصة في المدد
+
+9
+00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:58,930
+السابقالحقيقة كلاميديا لما نقول كلاميديا نوع من
+
+10
+00:00:58,930 --> 00:01:04,050
+البكتيريا التي تسبب العمى والذي يمكن الوقاية منه
+
+11
+00:01:04,050 --> 00:01:08,890
+ويمكن علاجه في الموضوع ان تراكومة في منها تلت
+
+12
+00:01:08,890 --> 00:01:14,210
+أنواع كلاميديا C كلاميديا يعني تراكوماكس هذه هي
+
+13
+00:01:14,210 --> 00:01:17,130
+اللي هنركز عليها اللي بتسيب العين بالعمى هذه
+
+14
+00:01:17,130 --> 00:01:23,630
+تراكومة بتانس هذه يعني بتسيب الحيوانات
+
+15
+00:01:26,310 --> 00:01:30,850
+النيومونيا تصيب الجهاز التنفسي ومش هاركز عليها
+
+16
+00:01:30,850 --> 00:01:35,290
+يعني احنا هاركز عليها للأول Clamydia Trachomatis
+
+17
+00:01:35,290 --> 00:01:42,310
+كلهم التلاتة بكتيريا انتراسيلولار يعني هم بيعيشوا
+
+18
+00:01:42,310 --> 00:01:48,450
+داخل الخلايا المريضة بوجهتي يعني إجباري يعيشوش
+
+19
+00:01:48,450 --> 00:01:56,220
+داخل الخلايا المريضةالـ Clamydia Trachomatis هذه
+
+20
+00:01:56,220 --> 00:02:01,160
+في منها بصيب العين اوكلر ومنها بصيب الجهاز
+
+21
+00:02:01,160 --> 00:02:06,320
+التناثوري جنتل وفي منها بصيب سيستميك يعني في كل
+
+22
+00:02:06,320 --> 00:02:10,700
+الجسم سيستميك طبعا احنا هنركز على ال اوكلر و بعده
+
+23
+00:02:10,700 --> 00:02:13,380
+على الجنتل مش هنركز على ال سيستميك يعني مش هو
+
+24
+00:02:13,380 --> 00:02:18,620
+الأطباء هذا لكن هنسمع العين و الجهاز التناثوري
+
+25
+00:02:18,620 --> 00:02:25,060
+Clamydia Trachomatisاللي احنا بتتكلم عنها هي
+
+26
+00:02:25,060 --> 00:02:29,180
+responsible يعني مسئولة عن ال disease عن مرض العين
+
+27
+00:02:29,180 --> 00:02:35,180
+في الإنسان in humans يعني في الإنسان واحنا هنخصلها
+
+28
+00:02:35,180 --> 00:02:39,820
+الشابتر هذا زي ما قلنا اللي هنتكلم عنه بالتوسع اما
+
+29
+00:02:39,820 --> 00:02:45,560
+التانية pneumonia بتعمل اللي هو مرض في الجهاز
+
+30
+00:02:46,070 --> 00:02:49,190
+التنافسى عشان هي تنافسى عشان هي اسمها pneumonia
+
+31
+00:02:49,190 --> 00:02:54,690
+pneumonia يعني اتهاب رئوي اتهاب رئوي مش هنتكلم
+
+32
+00:02:54,690 --> 00:03:00,190
+عنها بس ذكرناها هنا يعني لو قلنالكوا يعني الخيارات
+
+33
+00:03:00,190 --> 00:03:03,670
+او اشي مين اللي بيعمل مرض في العين هتقولي
+
+34
+00:03:03,670 --> 00:03:07,370
+التراكماتس مين اللي بيعمل في الجهاد التنافسى
+
+35
+00:03:07,370 --> 00:03:11,870
+كلاميديا نيومونيا التالتة هذه مش هتكلم عنها
+
+36
+00:03:12,370 --> 00:03:17,290
+البيتاشيه دي اه لانها بتعمل infections in animals
+
+37
+00:03:17,290 --> 00:03:25,070
+يعني العدوى في الحيوانات اللي قد تصل الى الإنسان و
+
+38
+00:03:25,070 --> 00:03:28,770
+بتعمله ايش اسمها براوي atypical pneumonia من
+
+39
+00:03:28,770 --> 00:03:32,230
+الحيوانات يعني الناس المزرعين و الناس اللي برعوا
+
+40
+00:03:32,230 --> 00:03:36,190
+البقر و برعوا الخرفان و اي شيء ممكن تصيبهم يعني
+
+41
+00:03:36,190 --> 00:03:40,410
+بقول احنا معظم او كل كلامنا هيكون على النوع الاول
+
+42
+00:03:40,410 --> 00:03:48,890
+TrachomasClamydia Trachomadesis طيب واحد دخل عينه
+
+43
+00:03:48,890 --> 00:03:55,890
+البكتير��ا Clamydia Trachomadesis من أول ساعة تبدأ
+
+44
+00:03:55,890 --> 00:04:03,270
+تشتغل في الساعة الأولى دخلة العين تبدأ تشتغل وتنسخ
+
+45
+00:04:03,270 --> 00:04:09,770
+الجيوناتحتى في أول ساعة بصلت 9 او 20 جين من
+
+46
+00:04:09,770 --> 00:04:16,150
+الجينات هذه البكتيريا داخل الخلية الحية للعين مثلا
+
+47
+00:04:16,150 --> 00:04:16,990
+المشتحمة
+
+48
+00:04:19,540 --> 00:04:23,620
+بتاخد متابولايتز يعني بتاخد من الخلية بتاعة
+
+49
+00:04:23,620 --> 00:04:27,960
+المستحمة خلايا مستحمة نواتج غذائية متابولايتز يعني
+
+50
+00:04:27,960 --> 00:04:32,960
+زي سكريات اللي هو كاربوهيدرات و زي البيتامينات
+
+51
+00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:38,740
+عشان تنمو أكتر يبقى هي في بعد ساعة يعني تصير فيها
+
+52
+00:04:38,740 --> 00:04:45,830
+29 جين اللي هو البكتيريا هذهوبتبدأ اتمس من الخلايا
+
+53
+00:04:45,830 --> 00:04:50,010
+العين متابولايز يعني نواتج غذائية ضرورية لنموها
+
+54
+00:04:50,010 --> 00:04:56,430
+بعد 24 ساعة يعني من 3 إلى 24 ساعة بيصير فيها 200
+
+55
+00:04:56,430 --> 00:05:00,730
+جين استنساخ
+
+56
+00:05:00,730 --> 00:05:04,890
+تكاثر يعني يعني بيصير استنساخ بجيزه الجينات من 29
+
+57
+00:05:04,890 --> 00:05:10,810
+إلى 200 جينوهذا بقولك دليل على انه في active
+
+58
+00:05:10,810 --> 00:05:14,950
+replication active replication يعني تكاتر نشط
+
+59
+00:05:14,950 --> 00:05:22,990
+تكاتر نشيط او نشط طيب بعد اربعين ساعة الجنات
+
+60
+00:05:22,990 --> 00:05:28,450
+المتين هدولة بتجسم على خلايا اكتر و بصيروا بس ستة
+
+61
+00:05:28,450 --> 00:05:32,010
+و عشرين اول ستة و عشرين اللي مبينين منهم احنا
+
+62
+00:05:32,010 --> 00:05:37,330
+بيهمناها شهر كتيرالمهم ان
+
+63
+00:05:37,330 --> 00:05:44,850
+كل ساعة تتطور في النمو السوار اللي جاية هي المهمة
+
+64
+00:05:44,850 --> 00:05:51,570
+هذه السوار هي اللي هو البكتيريا هذه chlamydia
+
+65
+00:05:51,570 --> 00:06:01,060
+trachomatis هذه الchlamydia دخلت إلى اللي هوخلايا
+
+66
+00:06:01,060 --> 00:06:06,100
+العين هذه بدأت تدخل خلايا العين بعد مثلا نص ساعة
+
+67
+00:06:06,100 --> 00:06:12,220
+بعد نص ساعة مثلا بدأت تدخل خلايا العين الآن بدأت
+
+68
+00:06:12,220 --> 00:06:18,800
+تتكون أجسام يعني معينة في الـ cytoplasm الـ
+
+69
+00:06:18,800 --> 00:06:24,720
+cytoplasm بتاعت الخلايا المتحمة اللي بيديها الفلس
+
+70
+00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:31,630
+بدأت تتكون تجمعات هذهالبكتيريا دخلت هيها بعد يعني
+
+71
+00:06:31,630 --> 00:06:38,510
+ساعة و كشر صارت تعمل تجمعات التجمع هذا زاد عمل
+
+72
+00:06:38,510 --> 00:06:43,070
+اللي هو إيش inclusion يعني جسم محدد inclusion جسم
+
+73
+00:06:43,070 --> 00:06:49,650
+محدد هي هذا الجسم اسمه inclusion body اه بعدين بدأ
+
+74
+00:06:49,650 --> 00:06:56,840
+يعمل جسم شبكي تقولوله اهreticulate body ريتيكولات
+
+75
+00:06:56,840 --> 00:06:59,980
+بودي ريتيكولات
+
+76
+00:06:59,980 --> 00:07:05,200
+بودي ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي
+
+77
+00:07:05,200 --> 00:07:09,500
+ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي
+
+78
+00:07:09,500 --> 00:07:10,320
+ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي
+
+79
+00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:10,320
+ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي
+
+80
+00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:10,320
+ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي
+
+81
+00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:10,320
+ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي
+
+82
+00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:11,980
+ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي ريتيكولات بودي
+
+83
+00:07:11,980 --> 00:07:17,660
+ريتيكولات بودي ريتيك
+
+84
+00:07:19,200 --> 00:07:25,180
+أحنا بدأنا من واحد اتنين تلاتة اربعة خمسة ستة سبعة
+
+85
+00:07:25,180 --> 00:07:30,740
+تمانية انفجرت الخلية وطلع منها آلاف من البكتيريا
+
+86
+00:07:30,740 --> 00:07:36,720
+اللي جاهزة تخزو خلايا في العين جديدة يبقى ال
+
+87
+00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:40,260
+articulate body هذا اللي احنا قلنا عنه ��ذا الشبكي
+
+88
+00:07:40,260 --> 00:07:44,440
+ال articulate body replicates الشبكيس يعني تكاتر
+
+89
+00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:47,740
+بطريقة binary fission احنا قلنا البكتيريا من
+
+90
+00:07:47,740 --> 00:07:57,520
+الأساس لما الخلية تكبر ا بتبدأ تتخسر يعني هيك ا
+
+91
+00:07:57,520 --> 00:08:05,560
+وبعدين بعد هيك بتصير تنتين هذه اسمها mother cell
+
+92
+00:08:05,560 --> 00:08:10,620
+الخلية الأم وهي daughter cells تنتين يبقى كلمة
+
+93
+00:08:10,620 --> 00:08:13,460
+binary fission اللي أخدناها في تكاثر البكتيري زمان
+
+94
+00:08:13,460 --> 00:08:19,910
+في الأولالثنائي البسيط الانقسام الثنائي البسيط في
+
+95
+00:08:19,910 --> 00:08:25,450
+النهاية قلنا ان ال body reticulate هذا يعني بنفجر
+
+96
+00:08:25,450 --> 00:08:28,890
+وبطلع عديد من البكتيريا الجديدة اسمها elementary
+
+97
+00:08:28,890 --> 00:08:35,430
+bodies اللي بيستخدوا خلايا جديدة التركيز والتكثيف
+
+98
+00:08:35,430 --> 00:08:44,390
+يعني فيها بكون حول انواع وفي كل الخليةالنمو في
+
+99
+00:08:44,390 --> 00:08:47,970
+المعمل هي دي دورة يعني اللي احنا أخدناها في الصورة
+
+100
+00:08:47,970 --> 00:08:54,630
+بتتم في المعمل من 36 إلى 70 ساعة يعني خلال 70 ساعة
+
+101
+00:08:54,630 --> 00:09:01,950
+في .. لما نزرع البكتيريا في خلايا حية في خلال 70
+
+102
+00:09:01,950 --> 00:09:06,450
+ساعة بيكون اكتملت وطلعت البكتيريا الجديدة لانفجار
+
+103
+00:09:06,450 --> 00:09:12,130
+الخلايااللي صابتها العدوى اما in vivo يعني في
+
+104
+00:09:12,130 --> 00:09:17,710
+الإنسان فتشبه لسه جال بعد كده تنفجر هذه الخلايا
+
+105
+00:09:17,710 --> 00:09:23,210
+يبقى it is not known او unknown how long it takes
+
+106
+00:09:23,210 --> 00:09:29,090
+in vivo vivo يعني في الإنسان او في الكائن الحي هم
+
+107
+00:09:29,090 --> 00:09:38,170
+ال vitro في المعمل ال newly formedالـ elementary
+
+108
+00:09:38,170 --> 00:09:48,250
+bodies تنطلق إما بلايازس ذوبان اللي هو لدار خلايا
+
+109
+00:09:48,250 --> 00:09:54,410
+الكائن الحي اللي أصيب أو انه بتحطم ال plasma
+
+110
+00:09:54,410 --> 00:10:00,250
+membrane أي ان كان ان هذه سوف تنطلق بعد ذوبان
+
+111
+00:10:00,650 --> 00:10:04,950
+الخلية أو جدار الخلية الحية بتاعة الإنسان ستنطلق
+
+112
+00:10:04,950 --> 00:10:10,590
+اللي تأخذه ألف من خلايا جديدة في عين الإنسان وهذا
+
+113
+00:10:10,590 --> 00:10:14,210
+نفس الشيء يعني كيف زي ما قلت يعني هاي البكتيريا
+
+114
+00:10:14,210 --> 00:10:20,550
+الآن البكتيريا خشت جوا بدت البكتيريا تتكاتر وتعمل
+
+115
+00:10:20,550 --> 00:10:26,270
+تكيلويت بودي أيها دائريو secret body صار له نوع من
+
+116
+00:10:26,270 --> 00:10:30,410
+ال binary fission ينقسم من واحدة إلى اثنين و واحدة
+
+117
+00:10:30,410 --> 00:10:35,350
+إلى اثنين بعدين secret body يعني بدأ ينقسم اكتر
+
+118
+00:10:35,350 --> 00:10:39,750
+بعدين انفجرت الخلية و طلعت آلاف الخلايا الجديدة
+
+119
+00:10:39,750 --> 00:10:45,010
+التي تكون جاهزة لاصابة اللي هو خلايا صحية لسه لم
+
+120
+00:10:45,010 --> 00:10:51,410
+تصب في اللي هو العين طيب كيف نكتشف تشخيص
+
+121
+00:10:53,870 --> 00:10:59,810
+خيص كيف نشخص انا هنذكر اربع حاجات و الاعتماد باطل
+
+122
+00:10:59,810 --> 00:11:06,990
+الله على يعني واحدة لن يعرفهم يعني احنا مش يعني
+
+123
+00:11:06,990 --> 00:11:12,710
+تحاليل طبية احنا يعني ناس بصريات يبقى بقول لي ان
+
+124
+00:11:12,710 --> 00:11:18,110
+في عدة طرح مختلفة ليه اللي هو diagnose التشخيص
+
+125
+00:11:18,110 --> 00:11:21,870
+يعني الأولى
+
+126
+00:11:22,850 --> 00:11:27,970
+التشخيص اكلاميديا trachomatis جمزة staining صبغة
+
+127
+00:11:27,970 --> 00:11:32,290
+جمزة احنا البكتيريا كنا نصبغها بجرام فهنا جرام
+
+128
+00:11:32,290 --> 00:11:37,790
+مينفعش فيه جمزة ب stain التاني ضالك
+
+129
+00:11:37,790 --> 00:11:42,730
+immunofluorescence فلقله المباشر وهذا مش هناخد
+
+130
+00:11:42,730 --> 00:11:48,320
+فيها اشي tissue culture اللي هو مزارع ناخد المن
+
+131
+00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:52,980
+العين يعني بعض الخلايا وانجراها عشان نكتشف فيها
+
+132
+00:11:52,980 --> 00:11:59,180
+اللي هو البكتيريا هذه وبعدين في حاجة اسمها nucleic
+
+133
+00:11:59,180 --> 00:12:07,260
+acid amplification اللي هو تكبير او يعني تنامي
+
+134
+00:12:07,260 --> 00:12:13,900
+اللي هو ال DNA في البكتيريا وال RNA في البكتيريا
+
+135
+00:12:13,900 --> 00:12:20,990
+لكن هذا مش حناقشسنركز على Gemza Staining Gemza
+
+136
+00:12:20,990 --> 00:12:26,030
+Staining هذي Gemza Staining شايفين انتوا كيف
+
+137
+00:12:26,030 --> 00:12:32,450
+البكتيريا يعني بيّرت بال Gemza Stain هي الفضيمة
+
+138
+00:12:32,450 --> 00:12:40,350
+الحديثة لعدة سنوات لإكتشاف Eclamydia Trachomatis
+
+139
+00:12:40,350 --> 00:12:45,250
+isolation in cell culture cell culture يعني زي ما
+
+140
+00:12:45,250 --> 00:12:50,160
+بنعمل البكتيريا cultureبنعمل ليه كلاميديا culture
+
+141
+00:12:50,160 --> 00:12:57,240
+وبعدين احنا كمان نصبخها يبقى الطريقة المثلى only
+
+142
+00:12:57,240 --> 00:13:01,660
+method that can assist تساعد على اكتشاف ال
+
+143
+00:13:01,660 --> 00:13:08,020
+viability أي وجود ال organism انه احنا بعد ما
+
+144
+00:13:08,020 --> 00:13:13,380
+نزراها بنحط عليها الصبغة ال culture اللي هو
+
+145
+00:13:13,380 --> 00:13:19,460
+المزرعةلمدة 3 إلى 3 أيام ثم نضع عليها جيمزاستين
+
+146
+00:13:19,460 --> 00:13:26,500
+لإعادة اكتشاف الخلايا المصابة اكتشاف الخلايا
+
+147
+00:13:26,500 --> 00:13:31,760
+المصابة الفيلم هذا يقول جيمزاستين نضعه على ال
+
+148
+00:13:31,760 --> 00:13:35,960
+culture ال
+
+149
+00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:41,040
+test في الكلاميديا غير نافعة يعني نكتشف
+
+150
+00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:45,560
+الانتيبوديس لأن الانتيبوديس ممكن يكون هو صغيراللي
+
+151
+00:13:45,560 --> 00:13:50,080
+هو immunoglobulin G يعني قد تكون الانتيبودي هذا و
+
+152
+00:13:50,080 --> 00:13:57,020
+هو صغير و حتى لو طاب او يعني شفيه هيفضل طول عمره
+
+153
+00:13:57,020 --> 00:14:03,120
+في اللي هو IgG immunoglobulin G دليل انه اصيب لكن
+
+154
+00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:07,460
+انا مش عارف هل الان هو مصاب ولا لأ لذلك هي هذه ال
+
+155
+00:14:07,460 --> 00:14:13,140
+tests في اكتشاف الانتيبوديز في الدم اللي هو المريض
+
+156
+00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:18,100
+بقول لها low predictive accuracy low predictive
+
+157
+00:14:18,100 --> 00:14:23,220
+accuracy يعني انه اللي هو استعمالها في التشخيص
+
+158
+00:14:23,220 --> 00:14:30,240
+ونخفض القيمة ونخفض القيمة ومش دقيق يعني دقته جليدة
+
+159
+00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:34,720
+يعني مش زي ال game justain يعني هي أفضل طبعا من
+
+160
+00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:39,260
+أخذ اللي هو اللي هو ال antipodism اللي هو دم
+
+161
+00:14:39,260 --> 00:14:44,200
+الإنسان طيب المهم هو ان لدينا clinical featuresو
+
+162
+00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:47,980
+Epidemiology لما قلت ليه كان فيه شرط يعني الأعراض
+
+163
+00:14:47,980 --> 00:14:53,500
+و العلامات و ال Epidemiology الانتشار وجود المرض و
+
+164
+00:14:53,500 --> 00:15:00,500
+يعني وين البيئة بتاعته من وجه نظر Epidemiology
+
+165
+00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:05,880
+يعني الانتشار و الوجود are ocular infections
+
+166
+00:15:05,880 --> 00:15:09,660
+caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis are divided into
+
+167
+00:15:09,660 --> 00:15:14,180
+two groupsأنا عندي اللي بصيب العين نوعين من
+
+168
+00:15:14,180 --> 00:15:18,900
+البكتيريا أو مجموعتين من البكتيريا بقول لي في نوع
+
+169
+00:15:18,900 --> 00:15:25,420
+from eye to eye يعني ايش eye to eye انه على طول
+
+170
+00:15:25,420 --> 00:15:29,420
+العين على العين وافراز العين خاش في العين افراز
+
+171
+00:15:29,420 --> 00:15:38,000
+العين خاش في العين سواء يعني الأم وابنها يعنيأو
+
+172
+00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:43,820
+يعني يكون ووجه في وجه وعين C بالعين حتى لو عن طريق
+
+173
+00:15:43,820 --> 00:15:49,300
+الأصابع يعني واحد يعني حك عينه و طلع منها بكتيريا
+
+174
+00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:54,300
+و سلمها واحد أخدها منه بيده وهذا تحك التاني I to I
+
+175
+00:15:54,300 --> 00:16:00,600
+I to I هذا ال I to I السلولات
+
+176
+00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:10,860
+بتاعة كلاميديا A وB وB A وCأربع كلهم كلاميديا بس
+
+177
+00:16:10,860 --> 00:16:17,440
+الكلاميديا يعني بتختلف في الأعضاء يعني هذه أعضاء
+
+178
+00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:20,740
+الكلاميديا زي نقول مثلا عائلة كده فيها محمد و
+
+179
+00:16:20,740 --> 00:16:25,340
+محمود و أحمد و عبد الرحيم و عبد الكريم يعني كلهم
+
+180
+00:16:25,340 --> 00:16:32,980
+أخوة لكن في يعني اختلافات بسيطة بينهم الشيء التاني
+
+181
+00:16:32,980 --> 00:16:38,850
+Paratracoma Paratracoma أي تراكومة شبيهةيعني هي
+
+182
+00:16:38,850 --> 00:16:45,050
+تراكومة الأصلية وهي تراكومة شبيهة وهي sexually
+
+183
+00:16:45,050 --> 00:16:50,090
+transmitted هي تنتقل للعين من الأعضاء الجنسية سواء
+
+184
+00:16:50,090 --> 00:16:56,750
+واحد يعني في أعضاء التناثلية هو صابها و بعدين حط
+
+185
+00:16:56,750 --> 00:17:01,750
+في عينه أو اللي هو الأزواج و إشي يعني بتنتقل ما
+
+186
+00:17:01,750 --> 00:17:06,790
+بينهم المهم أن المنبأ أبتعها من الجهاز التناثلي
+
+187
+00:17:07,260 --> 00:17:10,620
+طلعت من جهاز تناثوري مش من العين وراحت على العين
+
+188
+00:17:10,620 --> 00:17:17,920
+بعد هيك من جهاز تناثوري هذه الأعضاء D وK يبقى A وB
+
+189
+00:17:17,920 --> 00:17:23,780
+وBA وC لعين اللي طالعة من العين أساساً لعين واحد
+
+190
+00:17:23,780 --> 00:17:30,200
+غيره والبرتراكومة D وK سبيلات اللي طالعة من جهاز
+
+191
+00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:33,540
+التناثوري رايحة على العين لازم نفهم المجموعتين
+
+192
+00:17:33,540 --> 00:17:40,970
+هذولة طيبالان هتتكلم عن Trachoma ك
+
+193
+00:17:40,970 --> 00:17:46,810
+clinical يعني هتقولنا clinical ل clinical Trachoma
+
+194
+00:17:46,810 --> 00:17:53,770
+اتعمل blindness because blindness يعني اعمل
+
+195
+00:17:53,770 --> 00:17:59,950
+worldwide على مستوى العالم كله مش بس في البلد و في
+
+196
+00:17:59,950 --> 00:18:06,300
+التاريخووجدوا في مقابر قدماء المصريين الانشفان في
+
+197
+00:18:06,300 --> 00:18:13,660
+ايجيب وعلى ورق البوردة وفي القرن اللي هو السادس
+
+198
+00:18:13,660 --> 00:18:21,420
+عشر قبل الميلاد وجدوا صور للمرض ووجدوا epilation
+
+199
+00:18:21,420 --> 00:18:27,720
+forceps يعني كانوا عاملين ملاجط خاصة لنقف الشعر
+
+200
+00:18:27,720 --> 00:18:32,630
+اللي بيخش في العين اللي بيحق في العينعملوله يعني
+
+201
+00:18:32,630 --> 00:18:36,970
+القدماء المصريين population forceps يعني كانوا
+
+202
+00:18:36,970 --> 00:18:42,510
+يعني بيجيوا في مقبرهم اللي هو بنتفوا فيه الشعر من
+
+203
+00:18:42,510 --> 00:18:50,230
+الرموش اللي بتحق و كذلك برضه ابو قراط اللي
+
+204
+00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:57,490
+هو الطبيب اليوناني في اللي هو القرن الخامس قبل
+
+205
+00:18:57,490 --> 00:19:05,320
+الميلاد أيضاذكر عن اللي هو اللي اللي هو Trachoma و
+
+206
+00:19:05,320 --> 00:19:13,640
+جال انه Tracus معناها انه رف ايشو او رف اي رف يعني
+
+207
+00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:18,760
+خشنة عشان فيها نتوقات اللي هتكلم عنها بعد قليل
+
+208
+00:19:18,760 --> 00:19:25,320
+يبقى هذا الرف شايفين كيفلما نجلب الجفن خاصة الجفن
+
+209
+00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:29,520
+الفجاني كيف بنلاقي فيه نتوئات صغيرة اسمها
+
+210
+00:19:29,520 --> 00:19:34,460
+follicles نتوئات كبيرة اسمها papilla نتوئات كبيرة
+
+211
+00:19:34,460 --> 00:19:39,440
+اسمها papilla نتوئات صغيرة هالي هيك نجب هالي ففيه
+
+212
+00:19:39,440 --> 00:19:44,940
+نجب هالي صغيرة اسمه ايش follicles يبقى ال clinical
+
+213
+00:19:44,940 --> 00:19:50,500
+manifestations يعني الأعراض او العلمات بتاعة
+
+214
+00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:57,790
+التراكومةممكن نجسمها إلى نوعين نوع active وهي الـ
+
+215
+00:19:57,790 --> 00:20:02,190
+early اللي هو المبكرة يعني في أول ست شهور مثلا
+
+216
+00:20:02,190 --> 00:20:09,730
+active التانية هتكون unactive inactive و هي هتكون
+
+217
+00:20:09,730 --> 00:20:13,710
+late stage يعني هذه ممكن تكون عشرة اشرين تلاتين
+
+218
+00:20:13,710 --> 00:20:18,270
+اربعين سنة هذه بيسموها psychiatricial أي التليوح
+
+219
+00:20:18,270 --> 00:20:29,200
+يبقى فيه نوع activeأو Early وفي نوع Inactive او
+
+220
+00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:36,220
+Psychiatric اللي هو Late طيب عسب منظمة الصحة
+
+221
+00:20:36,220 --> 00:20:42,840
+العالمية World Health Organization قامت بتقسيم
+
+222
+00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:48,040
+النواعي
+
+223
+00:20:48,040 --> 00:20:54,630
+الكلينيكية ليه في ال mediaالـ Trachomatis إلى A وB
+
+224
+00:20:54,630 --> 00:20:59,410
+الـ A قولنا Active والآن كلامنا في ال Active اللي
+
+225
+00:20:59,410 --> 00:21:05,270
+هي هذه ال Active غالبا موجودة في الأطفال لما دباب
+
+226
+00:21:05,270 --> 00:21:09,930
+بحمل البكتيرا ودخلها في عينيهم يعني بنصاب عمره ان
+
+227
+00:21:09,930 --> 00:21:14,350
+شاء الله سنة سنتين تلاتة اربع وبعدين بعد هيك بتاخد
+
+228
+00:21:14,350 --> 00:21:19,750
+معاهم مشوار طول الأمر في مرحلة ال psychiatrist
+
+229
+00:21:19,750 --> 00:21:23,820
+يعني التانيةيبقى احنا ليش بقول انه أطفال لأنه في
+
+230
+00:21:23,820 --> 00:21:29,800
+بيئة الريف و بيئة القرى و بيئة الغير متحضرين و
+
+231
+00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:33,800
+دباب منتشر بتسيب الأطفال من أول عمرهم مساكين من
+
+232
+00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:37,080
+أول عمرهم بيصيروا يعانوا يبقى الشيء الأول في
+
+233
+00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:40,260
+الactive ان infection بتاعة العين local surface
+
+234
+00:21:40,260 --> 00:21:47,160
+بتراكوماتس كلاميريا بتعمل recurrent follicular
+
+235
+00:21:47,160 --> 00:21:52,280
+cardiac attackيعني فيها الملتحنى اللي هو إيش
+
+236
+00:21:52,280 --> 00:21:57,140
+النقطي النقطي follicular فيها نقط صغيرة وهذا اللي
+
+237
+00:21:57,140 --> 00:22:01,960
+قلناه قبل شوية النقط هذه اسمها follicles هذه اسمها
+
+238
+00:22:01,960 --> 00:22:06,160
+follicles هيك بتبدأ يعني الجسم بيبدأ يعمل رد فعل
+
+239
+00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:14,540
+لها ويعمل follicles في العين قول
+
+240
+00:22:14,540 --> 00:22:20,150
+إنه ممكن تكون الطفل ماكنش بالهيعني انه يعمل
+
+241
+00:22:20,150 --> 00:22:24,930
+equilibrium irritation يعني عينه بيحق فيها حمرة
+
+242
+00:22:24,930 --> 00:22:30,790
+شوية و شوية إفرازات مائية يعني ليس هذه أولها يعني
+
+243
+00:22:30,790 --> 00:22:36,870
+دا يدف فيه داخل غبرة في عينيه داخل أجسام صغيرة في
+
+244
+00:22:36,870 --> 00:22:43,070
+عينيه هيك فحتى ممكن تروح للطبيب او الحكيم يقول له
+
+245
+00:22:43,070 --> 00:22:47,170
+يا شيخ انت عينك حساسيةيعني مابيجيش فى باله ان هذه
+
+246
+00:22:47,170 --> 00:22:53,450
+بداية تركومة هتشاركوا عمره فأوكولوجيات شوية حمار
+
+247
+00:22:53,450 --> 00:23:01,050
+وحكا ويعني هو بتدمع وطريق يعني بتدمع مية طيب الآن
+
+248
+00:23:01,050 --> 00:23:07,270
+ماشخصنهاش اعطيناها علاج للحساسية علاج لأى شي هتصير
+
+249
+00:23:07,270 --> 00:23:11,230
+كوتوفوبيا كوتوفوبيا بيخاف من الضوء الولد ده مالقيش
+
+250
+00:23:11,230 --> 00:23:17,520
+بيحب العتمة وبيبيد عن الضوءو quobius watering يعني
+
+251
+00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:23,320
+بزيد اللي هو الدمع عنده بزيد الدمع لأنه فيه خشونة
+
+252
+00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:30,720
+في الجفون اه بزيد الدمع عنده والله لو بعد شهر ولا
+
+253
+00:23:30,720 --> 00:23:35,880
+شهرين هنلاقي lymphoid folliculitis بدأنا نخش في
+
+254
+00:23:35,880 --> 00:23:41,080
+اللي هي هذه بدأنا نخش في هذه lymphoid folliculitis
+
+255
+00:23:41,080 --> 00:23:46,140
+لما نجلب الجفن العلوي خاصةهتجيب مفرز نجة بيضة
+
+256
+00:23:46,140 --> 00:23:52,440
+صغيرة نجة بيضة او صفرة صغيرة لو ماشي معاك مثلا ست
+
+257
+00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:56,760
+شهور او سنة هتبدأ بين ال papilla و الليمات الصغيرة
+
+258
+00:23:56,760 --> 00:24:03,120
+papilla ليها hipertrophy خاصة في الأبر ترث الفجرات
+
+259
+00:24:03,120 --> 00:24:11,240
+الطيبة في الملتحمة اللي هي خلف الجثم العلوي علما
+
+260
+00:24:11,240 --> 00:24:12,520
+ان ال follicles
+
+261
+00:24:16,120 --> 00:24:22,860
+البكيلة هي تجمعات انفوية يعني خلايا منعية الخلايا
+
+262
+00:24:22,860 --> 00:24:26,980
+المنعية من فوق التشيوك هذه او من فوق التز بتتجمع
+
+263
+00:24:26,980 --> 00:24:32,660
+عساس انها تحاصر البكتيريا و انها تقتلها يعني هذه
+
+264
+00:24:32,660 --> 00:24:38,900
+تجمعات منعية لوقف هجوم البكتيريا
+
+265
+00:24:40,930 --> 00:24:46,730
+ولو في الحالات اللى فيها كتير ضباب وبكتيريا وناس
+
+266
+00:24:46,730 --> 00:24:54,330
+جهلة يعنى بيكون فيه papillary hypertrophy يعني في
+
+267
+00:24:54,330 --> 00:24:58,670
+البداية بيكون هيك لو الإنسان ماتعلجش ولا اكتشف
+
+268
+00:24:58,670 --> 00:25:03,210
+بتصير papilla شوف ال papilla كبير كدهحتى في ناس
+
+269
+00:25:03,210 --> 00:25:08,110
+بيقولوا انا هذه cobblestone فكلي يعني زي اللي هو
+
+270
+00:25:08,110 --> 00:25:12,530
+بلاط رصيف البلاط بتاع الرصيف اللي بيحطوه ويمشو
+
+271
+00:25:12,530 --> 00:25:17,110
+عليه الناس لما نجلب الـ different نجاجي انه كله
+
+272
+00:25:17,110 --> 00:25:24,130
+مصفط هيك فكلي بارزة ومخيفة هذه لما يكون في إهمال
+
+273
+00:25:24,130 --> 00:25:30,330
+في العلاج وعدم التشخيص طيب خمسة اللاحظ الآنعينه
+
+274
+00:25:30,330 --> 00:25:35,430
+فيها small vessels بس engaged يعني متفخة بالدم
+
+275
+00:25:35,430 --> 00:25:40,650
+لإيه؟ لأن هذه الفلاكهات اللي بدها دم يعني يغزيها
+
+276
+00:25:40,650 --> 00:25:45,810
+نمو جديد هذا فبصير اللي هو الأول الدم اللي فيه
+
+277
+00:25:45,810 --> 00:25:53,370
+الملتحمة engaged يعني متفخة بالدم خاصة في الترس
+
+278
+00:25:53,370 --> 00:25:58,690
+الكندرة الطيبة بعدين بعد هيك بتخش القرانيةلما تخش
+
+279
+00:25:58,690 --> 00:26:03,610
+القرانية هذه عتبة جديدة وخطر جديد احنا عارفين
+
+280
+00:26:03,610 --> 00:26:08,970
+القرانية وشفافيتها لازم تكون على الآخر حتى ان
+
+281
+00:26:08,970 --> 00:26:15,610
+الانسان يظل يشوف فلما تخش القرانية دخلنا على تأثر
+
+282
+00:26:15,610 --> 00:26:20,750
+البطر و ال video equity انها كثير تتراجع الإصابات
+
+283
+00:26:20,750 --> 00:26:27,300
+اللي هو القرانية انا املخصهم في اربع حاجاتالشيء
+
+284
+00:26:27,300 --> 00:26:32,200
+الأول punctate epithelial keratopathy يعني اللي هو
+
+285
+00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:36,520
+ال epithelium بتاع القرنية بيصيرله اعتلال بيصيرله
+
+286
+00:26:36,520 --> 00:26:41,240
+نوع من الاعتلال والاتهاب punctate منقط يعني يبقى
+
+287
+00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:44,340
+ال epithelium بتاع القرنية بيصير punctate يعني
+
+288
+00:26:44,340 --> 00:26:48,240
+منقط زي الصورة هذه شايفين هنا لما حاطينا في
+
+289
+00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:55,050
+الورسين بين أخضر لو هذا صحي بيبينش أخضرحنا عارفين
+
+290
+00:26:55,050 --> 00:26:58,150
+لما اللون الأخضر يبين بين الابيثيليام يعني
+
+291
+00:26:58,150 --> 00:27:03,310
+الابيثيليام بيكون يا ملتهب يا اما ضايع فهنا هو
+
+292
+00:27:03,310 --> 00:27:09,590
+موجود بس فيه نوع من الاعتلال keratopathy يبقى اول
+
+293
+00:27:09,590 --> 00:27:15,110
+شيء ابيثيليام صاروا اعتلال مرحب اتنين superficial
+
+294
+00:27:15,110 --> 00:27:22,570
+infiltrate يعني خلايا لينفوية بتخش وفي الابيثيليام
+
+295
+00:27:24,430 --> 00:27:28,470
+وبتنتشر اللي هو الخلال الانفوية في غير مكانها يعني
+
+296
+00:27:28,470 --> 00:27:36,430
+الشيء التالت vascular panas ال panas اللي هو شريان
+
+297
+00:27:36,430 --> 00:27:43,870
+بيطلع من الملتحمة على القرنية وبيبدأ يخترق القرنية
+
+298
+00:27:43,870 --> 00:27:48,470
+ويأثر على الشفافية بتاعتها زي هذا الشكل هذا panas
+
+299
+00:27:48,470 --> 00:27:53,820
+هاي هذا طالع من الملتحمةوبدأ يخترق في القرنية يعني
+
+300
+00:27:53,820 --> 00:27:58,500
+هنا فروق وهي انا شايفها هنا وهذا بداية سوق يعني ان
+
+301
+00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:02,300
+القرنية عارفينها abascular عارفينها عارفينها
+
+302
+00:28:02,300 --> 00:28:03,160
+عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها
+
+303
+00:28:03,160 --> 00:28:03,840
+عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها
+
+304
+00:28:03,840 --> 00:28:03,840
+عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها
+
+305
+00:28:03,840 --> 00:28:04,020
+عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها
+
+306
+00:28:04,020 --> 00:28:05,480
+عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها
+
+307
+00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:07,820
+عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها
+
+308
+00:28:07,820 --> 00:28:17,160
+عارفينها عارفينها عارفينها
+
+309
+00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:25,590
+عأخر شي هيربيرت هيربيت هيربيرت بت يعني كلمة بت حفر
+
+310
+00:28:25,590 --> 00:28:30,970
+واللي اكتشفها اسمها هيربيرت هيربيرت هالي وجدوها في
+
+311
+00:28:30,970 --> 00:28:36,030
+ال limbus ان الناس اللي عندهم اللي هو تركوهم
+
+312
+00:28:36,030 --> 00:28:42,090
+لسنوات طويلة تصيب حفر سوداء اللون في ال limbus أي
+
+313
+00:28:42,090 --> 00:28:46,690
+في محيط القرانية وعبارة عن depression على حفر
+
+314
+00:28:46,690 --> 00:28:54,150
+صغيرةأه و من بين احنا عندنا هيه هي الحفر هذه لو
+
+315
+00:28:54,150 --> 00:28:58,770
+انتوا طفيتوا الضوء كويس هتلاحظوا انه هنا فيه
+
+316
+00:28:58,770 --> 00:29:04,410
+growth هنا يعني مع السهم فيه growth في اللمبس
+
+317
+00:29:04,410 --> 00:29:09,990
+الفجاني اسمها hairpits، pits، pits يبقى القرانية
+
+318
+00:29:09,990 --> 00:29:15,770
+عشان ما نتوهش احنا لها أربع أصابع لها أربع أصابع
+
+319
+00:29:15,770 --> 00:29:21,190
+keratopathyالانفلترات والقنص و ال pitch بتاعت
+
+320
+00:29:21,190 --> 00:29:28,110
+هيبرت كويس هيك طيب الآن خلصنا المرحلة الأولى يعني
+
+321
+00:29:28,110 --> 00:29:33,590
+المرحلة ال a ال active خلصناها المرحلة ال a هي انا
+
+322
+00:29:33,590 --> 00:29:38,730
+عاملهم a ال active ال a ال active بدنا نشوف ال b
+
+323
+00:29:38,730 --> 00:29:43,990
+ال inactive او ال psychiatrist اللي هو التليف
+
+324
+00:29:43,990 --> 00:29:49,420
+scarring التليف يعنيسيكولي توابع توابع التراكومة
+
+325
+00:29:49,420 --> 00:29:54,120
+أو مضاعفاتها المزمنة اسمها scarring او psychiatric
+
+326
+00:29:54,120 --> 00:30:02,300
+هذه ال psychiatric تيجي later in life فيما بعد
+
+327
+00:30:02,300 --> 00:30:07,460
+يعني لو أصابه طفل هذه لما صار عمره عشرين سنة بتبدأ
+
+328
+00:30:07,460 --> 00:30:12,660
+هو حوالي في العقد الثالث يعني ما بين عشرين وثلاثين
+
+329
+00:30:12,660 --> 00:30:20,270
+سنة عمره اهو .. او ممكن في المناطق الموبوعة كثير
+
+330
+00:30:20,270 --> 00:30:25,550
+انويدي قبل العشرين طيب، ايش هي التوابع التليفية
+
+331
+00:30:25,550 --> 00:30:30,670
+للتراكوما بقول recurrent episodes of chronic
+
+332
+00:30:30,670 --> 00:30:35,990
+inflammation التهاب في العين مزمن بروح و بيدي بروح
+
+333
+00:30:35,990 --> 00:30:42,690
+و بيدي بيخلي الملتحمة تصبح فيها تليف و التليف هذا
+
+334
+00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:50,130
+ممكن يكون أول وقليل لكن لما يزيد بيصير Simpliferon
+
+335
+00:30:50,130 --> 00:30:54,470
+Simpliferon أي التساق بين ال bulbar conjunctiva و
+
+336
+00:30:54,470 --> 00:30:57,090
+الترسل conjunctiva عارفين انتوا ال conjunctiva
+
+337
+00:30:57,090 --> 00:31:04,010
+فيها bulbar و فيها ترسل فبيصير بينهم التساق زي
+
+338
+00:31:04,010 --> 00:31:10,530
+الشكل هذا مثلا هاي الشكل هذا شايفين هذه الاتحامات
+
+339
+00:31:10,530 --> 00:31:14,840
+او التساقات هذهيعني هذا التساق و هذا التساق و هذا
+
+340
+00:31:14,840 --> 00:31:20,940
+التساق وصير ال formix shallow يعني لو احنا بدنا
+
+341
+00:31:20,940 --> 00:31:27,880
+الجفن شده لتحت هيك تحتاني بيشدش يعني ليش البلبر و
+
+342
+00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:32,880
+ال lower تاعة مسكين ببعض هذا اسمه simpliferon اسمه
+
+343
+00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:36,720
+simpliferon يبقى هذه أول واحدة simpliferon التانية
+
+344
+00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:44,200
+entropion يعني دخول حتفة الجفنالى الداخل يعني حافة
+
+345
+00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:50,580
+الجفن الفجانى والتحتانى ابعد عن اللى هو سطح العين
+
+346
+00:31:50,580 --> 00:31:55,020
+يعني الله خلهم يحملوا الشعر والشعر يكون لبرا عشان
+
+347
+00:31:55,020 --> 00:32:01,200
+مايحكش في العين فكونوا انه يعني حافة الجفن هذا
+
+348
+00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:11,120
+وحافة الجفن هذا اه كونوا انه بدأوا يخشوا لجواالشعر
+
+349
+00:32:11,120 --> 00:32:18,740
+سيصبح معهم لجوه الرموش يعني الرموش ستصبح حق في سطح
+
+350
+00:32:18,740 --> 00:32:26,280
+القرنية هذه اللي هي القرنية هي بقى انتروبيوم و لما
+
+351
+00:32:26,280 --> 00:32:30,140
+حفظت ال different تخش لجوه تاخد معها الشعر تصبح
+
+352
+00:32:30,140 --> 00:32:34,890
+تركياجس تركياجس يعني حقيعني اللي بيقول عنها الشعر
+
+353
+00:32:34,890 --> 00:32:39,330
+الحك أو الرموش الحكة في القرنية بالذات وهذه
+
+354
+00:32:39,330 --> 00:32:44,510
+بتعملها opacification يعني opacification اللي هو
+
+355
+00:32:44,510 --> 00:32:50,450
+اعدام بدل ما القرنية تكون transparent بيصير opaque
+
+356
+00:32:50,450 --> 00:32:53,530
+opacification corner opacification وهذا اللي بيعمل
+
+357
+00:32:53,530 --> 00:32:56,810
+اللحمة هذا اللي بيعمل اللحمة احاول اشوفلكم الصور
+
+358
+00:32:56,810 --> 00:33:02,660
+هاي Entropion وتركيازي الصور تانيةشايفين الشعر هذا
+
+359
+00:33:02,660 --> 00:33:06,180
+مش طبيعي ان يكون يحك في القرانية و يخليها بيضة زي
+
+360
+00:33:06,180 --> 00:33:13,300
+هيك و لا هنا شعر هذا بدمر القرانية و بيخليها فيها
+
+361
+00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:18,140
+corneal ossification و هذا blinding blinding يعني
+
+362
+00:33:18,140 --> 00:33:23,440
+معمي أو يؤدي إلى العمى يؤدي إلى العمى انا هتوقف في
+
+363
+00:33:23,440 --> 00:33:26,540
+المحاضرة السادسة و عشرين هذه لعند ابريميلوجي of
+
+364
+00:33:26,540 --> 00:33:31,740
+oculotracoma يعني امن من الله عز وجل يعنيان يكتب
+
+365
+00:33:31,740 --> 00:33:34,800
+الفائدة
+
+366
+00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:41,040
+ان شاء الله في هذه المحاضرات ويعني الى يعني ان
+
+367
+00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:49,060
+انتقياكم يعني في المحاضرة السابعة وعشرين امن من
+
+368
+00:33:49,060 --> 00:33:53,300
+الله العلي العظيم يعني انه ينفع بما قلنا
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwY2VeAiCJWVIF9_gd5SI9lJ/Qc9FORQOeSc_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1304 @@
+1
+00:00:01,700 --> 00:00:05,800
+عودوا بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:05,800 --> 00:00:11,500
+الرحيم الحمد لله وكفا و أصلي و أسلم على النبي
+
+3
+00:00:11,500 --> 00:00:17,480
+المصطفى طالباتي العزيزات في قسم البصريات التدبية
+
+4
+00:00:17,480 --> 00:00:22,300
+على المستوى الثالث السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+
+5
+00:00:22,300 --> 00:00:27,000
+عودوا لكم بعد حوالي شهر من الغياب لأستكمل هذه
+
+6
+00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:33,630
+المحاضرات ضنن مني أن أخر وقتيكونوا او تكونون فيه
+
+7
+00:00:33,630 --> 00:00:39,650
+احوجة الى الجراسة من الاستماع الى المحاضرات فاحاول
+
+8
+00:00:39,650 --> 00:00:47,190
+ان اسير قطن في هذه المحاضرات قبل الامتحانات
+
+9
+00:00:47,190 --> 00:00:51,190
+النصفية لان اعلم ان هذه المحاضرات غير داخلة في
+
+10
+00:00:51,190 --> 00:00:56,210
+النصفية انما داخلة في امتحان النهائي المحاضرة واحد
+
+11
+00:00:56,210 --> 00:01:03,140
+وعشرينالحادية والعشرون هي هتبدأ تتكلم على ال
+
+12
+00:01:03,140 --> 00:01:07,560
+infection ocular infection عضو العين او العضوة
+
+13
+00:01:07,560 --> 00:01:13,040
+اللتي تصيب العين هذه العضوة يعني تتأثر بال
+
+14
+00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:16,420
+anatomic barriers اللي اتكلمنا عنها الحواجز
+
+15
+00:01:16,420 --> 00:01:21,220
+التشريحية اللتي تمنع دخول بكتيريا زي ال sclera و
+
+16
+00:01:21,220 --> 00:01:27,390
+زي ال corneaاللي هي بتمنع دخول البكتيريا إلى داخل
+
+17
+00:01:27,390 --> 00:01:31,370
+العين وبالتالي كل ما كانت هذه ال natural anatomic
+
+18
+00:01:31,370 --> 00:01:35,050
+barriers هذه الموانع الطبيعية يعني موجودة بقوة
+
+19
+00:01:35,050 --> 00:01:39,950
+فإنها بتكون تعمل host defense على اللي هو العين
+
+20
+00:01:39,950 --> 00:01:45,350
+defense يعني دفاع هذا الدفاع يعني بيخدم في حاجة
+
+21
+00:01:45,350 --> 00:01:49,840
+تانيةإنه يجعل ال infection أو البكتيريا الخارجية
+
+22
+00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:54,120
+superficial على سطح العين من خارج يعني ما تقدر
+
+23
+00:01:54,120 --> 00:01:57,900
+تدخل داخلها وبعدين تحفظ داخل العين sterile أي
+
+24
+00:01:57,900 --> 00:02:02,440
+معقّم تحفظه معقّم أي أنه ما تدخلش بكتيريا لأنه لو
+
+25
+00:02:02,440 --> 00:02:06,940
+دخلت خلف القرنية تعمل endophthalmitis وبتروح العين
+
+26
+00:02:06,940 --> 00:02:11,180
+بالمرة طيب الآن هتكلم عن ال congenitivitis
+
+27
+00:02:11,790 --> 00:02:16,130
+كندركطيبا يعني المبتحمة التهاب أو الانفكشن بتاع
+
+28
+00:02:16,130 --> 00:02:21,510
+الكندركطيبا اسمه الكندركطيبا يبقى احنا نعمل الان
+
+29
+00:02:21,510 --> 00:02:27,390
+classification يعني نوع من التقسيم للبكتيريا
+
+30
+00:02:27,390 --> 00:02:32,190
+الكندركطيبا البكتيريا اللي بصيب اللي هو المبتحمة
+
+31
+00:02:32,190 --> 00:02:36,910
+الحقيقة بقوللي انه هذا التقسيم يعني غير كامل عند
+
+32
+00:02:36,910 --> 00:02:44,490
+العلماءأ في معظمه external sources يعني معظمه
+
+33
+00:02:44,490 --> 00:02:46,890
+بيكون من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من
+
+34
+00:02:46,890 --> 00:02:46,990
+من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من
+
+35
+00:02:46,990 --> 00:02:47,730
+من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من
+
+36
+00:02:47,730 --> 00:02:48,170
+من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من
+
+37
+00:02:48,170 --> 00:02:48,330
+من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من
+
+38
+00:02:48,330 --> 00:02:48,470
+من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من
+
+39
+00:02:48,470 --> 00:02:50,730
+من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من من
+
+40
+00:02:50,730 --> 00:02:54,130
+من من
+
+41
+00:02:54,130 --> 00:02:58,800
+من من منوقليل منها indigenous يعني من داخل العين
+
+42
+00:02:58,800 --> 00:03:02,920
+من داخل الجسم يعني من داخل الجسم تخش في العين عن
+
+43
+00:03:02,920 --> 00:03:06,220
+طريق الشرايين عن طريق الدم زي اللي هو بكتيريا الـ
+
+44
+00:03:06,220 --> 00:03:09,040
+syphilis بكتيريا الذهري بكتيريا الذهري هذه من
+
+45
+00:03:09,040 --> 00:03:13,840
+الأشياء النادرة لكن تسع أو تسعين أو تسع أعشار من
+
+46
+00:03:13,840 --> 00:03:20,060
+البكتيريا اللي بتصيب الملتحمة هي external يعني من
+
+47
+00:03:20,060 --> 00:03:26,970
+مصادر خارجيةبقول ان ال classification هذا
+
+48
+00:03:26,970 --> 00:03:32,450
+imperfect يعني فيه انه غير كامل يعني مهما عملوا
+
+49
+00:03:32,450 --> 00:03:36,110
+لجيوب يعني في حاجات جديدة بتخش في الموضوع يجب ان
+
+50
+00:03:36,110 --> 00:03:42,430
+هو غير كامل او غير مفتمل لكن يعني امثلة منه انه
+
+51
+00:03:42,430 --> 00:03:49,990
+تقسيم حسب duration of symptoms حسب اللي هو طول
+
+52
+00:03:49,990 --> 00:03:55,170
+مقوس او ظهور الاعرابوالله إذا كان خلال أسبوع أو
+
+53
+00:03:55,170 --> 00:04:01,090
+أسبوعين الأعراض في الملتحمة نسميها acute يعني حاجة
+
+54
+00:04:01,090 --> 00:04:05,290
+إذا كان بعد الأسبوعين أو أكتر chronic يعني مزمن
+
+55
+00:04:05,290 --> 00:04:11,530
+يبقى أول ترسيمة حسب اللي هو الوقت أو الوقت الزمني
+
+56
+00:04:11,530 --> 00:04:18,070
+منذ بداية إيش ال symptoms اللي هي الأعراض التاني
+
+57
+00:04:18,070 --> 00:04:23,880
+نوع الالتهاب اللي في العين البشرة بتعمل التهابالتي
+
+58
+00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:28,480
+فيها ممكن تكون حبيبي جرانيوميتس أو غير حبيبي نان
+
+59
+00:04:28,480 --> 00:04:34,740
+جرانيوميتس نان جرانيوميتس حسب نورو لو عمل حبيبتنا
+
+60
+00:04:34,740 --> 00:04:39,640
+نسميه جرانيوميتس ماعملش نان يعني غير جرانيوميتس مش
+
+61
+00:04:39,640 --> 00:04:46,020
+حبيبي هذا نوع تقسيمة تالتة تقسيمة تالتة تقسيمة
+
+62
+00:04:46,020 --> 00:04:47,720
+تالتة تقسيمة تالتة تقسيمة تالتة تقسيمة تالتة
+
+63
+00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:49,920
+تقسيمة تالتة تقسيمة تالتة تقسيمة تالتة تقسيمة
+
+64
+00:04:49,920 --> 00:04:49,940
+تالتة تقسيمة تالتة تقسيمة تالتة تقسيمة تالتة
+
+65
+00:04:49,940 --> 00:04:51,680
+تقسيمة تالتة تقسيمة تالتيعني الصورة الكنكية
+
+66
+00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:58,320
+السائدة او المسيطرة ممكن تكون Pyrulant صديدية ممكن
+
+67
+00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:02,920
+تكون كتارل يعني كتارل يعني ابتدائية او خفيفة ممكن
+
+68
+00:05:02,920 --> 00:05:09,560
+تكون membranas يعني فيها غشاء تكون غشاء Sodium
+
+69
+00:05:09,560 --> 00:05:13,660
+membranas او غشاء زائد مثلا هذه امثلة يعني معظم
+
+70
+00:05:13,660 --> 00:05:18,240
+الشيء يمر علينا احنا Pyrulant او Mycopyrulant معظم
+
+71
+00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:23,630
+البكتيريا بتعمل Pyrulantميكروبرام صدرية مع مخاطرية
+
+72
+00:05:23,630 --> 00:05:27,930
+قليل منها التي تعمل من البرناس والسودو من البرناس
+
+73
+00:05:27,930 --> 00:05:34,030
+التقسيم الرابع التيولوجيكي agent يعني العامل
+
+74
+00:05:34,030 --> 00:05:37,830
+المسبب هل العامل المسبب يعني بكتيريا كده بكتيريا
+
+75
+00:05:37,830 --> 00:05:41,890
+gram negative gram positive بكتيريا كده كده كده
+
+76
+00:05:41,890 --> 00:05:46,530
+يعني أنواعفلاحظين ان احنا الأربع تقسيمات هذه
+
+77
+00:05:46,530 --> 00:05:52,190
+بضالين perfect لان ممكن واحد يدخل مثلا أشياء نادرة
+
+78
+00:05:52,190 --> 00:06:01,110
+أو أشياء يعني غير محسوبة ضمن هذه الأشياء بقوللي
+
+79
+00:06:01,110 --> 00:06:04,330
+مثال في الصورة clinical types of bacterial
+
+80
+00:06:04,330 --> 00:06:08,690
+connective tissue يعني ما هي الصورة الكليكية
+
+81
+00:06:08,690 --> 00:06:14,890
+للعدوى البكتيرية للمبتحمةمن أمثلة مثلا هاي acute
+
+82
+00:06:14,890 --> 00:06:20,610
+catarrhal يعني كتارة لبداية الإتهاب خفيف او
+
+83
+00:06:20,610 --> 00:06:24,390
+mycopyrulant يعني عبارة عن صديق مع مخهر كون جانب
+
+84
+00:06:24,390 --> 00:06:29,950
+فقط هاي تجسيمة تجسيمة تانية بيرولانت بس صديرية بس
+
+85
+00:06:29,950 --> 00:06:34,370
+التالتة غشائية بس membranous الرابع صودر
+
+86
+00:06:34,370 --> 00:06:39,730
+membranous غشائية زائفة غشائية إتهاب المتحمة مع
+
+87
+00:06:39,730 --> 00:06:48,310
+غشائن زائفchronic يعني مزمنة او في حافة الجفون
+
+88
+00:06:48,310 --> 00:06:53,570
+angular angular يعني في حافة الجفون من برا و من
+
+89
+00:06:53,570 --> 00:06:53,890
+جوا
+
+90
+00:06:58,310 --> 00:07:01,810
+طيب نبدأ acute bacterial chronic disease نشوف هذا
+
+91
+00:07:01,810 --> 00:07:05,890
+العامل السائد كتير بتكرر معناه كتير مننا بنصاب
+
+92
+00:07:05,890 --> 00:07:12,630
+صديق في عينيه صديق في عينيه بيقوللي انه الفرق بين
+
+93
+00:07:12,630 --> 00:07:18,190
+acute وال chronic يعني هو غالبا زمني بيقوللي
+
+94
+00:07:18,190 --> 00:07:22,170
+النقطة الفاصلة تات إلى أربعة أسابيعيعني التلات
+
+95
+00:07:22,170 --> 00:07:27,730
+اسابيع acute بعد تلات اسابيع ممكن يصير chronic حتى
+
+96
+00:07:27,730 --> 00:07:30,510
+في ناس بيقولك انا اربع اسابيع بعد اربع اسابيع
+
+97
+00:07:30,510 --> 00:07:35,330
+بيبدأ يد chronic احنا اي مرض في الدسم بيجي خلال
+
+98
+00:07:35,330 --> 00:07:39,810
+شهر او اكتر او اقل بيكون acute ان علجنا زى اللواز
+
+99
+00:07:39,810 --> 00:07:44,190
+مثلا ان علجنا بيطيب تماما ان ما علجنهوش بتحول الى
+
+100
+00:07:44,190 --> 00:07:48,930
+chronic بتكف الأعراض لكن بيصير طويل المدى بتبعلج
+
+101
+00:07:48,930 --> 00:07:53,780
+حتى طويل المدىيبقى هارق ال acute من ال chronic
+
+102
+00:07:53,780 --> 00:07:57,240
+بتتميز اول اشي بالوقت اقل من تلت اربعة سابيع بيكون
+
+103
+00:07:57,240 --> 00:08:00,840
+acute بعد تلت اربع سابيع بيكون chronic
+
+104
+00:08:03,650 --> 00:08:08,130
+بقول لي انه في اللي هو مجموعة بتكون hyper acute
+
+105
+00:08:08,130 --> 00:08:15,550
+يعني شديدة جدا في أعراضها و تتميز هاريش شديدة جدا
+
+106
+00:08:15,550 --> 00:08:19,670
+بتارولاند
+
+107
+00:08:19,670 --> 00:08:23,370
+ديشارج يعني التلاجر الصديق ده أصفر شافيا كيف ده
+
+108
+00:08:23,370 --> 00:08:28,170
+صديق أصفر بشكل بيكون و بيكون intense intense يعني
+
+109
+00:08:28,170 --> 00:08:35,980
+مركزمركز و ثقيل فصدر انست ظهور مفاجئ ليه اللي هو
+
+110
+00:08:35,980 --> 00:08:44,480
+الاتهابات هذه مع صليب شديد البكتيريا
+
+111
+00:08:44,480 --> 00:08:48,920
+هذه اللي
+
+112
+00:08:48,920 --> 00:08:53,520
+بتسبب الاخوة البكتيريا الكنيكوبيتس بتسبب الصليب
+
+113
+00:08:53,520 --> 00:08:58,000
+هذه متعددة منها streptococcus pneumonia
+
+114
+00:09:01,220 --> 00:09:04,520
+Staphylococcus aureus واحنا هذه أخدناها في بداية
+
+115
+00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:10,020
+الجرام مصدر البكتيريا المفلص influenza نوع تالت و
+
+116
+00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:15,180
+morexilla cataris اه كاترالس اللي هو النوع
+
+117
+00:09:15,180 --> 00:09:19,960
+المرقزيلا الرابعطبعا اكتر واحد بتعمل استرف الكوكس
+
+118
+00:09:19,960 --> 00:09:24,580
+وبعدها استرف الكوكس بتاعة اللوز هذا بيسيب اللوز
+
+119
+00:09:24,580 --> 00:09:28,800
+والتانية استافيل الكوكس هدولة اهم شي الهموفلس
+
+120
+00:09:28,800 --> 00:09:33,500
+والموريزيلا اجالي لما كتبنا في امتحان مين اهم شي
+
+121
+00:09:33,500 --> 00:09:37,960
+هتفضطي استرف الكوكس وطلب تاني استرف الكوكس وهاكذا
+
+122
+00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:43,240
+بالاولوية يعنيبيقول لي القليل منها بتسببه
+
+123
+00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:46,380
+البكتيريا نيساريا جونورية اللى أخدناها اللى بتسبب
+
+124
+00:09:46,380 --> 00:09:51,300
+اللى هو السيالان نيساريا جونورية بتسبب برضه لو
+
+125
+00:09:51,300 --> 00:09:54,980
+دخلت في العينين بتسبب البكتيريا اللى هو التعب
+
+126
+00:09:54,980 --> 00:10:00,500
+صديدي النيساريا مننديدايتس مننديدايتس اللى بتسيب
+
+127
+00:10:00,500 --> 00:10:01,200
+اللى اللى هو
+
+128
+00:10:05,860 --> 00:10:09,520
+العنصرية جوهنورية اللى بتعمل سرعان لإن هى موجودة
+
+129
+00:10:09,520 --> 00:10:15,580
+يعني بتكون في الجهاد التناثوي ال acute bacterial
+
+130
+00:10:15,580 --> 00:10:19,640
+congerativitis لو بنشوف clinical findings clinical
+
+131
+00:10:19,640 --> 00:10:23,700
+findings يعني الأعراض والعلامات الأعراض والعلامات
+
+132
+00:10:23,700 --> 00:10:27,380
+لو شوفنا عين العيان هيكون فيه severe hyperemia
+
+133
+00:10:27,380 --> 00:10:33,080
+hyperemia احتقان شديد في الملتحمة احتقان شديد في
+
+134
+00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:42,300
+الملتحمةو يكون فيه افراز صديدي شديد يعني ثقيل مركز
+
+135
+00:10:42,300 --> 00:10:49,960
+افراز صديدي شديد
+
+136
+00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:56,640
+مع احتقان حمرار شديد تلاتة انه التعسل كله طيب لو
+
+137
+00:10:56,640 --> 00:11:03,880
+نجرب الجفن بنلجأ عليهPapillary reactions حليمات
+
+138
+00:11:03,880 --> 00:11:10,780
+صغيرة موزعة
+
+139
+00:11:10,780 --> 00:11:15,960
+من هذه البكتيريا طيب بقول إذا أحملنا الإلاج
+
+140
+00:11:15,960 --> 00:11:21,100
+undreated دشرناه من غير إلاجهيعمل corneal
+
+141
+00:11:21,100 --> 00:11:27,200
+infiltration يعني هيغزو القرانية من المتحمة
+
+142
+00:11:27,200 --> 00:11:30,540
+البكتيريا تغزو القرانية وتعمل infiltration تنقيد
+
+143
+00:11:30,540 --> 00:11:35,700
+بالسموم بتاعتها تنقيد في سطح القرانية يعني هذه
+
+144
+00:11:35,700 --> 00:11:39,860
+القرانية وهذه
+
+145
+00:11:39,860 --> 00:11:43,580
+المتحمة هذه المتحمة
+
+146
+00:11:52,300 --> 00:11:59,120
+بتعملها إيش infiltration نوع من غزو سمون الخلية
+
+147
+00:11:59,120 --> 00:12:03,620
+بتاعتها كون ال infiltration ولمّا مافيش علاج كمان
+
+148
+00:12:03,620 --> 00:12:07,560
+بصير ulceration الفلترز هذه ال filtration بتتحول
+
+149
+00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:12,560
+إلى ulcers أي إلى تقرحات بكتيرية وانا شفت كتير هذه
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+150
+00:12:12,560 --> 00:12:20,050
+تقرحات بكتيرية اهو ممكن لو ما علجناش ال الثرز ان
+
+151
+00:12:20,050 --> 00:12:24,430
+تصير perforation اختراط الى الداخل البكتيريا تخش
+
+152
+00:12:24,430 --> 00:12:30,670
+ورا القرانية يبقى الشيء اوله بتعالج و بيجيب نتيجة
+
+153
+00:12:30,670 --> 00:12:34,010
+مية لمية لو احنا اهملناها ممكن البكتيريا تغذو
+
+154
+00:12:34,010 --> 00:12:39,130
+القرانية و ممكن تعمل فيها infiltration و شوية تعمل
+
+155
+00:12:39,130 --> 00:12:42,130
+ulceration و تماما تعمل perforation اختراط
+
+156
+00:12:46,830 --> 00:12:52,390
+بقول لي ان البكتيريا هذه خاصة النساليا جونورية
+
+157
+00:12:52,390 --> 00:12:58,790
+اللى بتصيب زيادة التناثري في الإنسان نقص المخالطة
+
+158
+00:12:58,790 --> 00:13:04,170
+خاصة الغير شرعية بتجي لنيو بورن من الأم الحامل
+
+159
+00:13:04,170 --> 00:13:09,250
+أثناء مروره في قناة الولادة نيو بورن و احنا
+
+160
+00:13:09,250 --> 00:13:14,310
+ورناكوا ليها أفصامية نيونا تورم وورناكوا كيف الولد
+
+161
+00:13:14,310 --> 00:13:16,010
+اللى يعني بلين الصليب
+
+162
+00:13:18,730 --> 00:13:25,710
+أو من اللي هو الادلت لما الادلت يحمل في دي يعني
+
+163
+00:13:25,710 --> 00:13:31,950
+البكتيريا ويحطها في عينيها touch ice هو حق ال
+
+164
+00:13:31,950 --> 00:13:35,530
+genital أخد ال genital infection صديد في إيديه
+
+165
+00:13:35,530 --> 00:13:39,690
+مغسلش وحق عينيه أو عينيه غيره أو الأم حطت في عين
+
+166
+00:13:39,690 --> 00:13:45,860
+إبنها touch the iceيبقى بظل انه المصاب من الجنورية
+
+167
+00:13:45,860 --> 00:13:51,600
+هو الأساس في نقلة سواء الأم ولدت ولد أثناء ولادة
+
+168
+00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:57,880
+أو صابت عينيها بالبكتيريا الشرسة هذه اللي هو
+
+169
+00:13:57,880 --> 00:14:01,900
+نسارية الجنورية وأي بكتيريا تانية تكون في الإيدين
+
+170
+00:14:01,900 --> 00:14:03,100
+تدخل في العينين
+
+171
+00:14:05,620 --> 00:14:08,660
+الـ gonorrhea conjunctivitis شايفين الصديد شايفين
+
+172
+00:14:08,660 --> 00:14:13,600
+الهيبريميا شايفين الورم swelling في اللي هو
+
+173
+00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:18,240
+المتحمة في البيفون طيب هاي برضه gonorrhea
+
+174
+00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:22,180
+conjunctivitis الصديد شايفين الشديد كيف و الوضع
+
+175
+00:14:22,180 --> 00:14:24,440
+صعب طيب
+
+176
+00:14:26,260 --> 00:14:30,960
+هذه العيلات فيها
+
+177
+00:14:30,960 --> 00:14:34,600
+تورم
+
+178
+00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:40,000
+مع تورم السليلي في
+
+179
+00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:45,820
+مولود جديد نيو نويتل مولود جديد هذه البكتيريا حابب
+
+180
+00:14:45,820 --> 00:14:48,930
+ان انا ابدأ بالبكتيريا انها more commonكل ال
+
+181
+00:14:48,930 --> 00:14:52,370
+bacterias conger activitis لو علجناها بطريقة تمامة
+
+182
+00:14:52,370 --> 00:14:56,470
+طيب viral conger activitis بيقولي ناس كتير يعني
+
+183
+00:14:56,470 --> 00:15:01,190
+عيني حمرو لكن مافيش فيهم صديق عينيه ورمين فيهم ألم
+
+184
+00:15:01,190 --> 00:15:04,490
+لكن مافيش فيهم صديق غالبا بتكون viral conger
+
+185
+00:15:04,490 --> 00:15:10,630
+activitis يعني هذه التهاب اللي بتحمل ال virusهو
+
+186
+00:15:10,630 --> 00:15:14,790
+common يعني الفيروسات ممكن common جدد بكتيريا او
+
+187
+00:15:14,790 --> 00:15:18,550
+اكتر كمان common external ocular infection ايه
+
+188
+00:15:18,550 --> 00:15:21,930
+سمينها external لانه على السطح مابتخدش جوا العين
+
+189
+00:15:21,930 --> 00:15:27,430
+مجموعة ال adenovirus مجموعة هذه مش واحد adenovirus
+
+190
+00:15:27,430 --> 00:15:31,550
+اه اللي هو double strand يعني له خطين نوويين DNA
+
+191
+00:15:31,550 --> 00:15:39,560
+virus اه هو ال most frequent تسعين في المية اههو
+
+192
+00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:44,640
+اللي بيعمل ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال
+
+193
+00:15:44,640 --> 00:15:45,100
+ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال
+
+194
+00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:45,580
+ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال
+
+195
+00:15:45,580 --> 00:15:49,280
+ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال
+
+196
+00:15:49,280 --> 00:15:50,600
+ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال
+
+197
+00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:55,140
+ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال
+
+198
+00:15:55,140 --> 00:15:55,800
+ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال ال
+
+199
+00:16:08,470 --> 00:16:12,930
+epidemic أو حتى pandemic يعني اتحول من وباء إلى
+
+200
+00:16:12,930 --> 00:16:16,670
+جائحة epidemic يعني يكون في أكتر من البلد لكن
+
+201
+00:16:16,670 --> 00:16:23,370
+pandemic في كل البلاد اه وموجود في المستشفيات
+
+202
+00:16:23,370 --> 00:16:27,050
+وموجود يعني في الشركات وفي المدارس وموجود في
+
+203
+00:16:27,050 --> 00:16:30,990
+حمامات السباحة اه ينتشر يعني واحد بروح حمام سباحة
+
+204
+00:16:30,990 --> 00:16:36,770
+بسبح وبطلع يعني فيهم يعني فيهم فيروس وبيبدأ يعمله
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+205
+00:16:36,770 --> 00:16:43,310
+ال infectionللأسف ان الفيروس أسرع من البكتيريا ال
+
+206
+00:16:43,310 --> 00:16:48,850
+spread بتاعه انتشار highly contagious يعني معدي
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+207
+00:16:48,850 --> 00:16:58,000
+جدا العدوى سريع جدا وبتعتمد على قدرة الفيروسإنه
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+208
+00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:05,520
+تعيش على الأسطف الجافة لأسابيع يعني ممكن جدا تخش
+
+209
+00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:12,760
+في العين و تفضل فترة لغاية ما تحصل اللي هو المكان
+
+210
+00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:19,000
+اللي تعيش فيهأو مثلا تقيمش على طرابزات على أبواب
+
+211
+00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:24,640
+على كراسي على زجاج لأسابيع واحد لمسها وحط في عينه
+
+212
+00:17:24,640 --> 00:17:32,580
+لجت جو مناسب وبدت تعمل infection وكمان في حقيقة ان
+
+213
+00:17:32,580 --> 00:17:39,960
+العيان لما تخش في عينه الفيروس ببدأ يطلق الفيروسات
+
+214
+00:17:40,510 --> 00:17:44,910
+في كل ما يحق عينه بيعطيها للناس قبل أن تظهر
+
+215
+00:17:44,910 --> 00:17:48,430
+الأعراض قبل ال features are apparent قبل ظهور
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+216
+00:17:48,430 --> 00:17:52,850
+الأعراض يعني كتير مننا عنده عادة سيئة انه بيظل يحق
+
+217
+00:17:52,850 --> 00:17:56,430
+في عينيه طب يحق في عينيه يعني بيحمل في ده لو سلم
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+218
+00:17:56,430 --> 00:18:02,730
+على واحد لو اعطى واحد لو صاب يعني ملابس واحد حاجة
+
+219
+00:18:02,730 --> 00:18:06,530
+يعني خلاص فرضه انه هويبقى الفيروس هذا ال
+
+220
+00:18:06,530 --> 00:18:10,630
+adenovirus له حاجتين سريعة انه يعيش على الأصف
+
+221
+00:18:10,630 --> 00:18:14,710
+الجافة لأسابيع هذه أول شيء
+
+222
+00:18:16,870 --> 00:18:21,490
+في العين قبل أن تظهر ��لأعراض الفيروس يعمل shading
+
+223
+00:18:21,490 --> 00:18:25,830
+يعني يخرج إلى الخارج مع العينين و مع الدموع اشي
+
+224
+00:18:25,830 --> 00:18:32,110
+إلى الخارج قبل ظهور الأعراض يقول
+
+225
+00:18:32,110 --> 00:18:35,870
+ان ال transmission بتاعه نقله
+
+226
+00:18:39,690 --> 00:18:43,970
+ممكن جدا غير انه من العينين ييجي كمان من الجهاز
+
+227
+00:18:43,970 --> 00:18:48,290
+التنفسي يعني ممكن بعيش في الجهاز التنفسي اه و بعيش
+
+228
+00:18:48,290 --> 00:18:54,250
+في جمع العينوبالتالي سهل ينتقل في الأوراق وفي
+
+229
+00:18:54,250 --> 00:18:59,170
+المناديل وفي الملابس ال fomits التوابل العياني
+
+230
+00:18:59,170 --> 00:19:08,310
+يعني وفي الفواط اللي هو الملوثة منه طيب الآن بدأ
+
+231
+00:19:08,310 --> 00:19:10,550
+ننجي على ال bacteria chronic chronic
+
+232
+00:19:10,550 --> 00:19:15,420
+congenitivitis bacteria congenitivitis chronicإذا
+
+233
+00:19:15,420 --> 00:19:20,260
+لم يعالج خلال تلت أربع أسابيع بتصير chronic
+
+234
+00:19:20,260 --> 00:19:24,300
+infection بتصير prolonged exposure to bacterial
+
+235
+00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:29,870
+pathogens prolonged يعني مدة طويلةفي الحالة هذه
+
+236
+00:19:29,870 --> 00:19:40,710
+البكتيريا بتصير اه نوعا ما non specific changes
+
+237
+00:19:40,710 --> 00:19:47,250
+تغيرات غير محددة مثلا خلال بوبلسيفز بتفز المقاط
+
+238
+00:19:47,250 --> 00:19:53,250
+بتزيد بالالاف تصير كتيرةوالـ Epithelium بتاع اللي
+
+239
+00:19:53,250 --> 00:19:57,970
+هو المتحمة بيصير متمدد hyper plastic بيصير متثني
+
+240
+00:19:57,970 --> 00:20:03,750
+ومتمدد و بعدين ال blood vessels بتاعة المتحمة الـ
+
+241
+00:20:03,750 --> 00:20:09,390
+A اللي هو ال substantial proparia بتاعة المتحمة اه
+
+242
+00:20:09,390 --> 00:20:14,010
+بتصير خنيلة و بتصير folded يعني folded مثنية هذه
+
+243
+00:20:14,010 --> 00:20:18,920
+اللي كنات bacteria infection وين كانت الأفيوتيعني
+
+244
+00:20:18,920 --> 00:20:25,420
+هي دي أخف من ال acute لكن بيضل ايش chronic يعني هي
+
+245
+00:20:25,420 --> 00:20:31,130
+علاجها أصعب كتير من ال acuteهي كمان هو بيقوللي في
+
+246
+00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:35,430
+ال chronic bacterial congenitivitis بيلاقي انه
+
+247
+00:20:35,430 --> 00:20:42,090
+العين حمراء و فيها حكة و فيها حرجان و فيها foreign
+
+248
+00:20:42,090 --> 00:20:46,690
+body sensation كأنه فيه رمل في السم غريبة و
+
+249
+00:20:46,690 --> 00:20:53,570
+الإفراجات نفسها دي هي كثير flaky يعني زي الخيطان و
+
+250
+00:20:53,570 --> 00:20:58,590
+في بليفريتس اللي هو اتهاب حرف البيفونوفي تساقط ال
+
+251
+00:20:58,590 --> 00:21:09,650
+I لاشس تساقط لشعر الجفون ممكن جدا ان تجد شحاتات
+
+252
+00:21:09,650 --> 00:21:19,790
+وكيات ضبنية على الجفون وحفة الجفون خلصنا
+
+253
+00:21:19,790 --> 00:21:24,720
+ال chronic أصعب في إلاجها من ال acuteلاكيوت اعطيه
+
+254
+00:21:24,720 --> 00:21:28,480
+ذكره تمناه حيوي اربع و خمس أيام بتطيب لكن يكون بده
+
+255
+00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:33,200
+شهر علاج بده شهر علاج او اكتر ال angle of
+
+256
+00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:37,080
+arthritis لأ هنتكلم عن ال angle هادي مش يعني احنا
+
+257
+00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:42,720
+عندنا العين زي هيك في هنا media campus في هنا
+
+258
+00:21:42,720 --> 00:21:49,120
+laptop campusهنا وهنا هى ال angular يبقى ال
+
+259
+00:21:49,120 --> 00:21:55,360
+angular diaphragis الحرفية حرفية اليفون في
+
+260
+00:21:55,360 --> 00:22:02,200
+الموضوع هذا نتكلم عن sty sty شحاتة sty بيقولوا ان
+
+261
+00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:07,620
+شحاتة لان هي يعني infection او أبصص صغير بتسبب
+
+262
+00:22:07,620 --> 00:22:12,700
+استفل القوكس اوريس وهو في جذر الشعرة lash follicle
+
+263
+00:22:13,260 --> 00:22:19,460
+في البصيرة الشعرية و مرات بتكون ال dice gland
+
+264
+00:22:19,460 --> 00:22:23,040
+نفسها فيها بكتيريا احنا كنا زمان نمسك الشعرة و
+
+265
+00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:26,820
+نشدها بتاعة الرمش اللي فيها هذا الاشي يعني زي هيك
+
+266
+00:22:26,820 --> 00:22:33,140
+مثلا الشعرة هذه هي فمسيكنا الشعرة و نبحناها هيك
+
+267
+00:22:33,140 --> 00:22:37,540
+بتطلع نتفت صديق صغير هذه اسم الشحنةهيش حاجة يعني
+
+268
+00:22:37,540 --> 00:22:42,160
+مشكلتها صغيرة لإنها بتعلق بشعرة واحدة بس بتعلق إيش
+
+269
+00:22:42,160 --> 00:22:51,200
+بشعرة واحدة بس المناسكام لأ المناسكام أكتر لإنه في
+
+270
+00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:56,200
+في بيروس مش بكتيريا box virus يبقى المناسكام
+
+271
+00:22:56,200 --> 00:23:02,600
+Contagium Contagiosum A اللي هو المعدي هذا ال box
+
+272
+00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:10,930
+virusبصيب skin خاصة في الأطفال الصغير والمدة بتاعة
+
+273
+00:23:10,930 --> 00:23:16,810
+هو من سنتين إلى أربع سنوات لأطفال الصغير وبيعمل
+
+274
+00:23:16,810 --> 00:23:24,130
+عبارة عن اكياس على دفن من خارج multiple confluent
+
+275
+00:23:24,130 --> 00:23:32,310
+regions زي هذه ايه بقى هذا مناسبة كنتاجوزوم مناسبة
+
+276
+00:23:32,310 --> 00:23:38,350
+كنتاجوزومهذه شايفين طبعا
+
+277
+00:23:38,350 --> 00:23:42,130
+هذا علاج شوية صعب لان الفيروس مالوش antivirus
+
+278
+00:23:42,130 --> 00:23:48,670
+مالوش antivirus drug طيب herpes zoster مش متكلمين
+
+279
+00:23:48,670 --> 00:23:51,530
+عنه او نتكلم عنه بعدين herpes zoster وthalamicus
+
+280
+00:23:51,530 --> 00:23:52,530
+لما يجي ان شاء الله
+
+281
+00:23:56,060 --> 00:24:01,080
+البيفريتس هيفة الجفون افتهابها
+
+282
+00:24:01,080 --> 00:24:04,840
+اسمه بيفريتس و غالبا بيكون chronic مش acute
+
+283
+00:24:04,840 --> 00:24:07,860
+الانترويبيفريتس
+
+284
+00:24:07,860 --> 00:24:12,280
+affects the area surrounding the basis of
+
+285
+00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:19,660
+eyelashes يعني قواعد شعر الجفون عنده ممكن يسببوا
+
+286
+00:24:19,660 --> 00:24:24,810
+استبليكوكاس اوريسأو اللى هو البكتيريا اللى بتعمل
+
+287
+00:24:24,810 --> 00:24:30,070
+سيبوريا سيبوريا يعني اتهاب اركشري اتهاب اركشري
+
+288
+00:24:30,070 --> 00:24:35,790
+نرجع للانجولار البيفريتس اللى بتعمله morexella
+
+289
+00:24:35,790 --> 00:24:40,150
+morexella lacunata البكتيريا اسمها او
+
+290
+00:24:40,150 --> 00:24:46,070
+Staphylococcus aureus وجليل فيروس اسمه simplex
+
+291
+00:24:46,070 --> 00:24:49,070
+هيربس سيمبليكس بعمله لكن أساس الموراكزيلا
+
+292
+00:24:49,520 --> 00:24:56,420
+المورقزيلة هي الأساس في ذهاب حواف اللي هو القرن
+
+293
+00:24:56,420 --> 00:25:02,020
+اللي هو اللحون القرن ال medial و ال lateral canthi
+
+294
+00:25:02,020 --> 00:25:05,200
+ال media و ال lateral canthi المورقزيلة تكون حتة
+
+295
+00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:12,760
+بكتيريا زي هذا كل المنطقة هذه طيب
+
+296
+00:25:16,440 --> 00:25:21,840
+calculitis كنال يعني قنع المجرة احنا عارفين احنا
+
+297
+00:25:21,840 --> 00:25:30,860
+كيف يعني المجاري بتاعة اللي هي اللي
+
+298
+00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:40,310
+هي بتنجل الدم يعني انا زي هيكهى البنكتران هى
+
+299
+00:25:40,310 --> 00:25:44,570
+الأبارب كانيليكولاس الوارد كانيليكولاس ال common
+
+300
+00:25:44,570 --> 00:25:48,410
+canaliculus لا كريمالساك نيزو لا كريمالدفت زى ما
+
+301
+00:25:48,410 --> 00:25:53,030
+خلنا فى نقل طوله فاحيانا فى بكتيريا بتعيش هنا
+
+302
+00:25:53,030 --> 00:25:59,030
+وبتسكر الكنال هذه فبقولها ال canaliculitis وغالبا
+
+303
+00:25:59,030 --> 00:26:02,750
+بتكون chronic بسببها بكتيريا جرام وزر بكتيريا
+
+304
+00:26:02,750 --> 00:26:08,840
+anaerobic لإن مافيش فيه geneاسمه اكتلوميس اسرائيلي
+
+305
+00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:13,040
+اكتلوميس
+
+306
+00:26:13,040 --> 00:26:18,760
+اسرائيلي اكتلوميس اسرائيلي اكتلوميس اسرائيلي
+
+307
+00:26:18,760 --> 00:26:19,360
+اكتلوميس اسرائيلي اكتلوميس اسرائيلي اكتلوميس
+
+308
+00:26:19,360 --> 00:26:21,060
+اكتلوميس اسرائيلي اكتلوميس اسرائيلي اكتلوميس
+
+309
+00:26:21,060 --> 00:26:24,260
+اسرائيلي اكتلوميس اسرائيلي اكتلوميس اسرائيلي
+
+310
+00:26:24,260 --> 00:26:31,860
+اكتلوميس اسرائيلي اكتلوميس اسرائيلي اكتلوميس
+
+311
+00:26:31,860 --> 00:26:39,690
+اسرائيلي اكتلوميس اسرائيلي اكتلومهو كمان أخطر لأنه
+
+312
+00:26:39,690 --> 00:26:46,370
+بيعمل obstruction أو هو secondary تابع للتسكير
+
+313
+00:26:46,370 --> 00:26:50,290
+الكيسد اللي هو المجرة ما بين الأنف والعين
+
+314
+00:26:50,290 --> 00:26:54,270
+obstruction of nasal lacrimal duct وهذا ممكن يكون
+
+315
+00:26:54,270 --> 00:26:57,530
+acute او اللي ممكن يكون acute لو ما عالجنا بيصير
+
+316
+00:26:57,530 --> 00:27:04,150
+chronic وغالبا استقبل كوكس بوريس واستقبل الكوكسأه
+
+317
+00:27:04,150 --> 00:27:07,070
+السريبتو الكوكاية هى اللى بتعملها سريبتو تستوي فى
+
+318
+00:27:07,070 --> 00:27:12,010
+كوكاس هى مثلا هذا acute هى أحمر أحمر كيس الدم اللى
+
+319
+00:27:12,010 --> 00:27:20,970
+إيه هنا فى المتجر هذى هذا اسمه Dacryosteitis هى
+
+320
+00:27:20,970 --> 00:27:26,350
+hana abscess بتحول إلى صديرى هى الصدير بيقول عنه
+
+321
+00:27:26,350 --> 00:27:27,430
+lacrimal abscess
+
+322
+00:27:30,470 --> 00:27:36,110
+طيب احنا نتوقف هنا ان شاء الله بإذن الله عند
+
+323
+00:27:36,110 --> 00:27:39,930
+preceptal orbital celulitis على ان نستنف في
+
+324
+00:27:39,930 --> 00:27:46,470
+المحاضرة الحادية والعشرين ان شاء الله هذه المحاضرة
+
+325
+00:27:46,470 --> 00:27:52,010
+ان شاء الله بإذنه تعالى والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+326
+00:27:52,010 --> 00:27:53,490
+وبركاته
+

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@@ -0,0 +1,1144 @@
+1
+00:00:00,720 --> 00:00:06,100
+اسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله رب العالمين واصلي
+
+2
+00:00:06,100 --> 00:00:12,800
+واسلم على نجوز رحمة للعالمين بناتي فيالمستوى
+
+3
+00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:17,060
+الثالث اعودوا اليكم في هذه المحاضرات التاسعة في
+
+4
+00:00:17,060 --> 00:00:20,780
+هذا مسابق شيء واسأل الله عز وجل ان تكونوا قد
+
+5
+00:00:20,780 --> 00:00:24,600
+أتممتم يعني قراءة المحاضرات السابقة الاستماع اليها
+
+6
+00:00:24,600 --> 00:00:28,620
+وتلخيصها ونحن ان شاء الله نواصل معكم وربما نقوم
+
+7
+00:00:28,620 --> 00:00:35,140
+يعني بعمل يعني اجتماع مصور على ال meet ويعني نجيب
+
+8
+00:00:35,140 --> 00:00:40,910
+على الأسئلة التي تريدون ان تسألوهافي هذه المحاضرة
+
+9
+00:00:40,910 --> 00:00:46,930
+سوف نبدأ موضوع جديد وهو المضادات الحيوية المضادات
+
+10
+00:00:46,930 --> 00:00:52,810
+الحوية المضادات التي تعمل ضد الميكروبات اسمها
+
+11
+00:00:52,810 --> 00:00:59,490
+antimicrobial agents antim يعني ضد microbial يعني
+
+12
+00:00:59,490 --> 00:01:03,490
+اللي هو ال micro organisms و agents العوامل
+
+13
+00:01:03,490 --> 00:01:09,320
+العوامل التي تعمل ضد اللي هو البكتيريا و ضداللي هو
+
+14
+00:01:09,320 --> 00:01:14,300
+الكائنات الحية الدقيقة الأخرى هذه تنقسم إلى اسمين
+
+15
+00:01:14,300 --> 00:01:19,840
+تنقسم إلى Antibiotics و Chemotherapeutics ايه
+
+16
+00:01:19,840 --> 00:01:24,820
+شمعات antibiotic يعني مضاد حيوي يبقى لما نقول
+
+17
+00:01:24,820 --> 00:01:27,760
+Antimicrobial مضادات الميكروبات لكن لما نقول
+
+18
+00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:32,980
+antibiotic يعني مضاد حيوي المضاد الحيويهذا لفظ
+
+19
+00:01:32,980 --> 00:01:38,020
+لمجموعة من المُركّبات موجودة في الطبيعة not surely
+
+20
+00:01:38,020 --> 00:01:42,600
+present يعني موجودة في الطبيعة الإنسان ما دي
+
+21
+00:01:42,600 --> 00:01:46,740
+اصلاحها زي البنسالين مثلا البنسالين إفرازات فطرية
+
+22
+00:01:46,740 --> 00:01:51,020
+ضد البكتيريا جمعوها وAlexander Fleming سنة 1927
+
+23
+00:01:51,020 --> 00:01:56,500
+طلب أول اكتشاف المضاد الحيوي ال penicillin فجال
+
+24
+00:01:56,500 --> 00:02:00,460
+antibioticيبقى هذه ال antibiotics بيصمحاش الإنسان
+
+25
+00:02:00,460 --> 00:02:04,880
+naturally present يعني موجودة في الطبيعة و بتشتغل
+
+26
+00:02:04,880 --> 00:02:10,440
+على ميكروبيا antimicrobial agents يعني سبحان الله
+
+27
+00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:18,480
+زي سم مايكروب ضد مايكروب يعني مثلا فطريات تفرز
+
+28
+00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:25,480
+يعني مضاد حيوي ضد مثلا بكتيريا بتموت البكتيريا
+
+29
+00:02:25,850 --> 00:02:30,890
+أخذوا هذا الإنسان وصار يعطيه يعني ضد البكتيريا
+
+30
+00:02:30,890 --> 00:02:35,550
+وصار Antibiotic لأنه موجود في الطبيعة يبقى هو can
+
+31
+00:02:35,550 --> 00:02:40,850
+destroy يعني يقتل أو inhibit the growth أو على
+
+32
+00:02:40,850 --> 00:02:45,890
+الأقل يمنع نمو ال micro organisms هذا كتير موجود
+
+33
+00:02:45,890 --> 00:02:49,810
+في الطبيعة زي البنسالين أول واحد والتترا ساكرين
+
+34
+00:02:49,810 --> 00:02:54,370
+درامايسين فلوكسين والستريبتمايسين وكتير فيه مضادات
+
+35
+00:02:54,370 --> 00:02:58,850
+حيويةالسيارات السادرية كثير فيها مضادات حيوية
+
+36
+00:02:58,850 --> 00:03:02,670
+النوع التاني الـ chemotherapeutic لأ هذا يحضر في
+
+37
+00:03:02,670 --> 00:03:06,310
+المعامل يعني هذا بقدر اقول من صناعة الإنسان
+
+38
+00:03:06,310 --> 00:03:10,070
+chemotherapeutic غير موجود في الطبيعة طيب هي
+
+39
+00:03:10,070 --> 00:03:14,670
+chemicals مواد كيمينية produced artificially يعني
+
+40
+00:03:14,670 --> 00:03:22,400
+صناعيا ويلها أثر على الميكروبات تقتلالميكروبيات زي
+
+41
+00:03:22,400 --> 00:03:28,260
+ايش الصلفة كل مركبات الصلفة هذه مركبات صناعية
+
+42
+00:03:28,260 --> 00:03:31,320
+وانتي ميكروبيا مش موجودة في الطبيعة الصلفة احنا
+
+43
+00:03:31,320 --> 00:03:36,480
+مصنعها وشيء اسمه ناليدكسك اسد هذا بيشتغل البكتيريا
+
+44
+00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:43,480
+لكن مش موجود في الطبيعة اه بس هنا في مشكلة ان هذا
+
+45
+00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:47,500
+الصلفة وناليدكسك اسد وغيرهمإنه بيشتغلوا على
+
+46
+00:03:47,500 --> 00:03:52,100
+الخلايا عموما سواء خلايا ال micro organisms أو
+
+47
+00:03:52,100 --> 00:03:55,460
+خلايا العائل اللي هي عايشة فيها يعني مثلا
+
+48
+00:03:55,460 --> 00:03:59,240
+البكتيريا موجودة في الرئة موجودة في اللواز موجودة
+
+49
+00:03:59,240 --> 00:04:04,780
+في الكلة يعني لما احنا نعطي الصلفة مثلا المتوقع
+
+50
+00:04:04,780 --> 00:04:12,800
+انها هي تعمل يعني قتل البكتيريا و قتل الخلايا
+
+51
+00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:16,350
+الحية اللي بتاعة الإنسان اللي فيها البكتيرياهنا
+
+52
+00:04:16,350 --> 00:04:24,330
+بقدر امكان نحاول ان نجّه الـ Chemotherapy اللي
+
+53
+00:04:24,330 --> 00:04:28,810
+بيعمل اقل ضرر على الخلايا الإنسانية Selective
+
+54
+00:04:28,810 --> 00:04:34,450
+toxicity اسمها سمية اختيارية بتكون ضد الميكروبات
+
+55
+00:04:34,450 --> 00:04:42,410
+بتكون قليلة جدا على خلايا العاهل Harmlessيعني غير
+
+56
+00:04:42,410 --> 00:04:46,970
+ضارة بخلايا الإنسان وهذا يعني مش مية لمية لكن
+
+57
+00:04:46,970 --> 00:04:51,570
+نسبته جليلة تبقى كمان أشهر الفرق بين ال
+
+58
+00:04:51,570 --> 00:04:57,070
+antibiotics و ال chemotherapists التقسيم بتاعة ال
+
+59
+00:04:57,070 --> 00:05:03,570
+antimicrobial حابين جسمها جسمين قسم واسع الطيف
+
+60
+00:05:03,570 --> 00:05:08,770
+broad spectrum و قسم ضيق الطيفما هو الفرق بين
+
+61
+00:05:08,770 --> 00:05:15,590
+البرود يعني عريض وواسع و نارو ضيق البرود بيشتغل
+
+62
+00:05:15,590 --> 00:05:19,570
+على أكبر مجموعات من البكتيريا يعني ده ال
+
+63
+00:05:19,570 --> 00:05:23,310
+antibiotics بيشتغل على gram positive وهذا أخدناها
+
+64
+00:05:23,310 --> 00:05:28,310
+في صبغة البكتيريا وعلى gram negative مع بعض مثلا
+
+65
+00:05:28,310 --> 00:05:34,710
+فلورو كولولونزهذا مجموعات جديدة يعني تشتغل تمام
+
+66
+00:05:34,710 --> 00:05:38,510
+هذه الأنبسلين والفلوكساكين جريمة لكن مجموعات
+
+67
+00:05:38,510 --> 00:05:42,310
+فلوكساسلين و فلورا و كولولونز و ال others هدولة
+
+68
+00:05:42,310 --> 00:05:47,910
+بيشتغلوا يعني بطريقة ممتازة على أكبر أو أوسع طيب
+
+69
+00:05:47,910 --> 00:05:52,010
+من البكتيريا سواء positive أو negative النارو لأ
+
+70
+00:05:52,010 --> 00:05:55,690
+النارو يا positive يا negative مشتغلش على positive
+
+71
+00:05:55,690 --> 00:05:59,760
+و negative مع بعض عشان هيك سموها ناروالنار مثلا
+
+72
+00:05:59,760 --> 00:06:06,740
+تشتغل الاتروميسين تشتغل على جرام positive باسترسين
+
+73
+00:06:06,740 --> 00:06:11,360
+على جرام positive الريدكسك أسد والدينتاميسين مثلا
+
+74
+00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:15,800
+تشتغل على جرام نيجاتيف لاحظين يعني انه يا positive
+
+75
+00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:21,280
+يا نيجاتيف آه مافيش positive مع نيجاتيف زي هانا
+
+76
+00:06:21,280 --> 00:06:25,900
+يعني هانا جرام positive وجرام نيجاتيف مع بعض عشان
+
+77
+00:06:25,900 --> 00:06:31,580
+البرودلما نعطي العيان جرعة مضاربة حيوية ويكون
+
+78
+00:06:31,580 --> 00:06:34,960
+حالته خطيرة أو دلتهابري اوى احنا مضطرين ان نعطيه
+
+79
+00:06:34,960 --> 00:06:40,440
+broad spectrum لما يكون يعني نزلة جليلة او ضعيفة
+
+80
+00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:47,220
+نعطيه narrow spectrum طيب الان ايش ال effects of
+
+81
+00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:50,660
+antibiotics on bacterial population ايش مضاربة
+
+82
+00:06:50,660 --> 00:06:56,440
+حيوية بتعمل للبكتيريا والله بتعمل عمل من عمل اما
+
+83
+00:06:57,200 --> 00:07:06,180
+Sidal Effect قاتل سيدل قاتل أو static يعني static
+
+84
+00:07:06,180 --> 00:07:14,620
+مصبط يعني مجفف يعني البكتيريا static بكتيريا
+
+85
+00:07:14,620 --> 00:07:18,620
+static antibiotics can kill البكتيريا kill يعني
+
+86
+00:07:18,620 --> 00:07:22,120
+تقتل البكتيريا وهذا يتوقف على ال concentration
+
+87
+00:07:23,370 --> 00:07:26,430
+concentration of antibiotic اللي هو التركيز كل
+
+88
+00:07:26,430 --> 00:07:33,310
+مكان التركيز أعلى كل مكان أكتر قتلا وكل مكان أقل
+
+89
+00:07:33,310 --> 00:07:39,650
+تركيزا كل مكان أقل قتلا مثلا يعني احنا لو اعطينا
+
+90
+00:07:39,650 --> 00:07:48,650
+رجل وزنه 80 كيلو درع الطفل الصغير تكون aesthetic
+
+91
+00:07:52,650 --> 00:07:57,750
+لأنها جليلة يعني نص الجرعة أو ربع الجرعة بينما لو
+
+92
+00:07:57,750 --> 00:08:02,990
+أعطينا الطفل جرعة رجل ممكن هي تكون سيجل وتكون
+
+93
+00:08:02,990 --> 00:08:07,750
+overdose يعني حتى فيها زيادة عن الجرعة المقارنة ال
+
+94
+00:08:07,750 --> 00:08:14,050
+bacteriostatic بعض المضادات الحيوية can inhibit
+
+95
+00:08:14,050 --> 00:08:17,930
+the growth and multiplication of bacteria لأن هي
+
+96
+00:08:17,930 --> 00:08:27,480
+بس هي عيش بتمنع نمووتكاتر البكتيريا لكن لا تخلع
+
+97
+00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:33,600
+طيب الآن البكتيريا هالي صارها بكتيرو استفكت وقفت
+
+98
+00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:40,020
+لا تنمو ولا تتكاتر تيجي بعد هيك منعت الجسم
+
+99
+00:08:40,020 --> 00:08:47,540
+immunity of the body بتاعة الإنسانأتكمل ال
+
+100
+00:08:47,540 --> 00:08:52,240
+destruction تقتل البكتيريا خاصة إن كان شباب و
+
+101
+00:08:52,240 --> 00:08:56,020
+عندهم مناعة كويسة ممكن أن البكتيريا استتتك يكفي
+
+102
+00:08:56,020 --> 00:09:00,640
+لكن اذا كان عيوز أو طفل صغير بده bactericidal بده
+
+103
+00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:05,920
+bactericidal لذلك يعني الطبيب المعالج بده يكون
+
+104
+00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:12,980
+عنده نظر في عمر الإنسان ومناعة الإنسان وشدة المرض
+
+105
+00:09:12,980 --> 00:09:20,620
+هل هذه تحتاج إلىbactericidal antibiotic يعطيه ولا
+
+106
+00:09:20,620 --> 00:09:26,380
+bactericide يعطيه طيب الآن في سؤال كيف تعمل
+
+107
+00:09:26,380 --> 00:09:32,040
+المضادات الحيوية على البكتيريا mechanism of action
+
+108
+00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:35,300
+of antibiotic يعني اذا انا عندي خلية بكتيرية وانا
+
+109
+00:09:35,300 --> 00:09:39,700
+عارفها خلية بكتيرية يعني مكونة من cell wall و
+
+110
+00:09:39,700 --> 00:09:43,260
+cytoplasmic membrane
+
+111
+00:09:46,980 --> 00:09:54,280
+وهنا يوجد كبسولة اول
+
+112
+00:09:54,280 --> 00:09:58,060
+اشي في بعض البكتيريا المضادة بيعمل عن بكتيريا
+
+113
+00:09:58,060 --> 00:10:00,960
+destruction of cell wall له هذا نمر اتنين
+
+114
+00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:08,780
+destruction of cell wall طيب ايش يعني بيعمل بيقول
+
+115
+00:10:08,780 --> 00:10:09,680
+ان ال cell wall هذا
+
+116
+00:10:13,170 --> 00:10:17,730
+بحمي داخل البكتيريا انتنا القزموسيكا pressure
+
+117
+00:10:17,730 --> 00:10:20,330
+relative to the surrounding media يعني هذا ال cell
+
+118
+00:10:20,330 --> 00:10:25,730
+wall بيمنع دخول المواد السامة وبيمنع دخول المواد
+
+119
+00:10:25,730 --> 00:10:31,430
+المركزة المركزة اللي هي ضغط ازموزي عالي بحيث ان
+
+120
+00:10:31,430 --> 00:10:34,470
+يكون فيه توازن ما بين داخل الخلية وما بين خارج
+
+121
+00:10:34,470 --> 00:10:39,690
+الخلية طيب تيجي مضاطع حيوي زي الفانسالين بنسيلين
+
+122
+00:10:39,690 --> 00:10:46,220
+البنسيلين هذابيروح بيحطم أو يريد الـ cell wall
+
+123
+00:10:46,220 --> 00:10:50,800
+ويمنع تكوينه تاني وبالتالي بتموت الخلية البكتيريا
+
+124
+00:10:50,800 --> 00:10:54,340
+الـ cell بكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا
+
+125
+00:10:54,340 --> 00:10:54,780
+البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا
+
+126
+00:10:54,780 --> 00:10:54,920
+البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا
+
+127
+00:10:54,920 --> 00:10:55,160
+البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا
+
+128
+00:10:55,160 --> 00:11:00,660
+البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا
+
+129
+00:11:00,660 --> 00:11:05,260
+البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا
+
+130
+00:11:05,260 --> 00:11:05,260
+البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا البكتيريا
+
+131
+00:11:05,260 --> 00:11:09,030
+البكتيريا البكفليكس كفارسفورين بستريسين
+
+132
+00:11:09,030 --> 00:11:13,850
+بانكومايسين هم مش من أسماء هذه كتير يعني هذه بتكون
+
+133
+00:11:13,850 --> 00:11:17,670
+بهذا الدور يعني خاصية بتروح على ال cell wall و
+
+134
+00:11:17,670 --> 00:11:21,250
+بتزوغه وبالتالي الخلية البكتيرية ال pressure
+
+135
+00:11:21,250 --> 00:11:27,450
+بتاعها بختل وبالتالي بتنتفخ و بتموت طيب في مدارس
+
+136
+00:11:27,450 --> 00:11:32,050
+حيوية غيرهتعمل Inhibition of cytoplasmic membrane
+
+137
+00:11:32,050 --> 00:11:35,990
+function تمنع وظيفة الـ cytoplasmic membrane اللي
+
+138
+00:11:35,990 --> 00:11:40,630
+هو هذا هذا اللي بيحافظ على الـ cytoplasm وعلى
+
+139
+00:11:40,630 --> 00:11:47,750
+النواع يعني لما تيجي مضادات حيوية بتمزقه وبالتالي
+
+140
+00:11:47,750 --> 00:11:53,750
+بتعمل Escapeof ions من داخل الـ cytoplasm و ال
+
+141
+00:11:53,750 --> 00:11:58,950
+macromolecules دا هي ال ribosomes تطلع مرة وهذا
+
+142
+00:11:58,950 --> 00:12:03,070
+بيعمل damage او death damage يعني سلف او موت اللي
+
+143
+00:12:03,070 --> 00:12:09,700
+هو الخلية البكتيرياأنا عندي مشاهدين يعني حقيقين
+
+144
+00:12:09,700 --> 00:12:14,700
+ليه العمل على الـcytoplasmic membrane في حالات
+
+145
+00:12:14,700 --> 00:12:18,120
+المضادة الحيوية للبكتيريا ضد البكتيريا في مضادة
+
+146
+00:12:18,120 --> 00:12:22,880
+حيوية اسمها polymyxins polymyxin هي ده بيعمل على
+
+147
+00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:28,040
+الـcytoplasmic membrane والجرام نيجاتي للبكتيريا
+
+148
+00:12:28,040 --> 00:12:33,440
+انه بدوبه يعنيوبالتالي بيمزّق الـ lipid bilayer
+
+149
+00:12:33,440 --> 00:12:37,580
+اللي هو تناقض خلية تناقض طبقات هذا الـ cytoplasm
+
+150
+00:12:37,580 --> 00:12:40,740
+في الـ brain وبالتالي تطلع ال ribosomes و
+
+151
+00:12:40,740 --> 00:12:43,840
+الcytoplasm برا و بتموت الخلية البكتيرية لذا ال
+
+152
+00:12:43,840 --> 00:12:46,660
+polymexene المضاد الحيوي يعمل على ال gram negative
+
+153
+00:12:46,660 --> 00:12:51,660
+بكتيريا بيذابطه إيه في الcytoplasm في ال brain ال
+
+154
+00:12:51,660 --> 00:12:56,440
+polyelene لأ هذا بيشتغل على الفطرية مضاد فطري وهذا
+
+155
+00:12:56,440 --> 00:13:01,600
+بيشتغل على الcytoplasmبتاع الفتر الفنجس ماشي بتاع
+
+156
+00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:06,680
+البكتيريا استيرتبولاز في ال brain بتاع الفنجس عخر
+
+157
+00:13:06,680 --> 00:13:13,200
+شوية فيه مجموعة اسمه استيرول وبدوبها فبقولي
+
+158
+00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:16,660
+البوليميكزين يعمل على البكتيريا بس والبولي إيلين
+
+159
+00:13:16,660 --> 00:13:20,700
+يشتغل على الفنجس على الفتر بس طب لو أعطينا
+
+160
+00:13:20,700 --> 00:13:24,170
+البوليميكزين للفتر مش تشتغلشولو اعطينا البولي
+
+161
+00:13:24,170 --> 00:13:27,930
+إيلين على البكتيريا مش تدمش عشان هيك بقولوا هذه
+
+162
+00:13:27,930 --> 00:13:32,630
+اسمها selective toxicity selective toxicity يعني
+
+163
+00:13:32,630 --> 00:13:40,490
+يعني هذه ثمية اختيارية يعني ما بين مضاد للبكتيريا
+
+164
+00:13:40,490 --> 00:13:45,910
+ومضاد للفطرية مضاد للفطرية النوع التالت من ال
+
+165
+00:13:45,910 --> 00:13:51,460
+antibiotics يشتغل على hyposomesيعني انا نفسي نفهم
+
+166
+00:13:51,460 --> 00:13:58,560
+ان رجلهم داخل ال set of plasma حبل وفيه وحدات من
+
+167
+00:13:58,560 --> 00:14:04,180
+ال amino acids ال amino acids الأحماض الأمينية
+
+168
+00:14:04,180 --> 00:14:13,220
+يعني نقول مثلا من واحد لمية من واحد لمية في ثبت ان
+
+169
+00:14:13,220 --> 00:14:20,960
+بعض مضادات حيوية بيشتغل على نمرة تلاتينفيه بيشتغل
+
+170
+00:14:20,960 --> 00:14:25,680
+عن المرة خمسين ايش هنشتغل عن المرة تلاتين يعني
+
+171
+00:14:25,680 --> 00:14:32,000
+بيجي هنا بيكسر الحلقة تلاتين وبالتالي بيصير الحبل
+
+172
+00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:40,300
+لأمين وأسداللي مكونة ال ribosomes متقطع مش متصل و
+
+173
+00:14:40,300 --> 00:14:47,700
+إجا في ال 50 ضرب ال و ال 6 ضرب ال 50 بيصير اللي
+
+174
+00:14:47,700 --> 00:14:49,260
+اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي
+
+175
+00:14:49,260 --> 00:14:49,260
+اللي ال��ي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي
+
+176
+00:14:49,260 --> 00:14:49,440
+اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي
+
+177
+00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:49,520
+اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي
+
+178
+00:14:49,520 --> 00:14:49,860
+اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي
+
+179
+00:14:49,860 --> 00:14:51,120
+اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي
+
+180
+00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:51,600
+اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي
+
+181
+00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:52,080
+اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي
+
+182
+00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:52,080
+اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي اللي
+
+183
+00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:59,140
+اللي اللي
+
+184
+00:14:59,140 --> 00:15:01,830
+الليالمجموعات المضادة الحيوية الكبيرة ال amino
+
+185
+00:15:01,830 --> 00:15:10,770
+glycosides منها دينتاميسين ومنها تبراميسين هذولا
+
+186
+00:15:10,770 --> 00:15:15,450
+التانين اسمهم amino glycosides هذولا بيشتغلوا على
+
+187
+00:15:15,450 --> 00:15:22,230
+حلقة تلاتين S sub unit يعني هذه تلاتين S وبالتالي
+
+188
+00:15:22,230 --> 00:15:26,870
+بيطلع ال ribosome اللي بيصنع البروتينات تطلع
+
+189
+00:15:26,870 --> 00:15:33,450
+abnormalNon-functional proteins يعني بروتين غير
+
+190
+00:15:33,450 --> 00:15:40,870
+طبيعي ولا يعمل بطريقة طبيعية طبعا هذا البروتين
+
+191
+00:15:40,870 --> 00:15:48,320
+يؤدي لموت الخلية البكتيريةكويس هيك المضاطع الحيوية
+
+192
+00:15:48,320 --> 00:15:52,160
+هذه معروفة amygdala glycoside بتاعة امتناطها عن
+
+193
+00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:56,340
+طريق الحقن العضلي والحقن اللي هو الوريدي الحقن
+
+194
+00:15:56,340 --> 00:16:00,720
+العضلي والحقن الوريدي وهي ضد جرام negative بكتيريا
+
+195
+00:16:00,720 --> 00:16:05,640
+ضد جرام negative بكتيريا يعني فلما انا اعطي ال
+
+196
+00:16:05,640 --> 00:16:09,940
+amygdala glycoside في الوريد او في العضل ويكون
+
+197
+00:16:09,940 --> 00:16:15,720
+الإصابة اصابة بكتيريا بجرام negativeفانا بقتل ال
+
+198
+00:16:15,720 --> 00:16:21,620
+ribosomes في الحلقة التالفين طيب في مضاد حيو اسمه
+
+199
+00:16:21,620 --> 00:16:26,760
+tetracycline اللى تجاوزا اسمه ترميسين برضه هذا
+
+200
+00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:30,600
+بيعمل على الحلقة التالفين S و برضه بيطلع بروتين
+
+201
+00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:35,260
+زائف و بيقدي الى تخسر خلية البكتيريا بيقتل gram
+
+202
+00:16:35,260 --> 00:16:39,420
+negative بكتيريا زى الكوليرة الكوليرة gram
+
+203
+00:16:39,420 --> 00:16:43,600
+negative وبكتيريا الجنورية اللى هناخد بعد هيك هى
+
+204
+00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:48,200
+gram negativeيبقى هاي مجموعة of aminoglycosides و
+
+205
+00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:52,520
+الـ tetracyclines تشتغل على الريجوزوم اللى داخل
+
+206
+00:16:52,520 --> 00:16:58,640
+الخلية البكتيرية هنا و اللى مكون من حلقات من
+
+207
+00:16:58,640 --> 00:17:05,200
+الأحماض الأمينية اسمها amino acids طيب هاي مثال
+
+208
+00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:11,380
+لأحماض الأمينية و كيف ان هنا ال amino glycosides
+
+209
+00:17:11,380 --> 00:17:17,790
+اشتغلت على الحالة تلاتينالحلقة تلاتين هنا حطمت في
+
+210
+00:17:17,790 --> 00:17:21,670
+حين ان الكرانوكلورم فينيكول اشتغل على الحلقة خمسين
+
+211
+00:17:21,670 --> 00:17:29,510
+خمسين S حطمها وطلع بعد ذلك بروتين زائف من الخلية
+
+212
+00:17:29,510 --> 00:17:33,890
+البكتيرية وماتت الخلية البكتيرية يبقى الكلوروم
+
+213
+00:17:33,890 --> 00:17:39,860
+فينيكول اختلف من اشتغل على الخمسين S sub unitيعني
+
+214
+00:17:39,860 --> 00:17:42,740
+الحمض الأميني نمره 50 الحلقة قاعدة يكسرها
+
+215
+00:17:42,740 --> 00:17:45,920
+والريبوزومز
+
+216
+00:17:45,920 --> 00:17:51,280
+يطلع بروتينات زائفة وهذا بيستخدم في علاج أمة
+
+217
+00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:55,980
+الـtyphoid باسيلاي وهذا جرام نيجاتيف جرام نيجاتيف
+
+218
+00:17:55,980 --> 00:18:01,220
+بكتيرية يبقى هذه المضادا�� الحيوية اللي بتشتغل على
+
+219
+00:18:01,220 --> 00:18:05,020
+الريبوزومز المكون من أحمار أمينية أشي منها بيشتغل
+
+220
+00:18:05,020 --> 00:18:09,610
+في الحلقة 30 و أشي منها في الحلقة 50أخر ميكانيزم
+
+221
+00:18:09,610 --> 00:18:14,510
+أو آلية للعمل البكتيري على المضادة الحيوية العمل
+
+222
+00:18:14,510 --> 00:18:21,930
+على النواة DNA وRNA DNA بيكزوريبونيكليك
+
+223
+00:18:21,930 --> 00:18:28,000
+أسد وريبو نيكليك أسدكثير من المضادات الحيوية زى ال
+
+224
+00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:33,460
+rampantin و زى ال cellophane emis نوع من السلفة ال
+
+225
+00:18:33,460 --> 00:18:38,240
+trimetoprim والمترون ديازول بهمش الأسماء هذه الآن
+
+226
+00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:42,820
+مركز عليها كثير المهم بس نعرفها انه بتشتغل على قلب
+
+227
+00:18:42,820 --> 00:18:48,100
+النوار على قلب النوار حقيقة ان هذا الشكل اوجس هاي
+
+228
+00:18:48,100 --> 00:18:52,180
+مثلا انا جبتلكوا بداية من واحد هذه المجموعة
+
+229
+00:18:52,180 --> 00:18:55,520
+المضادات الحيوية كلها بتشتغل على ال cell wall إذا
+
+230
+00:18:55,520 --> 00:19:01,700
+ابتس cell wallهكذا تستخدم في حين ان المجموعة
+
+231
+00:19:01,700 --> 00:19:05,720
+التانية بتشتغل على cytoplasmic membrane لازرق هنا
+
+232
+00:19:05,720 --> 00:19:09,340
+cytoplasmic membrane بتزوب الـ cytoplasmic
+
+233
+00:19:09,340 --> 00:19:12,360
+membrane والهد الحاجات كلها بتطلع برا و بتموت
+
+234
+00:19:12,360 --> 00:19:17,720
+الخلية البكتيرية الشيء الثالث اللي هو المجموعة هذه
+
+235
+00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:24,220
+بتشتغل على ال ribosomes هذه بتشتغل على تلاتين sub
+
+236
+00:19:24,220 --> 00:19:31,140
+unit اللي هي هذهتلاتين سب يونيت الزرقاء هذه تلاتين
+
+237
+00:19:31,140 --> 00:19:35,500
+في حين ان في مجموعة بتشتغل على خمسين سب يونيت اللي
+
+238
+00:19:35,500 --> 00:19:42,020
+هي هذه وهذه خمسين سب يونيت ال ribosomes واي أسمهم
+
+239
+00:19:42,020 --> 00:19:51,060
+موجودة المجموعة الخامسة بتشتغل على ال ال RNA
+
+240
+00:19:53,260 --> 00:19:57,260
+المجموعة هذه بتشتغل على ال DNA دي اكزيو رايبون
+
+241
+00:19:57,260 --> 00:20:03,820
+يوكليك أسد نالدكسك أسد و نوبيوسين فهي انها بتشتغل
+
+242
+00:20:03,820 --> 00:20:12,160
+على ال RNA RNA زي رامفنبين و زي أكتينوميسين تشتغل
+
+243
+00:20:12,160 --> 00:20:16,960
+على ال RNA بتحطم الحمض النووي رايبون يوكليك أسد
+
+244
+00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:21,220
+وبالتالي بتموت الخلية البكتيريةهذه باختصار كيف
+
+245
+00:20:21,220 --> 00:20:28,680
+تعمل المضادة الحيوية على اللي هو البكتيريا أو خلية
+
+246
+00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:32,300
+البكتيريا في جسم الإنسان الآن بس هتكلم في آخر
+
+247
+00:20:32,300 --> 00:20:39,140
+slide هل البكتيريا تستسلم يعني للمضادة الحيوي ولا
+
+248
+00:20:39,140 --> 00:20:45,220
+لها يعني شغل مقاومة بقول لأ لها مقاومة مع إنها
+
+249
+00:20:45,220 --> 00:20:52,840
+يعني بلاقي resistanceto antimicrobial agents يعني
+
+250
+00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:57,480
+distance from بكتيريا مقام في البكتيريا للمضادات
+
+251
+00:20:57,480 --> 00:21:02,500
+الحيوية وجدوا ان كثير من البكتيريا ال pathogenic
+
+252
+00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:07,740
+أي المسبب بالامراض pathogenic المسبب بالامراض زادت
+
+253
+00:21:07,740 --> 00:21:11,500
+في السنوات الأخيرة وزيادة
+
+254
+00:21:12,290 --> 00:21:18,110
+أدت إلى تصديه للبنسالين في الأول وبعدين غير
+
+255
+00:21:18,110 --> 00:21:21,230
+البنسالين يعني اذا البنسالين تعطيه للطفل كأنك
+
+256
+00:21:21,230 --> 00:21:24,710
+مابتعطيه وكذلك يعني كثير من ضدات الحيوية اللي بعد
+
+257
+00:21:24,710 --> 00:21:29,510
+البنسالين طلعت البكتيريا المرضية انزيم اسمه
+
+258
+00:21:29,510 --> 00:21:34,530
+Penicillinase enzyme Penicillinase enzyme هذا بفكك
+
+259
+00:21:34,530 --> 00:21:42,790
+البنسالين وبيخليه يوزدث يعني لا فائدة منهوحتى لـ
+
+260
+00:21:42,790 --> 00:21:46,310
+Chloramphenicol طلعت البكتيريا شي اسمه Acetylase
+
+261
+00:21:46,310 --> 00:21:51,470
+أز يعني أنزيم انزايم وصار هذا useless يعني عاليم
+
+262
+00:21:51,470 --> 00:21:56,050
+مفائلةيبقى عن طريق إفرازات إنزيمية خاصة بالمضادات
+
+263
+00:21:56,050 --> 00:21:59,430
+الحيوية أول مضاد حيوي ما يصل إلى الخلية البكتيرية
+
+264
+00:21:59,430 --> 00:22:04,650
+بتروح هي تفرز إنزيم معين يحلل المضاد الحيوي ويجعله
+
+265
+00:22:04,650 --> 00:22:08,650
+لا فايدة منه ولا ضرر منه على البكتيريا فيه نوع
+
+266
+00:22:08,650 --> 00:22:12,070
+اسمه cross resistance cross resistance بقول يعني
+
+267
+00:22:12,070 --> 00:22:17,690
+بلغت البكتيريا من الذكاء بحيث إنه هي إذا يعني عملت
+
+268
+00:22:17,690 --> 00:22:22,390
+مقاومة ل antibiotic فإنه
+
+269
+00:22:23,010 --> 00:22:28,030
+تمتد هذه المقاومة إلى أي antibiotic مشابهه في
+
+270
+00:22:28,030 --> 00:22:32,430
+التركيب الكيميائي مشابهه في الفصيل يعني ابن عمه
+
+271
+00:22:32,430 --> 00:22:38,970
+مثلا الكفليكس قريب من البنسالين إذا كان عامل
+
+272
+00:22:38,970 --> 00:22:44,810
+للبنسالين مقاومة بصير يعمل لكفليكس كمان يعني مش بس
+
+273
+00:22:44,810 --> 00:22:49,730
+هو ابن عمه كمان يبصان بكتيرياto antibiotic which
+
+274
+00:22:49,730 --> 00:22:55,570
+they have not been exposed لسه ماوصلوش انه يستخدم
+
+275
+00:22:55,570 --> 00:23:00,290
+it is usually found among antibiotics which are
+
+276
+00:23:00,290 --> 00:23:03,770
+closely related chemically to tetracycline and
+
+277
+00:23:03,770 --> 00:23:08,790
+erythromycin مثلا يعني هذا و هذا بينهم علاقة
+
+278
+00:23:09,490 --> 00:23:15,330
+الكيميائية لو اكتشفت البكتيريا مقاومة لهذا ولو بعد
+
+279
+00:23:15,330 --> 00:23:20,770
+فترة سنة او اكتر عطلها التاني ممكن تكسره لأنه له
+
+280
+00:23:20,770 --> 00:23:28,570
+علاقة كيميائية فيه طبعا يعني انا هنا يعني هتوقف
+
+281
+00:23:28,570 --> 00:23:35,410
+عند هذا ال slide بإذن الله يعني على ان نكمل
+
+282
+00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:43,620
+المحاضرات هذه ان شاء الله سلسلة لكن انا الان يعني
+
+283
+00:23:43,620 --> 00:23:51,320
+ببحث على الموعد بتاع ال quiz اللي اتكلمتكوا عنه و
+
+284
+00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,480
+ان شاء الله هو بكون جريب انا بحدد الخميس اذا كان
+
+285
+00:23:54,480 --> 00:23:58,100
+سهر ربنا انا قبل الخميس بضبط بقلكوا و بأكد عليكم و
+
+286
+00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:00,040
+إلى اللقاء و السلام عليكم و رحمة الله
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwY2VeAiCJWVIF9_gd5SI9lJ/c4QeUyt5ADk.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+1
+00:00:03,030 --> 00:00:07,510
+ أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:07,510 --> 00:00:13,990
+الرحيم الحمد لله رب العالمين و أصلي و أسلم على الحبيب 
+
+3
+00:00:13,990 --> 00:00:18,430
+المصطفى  محمد صلى الله عليه و سلم قسم طب العيون  المصطفى الثالث
+
+4
+00:00:18,430 --> 00:00:22,550
+مصطفى اللحياء الدقيقة السلام عليكم و رحمة الله 
+
+5
+00:00:22,550 --> 00:00:29,460
+وبركاته أخذ المحاضرة التاسعة و العشرون يعني نثير 
+
+6
+00:00:29,460 --> 00:00:34,900
+فيها لإكمال الفيروسات التي تصيب العين و غالبا هذه
+
+7
+00:00:34,900 --> 00:00:38,260
+الفيروسات لا تصيب العين فقط إنما تصيب الجسم و العين
+
+8
+00:00:38,260 --> 00:00:42,980
+تظهر  من الجسم يعني غالبا أنه يكون الجسم متأثر في
+
+9
+00:00:42,980 --> 00:00:48,260
+بعض المناطق يعني و بعدين العين يأتي دورها فاليوم
+
+10
+00:00:48,260 --> 00:00:53,780
+هنتكلم على cytomegalovirus هذا أحد أعضاء المجموعة
+
+11
+00:00:53,780 --> 00:01:00,540
+اللي قلناها هيربس هو خلية 
+
+12
+00:01:00,540 --> 00:01:10,920
+ميجالو ضخم فيروس ضخم يصيب الخلية و هذا هو من
+
+13
+00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:15,240
+الهيربس أحد أنواع أو عائلة الهيربس هذا الفيروس هو
+
+14
+00:01:15,240 --> 00:01:23,380
+DNA يعني بيحمل ديوكسي رايبونوكليك أسيد  و فيه double
+
+15
+00:01:23,380 --> 00:01:27,580
+strand يعني في خطين نوويين مش خط واحد يبقى double
+
+16
+00:01:27,580 --> 00:01:33,240
+strand DNA فيروس هذا من ناحية التركيب الجيني بتاعه 
+
+17
+00:01:33,240 --> 00:01:41,140
+طبعا هو في الصبغة يعني لا يختلف كثيرا عن باقي ال
+
+18
+00:01:41,140 --> 00:01:46,970
+herpes virus إلا في الشكل ربما لكن التركيب يعني
+
+19
+00:01:46,970 --> 00:01:54,470
+تقريبا هو واحد كلهم DNA double strand لما
+
+20
+00:01:54,470 --> 00:01:59,230
+يدخل في خلية الـ cytome بيجري في فيروس هذا بيغرس
+
+21
+00:01:59,230 --> 00:02:05,850
+نفسه في جدار الخلية الحية للإنسان مثلا و بيخش منها 
+
+22
+00:02:05,850 --> 00:02:11,430
+على nuclear membrane يعني الخلية الإنسان فيها لها
+
+23
+00:02:11,430 --> 00:02:17,050
+membrane برا و لها nucleus و الـ nucleus يعني لها
+
+24
+00:02:17,050 --> 00:02:22,250
+برضه غلاف اسمه nuclear membrane يبقى هذه nucleus
+
+25
+00:02:22,250 --> 00:02:31,890
+in وهذا nuclear membrane membrane يعني غشاء النواة
+
+26
+00:02:31,890 --> 00:02:39,830
+طبعا الآن هو دخل على nuclear membrane على غشاء 
+
+27
+00:02:39,830 --> 00:02:48,120
+النواة الخلية التي قصدها أو عدى عليها و بيصير
+
+28
+00:02:48,120 --> 00:02:55,480
+involved يعني بيأخذ ايش غشاء أو غطاء له داخل
+
+29
+00:02:55,480 --> 00:03:03,860
+الخلية الإنسانية الآن بعد ما يبدأ التكاثر بيسب
+
+30
+00:03:03,860 --> 00:03:11,910
+النواة و بيروح للريبوزومس و الـ Golgi apparatus  في 
+
+31
+00:03:11,910 --> 00:03:17,170
+السايتوبلازم يعني هو خارج النواة لكن داخل السايتو
+
+32
+00:03:17,170 --> 00:03:22,970
+بلازم يعني هنا في عضيات سايتوبلازمية زي 
+
+33
+00:03:22,970 --> 00:03:27,650
+اللي هو الـ mitochondria و زي اللي هو الريبوزومس
+
+34
+00:03:27,650 --> 00:03:33,490
+بيدرك النواة و بيطلع عليها يعني برا عشان يبدأ أن 
+
+35
+00:03:33,490 --> 00:03:35,390
+هو يتكاثر 
+
+36
+00:03:37,990 --> 00:03:43,770
+هذا هو شكل الـ cytomegalovirus تحت الميكروسكوب 
+
+37
+00:03:43,770 --> 00:03:47,510
+الإلكتروني الفيروس
+
+38
+00:03:47,510 --> 00:03:52,010
+هذا من أكبر الفيروسات حجما عشان هي اسمه name 
+
+39
+00:03:52,010 --> 00:03:56,450
+cytomegalovirus الضخم يعني الفيروس الضخم لأن حجمه
+
+40
+00:03:56,450 --> 00:04:02,990
+يمكن يصل إلى 200 أو 180 مايكرون فهو يعني يبين في
+
+41
+00:04:02,990 --> 00:04:06,330
+ميكروسكوب أكبر من الفيروسات الثانية
+
+42
+00:04:09,410 --> 00:04:15,630
+يمكن تمييزه في الميكروسكوب من الهيربس سيمبلكس
+
+43
+00:04:15,630 --> 00:04:23,220
+فيروس العادية التي تصيب أيضًا الخلايا لكن حجمها 
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+44
+00:04:23,220 --> 00:04:28,560
+صغير ممكن تشخيصه بما يعم��ه في الخلية ايش بيعمل في
+
+45
+00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:34,500
+الخلية بيعمل اللي هو vacuoles يعني vacuoles زي
+
+46
+00:04:34,500 --> 00:04:41,640
+vesicles أو vacuoles زي فراغات كبيرة نسبيًا شوف 
+
+47
+00:04:41,640 --> 00:04:45,560
+يعني السهم هذا كيف جاء عن الخلية هذه نفخ الخلية
+
+48
+00:04:45,560 --> 00:04:51,370
+المعلية شوف هذه الفراغ كيف نفخها هذه عشان هيك هو
+
+49
+00:04:51,370 --> 00:04:58,850
+virus يعني هو بيمتاز عن ال herpes الثانية اللي 
+
+50
+00:04:58,850 --> 00:05:03,230
+بيعمل ال vacuous طيب ايش ال clinical picture ال
+
+51
+00:05:03,230 --> 00:05:09,050
+clinical picture هنجسمها إلى ocular infection 
+
+52
+00:05:09,050 --> 00:05:15,740
+ايه ocular infection ايه هو ايه ال congenital
+
+53
+00:05:15,740 --> 00:05:21,760
+infection يعني لما في بطن أمه الجنين وايه ال 
+
+54
+00:05:21,760 --> 00:05:27,720
+degeneration يعني الأشياء اللي هي فيما بعد تصبح
+
+55
+00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:36,380
+تليف طيب ايش ال virus لو دخل علينا ايش بيسوي بيسوي
+
+56
+00:05:36,380 --> 00:05:40,320
+في الناس ال immunosuppressed immunosuppressed
+
+57
+00:05:40,320 --> 00:05:44,790
+patients يعني الناس الضعيفين مناعيا ال
+
+58
+00:05:44,790 --> 00:05:48,650
+immunocompetent الأقوياء مناعيا بيقدرش يعملوا حاجة 
+
+59
+00:05:48,650 --> 00:05:53,850
+يعني بيمروا بأعراض خفيفة لكن ال immunosuppressed 
+
+60
+00:05:53,850 --> 00:05:58,630
+أو immuno incompetent اسمهم بيعمل لهم retinal
+
+61
+00:05:58,630 --> 00:06:06,210
+ischemia يعني نقص في تدفق الدم و الأكسجين في 
+
+62
+00:06:06,210 --> 00:06:08,670
+الشبكية 
+
+63
+00:06:10,020 --> 00:06:17,660
+و بيعمل لهم cotton wool spots بتعرفوا يعني الرشح
+
+64
+00:06:17,660 --> 00:06:23,760
+اللي هو الأبيض رشوح بيضاء على الشبكية بيعمل
+
+65
+00:06:23,760 --> 00:06:27,900
+vasiculitis التهاب الشرايين بتاعة الشبكية و بيعمل
+
+66
+00:06:27,900 --> 00:06:32,360
+hemorrhage نزيف شبكي و necrosis هذه قولنا مين في
+
+67
+00:06:32,360 --> 00:06:37,980
+الناس ال immunosuppressed اللي هم معهم سرطان اللي
+
+68
+00:06:37,980 --> 00:06:43,760
+معهم سكري غير منضبط اللي معهم أمراض القلب اللي
+
+69
+00:06:43,760 --> 00:06:48,820
+معهم أمراض مناعية بيعمل لهم في الشبكية ديسكيميا و في
+
+70
+00:06:48,820 --> 00:06:52,240
+الشبكية hemorrhage و في الشبكية vasiculitis و في
+
+71
+00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:55,400
+الشبكية cotton wool spots و في الآخر necrosis أي 
+
+72
+00:06:55,400 --> 00:07:02,200
+ذوبان في خلايا الشبكية لو كانت الأم حامل كيف بدها
+
+73
+00:07:02,200 --> 00:07:07,290
+تنزل ولدها بتنزل من الولادة بينزل hearing loss
+
+74
+00:07:07,290 --> 00:07:12,230
+بيسمعش يعني deaf بيقولوا عنه أترش و mental
+
+75
+00:07:12,230 --> 00:07:18,770
+retardation يعني متخلف عقلي عشان هيك يادوب يعني
+
+76
+00:07:18,770 --> 00:07:24,450
+أضرار الفيروس صعب اللي هو صعب أو شيء يعني
+
+77
+00:07:24,450 --> 00:07:29,450
+مضاعفات كبيرة على الأجنة عشان هيك لازم نحمي 
+
+78
+00:07:29,450 --> 00:07:35,900
+الحوامل و فيهم هدول الأطفال اللي انولدوا جديد ممكن
+
+79
+00:07:35,900 --> 00:07:40,320
+يكون كوريوريتانايتس و Retinal Necrosis ايش
+
+80
+00:07:40,320 --> 00:07:45,120
+كوريوريتانايتس يعني التهاب في الشبكية و المشيمة
+
+81
+00:07:45,120 --> 00:07:52,480
+المولود الجديد و عنده ذوبان في الخلية يعني هذا
+
+82
+00:07:52,480 --> 00:07:57,120
+هيؤدي كمان إلى loss of vision اللي أنتم بتقولوه
+
+83
+00:07:57,120 --> 00:08:04,850
+blindness blindness يعني ايش عموما يبقى الرجل بولد
+
+84
+00:08:04,850 --> 00:08:11,970
+blind blind يعني بولد أترش hearing loss و visual
+
+85
+00:08:11,970 --> 00:08:17,350
+loss blind visual loss blind خطير أن الحامل تأخذ
+
+86
+00:08:17,350 --> 00:08:24,490
+ال virus بعد هيك طبعا ال virus هياخد مثلا ست شهور 
+
+87
+00:08:24,490 --> 00:08:30,630
+سنة و يعمل macular scar macular scar يعني مركز
+
+88
+00:08:30,630 --> 00:08:36,070
+الشبكية الماكولا يعني هيئة مركزية و temporal منها
+
+89
+00:08:36,070 --> 00:08:42,030
+الماكولا هتصير عليها scar scar يعني تليفات يعني هذه
+
+90
+00:08:42,030 --> 00:08:47,310
+loss of macular region و هذا هو الوظيفة ال region 90%
+
+91
+00:08:47,310 --> 00:08:54,910
+من ال region بيطلع من الماكولا و 10% بيطلع من باقي
+
+92
+00:08:54,910 --> 00:09:02,570
+الشبكة فبيقولوا انه بيصير pigmented scar يعني
+
+93
+00:09:02,570 --> 00:09:07,370
+ملون اسكار وعليه ألوان و ها بر بلاستيك يعني ملتفخ
+
+94
+00:09:07,370 --> 00:09:12,610
+ملتفخ اه و ممكن في الشبكية يصير ملك بالاسكار الصغيرة 
+
+95
+00:09:12,610 --> 00:09:16,350
+كمان يعني ممكن اسكار هنا اسكار هنا اسكار هنا يعني
+
+96
+00:09:16,350 --> 00:09:20,830
+هذا المولود اتبهدل اتبهدل طيب خلصنا ال cytomegalo
+
+97
+00:09:20,830 --> 00:09:25,420
+cytomegalovirus الآن هتكلم على ابشتاين بار ناس
+
+98
+00:09:25,420 --> 00:09:28,640
+بيقول ابشتاين و ناس بيقولوا ابشتاين بار انا بقول ابشتاين
+
+99
+00:09:28,640 --> 00:09:32,800
+فيروس هذا فيروس 128 إلى 180 اصغر من الأول يعني
+
+100
+00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:39,320
+نانو متر in diameter و double strand DNA يعني زي
+
+101
+00:09:39,320 --> 00:09:47,160
+اللي قبله DSDSDNA 
+
+102
+00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:56,140
+محدش يرسم امتحان و يقول ايش RNA لا هو دي DNA بيحتوي
+
+103
+00:09:56,140 --> 00:10:02,720
+على 85 جين في انواعه بتاعته و بيقول
+
+104
+00:10:02,720 --> 00:10:09,460
+لي انه له تجمنت capsid هذا اسمه capsid
+
+105
+00:10:09,460 --> 00:10:12,900
+و له
+
+106
+00:10:12,900 --> 00:10:18,800
+برا envelope التجمنت هذا بروتين وال envelope هذا
+
+107
+00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:26,350
+الغطاء من جلايكوبروتينات اه اللي هو لباس يعني من 
+
+108
+00:10:26,350 --> 00:10:31,710
+دهون أو من بروتينات مع جلايكوجين بروتينات مع
+
+109
+00:10:31,710 --> 00:10:38,870
+جليكوجين هذا ال envelope مهم جدا في دخوله الى اللي
+
+110
+00:10:38,870 --> 00:10:47,620
+هو الخلايا الإنسانية الناس بيقولوا يعني في العالم كثير
+
+111
+00:10:47,620 --> 00:10:51,920
+منهم ما بوصلوا خمس سنين اللي هو عنده مناعة يعني هذا
+
+112
+00:10:51,920 --> 00:10:56,510
+بيصيب الناس أطفال صغار بيصيبهم يعني فبيقولوا يعني نصهم
+
+113
+00:10:56,510 --> 00:11:01,310
+تقريبا 50% في سن خمس سنين بيكتسبوا مناعة ضد هذا
+
+114
+00:11:01,310 --> 00:11:05,310
+الفيروس أما ال adults الناس اللي هم عشرين سنة مثلا
+
+115
+00:11:05,310 --> 00:11:10,790
+تسعين في المية منهم يعني بينصابوا في الفيروس و فيه
+
+116
+00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:15,490
+لهم مناعة ضده عن طريق ال antibodies اللي تكونت من
+
+117
+00:11:15,490 --> 00:11:22,870
+ال infection الأولية بيقول لي أن الرضع يعني أول
+
+118
+00:11:22,870 --> 00:11:26,990
+ست شهور بيكونوا مغطيين مناعيا بفضل ال antibodies
+
+119
+00:11:26,990 --> 00:11:31,350
+اللي أخذوها من الأم في اللبأ حليب الأم ست شهور 
+
+120
+00:11:31,350 --> 00:11:35,110
+و بعدين بيصيروا susceptible to infection يعني
+
+121
+00:11:35,110 --> 00:11:41,410
+بيصيروا معرضين للإصابة بالبستاين بار فيروس طب ايش
+
+122
+00:11:41,410 --> 00:11:45,470
+بيعمل هذا لو اصاب البستاين بار فيروس بيقول لي كثير
+
+123
+00:11:45,470 --> 00:11:49,630
+من الناس يمشي asymptomatic مثل انفلونزا شيء
+
+124
+00:11:49,630 --> 00:11:57,270
+خفيف 50% من الناس بيصير عندهم شيء اسمه infectious
+
+125
+00:11:57,270 --> 00:12:05,430
+mononucleosis ايش infectious mononucleosis
+
+126
+00:12:05,430 --> 00:12:14,030
+هذه مجموعة الأعراض التي تصيب الإنسان نتيجة إصابته 
+
+127
+00:12:14,030 --> 00:12:21,090
+بالإيشتاين بارانفكشواز mononucleosis فيها صداع و تورم في الحلق و فيه
+
+128
+00:12:21,090 --> 00:12:28,130
+و تورم في الحلق و فيه risk of respiratory tract symptoms يعني في
+
+129
+00:12:28,130 --> 00:12:30,830
+الجهاز التنفسي زي الأنف
+
+130
+00:12:33,670 --> 00:12:38,810
+فيها fever بيكون سخن 39 lymphadenopathy 
+
+131
+00:12:38,810 --> 00:12:43,930
+يعني تجي تحت الفك السفلي في عنده غدد لمفاوية 
+
+132
+00:12:43,930 --> 00:12:47,770
+و فراجبة غدد لمفاوية كبار و بتجعله
+
+133
+00:12:47,770 --> 00:12:52,570
+hepatosplenomegaly يعني في تضخم في الكبد و في
+
+134
+00:12:52,570 --> 00:12:57,810
+الطحال splenotuhal و hepatosplenomegaly يعني تضخم 
+
+135
+00:12:57,810 --> 00:13:03,420
+الكبد و الطحال و ممكن لو صاب العين يعمل follicular 
+
+136
+00:13:03,420 --> 00:13:09,660
+congenitivitis يعني التهاب في الملتحمة في فوليكلز
+
+137
+00:13:09,660 --> 00:13:18,260
+فوليكلز صغيرة مش كبيرة زي ما شفنا في جبل هيك هذي 
+
+138
+00:13:18,260 --> 00:13:23,020
+مجموعة ال infectious mononucleosis ابتداء من العين
+
+139
+00:13:23,020 --> 00:13:27,690
+هي conjunctivitis عاملة photophobia يعني عدم قابلية 
+
+140
+00:13:27,690 --> 00:13:32,870
+للضوء وهي pharyngitis التهاب اللوزتين و بيصيروا حمر 
+
+141
+00:13:32,870 --> 00:13:37,490
+و بيصيروا اللوز متورمة و بيصير فيها white patches
+
+142
+00:13:37,490 --> 00:13:40,690
+يعني بقع بيضاء الـ lymph nodes اللي في الرقبة هي
+
+143
+00:13:40,690 --> 00:13:46,070
+Capsula هي lymph nodes swelling spleen بيصير
+
+144
+00:13:46,070 --> 00:13:52,390
+spleen enlargement و المعدة بيصير فيها 
+
+145
+00:13:52,390 --> 00:14:02,550
+نوزية يعني زيورطيان وبعدين الـ .. يعني نتيجة اللي
+
+146
+00:14:02,550 --> 00:14:07,390
+هو أثر على الجهاز العصبي بيصير fatigue و malaise و
+
+147
+00:14:07,390 --> 00:14:10,110
+loss of appetite و headache  سواء ده و
+
+148
+00:14:10,110 --> 00:14:14,490
+loss of appetite فخ الشغلة و malaise إجهاد عام و
+
+149
+00:14:14,490 --> 00:14:21,550
+fatigue شعور بالتعب الحلق بيصير فيه soreness ألم في
+
+150
+00:14:21,550 --> 00:14:26,510
+الحلق و red ring و حلقه أحمر و الرئتين هي الرئة
+
+151
+00:14:26,510 --> 00:14:30,910
+بتصير فيها كف تجد التهاب في الرئة تجد التهاب في
+
+152
+00:14:30,910 --> 00:14:35,010
+الرئة و بعدين Systemic يعني على مستوى كل الجسم بس
+
+153
+00:14:35,010 --> 00:14:43,620
+فيه chills يعني فيه ركفات و فيه fever اللي هو الحمة 
+
+154
+00:14:43,620 --> 00:14:48,200
+وفي آلام خاصة بالعضلات والمفاصل يبقى هذا الشكل
+
+155
+00:14:48,200 --> 00:14:53,540
+تختصر ليه الـ Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Symptoms
+
+156
+00:14:53,540 --> 00:14:58,820
+Infectious Mononucleosis هاي العين صابها
+
+157
+00:14:58,820 --> 00:15:03,180
+Episcleritis اسمها anterior Episcleritis من الـ
+
+158
+00:15:03,180 --> 00:15:09,100
+Epstein-Barr في العين كمان في العين بيصيبوا stromal
+
+159
+00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:15,630
+keratitis ممكن يعني الكراتيكز يوصل لـ Stroma يعني مش
+
+160
+00:15:15,630 --> 00:15:19,610
+في الابيتيليوم بومانز بنبرين لأ تحته Stroma وهذا
+
+161
+00:15:19,610 --> 00:15:24,270
+طبعا خطير بيأثر على النظر Iritis الكهاب القزحية 
+
+162
+00:15:24,270 --> 00:15:29,590
+Episcleritis optic hemorrhagis هذا أخطر شيء لو صاب
+
+163
+00:15:29,590 --> 00:15:32,970
+الإنسان التي هي بالعصب البصري العصب البصري ده
+
+164
+00:15:32,970 --> 00:15:38,410
+ملعوبها مستنوبيزيا يعني اللي هو شلل في العصب الثالث
+
+165
+00:15:38,410 --> 00:15:43,990
+oculomotor nerve third cranial
+
+166
+00:15:43,990 --> 00:15:51,750
+nerve third cranial nerve اللي هو oculomotor nerve
+
+167
+00:15:51,750 --> 00:15:55,370
+اللي مسئول عن حركة العين يغذي كل عضلة العين
+
+168
+00:15:55,370 --> 00:16:03,260
+الخارجية ما عدا ده superior oblique و lateral rectus
+
+169
+00:16:03,260 --> 00:16:10,540
+muscle يعني أنا ماليش خاطر إني أمتد لأن هذا الـ
+
+170
+00:16:10,540 --> 00:16:17,140
+herpes simplex ثلاثة يعني موضوع جديد خليني أقول
+
+171
+00:16:17,140 --> 00:16:21,840
+إنه أزغل المحاضرة عشان تقدر تستوعبوها ومانخلش في
+
+172
+00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:27,530
+موضوع جديد طبعًا أنا أتمنى لكوا السلامة وإنه يعني
+
+173
+00:16:27,530 --> 00:16:30,950
+نتمم هذه المحاضرة ده يا رب على خير وربنا يحفظنا
+
+174
+00:16:30,950 --> 00:16:33,930
+ويحفظكوا ويجعلنا وإياكم ممن يستمر بالخير
+
+175
+00:16:33,930 --> 00:16:36,290
+ويتابعوا .. فتابعونا على السلام عليكم و أنا 

PL9fwy3NUQKwY2VeAiCJWVIF9_gd5SI9lJ/qoFbPnY6GRo_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1152 @@
+1
+00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:08,480
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله رب العالمين واصلي
+
+2
+00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:13,280
+واسلم على النبي الأمين محمد وعلى آله وأصحابه
+
+3
+00:00:13,280 --> 00:00:17,560
+والسابعين مناكي في خصم المصادر الطبية المستوى
+
+4
+00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:23,140
+الثالث اتخدم اليكم في المحاضرة الثالثة عشر من هذا
+
+5
+00:00:23,140 --> 00:00:30,140
+المسافر لمحاضرة جديدة وهي السنوالالبكتيريا التي
+
+6
+00:00:30,140 --> 00:00:35,600
+تصيب الأمعاء Enteritis تعني التهاب الأمعاء الدقيق
+
+7
+00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:41,440
+Enteritis-causing bacteria أي البكتيريا التي تسبب
+
+8
+00:00:41,440 --> 00:00:47,960
+التهابات أو العدوى داخل الأمعاء الدقيق هنا سنذكر
+
+9
+00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:53,220
+العديد من الأنواع ونحاول أن نفرق بينها هي لها
+
+10
+00:00:53,220 --> 00:00:58,830
+خصائص عامة جميعها يجمعها إنها gram negativeيعني
+
+11
+00:00:58,830 --> 00:01:05,790
+مصبوغ الأحمر بـ Gram الـ Stain ويمكن
+
+12
+00:01:05,790 --> 00:01:12,730
+أن تخمر الجلوكوز A اللي تنتج منه الطاقة اللي تنتج
+
+13
+00:01:12,730 --> 00:01:18,110
+الطاقة من السكريات خاصة الجلوكوز في بعضها موجودة
+
+14
+00:01:18,110 --> 00:01:22,730
+في الأمعاء ك Normal Flora و Flora غير مرضية غير
+
+15
+00:01:22,730 --> 00:01:30,160
+مرضية موجودة في أمعاء الإنسان والحيوانوفي بعضها
+
+16
+00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:34,140
+pathogenic يعني مرضى زى السلمونيلا والشيجيلا اللى
+
+17
+00:01:34,140 --> 00:01:38,500
+هتتكلم عليها يبقى يجمعهم ان كلهم يجرعوا negative
+
+18
+00:01:38,500 --> 00:01:42,580
+كلهم بيخمروا الجلوكوزة عشان يطلعوا منه السكر
+
+19
+00:01:42,580 --> 00:01:45,800
+وبعضهم
+
+20
+00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:51,000
+او اكثرهم أفلورا وقليل منهم اللى هو pathogenic
+
+21
+00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:54,700
+يعني مرضى هنبدأ في الاشيراشيا كولاي
+
+22
+00:01:57,450 --> 00:02:03,490
+أه في ناس يعني بيختصروا الاشراشية بحرف ال E E Dot
+
+23
+00:02:03,490 --> 00:02:09,090
+نقطة E Koli يعني اشراشية كولية ايش الميزات بتاعة
+
+24
+00:02:09,090 --> 00:02:14,790
+الاشراشية الخاصة Gram Negative ماشي Short Baselie
+
+25
+00:02:14,790 --> 00:02:21,210
+يعني عصوية طويلة زي هيك يعني هي مبينة انها عصوية
+
+26
+00:02:21,210 --> 00:02:28,570
+طاولة مش ككاىيعني مش زي استخدام الكحكاية واستخدمت
+
+27
+00:02:28,570 --> 00:02:31,910
+كحكاية كراوية لأ هذا عصاوية عشان هيك احنا بيقول
+
+28
+00:02:31,910 --> 00:02:36,670
+عنها biocelli sort of biocelli facultative
+
+29
+00:02:36,670 --> 00:02:40,050
+anaerobic وقولنا facultative anaerobic انها خطيرة
+
+30
+00:02:40,050 --> 00:02:45,730
+في انها بتعيش في oxygen جليل وكتير
+
+31
+00:02:45,730 --> 00:02:54,410
+تستخدم ال glucose يعني بيقولك بتستخدم ال glucose
+
+32
+00:02:55,110 --> 00:03:01,330
+لإنتاج الغاز اه لإنتاج الغاز باستخدام لوكوز لإنتاج
+
+33
+00:03:01,330 --> 00:03:07,090
+طاقة غازية وممكن تستخدم من لوكوز لكتوز اللي هو سكر
+
+34
+00:03:07,090 --> 00:03:15,830
+ثنائي لوكوز اه سكر أحالي و لكتوز سكر ثنائي طيب
+
+35
+00:03:15,830 --> 00:03:18,790
+source of infection الموجود source of infection
+
+36
+00:03:18,790 --> 00:03:24,430
+مصدر العدوى مصدر العدوى من
+
+37
+00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:31,350
+البراز اللى ياخد من قلون الإنسان وقلون الحيوانات
+
+38
+00:03:31,350 --> 00:03:38,530
+الدقيقة الحيوانات الأليفة أقصد domestic الأليفة زى
+
+39
+00:03:38,530 --> 00:03:43,670
+الكطك والكلاب وهذا البراز ينتشر فى التربة وياخده
+
+40
+00:03:43,670 --> 00:03:50,410
+الذباب إلى طعام وشراب الإنسان هي
+
+41
+00:03:50,410 --> 00:03:58,400
+فى الغالب في أمعاء الناس floraflora يعني متعايشة
+
+42
+00:03:58,400 --> 00:04:06,980
+بدون مرض و تستطيع ان تعيش في خارج جسم الإنسان في
+
+43
+00:04:06,980 --> 00:04:12,200
+التربة في الميه ا لمدة و لو أخدنا عينة ميه و
+
+44
+00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:15,600
+حللناها و لجينا فيه E.coli بتكون هذا مؤشر على انه
+
+45
+00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:21,060
+في مجاري عند الميه مثلا ميه النيل ميه البير انه في
+
+46
+00:04:21,060 --> 00:04:27,280
+مجاري او براس وصل ميه البير او ميه النهرطيب ال E
+
+47
+00:04:27,280 --> 00:04:32,240
+coli ايش خطرها بتوديلك لما تعمل مرض تكونش flora
+
+48
+00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:37,620
+مرات تم ال enteritis التهاية بالأمعايا الدقيقة ال
+
+49
+00:04:37,620 --> 00:04:39,920
+enteritis التهاية بالأمعايا الدقيقة طب الأمعايا
+
+50
+00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:54,440
+الغريضة ايش colitis لما اقول colitis c o l i t i s
+
+51
+00:04:58,910 --> 00:05:03,950
+القليتس الأمعاء الغريضة يعني العدوى أو اتهاب
+
+52
+00:05:03,950 --> 00:05:07,770
+الأمعاء الغريضة قليتس الأمعاء الدقيقة انترايتس
+
+53
+00:05:07,770 --> 00:05:11,530
+وانتم لازم تكون عارفين الاناتوم في فرق بين الأمعاء
+
+54
+00:05:11,530 --> 00:05:18,730
+الدقيقة والامعاء الغريضة تنين peritonitis اتهاب
+
+55
+00:05:18,730 --> 00:05:25,330
+غشاء البريتون وهذا الغشاء هو الغشاء الذي يحويأه
+
+56
+00:05:25,330 --> 00:05:31,770
+داخل البطن جميع مستوات البطن من المعدة ومن الأمعاء
+
+57
+00:05:31,770 --> 00:05:37,230
+الذقيقة ومن الأمعاء الغليظة اللي انتوا عارفينها من
+
+58
+00:05:37,230 --> 00:05:45,130
+الأمعاء الغليظة يحتوي أمعاء ذقيقة أو غليظة أه اللي
+
+59
+00:05:45,130 --> 00:05:49,790
+هو المعدة و الكبد طبعا بيكون الكبد هنا
+
+60
+00:05:52,790 --> 00:05:56,790
+البريتوناتس هو غشاء البريتون الذي يحيط بالأحشاء
+
+61
+00:05:56,790 --> 00:06:01,890
+طيب يبتم الانتهاب العمال دقيقة انتهاب اللي هو
+
+62
+00:06:01,890 --> 00:06:06,730
+الغشاء البريتوني سيستايتس انتهاب المسانة البولية
+
+63
+00:06:06,730 --> 00:06:10,450
+معروف أيش المسانة البولية اللتي تتجمع فيها البول
+
+64
+00:06:10,450 --> 00:06:14,590
+وبتطلع من الحالد الأيمن والأسر الأخطر من هذا كله
+
+65
+00:06:14,590 --> 00:06:20,250
+Infantile Diarrheaيعني اللى هو ال .. ال .. الإسهال
+
+66
+00:06:20,250 --> 00:06:24,870
+عند الأطفال يعني أنا رأيت في حياتي كام أطفال ماتوا
+
+67
+00:06:24,870 --> 00:06:29,690
+من الإسهال التالتش راشا كلها يعني هى مصطلعة كتير
+
+68
+00:06:29,690 --> 00:06:34,890
+في خاصة موسم الربيع أول ما يعني يبدأ الدباب يتكاتب
+
+69
+00:06:34,890 --> 00:06:38,330
+في ال .. في الدفء بتاع الربيع تبدأ الدباب ينطنقوا
+
+70
+00:06:38,330 --> 00:06:42,970
+بيه على مصصات الولاد الصغارو بي .. بي .. لما
+
+71
+00:06:42,970 --> 00:06:48,730
+يشربوا الحليب بيصير معهم فنطال دارية و يعني إسهال
+
+72
+00:06:48,730 --> 00:06:54,170
+و تقيق و يموتوا يموتوا من اللي هو فقدان اللي هو
+
+73
+00:06:54,170 --> 00:06:58,450
+السوائل طيب هذه أربعة أمراض أربعة أمراض تعملها
+
+74
+00:06:58,450 --> 00:07:04,830
+شيراشيا كولاي طيب كيف تنتقل للإنسان تنتقل للإنسان
+
+75
+00:07:04,830 --> 00:07:10,210
+عبر الطعام الشراب food and water علشان هيك بقولك
+
+76
+00:07:11,020 --> 00:07:15,500
+waterborne محمولة بالمياه أو foodborne محمولة
+
+77
+00:07:15,500 --> 00:07:20,820
+بالطعام طب ايش اللي بيديب اللي هو البكتيريا للطعام
+
+78
+00:07:20,820 --> 00:07:26,420
+والشراب الذباب طب من وين بيديبوا الذباب من اللي هو
+
+79
+00:07:26,420 --> 00:07:30,080
+المصارف
+
+80
+00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:35,780
+ومن البرادر اللي في الشارع ومن مقالب القمامة
+
+81
+00:07:35,780 --> 00:07:40,820
+والكلام هذا الناس اللي فيهم عدوى خاصةاللي عندهم
+
+82
+00:07:40,820 --> 00:07:45,360
+الأرياف و بياخدوا الحاجة في اللي هو العراق ممكن
+
+83
+00:07:45,360 --> 00:07:49,780
+جدا أن الدباب يكون موجود وياخد من هذا البراج ويطير
+
+84
+00:07:49,780 --> 00:07:53,680
+إلى البيوت ويضع فيه شراب وطعام الناس اللي لما
+
+85
+00:07:53,680 --> 00:08:00,120
+يشربوا ويأكلوا يصيروا عندهم العدوى طيب كيف نشخصها
+
+86
+00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:01,220
+مخبريا
+
+87
+00:08:03,420 --> 00:08:08,820
+أول اشي Stool Culture يعني ناخد ��ينة من البراز و
+
+88
+00:08:08,820 --> 00:08:13,620
+نعملها مغرعة و المغرعة في التيام او نكتشف ال
+
+89
+00:08:13,620 --> 00:08:18,780
+Antibodies في الدم يبقى كلمة identification التعرف
+
+90
+00:08:18,780 --> 00:08:25,780
+على اللي هو ال Antibodies الأجسام المضادة للإفراش
+
+91
+00:08:25,780 --> 00:08:31,970
+الكولاعي في دم المريض وهذا مهمكيف يعالجها ال
+
+92
+00:08:31,970 --> 00:08:37,450
+treatment بقول انه في الأبناء الأخيرة انه صار فيه
+
+93
+00:08:37,450 --> 00:08:41,830
+resistance للمضادة الحيوية drug resistance عشان
+
+94
+00:08:41,830 --> 00:08:47,310
+هيك يعني كنا زمان بنعطي يعني أمثلة زي تتراتاكلين
+
+95
+00:08:47,310 --> 00:08:52,190
+أكراس ديانو ميسين كلورومتينيكول كفتوميسين عمياني
+
+96
+00:08:52,660 --> 00:08:57,500
+لكن الان صار صعب ان نعمل culture نعطي واحد منهم
+
+97
+00:08:57,500 --> 00:09:02,060
+اجتهادي افتراضي وبنعمل culture يعني مزرعةمن
+
+98
+00:09:02,060 --> 00:09:07,820
+البراضي بتاع الإنسان منذ تلت أيام عشان يبين ليه ال
+
+99
+00:09:07,820 --> 00:09:11,340
+antibiotic الأحسن ال antibiotic الأحسن الإشعاراش
+
+100
+00:09:11,340 --> 00:09:16,120
+الكولاي خاصة في حياة الأطفال لأن منعتهم ضعيفة فهذه
+
+101
+00:09:16,120 --> 00:09:20,400
+أول واحدة الإشعاراش الكولاي من اللي هو مسببات
+
+102
+00:09:20,400 --> 00:09:25,040
+التهاب الأماء الدقيقة الثانية Protease Protease
+
+103
+00:09:25,040 --> 00:09:33,630
+يعني تتميز إنها gram negativebasal lie هي gram
+
+104
+00:09:33,630 --> 00:09:37,910
+negative بس
+
+105
+00:09:37,910 --> 00:09:45,870
+هي عصوية ومتنية شوية يعني مش مستقيمة ميا ميا يعني
+
+106
+00:09:45,870 --> 00:09:52,710
+تجيب فيها شوية انحلاق بسيطة slightly curved basal
+
+107
+00:09:52,710 --> 00:09:57,590
+lie فكرت ان انا يا روب اه قلنا انت ليش في اكسجين
+
+108
+00:09:57,590 --> 00:10:05,940
+عالي واقعي وانا خاطر منهابتنتج غاز من سكر اسمه
+
+109
+00:10:05,940 --> 00:10:12,320
+ساكروز ساكروز و مالتوز سكريات فنائية و بتنظف منهم
+
+110
+00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:17,860
+غاز يعني مش من الجلوكوز من سكريات أخرى أعقل من
+
+111
+00:10:17,860 --> 00:10:24,240
+اللي هو الجلوكوز وتستطيع الحركة موتايل تتنقل يعني
+
+112
+00:10:24,240 --> 00:10:29,560
+في الأراضي الزراعية في الميهو بتعيش في colonies
+
+113
+00:10:29,560 --> 00:10:33,740
+colonies يعني مستعمرات بكتيرية خاصة لما نفتها في
+
+114
+00:10:33,740 --> 00:10:41,200
+طبق أجار طبق بكتيري في طهائم طيب من وين ال .. ال
+
+115
+00:10:41,200 --> 00:10:45,140
+.. ال .. مصدر أدوى source of infection قولنا أما
+
+116
+00:10:45,140 --> 00:10:51,540
+الإنسان المعدي اللي هو فيه الاشي لما يكون حط يعني
+
+117
+00:10:51,540 --> 00:10:56,310
+البولاج هذا وصل الميه أو التربة ال soil التربةطيب
+
+118
+00:10:56,310 --> 00:11:03,030
+الأمراض المسببة disease اه اللي من المرض او من
+
+119
+00:11:03,030 --> 00:11:09,850
+السلالات المرضية اللتي يعني تسبب المرض اول اشي
+
+120
+00:11:09,850 --> 00:11:14,950
+بتعمل eye infection كتير من عيون الناس بيجوا فيها
+
+121
+00:11:14,950 --> 00:11:20,590
+يعني التهابات وعدوى واحنا بنعرفها هنا E coliair
+
+122
+00:11:20,590 --> 00:11:25,830
+infection أو لو قيت على الأذن ممكن تعمل air يعني
+
+123
+00:11:25,830 --> 00:11:30,430
+اللي هو العدوى في الأذن ممكن عند الأطفال تعمل
+
+124
+00:11:30,430 --> 00:11:34,350
+summer diarrhea summer diarrhea يعني زي ما عملت ال
+
+125
+00:11:34,350 --> 00:11:38,690
+E coli هذه برضه بتعمل نفس الشي عند الأطفال أسهال
+
+126
+00:11:38,690 --> 00:11:42,790
+الأطفال وهذا الأسهال اللي بيعمل فقد للسوائل
+
+127
+00:11:42,790 --> 00:11:47,690
+unattract infection لو دخلت خاصة في الأطفال الصغار
+
+128
+00:11:47,690 --> 00:11:53,460
+خاصة الإناتمن البراز إلى البول في الحفاظة يعني لو
+
+129
+00:11:53,460 --> 00:12:01,780
+كان يعني عند الطفل أو الطفلة في الحفاظة و هو نازل
+
+130
+00:12:01,780 --> 00:12:07,420
+البراز و دخل من فتحة البول إلى الأمام ممكن جدا انه
+
+131
+00:12:07,420 --> 00:12:11,820
+يعمل unit tract infection التهيبات مجاري البول
+
+132
+00:12:11,820 --> 00:12:17,630
+supportive abscess ممكن يعمل دماملخاصة في الجزء
+
+133
+00:12:17,630 --> 00:12:23,390
+الأسفل من الجسم وفيها دي صدير وفيها صدير وكما
+
+134
+00:12:23,390 --> 00:12:29,010
+سيستريتس اتهابات او عدوة البولية و Pileonephritis
+
+135
+00:12:29,010 --> 00:12:33,130
+الأعلى حوض الكيلية يعني معروف ان الكيلية زي هيك
+
+136
+00:12:33,130 --> 00:12:41,450
+وبعدين الكيلية إلى حوض هذا الموقع اسمه حوض الكيلية
+
+137
+00:12:41,450 --> 00:12:47,360
+الحوض الكلوي اللي هو هذابحوض الكلية بحوض الكلية
+
+138
+00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:54,360
+اللى هى أعلى من اللى هو الوريتر اللى هو الحالب
+
+139
+00:12:54,360 --> 00:12:58,980
+بحوض الكلية يبقى التهاب المسان البولية اللى بتكون
+
+140
+00:12:58,980 --> 00:13:04,160
+تحت هنا يصب فيها الحالب والتهاب بحوض الكلية اللى
+
+141
+00:13:04,160 --> 00:13:10,540
+أعلى منه طيب البكتيريا اللى بتعمل أمعاد دقيقة عدوى
+
+142
+00:13:10,540 --> 00:13:18,550
+شجلة فالشجلةتشبههم انها جرام نيجاتيف اه و فكالتاتب
+
+143
+00:13:18,550 --> 00:13:25,370
+انروب زيهم برضه يعني لها هوية اختيارية و بتستخدم
+
+144
+00:13:25,370 --> 00:13:31,970
+الهيلوكوز عشان تطلع منه اسد يعني الطاقة بتاعتها
+
+145
+00:13:31,970 --> 00:13:39,130
+حامض مشغلز تطلع اسد و لا تستطيع الحركة نانو موتايل
+
+146
+00:13:39,130 --> 00:13:43,980
+يعني مالهاش فلاجلة مثلا لاستطيع الحركةمن أي نسبة
+
+147
+00:13:43,980 --> 00:13:51,640
+العدوى ال source من الحالات المرضية والحالات ال
+
+148
+00:13:51,640 --> 00:13:55,400
+carriers او subclinical التي لا يبدو عليها المرض
+
+149
+00:13:55,400 --> 00:14:06,680
+طبعا الأطعمة الملوثة بالبكتيريا اه ازاي ال food و
+
+150
+00:14:06,680 --> 00:14:11,080
+ال fingers و ال pumice يعني ال pumice اللي هو
+
+151
+00:14:12,030 --> 00:14:16,470
+مختصات او اشياء مختصة فيها المريض زي فواط المريض
+
+152
+00:14:16,470 --> 00:14:22,430
+ملابس المريض كباية المريض اي حاجة يعني مناشف
+
+153
+00:14:22,430 --> 00:14:27,850
+المريض يستطيع الدباب ان ينقل من هذه الأشياء الى
+
+154
+00:14:27,850 --> 00:14:32,270
+طعام وشرب الأدمين وسير ومعدين هذا ما اتكلم عن مصدر
+
+155
+00:14:32,270 --> 00:14:37,030
+يعني source of infection يعني مصدر infectionالمصدر
+
+156
+00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:42,030
+هم العيانين بالأحرى والناس اللي مش مبين عليهم ممكن
+
+157
+00:14:42,030 --> 00:14:49,850
+الذباب يطير من برازهم يطير من كيهم يطير من ملابسهم
+
+158
+00:14:49,850 --> 00:14:56,790
+او من يعني افرازاتهم منشفهم وييجي على طعام وشرب
+
+159
+00:14:56,790 --> 00:15:04,430
+الأدمين ويبلعوه ويطير فيهم المرض بتاع الشيجلة اسم
+
+160
+00:15:04,430 --> 00:15:10,370
+شيجل لوزالشيجاللوزس في ناس بيسموه bacillary
+
+161
+00:15:10,370 --> 00:15:14,830
+dysentery الدزونتاليا الباسلية يعني عشان هي
+
+162
+00:15:14,830 --> 00:15:21,950
+بكتيريا باسلائي أو شيجاللوزس طيب هذه الأخطر ان
+
+163
+00:15:21,950 --> 00:15:27,290
+الشيجالة إلها إكزوتوكسين يعني إلها سم سفر ذوكارجي
+
+164
+00:15:27,290 --> 00:15:32,350
+وهذا قوي جدا يمزق الرسالة المخاطرة معاها الدقيقة
+
+165
+00:15:32,350 --> 00:15:38,390
+وبيجيب دمبتصير مجوزة بيصير لها إذابة طيب نشوف
+
+166
+00:15:38,390 --> 00:15:43,250
+الأعراض بتاع الشيجين اليوزس الأعراض bloody ذيارية
+
+167
+00:15:43,250 --> 00:15:49,510
+بفعل اكزيتوكسين يعني يعني يعني عدوة فيها دم أو
+
+168
+00:15:49,510 --> 00:15:55,550
+سقال دموي سقال دموي هنا abdomen cramp تقلص في
+
+169
+00:15:55,550 --> 00:16:01,020
+البطن تقلص في البطن يعني ماغس شديد مع قلمو مع
+
+170
+00:16:01,020 --> 00:16:07,520
+fever اللي هو يعني سخونة و vomiting تقيق و مع تقيق
+
+171
+00:16:07,520 --> 00:16:14,260
+يبقى احنا عندنا تقيق و إسهال الطيارية هي نجرناهم
+
+172
+00:16:14,260 --> 00:16:23,740
+مع مغص و سخونة و ألم طيب في الحلقات الخطيرة بيبدأ
+
+173
+00:16:23,740 --> 00:16:31,480
+يصير بص يعني التخرجات صارت فيها صليبو نزل مع الدم
+
+174
+00:16:31,480 --> 00:16:40,160
+الصديق طيب هو حقيقة أخطر شئ ان هو يمزق الرشاة
+
+175
+00:16:40,160 --> 00:16:45,640
+المخاطر المبطن للأمعاء و بيخليه نكروتك مذاب و
+
+176
+00:16:45,640 --> 00:16:51,460
+ulcerated و فيه تقرر و هذا بيعمل bloody ذيارية
+
+177
+00:16:51,460 --> 00:16:56,440
+bloody ذيارية يعني إسهال دموي و أحيانا صدو ممبرين
+
+178
+00:16:56,440 --> 00:17:02,180
+صدو ممبرين أي رشاة كاربداخل جدار الأمعاء الدقيقة
+
+179
+00:17:02,180 --> 00:17:06,040
+همتكلم انا معاها الدقيقة و لسه على الغاليظة كيف
+
+180
+00:17:06,040 --> 00:17:12,360
+نشخص stool culture يعني لازم ناخد براز المريض اللي
+
+181
+00:17:12,360 --> 00:17:16,380
+معاه إسهال دموي و نفطه تلت أيام في مزرعة و إيش
+
+182
+00:17:16,380 --> 00:17:21,520
+المزرعة بتطلع احنا نتمنى كانوا زمان بيعطوا موركبات
+
+183
+00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:27,240
+سالفة اه و try metaprim وهي الإفتراضيةلكن المدرعة
+
+184
+00:17:27,240 --> 00:17:32,140
+هي الأساس بعد تلت أيام انطلع في antibiotic قوي
+
+185
+00:17:32,140 --> 00:17:37,800
+بنعطيه في ناس بعتوا attenuated vaccine ال vaccine
+
+186
+00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:42,860
+هذا يعني تطعيم بنعطي الأصحاء لو في بلد يعني في
+
+187
+00:17:42,860 --> 00:17:48,060
+شجلة كتير فاحنا بنطعم الأصحاء عشان ال vaccine هذا
+
+188
+00:17:48,060 --> 00:17:52,860
+بتطلعاللي هو antibodies يعني أجسام مضاردة لو إجت
+
+189
+00:17:52,860 --> 00:17:56,860
+الشجلة بتلاقي الأجسام المضاردة مستنياها فلا تفتك
+
+190
+00:17:56,860 --> 00:18:02,700
+في أمعاء المريض اللي عنده vaccine اللي عنده تطعيم
+
+191
+00:18:02,700 --> 00:18:08,520
+زي اللي غير مطعم السالمونيلا
+
+192
+00:18:08,520 --> 00:18:13,520
+نمرة أربعة هذه حقيقة اللي بتعمل حمّة في إيد تسمع
+
+193
+00:18:13,520 --> 00:18:16,860
+عليه حمّة في إيد السالمونيلا
+
+194
+00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:24,760
+هي جرام نيجاتيف بكتيريا و motile و فقط تبقى الهروب
+
+195
+00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:32,360
+يعني تشبه اللي قبلها من أي نتائج العدوى من المرضى؟
+
+196
+00:18:32,360 --> 00:18:36,700
+لما نقول clinical يعني المرضى اللي بيشتكوا من ال
+
+197
+00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:42,040
+aepoid و subclinical او من اصابة خفيفة او carrier
+
+198
+00:18:42,040 --> 00:18:45,900
+اللي هو اللي حاملين للبكتيريا
+
+199
+00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:53,740
+دون أن يبدو عليهم مرض كارير خاصة بعد الشفاء طبعا
+
+200
+00:18:53,740 --> 00:18:58,760
+البراج هو المشكلة لأنه بيحملوا الذباب يبقى الذباب
+
+201
+00:18:58,760 --> 00:19:06,560
+ال flies بيحمل من أدافر وأصابع المريض الملوثة
+
+202
+00:19:06,560 --> 00:19:13,980
+بالبراج ومن طعامه ومن منشبته ومن إفرازاته ومناديره
+
+203
+00:19:13,980 --> 00:19:21,070
+وبينجلها إلىالpopulation إلى الشعب بنجيلها spread
+
+204
+00:19:21,070 --> 00:19:24,590
+ده بس اللي هي يعني انشرها إلى الشعب يبقى هو المصدر
+
+205
+00:19:24,590 --> 00:19:32,650
+هو المريض الذي يحمل هذا النوع من البكينيا كيف يتم
+
+206
+00:19:32,650 --> 00:19:37,950
+نقل العدوى mode of infection كيف يتم نقل العدوى
+
+207
+00:19:37,950 --> 00:19:44,650
+بقول من الميه ومن الحليب ومن اللي هو الطعام food
+
+208
+00:19:44,650 --> 00:19:48,910
+barn water barn و milk barnإيه ده وصف البكتيريا
+
+209
+00:19:48,910 --> 00:19:53,790
+عبر الذباب عبر الذباب بقول إنه ال salmonella
+
+210
+00:19:53,790 --> 00:20:01,130
+pathogenic يعني بتعمل مرض و الغريب إن هي مفكرة
+
+211
+00:20:01,130 --> 00:20:07,750
+تستطيع أن تفلت من الفلتوز اللي هو نظام اللي هو
+
+212
+00:20:07,750 --> 00:20:15,080
+الابتلاع اللي هو الخلايا البيضاءالمتعادلة في جسم
+
+213
+00:20:15,080 --> 00:20:20,960
+الإنسان لاتستطيع الخلايا البيضاء أن تلتهمها وإذا
+
+214
+00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:25,860
+التهمتها تفضل حية داخلها وتتحرك alive inside her
+
+215
+00:20:25,860 --> 00:20:29,440
+macrophage وبتعمل Intracereal infection لها
+
+216
+00:20:29,440 --> 00:20:33,940
+ولاتموت يعني تقدر تجد عليها كما تقضي على بكتيريا
+
+217
+00:20:33,940 --> 00:20:40,240
+أخرى إيش هي الأجناس بتاع بكتيريا الـPepoid في تلت
+
+218
+00:20:40,240 --> 00:20:46,040
+أجناس سالمونيلا طيفيسلمونيلا بارا تيفي سلمونيلا
+
+219
+00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:54,520
+انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي
+
+220
+00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:54,820
+تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز
+
+221
+00:20:54,820 --> 00:20:55,380
+انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي
+
+222
+00:20:55,380 --> 00:20:55,380
+تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز
+
+223
+00:20:55,380 --> 00:20:55,380
+انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي
+
+224
+00:20:55,380 --> 00:20:56,640
+تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز
+
+225
+00:20:56,640 --> 00:21:11,300
+انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز انتراي تي ديز
+
+226
+00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:17,410
+انالسلمونيلا in 30 days بتعمل food poisoning يعني
+
+227
+00:21:17,410 --> 00:21:23,090
+تسمم غذائي بتعملش طيف و إيد ولا برط في إيد بتعمل
+
+228
+00:21:23,090 --> 00:21:32,070
+تسمم غذائي عن طريق السموم طيب ال slide هذه باللغة
+
+229
+00:21:32,070 --> 00:21:37,510
+العربية وهذه باللغة العربية معكوا homework يعني ان
+
+230
+00:21:37,510 --> 00:21:43,580
+انتوا تقرؤوها يعني هيبتساعدك على فهم كيف يعني
+
+231
+00:21:43,580 --> 00:21:49,340
+تنتقل العدوى وصوب المقاية وكذلك يعني طرق العدوى و
+
+232
+00:21:49,340 --> 00:21:54,900
+الأعراض عراض الإصابة بالتفؤيد ضروري تقرأوا ال
+
+233
+00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,960
+slide هذا و ال slide هذا معاكم homeworkهذه
+
+234
+00:21:58,960 --> 00:22:04,100
+السلمونيلا طيبى وهذه السلمونيلا بارا طيبى ملاحظين
+
+235
+00:22:04,100 --> 00:22:11,940
+انهم أحمر يعني انهم gram negative بسي لاي طيب نجي
+
+236
+00:22:11,940 --> 00:22:16,980
+ليه تفوقيت fever ايش أعراض اعراض او clinical
+
+237
+00:22:16,980 --> 00:22:21,040
+picture يعني clinical picture العلامات والأعراض مع
+
+238
+00:22:21,040 --> 00:22:25,370
+بعض اسمها clinical picture تحت تفوقيتأول اشي بيبدأ
+
+239
+00:22:25,370 --> 00:22:32,070
+المريض general weakness يعني ضعف عام هزال بعد أيام
+
+240
+00:22:32,070 --> 00:22:36,670
+بيبدأ معاه high fever high fever ال high fever هذه
+
+241
+00:22:36,670 --> 00:22:43,530
+يعني عجيبة step later فاشر درجات السلم يعني تيجي
+
+242
+00:22:43,530 --> 00:22:52,150
+الممرضة اول يوم بتجيها سبعة و تلاتين سبعة و تلاتين
+
+243
+00:22:52,150 --> 00:22:58,200
+تاني يوم تمانيةتلافين اتاره يوم تسعة و تلافين رابع
+
+244
+00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:07,340
+يوم اربعين لو احنا جينا نوصل هيك هيك هيك
+
+245
+00:23:07,340 --> 00:23:14,900
+هيك هيك هذا اسمه strip ladder strip ladder يعني
+
+246
+00:23:14,900 --> 00:23:21,540
+درجات السلم كأنك انت بتطلع على سلم الحرارة كل يوم
+
+247
+00:23:22,090 --> 00:23:27,870
+بتزيد شوية بتزيد شوية بتزيد شوية لما نشبك النقاط
+
+248
+00:23:27,870 --> 00:23:32,770
+في بعضها بنلاقي حالنا احنا ماشيين ع درج مدت اربع
+
+249
+00:23:32,770 --> 00:23:38,910
+الى خمس أيام مش من اول يوم ال vagina weakness high
+
+250
+00:23:38,910 --> 00:23:45,010
+fever بعدين ال rash طفح جلدي هنشوفه يظهر على البطن
+
+251
+00:23:45,010 --> 00:23:48,630
+و على الصدر على البطن و الصدر يعني يبدو هاي الطفح
+
+252
+00:23:48,630 --> 00:23:53,950
+الجلدي هاي الطفح الجلديالطفل الجلدي على الظهر و
+
+253
+00:23:53,950 --> 00:23:59,150
+على البط من أمام و من الخلف وهي اللي بوستي بلاذر
+
+254
+00:23:59,150 --> 00:24:03,750
+fashion زي ما قولنا يعني هي هتبدأ هيك و بعدين تبدأ
+
+255
+00:24:03,750 --> 00:24:10,550
+تطلع درجات و درجات لو انا يعني بدأ اوصلها لهيك
+
+256
+00:24:10,550 --> 00:24:17,650
+وهذه هيك وهذه هيك بيبين انه انا ماشي درجة بعد رشة
+
+257
+00:24:17,650 --> 00:24:22,360
+الطفل الجلدي sweeping ع��قو chills راجل فات يعني
+
+258
+00:24:22,360 --> 00:24:31,060
+دورجوف بعد هيك drowsiness يعني نوع من الضعف العام
+
+259
+00:24:31,060 --> 00:24:40,840
+و يعني دوخة و aching aching ألم في الأقدام و ألم
+
+260
+00:24:40,840 --> 00:24:45,580
+في اليد يعني الطرف العلو السفلي بيلاقي فيه أن هو
+
+261
+00:24:45,580 --> 00:24:52,330
+فيه ألم بعدين لو ماتعالجشبيصير فيه التهيبات في
+
+262
+00:24:52,330 --> 00:24:56,950
+العظم و التهيبات في الطفال في ال cases advanced
+
+263
+00:24:56,950 --> 00:25:05,650
+لما تتقدم الكون في النهايات بقول
+
+264
+00:25:05,650 --> 00:25:09,350
+انه كتير الحالات بيصيرها recovery a natural
+
+265
+00:25:09,350 --> 00:25:18,520
+recovery يعني natural recovery يعني بيشفى لحالهلكن
+
+266
+00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:22,120
+افضل انه يتعالج و الناس كانوا بيعطوه امبيسيلين
+
+267
+00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:26,800
+مركبات البرنسالين و مركبات الكلورامفينيكل
+
+268
+00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:34,720
+كلورامفينيكل عشان يجدوا على اللي هو الاعراض في
+
+269
+00:25:34,720 --> 00:25:46,460
+vaccine يعني بنعطيه اسمه تاب فاكسين تاب فاكسين
+
+270
+00:25:47,670 --> 00:25:57,270
+وهذا بيعمل immunity للناس قبل ان يصابوا ال بطل فى
+
+271
+00:25:57,270 --> 00:26:04,250
+ايد مش مثل فى ايد بيقول انه هتلاقي فيه ضيارية اسهل
+
+272
+00:26:04,250 --> 00:26:07,590
+و mild fever يعني السخونة بتاعته مش step ladder
+
+273
+00:26:07,590 --> 00:26:12,050
+وعالية لأ والراشد زى الأولى بس اجل على ال chest
+
+274
+00:26:12,050 --> 00:26:18,100
+بيلاجيه الراشد طبعا هتيجي اجلوالعلاج الأفضل انه ال
+
+275
+00:26:18,100 --> 00:26:25,280
+vaccine عشان في أجسام مضادة التسخيص بتاع التفؤيد
+
+276
+00:26:25,280 --> 00:26:32,000
+والبراتفؤيد زمان stool specimen يعني عينة براز من
+
+277
+00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:36,680
+الإسهال اللي باقولها وعينة بول لعشان يكون مصاب
+
+278
+00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:43,070
+بالكهابات للبولو بنعمل culture للبراز خاصة لما
+
+279
+00:26:43,070 --> 00:26:50,150
+يكون سخن و ممكن ناكل من الدم عشان نكتشف انه فيه
+
+280
+00:26:50,150 --> 00:26:56,690
+antipodes ولا لا سالمونيلا تفويد و براتفويد هذه ال
+
+281
+00:26:56,690 --> 00:27:01,190
+antipodes ده و اكتشفناها اسمها Vidal test هو
+
+282
+00:27:01,190 --> 00:27:06,830
+اكتشاف لسان مضادة من المرضى من المرضى ليه لهو هذا
+
+283
+00:27:07,320 --> 00:27:12,620
+المرض تفويت او الفارع تفويت انا يعني اكتفي بهذا
+
+284
+00:27:12,620 --> 00:27:17,920
+القدر متوقف عند اللي هو ال Vibrio cholera يعني على
+
+285
+00:27:17,920 --> 00:27:23,640
+اساس انه ما نطول المحاضرة عن هيك ويعني متأمل من
+
+286
+00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:27,320
+الله عز و جل انه تكونوا انتوا استفدتم من هذه
+
+287
+00:27:27,320 --> 00:27:31,060
+المحاضرة تالتة عشرة و اللقاء في المحاضرة راضي عشرة
+
+288
+00:27:31,060 --> 00:27:31,400
+قريبا
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwY2VeAiCJWVIF9_gd5SI9lJ/zLo5po9D7v0.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@
+1
+00:00:05,630 --> 00:00:09,710
+عونوا بالله من الشياطين الرجيم  بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:09,710 --> 00:00:15,370
+الرحيم الحمد لله وكفى وأصلي وأسلم على النبي 
+
+3
+00:00:15,370 --> 00:00:20,250
+المصطفى  وبنا في قسم البصريات الطبية السلام عليكم و
+
+4
+00:00:20,250 --> 00:00:25,170
+رحمة الله وبركاته  كنتم بالأمس قد حملت المحاضرة
+
+5
+00:00:25,170 --> 00:00:31,330
+هذه عشرة لكم حول استفد ككاى واستربت ككاى gram
+
+6
+00:00:31,330 --> 00:00:36,630
+positive bacteria واليوم إن شاء الله نبدأ المحاضرة
+
+7
+00:00:36,630 --> 00:00:42,010
+الثانية عشرة المحاضرة الثانية عشرة وهي جرام 
+
+8
+00:00:42,010 --> 00:00:45,550
+negative ككاية جرام negative يعني احنا اخذنا
+
+9
+00:00:45,550 --> 00:00:50,990
+مثلين للجرام positive واليوم هناخد مثلين للجرام
+
+10
+00:00:50,990 --> 00:00:56,290
+negative الجرام negative نيسيريا اسمها نيسيريا و
+
+11
+00:00:56,290 --> 00:01:01,590
+الناس بيقولون نيشاريا نيسيريا اسمها نيسيريا جرام
+
+12
+00:01:01,590 --> 00:01:08,060
+negative ككاية يعني كروية معظم هذه العائلة عبارة
+
+13
+00:01:08,060 --> 00:01:12,200
+عن كومنسال أي متعايشة بدون مرض في ال upper septum
+
+14
+00:01:12,200 --> 00:01:17,320
+tract في أعلى جهاز التنفسي في الحلق واللوز والبلعوم 
+
+15
+00:01:17,320 --> 00:01:23,660
+لا تعمل مشاكل ومتعيش extra cellular كلمة extra
+
+16
+00:01:23,660 --> 00:01:27,380
+cellular خارج الخلايا intracellular داخل الخلايا
+
+17
+00:01:27,380 --> 00:01:30,160
+ال intracellular طبعا خطيرة ال extracellular مش 
+
+18
+00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:37,520
+خطيرة في نوعين من جرام negative kokai pathogenic
+
+19
+00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:43,090
+يعني pathogenic بيعملوا مرض المثال الأول نيسيريا
+
+20
+00:01:43,090 --> 00:01:46,630
+جونوريا اللي بتعمل مرض السيلان عند الذكور
+
+21
+00:01:46,630 --> 00:01:50,710
+والإناث والتاني نيسيريا ميننغيتيدس ميننغيتيدس
+
+22
+00:01:50,710 --> 00:01:55,250
+ديز اللي بتعمل التهاب السحايا يبقى الأول بعمل
+
+23
+00:01:55,250 --> 00:01:58,190
+جونوريا مرض السيلان في الأجهزة التناسلية
+
+24
+00:01:58,190 --> 00:02:05,050
+والتاني بعمل مرض التهاب السحايا حول المخ نبدأ في
+
+25
+00:02:05,050 --> 00:02:10,750
+نيسيريا جونوريا الأولى دي نيسيريا جونوريا اللي بتعمل
+
+26
+00:02:10,750 --> 00:02:15,530
+مرض السيلان إيش هي الخصائص الخاصة الخصائص لها
+
+27
+00:02:15,530 --> 00:02:21,490
+special characteristics يعني خصائص خاصة منها إنها 
+
+28
+00:02:21,490 --> 00:02:25,630
+كلها gram negative يعني بتاخد اللون الأحمر أو الوردي في
+
+29
+00:02:25,630 --> 00:02:29,510
+الصبغة التاني كلها capsulated يعني لها كبسولة
+
+30
+00:02:29,510 --> 00:02:35,490
+capsulated يعني تملك كبسولة الثالث
+
+31
+00:02:35,490 --> 00:02:43,980
+إنها بتعيش داخل خلايا في الإنسان وخارج الخلايا 
+
+32
+00:02:43,980 --> 00:02:47,220
+inside و outside يعني intracellular أو
+
+33
+00:02:47,220 --> 00:02:50,780
+extracellular في خلايا الصديد اللي هي خلايا
+
+34
+00:02:50,780 --> 00:02:55,700
+الإنسان المصابة بتعيش
+
+35
+00:02:55,700 --> 00:03:01,850
+في تركيز ثاني أكسيد الكربون 5 إلى 10% يعني هي أشبه 
+
+36
+00:03:01,850 --> 00:03:05,730
+بال anaerobic بتعيش في تركيز ثاني أكسيد الكربون ما
+
+37
+00:03:05,730 --> 00:03:09,750
+بتحبش ال oxygen لو 
+
+38
+00:03:09,750 --> 00:03:15,670
+حطينا لها طبق بكتيري تختار هي ال blood agar يعني 
+
+39
+00:03:15,670 --> 00:03:21,550
+يكون مع التحالف ال agar دم أو مع التحالف شوكولاتة 
+
+40
+00:03:21,550 --> 00:03:29,180
+تعمل شوية بتاكل شوكولاتة بتعيش في حرارة مثالية 37
+
+41
+00:03:29,180 --> 00:03:32,680
+درجة مئوية مثل حرارة الجو العادي يعني حرارة
+
+42
+00:03:32,680 --> 00:03:39,360
+الإنسان وبعد 48 ساعة ممكن ناخد نتيجة مزرعة أن هي
+
+43
+00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:43,840
+تكون موجودة بصدف أو غير موجودة يبقى في خمس خصائص
+
+44
+00:03:44,200 --> 00:03:48,340
+كلها جرام نيجاتيف وكلها كبسولة وبتعيش داخل
+
+45
+00:03:48,340 --> 00:03:52,920
+الخلايا وخارج الخلايا وبتحتاج إلى دم مع التحالب
+
+46
+00:03:52,920 --> 00:03:58,120
+أو شوكولاتة مع التحالب و37 درجة مئوية ها هي 
+
+47
+00:03:58,120 --> 00:04:01,820
+شايفين دبل وكوكاي وهي بتعيش في خلايا الصديد و
+
+48
+00:04:01,820 --> 00:04:06,600
+بتاخد اللون الأحمر اللون لجرام نيجاتيف بكتيريا
+
+49
+00:04:06,600 --> 00:04:09,120
+جرام نيجاتيف بكتيريا
+
+50
+00:04:12,100 --> 00:04:16,280
+الآن نجي على المرض اللي هي بتسببه المرض هذا في
+
+51
+00:04:16,280 --> 00:04:20,000
+الأعضاء التناسلية للجنسين وبينتج عن اللقاء الجنسي 
+
+52
+00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:25,460
+sexual intercourse اللقاء الجنسي بين ذكر وأنثى أول
+
+53
+00:04:25,460 --> 00:04:31,220
+عيادة بالله بين ذكر وذكر أو أنثى وأنثى ببدأ
+
+54
+00:04:31,220 --> 00:04:34,660
+في الجزء الخارجي اسمه urethra القناة الخارجية
+
+55
+00:04:34,660 --> 00:04:39,000
+للبول اسمها urethra يعني هنا هي مثلا يوريثرا
+
+56
+00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:47,680
+المنطقة هذه تبدأ يوريثرا هذا عند الأنثى هنا تبدأ 
+
+57
+00:04:47,680 --> 00:04:54,360
+يوريثرا هذه القناة اسمها قناة الإحليل أو يوريثرا 
+
+58
+00:04:54,360 --> 00:05:00,840
+عند الذكر هي يوريثرا هذه القناة قناة الإحليل فببدأ
+
+59
+00:05:00,840 --> 00:05:05,540
+أول ما يبدأ الالتهاب بعد اللقاء الجنسي ببدأ في قناة 
+
+60
+00:05:05,540 --> 00:05:10,940
+الإحليل اللي هي هذه قناة الإحليل بعد قناة الإحليل 
+
+61
+00:05:10,940 --> 00:05:16,020
+آه في الذكر والأنثى ممكن يطلع إلى أعلى spread 
+
+62
+00:05:16,020 --> 00:05:20,080
+posteriorly يعني يطلع إلى أعلى في الجهاز التناسلي
+
+63
+00:05:20,080 --> 00:05:24,830
+عند الذكر في بروستاتا prostate وفي testicles 
+
+64
+00:05:24,830 --> 00:05:29,750
+الخصيتين بتاعة الذكر عند الأنثى في فلوب يعني tubes
+
+65
+00:05:29,750 --> 00:05:33,930
+فلوب يعني tubes قنوات فلوب وفي ال ovaries اللي هو
+
+66
+00:05:33,930 --> 00:05:39,470
+المبايض وأنا أرجو تكونوا اخذتو هذا الكلام في ال
+
+67
+00:05:39,470 --> 00:05:47,450
+anatomy يعني ها هي مثلا عند الأنثى عند الأنثى في
+
+68
+00:05:47,450 --> 00:05:55,360
+قنوات فلوب فأنا واقف اللي وأب أُشوف هنا
+
+69
+00:05:55,360 --> 00:06:03,280
+اللي هو تتذكر هذه ال testicles وهذه مجرىّ المنوي
+
+70
+00:06:03,280 --> 00:06:09,620
+وهنا فيه البروستاتا هذه البروستاتا الغدة هذه اسمها 
+
+71
+00:06:09,620 --> 00:06:16,280
+بروستاتا طبعا في الأنثى الجثة نسويها مؤقت أكثر يعني 
+
+72
+00:06:16,280 --> 00:06:23,710
+في عندي هذه قناة فلوب هذه وفي عندي الـ uterus الرحم
+
+73
+00:06:23,710 --> 00:06:29,130
+هنا وفي عندي ال ovaries ال ovary اللي هو المبيض إلى
+
+74
+00:06:29,130 --> 00:06:33,210
+هنا هو في اليمين والمبيض في الشمال اسمه ovary
+
+75
+00:06:33,210 --> 00:06:38,230
+فالمرض ببدأ باليوريثرا ويطلع فوق على ال uterus وبعدين
+
+76
+00:06:38,230 --> 00:06:41,750
+بعدين بيروح على ال tubes وبعدين بيروح على ال
+
+77
+00:06:41,750 --> 00:06:48,840
+ovaries بيروح على ال ovaries في الذكر ببدأ من 
+
+78
+00:06:48,840 --> 00:06:53,420
+الوريثرا في القناة الخارجية وبيروح لبرستاتا وبعدين 
+
+79
+00:06:53,420 --> 00:06:57,920
+بيروح ال seminal vesicles وبيروح عبرها تحت على ال 
+
+80
+00:06:57,920 --> 00:07:02,700
+testicles على الخصيتين على ال testicle أو الخصية
+
+81
+00:07:02,700 --> 00:07:06,660
+يعني كل دي أعراض السيلان تتذكر أن أنت بتصاب بعد 
+
+82
+00:07:06,660 --> 00:07:13,800
+فترة وهذا مرض مزمن و خلاص منه صعب جدا بقول
+
+83
+00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:19,640
+أنه هي جرام negative في الصبغة و تبين دبلو كوكاي 
+
+84
+00:07:19,640 --> 00:07:24,020
+يعني كل خليتين ماسكين مع بعض دبلو هي واحدة وواحدة
+
+85
+00:07:24,020 --> 00:07:30,040
+زي ما شفنا في الشكل الأحمر هذا واحدة وواحدة يعني
+
+86
+00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:35,920
+دبلو اثنين أو ثلاث خلايا مع بعض وقلنا أنّهـا بتعيش 
+
+87
+00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:43,060
+في 10% ثاني أكسيد ��لكربون لمدة 48 ساعة طبعا هذا
+
+88
+00:07:43,060 --> 00:07:47,850
+مرض مزمن وقد يؤدي إلى العقم يعني عدم النسل في
+
+89
+00:07:47,850 --> 00:07:51,210
+الذكر والأنثى وعلاجه صعب جدا بالنسبة لل treatment
+
+90
+00:07:51,210 --> 00:07:54,890
+يعني العلاج بتاع السيلان كان يجب أن يعطيه
+
+91
+00:07:54,890 --> 00:07:59,250
+البنسلين البنسلين بقى الفترة بطل يبين يعطيه
+
+92
+00:07:59,250 --> 00:08:04,050
+نتيجة صار سيبروفلوكساسين سيبتاكسيم سيبروفلوكساسين اللي 
+
+93
+00:08:04,050 --> 00:08:09,450
+جرام نيجاتيف كويس حينما البنسلين صار له
+
+94
+00:08:09,450 --> 00:08:13,930
+resistance يعني مقاومة بعطوا مضادات حيوية أخرى زي 
+
+95
+00:08:13,930 --> 00:08:19,470
+تتراسيكلين والآن في اللي هو طلعت اللي هو المضادات
+
+96
+00:08:19,470 --> 00:08:24,710
+الحيوية الحديثة another alternatives يعني بدائل
+
+97
+00:08:24,710 --> 00:08:28,530
+البنسلين لأن كثير في ال broad spectrum 
+
+98
+00:08:28,530 --> 00:08:32,710
+antibiotics الحديثة زي الفلوروكينولونات وزي ال
+
+99
+00:08:32,710 --> 00:08:36,590
+superfluxacin وزي الذنات اللي هو broad spectrum
+
+100
+00:08:36,590 --> 00:08:44,230
+antibiotics طيب نفس البكتيريا الآن امرأة حامل و 
+
+101
+00:08:44,230 --> 00:08:47,310
+صار معاها وهي حامل المرض مرض السيلان
+
+102
+00:08:50,480 --> 00:08:56,860
+ساعة ما بيجي المولود ينزل بينزل من وين من اللي هو 
+
+103
+00:08:56,860 --> 00:09:02,600
+الرحم يعني هذا هو الرحم بيطلع من هنا ومن القناة 
+
+104
+00:09:02,600 --> 00:09:07,540
+هذه بيطلع برة هذه القناة كلها وعنق الرحم كله مصاب
+
+105
+00:09:07,540 --> 00:09:14,760
+بإيش مصاب بالبكتيريا هذه النيسيريا فهذا بعمل في 
+
+106
+00:09:14,760 --> 00:09:20,280
+عينيه ويطلع مرض المرض هذا اسمه أُفثلميا نيو ناتورم
+
+107
+00:09:20,280 --> 00:09:25,640
+أُفثلميا التهاب بالعينين نيوناتورم حديثي الولادة
+
+108
+00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:29,740
+حديثي الولادة يعني التهاب بالعين في حديثي الولادة 
+
+109
+00:09:29,740 --> 00:09:34,580
+نتيجة عن نيسيريا جونوريا gonococcal infection أو
+
+110
+00:09:34,580 --> 00:09:40,180
+نيسيريا جونوريا وبُصيب نيوبارنز في عينيهم أثناء مرورهم 
+
+111
+00:09:40,180 --> 00:09:45,550
+في ال birth canal أي اللي هو مجرى اللي هو 
+
+112
+00:09:45,550 --> 00:09:50,130
+الولادة مجرى الولادة معروف من الرحم إلى المهبل إلى
+
+113
+00:09:50,130 --> 00:09:54,230
+الخارج في النساء اللي infected يعني اللي هم يحملون
+
+114
+00:09:54,230 --> 00:10:03,790
+المرض طيب في يعني مسببات أخرى غير اللي هو نيسيريا 
+
+115
+00:10:03,790 --> 00:10:10,690
+جونوريا في مرض اسمه chlamydia برضه بكتيريا وفي 
+
+116
+00:10:10,690 --> 00:10:13,710
+استربتوكوكاس اوريس لو كانت المرأة مصابة 
+
+117
+00:10:13,710 --> 00:10:17,450
+باستربتوكوكاس اوريس في الرحم وفي virus herpes
+
+118
+00:10:17,450 --> 00:10:22,530
+simplex لكن احنا الآن نتكلم على اللي هو نيوناتورم 
+
+119
+00:10:22,530 --> 00:10:27,470
+نتيجة جونوكوكاي أو نيسيريا جونوريا بس لما نقول في
+
+120
+00:10:27,470 --> 00:10:32,450
+أسباب أخرى عشان يعرف أن في أشياء أخرى لكن بتعمل
+
+121
+00:10:32,450 --> 00:10:38,580
+الصديد يعني كلاميديا بتعمل الصديد استربتوكوكاس 
+
+122
+00:10:38,580 --> 00:10:41,880
+ممكن تعمل صديد لكن هيربس هذا الفيروس بعمل صديد
+
+123
+00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:45,040
+فاحنا تركيزنا الآن على قصة أُفثلميا نيوناتورم بتاعة 
+
+124
+00:10:45,040 --> 00:10:50,720
+نيسيريا جونوريا طيب بقول إذا لم يتم تشخيص وعلاج
+
+125
+00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:54,600
+مبكرا للولد مبارح ممكن يعمل له blindness يعني يعمل له
+
+126
+00:10:54,600 --> 00:10:59,020
+عمى وهذه الصورة مبينة هذه صورة يعني حديث الولادة
+
+127
+00:10:59,020 --> 00:11:03,660
+كيف يعني فيهم صديد وممكن هذا يخترق القرنية ويعمل 
+
+128
+00:11:03,660 --> 00:11:08,720
+blindness يعني عمى يعمل عمى هذه الأُفثلميا نيوناتورم 
+
+129
+00:11:08,720 --> 00:11:15,060
+طيب يعني لو احنا جينا يعني امرأة في آخر حمل وفيها
+
+130
+00:11:15,060 --> 00:11:20,460
+جونوريا يعني هي وهي حامل واصيبت بالجنوريا إيش
+
+131
+00:11:20,460 --> 00:11:25,020
+نعملها أنا بقول أحسن إيش نولدها قيصرية يعني نفتح
+
+132
+00:11:25,020 --> 00:11:33,740
+بطنها نولدها ولادة قيصرية حتى الولد الصغير ما يمرش
+
+133
+00:11:33,740 --> 00:11:41,040
+في عنق الرحم اللي مليان بالجراثيم لأن هو الولد أو
+
+134
+00:11:41,040 --> 00:11:48,180
+الجنين بيكون داخل أكياس أكياس الأمنيوسية هذه فبقدرش 
+
+135
+00:11:48,180 --> 00:11:51,840
+البكتيريا تخش فيه لكن ساعة ما تنفتح هذه ويطلع 
+
+136
+00:11:51,840 --> 00:11:56,300
+الماء وتتمزق الأكياس بتاعة الحمل اللي حواليه تيجي
+
+137
+00:11:56,300 --> 00:11:59,640
+البكتيريا وهو نازل تخش في عينه فاحنا لو فتحنا بطن 
+
+138
+00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:04,190
+الأم بالسيزاريا سيكشن اسمه سيزاريا سيكشن ولادة
+
+139
+00:12:04,190 --> 00:12:09,030
+قيصرية ممكن أنه ينجح الولد بأمر الله من ال blindness 
+
+140
+00:12:09,030 --> 00:12:16,210
+فعليا طيب كيف نشخصها هذه بنشخصها بمسحة يعني عند 
+
+141
+00:12:16,210 --> 00:12:20,170
+الذاكرة بناخد urethral discharge بناخد من قناة
+
+142
+00:12:20,170 --> 00:12:23,450
+الإحليل الصديد اللي نازل وصديد هذا يكون دائما نازل
+
+143
+00:12:23,450 --> 00:12:27,010
+يعني هذا يعني بتضطر الذاكرة الأم يتحفظ من الصديد
+
+144
+00:12:27,010 --> 00:12:31,240
+اللي نازل يحفظه لأنه بيبهضوا يعني سيلان اسمه
+
+145
+00:12:31,240 --> 00:12:36,000
+جولوريا السيلان سيلان سيلان يعني أو تاخد مسحة من
+
+146
+00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:41,280
+اللي هو الداخل اللي هو القناة الإحليل وتعملها 
+
+147
+00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:44,960
+culture و antibiotic sensitivity test selective
+
+148
+00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:48,120
+media كAntibiotic sensitivity test عشان تشوف أحسن
+
+149
+00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:55,400
+مضاد حيوي يقاوم هذه البكتيريا المسببة للسيلان في
+
+150
+00:12:55,400 --> 00:13:03,790
+الأنثى ممكن جدا انه سواب سواب مسح يعني من المهبل و
+
+151
+00:13:03,790 --> 00:13:08,050
+يطلع صديد عليها ونحطها في المزرعة أو ناخد من
+
+152
+00:13:08,050 --> 00:13:12,830
+الورترا آه يعني يا مناخد الصديد اللي نازل برا أو
+
+153
+00:13:12,830 --> 00:13:19,690
+مناخد سواب من المهبل أو من الورترا بتاعت الأنثى آه
+
+154
+00:13:19,690 --> 00:13:24,940
+ونحطها في medium blood agar أو شوكولاتة اجار أو
+
+155
+00:13:24,940 --> 00:13:29,000
+نعملها gram stain تبين خمرة تبين خمرة طيب بالنسبة
+
+156
+00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:33,100
+للولد اللي في عينيه الصديد هذا ال pus طالع طالع
+
+157
+00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:37,580
+يعني أول ما يفتح عينيه بنلاقي الصديد طلع فبناخد ال
+
+158
+00:13:37,580 --> 00:13:41,320
+discharge من عينيه بنكون مقطعي بلساك و بنعمله
+
+159
+00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:45,160
+culture و gram staining و antibiotic sensitivity
+
+160
+00:13:45,160 --> 00:13:49,520
+test هيك احنا بنشخص المرض و بنبدأ نعرف أحسن مضاد
+
+161
+00:13:49,520 --> 00:13:54,360
+حيوي حديث اللي هو يقتل البكتيريا هذا النوع الأول
+
+162
+00:13:54,360 --> 00:14:00,000
+هنا هنعمل نوعين النوع الأول نيسرية اللي هو
+
+163
+00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:07,920
+جونوريا نيسرية جونوريا الثاني نتكلم عن نيسرية
+
+164
+00:14:07,920 --> 00:14:12,160
+ميلنجايتس نيسرية ميلنجايتس هذه بتصيب
+
+165
+00:14:12,160 --> 00:14:16,140
+السحايا السحايا أنتو عارفين في عند الإنسان
+
+166
+00:14:16,140 --> 00:14:21,860
+ثلاثة سحايا في عنده بيّا مطّروعنده arachnoid matter
+
+167
+00:14:21,860 --> 00:14:27,320
+وعنده dura mater بالتأثير
+
+168
+00:14:27,320 --> 00:14:31,560
+اللي باية على المقهى طول اسمها Pia الأم الحنون
+
+169
+00:14:31,560 --> 00:14:36,860
+اللي في النص العنكبوتية arachnoid الثالثة الخارجية
+
+170
+00:14:36,860 --> 00:14:40,940
+اللي تحت العظم اسمها Dura الأم الجافية عشان هي
+
+171
+00:14:40,940 --> 00:14:46,320
+أبعد واحدة اسمها dura mater أو الأم الجافية ليه
+
+172
+00:14:46,320 --> 00:14:49,160
+هذه؟ الآن
+
+173
+00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:56,240
+هي تركيب البكتيريا اللي بتشبه الأولانية بتاعة
+
+174
+00:14:56,240 --> 00:15:00,660
+الجنورية ونفس ال culture ونفس الغروف الخامسة
+
+175
+00:15:00,660 --> 00:15:04,480
+اللي قلنا عنها لكن بتعمل meningitis , cerebrospinal
+
+176
+00:15:04,480 --> 00:15:09,880
+meningitis يعني التهاب اللي هو السحايا حول المخ
+
+177
+00:15:09,880 --> 00:15:15,580
+cerebrum وحول اللي هو نخاع الشوكة آه spinal نخاع الشوكة
+
+178
+00:15:15,580 --> 00:15:23,360
+و cerebrum يعني حول اللي هو المخ نفسه وهذا عبارة عن
+
+179
+00:15:23,360 --> 00:15:29,340
+acute inflammation يعني التهاب حاد لسحايا المخ أو
+
+180
+00:15:29,340 --> 00:15:33,280
+لأغشية المخ ال gonorrhea كانت التهاب مزمن يعني
+
+181
+00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:37,380
+ممكن الإنسان يعيش فيه عشرين سنة السيلان لكن ال
+
+182
+00:15:37,380 --> 00:15:41,260
+meningitis لأ خطير يعني ممكن يشيل الإنسان أو يقتله
+
+183
+00:15:41,260 --> 00:15:47,520
+في خلال أيام طيب كيف شخصه أو هي الأعراض بتاعة ال
+
+184
+00:15:47,520 --> 00:15:51,640
+meningitis ببدأ بـ intense headache يعني intense
+
+185
+00:15:51,640 --> 00:15:58,180
+مكتف severe headache بعدها بيبدأ يسخن fever بعدين
+
+186
+00:15:58,180 --> 00:16:02,980
+loss of appetite يفقد الشهية للطعام والشراب ولا 
+
+187
+00:16:02,980 --> 00:16:08,300
+نفسه يأكل ولا يشرب بعد هيك لو ما اتعالج بيبدأ
+
+188
+00:16:08,300 --> 00:16:15,360
+يتشنّج ال rigidity أي تشنّج في العضلات بتاعة الأقدام
+
+189
+00:16:15,360 --> 00:16:20,800
+و الطرف السفلي والطرف العلوي وبعدين بتصير في ال
+
+190
+00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:28,020
+neck عضلات الرقبة لو ما نجيش إلها ينقل المستشفى و
+
+191
+00:16:28,020 --> 00:16:32,840
+تشخيص بيبدأ معاها تصير convulsions تصير معاها زي
+
+192
+00:16:32,840 --> 00:16:41,440
+الابليبس تشنجات ويبدأ كشف delirium هدّاية ويبدأ تصير
+
+193
+00:16:41,440 --> 00:16:45,600
+معاها paralysis paralysis يعني شلل هذا الشلل قد
+
+194
+00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:49,280
+يؤدي إلى الموت بعد ذلك ending in death يعني بيموت
+
+195
+00:16:49,280 --> 00:16:54,060
+يبقى تبدأ بصداع آه يبقى أنا في الصيف في الحر لما
+
+196
+00:16:54,060 --> 00:16:59,320
+يبدأ الولد يصدع كثير بخاف عليه آه يسخن بخاف عليه
+
+197
+00:16:59,320 --> 00:17:05,780
+أكثر إن بدأ يصيب له صلابة في العضلات أكثر إن بدأ
+
+198
+00:17:05,780 --> 00:17:10,480
+يتشنج آه ويعمل نوبة تشنجية بخاف عليه أكثر لأنه
+
+199
+00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:16,790
+هيكوش في paralysis ومالقيش علاج هيموت منيح طيب، بقولنا
+
+200
+00:17:16,790 --> 00:17:23,350
+احنا الميكروب بيعيش في خمسة إلى عشرة بالمئة
+
+201
+00:17:23,350 --> 00:17:27,740
+من حلقود الناس في الحلق دون أن يكتشف يعني بيكون
+
+202
+00:17:27,740 --> 00:17:32,340
+carrier بيكون carrier ممكن ينقلوا لو واحد عنده مناعة
+
+203
+00:17:32,340 --> 00:17:36,580
+ضعيفة وأنه مصاب وهو مش بيبين عليه ال carrier هذا
+
+204
+00:17:36,580 --> 00:17:42,380
+يبقى عايش فيه خمسة إلى عشرة من اللي هو حلقود الناس
+
+205
+00:17:42,380 --> 00:17:47,880
+الحارق بدون ما يعاني أي شيء هذه صورة كيف ال
+
+206
+00:17:47,880 --> 00:17:52,440
+dura mater اللي بتغطي المخ لما صار الالتهاب هذه و
+
+207
+00:17:52,440 --> 00:17:56,890
+كيف ال dura mater الأصلية اللي هي هذه البيئة الأم
+
+208
+00:17:56,890 --> 00:18:01,110
+الحنون هنا كيف مافي التهاب هنا مالتهابت صارت يعني
+
+209
+00:18:01,110 --> 00:18:07,490
+لونها بنفسجي لونها بنفسجي وهي دليل إن هي ملتهبة
+
+210
+00:18:07,490 --> 00:18:15,570
+طيب إن أنا أشخص تشخيص للبكتيريا هذه اللي هو بتاعة
+
+211
+00:18:15,570 --> 00:18:20,130
+ال meningitis بدي آكل cerebrospinal fluid كيف
+
+212
+00:18:20,130 --> 00:18:27,070
+يسحبوا cerebrospinal fluid بالعمود الفقري آه بين في
+
+213
+00:18:27,070 --> 00:18:35,350
+أسفل اللي هو العمود الفقري ال vertebral column في
+
+214
+00:18:35,350 --> 00:18:41,310
+شيء اسمه الفقرات القطنية lumbar vertebra ال يعني
+
+215
+00:18:41,310 --> 00:18:47,770
+lumbar قطني ثلاثة وأربعة يعني هو في هنا واحد وهي
+
+216
+00:18:47,770 --> 00:18:53,700
+اثنين وهي ثلاثة وهي أربعة احنا بنجي بين ثلاثة
+
+217
+00:18:53,700 --> 00:19:02,580
+وأربعة ندخل إبرة وناخد من أغلب اللي هو ال spinal
+
+218
+00:19:02,580 --> 00:19:10,100
+cord ناخد سائل اسمه CSF CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid
+
+219
+00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:19,680
+السائل الشوكي لما نسحبه ونعمله Gram stain و
+
+220
+00:19:19,680 --> 00:19:25,390
+Culture آه في وجود ثاني أكسيد الكربون ممكن إن نشخص
+
+221
+00:19:25,390 --> 00:19:29,690
+البكتيريا يبقى إن البكتيريا لأن نستخدم السائل
+
+222
+00:19:29,690 --> 00:19:34,990
+الشوكي بتني ظهره ومدخل إبرة في بين فقرات القطنية
+
+223
+00:19:34,990 --> 00:19:40,270
+الثالثة والرابعة lumbar هذه ال يعني lumbar وبنسحب في
+
+224
+00:19:40,270 --> 00:19:43,350
+السيرنجة السائل هذا وبعدين بنوديه على المختبر
+
+225
+00:19:43,350 --> 00:19:46,390
+فورا وهم بيعملوا Gram stain وبيعملوا ال culture
+
+226
+00:19:48,470 --> 00:19:52,890
+بتبين أحمر يعني و culture يعني اللي هو مزرعة عشان
+
+227
+00:19:52,890 --> 00:19:56,990
+يتبين إيش المضاد الحيوي اللي بقتل هذه البكتيريا
+
+228
+00:19:56,990 --> 00:20:02,670
+فهذا أول شيء في اللي هو التشخيص المخبري ثاني شيء
+
+229
+00:20:02,670 --> 00:20:08,710
+ممكن ناخد مسحة سواب يعني بنجي مثلا إلى صف مدرسي
+
+230
+00:20:08,710 --> 00:20:14,810
+أو مدرسة كاملة ناخد من الحلق مسحات ونشوف هل إن
+
+231
+00:20:14,810 --> 00:20:18,230
+فيه carriers أطفال يحملون
+
+232
+00:20:20,530 --> 00:20:24,110
+البكتيريا دون أن يبدو عليهم المرض وهذه ال carriers
+
+233
+00:20:24,110 --> 00:20:27,730
+مهمة إن نشخصها لأن ممكن ينقلوا لأباهم وأمهاتهم و
+
+234
+00:20:27,730 --> 00:20:32,870
+أجدادهم البكتيريا واللي بيكونوا ضعفاء يتأثروا فيها
+
+235
+00:20:32,870 --> 00:20:37,910
+زي فيروس كورونا لمصاب الشباب قد لا يبدو عليهم
+
+236
+00:20:37,910 --> 00:20:44,370
+أعراض لكن لو هو راح اتنفس في أنف جده أو جدته ممكن
+
+237
+00:20:44,370 --> 00:20:48,070
+إن يقتله فيحظ دائما ال carriers احنا دولة لازم
+
+238
+00:20:48,070 --> 00:20:52,520
+ناخد بالنا منهم التشخيص الثالث Surgical tests
+
+239
+00:20:52,520 --> 00:20:57,500
+Surgical tests عشان أنا أبين ال antibodies يعني كل
+
+240
+00:20:57,500 --> 00:21:03,800
+ميكروب بيدخل في جسم الإنسان الدم بيعمله خلايا
+
+241
+00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:08,500
+المناعة بيعمله antibodies يعني أجسام مضادة فأنا
+
+242
+00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:16,140
+لما آخد من الدم أفحص ال antibodies بتاعة اللي هو
+
+243
+00:21:16,140 --> 00:21:20,870
+البكتيريا بتاعة الجونوريا هذه أو أفضل cerebrospinal
+
+244
+00:21:20,870 --> 00:21:24,430
+fluid ممكن يبين لي antibodies بس antibodies
+
+245
+00:21:24,430 --> 00:21:31,950
+كانت في مستوى مرتفع بيكون هذا هو مصاب بالمرض 
+
+246
+00:21:31,950 --> 00:21:37,530
+بتاعك اللي هو التهاب السحايا طبعا العلاج بتاعه صعب
+
+247
+00:21:37,530 --> 00:21:43,030
+وسريع كانت بس هالين في الزمن بينعطى على طول لكن بعد
+
+248
+00:21:43,030 --> 00:21:47,570
+هيك بطل يجيب مناعة صارت مقاومة ضده صاروا بيعطوا
+
+249
+00:21:47,570 --> 00:21:51,750
+cephalosporin cephalosporin كفليكس وفي ناس بيعطوا
+
+250
+00:21:51,750 --> 00:21:52,710
+chloramphenicol 
+
+251
+00:21:55,170 --> 00:21:59,590
+والآن يعني حسب المزرعة المزرعة بتخدم أكثر ممكن
+
+252
+00:21:59,590 --> 00:22:03,370
+احنا نبدأ له في واحد من هذه ال antibiotics وناخد
+
+253
+00:22:03,370 --> 00:22:07,890
+منه قبل ما نعطيه المضاد الحيوي اللي هو الـ .. ال
+
+254
+00:22:07,890 --> 00:22:10,930
+cerebrospinal fluid وبعد ثلاثة أيام تطلع نتيجة
+
+255
+00:22:10,930 --> 00:22:14,550
+المزرعة فلكن كان متحسن على ال antibiotic الافتراضي
+
+256
+00:22:14,550 --> 00:22:20,090
+بنخليه عليه إذا كان مش متحسنا احنا بنغير إلى اللي طلع
+
+257
+00:22:20,090 --> 00:22:27,190
+لأكثر قوة متعالية في المزرعة البكتيرية هذه الصورة
+
+258
+00:22:27,190 --> 00:22:32,970
+المكررة ويعني أنا مبسوط إن احنا بلغنا يعني ال
+
+259
+00:22:32,970 --> 00:22:37,350
+chapter 8 إن شاء الله المرة الجاية هنكون مع ال
+
+260
+00:22:37,350 --> 00:22:42,850
+chapter 8 لكن المحاضرة هذه أنا حبيت أخصصها خصيصا
+
+261
+00:22:42,850 --> 00:22:49,460
+لليه اللي هو إيجرام النيجاتيف bacteria اللي بتسبب
+
+262
+00:22:49,460 --> 00:22:57,880
+اللي بتسبب اللي هو الجونوريا
+
+263
+00:22:57,880 --> 00:23:04,680
+التناسلية وبتسبب اللي هو السحايا المخ 

PL9fwy3NUQKwZ2maYQWAufx8JKyPTiiP30/1ufMvFV5K5U_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1828 @@
+1
+00:00:00,890 --> 00:00:05,230
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم والصلاة والسلام على أشرف
+
+2
+00:00:05,230 --> 00:00:11,250
+المرسلين سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين طلابنا
+
+3
+00:00:11,250 --> 00:00:16,490
+الأعزاء أرجو من الله الكريم أن تكونوا جميعا بخير و
+
+4
+00:00:16,490 --> 00:00:22,890
+بصحة جيدة اليوم سوف ننتقل إلى موضوع جديد يكمل ما
+
+5
+00:00:22,890 --> 00:00:28,870
+سبقه من مواضيع خاصة لمساق التلقيح الصناعي طرقه
+
+6
+00:00:28,870 --> 00:00:34,620
+وأساليبهالموضوع اليوم يتحدث عن الـ IGESI وهو عبارة
+
+7
+00:00:34,620 --> 00:00:40,660
+عن اختصار لكلمة يُقصد بها Intracytoplasmic sperm
+
+8
+00:00:40,660 --> 00:00:46,140
+injection يعني الحقن المجهري باستخدام حيوان منوي
+
+9
+00:00:46,140 --> 00:00:51,060
+واحد سنتكلم في هذا ال chapter عن عدة أمور منها
+
+10
+00:00:51,060 --> 00:00:56,020
+القالية المستخدمة في القبض على الحيوان المنوي تحت
+
+11
+00:00:56,020 --> 00:00:59,600
+مصطلحSpermatozoa Catching or Catching of
+
+12
+00:00:59,600 --> 00:01:04,300
+Spermatozoa مصطلح إعطاب الحيوان المنوي وفقدان
+
+13
+00:01:04,300 --> 00:01:08,360
+القدرة على الحركة من خلال مصطلح بنسميه sperm
+
+14
+00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:12,860
+immobilization بعدين ننتقل إلى الميكروسكوب الذي
+
+15
+00:01:12,860 --> 00:01:17,360
+يستخدم في الحقن المجهري ننتقل للتحدث عن ال media
+
+16
+00:01:17,360 --> 00:01:21,980
+التي تقلل من حركة الحيوان المنوي ننتقل إلى آلية
+
+17
+00:01:21,980 --> 00:01:27,100
+الحقنثم نتدرج فيما بعد إلى تطور الجنين منذ لحظة
+
+18
+00:01:27,100 --> 00:01:32,660
+حقن الحيوان المنوي حتى لحظة الإرجاع داخل رحمه سيدة
+
+19
+00:01:32,660 --> 00:01:38,540
+بداية عندما نقول IGESI هي عبارة عن تلمة مكوّنة من
+
+20
+00:01:38,540 --> 00:01:45,160
+أربع حروف الحرف الأول I-C-S-I وهي اختصار
+
+21
+00:01:45,160 --> 00:01:49,820
+للـIntracytoplasmic sperm injection يعني حقن
+
+22
+00:01:49,820 --> 00:01:56,490
+الحيوان داخل الـcytoplasmوهذه العملية تشمل اختيار
+
+23
+00:01:56,490 --> 00:02:01,170
+single sperm وعمل insertion لهذا ال sperm داخل ال
+
+24
+00:02:01,170 --> 00:02:06,050
+oocyte بشرط أن تكون هذه الخيلية أو هذه البويضة
+
+25
+00:02:06,050 --> 00:02:11,930
+ناضجة أي هي عبارة عن بويضة استقرت في ال metaphase
+
+26
+00:02:11,930 --> 00:02:17,010
+الخاص بالانقسام الميوزي الثاني By passing all the
+
+27
+00:02:17,010 --> 00:02:21,630
+egg coat penetration and jameed fusion step
+
+28
+00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:26,460
+characterized of natural fertilization من خلال
+
+29
+00:02:26,460 --> 00:02:30,200
+اختراق جميع الأغلفة المحيطة بالبوايضة ووصول إلى
+
+30
+00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:33,300
+الـcytoplasm يتم إطلاق الحيوان المنوي في
+
+31
+00:02:33,300 --> 00:02:36,960
+الـcytoplasm الخاص بالبوايضة مما يسمح باندماج
+
+32
+00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:41,020
+النواة الذكرية مع النواة الأنثوية لتكوين خلية
+
+33
+00:02:41,020 --> 00:02:45,500
+جديدة هذه العملية بالمجمل تسمى الإخصاب أو ال
+
+34
+00:02:45,500 --> 00:02:49,540
+fertilization أول ما تم إنشاء ال XE كان على ال
+
+35
+00:02:49,540 --> 00:02:54,260
+rabbit بشكل أساسيوأول عملية تم فيها استخدام ل
+
+36
+00:02:54,260 --> 00:02:58,040
+human جميد كانت وادت طبعا إلى حدوث ال pregnancy
+
+37
+00:02:58,040 --> 00:03:03,900
+كانت حوالي فيها بداية عام 1992 ثم بعد ذلك توالت
+
+38
+00:03:03,900 --> 00:03:09,180
+الحالات وتوالى إنجاب أطفال باستخدام خاصية الحقن
+
+39
+00:03:09,180 --> 00:03:15,740
+المجهري أو تقنية الحقن المجهري اللي اسمها EXIT the
+
+40
+00:03:15,740 --> 00:03:18,700
+technique was developed to help achieve the
+
+41
+00:03:18,700 --> 00:03:22,840
+fertilizationfor couples لمين ال couples؟ أو هل
+
+42
+00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:26,340
+التقنية تساعد مين؟ تساعد ال couples اللي عندهم
+
+43
+00:03:26,340 --> 00:03:31,380
+مشكلة في ال infertility وبكون سبب هذه المشكلة male
+
+44
+00:03:31,380 --> 00:03:35,580
+بشكل أساسي أو ال couples اللي عندهم مشكلة في
+
+45
+00:03:35,580 --> 00:03:40,860
+الحصول على بويضة ملقحة أو تلقيح البويضة بشكلها
+
+46
+00:03:40,860 --> 00:03:45,460
+الطبيعي وهي عبارة عن الحاجة بتسميها in vivo
+
+47
+00:03:45,460 --> 00:03:48,940
+fertilization يعني عند two couples عندهم مشكلة في
+
+48
+00:03:48,940 --> 00:03:53,170
+التلقيح الطبيعيأو two couples مشكلتهم خاصة بالميل
+
+49
+00:03:53,170 --> 00:03:58,490
+وهذه المشكلة بتكون في مراحل متقدمة بشكل كبير جدا
+
+50
+00:03:58,490 --> 00:04:05,090
+طبعا متى نلجأ إلى الإجزي؟ بشكل عام إذا كان عندي ما
+
+51
+00:04:05,090 --> 00:04:09,550
+يقارب من حيث الcement parameter عدد ال sperm أو ال
+
+52
+00:04:09,550 --> 00:04:13,210
+concentration of sperm ماتزوّع في الcement fluid
+
+53
+00:04:13,210 --> 00:04:18,910
+أقل من 5 مليون sperm per milliliter ساعتهاهذه
+
+54
+00:04:18,910 --> 00:04:24,710
+الحالة يمكن أن تُستخدم إلى الـ EXY أو الـ IVF ولكن
+
+55
+00:04:24,710 --> 00:04:29,530
+بشكل عام كل ما قل عدد ال sperm كل ما قل عدد ال
+
+56
+00:04:29,530 --> 00:04:34,530
+sperm المتحركنميل إلى استخدام الإجزي أفضل من ال
+
+57
+00:04:34,530 --> 00:04:38,490
+IVF So, likelihood of fertilization with a
+
+58
+00:04:38,490 --> 00:04:41,990
+standard IVF is significantly reduced and
+
+59
+00:04:41,990 --> 00:04:45,030
+therefore such couples should be considered
+
+60
+00:04:45,030 --> 00:04:49,090
+unstable for this procedure particularly where
+
+61
+00:04:49,090 --> 00:04:53,590
+less than 1% normal form while we are observed
+
+62
+00:04:53,590 --> 00:04:57,370
+يعني إذا كان عندى عدد الحيوانات المنوية الموجودة
+
+63
+00:04:57,370 --> 00:05:02,550
+في العين أقل من 5 مليون يميل إلى ال IVFكل ما قل ..
+
+64
+00:05:02,550 --> 00:05:06,250
+كل ما قل عدد الحيوانات المنوية كل ما قل عدد
+
+65
+00:05:06,250 --> 00:05:10,890
+الحيوان منوي المتحرك نلجأ إلى ال exit فبالتالي
+
+66
+00:05:10,890 --> 00:05:15,730
+بشكل مجمل إذا كان عندك كمية ال motile كمية قليلة
+
+67
+00:05:15,730 --> 00:05:20,870
+جدا جدا تكاد تعاد على أصابع يد الواحدة أو تعاد
+
+68
+00:05:20,870 --> 00:05:24,550
+بشكل مئات فقط لا غير ولا تصل إلى آلاف أو مئات
+
+69
+00:05:24,550 --> 00:05:28,720
+الألاف ساعتها هذه ال couplesوهذه ال case تروح إلى
+
+70
+00:05:28,720 --> 00:05:34,020
+الحقن المجهري و لا تذهب إلى التلقيح الصناعي المسمى
+
+71
+00:05:34,020 --> 00:05:38,420
+بال IVF however, fertilization of mature oocyte
+
+72
+00:05:38,420 --> 00:05:42,760
+may still fail to occur in the presence of normal
+
+73
+00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:47,520
+sperm because of hardening or very hard
+
+74
+00:05:47,520 --> 00:05:51,880
+xenopelicida or when oocyte revival or plasma
+
+75
+00:05:51,880 --> 00:05:57,110
+inclusion بعض الأحيان بيكون عنديالـ Cytoplasm
+
+76
+00:05:57,110 --> 00:06:01,110
+بيكون عنده عدد الحيوانات المنوية طبيعي بشكل أو
+
+77
+00:06:01,110 --> 00:06:06,950
+باخر ولكن تفشل عملية التلقيح بسبب ما يلي السبب
+
+78
+00:06:06,950 --> 00:06:09,470
+الأول أن يكون فيها اندزونة بليوسيدا very hard
+
+79
+00:06:09,470 --> 00:06:13,430
+فيصعب على ال sperm أن يخترقها بطريقة التلقيح
+
+80
+00:06:13,430 --> 00:06:17,290
+الطبيعي أو طريقة التلقيح في المختبر ما يعرف باسم
+
+81
+00:06:17,290 --> 00:06:21,330
+ال IVF بخلاف ال exitالـ IVF أنا بخلّي الجميط مع
+
+82
+00:06:21,330 --> 00:06:25,010
+بعض وبعض الـ oocyte مع ال sperm وبتيح الفرصة لل
+
+83
+00:06:25,010 --> 00:06:29,270
+sperm أن يخترق البوادة بس في ال XE أنا اللي بخترق
+
+84
+00:06:29,270 --> 00:06:32,950
+البوادة و بدخل ال sperm من خلال ال needle في بعض
+
+85
+00:06:32,950 --> 00:06:36,430
+الأحيان بيكون عندي ال normal semen parameter
+
+86
+00:06:36,430 --> 00:06:39,780
+normal أو ال semen parameter as normalباراميترا
+
+87
+00:06:39,780 --> 00:06:44,920
+ولكن يفشل ال sperm في عملية التلقيح بسبب زيادة في
+
+88
+00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:49,960
+صعوبة اختراق البوايدة او فقدار ال sperm القدرة في
+
+89
+00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:54,700
+اختراق البوايدة بسبب زيادة ال thickness تبعة
+
+90
+00:06:54,700 --> 00:06:58,280
+الزونا بليوسيدا أو الصلابةالشغل التاني أن يكون
+
+91
+00:06:58,280 --> 00:07:01,920
+الـcytoplasm of oocyte يحتوى على بع�� الـinclusion
+
+92
+00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:05,820
+body التي تعيق الـSpermatozoa من عملية الاختراق
+
+93
+00:07:05,820 --> 00:07:08,940
+لأبنرمالات الفيزيوناب اليوسيدا أكيد بتعمل
+
+94
+00:07:08,940 --> 00:07:11,700
+الـpreventation وpreventing للـSperm fusion
+
+95
+00:07:11,700 --> 00:07:17,280
+فبالتالي يصعب عملية الاختراق أيضًا منها الـSperm
+
+96
+00:07:17,280 --> 00:07:21,040
+may not move in normal fusion الـSperm ما بتتحرك
+
+97
+00:07:21,040 --> 00:07:24,630
+بالشكل الطبيعي فبالتالي ما بيخترق بالشكل الطبيعيأو
+
+98
+00:07:24,630 --> 00:07:27,810
+الـ sperm عنده troubleshooting في عملية الـ
+
+99
+00:07:27,810 --> 00:07:31,110
+attached مع الـ receptor الموجودة على ال egg
+
+100
+00:07:31,110 --> 00:07:36,290
+فبالتالي هذه الأمور الصلابة في الزوناب اليسدة وجود
+
+101
+00:07:36,290 --> 00:07:39,430
+inclusion body في الـ cytoplasm الخاص بالـ oocyte
+
+102
+00:07:39,430 --> 00:07:43,870
+وجود خطأ في حركة الحيوان المنوي أو حركة الحيوان
+
+103
+00:07:43,870 --> 00:07:49,710
+البني والغير طبيعية أيضا وجود فشل في اتصال وارتباط
+
+104
+00:07:49,710 --> 00:07:54,660
+الحيوان المنوي بالـ oocyte هذه الأمورتؤدي إلى فشل
+
+105
+00:07:54,660 --> 00:08:01,020
+عملية التلقيح الصناعي المعروف بالـ IVF لذلك نلجأ
+
+106
+00:08:01,020 --> 00:08:05,460
+إلى الـ IGC أيضًا الـ IGC مهم جدًا في الأشخاص
+
+107
+00:08:05,460 --> 00:08:10,480
+المصابين بالـ HIV أو الأشخاص المصابين بالـ
+
+108
+00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:15,420
+Hepatitis C Viral الناس المصابة بالـ HIV ما بتقدر
+
+109
+00:08:15,420 --> 00:08:19,400
+تنجب بشكل طبيعي هي بتنجب بشكل طبيعي ولكن ما بتقدر
+
+110
+00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:24,380
+تنجب babyطبيعي خالي من المرض فبتلجأ إلى التلقيح
+
+111
+00:08:24,380 --> 00:08:28,340
+الصناعي عشان يعمل عملية filtration و عملية washing
+
+112
+00:08:28,340 --> 00:08:32,760
+لل spermatozoa و التخلص من كل الانتجينات اللي لها
+
+113
+00:08:32,760 --> 00:08:37,520
+علاقة بال HIV فبحصل على single sperm pure بحكنه في
+
+114
+00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:41,380
+البويضة علشان أمنع انتقال هذا المرضFinally,
+
+115
+00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:46,520
+because only single spermatozoa is needed for each
+
+116
+00:08:46,520 --> 00:08:50,180
+egg, Eggsy has allowed the treatment of men who
+
+117
+00:08:50,180 --> 00:08:57,780
+are suffering from azoospermia أيضًا بعض ال male
+
+118
+00:08:57,780 --> 00:09:01,120
+بيعانوا من حالة بنسميها azoospermia وهذه ال
+
+119
+00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:05,530
+azoospermia عرفنا تعريفها في مصبق بمعنى آخرعنده
+
+120
+00:09:05,530 --> 00:09:09,450
+كمية قليلة جدا جدا جدا من عدد الحيوانات المنوية
+
+121
+00:09:09,450 --> 00:09:13,250
+تكاد تكون معدومة فبالتالي single sperm لو أنا
+
+122
+00:09:13,250 --> 00:09:16,970
+وجدته في المصنع يكفي لإنجاح حملية الحقن المجهري
+
+123
+00:09:16,970 --> 00:09:22,110
+فبالتالي بلجأ إلى البحث في المصنع عن طريق ال TSA
+
+124
+00:09:22,110 --> 00:09:25,470
+أو ال PISA ال blockage في ال main reproductive
+
+125
+00:09:25,470 --> 00:09:29,710
+tract may keep sperm from getting out فبالتالي
+
+126
+00:09:29,710 --> 00:09:34,660
+بلجأ إلى ال PISA أو ال TSA البدء في استخدامالـ
+
+127
+00:09:34,660 --> 00:09:37,880
+Immature Oocyte لأن الـ Immature Oocyte يمكن
+
+128
+00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:41,620
+انضاجة في المختبر فتصبح mature عندئذ أستطيع
+
+129
+00:09:41,620 --> 00:09:46,180
+استخدامها في عملية الحقن المجهري أيضًا الـ Oocyte
+
+130
+00:09:46,180 --> 00:09:50,680
+الزائدة عن الحاجة ممكن سيدة بعد ال response يصير
+
+131
+00:09:50,680 --> 00:09:54,520
+عندها very high فتعطيني 35 بوايدة مش منطقي ألقح ال
+
+132
+00:09:54,520 --> 00:09:58,240
+35 بوايدة بشكل كامل لأن مش هقدر أرجع إلى maximum
+
+133
+00:09:58,240 --> 00:10:03,150
+خمس أجنة أفضل خمس أجنة فبروح بخزنهذه البويضات
+
+134
+00:10:03,150 --> 00:10:08,830
+الزائدة إلى الـ Next Cycle فبحمي السيدة من عملية
+
+135
+00:10:08,830 --> 00:10:12,270
+ال stimulation التالية فبالتالي بقل العدد وكمية
+
+136
+00:10:12,270 --> 00:10:15,490
+الهرمونات و الحُقن التي تتناول السيدة من خلال
+
+137
+00:10:15,490 --> 00:10:20,450
+استخدام الـ Oocyte المجمدة طبعاً هذا كله أعطاني
+
+138
+00:10:20,450 --> 00:10:26,430
+فرصة لاستخدام الـ IGESI بدلاً عن ال IVF الـ IGESI
+
+139
+00:10:26,430 --> 00:10:32,260
+procedure بشكل عام تحتاج إلى Male و Femaleالمايل
+
+140
+00:10:32,260 --> 00:10:34,720
+بيخضع على الـ Sample Collection ثم الـ Sample
+
+141
+00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:37,040
+Preparation Sample Collection ثم Sample
+
+142
+00:10:37,040 --> 00:10:42,120
+Preparation علشان احصل على الـ Pure Spermatozoa من
+
+143
+00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:47,200
+خلال الـ Gradient من خلال الـ Simple Dilution أو
+
+144
+00:10:47,200 --> 00:10:50,520
+من خلال الـ Swamp Up أما في المايل بيخضع على
+
+145
+00:10:50,520 --> 00:10:54,420
+برنامج خاص بيسميه Ovarian Stimulation أو Ovarian
+
+146
+00:10:54,420 --> 00:10:57,640
+Hyper Stimulation أو Ovarian أو Control Ovarian
+
+147
+00:10:57,640 --> 00:11:02,800
+Stimulationحقنها بأنواع معينة من الهرمونات من أجل
+
+148
+00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:07,420
+زيادة استجابة المبيض لهذه الهرمونات مما يؤدي إلى
+
+149
+00:11:07,420 --> 00:11:12,900
+إخراج بويضات أكثر من حيث العدد إخراج بويضات أكثر
+
+150
+00:11:12,900 --> 00:11:16,980
+من حيث النضوج فبالتالي بيصير عندي فرصة أكثر وأكبر
+
+151
+00:11:16,980 --> 00:11:21,870
+لحقن أكبر عدد من البويضةThe semen sample is
+
+152
+00:11:21,870 --> 00:11:24,830
+prepared by centrifugation. The sperm should be
+
+153
+00:11:24,830 --> 00:11:27,850
+collected in special media. The separated sperm
+
+154
+00:11:27,850 --> 00:11:30,990
+should be separated from the live sperm from
+
+155
+00:11:30,990 --> 00:11:34,990
+depressed and most dead sperm هذه الـSperm Metazoa
+
+156
+00:11:34,990 --> 00:11:38,050
+اللي عملت لها عملية purification و washing لازم ال
+
+157
+00:11:38,050 --> 00:11:41,410
+life sperm والذي يستخدم في عملية الحقن المجهري
+
+158
+00:11:41,410 --> 00:11:45,530
+أفصلوا بشكل كامل عن كل ال depressed الموجودة وعن
+
+159
+00:11:45,530 --> 00:11:49,170
+كل ال dead sperm الموجودة عن كل ال immature sperm
+
+160
+00:11:49,170 --> 00:11:53,070
+الموجودة اللي سمناهاSpermato-Spermated فيما سابق
+
+161
+00:11:53,070 --> 00:11:56,510
+الـ Imperologists فيما بعد وظيفته انه يعمل
+
+162
+00:11:56,510 --> 00:12:00,670
+catching او pick up لل single life sperm ويعمله
+
+163
+00:12:00,670 --> 00:12:06,310
+عملية injection داخل البوادة علشان كده عملية الحقن
+
+164
+00:12:06,310 --> 00:12:10,850
+تحتاج الى two arms واحد اسمه holder بيبت holder
+
+165
+00:12:10,850 --> 00:12:14,610
+بيحمل فيه البيبت بيحمل فيه عفوا ال oocyte وبيكون
+
+166
+00:12:14,610 --> 00:12:18,530
+على اليسار في الغالب و injection needle بتكون على
+
+167
+00:12:18,530 --> 00:12:22,990
+اليمين في الغالبوكلهم mainly glass واحدة بتثبت
+
+168
+00:12:22,990 --> 00:12:27,730
+البوادة واحدة بتحمل ال sperm وبتعمل injection في
+
+169
+00:12:27,730 --> 00:12:32,110
+داخل البوادة هنشوفها بالصورة ان شاء الله جاب
+
+170
+00:12:32,110 --> 00:12:36,050
+المبدأ في عملية ال catching أو ال pick up of
+
+171
+00:12:36,050 --> 00:12:39,910
+spermatozoa في المحاضرات السابقة تكلمنا عن ال
+
+172
+00:12:39,910 --> 00:12:42,970
+semen parameter تكلمنا عن ال semen collection
+
+173
+00:12:42,970 --> 00:12:46,370
+تكلمنا عن ال purification method التلات أقسام
+
+174
+00:12:46,370 --> 00:12:51,820
+حالياًالعينة وصلتني كمختبر emperiologist as
+
+175
+00:12:51,820 --> 00:12:58,400
+spermatozoa pure يعني sperm life متحرك يصلح لعملية
+
+176
+00:12:58,400 --> 00:13:01,980
+ال IVF او عملية الحقن ال eggsy احنا بنتكلم عن ال
+
+177
+00:13:01,980 --> 00:13:06,060
+eggsy عشان اتم عملية ال eggsy لازم ابدأ بعملية
+
+178
+00:13:06,060 --> 00:13:10,080
+مهمة جدا اسمها eggsy dish preparation كيف يتم
+
+179
+00:13:10,080 --> 00:13:13,480
+تحضير أطباق الحقن ال majority طبق الحقن ال
+
+180
+00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:18,200
+majority هو طبق very sterile dishيشبه إلى حد ما
+
+181
+00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:22,180
+الأطباق الخاصة بالـ Microbiology ولكن أصغر من حيث
+
+182
+00:13:22,180 --> 00:13:27,780
+الحجب تكون معقمة بشكل كامل لا تستخدم ولا تفتح إلا
+
+183
+00:13:27,780 --> 00:13:32,540
+عند الاستخدام رغم أن بعض الدراسات تقولك يجب فتح ال
+
+184
+00:13:32,540 --> 00:13:37,040
+bucket الخاص بال dish ال Exidish علشان يطلع منها
+
+185
+00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:41,160
+ال volatile gas لأن بقاءه بيأثر سلبا على الجنين
+
+186
+00:13:41,160 --> 00:13:45,020
+فماشي بنفتحها و بنخليها في درج و في مكان معقم و
+
+187
+00:13:45,020 --> 00:13:48,430
+عند الحجب ناخد الطبقفي sterile condition، sterile
+
+188
+00:13:48,430 --> 00:13:52,870
+media، داخل ال safety cabinet نضع داخل الطبق تمان
+
+189
+00:13:52,870 --> 00:13:57,210
+قطرات أو تسع قطرات، في الغالب تسع قطرات تمانية على
+
+190
+00:13:57,210 --> 00:14:02,210
+المحيط وواحدة في المنتصف فبالتالي، nine drops
+
+191
+00:14:02,210 --> 00:14:05,790
+contained eight microliter of injection media are
+
+192
+00:14:05,790 --> 00:14:09,210
+replaced in the Petri dish with one in the center
+
+193
+00:14:09,210 --> 00:14:13,830
+and the rest around this dropيعني بمعنى أخر باخد
+
+194
+00:14:13,830 --> 00:14:16,470
+تمانية microliter و بعض الأحيان عشرة microliter
+
+195
+00:14:16,470 --> 00:14:21,710
+بضع تسع نقاط واحدة في المنتصف و تمانية حوالها كل
+
+196
+00:14:21,710 --> 00:14:25,290
+نقطة فيها من تمانية لعشرة microliter من ال
+
+197
+00:14:25,290 --> 00:14:30,230
+injection media طب ليش حطيت نقطة في المنتصف؟ وإيش
+
+198
+00:14:30,230 --> 00:14:34,210
+وظيفة التمانية الموجودة على الحواف؟ التمانية
+
+199
+00:14:34,210 --> 00:14:38,610
+الموجودة على الدائر و الحواف هي المسئولة عن أو
+
+200
+00:14:38,610 --> 00:14:42,440
+المكان الذي سوف نضع فيه البوايضاتبعد عملية الـ
+
+201
+00:14:42,440 --> 00:14:45,500
+Denodation اللي أخدناها فيه من السبب أما القطرة
+
+202
+00:14:45,500 --> 00:14:49,000
+الموجودة في المنتصف هي اللتي سنحمل فيها ال
+
+203
+00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:53,500
+spermatozoa فبالتالي بصير هندي 8 قطرات لو وضعت في
+
+204
+00:14:53,500 --> 00:14:57,180
+كل قطرة بوايدة هي 8 بوايدات في كل قطرة بوايدتين هي
+
+205
+00:14:57,180 --> 00:15:01,240
+16 بوايدة وقطرة في المنتصف تحتوي على ال
+
+206
+00:15:01,240 --> 00:15:05,380
+spermatozoa اللتي سوف تستخدم في عملية الحطب ال
+
+207
+00:15:05,380 --> 00:15:09,600
+drop should be close togetherفي فترة المسافة بينهم
+
+208
+00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:13,740
+لا تتجاوز الـ 20 ميلي متر لتسيل عملية الانتقال من
+
+209
+00:15:13,740 --> 00:15:17,520
+قطرة إلى قطرة و لازم تكون على heat stage درجة
+
+210
+00:15:17,520 --> 00:15:22,420
+حرارته و ليس في درجة حرارة جسم الإنسان 37 the
+
+211
+00:15:22,420 --> 00:15:27,300
+drops should be then over lied with oil to prevent
+
+212
+00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:31,600
+evaporation طبعا بعد مضيف القطرات لازم أخط القطرات
+
+213
+00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:36,740
+و أغمر القطرات ب oilعشان أمنع عملية ال evaporation
+
+214
+00:15:36,740 --> 00:15:41,460
+و أحافظ على الجميط بعد إضافتها فيما بعد طبعا أضيف
+
+215
+00:15:41,460 --> 00:15:45,400
+oil ولا أضيف الجميطات قبل؟ لأ بضيف التسعة قطارات و
+
+216
+00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:49,240
+بعدين بضيف oil بعد كده تكون جاهزة لإضافة الجميط
+
+217
+00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:53,960
+طبعا فيما بعد بستخدم ال marker علشان أعلم عند
+
+218
+00:15:53,960 --> 00:15:57,180
+الساعة 12 و هي عبارة عن ال position اللي حد قعد
+
+219
+00:15:57,180 --> 00:16:00,920
+منهو دايما بعد في عكس عقارب الساعة انت بتعد في
+
+220
+00:16:00,920 --> 00:16:04,700
+اتجاه عقارب الساعة عكس عقارب الساعة بما ترتقيه
+
+221
+00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:07,760
+يعني في ناس دايما الترقيم يكون عكس عقارب الساعة
+
+222
+00:16:07,760 --> 00:16:11,240
+فبالتالي القطرة اللي بتكون عند الساعة 12 برقمها 1
+
+223
+00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:16,840
+و ببدأ عكس عقارب الساعة ثم بعد ذلك أقوم بإغلاق
+
+224
+00:16:16,840 --> 00:16:21,660
+الطبق يكون كده جاهز لعملية تحميل الجميطات فيه أضعه
+
+225
+00:16:21,660 --> 00:16:25,600
+في ال incubator على درجة حرارة 37 درجة مئوية لكي
+
+226
+00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:30,120
+تتأقلم مع ال atmosphereالمتعلق بالـ Incubator
+
+227
+00:16:30,120 --> 00:16:36,260
+طبعاً هذا شكل الـ Petri dish في الغالب هذا شكل الـ
+
+228
+00:16:36,260 --> 00:16:39,820
+Petri dish طبعا هذه في الغالب هي عبارة عن
+
+229
+00:16:39,820 --> 00:16:43,960
+injection needle وهذه الـ holder pipette هذه
+
+230
+00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:48,140
+القطرة الموجودة في المنتصف هي حوالي 8 قطرات 1 2 3
+
+231
+00:16:48,140 --> 00:16:54,150
+4 5 6 7 8 أي شكل تاني من الأشكال المستخدمةهي
+
+232
+00:16:54,150 --> 00:16:56,770
+القطرة الموجودة في المنتصف هذه اللي بعلّب عليها
+
+233
+00:16:56,770 --> 00:17:01,670
+أنا هنا و حواليها ال line أحمر هعمل hold .. هعمل
+
+234
+00:17:01,670 --> 00:17:08,190
+عملية loading ل ال spare mat و ذوها و التمانية
+
+235
+00:17:08,190 --> 00:17:11,770
+المنتصف هعمل عملية loading ل ال bit .. لل OO site
+
+236
+00:17:11,770 --> 00:17:15,170
+بعد عملية ال donation .. بعد عملية ال donation
+
+237
+00:17:15,170 --> 00:17:20,250
+دلنا نشوف كيف بتم تحضير الطبق بالطريقة اللي
+
+238
+00:17:20,250 --> 00:17:21,970
+اتكلمنا فيها قبل بشوية
+
+239
+00:17:25,390 --> 00:17:28,050
+طبعاً هنا هي الطبق بالـ dropper, sterile dropper
+
+240
+00:17:28,050 --> 00:17:32,490
+بضيف القطرات المطلوبة في بعضهم بضيفها على شكل line
+
+241
+00:17:32,490 --> 00:17:37,110
+في بعضهم بضيفها على شكل دائرة كلاهم صح انت شو
+
+242
+00:17:37,110 --> 00:17:41,290
+بترتأي و شو بترتاح تشتغل ولكن الصح انك تضيفهم على
+
+243
+00:17:41,290 --> 00:17:46,530
+شكل دائرة بعدين ضاف حوالهم ال oil طبعاً هنا ضاف
+
+244
+00:17:46,530 --> 00:17:50,910
+أربع قطرات و غطاهم بال oil و ال oil لازم يغطي
+
+245
+00:17:50,910 --> 00:17:56,200
+الطبق ككل عشان شو؟ عشان أمنععملية ال evaporation
+
+246
+00:17:56,200 --> 00:18:01,380
+جهز الطبق بتحمل عليها الجاميطات و لما أقول جاميط
+
+247
+00:18:01,380 --> 00:18:05,600
+يعني male جاميط و female جاميط لازم أحمل ال male و
+
+248
+00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:10,560
+ال female بعد مباشرة immediately before injection
+
+249
+00:18:10,560 --> 00:18:14,300
+and under stereomicroscope the centered drop
+
+250
+00:18:14,300 --> 00:18:17,980
+should be removed and replaced with one microliter
+
+251
+00:18:17,980 --> 00:18:25,450
+of sperm suspendedDiluted in 4µL of 7% PVB ماعرفش
+
+252
+00:18:25,450 --> 00:18:28,170
+يعني PVB شو معنى الكلام هذا ببساطة جدا بيقول
+
+253
+00:18:28,170 --> 00:18:32,030
+القطرة اللي توضعتها في المتصف و هي رقم 9 بتزيلها
+
+254
+00:18:32,030 --> 00:18:39,930
+أو تستبدلها ب 1µL من ال spermatozoa اللي تم
+
+255
+00:18:39,930 --> 00:18:45,890
+تخفيفها في 4µL من ال PVB يعني كأنه بيقولك ببساطة
+
+256
+00:18:45,890 --> 00:18:51,060
+جدا بتجيب 1µL من ال spermatozoaاللي حضرتها عن طريق
+
+257
+00:18:51,060 --> 00:18:56,300
+الـ Gradient أو حضرتها عن طريق Swamp Up وبتعملها
+
+258
+00:18:56,300 --> 00:19:01,820
+Mixing في 4 ملي لتر من ميديا تركيزها 7% تسمى PVP
+
+259
+00:19:01,820 --> 00:19:06,020
+الـ Total Volume 5 تاخد الخمسة micro وبضيفها مكان
+
+260
+00:19:06,020 --> 00:19:09,680
+القطرة الموجودة في المنتصف مش كده في البداية قلت
+
+261
+00:19:09,680 --> 00:19:12,240
+القطرة التاسعة الموجودة في المنتصف هي القطرة اللتي
+
+262
+00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:14,760
+يحمل عليها spermatozoon
+
+263
+00:19:17,710 --> 00:19:20,650
+باستخدام الـ Pasteur Pipet أو Plastic Pipet بتكون
+
+264
+00:19:20,650 --> 00:19:24,010
+ضمن ديامتر معين باجي بانقل البويضات اللي عملتي لها
+
+265
+00:19:24,010 --> 00:19:28,110
+denotation و بضع في كل قطرة الموجودة على الجوانب
+
+266
+00:19:28,110 --> 00:19:32,590
+بويضة أو بويضتين بناء على عدد البويضات اللي موجودة
+
+267
+00:19:32,590 --> 00:19:37,130
+عندي لإن هتصير أتحرك من المنتصف من القطرة اللتي
+
+268
+00:19:37,130 --> 00:19:40,310
+تحتوي على ال spermatozoa إلى القطرة اللتي تحتوي
+
+269
+00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:44,510
+على ال oocyteفمن المنتصف للخارج من المنتصف للخارج
+
+270
+00:19:44,510 --> 00:19:50,170
+عشان كده مهم جدا أحدد الساعة 12 وين هي طالما أحدد
+
+271
+00:19:50,170 --> 00:19:54,930
+الساعة 12 هي نقطة البداية نقطة البداية So what is
+
+272
+00:19:54,930 --> 00:20:00,430
+the function of BVB media during exit? The BVB
+
+273
+00:20:00,430 --> 00:20:03,710
+media has four function or three function The
+
+274
+00:20:03,710 --> 00:20:07,970
+first function reduce the motility of spermatozoa
+
+275
+00:20:08,430 --> 00:20:11,410
+أحنا بنعرف إنه sperm very fast فأنا بعمل عشان
+
+276
+00:20:11,410 --> 00:20:14,990
+أعمله catching بدي أعمله reducing للموتility عشان
+
+277
+00:20:14,990 --> 00:20:19,990
+أتحرك ببطء وأقدر أعمله catching و pick up نين بدي
+
+278
+00:20:19,990 --> 00:20:23,030
+أعمل ال preventing لل sticking في ال inner surface
+
+279
+00:20:23,030 --> 00:20:27,090
+من ال injection ال tube أنا لما أجي أمسك ال sperm
+
+280
+00:20:27,090 --> 00:20:30,430
+و أعمله suction ممكن ال sperm يلتصق بالجدار
+
+281
+00:20:30,430 --> 00:20:34,290
+الداخلي لل needle فانا بدي أمنع هذه العملية من
+
+282
+00:20:34,290 --> 00:20:40,140
+خلال استخدام ال BVB فبتعمل زيغشاء لاصق يمنع التصاق
+
+283
+00:20:40,140 --> 00:20:44,200
+للـ sperm بالـ inner service of injection needle
+
+284
+00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:47,840
+to give more control over the flow of fluid in the
+
+285
+00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:54,120
+exit أيضًا بسمح لي أن أتحكم بدخول وخروج ال sperm
+
+286
+00:20:54,120 --> 00:20:58,260
+بكل سهولة لأن الفسكوس التي تبعت ال BVP media إلى
+
+287
+00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:04,450
+حد عالية فبتتحرك بدرجة خفيفة من السرعة ما بتتحرك
+
+288
+00:21:04,450 --> 00:21:07,430
+بسرعة فبالتالي بفقد ال spirit بسرعة فبالتالي هذه
+
+289
+00:21:07,430 --> 00:21:13,410
+لزوجتها مهمة جدا في التحكم في عملية تدفق السائل أو
+
+290
+00:21:13,410 --> 00:21:18,930
+تدفق وحركة ال spirit ال media which is usually
+
+291
+00:21:18,930 --> 00:21:21,870
+present in the cultural media has the ability to
+
+292
+00:21:21,870 --> 00:21:25,250
+act as membrane and egg شو يعني ممبرين بعد egg
+
+293
+00:21:25,250 --> 00:21:30,190
+بقول ال media اللي أنا استخدمتهاواللي خلطت فيها
+
+294
+00:21:30,190 --> 00:21:34,150
+واحد microliter من ال sperm تستخدم كلاسق زي
+
+295
+00:21:34,150 --> 00:21:38,590
+plaster شو دخل ال plaster في الموضوع؟ في مصطلح
+
+296
+00:21:38,590 --> 00:21:43,210
+هناخده كمان شوية اسمه spermatozoa immobilization
+
+297
+00:21:43,210 --> 00:21:48,590
+يعني إعطاب الحيوان المنوي أو إفقاد قدر الحركة لدى
+
+298
+00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:51,690
+الحيوان المنوي كيف بتصير هذه؟ من خلال جرح الحيوان
+
+299
+00:21:51,690 --> 00:21:58,090
+المنوي أو قطع جزء لديل الخاص بحيوان المنوي لو أنا
+
+300
+00:21:58,580 --> 00:22:02,080
+عملت sharpening cutting في الـ tail of الـ
+
+301
+00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:05,820
+spermatozoa كل المادة الموجودة في ال sperm هتتدفق
+
+302
+00:22:05,820 --> 00:22:10,760
+في الخارج ولكن وجود ال BVP media بتعمل زي plaster
+
+303
+00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:15,200
+فبتمنع عملية التدفق وإلا أنا هفقد كل المواد
+
+304
+00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:18,980
+اللازمة لإتمام عملية ال fertilization وبكدا أنا
+
+305
+00:22:18,980 --> 00:22:23,340
+فقدت ال sperm عشان كده بقولك ان ال BVP media بتعمل
+
+306
+00:22:23,340 --> 00:22:28,870
+زي ال membrane or band aid يعنيالوثاقة الخاصة
+
+307
+00:22:28,870 --> 00:22:32,230
+بالإسعافات الأولين الـ Plasma Brain Damage induced
+
+308
+00:22:32,230 --> 00:22:36,650
+by the touching tail does not allow anything from
+
+309
+00:22:36,650 --> 00:22:39,610
+the sperm cell to leak into the surrounding media
+
+310
+00:22:39,610 --> 00:22:45,170
+أيضًا، الـ sperm cell بعد عملية ال- impolization،
+
+311
+00:22:45,170 --> 00:22:48,710
+بجد ال- immobilization عفوًا، بجد إن الـ sperm لا
+
+312
+00:22:48,710 --> 00:22:54,070
+تزوّايبقى قادر على إخصاب البويضة لفترة زمانية
+
+313
+00:22:54,070 --> 00:23:00,970
+تتراوح لعدد ساعات مش many hours .. several hours
+
+314
+00:23:00,970 --> 00:23:07,250
+هذا بعد ال game immobilization طيب حملت الحيوانات
+
+315
+00:23:07,250 --> 00:23:10,890
+المنوية في القطرس الموجودة في المنتصف حالياً هالجي
+
+316
+00:23:10,890 --> 00:23:14,090
+على نقطة تانية إن بتعمل catching للحيوان المنوي
+
+317
+00:23:14,090 --> 00:23:17,770
+لأن مش كل sperm أنا بدي أستخدمها بدي أستخدم
+
+318
+00:23:17,770 --> 00:23:21,430
+الحيوان المنويالـ morphological normal و بتحرك
+
+319
+00:23:21,430 --> 00:23:25,950
+بشكل طبيعي في مصطلح بنسميه catching the sperm كيف
+
+320
+00:23:25,950 --> 00:23:30,850
+بتعمل catching لل sperm؟ و أنا جاعت بعمل
+
+321
+00:23:30,850 --> 00:23:34,110
+denodation و خلصت؟ بتعمل catching of spermatozoa
+
+322
+00:23:34,110 --> 00:23:39,150
+من خلال أني أسحب تلاتة أربعة sperm و أعملهم
+
+323
+00:23:39,150 --> 00:23:43,850
+immobilization شو يعني immobilization؟ يعني إعطاب
+
+324
+00:23:43,850 --> 00:23:49,470
+و فقدان الحركة من خلال جرح ال spermSince in most
+
+325
+00:23:49,470 --> 00:23:52,610
+of patients specific percentage of sperm is
+
+326
+00:23:52,610 --> 00:23:55,950
+motile, embryologists are faced with the problem
+
+327
+00:23:55,950 --> 00:24:00,450
+of catching this gamete before to immobilization
+
+328
+00:24:00,450 --> 00:24:03,570
+and injection يعني أول مشكلة بتواجهني ك
+
+329
+00:24:03,570 --> 00:24:09,130
+embryologist كيف أستطيع أن أمسك هذا الجاميت أو هذه
+
+330
+00:24:09,130 --> 00:24:13,530
+الجامتات الذكرية ليه المشكلة؟ لأن الحيوان حكيت أنه
+
+331
+00:24:13,530 --> 00:24:17,640
+بتحرك بسرعة فما بقدر أتحكم فيهفبدّي شيء يعمل
+
+332
+00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:21,880
+reduction لـ motility وinhibition وهي الـ BVP
+
+333
+00:24:21,880 --> 00:24:25,360
+media شو ال media أو ال procedure can be performed
+
+334
+00:24:25,360 --> 00:24:31,500
+in the different .. خلّيني أسميها type of media زي
+
+335
+00:24:31,500 --> 00:24:35,340
+ال culture media in general ال BVP media وحاجة
+
+336
+00:24:35,340 --> 00:24:38,860
+بتسميها more physiological viscous solution يعني
+
+337
+00:24:38,860 --> 00:24:44,860
+هذه تلت أمور مهمة جدا تلقى دور كبير في اختزاد حركة
+
+338
+00:24:44,860 --> 00:24:49,550
+الحيوانتثير عملية الـ catching أو الـ pick-up للـ
+
+339
+00:24:49,550 --> 00:24:52,510
+spermatozoa الـ PVV media الـ physiological
+
+340
+00:24:52,510 --> 00:24:57,390
+viscous media و الـ cultured media loading process
+
+341
+00:24:57,390 --> 00:25:01,350
+sperm sample into media drop on the exodash has
+
+342
+00:25:01,350 --> 00:25:04,930
+the benefit that motile sperm will automatically
+
+343
+00:25:04,930 --> 00:25:08,670
+separated from immotile gamete, somatic cell and
+
+344
+00:25:08,670 --> 00:25:13,390
+other debris انت بمجرد ما تخلط واحد microliter من
+
+345
+00:25:13,390 --> 00:25:17,350
+ال spermatozoa بعد ال swarm upمع أربعة من PVP
+
+346
+00:25:17,350 --> 00:25:20,610
+تركيزة سبعة وتحميلها في القطرة الموجودة في الـ
+
+347
+00:25:20,610 --> 00:25:24,530
+center هذا سرعان ما يساعد الـ sperm أن يصير
+
+348
+00:25:24,530 --> 00:25:28,950
+separation between normal sperm, live sperm and
+
+349
+00:25:28,950 --> 00:25:32,990
+other type of spermatozoa and the breast هذا يعني
+
+350
+00:25:32,990 --> 00:25:38,910
+خطوة إضافية من ناحية ال purification this make the
+
+351
+00:25:38,910 --> 00:25:43,010
+purity of whole drop much higher and minimized the
+
+352
+00:25:43,010 --> 00:25:46,850
+contamination theoreticallyيعني هذه الخطوة عملية
+
+353
+00:25:46,850 --> 00:25:53,070
+الـ mixing بتقلل الـ motility وبتقلل أي خطأ ولو
+
+354
+00:25:53,070 --> 00:25:56,430
+كانت خطأ نظري أو contamination بشكل نظري however
+
+355
+00:25:56,430 --> 00:26:00,410
+this mood of catching spear has the drawback that
+
+356
+00:26:00,410 --> 00:26:03,250
+without viscous solution covering the inner
+
+357
+00:26:03,250 --> 00:26:06,030
+surface of the injection pipet spear manipulation
+
+358
+00:26:06,030 --> 00:26:11,410
+during injection is not smoothly عدم وجود solution
+
+359
+00:26:11,410 --> 00:26:16,000
+داخل injection needle الفسكوس تبعته عاليةمعناه ال
+
+360
+00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:19,620
+catching لل spare مش هتكون سهلة مش هتكون لطيفة مش
+
+361
+00:26:19,620 --> 00:26:24,060
+هتكون بالصورة just game لأ هتتغلر فيها بشكل كبير
+
+362
+00:26:24,060 --> 00:26:29,160
+جدا و أي حركة و لو كانت حركة عبثية أو غير محسوبة
+
+363
+00:26:29,160 --> 00:26:32,740
+هضيع ال spare فالمبالك لو أنت بتشتغل على عين مافيش
+
+364
+00:26:32,740 --> 00:26:36,400
+فيها الله أربع spare أربع spare ماتو زواج this
+
+365
+00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:39,940
+problem cannot be overcome but it can be reduced
+
+366
+00:26:39,940 --> 00:26:47,740
+by washing the xyz tool by pvpأي العملية هذه عشان
+
+367
+00:26:47,740 --> 00:26:51,520
+أقلل الخطأ اللي فيها و أتحكم بالـ spermatozoa و ال
+
+368
+00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:54,880
+aspiration للـ spermatozoa بشكل كبير جدا و أمنع ال
+
+369
+00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:59,360
+contamination و أتحكم بال follow و تضفق السائل
+
+370
+00:26:59,360 --> 00:27:02,940
+خلال عملية ال injection أو ال aspiration لازم أغسل
+
+371
+00:27:02,940 --> 00:27:08,000
+ال media عفوا أغسل ال tools الخاصة بال exit tools
+
+372
+00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:11,380
+زي ال holder و ال injection بال BVB media كيف
+
+373
+00:27:11,380 --> 00:27:14,780
+أغسلهم؟ بعمل aspiration و releasing sucking و
+
+374
+00:27:14,780 --> 00:27:19,280
+releasingكإن أنا بخسلها من الداخل it is
+
+375
+00:27:19,280 --> 00:27:22,660
+recommended that minimum volume of media is placed
+
+376
+00:27:22,660 --> 00:27:26,740
+in the exit pipet and that sperm is placed in the
+
+377
+00:27:26,740 --> 00:27:30,040
+foremost third of visible part of a glass tool بعد
+
+378
+00:27:30,040 --> 00:27:32,360
+أن انت ماتعمل aspiration و releasing suction و
+
+379
+00:27:32,360 --> 00:27:36,540
+releasing لل PVP media داخل injection needle و ال
+
+380
+00:27:36,540 --> 00:27:40,040
+holder pipet بعد كده تبقى ال catching لل sperm
+
+381
+00:27:40,040 --> 00:27:44,960
+بسهولة و خدوا بالكوا ال catching لل spermلازم انا
+
+382
+00:27:44,960 --> 00:27:47,680
+بعد ما اعمل catching و ادخل ال sperm داخل ال
+
+383
+00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:51,200
+needle لازم يضغوا ال sperm تحت النظر كافي تضغط تحت
+
+384
+00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:54,780
+النظر نص ال needle بتكون ظهرة في ال microscope
+
+385
+00:27:54,780 --> 00:27:59,500
+فلازم يكون ال sperm في التلت الأول من ال needle
+
+386
+00:27:59,500 --> 00:28:03,740
+عشان اتأكد ان ال sperm موجود في ال needle بعد كده
+
+387
+00:28:03,740 --> 00:28:07,800
+ال embryologist في عنده مشكلة هل يسحب ال sperm من
+
+388
+00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:11,510
+ال head؟ولا يسحب ال sperm من ال tail لما أنا بدأ
+
+389
+00:28:11,510 --> 00:28:15,710
+أسحب ال sperm لأول مرة عشان أحوله لخطوة ال
+
+390
+00:28:15,710 --> 00:28:20,030
+immobilization بسحبه من ال head لأنه أسهل تصور إن
+
+391
+00:28:20,030 --> 00:28:23,870
+عندك sperm ال head كبير واضح و ال tail متحرك تمسكه
+
+392
+00:28:23,870 --> 00:28:26,410
+من ال tail ولا تمسكه من ال head لأ أنا بعمله
+
+393
+00:28:26,410 --> 00:28:30,110
+suction من ال head لأنه أسهل بعد ما أعمله
+
+394
+00:28:30,110 --> 00:28:33,330
+immobilization بعمله suction من ال tail لأن ال
+
+395
+00:28:33,330 --> 00:28:39,280
+tail فقد قدرته على الحركةفي مشكلة تانية بتواجهني
+
+396
+00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:45,600
+أنه لما أجي أعمل injection بلاقي أن جزء من ال PVP
+
+397
+00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:48,700
+media الموجود داخل ال injection needle قد يدخل إلى
+
+398
+00:28:48,700 --> 00:28:52,920
+الـCytoplasm القصب الـOocyte وإذا أنت ما كنتش صاحي
+
+399
+00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:57,160
+للموضوع ده كمية كبيرة جدا تدخل للـOocyte Cytoplasm
+
+400
+00:28:57,160 --> 00:29:01,800
+فده بيعمل مشاكل خلال عملية تطور الـOocyte الملقحة
+
+401
+00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:06,650
+وانقسمها طب ليه بيعمل مشاكل؟ لأن مجلد densityو الـ
+
+402
+00:29:06,650 --> 00:29:11,430
+Size تبع جزيئات الـ PVP Media كبيرة إلى حد ما فما
+
+403
+00:29:11,430 --> 00:29:15,110
+تستطيع الـ Oocyte تتخلص منها من خلال القنوات
+
+404
+00:29:15,110 --> 00:29:18,470
+الموجودة في الـ Plasma Membrane الخاصة بالـ Oocyte
+
+405
+00:29:18,470 --> 00:29:23,350
+عشان كده لازم تكون حذر و ما تتنزل كمية كبيرة جدا
+
+406
+00:29:23,350 --> 00:29:27,910
+أو تدخل كمية كمية كبيرة جدا من الـ PVP Media داخل
+
+407
+00:29:27,910 --> 00:29:31,690
+الـ Oocyte إلا بالحد القليل المسموع طب كيف ده
+
+408
+00:29:31,690 --> 00:29:37,660
+بتصير؟ ببساطة جدا لما انتيجت تخترقجبل ما تخترق
+
+409
+00:29:37,660 --> 00:29:43,160
+البويضة هتنزل ال sperm إلى أقرب نقطة من فوهة ال
+
+410
+00:29:43,160 --> 00:29:47,920
+injection needle وبعدين تخترق البويضة هتسحب جزء
+
+411
+00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:51,680
+بسيط من ال cytoplasm عشان تتأكد أنك داخل ال oocyte
+
+412
+00:29:51,680 --> 00:29:56,180
+مش خرقت من ال أو تم اختراق ال oocyte من جانب وخرجت
+
+413
+00:29:56,180 --> 00:30:01,040
+من الجانب الآخر إذا ��حبت ال cytoplasm وتأكدت أن ال
+
+414
+00:30:01,040 --> 00:30:04,500
+cytoplasm سحب قدامك وتشافت تحت ال microscope معناه
+
+415
+00:30:04,500 --> 00:30:09,600
+أنتداخل الـ Oocyte هتعمل releasing للـ sperm أول
+
+416
+00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:13,640
+ما الـ sperm ينزل من ال injection needle هترفع
+
+417
+00:30:13,640 --> 00:30:19,720
+وتعمل عملية removing لل injection needle من الـ
+
+418
+00:30:19,720 --> 00:30:24,500
+cytoplasm فبالتالي بتكون كميات ضئيلة جدا من ال BVP
+
+419
+00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:28,800
+media الموجودة بداخل ال injection needle وفرغت
+
+420
+00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:32,100
+داخل الـ Oocyte فبالتالي تأثيرها بيكون إلى حد ما
+
+421
+00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:38,850
+محدود أو معدومطيب كيف انا بدأ اعمل عملية ال
+
+422
+00:30:38,850 --> 00:30:41,950
+catching؟ في عندى طريقتين الطريقة الأولى بيسموها
+
+423
+00:30:41,950 --> 00:30:45,390
+sperm slow و الطريقة التانية بيسموها sperm
+
+424
+00:30:45,390 --> 00:30:50,550
+catching طبعا كلاهم او كلا الطريقتين باعتمدوا على
+
+425
+00:30:50,550 --> 00:30:55,830
+مبدأ واحد وهو عبارة عن ما يليه the major compound
+
+426
+00:30:55,830 --> 00:31:01,740
+of the cumulus cell matrix هي لورينيتslow down to
+
+427
+00:31:01,740 --> 00:31:05,160
+move the spermatozoa and could act as natural
+
+428
+00:31:05,160 --> 00:31:10,540
+alternative to PVP وجدوا أن الـ Oocyte خلاياها
+
+429
+00:31:10,540 --> 00:31:14,740
+تحتوي على كمية كبيرة جدا cumulus cell matrix تحتوي
+
+430
+00:31:14,740 --> 00:31:18,920
+على مركب طبيعي يسمى هي لورينيت وهذا اللي هي
+
+431
+00:31:18,920 --> 00:31:24,340
+لورينيت يلعب ضوء كبير جدا في انقاص واخفاض واختزان
+
+432
+00:31:24,340 --> 00:31:29,980
+الحركة لدى ال spermatozoa فبالتالي أستطيع استخدام
+
+433
+00:31:30,660 --> 00:31:35,220
+دم هذا المُركّب الطبيعي بدلاً من الـ PVP media
+
+434
+00:31:35,220 --> 00:31:40,100
+اللي هي لورينايت relatively high negative charge
+
+435
+00:31:40,100 --> 00:31:44,680
+and high hydration capacity which allow for the
+
+436
+00:31:44,680 --> 00:31:47,500
+preparation of solution with adequate viscosity
+
+437
+00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:52,940
+for exit ليه السبب أو شو السبب اللي خلّه اللي هي
+
+438
+00:31:52,940 --> 00:31:59,140
+لورينايت مقابل أو عوض عن ال PVP أو alternative لل
+
+439
+00:31:59,140 --> 00:32:03,820
+PVP عدة أسبابمنه الـ Negative Charge منه أن الـ
+
+440
+00:32:03,820 --> 00:32:08,140
+Hydration كبسطة عالية جدا كلاهم يمنحن القدرة
+
+441
+00:32:08,140 --> 00:32:14,080
+بالتكوين محلول فسكوسية تبعته عالية أو كافية لإعاقط
+
+442
+00:32:14,080 --> 00:32:17,800
+حركة الـ spermatozoa والتحكم بشكل كبير في عملية
+
+443
+00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:21,940
+التضافق It has been reported that its effect on
+
+444
+00:32:21,940 --> 00:32:26,020
+the sperm motility is reversible يعني تأثير
+
+445
+00:32:26,020 --> 00:32:28,840
+الهيوروناية تأضف إلى ذلك تأثيره على ال spermatozoa
+
+446
+00:32:28,840 --> 00:32:33,420
+مش دائمreversible مش irreversible لأ reversible
+
+447
+00:32:33,420 --> 00:32:41,560
+يعني عكسي and is used and it is used and it is
+
+448
+00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:44,260
+used does not affect the outcome of treatment
+
+449
+00:32:44,260 --> 00:32:47,380
+cycle in term fertilization pregnancy and live
+
+450
+00:32:47,380 --> 00:32:51,280
+birth rate بمعنى أخر رغم أنه تأثيره على ال sperm
+
+451
+00:32:51,280 --> 00:32:55,440
+motility تأثير ليس بدائم أيضا الدراسات جالت ما
+
+452
+00:32:55,440 --> 00:32:58,000
+بتأثر على ال pregnancy rate ما بتأثر على ال
+
+453
+00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:01,460
+fertilization rateما بتأثر على معدل الحصول على
+
+454
+00:33:01,460 --> 00:33:06,920
+life pairs وهذا شيء مهم جدا خلال عملية الإجذب وال
+
+455
+00:33:06,920 --> 00:33:11,660
+injection سنكتفي بهذا القدر في هذه المحاضرة على أن
+
+456
+00:33:11,660 --> 00:33:16,780
+نلتقي في محاضرة جديدة ان شاء الله دومتم في حفظ
+
+457
+00:33:16,780 --> 00:33:19,140
+الله والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwZ2maYQWAufx8JKyPTiiP30/diNdtthu9cM_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1820 @@
+1
+00:00:01,350 --> 00:00:04,750
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم والصلاة والسلام على أشرف
+
+2
+00:00:04,750 --> 00:00:09,470
+المرسلين سيدنا محمد الصادق الأمين أما بعد توقفنا
+
+3
+00:00:09,470 --> 00:00:13,510
+في المحاضرة السابقة عند ال ovulatory phase as one
+
+4
+00:00:13,510 --> 00:00:16,910
+of menstrual cycle stage or phase وقلنا أن هذا
+
+5
+00:00:16,910 --> 00:00:22,410
+الطور يستهلك ما يقارب من 32 ساعة إلى 16 ساعة من
+
+6
+00:00:22,410 --> 00:00:26,690
+خلال أيام الدورة الشهرية الكاملة التي تتمثل في 28
+
+7
+00:00:26,690 --> 00:00:32,290
+يومفي هذا الطور يتمثل خروج البويضة من المبيض تحت
+
+8
+00:00:32,290 --> 00:00:36,570
+مصطلح بيسمى الـ Opulation أي الطبويد وهذا الطبويد
+
+9
+00:00:36,570 --> 00:00:39,790
+يحدث بفعل هرمون يسمى الـ Lutralizing hormone حيث
+
+10
+00:00:39,790 --> 00:00:44,370
+عندما تصل لـ Graphian Follicle الحجم المطلوب الذي
+
+11
+00:00:44,370 --> 00:00:47,830
+يدل على وصوله إلى الـ Maturation Stage تبدأ بإفراز
+
+12
+00:00:47,830 --> 00:00:51,970
+كمية كبيرة جدا من الـ Estrogen هرمون هذا الـ
+
+13
+00:00:51,970 --> 00:00:55,610
+Estrogen هرمون يحفظ الـ Pituitary gland anterior
+
+14
+00:00:55,610 --> 00:01:00,460
+loop لإفراز Lutralizing hormoneالذي يعمل على تفجير
+
+15
+00:01:00,460 --> 00:01:06,620
+الفوليكل وخروج البوايدة البوايدة خرجت من الفوليكل
+
+16
+00:01:06,620 --> 00:01:09,340
+اللي سميتها Graphene Follicle والـ Graphene
+
+17
+00:01:09,340 --> 00:01:13,620
+Follicle في مباعد بتحول إلى الجسم الأصفر أو Corpus
+
+18
+00:01:13,620 --> 00:01:18,800
+Luteum الذي يلعب دورة مهمة جدا في عملية استمرار أو
+
+19
+00:01:18,800 --> 00:01:22,700
+تغذية الجسم بالـ Progesterone هرمون في بداية الحمل
+
+20
+00:01:22,700 --> 00:01:28,790
+وهو الذي يعمل على استقرار الحمل في أول أيامهطبعاً
+
+21
+00:01:28,790 --> 00:01:34,130
+في نهاية الـ Wave الخاصة بالـ LH تبدأ عملية
+
+22
+00:01:34,130 --> 00:01:41,370
+التبويض بالحدوث ما بين 10 إلى 12 ساعة يعني بعد الـ
+
+23
+00:01:41,370 --> 00:01:45,350
+Wave أو نهاية الـ LH Wave بعشر ساعات ممكن يصير
+
+24
+00:01:45,350 --> 00:01:49,550
+التبويض أو 12 ساعة ممكن يصير التبويض فبالتالي الـ
+
+25
+00:01:49,550 --> 00:01:52,930
+LH وظيفته فقط الـ ovulation ما له علاقة بالـ
+
+26
+00:01:52,930 --> 00:01:57,230
+maturation الذي لهدورة مهمة في عملية ال maturation
+
+27
+00:01:57,230 --> 00:02:03,770
+هو ال FSH هرمون ال FSH هرمون طبعا ال oocyte about
+
+28
+00:02:03,770 --> 00:02:09,530
+24 hours after this day the egg will be die or
+
+29
+00:02:09,530 --> 00:02:14,260
+dissolve if there is no fertilization okayطبعا
+
+30
+00:02:14,260 --> 00:02:18,380
+فترة حياة البويضة بعد تبويض 24 ساعة فقط لغير، يعني
+
+31
+00:02:18,380 --> 00:02:20,460
+يوم كامل، يعني خلال هذا اليوم لازم يصير
+
+32
+00:02:20,460 --> 00:02:24,440
+fertilization أو intercourses علشان يصير عنده
+
+33
+00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:28,420
+pregnancy، يصير عنده fetus مستقبلا إذا ما صار فيه
+
+34
+00:02:28,420 --> 00:02:31,360
+intercourses، يعني ما صار فيه fertilization،
+
+35
+00:02:31,360 --> 00:02:36,260
+البويضة بتموت و بتدوب و تخرج مع ال bleedingفي
+
+36
+00:02:36,260 --> 00:02:40,860
+مرحلة الـ menstrual phase fertilization is more
+
+37
+00:02:40,860 --> 00:02:44,280
+likely when sperm are present in the productive
+
+38
+00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:48,460
+tract before the egg is released أفضل حالات ال
+
+39
+00:02:48,460 --> 00:02:52,980
+fertilization تحدث و الأكثر حدوثا أن ال sperm يكون
+
+40
+00:02:52,980 --> 00:02:56,920
+موجود في ال fallopian tube قبل أيام الطبوية بيوم
+
+41
+00:02:56,920 --> 00:03:00,180
+أو بيومين لأن ال sperm بتميز أن ال half-life
+
+42
+00:03:00,180 --> 00:03:03,430
+الخاصة فيه تلت أيامبينما ال half-life تبعت ال
+
+43
+00:03:03,430 --> 00:03:06,650
+oocyte يوم واحد علشان أطمن أنه يحصل فيه pregnancy
+
+44
+00:03:06,650 --> 00:03:10,970
+و يحصل fertilization لازم يكون ال sperm في انتظار
+
+45
+00:03:10,970 --> 00:03:14,010
+البويضة يعني ال sperm يكون وصل في لوبيا التيوب
+
+46
+00:03:14,010 --> 00:03:18,950
+جابل البويضة ما يصير لها عملية ovulation وهذه أكثر
+
+47
+00:03:18,950 --> 00:03:23,590
+حالات ل pregnancy حدوثا طبعا ال egg released does
+
+48
+00:03:23,590 --> 00:03:27,130
+not alternate between the two ovarian and appear
+
+49
+00:03:27,130 --> 00:03:31,350
+to be randomبمعنى آخر أن ال over الأيمن و ال over
+
+50
+00:03:31,350 --> 00:03:36,130
+الأيسر كلاهما يعمل بشكل مستقل بمعنى آخر أن كلاهما
+
+51
+00:03:36,130 --> 00:03:40,510
+يستطيع إخراج بويضة في نفس الشهر مافي حاجة اسمها أن
+
+52
+00:03:40,510 --> 00:03:45,670
+المبيضين يتناوبوا في شهر مايو يشغل المبيض الأيمن
+
+53
+00:03:45,670 --> 00:03:49,710
+في شهر ستة يشغل الأيسر في شهر سبعة يرجع الأيمن في
+
+54
+00:03:49,710 --> 00:03:54,790
+شهر تمانية يرجع الأيسر مافي تناوب في العمل والدليل
+
+55
+00:03:54,790 --> 00:04:00,850
+أن في بعض الأحيان ممكن يصير في انديtwins أو triple
+
+56
+00:04:00,850 --> 00:04:04,970
+لأن المبيض أفرز بوايدتين وهذا المبيض أفرز بوايدة
+
+57
+00:04:04,970 --> 00:04:08,010
+أو أجد بوايدة من المبيض الأيمن و بوايدة من المبيض
+
+58
+00:04:08,010 --> 00:04:13,050
+الأيسر حالة أخرى تؤكد هذا الكلام بمعنى آخر إن
+
+59
+00:04:13,050 --> 00:04:17,150
+السيدة لو خضعت إلى عملية جراحية استقصلت أحد
+
+60
+00:04:17,150 --> 00:04:21,490
+المبيضين فالمبيض الأخر سوف يستمر كل شهر في إفراز
+
+61
+00:04:21,490 --> 00:04:27,890
+وانضاج بوايدة ما بنلاقي شهر أه وشهر لأ فالعملية
+
+62
+00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:32,660
+بتكون بشكل عشوائي مافي نوع من أنواع الترتيب الطور
+
+63
+00:04:32,660 --> 00:04:35,540
+الأخير من أطوار الدورة الشرية اللي بنسميه الـ UTL
+
+64
+00:04:35,540 --> 00:04:39,120
+phase أو حاجة بنسميها ال post-ovulatory phase
+
+65
+00:04:39,120 --> 00:04:45,720
+وبتاخد من 15 إلى 28 من أيام الدورة خلال الـ UTL
+
+66
+00:04:45,720 --> 00:04:48,760
+phase و اللي بيصير بعد ال rupture of the follicle
+
+67
+00:04:48,760 --> 00:04:51,480
+which causes releasing of the oocyte and forms a
+
+68
+00:04:51,480 --> 00:04:54,160
+structure called the corpus luteum يعني الفولكل
+
+69
+00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:58,630
+صارها rupture طلعت ال oocyteبعد ما تطلع الـ Oocyte
+
+70
+00:04:58,630 --> 00:05:03,690
+هذه الفولكية بتتحول إلى كوربوس اليوتيوم الذي يقوم
+
+71
+00:05:03,690 --> 00:05:06,810
+بتقليم و إزالة البروجسترون هذا الكوربوس اليوتيوم
+
+72
+00:05:06,810 --> 00:05:10,890
+مهم جدا في أول بداية الحمل بعد انحدث البروجسترون
+
+73
+00:05:10,890 --> 00:05:16,570
+أو في أول العملية أو في أول عملية الـ util phase
+
+74
+00:05:16,570 --> 00:05:20,130
+أول أطوار الـ util phase لأنه بيعمل على إنتاج كمية
+
+75
+00:05:20,130 --> 00:05:24,430
+كبيرة جدا من البروجسترون على أمل أن يحصل في أدي
+
+76
+00:05:24,430 --> 00:05:29,140
+البروجسترونالبروجسترون هل له وظيفة معينة؟ أكيد
+
+77
+00:05:29,140 --> 00:05:33,980
+البروجسترون بيعمل على تحفيز المبيض على تهييء
+
+78
+00:05:33,980 --> 00:05:38,000
+المبيض لعملية ال implantation من خلال تدعيم ال
+
+79
+00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:42,220
+endomaterium regeneration تدعيم بطانة الرحم caused
+
+80
+00:05:42,220 --> 00:05:46,220
+endomaterium to thick بيخلي بطانة الرحم أكثر سماكة
+
+81
+00:05:46,220 --> 00:05:50,880
+إذا صارت أكثر سماكة يعني إن عندها قابلية أكبر إنها
+
+82
+00:05:50,880 --> 00:05:55,260
+تستقبل الجنين و تعمله implantationوبتصير أكثر
+
+83
+00:05:55,260 --> 00:05:59,060
+سماكة من خلال زيادة المواد الغذائية وتضافة الدم
+
+84
+00:05:59,060 --> 00:06:04,100
+إلى هذه المنطقة Caused the mucus in the cervix to
+
+85
+00:06:04,100 --> 00:06:08,160
+thicken so that the sperm or bacteria are less
+
+86
+00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:11,880
+likely to enter the uterus بيخلّي المنطقة الـ
+
+87
+00:06:11,880 --> 00:06:16,160
+cervical .. الميوكاس المنطقة الـ cervical الكثافة
+
+88
+00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:19,800
+تبعتها عالية جدا فبصير الميوكاس more thick هذا
+
+89
+00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:24,370
+بيمنع أي sperm أو أي نوع من أنواع البكتيريا تدخلو
+
+90
+00:06:24,370 --> 00:06:28,930
+تخطأ منطقة الـ cervic و تصل للرحم فتعمل التهابات
+
+91
+00:06:28,930 --> 00:06:32,730
+حادة جدا في منطقة الرحم مما يؤدي إلى إيجاد الجنين
+
+92
+00:06:32,730 --> 00:06:35,810
+فالبروجيسترون بيمنع الكلام هذا شغل تانية
+
+93
+00:06:35,810 --> 00:06:39,230
+البروجيسترون بيعمل causing body temperature to
+
+94
+00:06:39,230 --> 00:06:43,630
+increase slightly during the UTL phase and remain
+
+95
+00:06:43,630 --> 00:06:47,870
+elevated until menstrual cycle period علشان يحفظ
+
+96
+00:06:47,870 --> 00:06:52,350
+هذا المنطقة أن يصير في أنه تجديد أضف إلى ذلك أنه
+
+97
+00:06:52,350 --> 00:06:56,400
+بيحفظ جهاز المناعةإن و الله في عندي شيء غريب هيحدث
+
+98
+00:06:56,400 --> 00:07:00,440
+في منطقة ال abdominal فلازم جهاز المناعة يظل محفظ
+
+99
+00:07:00,440 --> 00:07:06,100
+يحفظ جهاز المناعة من خلال ارتفاع درجة حرارة الجسم
+
+100
+00:07:06,100 --> 00:07:11,740
+بشكل تدريجي معناه جهاز المناعة عنده ميار معين
+
+101
+00:07:11,740 --> 00:07:17,110
+ارتفاع درجة الحرارة معناه ان في عندي حالةأو خطر أو
+
+102
+00:07:17,110 --> 00:07:21,330
+حالة من الاستعداد يجب أن يكون فيه من خلال الجهاز
+
+103
+00:07:21,330 --> 00:07:26,850
+المناعي لأي invasion ممكن يصير للجسم if the women
+
+104
+00:07:26,850 --> 00:07:30,070
+become pregnant إذا صار في عند ال fertilization
+
+105
+00:07:30,070 --> 00:07:33,430
+وشاء الأقدار وشاء الله ان يصير fertilization هيصير
+
+106
+00:07:33,430 --> 00:07:37,290
+هنا في ال fallopian tube يبدأ الجسم يفرز هرمون
+
+107
+00:07:37,290 --> 00:07:41,190
+بنسميه هرمون الحمل وهو عبارة عن ال betaHuman
+
+108
+00:07:41,190 --> 00:07:48,110
+Chronic Gonadotropin بيسموها Beta HCG
+
+109
+00:07:48,110 --> 00:07:54,290
+اختصار Beta H Human C Chronic G Gonadotropin طبعا
+
+110
+00:07:54,290 --> 00:08:00,410
+هذا الهرمون يفرز يسمى بهرمون الحملويتم إفرازه and
+
+111
+00:08:00,410 --> 00:08:04,850
+its help يتم إفرازه بمجرد حدوث ال fertilization من
+
+112
+00:08:04,850 --> 00:08:09,850
+قبل الجسم وظيفته الأساسية بيحفظ الـ corpus luteum
+
+113
+00:08:09,850 --> 00:08:14,630
+من أجل استمرار إفراز البروجسترون كمان هذا الـ Beta
+
+114
+00:08:14,630 --> 00:08:19,330
+-HCG يحفظ بطنط الرحم إنها تبقى thick ما يصير لها
+
+115
+00:08:19,330 --> 00:08:23,020
+thinningوبالتالي بيصير لها degradation بشكل سريء
+
+116
+00:08:23,020 --> 00:08:25,920
+During a pregnancy, all events of the menstrual
+
+117
+00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:30,000
+cycle will be stopped and there is no menstruation
+
+118
+00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:33,820
+خلال عملية الحمض وإذا صار في fertilization، كل
+
+119
+00:08:33,820 --> 00:08:37,580
+أحداث الدورة الشهرية كلها هتتوقف ومش هيصير a
+
+120
+00:08:37,580 --> 00:08:40,800
+bleeding في نهاية التمانية وعشرين يوم لإنه صار في
+
+121
+00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:45,290
+عندي جنينوالجنين يعني انغرز في بطانة الرحم يعني
+
+122
+00:08:45,290 --> 00:08:48,350
+بطانة الرحم لازم تبقى موجودة ومايصلهاش degradation
+
+123
+00:08:48,350 --> 00:08:51,570
+طب إذا ماصارش فيه pregnancy كل الهرمونات هذه
+
+124
+00:08:51,570 --> 00:08:55,710
+هتتغير هيبدأ الكوربس اليوتيام يوقف إفراز
+
+125
+00:08:55,710 --> 00:09:00,070
+لبروجسترون هيصير فيه شرينكش بشكل تدريجي ويصير له
+
+126
+00:09:00,070 --> 00:09:04,590
+degradation إفراز هرمون البروجسترون كمان في
+
+127
+00:09:04,590 --> 00:09:09,140
+المقابل يقلل إفراز هرمون الأستروجينكلهم يلعب دورة
+
+128
+00:09:09,140 --> 00:09:12,500
+سلبية على بطاطة الرحم، مما يؤدي إلى إضعافها
+
+129
+00:09:12,500 --> 00:09:18,180
+وتهتكها وتكسرها وخروجها مع ال bleeding في نهاية
+
+130
+00:09:18,180 --> 00:09:23,400
+هذا ال cycle والتي تعتبر بداية cycle جديدة هذا
+
+131
+00:09:23,400 --> 00:09:24,180
+بالنسبة إلى
+
+132
+00:09:27,980 --> 00:09:32,380
+هنتكلم ببساطة في صورة هي في عين دي Hypothalamic
+
+133
+00:09:32,380 --> 00:09:35,560
+وهو عبارة عن الـ Hypothalamus اللي بيفرز
+
+134
+00:09:35,560 --> 00:09:38,060
+الجريادوتروبين releasing hormone للناس اللي أخدت
+
+135
+00:09:38,060 --> 00:09:40,880
+اندوكراينولوجيا ب��ثر على الـ anterior loop
+
+136
+00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:44,040
+للبتيوتر الجلد فبيفرز ال FSH ال follicle
+
+137
+00:09:44,040 --> 00:09:48,660
+stimulating hormone وبيفرز ال utilizing hormone ال
+
+138
+00:09:48,660 --> 00:09:52,060
+follicle stimulating hormone وظيفته الأساسية بيحفظ
+
+139
+00:09:52,060 --> 00:09:56,500
+ال follicle للنضوج للوصول إلى الجريافية ال
+
+140
+00:09:56,500 --> 00:10:00,470
+follicleالـ Graphian Follicle بمجرد وصول الـ
+
+141
+00:10:00,470 --> 00:10:02,730
+Graphian Follicle إلى الـ Diameter المطلوب من 18
+
+142
+00:10:02,730 --> 00:10:07,930
+-36 ببدأ يفرز كمية كبيرة جدا من الـ Estrogen اللي
+
+143
+00:10:07,930 --> 00:10:10,910
+بحفظ الـ Anterolube للـ Pituitary Gland فتفرز الـ
+
+144
+00:10:10,910 --> 00:10:14,970
+Lactalizing Hormone اللي بيعمل Ovulation الفوليكل
+
+145
+00:10:14,970 --> 00:10:17,890
+هذه اللي صار فيها Ovulation تتحول إلى Corpus
+
+146
+00:10:17,890 --> 00:10:22,490
+Luteum من أجل إفراز هرمون للبروجسترون هذه فكرة
+
+147
+00:10:22,490 --> 00:10:27,030
+عمليةالدورة الشهرية أو الهرمونات الدورة الشهرية
+
+148
+00:10:27,030 --> 00:10:30,890
+عند السيدات خلّينا نشوف الفيديو اللي بتكلم عن هذه
+
+149
+00:10:30,890 --> 00:10:38,190
+العملية الـ
+
+150
+00:10:38,190 --> 00:10:41,470
+menstrual cycle is a term used to describe monthly
+
+151
+00:10:41,470 --> 00:10:44,130
+events that occur within a woman's body in
+
+152
+00:10:44,130 --> 00:10:48,270
+preparation for the possibility of pregnancy each
+
+153
+00:10:48,270 --> 00:10:50,570
+month an egg is released from an ovary
+
+154
+00:10:53,700 --> 00:10:58,220
+في نفس الوقت، يتحرر خطوط البرتقال لإستعداد الحضورة
+
+155
+00:10:58,220 --> 00:11:03,000
+إذا لم تتحرر الخطوط بالبرتقال لإستعداد الحضورة
+
+156
+00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:04,220
+لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد الحضورة
+
+157
+00:11:04,220 --> 00:11:04,620
+لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد الحضورة
+
+158
+00:11:04,620 --> 00:11:04,720
+لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد الحضورة
+
+159
+00:11:04,720 --> 00:11:06,340
+لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد الحضورة
+
+160
+00:11:06,340 --> 00:11:09,740
+لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد الحضورة
+
+161
+00:11:09,740 --> 00:11:16,800
+لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد الحضورة لإستعداد
+
+162
+00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:19,760
+الحضورة لإستعداد الح
+
+163
+00:11:22,610 --> 00:11:26,010
+السيقل المنسوي يتحكم في الهرمونات التي يتم تحريرها
+
+164
+00:11:26,010 --> 00:11:32,290
+من الجلد والعضلات الجلد الهرموني نفسه يتحكم في
+
+165
+00:11:32,290 --> 00:11:37,150
+الهيبثالموس الهيبثالموس ينتج هرمون يدعى
+
+166
+00:11:37,150 --> 00:11:44,090
+غوندوترابين ريليسينغ هورمون أو GNRH GNRH يدفع جذب
+
+167
+00:11:44,090 --> 00:11:47,670
+الهرمون الهرموني لتحرير الهرمون الهرموني يدفع
+
+168
+00:11:47,670 --> 00:11:53,230
+الهرمون الهرموني لتحريرالـ FSH تسير في مصادر الدم
+
+169
+00:11:53,230 --> 00:11:58,750
+إلى الأعضاء ويعزز مجموعة من الفوليكولات لتنمو هذه
+
+170
+00:11:58,750 --> 00:12:02,330
+الفوليكولات الأساسية تتطور إلى فوليكولات أساسية ثم
+
+171
+00:12:02,330 --> 00:12:06,710
+فوليكولات ثانوية هذه الفوليكولات تنتج هرمون اسمه
+
+172
+00:12:06,710 --> 00:12:10,350
+أستراجين وهو يعمل لإنشطة تنمو تطور الاندومتريا
+
+173
+00:12:10,350 --> 00:12:15,190
+الانترالي من الجلد الفوليكولات
+
+174
+00:12:15,190 --> 00:12:17,430
+الثانوية تقاتلوا مع بعضها البعض وإلا واحد منهم
+
+175
+00:12:17,430 --> 00:12:22,060
+سيبقى ماتور من الفوليكولةوالباقي يتعذب ويموت.
+
+176
+00:12:23,420 --> 00:12:26,200
+مستوى المزيد من الأسترجان يعمل أيضًا على الـ
+
+177
+00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:31,180
+hypothalamus ومعينة الأمامية لإزالة مستوى الـ GNRH
+
+178
+00:12:31,180 --> 00:12:37,920
+ويجعله ينتج هرمون آخر، هرمون الـ LH. تشغّل تشغف
+
+179
+00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:42,840
+الـ LH تشغّف الـ ovulation. إطلاق الأجهزة من
+
+180
+00:12:42,840 --> 00:12:47,200
+الفولجل والأعضاء. والأجهزة ثم تسحق من الـ Fembrae
+
+181
+00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:52,120
+ويتخلص من مخصصة الـ uterineFertilization by a
+
+182
+00:12:52,120 --> 00:12:55,540
+spermatozoan when it occurs usually takes place in
+
+183
+00:12:55,540 --> 00:12:58,100
+the ampulla, the widest section of the fallopian
+
+184
+00:12:58,100 --> 00:13:01,660
+tube لذن عملية ال fertilization بتصير في ال
+
+185
+00:13:01,660 --> 00:13:04,740
+fallopian tube في منطقة بيسموها ال ambula في منطقة
+
+186
+00:13:04,740 --> 00:13:09,120
+بيسموها ال ambula لأن هذا المصطلح هيمر علينا قدام
+
+187
+00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:11,760
+ال fertilized egg immediately begins the process
+
+188
+00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:14,880
+of development while traveling towards the uterus
+
+189
+00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:20,410
+after six days it becomes a blastocystوهي مصابة في
+
+190
+00:13:20,410 --> 00:13:24,710
+الاندومتريوم في الجلد طبعا بعد كده البوايضة
+
+191
+00:13:24,710 --> 00:13:28,210
+المخصبة هتنتقل إلى الرحم وتنغلط في بطانة الرحم في
+
+192
+00:13:28,210 --> 00:13:32,030
+مرحلة معينة إلى أقسم معين هتتكلم عنه لما نصل ل ال
+
+193
+00:13:32,030 --> 00:13:37,690
+embryo grading و ال embryo typing meanwhile the
+
+194
+00:13:37,690 --> 00:13:40,210
+leftover of the ruptured follicle has become a
+
+195
+00:13:40,210 --> 00:13:42,930
+corpus luteum which secretes progesterone
+
+196
+00:13:42,930 --> 00:13:46,150
+Progesterone further stimulates uterine
+
+197
+00:13:46,150 --> 00:13:50,440
+developmentتجعلها مجلد مدعوم للمجلد في حالة
+
+198
+00:13:50,440 --> 00:13:55,620
+الحفاظة في مفاوضة الحفاظة، يتخلص الكوربوسلوثيوم
+
+199
+00:13:55,620 --> 00:14:01,080
+ويتخلص مستوى البروجسترون هذا يعيد إلى انتقال من
+
+200
+00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:04,760
+الاندومتريوم، يبدأ الانتقال ويبدأ السيكلية بالعكس
+
+201
+00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:11,040
+طبعا
+
+202
+00:14:11,040 --> 00:14:13,720
+هذه الكلام تخلق الدورة الشهرية وأحداث الدورة
+
+203
+00:14:13,720 --> 00:14:17,970
+الشهرية والهرمونات التيتنتج من الـ Gonadotropin من
+
+204
+00:14:17,970 --> 00:14:20,150
+الـ hypotalamus متمثل في الـ gonadotropin الـ
+
+205
+00:14:20,150 --> 00:14:23,230
+releasing hormone من الـ pituitary gland متوسطة في
+
+206
+00:14:23,230 --> 00:14:26,950
+الـ FSH و الـ LH و من ال corpus luteum متمثل
+
+207
+00:14:26,950 --> 00:14:32,030
+بالبروجسترون و من ال follicular متمثل بالـ E2
+
+208
+00:14:32,030 --> 00:14:35,670
+متمثل بالـ E2 طبعا كل هذه الهرمونات مهمة جدا كل
+
+209
+00:14:35,670 --> 00:14:41,180
+واحد له وظيفة معينة مصدر معينوأهمية معينة خلال
+
+210
+00:14:41,180 --> 00:14:46,200
+عملية menstrual cycle للوصول إلى pregnancy status
+
+211
+00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:51,860
+طبعا هذه شكل ومنحنيات الهرمونات طبعا في عند ال FSH
+
+212
+00:14:51,860 --> 00:14:54,600
+والالاتش يفرز من ال anterior loop للبطولة رجلان
+
+213
+00:14:54,600 --> 00:15:01,960
+يفرز ال FSH على شكل مستمر والالاتش يفرز ب high
+
+214
+00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:07,510
+peak في مرة واحدة فقط لغير وهي عبارة عنلحظة
+
+215
+00:15:07,510 --> 00:15:11,070
+الطبويد اللي بتسميها لحظة الطبويد وهي الـLH wave
+
+216
+00:15:11,070 --> 00:15:16,370
+triggered for ovulation هاي المراحل تدور البويضة
+
+217
+00:15:16,370 --> 00:15:19,850
+من primordial germ cell primary oocyte، secondary
+
+218
+00:15:19,850 --> 00:15:25,510
+oocyte، follicle، single follicle، الـgraphian
+
+219
+00:15:25,510 --> 00:15:29,230
+follicle، وبعدين ال ovulation، corpus luteum، لما
+
+220
+00:15:29,230 --> 00:15:33,270
+يصير له degeneration في الـUTL phase
+
+221
+00:15:34,540 --> 00:15:38,760
+الـ Ovarian hormone أول هرمون يفرز هو الأستروجين
+
+222
+00:15:38,760 --> 00:15:43,680
+لأنه يفرز من البويضات أو الفوليكل التي تبدأ بتطور
+
+223
+00:15:43,680 --> 00:15:48,180
+ونضوج ثم بعد ال ovulation يبدأ إفراز هرمون
+
+224
+00:15:48,180 --> 00:15:52,020
+لبروجسترون الكوربوس اليوتيام طبعا هذه المراحل
+
+225
+00:15:52,020 --> 00:15:55,020
+بيصير فيها ال bleeding أول دورة شهرية بيصير فيها
+
+226
+00:15:55,020 --> 00:15:59,880
+end bleeding من خلال تهتق وتمزق قطعة الرحمعملية
+
+227
+00:15:59,880 --> 00:16:02,980
+قبل الـ ovulation ��بدأ الـ endomaterium يصير لها
+
+228
+00:16:02,980 --> 00:16:06,600
+عملية regeneration مرة أخرى علشان تستقبل البوايضة
+
+229
+00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:11,180
+المقصبة البوايضة المقصبة في حالة تخزي باب الاسفلان
+
+230
+00:16:11,180 --> 00:16:16,580
+طيب في بعض الحالات ممكن يزيد ال duration خاصة بين
+
+231
+00:16:16,580 --> 00:16:19,800
+ال menstrual cycle في بعض الحالات يزيد أكتر لعدة
+
+232
+00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:24,920
+أسباب السبب الأول أنه صير في عندي عدم انتظام في
+
+233
+00:16:24,920 --> 00:16:27,980
+الهرمونات السبب الأول أنه الهرمونات out of work
+
+234
+00:16:27,980 --> 00:16:32,240
+خارج العملالورومات بتكون out of work يعني out of
+
+235
+00:16:32,240 --> 00:16:36,920
+control خارج العمل خارج .. خارج قلية التنظيم و هذا
+
+236
+00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:40,540
+بيصير من خلال ال PCO الـ Polycystic Ovarian
+
+237
+00:16:40,540 --> 00:16:44,980
+Syndrome اللي اتكلمنا عليها وهي عبارة عن أن ..
+
+238
+00:16:44,980 --> 00:16:48,780
+عبارة عن خلق .. يعني عبارة عن حالة تؤدي إلى إفقاد
+
+239
+00:16:48,780 --> 00:16:52,700
+المبيض وظيفته يعني بتصير عند الفليل اللي بتنمو و
+
+240
+00:16:52,700 --> 00:16:56,480
+مافيها بويضة مضجة أو ممكن يكون under reacted أو
+
+241
+00:16:56,480 --> 00:17:02,670
+over ..underactive أو overactive للـ thyroid gland
+
+242
+00:17:02,670 --> 00:17:06,030
+اللي بتفرز هرمون الـ thyroid hormone and other
+
+243
+00:17:06,030 --> 00:17:11,710
+disorders that affected in the sex hormone in
+
+244
+00:17:11,710 --> 00:17:17,390
+female من أشهرها أو هذه الأمور اللي اتكلمنا عليها
+
+245
+00:17:17,390 --> 00:17:21,990
+سواء كانت الـ PCO أو زيادة نشاط أو نقصان نشاط
+
+246
+00:17:21,990 --> 00:17:27,560
+هرمون هرمون المفرز من الغدة الدراقيةيؤدي إلى زيادة
+
+247
+00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:32,360
+طول الدورة كالوقت اللي تستهلكه بدل سبع أيام أو
+
+248
+00:17:32,360 --> 00:17:35,960
+متوسط خمس أيام تصبح عشرة أو سبعة أو تمانية وتصبح
+
+249
+00:17:35,960 --> 00:17:40,200
+الدورة heavy و irregular أيضا بعض ال medication
+
+250
+00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:44,960
+إذا كانت السيدة بتاخد thyroid medication، citroid
+
+251
+00:17:44,960 --> 00:17:51,540
+بعض الأدوية بتعمل على تأثير سلبي على ال sex
+
+252
+00:17:51,540 --> 00:17:54,800
+hormone الخاصة فيها زي الفسادش والالاتشفبالتالي
+
+253
+00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:57,180
+بيغير من طبيعة الدورة، بيغير من ال evaluation
+
+254
+00:17:57,180 --> 00:18:01,600
+للدورة، عشان كده أي سيدة بتتناول هرمونات اللي هي
+
+255
+00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:04,620
+علاقة بالسترويد هرمون أو بتتناول medication اللي
+
+256
+00:18:04,620 --> 00:18:08,920
+هي علاقة بالثيرويد medication أو السترويد هرمون،
+
+257
+00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:11,720
+لازم تتأكد من الكمية اللي بتاخدها أو الكيفية اللي
+
+258
+00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:15,820
+بتاخد فيهاExposure to environment estrogen بعض
+
+259
+00:18:15,820 --> 00:18:19,820
+الأحيان بعض السيدات بتتعرض لهرمونات من ال
+
+260
+00:18:19,820 --> 00:18:22,440
+environment خاصة الهرمونات اللي بتتواجد في ال
+
+261
+00:18:22,440 --> 00:18:27,780
+plastic material ال plastic product ال pesticide
+
+262
+00:18:27,780 --> 00:18:32,800
+تناول لحوم لأبقار معالجة بالهرمونات يعني كأنها
+
+263
+00:18:32,800 --> 00:18:37,380
+بتاخد هرمون من مصدر آخر فهذا بيخل الهرمونات داخل
+
+264
+00:18:37,380 --> 00:18:42,980
+الجسم out of control فبيغير مدى استجابةالـ Ovary
+
+265
+00:18:42,980 --> 00:18:47,280
+لهذه الهرمونات فبؤدي إلى تغيير طبيعة الدورة من حيث
+
+266
+00:18:47,280 --> 00:18:50,800
+ال duration أيضًا من الأسباب التي تؤدي إلى زيادة
+
+267
+00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:55,380
+فترة الدورة الدموية اكتساب الوزن أو ال stress بعض
+
+268
+00:18:55,380 --> 00:18:58,300
+السيدات لو زاد وزنها عن الوزن المطلوب أو الوزن
+
+269
+00:18:58,300 --> 00:19:01,760
+الصحيح أو الوزن المثالي خلّينا نسميهبناء على ال
+
+270
+00:19:01,760 --> 00:19:04,880
+body mass index يصير فيه عدة fluctuation أو
+
+271
+00:19:04,880 --> 00:19:08,420
+irregularity ��ي ال menstrual cycle ال menstrual
+
+272
+00:19:08,420 --> 00:19:13,600
+cycle بتكون irregular أيضا ال stress القلق يؤدي
+
+273
+00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:19,800
+إلى انقاص العمر بشكل حرفي لأن القلق مسئول عنإنقاص
+
+274
+00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:24,440
+العمر الافتراضي للخلايا هذا كما قلت على مرحلة من
+
+275
+00:19:24,440 --> 00:19:28,160
+ناحية الـ Genetics القلق يودع إلى انقاص التلومير
+
+276
+00:19:28,160 --> 00:19:32,040
+فالتلومير يعمل على إفقاد الخلية قدرتها على البقاء
+
+277
+00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:36,180
+فبصرا destructure أيضا القلق بيعمل fluctuation في
+
+278
+00:19:36,180 --> 00:19:39,560
+ال hormones بشكل عام ومن أشهرهم ال six hormones زي
+
+279
+00:19:39,560 --> 00:19:43,240
+ال FSH و ال LH فبيدّي الحالة النفسية إلى فقدان
+
+280
+00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:50,400
+السيدةأو فقدان الزوج الذكر الرغبة في الإنجاب مما
+
+281
+00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:55,020
+يؤدي إلى تأخر الإنجاب فما بالك هذا على سعيد تأخر
+
+282
+00:19:55,020 --> 00:19:59,020
+الإنجاب كمشكلة عامة فما بالك على سعيد ال phases
+
+283
+00:19:59,020 --> 00:20:02,020
+الخاصة بتدورة ممكن تصير fluctuation في مستوى
+
+284
+00:20:02,020 --> 00:20:04,900
+الهرمونات في كمية الهرمونات في كيفية افراز
+
+285
+00:20:04,900 --> 00:20:09,760
+الهرمونات فبالتالي بيصير في اندي increasing in the
+
+286
+00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:15,300
+duration of menstrual cycleخلصنا من الـ Female و
+
+287
+00:20:15,300 --> 00:20:19,940
+الهرمونات الخاصة بها، سنتحدث عن الهرمون الخاص بال
+
+288
+00:20:19,940 --> 00:20:24,300
+Male هل هناك هرمونات خاصة بال Male Reproductive
+
+289
+00:20:24,300 --> 00:20:28,900
+System مغيرة عن الهرمونات التي ذُكرت في ال Female؟
+
+290
+00:20:28,900 --> 00:20:31,420
+معظم الهرمونات متشابهة باستثناء الـ Testosterone
+
+291
+00:20:32,880 --> 00:20:37,580
+الذكورة لا يوجد إلا عند الذكور يوجد عند الإينات
+
+292
+00:20:37,580 --> 00:20:42,460
+بكمية قليلة جدا تكاد لا تذكر ولكن يبدأ بالزيادة
+
+293
+00:20:42,460 --> 00:20:46,280
+بعد ال rest well cycle عشان كده السيدة بعد سن
+
+294
+00:20:46,280 --> 00:20:51,880
+إقطاع الطنف بيبدأ عندها زيادة في حجم العظم
+
+295
+00:20:51,880 --> 00:20:57,220
+بالإضافة إلى خشورة في الصوم فبالتالي ال hormones
+
+296
+00:20:57,220 --> 00:20:59,960
+and reproduction in male
+
+297
+00:21:02,970 --> 00:21:05,670
+الـ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone اللي بيأثر على
+
+298
+00:21:05,670 --> 00:21:09,270
+الـ anterior loop للبطيوريجلان فبيفرز الـ FSH والـ
+
+299
+00:21:09,270 --> 00:21:14,810
+LH الـ LH يستطيله ريسبتور تقدر بـ 20 ألف ريسبتور
+
+300
+00:21:14,810 --> 00:21:17,510
+موجودة على سطح الـ leading cells الموجودة في الـ
+
+301
+00:21:17,510 --> 00:21:21,950
+testes فمجرد إفراز الـ LH من خلال الـ anterior
+
+302
+00:21:21,950 --> 00:21:25,710
+loop للبطيوريجلان ينقل عبر الدم إلى الـ leading
+
+303
+00:21:25,710 --> 00:21:31,010
+cell الموجودة في الـ testes الخاصة بالمياه هذا الـ
+
+304
+00:21:31,010 --> 00:21:34,310
+l-autolizing hormoneيحفظ الـ leading cell على
+
+305
+00:21:34,310 --> 00:21:39,290
+إنتاج التستيستيرون ينتج من ماذا؟ ينتج من مادة مهمة
+
+306
+00:21:39,290 --> 00:21:43,990
+جدا الكوليسترول إذا الكوليسترول هو المكون الأساسي
+
+307
+00:21:43,990 --> 00:21:48,150
+للـ sex hormone بشكل أساسي التستيستيرون بمجرد
+
+308
+00:21:48,150 --> 00:21:50,590
+إفرازه من ال leading cell is released in the blood
+
+309
+00:21:50,590 --> 00:21:55,310
+and is taken to the sirtuolar cell بمجرد أن ال
+
+310
+00:21:55,310 --> 00:21:58,170
+leading cell تستقبل الـ H تفرز التستيستيرون
+
+311
+00:21:58,170 --> 00:22:02,170
+التستيستيرون ينقل عبر الدمإلى مناطق مختلفة من
+
+312
+00:22:02,170 --> 00:22:05,530
+الجسم وقامها الـ Sertoli cell الموجودة في التستس
+
+313
+00:22:05,530 --> 00:22:10,190
+أيضًا بمجرد وصولها إلى ال Sertoli cell أو وصولها
+
+314
+00:22:10,190 --> 00:22:12,810
+إلى ال Sertoli cell where it is affected in the
+
+315
+00:22:12,810 --> 00:22:15,570
+secondary sexual tissue يعني بأثر على ال Sertoli
+
+316
+00:22:15,570 --> 00:22:19,290
+cell و بأثر أيضًا على أنسجة أخرى في الجسم هنتكلم
+
+317
+00:22:19,290 --> 00:22:23,310
+عنها زي مثلًا ال muscles بيزيد ال thickness لل
+
+318
+00:22:23,310 --> 00:22:29,790
+musclesالعظم بيزيد كثافة العظم الصوت بيزيد خشونة
+
+319
+00:22:29,790 --> 00:22:33,630
+الصوت عند الذكور أيضًا في بعض المناطق اللي بتعمل
+
+320
+00:22:33,630 --> 00:22:37,830
+على ذبور الصفات الذكورية الثانوية السيرتول السيل
+
+321
+00:22:37,830 --> 00:22:42,350
+مهم جدًا طبعًا بمجرد أنه يصير لها stimulation
+
+322
+00:22:42,350 --> 00:22:47,190
+للسيرتول السيل بفعل هرمون اسمه FSH تفرز السيرتول
+
+323
+00:22:47,190 --> 00:22:51,280
+السيل مادة تسمى Androgen Binding Proteinهذا
+
+324
+00:22:51,280 --> 00:22:54,760
+الاندروجين binding البروتين يعتبر carrier for
+
+325
+00:22:54,760 --> 00:22:59,220
+تستيستيرون برتبط مع التستيستيرون وبيعمل الى نقله
+
+326
+00:22:59,220 --> 00:23:03,200
+الى مناطق مختلفة من أشهرها الـ seminal vestibule
+
+327
+00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:07,080
+وهو المكان اللذي يصنع فيه الـ sperm with its
+
+328
+00:23:07,080 --> 00:23:11,980
+strong influence of the course of spermatogenesis
+
+329
+00:23:11,980 --> 00:23:15,860
+يعني hypothalamus بيفرز غنادوتروبين رياليزين
+
+330
+00:23:15,860 --> 00:23:19,260
+كورموت بأثر على الانتروليوبل البتوتة رجلات بتفرز
+
+331
+00:23:19,260 --> 00:23:24,870
+FSHالـ LH يُنقل إلى الـ leading cell ويؤثر عليها
+
+332
+00:23:24,870 --> 00:23:30,930
+تفرز التستيسترون من الكوليسترون التستيسترون يُنقل
+
+333
+00:23:30,930 --> 00:23:34,750
+في الدم فيؤثر على السيرتولوسيل السيرتولوسيل بتفرز
+
+334
+00:23:34,750 --> 00:23:37,910
+مادة عبارة عن carrier protein بتسمى أندروجين
+
+335
+00:23:37,910 --> 00:23:41,950
+binding protein يرتبط مع التستيسترون ويعمل على نقل
+
+336
+00:23:41,950 --> 00:23:46,550
+التستيسترون إلى مناطق مختلفة طيب السيرتولوسيل
+
+337
+00:23:46,550 --> 00:23:50,980
+productionالسيرتولاسيل تنتج أيضًا نوع آخر من
+
+338
+00:23:50,980 --> 00:23:54,540
+الهرمون يسمى انهيبين طبعًا هذا الانهيبين اللي تم
+
+339
+00:23:54,540 --> 00:23:58,620
+تحميله من البلد إلى الانترويد البتوتري وممكنًا إلى
+
+340
+00:23:58,620 --> 00:24:03,120
+الهيبوتالماص الانهيبين يعمل كتابة ناجحة لإنهيبط
+
+341
+00:24:03,120 --> 00:24:09,400
+سكريشة الـSFS طبعًا بمجرد أن السيرتولاسيل تتأثر
+
+342
+00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:12,800
+بالتستسترول هتفرز الكاريهر بروتين اللي اسمه
+
+343
+00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:16,120
+أندروجين وويندنج بروتيناللي برتبط مع الـ
+
+344
+00:24:16,120 --> 00:24:19,700
+Testosterone وضُنطق له لمناطق مختلفة من الجسم أهم
+
+345
+00:24:19,700 --> 00:24:21,900
+الـ seminiferous tubule الموجودة في الـ Testis
+
+346
+00:24:21,900 --> 00:24:26,240
+اللي تعتبر مصنع الـ spermatocyte أيضًا الـ
+
+347
+00:24:26,240 --> 00:24:29,280
+Sirtolocin لا تكتفي بهذا الأمر بل تقوم بإفراز
+
+348
+00:24:29,280 --> 00:24:33,300
+هرمون آخر اسمه الانهيبين هذا الانهيبين هو المنظم
+
+349
+00:24:33,300 --> 00:24:37,180
+اللي ممكن يصل إلى الـ anterior lobe للبطيوتر جلان
+
+350
+00:24:37,180 --> 00:24:41,540
+وإلى الـ hypothalamus ويعملهم shutdown بمعنى آخر
+
+351
+00:24:41,540 --> 00:24:45,860
+مش shutdown completelyلأ، بيعمل إيقاف لإفراز هرمون
+
+352
+00:24:45,860 --> 00:24:49,800
+الـ FSH طيب، what is the function أو what is the
+
+353
+00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:52,580
+major function of sertolysol؟ أول حاجة بتعمل
+
+354
+00:24:52,580 --> 00:24:56,840
+maintenance لـ blood testis spires الحواجز
+
+355
+00:24:56,840 --> 00:25:00,480
+الموجودة بين الدورة الدموية والتستس المسئولة عن ال
+
+356
+00:25:00,480 --> 00:25:04,240
+maintenance الخاص بيها ال sertolysol وإلا، حيصير
+
+357
+00:25:04,240 --> 00:25:07,820
+في direct contact ما بين blood circulation و ال
+
+358
+00:25:07,820 --> 00:25:12,420
+testis ويعمل الجسم Antibody ضد ال sperm، ضد نفسهأي
+
+359
+00:25:12,420 --> 00:25:15,580
+شغلة .. شغلة تانية Secretion of tubular fluid مهم
+
+360
+00:25:15,580 --> 00:25:18,900
+جدا Secretion of androgen binding protein اللي
+
+361
+00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:22,360
+تحكينا فيها قبل بشوية Secretion of estrogen and
+
+362
+00:25:22,360 --> 00:25:25,300
+inhibin و الانهيبين مهم جدا في عملية ال regulation
+
+363
+00:25:25,300 --> 00:25:30,360
+Secretion of a wide number of other proteins vary
+
+364
+00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:36,140
+growth factor Transferrin أضافة إلى هرمون أخر مثلا
+
+365
+00:25:36,140 --> 00:25:41,180
+binding protein هذا مهم جدا Maintenance and
+
+366
+00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:44,450
+coordination of spermatogenesis بتعمل maintenance
+
+367
+00:25:44,450 --> 00:25:49,010
+لعملية الـ spermatogenesis وبتعمل تنصيب متى ينتقل
+
+368
+00:25:49,010 --> 00:25:53,470
+من الـ type A لtype B الفيروس الـ spermatocyte لسا
+
+369
+00:25:53,470 --> 00:25:56,830
+كان spermatocyte هذا كلها مسئولة على الـ Sertoli
+
+370
+00:25:56,830 --> 00:26:00,130
+cell عشان كده الـ Sertoli cell قلنا في البداية أن
+
+371
+00:26:00,130 --> 00:26:04,270
+one Sertoli cell تستطيع أن تدعم إنتاج خمسين من
+
+372
+00:26:04,270 --> 00:26:09,000
+تلاتين لخمسين spermatocyte أو spermVagocytosis of
+
+373
+00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:12,620
+residual body of sperm cell مسئولة عنها السرطولسل
+
+374
+00:26:12,620 --> 00:26:16,800
+فالسرطولسل لها أكتر من function خلّينا نشوف
+
+375
+00:26:16,800 --> 00:26:22,980
+الفيديو اللي بتكلم عن الهرمون الخاص بالذكور وكيف
+
+376
+00:26:22,980 --> 00:26:30,520
+مسئولة عن إنتاج ال spermatocyte Testosterone
+
+377
+00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:31,000
+production
+
+378
+00:26:34,110 --> 00:26:37,490
+الـ Hypothalamus تطلع غناطوتروبين تطلع الحرمون أو
+
+379
+00:26:37,490 --> 00:26:42,670
+GNRH في حركتين كل 60 إلى 90 دقيقة لتشغّل تطلع
+
+380
+00:26:42,670 --> 00:26:49,710
+الحرمون الـ LH من الجلد الحمضي إلى دماغه الـ LH
+
+381
+00:26:49,710 --> 00:26:53,570
+يجمع الحرمون الـ LH على الجلدات اللاديكية للتاستيز
+
+382
+00:26:56,150 --> 00:26:58,670
+Binding initiates a cascade of events, which
+
+383
+00:26:58,670 --> 00:27:01,610
+include the conversion of cholesterol, depicted as
+
+384
+00:27:01,610 --> 00:27:05,050
+LDL here, to pregnenolone, followed by a series of
+
+385
+00:27:05,050 --> 00:27:07,810
+reactions, which convert pregnenolone to
+
+386
+00:27:07,810 --> 00:27:12,050
+testosterone Testosterone
+
+387
+00:27:12,050 --> 00:27:14,750
+secreted by the testes diffuses into the
+
+388
+00:27:14,750 --> 00:27:17,190
+peripheral circulation to be carried to target
+
+389
+00:27:17,190 --> 00:27:24,310
+tissues In liver .. طبعا في بعض ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+390
+00:27:24,310 --> 00:27:24,630
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+391
+00:27:24,630 --> 00:27:25,030
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+392
+00:27:25,030 --> 00:27:25,930
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+393
+00:27:25,930 --> 00:27:25,950
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+394
+00:27:25,950 --> 00:27:27,680
+ال .. ال .. ال ..الـ Equation مش مطالبين فيها In
+
+395
+00:27:27,680 --> 00:27:30,700
+genital and adipose tissue تستاسترون binds
+
+396
+00:27:30,700 --> 00:27:34,380
+directly to its androgen receptor or AR to exert
+
+397
+00:27:34,380 --> 00:27:38,840
+its biological effect In skin, hair, the prostate
+
+398
+00:27:38,840 --> 00:27:42,460
+gland and gonadal tissue تستاسترون must be
+
+399
+00:27:42,460 --> 00:27:46,660
+converted to dihydrotestosterone or DHT by five
+
+400
+00:27:46,660 --> 00:27:49,440
+alpha reductase in order to bind the androgen
+
+401
+00:27:49,440 --> 00:27:55,060
+receptor In bone and brain, testosterone is
+
+402
+00:27:55,060 --> 00:27:55,720
+converted by
+
+403
+00:28:00,140 --> 00:28:04,400
+وانتقل إلى ميكروفون الأستراجين E2R لتحمل تأثيره
+
+404
+00:28:06,740 --> 00:28:09,920
+هذا بالنسبة إلى الهرمونات اللي هي علاقة بالذكور
+
+405
+00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:14,180
+بشكل أساسي كيف تفرز و من أين تفرز و كيف تساهم في
+
+406
+00:28:14,180 --> 00:28:18,300
+العملية هذه الصورة تؤكد العملية مرة أخرى هي عند
+
+407
+00:28:18,300 --> 00:28:20,720
+الـ hypothalamus وهو عبارة عن الـmaster gland
+
+408
+00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:25,080
+الخاص بالجسم بتحكم بكل شيء له علاقة بالجسم بيفرز
+
+409
+00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:28,120
+هرمون اسمه gonadotropin-releasing hormone اللي
+
+410
+00:28:28,120 --> 00:28:30,700
+بنتقل إلى الـanterior loop للبطيوتر الجلمد هذا
+
+411
+00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:33,960
+اللون الأبيض الانتريو وهذا اللون الغامق الاستيريو
+
+412
+00:28:34,990 --> 00:28:38,770
+طبعا بيتكلم إنه في عندي أسهم باللون الأحمر دايما
+
+413
+00:28:38,770 --> 00:28:43,370
+بتعمل enhancing بتعمل stimulation واللي باللون ال
+
+414
+00:28:43,370 --> 00:28:46,770
+bare ball بتعمل depression أو بتعمل reduction أو
+
+415
+00:28:46,770 --> 00:28:51,470
+بتعمل feedback يعني كأنها بتعمل عملية إنقاص في
+
+416
+00:28:51,470 --> 00:28:55,490
+كمية الهرمون المفرز إذا بتعمل inhibitor إذا اللي
+
+417
+00:28:55,490 --> 00:28:58,310
+بالأحمر بتعمل stimulation واللي بال bare ball
+
+418
+00:28:58,310 --> 00:29:01,690
+بتعمل inhibition طبعا gonadotropin raising hormone
+
+419
+00:29:01,690 --> 00:29:04,910
+بيأثر على ال anterior loop للبطيوتر الجلانبيفرز
+
+420
+00:29:04,910 --> 00:29:09,310
+الـ FSH وبيفرز الـ LH الـ LH يُنقل إلى الـ Target
+
+421
+00:29:09,310 --> 00:29:11,930
+Cell وهي الـ Leading Cell لأن الـ Receptor موجود
+
+422
+00:29:11,930 --> 00:29:15,290
+على سطحها فبتفرز رمون الـ Testosterone الـ
+
+423
+00:29:15,290 --> 00:29:18,750
+Testosterone يُنطقى .. يُنقل إلى مناطق مختلفة من
+
+424
+00:29:18,750 --> 00:29:23,430
+أجل إظهار الصفات الذكورية الثانوية فيُنقل إلى
+
+425
+00:29:23,430 --> 00:29:26,630
+البرستاتا، يُنقل إلى ال muscles، يُنقل إلى
+
+426
+00:29:26,630 --> 00:29:29,610
+الepidermis، يُنقل إلى ال seminal vesicles وخلافه
+
+427
+00:29:29,980 --> 00:29:33,420
+كمان ينقل إلى الـ Sertolicil فيحفظ الـ Sertolicil
+
+428
+00:29:33,420 --> 00:29:37,000
+تحت
+
+429
+00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:42,180
+تأثير الـ FSH-Hormone ستفرز مادة بسميها Androgen
+
+430
+00:29:42,180 --> 00:29:46,500
+Binding Protein الـ Androgen Binding Protein برتبط
+
+431
+00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:49,520
+مع الـ Testosterone وبينقله إلى الـ
+
+432
+00:29:49,520 --> 00:29:54,140
+Semipnephrostibule المسؤول عن إنتاجالـ
+
+433
+00:29:54,140 --> 00:29:58,540
+spermatocyte طب خلص وظيفته أيضًا السيرتول السيل
+
+434
+00:29:58,540 --> 00:30:02,160
+طالما خلصت وظيفتها هتفرز هرمون اسمه الانهيبين
+
+435
+00:30:02,160 --> 00:30:05,180
+باللون البربول فبتأثر على الـ anterolube و
+
+436
+00:30:05,180 --> 00:30:08,280
+الباتيوترجلان بتعملها negative feedback و بتأثر
+
+437
+00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:13,000
+على الhypothalamus أيضًا التستسترون قد وظيفته
+
+438
+00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:16,560
+هيشتغل على الhypothalamus فيعمله negative
+
+439
+00:30:16,560 --> 00:30:20,460
+inhibition أو inhibitor وعلى ال anterolube
+
+440
+00:30:20,460 --> 00:30:25,980
+للباتيوترجلانبالإضافة إلى إن الـ Sirtolacel بعد ما
+
+441
+00:30:25,980 --> 00:30:29,500
+تخلص الوظيفة المطلوبة منها ويكون أفرزة الكمية
+
+442
+00:30:29,500 --> 00:30:32,560
+المطلوبة من الهرمونات المسؤولة عن تصنيع الـ
+
+443
+00:30:32,560 --> 00:30:36,420
+spermatozoa تعمل على إفراز هرمون اسمه الـ Estrogen
+
+444
+00:30:36,420 --> 00:30:39,920
+leading cell stimulating factor هذا الـ Estrogen
+
+445
+00:30:39,920 --> 00:30:47,170
+يعمل أيضًا على تحفيزالـ leading cell لإستمرار
+
+446
+00:30:47,170 --> 00:30:50,850
+إفراز الـ testosterone عند الحاجة أو يفبطها عند
+
+447
+00:30:50,850 --> 00:30:55,050
+انتهاء الوظيفة المطلوبة منها إذا في عندي two
+
+448
+00:30:55,050 --> 00:30:58,950
+arrows red for stimulation و purple for inhibitor
+
+449
+00:30:58,950 --> 00:31:01,470
+نفس الهرمون ممكن يعمل inhibition و يعمل
+
+450
+00:31:01,470 --> 00:31:05,970
+stimulation أو ممكن هرمون آخر يفرز من نفس ال cells
+
+451
+00:31:05,970 --> 00:31:09,250
+من أجل عمل inhibition للـhypothalamus و
+
+452
+00:31:09,250 --> 00:31:14,900
+الانتيرويوب أوبهذا القدر نقوم انتهينا من ال
+
+453
+00:31:14,900 --> 00:31:18,720
+chapter الأول ان شاء الله على أمل أن نستكمل في
+
+454
+00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:23,060
+المحاضرات القادمة بأم الله، دومتم في حفظ الله
+
+455
+00:31:23,060 --> 00:31:24,280
+وريعاك
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwZ2maYQWAufx8JKyPTiiP30/g1I29Wemtw4.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1707 @@
+1
+00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:05,100
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم والصلاة والسلام على أشرف
+
+2
+00:00:05,100 --> 00:00:10,240
+المرسلين سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين، طلابنا 
+
+3
+00:00:10,240 --> 00:00:14,420
+الأعزاء، أرجو من الله الكريم أن تكونوا جميعًا بخير
+
+4
+00:00:14,420 --> 00:00:19,540
+اليوم سوف نستكمل ما بدأنا فيه في المحاضرة السابقة
+
+5
+00:00:19,540 --> 00:00:23,920
+المتعلقة بالإكزي الـ Intracytoplasmic sperm
+
+6
+00:00:23,920 --> 00:00:27,900
+injection حيث تحدثنا في المحاضرة السابقة عن 
+
+7
+00:00:27,900 --> 00:00:33,630
+الـ Exidase preparation  والـ sperm catching ما 
+
+8
+00:00:33,630 --> 00:00:36,750
+هي المؤوقات التي تواجه الـ embryologies خلال عملية
+
+9
+00:00:36,750 --> 00:00:41,390
+الـ catching كيف يتم التخلص منها، ما هي أنواع الـ
+
+10
+00:00:41,390 --> 00:00:45,310
+media التي تستخدم زي الـ PVP media أو الـ high 
+
+11
+00:00:45,310 --> 00:00:48,530
+viscous media أو الـ solution media وما هي المادة
+
+12
+00:00:48,530 --> 00:00:52,710
+البديلة التي يمكن أن تستخدم بدل المينا الـ PVP وما
+
+13
+00:00:52,710 --> 00:00:57,210
+هو السبب الذي جعلها alternative media أو
+
+14
+00:00:57,210 --> 00:01:03,390
+alternative PVP media، اليوم سوف نتكلم عن موضوع جديد
+
+15
+00:01:03,390 --> 00:01:08,510
+مكمل للموضوع السابق وهو آلية عمل sperm
+
+16
+00:01:08,510 --> 00:01:16,090
+immobilization، كيف نفقد الـ
+
+17
+00:01:16,090 --> 00:01:20,390
+sperm القدرة على الحركة تمهيدا لاستخدامه في عملية 
+
+18
+00:01:20,390 --> 00:01:25,930
+الحقن، once the spermatozoa is catch or pick up it 
+
+19
+00:01:25,930 --> 00:01:29,630
+is appeared necessary immobilized before injection
+
+20
+00:01:29,890 --> 00:01:34,550
+بمعنى آخر، طالما أنت عملت catching لـ 3، 4، 5، 6
+
+21
+00:01:34,550 --> 00:01:39,230
+sperm، هتستخدمهم في عملية الـ injection لازم تخليهم
+
+22
+00:01:39,230 --> 00:01:43,910
+immobilized يعني immutable جبل ما تستخدمهم في
+
+23
+00:01:43,910 --> 00:01:48,170
+عملية الـ injection فبالتالي كيف تتم عملية الـ
+
+24
+00:01:48,170 --> 00:01:53,370
+immobilization for spermatozoa regardless of the
+
+25
+00:01:53,370 --> 00:01:57,550
+fact that under normal in vivo condition no sperm
+
+26
+00:01:57,550 --> 00:02:01,820
+tail will be entered in the oocyte immobilized or
+
+27
+00:02:01,820 --> 00:02:06,140
+spermatozoa has two beneficial effects، في الوضع
+
+28
+00:02:06,140 --> 00:02:08,800
+الطبيعي لما يصير injection، في الوضع الطبيعي للـ
+
+29
+00:02:08,800 --> 00:02:12,200
+oocyte  و fertilization للـ oocyte مافي tail يساهم
+
+30
+00:02:12,200 --> 00:02:15,920
+في عملية، مافي tail بيدخل داخل الخلية، يعني بمعنى
+
+31
+00:02:15,920 --> 00:02:19,300
+آخر، الـ tail له علاقة في الـ fertilization إن كان
+
+32
+00:02:19,300 --> 00:02:24,020
+طبيعي، ولكن ما بيدخل داخل الخلية لأن الـ
+
+33
+00:02:24,020 --> 00:02:28,690
+fertilization مهم جدا من أوامل وجود الـ tail علشان
+
+34
+00:02:28,690 --> 00:02:31,850
+يصير hyper activation زي ما شوفناها في المحاضرات
+
+35
+00:02:31,850 --> 00:02:37,150
+السابقة، ولكن في الإكزي الـ tail مش مهم كتير لأن الـ
+
+36
+00:02:37,150 --> 00:02:41,950
+injection سوف يحدث بفعل needed، أول حاجة أقول ليه 
+
+37
+00:02:41,950 --> 00:02:47,170
+شو هي أهمية أن نعمل sperm immobilization قبل عملية 
+
+38
+00:02:47,170 --> 00:02:50,130
+الـ injection، any possible damage to the
+
+39
+00:02:50,130 --> 00:02:53,410
+cytoskeleton caused by a motile sperm is
+
+40
+00:02:53,410 --> 00:02:57,170
+theoretically ineligible، بمعنى آخر، أنا لما أجي
+
+41
+00:02:57,170 --> 00:03:02,370
+أعمل Immobilization أو Cutting للتل كده أنا ألغيت
+
+42
+00:03:02,370 --> 00:03:06,870
+أي شكل غير طبيعي أو أي effect للشكل الغير طبيعي 
+
+43
+00:03:06,870 --> 00:03:10,510
+الموجود في التل، يعني مش هيأثر على عملية الـ
+
+44
+00:03:10,510 --> 00:03:15,190
+fertilization، The premobilization of the sperm
+
+45
+00:03:15,190 --> 00:03:20,270
+membrane will ensure that the soluble oocyte
+
+46
+00:03:20,270 --> 00:03:23,690
+activating factor immediately enter to the
+
+47
+00:03:23,690 --> 00:03:27,520
+oroplasma، شو يعني الكلام هذا؟ ببساطة بيقول إن أنت
+
+48
+00:03:27,520 --> 00:03:31,840
+لما تجر�� الـ sperm tail، لما تقطع الـ sperm tail، لما 
+
+49
+00:03:31,840 --> 00:03:38,000
+تعمل sperm immobilization، أنت كده بتحفظ العوامل
+
+50
+00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:41,840
+السائلة الموجودة داخل الـ spermatozoa أن تخرج 
+
+51
+00:03:41,840 --> 00:03:46,760
+مباشرة بمجرد دخولها إلى الـ oocyte ففيش عملية إعاقة
+
+52
+00:03:46,760 --> 00:03:49,940
+كده، وهذه العملية مهمة جدا في عملية الـ activation
+
+53
+00:03:49,940 --> 00:03:54,160
+لعملية الـ fertilization وإتمامها بشكل صحيح وإتمام
+
+54
+00:03:54,160 --> 00:03:58,790
+عملية اندماج النواة الذكرية مع النواة الأنثوية
+
+55
+00:03:58,790 --> 00:04:04,010
+لتكوين الزيجوت، sperm immobilization usually 
+
+56
+00:04:04,010 --> 00:04:09,110
+performed in the end of the tail أو في منطقة
+
+57
+00:04:09,110 --> 00:04:13,070
+بنسميها المنتصف ما بين الـ mid piece و الـ tail، يعني 
+
+58
+00:04:13,070 --> 00:04:16,150
+أنا ممكن أضرب الـ sperm في منطقة tail و أجرح الـ
+
+59
+00:04:16,150 --> 00:04:19,630
+tail تبعته أما في نهاية الـ tail الـ tip of the tail
+
+60
+00:04:19,630 --> 00:04:24,030
+end of the tail أو في منتصف المنطقة التي تفصل ما
+
+61
+00:04:24,030 --> 00:04:28,240
+بين الـ head و الـ tail أو الـ mid piece و الـ tail، هي
+
+62
+00:04:28,240 --> 00:04:32,960
+عندي أكثر من منطقة من خلالها أنا بستطيع إعاقة الـ
+
+63
+00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:36,900
+spermatozoa وفقدانها القدرة على الحركة، طب في طرق
+
+64
+00:04:36,900 --> 00:04:40,900
+لهذه العملية؟ آه، في حوالي تلت طرق، على سبيل المثال، و
+
+65
+00:04:40,900 --> 00:04:44,720
+هي الطريقة الأكثر استخدامًا هي الطريقة بيسموها
+
+66
+00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:48,260
+mechanical method أو الـ traditional method، وبيبقى
+
+67
+00:04:48,260 --> 00:04:52,660
+ببساطة جدا، أنا ده الـ sperm شايفه normal من حيث الـ
+
+68
+00:04:52,660 --> 00:04:57,150
+morphology ومتحرك عملت له catching من الـ head نقلته
+
+69
+00:04:57,150 --> 00:05:01,010
+على الـ PVP media، تمام؟ عملت reduction للـ
+
+70
+00:05:01,010 --> 00:05:04,450
+motility تبعته فبالتالي صار يتحرك ببطء شديد، يعني 
+
+71
+00:05:04,450 --> 00:05:07,970
+أنا بقدر أتحكم فيه، أنا لو أجيت بطرف الـ needle
+
+72
+00:05:07,970 --> 00:05:11,690
+الموجودة اللي خاصة بالـ injection، ضغطت على الـ tail
+
+73
+00:05:11,690 --> 00:05:17,030
+بشكل قوي، أنا كإني بعمل عملية pressing أو عملية صحق 
+
+74
+00:05:17,030 --> 00:05:21,430
+للـ tail فكده أنا كإني قطعت الـ tail، ولو قطع جزء هذا 
+
+75
+00:05:21,430 --> 00:05:25,060
+الطريقة الأولى، طريقة تانية بتسميها more aggressive
+
+76
+00:05:25,060 --> 00:05:30,480
+mechanical وتحدث من خلال إن أنا باجي للمنطقة
+
+77
+00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:36,560
+الموجودة تحت الـ midpiece بقطع الـ tail بضربه ضربتين 
+
+78
+00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:41,380
+يعني قطعتين، فبالتالي أنا كده إذا فشلت القطعة الأولى 
+
+79
+00:05:41,380 --> 00:05:46,040
+لما كنت قطعته، في القطعة الثانية بنسبة 90% أو باجي
+
+80
+00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:50,120
+بقطعه، قطع في الـ end of the tail بعدين بقطعه في
+
+81
+00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:53,420
+منتصف المنطقة ما بين الـ head و الـ tail ونهاية التل 
+
+82
+00:05:53,420 --> 00:05:56,760
+كده أنا قطعته كمان، قطعته، في بعضهم يقولك لأ أنا
+
+83
+00:05:56,760 --> 00:06:01,060
+بدرب و ثلاث ضربات.. ضربة في نهاية التل وضربة في
+
+84
+00:06:01,060 --> 00:06:04,800
+منتصف المسافة ما بين الـ head ونهاية التل وضربة
+
+85
+00:06:04,800 --> 00:06:07,960
+في منتصف المسافة ما بين الـ head ونهاية الـ.. الـ
+
+86
+00:06:07,960 --> 00:06:10,500
+mid piece ونهاية التل، يعني كأنه بدرب وثلاث ضربات
+
+87
+00:06:10,500 --> 00:06:15,800
+كأنه المنطقة من نهاية الـ mid piece للتل بيقسمها لثلاث 
+
+88
+00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:19,880
+أقسام، نهاية التل قسم، والمنطقة المتبقية قسمين 
+
+89
+00:06:19,880 --> 00:06:24,660
+بضربتين، طبعا هذه أقل استخدامًا، الأكثر استخدامًا هي
+
+90
+00:06:24,660 --> 00:06:29,100
+الطريقة الأولى، طريقة الـ pressing إن أنا بنهاية الـ
+
+91
+00:06:29,100 --> 00:06:32,380
+injection needle بضغط على منتصف الـ tail بقوة، و
+
+92
+00:06:32,380 --> 00:06:36,420
+بسحب الـ needle كإني بجرحه جرحة أو بقطع، وقطع ومش 
+
+93
+00:06:36,420 --> 00:06:41,080
+لازم أقطع الـ tail كامل، أجرحه ويبين زي حرف زي 
+
+94
+00:06:41,080 --> 00:06:44,120
+علامة الصح باللغة العربية، زي علامة الصح باللغة
+
+95
+00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:49,080
+العربية، هذه معناها إن والله أنا كده جرحت الـ tail
+
+96
+00:06:49,080 --> 00:06:54,270
+أو فصلته، يظهر بهذا الشكل، يعني هاي باقي الـ tail وهي
+
+97
+00:06:54,270 --> 00:06:56,650
+المنطقة اللي قطعتها، لو أنا أفرض إن هي عند الـ
+
+98
+00:06:56,650 --> 00:07:00,650
+spermatozoon بهذا الشكل، أنا ممكن أضرب ضربة هنا، هاي 
+
+99
+00:07:00,650 --> 00:07:03,590
+منطقة، هاي طريقة، طريقة تانية، أضرب ضربة هنا، وأضرب
+
+100
+00:07:03,590 --> 00:07:07,990
+كمان ضربتين هنا، هاي طريقتين، الأكثر استخدامًا هي
+
+101
+00:07:07,990 --> 00:07:11,790
+ضربة واحدة على نهاية الـ tail بهذا الشكل، هاي الـ
+
+102
+00:07:11,790 --> 00:07:15,850
+spermatozoon، هاي الـ tail، باجي بالـ injection needle
+
+103
+00:07:15,850 --> 00:07:20,150
+على المنطقة هذه، وبضغط عليها ضغطة كاملة، وبسحب، فكدا
+
+104
+00:07:20,150 --> 00:07:25,270
+هيظهر لي الـ sperm بهذا الشكل، دليل إن أنا قطعت الـ
+
+105
+00:07:25,270 --> 00:07:30,610
+sperm، أترزوه، هاد المنطقة هي عبارة عن منطقة القطع
+
+106
+00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:35,290
+طريقة تالتة بيستخدموها وهي طريقة الـ aspiration أو
+
+107
+00:07:35,290 --> 00:07:38,910
+الـ repeated aspiration، إن نعمل suction releasing
+
+108
+00:07:38,910 --> 00:07:43,570
+releasing suction وهكذا بشكل متتالي كدا أنا بجبر
+
+109
+00:07:43,570 --> 00:07:50,520
+يصير في عملية damage للـ sperm تالتة، أو بسرعة في 
+
+110
+00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:55,740
+عملية الـ sperm immobilization، طريقة الرابعة وهي
+
+111
+00:07:55,740 --> 00:08:00,180
+الأكثر استخدامًا حاليًا بسبب تطور الأدوات المستخدمة
+
+112
+00:08:00,180 --> 00:08:05,060
+هي طريقة الـ laser وهي ببساطة جدا، في عندي مؤشر زي
+
+113
+00:08:05,060 --> 00:08:09,780
+مؤشر القناص بجيب له على منتصف الـ tail وبعمل click
+
+114
+00:08:09,780 --> 00:08:17,300
+بالماوس أو بكنوب معين، كنوب معين، زر معين، بطلق شعاع
+
+115
+00:08:17,300 --> 00:08:21,000
+laser هذا شعاع laser بدرب الـ cell membrane فبعمل 
+
+116
+00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:25,660
+قطع بسيط فيه أو بضرب الـ cell membrane الخاص بالـ
+
+117
+00:08:25,660 --> 00:08:29,740
+tail of spermatozoa، فبعمل قطع في spermatozoa وهو
+
+118
+00:08:29,740 --> 00:08:33,740
+قطع بسيط مما يؤدي إلى عمل spermatozoa
+
+119
+00:08:33,740 --> 00:08:41,170
+immobilization، طبعا في دراسات اختلفت في نتائجها، ففي
+
+120
+00:08:41,170 --> 00:08:44,310
+دراسة ذكرت أن more aggressive mechanical 
+
+121
+00:08:44,310 --> 00:08:48,710
+immobilization process للـ Epidermal sperm تساعد
+
+122
+00:08:48,710 --> 00:08:52,490
+على زيادة الـ fertilization rate بمعدل من 48 إلى 82 
+
+123
+00:08:52,490 --> 00:08:56,450
+بس بشرط إنه تم تطبيقها على الـ spermatozoa اللي جاي 
+
+124
+00:08:56,450 --> 00:09:00,490
+من Epidermal، يعني من التيسا أو البيسا مش الـ
+
+125
+00:09:00,490 --> 00:09:05,780
+ejaculation العادية، ببساطة بجيب large drop فيها 
+
+126
+00:09:05,780 --> 00:09:10,420
+حوالي 15 microliter من الـ PVP media تركيزها 7%
+
+127
+00:09:10,420 --> 00:09:14,860
+بتكون في طريقة تانية طبعًا بيستخدموها حاليًا إنه 
+
+128
+00:09:14,860 --> 00:09:20,100
+بيجيب قطر تل قطرة حجمها 10 microliter وبيحط قطرة
+
+129
+00:09:20,100 --> 00:09:24,260
+جنبها، هنشوفها كمان شوية في الصورة خليني أشرح
+
+130
+00:09:24,260 --> 00:09:27,260
+الصورة، خليني أشرح الصورة أفضل على سبيل المثال
+
+131
+00:09:27,260 --> 00:09:31,710
+الصورة، بقول ببساطة لو أنا بدي أستخدم عملية الـ
+
+132
+00:09:31,710 --> 00:09:35,910
+Laser أو عملية الـ Aggressive بجيب القطرة الأولى، و
+
+133
+00:09:35,910 --> 00:09:42,930
+بحط فيها تقريبًا 15 ميكرو ليتر من الـ PVP media، PVP
+
+134
+00:09:42,930 --> 00:09:50,250
+media، ولازم يكون تركيزها 7%، وهنا قطرة تانية
+
+135
+00:09:50,250 --> 00:09:56,370
+تركيزها كمية 10، وبيجي بالـ needle بيعمل زي مسافة ما
+
+136
+00:09:56,370 --> 00:10:00,670
+بينهم أو زي قناة ما بينهم، canal، الـ spermatozoa 
+
+137
+00:10:00,670 --> 00:10:05,210
+بتتحرك في هذه القناة، طبعًا بعد ما يضيف ويعمل
+
+138
+00:10:05,210 --> 00:10:08,150
+loading للـ spermatozoa في القطر الكبير الـ 15
+
+139
+00:10:08,150 --> 00:10:12,530
+microliter، الـ spermatozoa تميل إلى الحركة في اتجاه
+
+140
+00:10:12,530 --> 00:10:17,110
+حواف القطرة، وهي تتحرك في اتجاه حواف القطرة هتلاقي
+
+141
+00:10:17,110 --> 00:10:22,320
+فتحة صغيرة هتبدأ تدخل من الـ spermatozoa لما تدخل
+
+142
+00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:25,620
+الـ spermatozoa أنت هتكون تستناها على البوابة 
+
+143
+00:10:25,620 --> 00:10:29,440
+باستخدام الـ injection needle أي sperm مدخل هتعمل
+
+144
+00:10:29,440 --> 00:10:34,280
+جرح للـ tail الخاص به بعدين تعمله aspiration أو
+
+145
+00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:40,040
+تيجي توجه عليه مؤشر الـ laser مطلق الـ laser ال
+
+146
+00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:43,080
+laser shoot يا إما تضرب على منطقة الـ tail
+
+147
+00:10:49,260 --> 00:10:53,160
+ممنوع إحنا نستخدمها لأن فيها المادة الوراثية فأنت 
+
+148
+00:10:53,160 --> 00:10:57,760
+تضرب في منطقة الـ tail الـ tip of tail أو منطقة الـ
+
+149
+00:10:57,760 --> 00:11:02,820
+middle of tail بكون أفضل كده أنا بكون عملت تقليل
+
+150
+00:11:02,820 --> 00:11:07,460
+للـ spermatozoa من حيث الحركة وعملت immobilization
+
+151
+00:11:07,460 --> 00:11:11,720
+باستخدام الـ mechanical method أو الـ laser method
+
+152
+00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:16,040
+هذه أو هذه طبعًا ما بيستخدموا هذه الطريقة بيستخدم
+
+153
+00:11:16,040 --> 00:11:19,360
+إنّه مباشرة بأخد الـ spermatozoa مضيفة في قطرة
+
+154
+00:11:19,360 --> 00:11:23,980
+حجمها 15 microliter من الـ PVP media تركيزها 7%
+
+155
+00:11:23,980 --> 00:11:27,800
+وبأخد الـ injection needle بأخد cutting للـ head
+
+156
+00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:31,800
+بعدين بعمل aspiration لتلاتة spermatozoa مع بعض
+
+157
+00:11:31,800 --> 00:11:36,440
+بعدين بنقلهم إلى القطرة اللي موجودة في منتصف الـ
+
+158
+00:11:36,440 --> 00:11:42,440
+bitter dish اللي سميته eggsy dish هذه الصورة بتبين
+
+159
+00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:47,790
+الكلام اللي اتكلمنا عنه ببساطة جدًا بقولني هاي أنا
+
+160
+00:11:47,790 --> 00:11:52,290
+عندي الـ sperm هذا normal form شكل لو منحنسه الـ head
+
+161
+00:11:52,290 --> 00:11:57,150
+و الـ tail بأجي بالـ injection needle هذه بقطع هذه 
+
+162
+00:11:57,150 --> 00:12:00,590
+زي الإبرة شايفين هذه؟ هذه زي الإبرة نهايتها بأجي
+
+163
+00:12:00,590 --> 00:12:06,110
+بقطع الـ tail في المنتصف أو في نهاية الـ tail بعدين
+
+164
+00:12:06,110 --> 00:12:10,100
+بعمله aspiration شوفوا في اختلاف هنا في المرة
+
+165
+00:12:10,100 --> 00:12:14,460
+الأولى لما نختار الـ spermatozoa اللي بدي أعمل لهم in
+
+166
+00:12:14,460 --> 00:12:18,900
+mobilization أعمل لهم suction من الـ head لأنه لسه
+
+167
+00:12:18,900 --> 00:12:22,280
+متحرك بكمية كبيرة جدًا فصعب أعمل له suction و
+
+168
+00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:26,740
+aspiration من التيل بعد ما عملته in mobilization صار
+
+169
+00:12:26,740 --> 00:12:30,740
+التيل عديم الفائدة لا يتحرك الـ sperm فعمل له 
+
+170
+00:12:30,740 --> 00:12:35,680
+aspiration داخل الـ injection needle باستخدام من 
+
+171
+00:12:35,680 --> 00:12:41,000
+منطقة التيل بالإضافة إلى ذلك أنه لما تبدأ تعمل injection
+
+172
+00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:45,020
+مهم جدًا أول ما يدخل داخل الخلية يدخل.. داخل 
+
+173
+00:12:45,020 --> 00:12:48,260
+القصيد يدخل الـ head of sperm مش الـ tail of sperm
+
+174
+00:12:48,260 --> 00:12:53,100
+هذا طبعًا مهم جدًا علشان يسرع في عملية الـ
+
+175
+00:12:53,100 --> 00:12:57,580
+fertilization هذه فكرة عملية الـ sperm
+
+176
+00:12:57,580 --> 00:13:01,600
+immobilization كيف تتمس و كانت mechanical أو laser
+
+177
+00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:05,580
+أو حاجة بتسميها more aggressive أو عملية الـ
+
+178
+00:13:05,580 --> 00:13:08,440
+aspiration repeated aspiration هنشوف الفيديو
+
+179
+00:13:08,440 --> 00:13:12,600
+المتعلق بهذا الكلام كيف نقوم بعمل إعقاب للـ
+
+180
+00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:17,840
+spermatozoa انتبهوا على الفيديو كويس خدوا
+
+181
+00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:21,240
+بالكوا دايمًا الحيوانات المتحركة الأكثر حركة أو
+
+182
+00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:25,860
+القدرة على الحركة بتكون على حواف القطرة طبعًا هنا
+
+183
+00:13:26,640 --> 00:13:29,860
+اختار الـ spermatozoa وبعدين عملها إفراغ في قطرة 
+
+184
+00:13:29,860 --> 00:13:35,580
+جديدة وبدأ يعملهم immobilization من خلال عملية ضغط
+
+185
+00:13:35,580 --> 00:13:44,460
+وسحب على منطقة التيل ضغط وسحب ثم aspiration ضغط على 
+
+186
+00:13:44,460 --> 00:13:47,680
+منطقة التيل سحب عشان يجرحها وبعدين يعملها
+
+187
+00:13:47,680 --> 00:13:54,810
+aspiration عشان تدخل داخل الـ injection needed طيب،
+
+188
+00:13:54,810 --> 00:13:57,150
+كيف أنت تعمل selection للـ spermatozoa؟ هل كل الـ
+
+189
+00:13:57,150 --> 00:13:59,850
+spermatozoa الموجودة تمامًا، مية في المية وممكن
+
+190
+00:13:59,850 --> 00:14:02,910
+أستخدمها في الـ fertilization؟ يعني، okay أنا عملت
+
+191
+00:14:02,910 --> 00:14:07,150
+swarm up أو سيبك من الـ swarm up، عند spermatozoa
+
+192
+00:14:07,150 --> 00:14:12,430
+عملتلها gradient، قدّتني في الـ sperm كيف يمكن أن
+
+193
+00:14:12,430 --> 00:14:16,630
+نتأكد أن هذه الحيوانات المنوية تصلح لعملية الحقن إن
+
+194
+00:14:16,630 --> 00:14:21,350
+ممكن يكون spermatozoa ميت، non-vital، non-life
+
+195
+00:14:21,350 --> 00:14:25,680
+sperm فبالتالي، مهم جدًا أعمل selection for
+
+196
+00:14:25,680 --> 00:14:29,780
+spermatozoa زي ما عملنا selection للـ oocyte فقط
+
+197
+00:14:29,780 --> 00:14:33,980
+الـ oocyte اللي بتكون في second metaphase وهو الـ
+
+198
+00:14:33,980 --> 00:14:37,180
+second metaphase أو الـ metaphase الخاص بالـ
+
+199
+00:14:37,180 --> 00:14:40,400
+second metodic division هي التي تصلح لعملية الحقن،
+
+200
+00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:44,400
+فمهم جدًا مهم جدًا إن أشوف الـ spermatozoa تحت
+
+201
+00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:48,180
+الميكروسكوب على عدسة تكبير مية عشان أنا أقول والله
+
+202
+00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:53,350
+هذا الـ sperm يصلح أو لا يصلح بعد كده لازم أعمل
+
+203
+00:14:53,350 --> 00:14:57,050
+evaluation للـ spermatozoa من حيث الطول، من حيث حجم
+
+204
+00:14:57,050 --> 00:15:01,830
+الـ head، من حيث طول الـ tail، يعني مورفوليجيكال
+
+205
+00:15:01,830 --> 00:15:06,530
+يكونوا قبعيين 100% مافيش عندي مشكلة لأن الـ sperm
+
+206
+00:15:06,530 --> 00:15:10,490
+ممكن يكون طبيعي، مافيش مشكلة، بس المادة الوراثية
+
+207
+00:15:10,490 --> 00:15:13,970
+فيها مشكلة طبعًا هذا مش هنقدر نتعرف عليها بالطريقة 
+
+208
+00:15:13,970 --> 00:15:16,430
+العادية، هنستخدم طريقة أخرى اسمها DNA
+
+209
+00:15:16,430 --> 00:15:21,300
+Fragmentation وهذه طريقة مخالفة، طريقة جديدة، نادر
+
+210
+00:15:21,300 --> 00:15:23,960
+ما يستخدموها عندنا ممكن مركز واحد هو اللي
+
+211
+00:15:23,960 --> 00:15:27,880
+بيستخدمها طريقة الـ DNA Fragmentation فعلى سبيل
+
+212
+00:15:27,880 --> 00:15:31,020
+المثال، study report that Hyrunate receptor is
+
+213
+00:15:31,020 --> 00:15:34,560
+expressed in the mature spermatozoa only after
+
+214
+00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:37,760
+plasma membrane remodeling during spermatogenesis
+
+215
+00:15:37,760 --> 00:15:42,420
+and that Hyrunate is an ideal media for sperm
+
+216
+00:15:42,420 --> 00:15:46,880
+selection for exit وهذا حكيناه قبل كده كيف يمكن
+
+217
+00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:51,860
+استخدامها الـ hyaluronate استخدمها في الشق الأول في 
+
+218
+00:15:51,860 --> 00:15:55,400
+عملية الـ immobilization أو عملية الـ reduction للـ
+
+219
+00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:58,860
+spare motility حاليًا بقولك ممكن أنت كمان تستخدمها
+
+220
+00:15:58,860 --> 00:16:03,260
+في عملية الـ spare selection زي ما استخدمناها في الـ
+
+221
+00:16:03,260 --> 00:16:08,420
+swarm up أو في الـ gradient centrifigation كيف أفرق
+
+222
+00:16:08,420 --> 00:16:11,480
+ما بين الـ motile و الـ non-motile spare؟ هذه الحتة
+
+223
+00:16:11,480 --> 00:16:15,840
+شوية حكينا فيها في مصابق لكن مهم أ��ضًا إدراجها في
+
+224
+00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:20,480
+هذه المنطقة لأنها تعتبر عملية مهمة يجب أن تقام
+
+225
+00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:24,940
+ويعمل بها قبل ما أعمل immobilization لأي sperm إن
+
+226
+00:16:24,940 --> 00:16:29,460
+هذا الـ sperm already live، already متعد، مش ساكن،
+
+227
+00:16:29,460 --> 00:16:34,760
+ممكن يكون الـ sperm ساكن ولكن ميت طب أنا إيش بدي
+
+228
+00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:39,920
+منه؟ لازم يكون متعد الـ sperm، live الـ sperm هل 
+
+229
+00:16:39,920 --> 00:16:43,280
+يمكن استخدام الـ immobilization في عملية الحقن؟ لا
+
+230
+00:16:43,280 --> 00:16:47,420
+يمكن استخدام الـ immotile sperm في عملية الحقن ولو 
+
+231
+00:16:47,420 --> 00:16:50,380
+كان Normal Form من حيث Normal Morphology Normal
+
+232
+00:16:50,380 --> 00:16:55,440
+ممنوع استخدامه فبالتالي if they cannot distinction
+
+233
+00:16:55,440 --> 00:16:59,740
+between immotile and non-viable sperm also
+
+234
+00:16:59,740 --> 00:17:03,220
+immotile does not prevent viability إيش يعني
+
+235
+00:17:03,220 --> 00:17:06,900
+المعنى الكلام؟ مش كل sperm immotile هو sperm مميت
+
+236
+00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:11,620
+فبالتالي الـ immobility لا تنفي الحياة ممكن يكون حي
+
+237
+00:17:11,920 --> 00:17:16,380
+يصلح لعملية الطلقاح الصناعي رغم أنه غير متحرك
+
+238
+00:17:16,380 --> 00:17:19,780
+فبالتالي أنا ممكن أستخدمه في هذه الحتة لأنه مهمنيّش
+
+239
+00:17:19,780 --> 00:17:23,260
+مهمني يكون حي حتى لو أنه مش متعرض لأن أنا اللي 
+
+240
+00:17:23,260 --> 00:17:26,560
+هأخرق البويضة أو أخترقها من خلال الـ injection
+
+241
+00:17:26,560 --> 00:17:31,260
+needed فمهم يكون sperm live لكي أستخدمه في عملية
+
+242
+00:17:31,260 --> 00:17:36,380
+الحقن حتى لو كان غير متحرك فبالتالي الـ trick هذه
+
+243
+00:17:36,380 --> 00:17:40,520
+ممكن أتغلب عليها بعدة أمور الأمر الأول طريقة الـ
+
+244
+00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:43,860
+flexibility ماذا يعني flexibility؟ أشوف هل الـ
+
+245
+00:17:43,860 --> 00:17:49,020
+sperm tail إله flexible يعني بيقاوم الحركة اللي
+
+246
+00:17:49,020 --> 00:17:53,140
+ممكن تتوجه له يعني لو أنا حركت الـ tail باستخدام الـ
+
+247
+00:17:53,140 --> 00:17:58,000
+injection needle لأي sperm غير متحرك، هيتحرك معي
+
+248
+00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:03,100
+الـ head هيتحرك في اتجاه مخالف لحركة الـ tail ولكنهم
+
+249
+00:18:03,100 --> 00:18:06,120
+هيتحركوا كتلة واحدة، هذه إليها تعريف وهذه إليها
+
+250
+00:18:06,120 --> 00:18:09,900
+تعريف، هذه إليها تفسير وهذه إليها تفسير second الـ
+
+251
+00:18:09,900 --> 00:18:14,050
+spermatozoa for example showing an elastic tail
+
+252
+00:18:14,050 --> 00:18:17,510
+when 
+
+253
+00:18:17,510 --> 00:18:22,510
+we pressuring to the tail of a spermatozoa to be
+
+254
+00:18:22,510 --> 00:18:27,790
+more viable than those with more rigid ones بمعنى
+
+255
+00:18:27,790 --> 00:18:33,590
+آخر أنا لما أجي أحرك عند الـ sperm أجي بطرف الـ
+
+256
+00:18:33,590 --> 00:18:37,710
+needle أحرك الـ tail الخاص بالـ sperm لو أنا الـ tail
+
+257
+00:18:37,710 --> 00:18:47,710
+اتحرك معي بكل سهولة معناه الـ sperm life وبالتالي شو
+
+258
+00:18:47,710 --> 00:18:51,630
+يعني الـ sperm life؟ لأن الـ tail مرن لو الـ sperm
+
+259
+00:18:51,630 --> 00:18:57,010
+dead هتجد الـ tail very fixed، very rigid، مش
+
+260
+00:18:57,010 --> 00:19:01,050
+هيتحرك، مافيش فيه ليونة في الحركة فبالتالي هيتحرك
+
+261
+00:19:01,050 --> 00:19:05,150
+في اتجاه و الـ tail هيتحرك في اتجاه آخر بينما لو
+
+262
+00:19:05,150 --> 00:19:10,430
+كان الـ sperm حي هيتحرك كلهم ككتلة واحدة هنشوفها
+
+263
+00:19:10,430 --> 00:19:14,610
+كمان شوية بالصورة أضف إلى ذلك في حالة الـ sperm الحي
+
+264
+00:19:14,610 --> 00:19:18,450
+هلاجي بمجرد أعمل touch للـ sperm بنهاية الـ
+
+265
+00:19:18,450 --> 00:19:22,890
+injection needle هيصير عملية rolling في نهاية الـ
+
+266
+00:19:22,890 --> 00:19:27,110
+tail الـ tail هيعمل rolling يعني التفاف ولو بسيط 
+
+267
+00:19:27,110 --> 00:19:32,530
+جدا بخلاف الـ sperm الميت هيكون عبارة عن straight
+
+268
+00:19:32,530 --> 00:19:38,410
+line مش هيؤدي ولا رد فعل تذكر كيف ممكن أن أتأكد
+
+269
+00:19:38,410 --> 00:19:41,770
+بفحص كتير حكينا فيه في مصابق اسمه الـ Hypo
+
+270
+00:19:41,770 --> 00:19:47,070
+Osmotic Swelling Solution إن أنا بأخد هذا الـ
+
+271
+00:19:47,070 --> 00:19:51,630
+sperm و بضيفه فيه Hypo-Osmotic Solution إذا والله
+
+272
+00:19:51,630 --> 00:19:56,150
+انتفخ التيل معناه هذا الـ sperm حي ما انتفخش هذا الـ
+
+273
+00:19:56,150 --> 00:20:00,050
+sperm غير حي عشان كده بقول الجميط و الـ functional
+
+274
+00:20:00,050 --> 00:20:04,310
+membranewill undergo swelling of the cytoplasmic
+
+275
+00:20:04,310 --> 00:20:08,510
+space and sperm till fiber will be colloid هذا 
+
+276
+00:20:08,510 --> 00:20:13,430
+معناه بأن الـ sperm هي الـ sperm استجاب لاختلاف
+
+277
+00:20:13,430 --> 00:20:17,110
+الضغط الأسموزي إذا هذا الـ sperm ممكن أخده أعمله
+
+278
+00:20:17,110 --> 00:20:21,910
+immobilization و أستخدمه في عملية الحقن هذه الصورة 
+
+279
+00:20:21,910 --> 00:20:26,330
+بتتكلم عن الحوار اللي أنا حكيته قبل شوية هذا الـ 
+
+280
+00:20:26,330 --> 00:20:31,010
+osmotic ribo osmotic swelling test كيف الـ sperm
+
+281
+00:20:31,010 --> 00:20:36,230
+ماتزوب تستجيب لاختلاف الضغط الأسموزي إذا كان ال
+
+282
+00:20:36,230 --> 00:20:40,390
+sperm live زي هذا الشكل و هذا الشكل و هذا الشكل و 
+
+283
+00:20:40,390 --> 00:20:43,630
+هذا الشكل هدولة صار فيها عندك swelling أو صار فيها 
+
+284
+00:20:43,630 --> 00:20:47,830
+عندك coil في نهاية ال sperm معناه هذا live الصورة
+
+285
+00:20:47,830 --> 00:20:51,970
+هذه رقم A اللي بدي أحكي عليها بتبينلي عملية الحركة
+
+286
+00:20:51,970 --> 00:20:56,290
+أنا هاي عند ال sperm هاي ال sperm بالشكل هذا أجيت 
+
+287
+00:20:56,290 --> 00:21:00,620
+بنهاية ال needle أو ال injection needle ووضعتها في 
+
+288
+00:21:00,620 --> 00:21:04,680
+نهاية ال sperm و بدأت أتحرك في اتجاه السهم لما 
+
+289
+00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:09,100
+بدأت أتحرك في اتجاه السهم في نوع من أنواع الليونة 
+
+290
+00:21:09,100 --> 00:21:17,020
+في حركة ال sperm أضف إلى ذلك أن ال head أتحرك مع 
+
+291
+00:21:17,020 --> 00:21:21,600
+حركة ال tail بحركة متناغمة أضف إلى ذلك أن ال tail
+
+292
+00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:27,580
+أخذ التفاف بسيط على طرف ال injection needle معناه
+
+293
+00:21:27,580 --> 00:21:33,450
+في استجابة من قبل الـ tail  ال head و ال tail تحركت 
+
+294
+00:21:33,450 --> 00:21:40,910
+كحركة و كتلة واحدة نِجَلَ P بيها دي إذا كانت  m tile
+
+295
+00:21:40,910 --> 00:21:46,010
+و non-life أنا أجيت وضعت ال injection needle في
+
+296
+00:21:46,010 --> 00:21:50,670
+نهاية ال tail و أتحركت لأعلى على سبيل المثال بلاجي
+
+297
+00:21:50,670 --> 00:21:55,050
+كل أنا راح أتحرك لأعلى ال head بينزل لأسفل كأنه 
+
+298
+00:21:55,050 --> 00:22:01,950
+مافيش حركة واضحة خاصة فيهم مافيش حركة واضحة خاصة 
+
+299
+00:22:01,950 --> 00:22:07,830
+فيهم مافيش استجابة من قبل ال tail مافيش الليونة 
+
+300
+00:22:07,830 --> 00:22:12,170
+التي ظهرت مافيش الانحناء الذي ظهر في نهاية ال tail 
+
+301
+00:22:12,170 --> 00:22:15,550
+زي الصورة الأولى طبعاً هذه بيستخدموها بس لازم تكون
+
+302
+00:22:15,550 --> 00:22:18,910
+professional فيها شوية أتعلمت مرة و مرتين و تلاتة
+
+303
+00:22:18,910 --> 00:22:24,450
+هذه أكثر استخدام تاعة ال hypocosmotic طبعاً في شغل
+
+304
+00:22:24,450 --> 00:22:30,600
+ثانية إنه في حركة A بمجرد أنا ما رفعت ال needle عن
+
+305
+00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:33,700
+نهاية ال tail ال tail بيرجع لوضعه الطبيعي بيرجع
+
+306
+00:22:33,700 --> 00:22:37,840
+لوضعه الطبيعي بينما هنا لأ بضله كما هو fixed مافيش 
+
+307
+00:22:37,840 --> 00:22:44,840
+أي رد فعل فهذا معناه non-life وهذا معناه life في
+
+308
+00:22:44,840 --> 00:22:49,200
+طريقة ثانية بيستخدموها بيستخدموا فيها ال laser وهو
+
+309
+00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:55,820
+ببساطة جدا بيجي بيعمل إطلاق لقذيفة من ال laser بحجب 
+
+310
+00:22:55,820 --> 00:23:00,680
+معين و بكمية معينة و بقوة معينة على نهاية ال tail
+
+311
+00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:05,340
+و ال sperm في داخلها إذا والله ال sperm non motile 
+
+312
+00:23:05,340 --> 00:23:11,240
+ولكن life مباشرة هلاجي ال tail استجاب للطلقة و عمل 
+
+313
+00:23:11,240 --> 00:23:16,760
+التفاف في النهاية معناه والله إن هذا ال sperm life 
+
+314
+00:23:16,760 --> 00:23:22,300
+عشان كده استجاب لهذا الطلقة إذا كان ال sperm بعد
+
+315
+00:23:22,300 --> 00:23:26,320
+الطلقة شعاع laser لم يستجيب فهذا معناه إن الـ sperm 
+
+316
+00:23:26,320 --> 00:23:31,080
+dead، non-motile، non-life، لا يمكن أن يُستخدم في 
+
+317
+00:23:31,080 --> 00:23:35,220
+الحقن المجهري طبعاً هذه طريقة و هذه طريقة طبعاً
+
+318
+00:23:35,220 --> 00:23:39,200
+كل الطرق حالياً بتميل إلى استخدام الـ laser بيقولك
+
+319
+00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:45,240
+أسرع و أضمن ولكن هذا يعتمد على كمية الحالات اللي
+
+320
+00:23:45,240 --> 00:23:47,740
+بتيجي على المركز والله المركز بيجيله في الشهر 50 
+
+321
+00:23:47,740 --> 00:23:52,260
+حالة هيجيب هذه الطريقة أسرعله و أضمنله بشكل كبير
+
+322
+00:23:52,260 --> 00:23:59,250
+جداً طبعاً هذا الشكل بيظهر لي مكونات عملية الحقن
+
+323
+00:23:59,250 --> 00:24:03,530
+المجهري أنا قلت على اليمين مباشرة عند الساعة تلاتة 
+
+324
+00:24:03,530 --> 00:24:06,810
+في حاجة بنتسميها الـ Injection Needle هذه دائماً 
+
+325
+00:24:06,810 --> 00:24:10,450
+بتحمل الـ spermatozoa بداخلها عشان كده داخلها لازم
+
+326
+00:24:10,450 --> 00:24:14,250
+يكون مغسول بالـ PVP media على اليسار في اتجاه
+
+327
+00:24:14,250 --> 00:24:17,810
+الساعة تسعة في حاجة اسمها Holding Tube وهي اللي
+
+328
+00:24:17,810 --> 00:24:22,740
+بتعمل Fixing أو Fixation للـ Oocyte ما بتخلي الـ
+
+329
+00:24:22,740 --> 00:24:28,340
+Oocyte تتحرك دائماً الـ Oocyte عند الحقن بأعملها
+
+330
+00:24:28,340 --> 00:24:31,940
+suction باستخدام ال holding pipet و لازم يكون ال
+
+331
+00:24:31,940 --> 00:24:36,320
+polar body في اتجاه الساعة 12 أو في اتجاه الساعة 6
+
+332
+00:24:36,320 --> 00:24:42,640
+و أبدأ عملية ال injection بشكل موازي لل holding
+
+333
+00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:45,980
+pipet لو أنا مافيش عندي pipet مافيش عندي عقون 
+
+334
+00:24:45,980 --> 00:24:49,480
+Oocyte في هذا المكان و مافيش عندي spermatozoa وبدا
+
+335
+00:24:49,480 --> 00:24:53,590
+أتأكد هل ال injection needle موضوع بشكل صحيح هي و
+
+336
+00:24:53,590 --> 00:24:56,810
+ال holding pipet بقربهم بعض إذا دخلت ال injection
+
+337
+00:24:56,810 --> 00:25:01,730
+needle في الفجوة هذه الموجودة في مقدمة ال holding
+
+338
+00:25:01,730 --> 00:25:05,610
+pipet يعني تركيب ال two tools صحيح مية في المية
+
+339
+00:25:05,610 --> 00:25:11,510
+مافيش عند مشكلة فببدأ أقدر أبدأ شغلي هذه فكرة عملية
+
+340
+00:25:11,510 --> 00:25:15,950
+ال injection و كيف تتم عملية ال injection مباشرة
+
+341
+00:25:15,950 --> 00:25:19,630
+تحت ال injection microscope أو ال X microscope
+
+342
+00:25:20,470 --> 00:25:25,490
+بأتأكد إن الـ egg موجودة على عدسة 200x بعدين بغير
+
+343
+00:25:25,490 --> 00:25:29,170
+ال field على عدسة 40x عشان يكون ال field أكثر وضوح
+
+344
+00:25:29,170 --> 00:25:35,750
+بعمل holding لبوايضة باستخدام ال holding by bit و
+
+345
+00:25:35,750 --> 00:25:41,450
+بخلّي ال polar body يا إما 66 أو 12 و باخد ال
+
+346
+00:25:41,450 --> 00:25:44,450
+injection needle اللي فيها ال sperm طبعاً إذا كنت
+
+347
+00:25:44,450 --> 00:25:48,380
+متمرس في الحكاية هذممكن تدخل داخل ال injection 
+
+348
+00:25:48,380 --> 00:25:51,460
+needle تلاتة sperm عشان تحقن تلات بوايدات ولكن 
+
+349
+00:25:51,460 --> 00:25:56,720
+الأفضل كل مرة لك تحقن بوايدة لازم يكون only single
+
+350
+00:25:56,720 --> 00:26:00,400
+sperm موجود داخل ال injection needle بعدين تيجي
+
+351
+00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:06,160
+تبدأ تحقن البوايدة بكل بدء تتأكد إنك إنت اخترقت 
+
+352
+00:26:06,160 --> 00:26:09,880
+الزونابليوسيدا أول ما تخترق الزونابليوسيدا و تحس
+
+353
+00:26:09,880 --> 00:26:12,800
+إنك دخلت ال cytoplasm طبعاً لما تخترب من
+
+354
+00:26:12,800 --> 00:26:15,300
+الزونابليوسيدا و الcelmanpirale هتلاقي فيه مقاومة
+
+355
+00:26:15,990 --> 00:26:19,950
+أول ما تختارقها كإنك زي بلون و تم ا��فجاره، بالضبط 
+
+356
+00:26:19,950 --> 00:26:23,690
+كذا تتأكد إنك موجود في الـ cytoplasm هتعمل suction
+
+357
+00:26:23,690 --> 00:26:28,570
+أو aspiration لكمية قليلة جدا من الـ sperm من الـ
+
+358
+00:26:28,570 --> 00:26:32,110
+cytoplasm الخاص بالـ oocyte بعد كده تعمل releasing 
+
+359
+00:26:32,110 --> 00:26:36,670
+لهذه الكمية اللي سحبتها plus ال spermatozoo اللي
+
+360
+00:26:36,670 --> 00:26:42,490
+موجودة داخل ال injection needle طب شو هي .. لإيش
+
+361
+00:26:42,490 --> 00:26:45,850
+أنا بعمل أسبيريشن للـ cytoplasm و لو كانت كمية قليل
+
+362
+00:26:45,850 --> 00:26:49,490
+جدا ليه شغل تاني؟ شغل الأولى إنه يتأكد إنه داخل
+
+363
+00:26:49,490 --> 00:26:53,890
+الـ oocyte شغل التاني عملية الـ aspiration لكمية
+
+364
+00:26:53,890 --> 00:26:56,650
+قليل جدا من الـcytoplasm تعمل زي دوامات بسيطة داخل
+
+365
+00:26:56,650 --> 00:27:01,710
+الخلية تنبيه خلية صار فيها اندفرتاليزيشن صار فيه
+
+366
+00:27:01,710 --> 00:27:04,410
+اختراق للزورة بلوسيدا يعني في عملية fertilization
+
+367
+00:27:04,410 --> 00:27:10,250
+قادمة تبدأ في استقبال الـ spermatozoa زي عملية 
+
+368
+00:27:10,250 --> 00:27:17,300
+بنسميها activation هذه شكل الميكروسكوب الخاص بيه
+
+369
+00:27:17,300 --> 00:27:21,380
+طبعاً هذه المناطق اللي احنا بنتكلم عنها طبعاً هنا
+
+370
+00:27:21,380 --> 00:27:24,980
+بتكون ال injection needle هنا بتكون ال holder هذه
+
+371
+00:27:24,980 --> 00:27:29,620
+كلها المناطق و الأدوات اللي علاقة بال holder تحريك
+
+372
+00:27:29,620 --> 00:27:34,620
+لليمين اليسار للخلف للأمام للأعلى للأسفل الضغط
+
+373
+00:27:34,620 --> 00:27:37,220
+الداخل ال holder عملية ال suction عملية ال 
+
+374
+00:27:37,220 --> 00:27:41,130
+releasing وهذه المواد وهذه الأدوات خاصة بالـ
+
+375
+00:27:41,130 --> 00:27:44,510
+injection needle تقديمها للأمام من الخلف عملية ال
+
+376
+00:27:44,510 --> 00:27:47,130
+releasing عملية ال suction عملية ال aspiration
+
+377
+00:27:47,130 --> 00:27:51,550
+تحريكها بشكل دائري أيضاً يعني إلى حد ما إذا مافيش 
+
+378
+00:27:51,550 --> 00:27:55,610
+stress just give بتصير القصة ولكن ال stress هو
+
+379
+00:27:55,610 --> 00:27:59,930
+اللي بيخلي فيها صعوبة إلى حد ما مهم جدا بعد عملية
+
+380
+00:27:59,930 --> 00:28:03,550
+releasing لل spermatozoon داخل ال oocyte أني أخرج
+
+381
+00:28:03,550 --> 00:28:08,610
+بكل سلاسة و بكل هدوء ما أعمل تهتك لل oocyte هذه
+
+382
+00:28:08,610 --> 00:28:12,220
+العملية لو أنت مبتدأ هتاخد لك دقيقة أو نصف دقيقة لو
+
+383
+00:28:12,220 --> 00:28:15,620
+أنت بتشتغل في هذا المجال بشكل كبير جدا هتاخد فقط
+
+384
+00:28:15,620 --> 00:28:23,540
+ثلاثين ثانية ثلاثين ثانية القمر كله هياخد دقيقة
+
+385
+00:28:23,540 --> 00:28:23,560
+دقيقة دقيقة دقيقة دقيقة دقيقة دقيقة دقيقة دقيقة
+
+386
+00:28:23,560 --> 00:28:26,720
+دقيقة دقيقة دقيقة دقيقة دقيقة ديكتر ديكتر ديكتر
+
+387
+00:28:26,720 --> 00:28:26,800
+ديكتر ديكتر ديكتر ديكتر ديكتر ديكتر ديكتر ديكتر
+
+388
+00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:38,720
+ديكتر ديكتر ديكتر ديكتر ديكتر ديكت
+
+389
+00:28:38,900 --> 00:28:47,200
+400 هذا
+
+390
+00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:52,760
+الـ polar body الموجود عند العدسة عند الساعة 6 هذا
+
+391
+00:28:52,760 --> 00:28:56,800
+polar body هذا هو ال polar body المفروض أبعد عنه
+
+392
+00:28:56,800 --> 00:29:01,860
+أدخل طالما مقابل الفجوة هذه يعني أدخل من عند 
+
+393
+00:29:01,860 --> 00:29:06,150
+الساعة 3 عشان أتأكد إن دخلت بالشكل الصحيح خذوا
+
+394
+00:29:06,150 --> 00:29:08,770
+بالكوا هنا في partial denotation لأن لو عمل الـ
+
+395
+00:29:08,770 --> 00:29:11,170
+denotation بشكل صحيح كل هذه ال accumulations
+
+396
+00:29:11,170 --> 00:29:14,250
+المفروض تروح تكون هاريا الخلية إلى حد ما 
+
+397
+00:29:36,970 --> 00:29:40,630
+شايفين هذا الـ spermatozoa؟ قبل ما يدخل الخلية و
+
+398
+00:29:40,630 --> 00:29:43,490
+يعمل penetration للـ zoonablucida لازم ينسي ال
+
+399
+00:29:43,490 --> 00:29:46,970
+spermatozoa هذه البلون الفضي إلى أقرب منطقة من 
+
+400
+00:29:46,970 --> 00:29:50,430
+فوية ال injection عشان ما ينزلش كتير PVP ميديا 
+
+401
+00:29:50,430 --> 00:29:55,610
+داخل أوهوسايت كمان
+
+402
+00:29:55,610 --> 00:30:00,470
+هيصل لمنطقة هذه المفروض يصل لمنطقة هذه لحد ما
+
+403
+00:30:00,470 --> 00:30:06,600
+تمام؟ المفروض هلوجد يبدأ يخترق البويضة بكل هدوء بدا
+
+404
+00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:12,320
+يشعر فيه مقاومة بدا ياخد حرف ال U دليل انه موجود 
+
+405
+00:30:12,320 --> 00:30:16,920
+على سطح ال spermatozoa سطح ال cytoplasm ال 
+
+406
+00:30:16,920 --> 00:30:23,280
+cytoplasm بالمرن بدا يخترق .. يخترق .. هيصير
+
+407
+00:30:23,280 --> 00:30:28,100
+انفجار كده صار انفجار المفروض ياخد aspiration جزء
+
+408
+00:30:28,100 --> 00:30:32,980
+بسيط هياخد aspiration هيرتفع ال spermatozoa داخل
+
+409
+00:30:32,980 --> 00:30:33,640
+injection needle
+
+410
+00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:41,300
+بعدين يعمل releasing لـ spermatozoon علشان تبدأ
+
+411
+00:30:41,300 --> 00:30:46,140
+عملية ال fertilization شايفين؟ أعمل aspiration 
+
+412
+00:30:46,140 --> 00:30:51,700
+ارتفع الـ cytoplasm ومعه ارتفع ال sperm بعد كده
+
+413
+00:30:51,700 --> 00:30:56,120
+هيعمل releasing علشان يتم عملية ال fertilization
+
+414
+00:31:08,630 --> 00:31:13,250
+كدا خلص عملية هاي الـ sperm الموجودة هذه كدا خلص
+
+415
+00:31:13,250 --> 00:31:17,430
+عملية ال fertilization بالشكل الكامل و الشكل
+
+416
+00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:22,250
+المطلوب طبعاً هذه الصورة بتوضح الخطوات نبدأ من A
+
+417
+00:31:22,250 --> 00:31:26,130
+الموجودة على اليسار holder injection needle
+
+418
+00:31:26,130 --> 00:31:33,270
+spermatozoa Oocyte في عندي polar body دخل لامس الـ 
+
+419
+00:31:33,270 --> 00:31:37,710
+zona pellucida بدا يضغط فيها بشواش تكوين حرف الـ V 
+
+420
+00:31:37,710 --> 00:31:44,270
+أو الـ U اخترق هاي الـ spermatozoa هيدخل إلى أقصى 
+
+421
+00:31:44,270 --> 00:31:49,410
+مكان ممكن هيعمل aspiration بعدين يعمل releasing
+
+422
+00:31:49,410 --> 00:31:54,470
+بعد ما يعمل releasing هيسحب ويبدأ يخرج من نفس
+
+423
+00:31:54,470 --> 00:31:59,270
+المكان اللي دخل منه هيتأكد أنه كده عمل عملية الحَقن
+
+424
+00:31:59,270 --> 00:32:03,970
+بالشكل السليم والشكل المطلوب، نكتفي بهذا القدر في
+
+425
+00:32:03,970 --> 00:32:08,690
+هذه المحاضرة على أمل أن نكمل ما تبقى من محاضرة ال
+
+426
+00:32:08,690 --> 00:32:14,210
+Exe وعملية التلقيح والحقن المجهري في المحاضرات 
+
+427
+00:32:14,210 --> 00:32:14,750
+القادمة 

PL9fwy3NUQKwZ2maYQWAufx8JKyPTiiP30/xq8dGPuJD2c.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,3055 @@
+1
+00:00:01,300 --> 00:00:05,440
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم والصلاة والسلام على أشرف
+
+2
+00:00:05,440 --> 00:00:10,820
+المرسلين سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين طلابنا 
+
+3
+00:00:10,820 --> 00:00:15,120
+الأعزاء نرجو من الله الكريم أن تكونوا جميعا بخير
+
+4
+00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:21,520
+اليوم سوف نستكمل ما بدأنا فيه من الجزء السادس من 
+
+5
+00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:26,380
+محاضرة التي كانت تتحدث عن عملية ال implantation
+
+6
+00:00:26,380 --> 00:00:31,530
+الخاصة بالـ embryo بعد نجاح عملية الحقن المجهري، وكيف 
+
+7
+00:00:31,530 --> 00:00:36,530
+يمكن أن ينتقل الجنين من مكان التلقيح المتمثل في
+
+8
+00:00:36,530 --> 00:00:41,090
+الثلث الأول من قناة fallopian tube وصولا إلى الرحم
+
+9
+00:00:41,090 --> 00:00:47,350
+ثم بعد ذلك الانطلاق في مرحلة انغراس وتكوين المشيمة 
+
+10
+00:00:47,350 --> 00:00:51,490
+ثم تحدثنا عن مصطلح جديد وهو عبارة عن ال biopsy
+
+11
+00:00:51,490 --> 00:00:56,470
+الذي يستخدم لتشخيص بعض الأمراض الوراثية التي تنتقل
+
+12
+00:00:56,470 --> 00:01:01,190
+من الأم إلى الأبناء أو بعض الأمراض الوراثية التي
+
+13
+00:01:01,190 --> 00:01:06,730
+لها علاقة بالعائلة ككل، ثم سوف ننتقل إلى أنواع أخرى
+
+14
+00:01:06,730 --> 00:01:11,530
+من الـ biopsy، ولكن في البداية تحدثنا عن نوع واحد من 
+
+15
+00:01:11,530 --> 00:01:16,290
+الـ biopsy وهي عبارة عن ال polar body biopsy، سننتقل
+
+16
+00:01:16,290 --> 00:01:21,550
+للحديث عن الـ embryo biopsy والحديث عن الـ PGD والـ
+
+17
+00:01:21,550 --> 00:01:27,790
+sex selection أيضا، لأن كلا الموضوعين لهما علاقة 
+
+18
+00:01:27,790 --> 00:01:34,470
+كبيرة جدا بعملية الـ embryo biopsy، خاصة لعمليات 
+
+19
+00:01:34,470 --> 00:01:38,110
+الحقن المجهري وبعض العائلات التي تعاني من أمراض 
+
+20
+00:01:38,110 --> 00:01:42,450
+وراثية معينة أو التي تحتاج إلى عمل تحديد جنس 
+
+21
+00:01:42,450 --> 00:01:45,510
+للمولود سواء كان يحتاجوا إلى مولود ذكر أو مولود
+
+22
+00:01:45,510 --> 00:01:49,650
+أنثى، هذا ما سوف نتحدث عنه في محاضرة اليوم إن شاء
+
+23
+00:01:49,650 --> 00:01:54,970
+الله المتعلقة بالجزء السادس أو الشبط الرقم 6، الجزء
+
+24
+00:01:54,970 --> 00:01:59,970
+2، لما تحدثنا عن الـ polar body، تحدثنا إن أنا عندي الـ
+
+25
+00:01:59,970 --> 00:02:03,030
+two polar body، فممكن أخد الـ first polar body وممكن
+
+26
+00:02:03,030 --> 00:02:05,890
+أخد الـ second polar body أو ممكن أخد الـ two polar
+
+27
+00:02:05,890 --> 00:02:10,410
+body مع بعضهم البعض، ومن أشهر أنواع الفحوصات التي
+
+28
+00:02:10,410 --> 00:02:14,370
+يمكن أن تجرى على الـ polar body تحت مصطلح polar
+
+29
+00:02:14,370 --> 00:02:17,610
+body biopsy، إما فحص الـ fish technique وهو الـ
+
+30
+00:02:17,610 --> 00:02:21,350
+fluorescent in situ hybridization أو فحص الـ PCR
+
+31
+00:02:21,350 --> 00:02:27,000
+والـ PCR بشكل أساسي عملية يتم فيها مضاعفة الـ DNA أو
+
+32
+00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:30,660
+ضعف fragment من الـ DNA، إذا أنا ببحث عن جين معين
+
+33
+00:02:30,660 --> 00:02:33,960
+أو defect في جين معين، أما الـ fluorescent in situ
+
+34
+00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:38,120
+hybridization أنا بدي أعمل targeting لـ part معين لـ
+
+35
+00:02:38,120 --> 00:02:41,540
+sequence معينة أو لجين معين، إذا كنت بدور على 
+
+36
+00:02:41,540 --> 00:02:45,760
+defect gene بشكل كامل، هذا المقصود بالـ
+
+37
+00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,900
+fluorescent in situ hybridization والـ PCR أو
+
+38
+00:02:48,900 --> 00:02:54,840
+polymerase chain reaction، طبعا الـ transfer عملية
+
+39
+00:02:54,840 --> 00:02:59,320
+الـ transfer لـ الـ embryo عملية تعتبر very critical
+
+40
+00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:04,000
+.. very critical وعملية الـ transfer لـ الـ .. أو الـ
+
+41
+00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:07,440
+biopsy خلينا نسميها من منطلق آخر لـ الـ embryo
+
+42
+00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:12,020
+biopsy أو .. أو polar polar biopsy تعتبر عملية
+
+43
+00:03:12,020 --> 00:03:16,340
+very critical، أي خطأ فيها يودي إلى تدمير الجنين
+
+44
+00:03:16,340 --> 00:03:20,550
+بشكل كامل، فبا��تالي أنا بفقد جنين رغم أنه عملية
+
+45
+00:03:20,550 --> 00:03:24,370
+الحقن أي الـ fertilization عملية طبيعية وعملية
+
+46
+00:03:24,370 --> 00:03:27,850
+ناجحة، transfer for fluorescent in situ
+
+47
+00:03:27,850 --> 00:03:31,910
+hybridization تختلف اختلافا كليا عن العملية اللي
+
+48
+00:03:31,910 --> 00:03:34,910
+أنا بدي استخدم فيها الـ PCR، يعني لو أنا اليوم بدي
+
+49
+00:03:34,910 --> 00:03:40,000
+أعمل fish technique، عملية نقل الـ polar body تختلف 
+
+50
+00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:42,900
+عن عملية نقلها إذا أنا بدي أعمل الـ PCR، فبالتالي في 
+
+51
+00:03:42,900 --> 00:03:46,440
+حالة الـ fish technique، immediately after biopsy of
+
+52
+00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:49,940
+an oocyte، the corresponding polar body are placed
+
+53
+00:03:49,940 --> 00:03:54,080
+in the naporing droplet of the media until the
+
+54
+00:03:54,080 --> 00:03:59,960
+oocyte are biopsied، بمعنى إنه أنا مباشرة أنا عشرين
+
+55
+00:03:59,960 --> 00:04:03,140
+بويضة لعشرين بويضة بسحب منهم الـ polar body والـ
+
+56
+00:04:03,140 --> 00:04:07,840
+polar body بنقلهم إلى قطرة مجاورة للقطرة التي تحتوي
+
+57
+00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:11,140
+على الـ oocyte، فبالتالي ما أعملش حاجة اسمها
+
+58
+00:04:11,140 --> 00:04:15,020
+separation، شو يعني separation؟ يعني ما بقوم بفصل والله
+
+59
+00:04:15,020 --> 00:04:18,180
+قطرة للـ first polar body وقطرة للـ second
+
+60
+00:04:18,180 --> 00:04:21,500
+polar body، عشان بقول ليه كده، بقول إن الـ fish
+
+61
+00:04:21,500 --> 00:04:24,280
+technique it is not essentially to place the first
+
+62
+00:04:24,280 --> 00:04:26,660
+polar body and the second polar body in different
+
+63
+00:04:26,660 --> 00:04:30,120
+droplets، يعني ممكن أضيفهم مع بعض لإنه حكيت في
+
+64
+00:04:30,120 --> 00:04:32,640
+البداية إن الـ first polar body والـ second polar
+
+65
+00:04:32,640 --> 00:04:38,140
+body هي عبارة عن مادة وراثية متعلقة بويضة واحدة
+
+66
+00:04:38,140 --> 00:04:42,380
+تعود إلى الأم، فأي defect له علاقة بالأم maternal
+
+67
+00:04:42,380 --> 00:04:46,660
+defect فما بحتاج أني أفرق الـ polar body الأول عن
+
+68
+00:04:46,660 --> 00:04:50,580
+الـ polar body التاني، ومجرد بعمل biopsy بحطهم في 
+
+69
+00:04:50,580 --> 00:04:54,370
+نفس القطرة أو بنقلهم في نفس القطرة as they can be
+
+70
+00:04:54,370 --> 00:04:58,810
+visualized during fluorescent evaluation، هذا
+
+71
+00:04:58,810 --> 00:05:01,230
+بالنسبة إلى الـ polar body والـ second polar body
+
+72
+00:05:01,230 --> 00:05:06,450
+عملية الـ transfer الخاصة فيهم، فبالتالي مش مهم عندي
+
+73
+00:05:06,450 --> 00:05:09,710
+أفصل ما بينهم due to small cytoplasmic content of
+
+74
+00:05:09,710 --> 00:05:15,050
+polar body a special pretreatment like hypoosmatic
+
+75
+00:05:15,050 --> 00:05:19,690
+swelling or proteinase treatment prior fish is not
+
+76
+00:05:19,690 --> 00:05:24,440
+necessary، معنى آخر أن عملية الـ fish technique أو
+
+77
+00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:27,440
+الخاصة بالـ خلينا نسميها إن الـ polar body لما نبدأ
+
+78
+00:05:27,440 --> 00:05:30,980
+أعمله fish technique، مش لازم أعمل حاجة بتسميها 
+
+79
+00:05:30,980 --> 00:05:34,460
+pretreatment قبل الـ testing أو pretreatment قبل الـ
+
+80
+00:05:34,460 --> 00:05:38,800
+analysis، يعني مش مطلوب مني أعمل swelling باستخدام
+
+81
+00:05:38,800 --> 00:05:42,540
+الـ hypo osmotic swelling test للـ polar body، مش 
+
+82
+00:05:42,540 --> 00:05:46,470
+مطلوب أعمل ما يُعرف باسم الـ proteinase Treatment لـ
+
+83
+00:05:46,470 --> 00:05:50,610
+Polar Body قبل عملية Fish Technique، سبب ببساطة أن
+
+84
+00:05:50,610 --> 00:05:53,750
+كمية الـ Cytoplasma الموجودة في Polar Body كمية 
+
+85
+00:05:53,750 --> 00:05:58,430
+قليلة جدا، فهذا يسمح لنا بإجراء الفحص مباشرة دون أي
+
+86
+00:05:58,430 --> 00:06:01,970
+خطوة من خطوات المعالجة قبل عملية الـ Fish Technique
+
+87
+00:06:01,970 --> 00:06:06,670
+For transfer into the glass slide polar body of
+
+88
+00:06:06,670 --> 00:06:09,410
+one oocyte are removed from their drop and
+
+89
+00:06:09,410 --> 00:06:14,210
+transferred into into tin drop 0.2ml of water
+
+90
+00:06:14,210 --> 00:06:16,730
+placed on the cleaning glass slide، يعني هالوقت 
+
+91
+00:06:16,730 --> 00:06:20,750
+بتبدأ أعمل الفحص بأخد واحد من الـ polar body بضعه
+
+92
+00:06:20,750 --> 00:06:25,060
+في قطرة تحتوى على 0.2 ملي لتر من الماء تقريبا، يعني
+
+93
+00:06:25,060 --> 00:06:27,800
+200 ميكرو لتر water، خدوا بالكوا لما أقول water
+
+94
+00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:30,920
+يعني ultra pure water، في كل شيء له علاقة بالـ
+
+95
+00:06:30,920 --> 00:06:34,460
+molecular biology أو الـ embryology، small volume
+
+96
+00:06:34,460 --> 00:06:39,020
+مهم جدا، طب ليش أنا بستخدم 200 micro أو 0.2 ملي لتر
+
+97
+00:06:39,020 --> 00:06:43,040
+من الـ water، لإنه مهم جدا فيه المساعدة للـ Polar
+
+98
+00:06:43,040 --> 00:06:45,520
+Body، المساعدة للـ Polar Body أن يصيله Attachment 
+
+99
+00:06:45,520 --> 00:06:49,120
+مع الـ Glass خلال عملية الـ Drying، طالما أنا حطيت
+
+100
+00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:52,080
+200 Micro وضفت فيها الـ Polar Body، حسيب هذا الـ
+
+101
+00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:56,980
+GIF عملية الـ Drying تعمل عملية Attachment أو 
+
+102
+00:06:56,980 --> 00:07:01,820
+Fixation بتشتغل كـ Fixation Step أو Fixative Step
+
+103
+00:07:01,820 --> 00:07:05,920
+فتعمل Fixation للـ Polar Body في الـ Glass Slide
+
+104
+00:07:05,920 --> 00:07:09,080
+فبالتالي الـ Polar Body بيصير ثابت، أي عملية 
+
+105
+00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:12,920
+Removing أو Washing بيصير له عملية drilling أو
+
+106
+00:07:12,920 --> 00:07:16,600
+removing خلاص صار له عملية attachment مع الـ glass
+
+107
+00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:19,880
+slide، placing the polar body directly at the
+
+108
+00:07:19,880 --> 00:07:22,860
+bottom of the slide will prevent floating and 
+
+109
+00:07:22,860 --> 00:07:25,780
+rupture of the polar body، أنا وأنا برفع الـ polar
+
+110
+00:07:25,780 --> 00:07:29,080
+body وبنقله إلى القطرة التي تحتوى على 200 micro
+
+111
+00:07:29,080 --> 00:07:34,120
+liter من الماء، بكون دائما في بالي إن أنا أضع الـ 
+
+112
+00:07:34,120 --> 00:07:37,600
+polar body في أسفل القطرة، مش أرميها على سطح القطرة
+
+113
+00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:43,050
+لأنه بده أدخل بالـ needle في القطرة، بتأكد إن أنا وضعته
+
+114
+00:07:43,050 --> 00:07:48,250
+بأقرب مسافة من الـ slide علشان هذا بمنع الـ polar
+
+115
+00:07:48,250 --> 00:07:51,030
+body أن يصير floating وبيساعد على عملية الـ
+
+116
+00:07:51,030 --> 00:07:54,870
+fixation بشكل كبير جدا، لأن لو صار عملية floating
+
+117
+00:07:54,870 --> 00:07:59,230
+على الـ polar body، احتمالية فقدره بتكون أكبر بكثير
+
+118
+00:07:59,230 --> 00:08:02,670
+The drying process must be observed under a
+
+119
+00:08:02,670 --> 00:08:05,350
+stereomicroscope and the final location of the
+
+120
+00:08:05,350 --> 00:08:09,010
+polar body after air dries should be marked، بمعنى
+
+121
+00:08:09,010 --> 00:08:13,250
+آخر إن بدي أسرع عملية الـ drying بأخد الـ glass اللي
+
+122
+00:08:13,250 --> 00:08:16,730
+فيها 200 ميكرو ليتر water واللي ضيفت فيها الـ
+
+123
+00:08:16,730 --> 00:08:20,650
+polar body بضيفها أو بوضعها على الـ stereo
+
+124
+00:08:20,650 --> 00:08:24,830
+microscope، واحد الميكروسكوبات التي تستخدم في 
+
+125
+00:08:24,830 --> 00:08:28,990
+مختبر الأجنة، طبعا بكون الـ light معرض إليها مشكلة
+
+126
+00:08:28,990 --> 00:08:32,900
+مباشرة، هذا بيعمل نوع من أنواع الحرارة المقبولة التي
+
+127
+00:08:32,900 --> 00:08:36,520
+تساعد على تبخر الماء بسرعة مما يؤدي إلى تسريع
+
+128
+00:08:36,520 --> 00:08:40,840
+عملية الـ fixation، خلصت عملية الـ fixation باستخدام
+
+129
+00:08:40,840 --> 00:08:45,620
+الـ heating مع الـ drying، بقوم بعمل markering للـ
+
+130
+00:08:45,620 --> 00:08:49,080
+polar body مكانه، بيجب أطلع على الـ slide من الأسفل
+
+131
+00:08:49,080 --> 00:08:53,100
+هي مكان الـ polar body، بعمله markering بوضع دائرة
+
+132
+00:08:53,100 --> 00:08:56,040
+باستخدام marker معين، بشرط أن الـ marker حتى الـ
+
+133
+00:08:56,040 --> 00:08:59,500
+marker الذي يستخدم في الـ Polar Body أو في الـ
+
+134
+00:08:59,500 --> 00:09:04,300
+embryo لازم يكونش volatile علشان ما يأذي الـ 
+
+135
+00:09:04,300 --> 00:09:08,130
+embryo، خلصنا من طريقة الـ Fixation الأولى، 
+
+136
+00:09:08,130 --> 00:09:11,310
+بإمكاننا عمل Fixation تانية من خلال استخدام
+
+137
+00:09:11,310 --> 00:09:16,350
+Methanol Acidic Acid Solution من خلال تركيزه 3
+
+138
+00:09:16,350 --> 00:09:20,790
+Methanol إلى 1 Microliter Acidic Acid، يعني ممكن
+
+139
+00:09:20,790 --> 00:09:25,050
+يحضروا 3 Methanol إلى 1 Methanol Acidic Acid أو 
+
+140
+00:09:25,050 --> 00:09:30,130
+100 أو 300 إلى 100، يعني المفروض يكون النسبة 3 إلى 1
+
+141
+00:09:30,130 --> 00:09:35,730
+1 3 Methanol إلى 1 Acidic Acid بقوم بوضع تقريباً 20
+
+142
+00:09:35,730 --> 00:09:40,650
+أو 30 microliter يعني تلاتة ضرب على الـ polar body
+
+143
+00:09:40,650 --> 00:09:45,190
+هذا بعمل عملية fixation لمدة طبعا فترة زمانية
+
+144
+00:09:45,190 --> 00:09:49,510
+معينة تقريباً تلاتين ثانية أربعين ثانية هذا كنوع من
+
+145
+00:09:49,510 --> 00:09:52,850
+أنواع ال fixation رقم اتنين بعد ما يصيله fixation
+
+146
+00:09:52,850 --> 00:09:56,050
+another fixation after air dried using methanol at
+
+147
+00:09:56,050 --> 00:09:58,770
+room temperature for five minutes يعني عملت تلت 
+
+148
+00:09:58,770 --> 00:10:01,190
+أنواع من ال fixation fixation الأول باستخدام ال
+
+149
+00:10:01,190 --> 00:10:05,150
+water والdrying fixation الثاني باستخدام تلاتة إلى
+
+150
+00:10:05,150 --> 00:10:08,210
+واحد methanol acidic acid وال fixation الثالث وهو
+
+151
+00:10:08,210 --> 00:10:12,570
+ال methanol على room temperature خمسة minutes خلصت
+
+152
+00:10:12,570 --> 00:10:17,540
+كده تحضير الـ Polar Body لعملية الـ Fish Technique
+
+153
+00:10:17,540 --> 00:10:20,580
+بعد كده الـ Fish Technique هو Protocol يعتمد على
+
+154
+00:10:20,580 --> 00:10:23,900
+الشركة اللي أنا ماخد منها الـ Sequence المحمل
+
+155
+00:10:23,900 --> 00:10:29,800
+عليها ال Prob أو ال Die هذا ما فيش فيه أي اختلاف كيف
+
+156
+00:10:29,800 --> 00:10:33,280
+أنا بدي أعمل transfer لـ ال polar body عشان أعمل
+
+157
+00:10:33,280 --> 00:10:37,320
+PCR؟ طبعا بالنسبة لل polar body ال transfer for
+
+158
+00:10:37,320 --> 00:10:40,320
+PCR ال differentiation of the first and second
+
+159
+00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:43,820
+polar body is very important لما بدي أعمل PCR
+
+160
+00:10:43,820 --> 00:10:46,460
+باستخدام المادة الوراثية المتعلقة بال polar body
+
+161
+00:10:46,820 --> 00:10:50,320
+هنا لازم أفرق ال first polar body عن ال second
+
+162
+00:10:50,320 --> 00:10:53,460
+polar body لأن لو ال defect صارت في ال first polar
+
+163
+00:10:53,460 --> 00:10:56,260
+body إلها معنى ال defect صار في ال second polar
+
+164
+00:10:56,260 --> 00:10:59,720
+body إلها معنى ثاني يختلف عن المعنى الأولاني
+
+165
+00:10:59,720 --> 00:11:04,900
+فبالتالي هنا معناه أن الخلية أو البويضة فيها خلل
+
+166
+00:11:04,900 --> 00:11:08,280
+في القسم الميوز الأول هنا البويضة فيها خلل في
+
+167
+00:11:08,280 --> 00:11:14,240
+القسم الميوز الثاني فبالتالي الخلل ممكن يكون مستمر
+
+168
+00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:17,810
+مع الأجيال معنى آخر إذا كان في عندي خلل في ال
+
+169
+00:11:17,810 --> 00:11:23,270
+polar body biopsy الأول معناه قد يكون تم تصحيحه
+
+170
+00:11:23,270 --> 00:11:27,090
+عندما تم إنتاج ال polar body الثاني أو لم يتم
+
+171
+00:11:27,090 --> 00:11:30,650
+تصحيحه فاللي بأكد هذا الكلام ال second polar body
+
+172
+00:11:30,650 --> 00:11:34,830
+biopsy فبالتالي في حالة ال PCR لازم أفرق ال first
+
+173
+00:11:34,830 --> 00:11:38,070
+polar body عن ال second polar body therefore the
+
+174
+00:11:38,070 --> 00:11:40,570
+first and the second polar body are released after
+
+175
+00:11:40,570 --> 00:11:45,110
+biopsy in the two different droplets ولازم أغطي
+
+176
+00:11:45,110 --> 00:11:47,810
+ال cover بعد ما أضيفه في ال droplets الخاص بال
+
+177
+00:11:47,810 --> 00:11:52,070
+media أعمله covering وأغطي ال drops باستخدام
+
+178
+00:11:52,070 --> 00:11:56,720
+mineral oil علشان أحافظ على المادة الوراثية كما هي
+
+179
+00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:01,280
+وأحافظ على ال polar body بدون أي external effect
+
+180
+00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:06,740
+خلصنا من ال polar body نيجي لـ ال embryo واللي
+
+181
+00:12:06,740 --> 00:12:09,920
+الكل الناس اللي بتشتغل في هذا المجال بتنيل إلى
+
+182
+00:12:09,920 --> 00:12:13,400
+استخدام ال embryo biopsy في تشخيص الأمراض الوراثية
+
+183
+00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:19,420
+أو تحديد مرض معين إذا كان الطبيب بتبحث عنه طبعا
+
+184
+00:12:19,420 --> 00:12:23,100
+بالنسبة لل embryo هذ�� عملية .. عملية critical إلى حد
+
+185
+00:12:23,100 --> 00:12:27,900
+ما بشكل كبير جدا لأن أنا مهمتي هنا أخذ خلية من وسط
+
+186
+00:12:27,900 --> 00:12:32,000
+تمام الخلايا أو أخذ خاليتين من وسط 32 خلية
+
+187
+00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:36,140
+فبالتالي أي خطأ أثناء ال biopsy معناه rupture و
+
+188
+00:12:36,140 --> 00:12:39,660
+destructure لل embryo يعني أنا كده فشلت في أخذ
+
+189
+00:12:39,660 --> 00:12:43,540
+الخزعة وفشلت في إتمام عملية الحقن المجهر إلى
+
+190
+00:12:43,540 --> 00:12:49,000
+النهاية للحصول على true baby فبالتالي مهم جدا أعرف
+
+191
+00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:53,770
+وقت الخزعة وكم خلية أخذ هذا مهم جدا أهم two factor
+
+192
+00:12:53,770 --> 00:12:59,330
+لنجاح عملية ال embryo biopsy حكينا في حاجة اسمها
+
+193
+00:12:59,330 --> 00:13:03,790
+Blastomere وهي كل خلية تظهر بعد اليوم الثاني من
+
+194
+00:13:03,790 --> 00:13:08,000
+الانقسام بسميها Blastomere كل خلية أنا بأخذها
+
+195
+00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:12,540
+بسميها embryo biopsy Blastomere biopsy or embryo
+
+196
+00:13:12,540 --> 00:13:16,240
+biopsy is a technique that is performed during IVF
+
+197
+00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:20,340
+when an embryo has arrived at the 6th or 8th cell
+
+198
+00:13:20,340 --> 00:13:24,740
+يعني بعد تلت أيام من القسم يعني معنى الكلام أن ال
+
+199
+00:13:24,740 --> 00:13:28,460
+embryo biopsy لها مسمى آخر هي Blastomere biopsy
+
+200
+00:13:28,460 --> 00:13:32,920
+وهي عبارة عن عملية يتم فيها أخذ خلية واحدة أو
+
+201
+00:13:32,920 --> 00:13:37,470
+خاليتين من جنين يحتوي في الأصل على 6 خلايا على
+
+202
+00:13:37,470 --> 00:13:41,410
+الأقل أو 8 خلايا متى بيصير 6 خلايا أو 8 خلايا؟ لأن
+
+203
+00:13:41,410 --> 00:13:45,590
+هذه فترة في اليوم الثالث من الانقسام الهدف الأساسي
+
+204
+00:13:45,590 --> 00:13:48,990
+للـ Embryo biopsy هو إزالة عينة من تشو الـ Embryonic
+
+205
+00:13:48,990 --> 00:13:53,770
+للجينات الدياجنوستيك مثلا من أشهر أنواع الجينات الدياجنوستيك
+
+206
+00:13:53,770 --> 00:13:58,270
+الحاجة بيسميها pre-genetic أو pre
+
+207
+00:13:58,270 --> 00:14:01,920
+-genetic diagnostic أو خلّينا نسميه Pre
+
+208
+00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:04,080
+-implantation Genetic Diagnostic اللي حاجة نسميه
+
+209
+00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:07,960
+PGD Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnostic واللي
+
+210
+00:14:07,960 --> 00:14:13,560
+كانت أول مطاردة في عام 1989 كبداية تم فيها تشخيص
+
+211
+00:14:13,560 --> 00:14:17,840
+بعض الأمراض المتصلة بالـ X-Chromosome سواء كان
+
+212
+00:14:17,840 --> 00:14:20,620
+dominant أو recessive اللي سمينا X-linked disorder
+
+213
+00:14:20,620 --> 00:14:26,320
+أيضا بعد كده استخدموا الـ Embryo biopsy for selection
+
+214
+00:14:27,020 --> 00:14:29,420
+الـ Embryo biopsy هي عبارة عن two-step
+
+215
+00:14:29,420 --> 00:14:33,700
+micromanipulation process تشمل الخطواتين الخطوة
+
+216
+00:14:33,700 --> 00:14:37,120
+الأولى تشمل penetration للزونا بيلوسيدا أو
+
+217
+00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:40,780
+partially removing للزونا بيلوسيدا علشان أنا
+
+218
+00:14:40,780 --> 00:14:46,660
+أستطيع أن أدخل للخلية بعد كده بعد ما يصير عندي
+
+219
+00:14:46,660 --> 00:14:51,970
+partially penetration للزونا بيلوسيدا لازم بعد كده
+
+220
+00:14:51,970 --> 00:14:57,270
+أعمل removing لـ one cell أو two cells من الخلية
+
+221
+00:14:57,270 --> 00:15:01,810
+إذن هي عبارة عن عملية بتتم بخطواتين الخطوة الأولى
+
+222
+00:15:01,810 --> 00:15:04,290
+partial removing for zona pellucida
+
+223
+00:15:07,620 --> 00:15:14,000
+مؤقتا الشغلة الثانية بشكل جزء خلينا نسميه بعد كده
+
+224
+00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:18,360
+بدخل بالـ aspiration needle عشان أجي أعمل حاجة
+
+225
+00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:23,660
+بنسميها aspiration أو removing لل one or more one
+
+226
+00:15:23,660 --> 00:15:28,320
+cells طبعا عدد الخلايا أنا مش اللي بتحكم فيه بشكل
+
+227
+00:15:28,320 --> 00:15:32,740
+عام بل بتحكم فيه طبيعة الـ embryo كم خلية موجودة
+
+228
+00:15:32,740 --> 00:15:35,760
+في الـ embryo هذا اللي بتحكم فيه بالنسبة للبيوبس
+
+229
+00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,200
+التكنيكي ممكن أنا أعمل penetration لـ zona pellucida
+
+230
+00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:41,860
+mechanical زي ما احنا شفنا في الـ assistant
+
+231
+00:15:41,860 --> 00:15:46,080
+hatching وبالفيديو chemical باستخدام بعض المواد
+
+232
+00:15:46,080 --> 00:15:49,980
+الكيميائية وهي عبارة عن مواد في الغالب تكون acidic
+
+233
+00:15:49,980 --> 00:15:54,640
+زي الـ triode acid هذا أخذناه في الـ polar body
+
+234
+00:15:54,640 --> 00:15:58,670
+biopsy إذا في عندي mechanical وفي عندي chemical وفي
+
+235
+00:15:58,670 --> 00:16:03,070
+عندي الحاجة اللي بنسميها ال laser hatching إن أنا
+
+236
+00:16:03,070 --> 00:16:06,910
+بستخدم طريقة ال laser وإني بعمل firing بدبث معين
+
+237
+00:16:06,910 --> 00:16:10,970
+بعدد معين Blastomere Remove قولنا إيه إيه ال
+
+238
+00:16:10,970 --> 00:16:14,190
+Blastomere؟ حكى إن Blastomere هي كل خلية موجودة
+
+239
+00:16:14,190 --> 00:16:17,670
+داخل ال embryo بعد اليوم الثاني the most
+
+240
+00:16:17,670 --> 00:16:20,350
+frequently used method for Blastomere Remove is
+
+241
+00:16:20,350 --> 00:16:24,710
+aspiration هذه هي الطريقة اللي بتستخدم بشكل عالمي
+
+242
+00:16:24,710 --> 00:16:29,960
+بط  بتدخل بال forceps مثلا وبسحب الـ Blastomere لأ،
+
+243
+00:16:29,960 --> 00:16:34,340
+هي عبارة عن suction tube أو aspiration needle بدخل
+
+244
+00:16:34,340 --> 00:16:39,700
+داخل البويضة بعد عملية التعرية أو إزالة جزء من الـ
+
+245
+00:16:39,700 --> 00:16:42,660
+zona pellucida من نفس المكان اللي أزلت منه zona
+
+246
+00:16:42,660 --> 00:16:46,140
+pellucida بدخل بال aspiration needle وبعمل
+
+247
+00:16:46,140 --> 00:16:50,580
+aspiration أو suction ل one or two cell after
+
+248
+00:16:50,580 --> 00:16:53,380
+remove the cell, the developed embryo is placed
+
+249
+00:16:53,380 --> 00:16:56,800
+back in the culture media and turned to the
+
+250
+00:16:56,800 --> 00:16:59,760
+incubator where it can be resumed it's normal
+
+251
+00:16:59,760 --> 00:17:02,440
+growth and development طبعا هذه العملية .. عملية
+
+252
+00:17:02,440 --> 00:17:05,120
+ال aspiration بتكون في اليوم الثاني .. عفوا في
+
+253
+00:17:05,120 --> 00:17:08,100
+اليوم الثالث .. في اليوم الرابع بناء على عدد
+
+254
+00:17:08,100 --> 00:17:10,940
+الخلايا الموجودة داخل الجنين بعد ما أخذ الخلايا
+
+255
+00:17:10,940 --> 00:17:14,320
+المطلوبة .. الخلية أو الخليتين مباشرة برجع الجنين
+
+256
+00:17:14,320 --> 00:17:17,380
+في ال petri dish أو عفوا برجع الجنين الموجود في ال
+
+257
+00:17:17,380 --> 00:17:22,060
+petri dish كله في ال petri dish الموجود كامل ك one
+
+258
+00:17:22,060 --> 00:17:26,670
+unit في ال incubator وبسمح للجنين إنه في هذه اللحظة
+
+259
+00:17:26,670 --> 00:17:32,150
+يستكمل عملية نموه وانقسامه عشان يصل إلى 16 خلية و
+
+260
+00:17:32,150 --> 00:17:38,510
+2 تلاتية خلية ويصل لمرحلة الموريلا أيضا هذا الشكل
+
+261
+00:17:38,510 --> 00:17:44,690
+اللي أنا بقصده في الخطوة الأولى عملت عملية holding
+
+262
+00:17:44,690 --> 00:17:52,700
+لـ ال embryo بتكون من 1,2,3,4,5,6 حوالي 6 خلايا عملت
+
+263
+00:17:52,700 --> 00:17:55,980
+له holding في ال holder طيب بعدين دخلت بال needle
+
+264
+00:17:55,980 --> 00:17:59,440
+عشان أعمل حاجة بنسميها mechanical zona pellucida
+
+265
+00:17:59,440 --> 00:18:04,300
+removing أو mechanical hatching بعد كده حكيت أنه
+
+266
+00:18:04,300 --> 00:18:08,400
+بعمل releasing إلها من ال holder tube وبأخذها و
+
+267
+00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:13,440
+بحك أو بعمل عملية احتكاك بسيط في أسفل ال holder
+
+268
+00:18:13,440 --> 00:18:16,300
+tube علشان أعمل removing لهذه المنطقة
+
+269
+00:18:19,740 --> 00:18:22,800
+طبعا بعد ما أعمل removing بدخل بال aspiration
+
+270
+00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:28,340
+needle وبعمل aspiration لـ one tube إذن في هذه
+
+271
+00:18:28,340 --> 00:18:31,860
+العملية يتم عمل partial removing للـ zona
+
+272
+00:18:31,860 --> 00:18:36,080
+pellucida كما هو موضح في الصورة الأولى ثم بعد ذلك
+
+273
+00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:40,080
+الدخول بال aspiration needle من المنطقة التي تم
+
+274
+00:18:40,080 --> 00:18:43,360
+عمل فيها partial removing للـ zona pellucida وعمل
+
+275
+00:18:43,360 --> 00:18:48,460
+suction أو aspiration ل one cell من ال Blastomere
+
+276
+00:18:48,460 --> 00:18:53,380
+الموجودة هذا بالنسبة لعملية الـ Embryo biopsy
+
+277
+00:18:53,380 --> 00:18:59,500
+سؤال مهم بالنسبة لـ Embryo biopsy شو أهم عوامل
+
+278
+00:18:59,500 --> 00:19:03,280
+بتتحكم فيها؟ أقول إن الـ timing متى أعمل زونا
+
+279
+00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:07,200
+بيلوسيدا removing أو متى أعمل Embryo biopsy في أي
+
+280
+00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:11,840
+يوم وعدد الخلايا اللي أنا قادر أخذها فبالتالي ال 
+
+281
+00:19:11,840 --> 00:19:14,820
+timing of biopsy domestically,  digestive biopsy
+
+282
+00:19:14,820 --> 00:19:18,360
+taking place on the third morning followed by
+
+283
+00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:23,080
+Insemination بمعنى آخر أنه أنا في معظم الحالات لو
+
+284
+00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:25,980
+بدي أعمل embryo biopsy بدي اعملها في اليوم الثالث
+
+285
+00:19:25,980 --> 00:19:30,340
+من عملية الإخصاب يعني بمعنى آخر لو صارت عملية ال
+
+286
+00:19:30,340 --> 00:19:35,260
+injection في اليوم الأول و هو يوم السبت، السبت خلص 
+
+287
+00:19:35,260 --> 00:19:39,260
+الأحد، يوم الاثنين ممكن أبدأ أعمل embryo biopsy
+
+288
+00:19:39,260 --> 00:19:43,620
+وهذا البروتوكول معظم مختبرات الإخصاب أو مختبرات ال
+
+289
+00:19:43,620 --> 00:19:47,100
+IVF، الـ IVF بتعتمد عليه أنه في اليوم الثالث هو
+
+290
+00:19:47,100 --> 00:19:52,660
+اليوم المفضل لعمل الـ biopsy، طبعًا لما نبدأ نجي
+
+291
+00:19:52,660 --> 00:19:57,740
+نعمل biopsy مهم جدًا أن بعضهم بيعمل biopsy في اليوم
+
+292
+00:19:57,740 --> 00:20:01,500
+الأول، فبالتالي إذا كانت النتيجة بتحتاج إلى فترة
+
+293
+00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:05,400
+زمنية طويلة جدًا، يومين أو ثلاثة علشان تطلع النتيجة
+
+294
+00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:09,980
+نتيجة الـ genetic testing فبرجع في اليوم الخامس
+
+295
+00:20:09,980 --> 00:20:13,700
+والله إذا كانت النتيجة بتطلع خلال 24 ساعة برجع في
+
+296
+00:20:13,700 --> 00:20:19,270
+اليوم الرابع، يعني مهم جدًا أن عملية الترجيع تحدث بعد 
+
+297
+00:20:19,270 --> 00:20:23,290
+يومين كحد أقصى أو ثلاثة كحد أقصى من عملية ال
+
+298
+00:20:23,290 --> 00:20:25,610
+embryo biopsy، إذا أنا عملت الـ embryo biopsy في
+
+299
+00:20:25,610 --> 00:20:29,470
+اليوم الثالث، في اليوم الثالث من عملية ال
+
+300
+00:20:29,470 --> 00:20:34,170
+insemination، النقطة الثانية المهمة جدًا، الـ number
+
+301
+00:20:34,170 --> 00:20:38,410
+of cells،  أُكمل بلاستومير، أنا ممكن آخد من الـ biopsy
+
+302
+00:20:38,410 --> 00:20:45,610
+أو من الـ embryo هذا، كم أو كم cells موجودة داخل ال
+
+303
+00:20:45,610 --> 00:20:50,630
+embryo، هي موجود 6، موجود 8، موجود 16، موجود 32، كل ما
+
+304
+00:20:50,630 --> 00:20:54,110
+زاد عدد الخلايا كل ما كان عندي إمكانية أن آخذ 
+
+305
+00:20:54,110 --> 00:21:00,410
+بيبسي 2 و 3 و 4، فهذا مهم جدًا في معظم أو العديد من
+
+306
+00:21:00,410 --> 00:21:04,770
+مختبرات الـ IVF بيعتمدوا second blastomere is removed
+
+307
+00:21:04,770 --> 00:21:10,270
+from embryo having 7 or more cells، يعني أي embryo 
+
+308
+00:21:10,270 --> 00:21:14,870
+بيحتوي على ستة أو سبع خلايا أو أكثر، كل المختبرات 
+
+309
+00:21:14,870 --> 00:21:17,630
+أو عدد خلينا نسميها من المختبرات بياخذ خليتين، يعني
+
+310
+00:21:17,630 --> 00:21:21,650
+بياخذ two blastomeras و بيخضعهم للـ genetic testing
+
+311
+00:21:21,650 --> 00:21:25,890
+بعضهم لأ، بياخذ واحدة، بقول لك لأنه بعض الدراسات وجدت
+
+312
+00:21:25,890 --> 00:21:29,350
+أنه كل ما زاد عدد الـ cells المأخوذة كل ما كانت لها
+
+313
+00:21:29,350 --> 00:21:33,950
+تأثير سلبي على تطور ونمو الجنين في بعض الأحيان أو 
+
+314
+00:21:33,950 --> 00:21:37,740
+بعض الدراسات وجدت لأ، ما فيش منه الكلام هذا لأن الجنين
+
+315
+00:21:37,740 --> 00:21:42,660
+قادر إنه ينمو ويتأقلم على الوضع الجديد، فبالتالي
+
+316
+00:21:42,660 --> 00:21:49,220
+القرار الأساسي اللي بيحكمّني كم بيوبسي آخذ أو كم 
+
+317
+00:21:49,220 --> 00:21:54,660
+blastomere آخذ واحدة أو اثنتين يعتمد على عدة عوامل
+
+318
+00:21:54,660 --> 00:21:57,860
+العامل الأول الـ embryo cell number كم خلية
+
+319
+00:21:57,860 --> 00:22:02,780
+موجودة داخل الـ embryo، والشغ�� الثاني الـ testing 
+
+320
+00:22:02,780 --> 00:22:05,660
+اللي أنا بدي أعمله، والـ diagnostic اللي بدي أعمله
+
+321
+00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:09,280
+أنا ما احتاج جدًّا كمية من المادة الوراثية، يعني مش 
+
+322
+00:22:09,280 --> 00:22:13,760
+منطقي والله أنا بدي أعمل خمس فحوصات وراثية فال
+
+323
+00:22:13,760 --> 00:22:18,100
+one embryo أو one biopsy أو one blastomere، الكمية
+
+324
+00:22:18,100 --> 00:22:21,560
+المادة الوراثية الموجودة فيها لن تكفي، فمش منطقي
+
+325
+00:22:21,560 --> 00:22:25,060
+أروح أعمل بس اثنتين وأسيب الخمس أو باقي الخمس 
+
+326
+00:22:25,060 --> 00:22:27,880
+فحوصات المطلوبة، ففي نفس اللحظة بأخذ اثنتين
+
+327
+00:22:27,880 --> 00:22:31,600
+blastomere أو ثلاثة blastomere علشان أضمن أن الكمية
+
+328
+00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:35,550
+المتوفرة لدي من المادة الوراثية الخاصة بالجنين تكفي
+
+329
+00:22:35,550 --> 00:22:40,490
+لعمل جميع الفحوصات الوراثية المطلوبة، remove of two
+
+330
+00:22:40,490 --> 00:22:44,030
+cells should only be considered when embryo with
+
+331
+00:22:44,030 --> 00:22:47,770
+six or more cells، يعني keep it in your mind as 
+
+332
+00:22:47,770 --> 00:22:53,450
+a note أن عزل خلية واحدة بلاستومير أو خليتين يجب أن
+
+333
+00:22:53,450 --> 00:22:58,090
+تكون أو تحدث على جنين يحتوي على الأقل ست خلايا 
+
+334
+00:22:58,090 --> 00:23:02,950
+أول الفحوصات اللي أنا ممكن أشتغلها، فحص بنسميه ال
+
+335
+00:23:02,950 --> 00:23:08,720
+PGD، وهو implantation genetic testing، من اسمه تشخيص
+
+336
+00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:14,720
+جيني قبل الانغراس أو قبل الترجيع، وهو أحد الفحوصات
+
+337
+00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:19,280
+الوراثية المنتشرة في مراكز الحقن المجهري أو
+
+338
+00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:23,680
+التلقيح الصناعي والتي تعتمد على تشخيص أمراض معينة
+
+339
+00:23:23,680 --> 00:23:29,040
+لها علاقة بعائلة معينة، يعني بمعنى آخر زي
+
+340
+00:23:29,040 --> 00:23:31,340
+الهيموفيليا منتشرة في عائلة معينة، الـ sickle cell 
+
+341
+00:23:31,340 --> 00:23:34,630
+منتشرة في عائلة معينة، الأنيميا بأنواعها منتشرة في
+
+342
+00:23:34,630 --> 00:23:39,450
+بعض العائلات، فبدي أنا أرجّع جنين، هذا الجنين لا
+
+343
+00:23:39,450 --> 00:23:43,990
+يحمل الجين المسؤول عن المرض، يعني جنين normal بنسبة
+
+344
+00:23:43,990 --> 00:23:47,630
+كبيرة جدًا، during PGD the genetic analysis is done
+
+345
+00:23:47,630 --> 00:23:51,490
+for a single cell from 8 cell embryo، نفس 
+
+346
+00:23:51,490 --> 00:23:54,930
+القصة يقول إن أنا بعمل analysis للمادة الوراثية
+
+347
+00:23:54,930 --> 00:23:58,730
+المأخوذة من خلية واحدة من الـ embryo يحتوي على 8
+
+348
+00:23:58,730 --> 00:24:02,390
+خلايا، عشان كده قلنا فيما سبق أنه أقل شيء من 6 إلى 7 
+
+349
+00:24:02,390 --> 00:24:05,830
+خلايا هو الجنين المسموح له يخضع للـ embryo 
+
+350
+00:24:05,830 --> 00:24:10,510
+Biopsy، الـ PGD هي عبارة عن الـ procedure تحدث بعد
+
+351
+00:24:10,510 --> 00:24:14,870
+عملية الإخصاب، وتحدث قبل عملية ال
+
+352
+00:24:14,870 --> 00:24:18,610
+implantation، وهذا أمر طبيعي جدًا جدًا عشان أنا أشخص
+
+353
+00:24:18,610 --> 00:24:22,730
+أي defect في المادة الوراثية المتعلقة بالجنين وليس
+
+354
+00:24:22,730 --> 00:24:25,890
+المتعلقة بالأب والأم، لأن هذه المادة الوراثية ال
+
+355
+00:24:25,890 --> 00:24:30,810
+blastomere هي مادة وراثية خاصة بالجنين كحد عام أو
+
+356
+00:24:30,810 --> 00:24:36,090
+بشكل خاص جدًا، الـ PGD لا يُعتبر therapeutic 
+
+357
+00:24:36,090 --> 00:24:40,650
+procedure، بمعنى آخر إنه أنا برغم إنه عملت PGD ما 
+
+358
+00:24:40,650 --> 00:24:45,430
+في عندي guarantee إنه الطفل المرجّع يكون سليم بنسبة
+
+359
+00:24:45,430 --> 00:24:49,530
+100%، يكون سليم بنسبة 100%، فبالتالي
+
+360
+00:24:54,410 --> 00:24:58,830
+مادة أو عملية الـ PGD هي عبارة عن عملية تشخيصية
+
+361
+00:24:58,830 --> 00:25:03,530
+محضة بالشكل الأول ومن الدرجة الأولى، لا تعتبر عملية
+
+362
+00:25:03,530 --> 00:25:07,410
+علاجية، لأنه لا يتم حدوث تغيير في المادة الوراثية 
+
+363
+00:25:07,410 --> 00:25:12,090
+المتعلقة بالجنين، ما بدخل جين مقابل جين، هذا شيء
+
+364
+00:25:12,090 --> 00:25:17,810
+ثاني، طبعًا الـ PGD مرت بتسميات مختلفة منها الـ PGT 
+
+365
+00:25:17,810 --> 00:25:21,050
+وهي الـ Preimplantation Genetic Testing، بعد أن
+
+366
+00:25:21,050 --> 00:25:26,980
+تطورت إلى تشخيص انبلودي فسموها PGT-A، يعني انبلودي بعد
+
+367
+00:25:26,980 --> 00:25:30,600
+أن تطورت إلى الـ PGT-M اللي لها علاقة بالـ Single
+
+368
+00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:33,760
+Gene Defect أو الـ Monogenetic، بعد أن تطورت إلى
+
+369
+00:25:33,760 --> 00:25:36,880
+الـ PGT-SR اللي لها علاقة بالـ Structure
+
+370
+00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:42,140
+Rearrangement، فبالأصل هي عبارة عن PGT أو PGT بناء
+
+371
+00:25:42,140 --> 00:25:46,420
+على ماذا تستخدم أو لماذا تستخدم أو في ماذا تستخدم
+
+372
+00:25:46,790 --> 00:25:50,110
+إذا كانت تستخدم لتشخيص الانبلودي، بضيف حرف A، إذا
+
+373
+00:25:50,110 --> 00:25:53,050
+كانت تستخدم لتشخيص الـ monogenetic أو single gene
+
+374
+00:25:53,050 --> 00:25:57,190
+defect، بضيف M، إذا كانت تستخدم لتشخيص الكروموزوم 
+
+375
+00:25:57,190 --> 00:26:01,950
+الـ Structural Rearrangement بضيف PGT-SR، Single 
+
+376
+00:26:01,950 --> 00:26:06,190
+Structural Rearrangement، مين ممكن يستفيد من ال
+
+377
+00:26:06,190 --> 00:26:11,120
+PGD؟ عدة حالات ممكن تستفيد من الـ PGD، أول حالة أن
+
+378
+00:26:11,120 --> 00:26:16,660
+الكابلز اللي عندهم carrier for sex linked disorder أو
+
+379
+00:26:16,660 --> 00:26:19,360
+genetic disorder اللي بنسميه sex linked genetic 
+
+380
+00:26:19,360 --> 00:26:22,940
+disorder، الكاريار للـ single gene disorder، الناس
+
+381
+00:26:22,940 --> 00:26:25,720
+اللي عندهم الكروموزوم abnormal، المرأة اللي
+
+382
+00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:29,300
+عمرها أكثر من 38 سنة لأن عرض الـ structural 
+
+383
+00:26:29,300 --> 00:26:33,100
+rearrangement بتكون أكثر، الـ chance لظهورها، ال
+
+384
+00:26:33,100 --> 00:26:38,260
+women have severe … or several خلينا نسميها
+
+385
+00:26:38,260 --> 00:26:42,900
+miscarriage، السيدات اللي عندهم pregnancy loss بشكل 
+
+386
+00:26:42,900 --> 00:26:46,860
+مستمر، السيدات اللي عندهم chromosomal abnormality 
+
+387
+00:26:46,860 --> 00:26:51,940
+بشكل واضح، وتم تشخيصهم بالـ chromosomal abnormality
+
+388
+00:26:51,940 --> 00:26:55,080
+بشكل واضح قبل عملية الحمل، فبالتالي ممكن هذه الحالة
+
+389
+00:26:55,080 --> 00:26:59,820
+تنتقل للجنين، فبالتالي بعمل PGD للجنين علشان أتأكد 
+
+390
+00:26:59,820 --> 00:27:03,980
+أن هذه الحالة مش موجودة عنده أيضًا، الـ PGD ممكن
+
+391
+00:27:03,980 --> 00:27:08,040
+أستخدمها للـ sex selection، الـ PGD ممكن أعملها لل
+
+392
+00:27:08,040 --> 00:27:11,440
+balancing for sex، يعني بدي family تبتعد من اثنين
+
+393
+00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:15,480
+ذكور، اثنين اناث، هذا ما يسمى balance، الـ PGD ممكن
+
+394
+00:27:15,480 --> 00:27:20,100
+تحدث للـ couples اللي عندهم IVF failure أكثر من ثلاثة
+
+395
+00:27:20,100 --> 00:27:25,740
+مرات، man with some of sperm abnormality سواء كانت
+
+396
+00:27:25,740 --> 00:27:28,800
+عنده sperm abnormality في الـ head، في الميتوكوندريا،
+
+397
+00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:34,580
+في الـ chromatin abnormality، في الكروموزوم 
+
+398
+00:27:34,580 --> 00:27:38,560
+condensation، هذه كلها ممكن أنا أستخدم PGD عشان أتأكد 
+
+399
+00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:41,700
+أن الحالة المرضية مش موجودة، الـ Unexplained
+
+400
+00:27:41,700 --> 00:27:45,340
+infertility ممكن أستخدم فيها PGD، Y chromosome
+
+401
+00:27:45,340 --> 00:27:50,560
+deletion found in 5-10% of male with those pair
+
+402
+00:27:50,560 --> 00:27:54,180
+count، يعني ممكن أنا أعمل Y chromosome deletion أو 
+
+403
+00:27:54,180 --> 00:27:58,740
+micro deletion باستخدام الـ PGD، صحيح ممكن أن أشوف
+
+404
+00:27:58,740 --> 00:28:01,420
+الكروموزوم هذا أو الـ micro deletion الخاصة
+
+405
+00:28:01,420 --> 00:28:05,240
+بالكروموزوم Y موجودة في الـ embryo، خاصة إذا كان 
+
+406
+00:28:05,240 --> 00:28:08,340
+الـ embryo طبعًا male، إذا كان الجينات المسؤولة عن 
+
+407
+00:28:08,340 --> 00:28:11,780
+ظهور الـ reproductive system for male موجودة في ال
+
+408
+00:28:11,780 --> 00:28:15,580
+embryo، أو الجينات المسؤولة عن الـ spermatogenesis
+
+409
+00:28:15,580 --> 00:28:18,820
+موجودة في الـ embryo، فبالتالي هذا الـ embryo
+
+410
+00:28:18,820 --> 00:28:23,660
+هيتحول لـ male فيما بعد، فبالتالي ممكن أنا أبحث عن ال
+
+411
+00:28:23,660 --> 00:28:27,480
+micro deletion أو بنسميها Y chromosome micro deletion
+
+412
+00:28:27,480 --> 00:28:31,160
+abnormality، إذا موجودة أو لا مش موجودة، وخاصة في 
+
+413
+00:28:31,160 --> 00:28:35,000
+الـ male اللي عندهم low sperm count اللي سميناها
+
+414
+00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:40,020
+Oligospermia، هنعرف إيش يعني، ما هي الجينات المحمولة 
+
+415
+00:28:40,020 --> 00:28:44,500
+على الـ Y chromosome، أول الفحوصات التي يمكن أن تُشخّص 
+
+416
+00:28:44,500 --> 00:28:48,380
+باستخدام الـ PGD فحص بنسميه الـ Aneuploidy، ال
+
+417
+00:28:48,380 --> 00:28:52,960
+Aneuploidy وأكيد كلنا بنعرفها، هي عبارة عن وجود مشكلة 
+
+418
+00:28:52,960 --> 00:28:56,720
+في عدد الكروموزومات، وجود مشكلة في عدد الكروموزومات 
+
+419
+00:28:56,720 --> 00:29:00,240
+يعني عدد الكروموزومات مش طبيعي، سواء هذه المشكلة
+
+420
+00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:03,120
+زيادة في عدد الكروموزومات بالكروموزوم واحد أو اثنين أو 
+
+421
+00:29:03,120 --> 00:29:06,880
+نقصان في عدد الكروموسومات بالكروموسوم واحد أو اثنين أو 
+
+422
+00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:12,110
+أكثر أو أقل هذا بنسميها Aneuploidy زيادة أو نقصان تؤدي 
+
+423
+00:29:12,110 --> 00:29:16,310
+إلى اختلاف في عدد الكروموسومات يعني abnormality in
+
+424
+00:29:16,310 --> 00:29:19,770
+the number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy occurs during
+
+425
+00:29:19,770 --> 00:29:22,930
+cell division when the chromosomes don't separate
+
+426
+00:29:22,930 --> 00:29:26,870
+properly between the two cells. يعني الهدف الأساسي 
+
+427
+00:29:26,870 --> 00:29:31,010
+أو السبب الأساسي من الـ Aneuploidy يعبر عن خلل في 
+
+428
+00:29:31,010 --> 00:29:34,130
+انقسام الخلية عندما في مرحلة من مراحل الخلية 
+
+429
+00:29:34,130 --> 00:29:38,680
+وخصوصا في مرحلة الانافيز إنه بيصير عندي فصل
+
+430
+00:29:38,680 --> 00:29:42,780
+للـكروموسومات عن بعض البعض بشكل غير صحيح فخلية بتاخد 
+
+431
+00:29:42,780 --> 00:29:46,560
+عدد زيادة وخلية بيكون فيها عدد ناقص من الـكروموسومات
+
+432
+00:29:46,560 --> 00:29:49,380
+الـ Abnormality is most frequently a cause of
+
+433
+00:29:49,380 --> 00:29:53,380
+spontaneous abortion. بناء على دراسات معينة يوجد 
+
+434
+00:29:53,380 --> 00:29:58,960
+عديد من الأشكال المتعلقة بالـأنبلودي زي تريزومي 21،
+
+435
+00:29:58,960 --> 00:30:05,010
+تريزومي 18، إدوارز، والـ Trisomy 13 كمان من أشهر 
+
+436
+00:30:05,010 --> 00:30:07,910
+أنواع الانبلودي. طبعاً في انبلودي كتير بس احنا
+
+437
+00:30:07,910 --> 00:30:12,710
+ما نشوفهاش لإنه بيصيلها defect قبل الميلاد. The 
+
+438
+00:30:12,710 --> 00:30:16,810
+impact of a chromosome abnormality شو بتأثر أو على
+
+439
+00:30:16,810 --> 00:30:19,190
+شو بتأثر الكروموسومات abnormality؟ شو الـ influence 
+
+440
+00:30:19,190 --> 00:30:22,510
+تبعتها؟ بتأثر على .. بتؤدي إلى .. خلّيني أسمي أو
+
+441
+00:30:22,510 --> 00:30:25,770
+تأثيرها يؤدي إلى decrease في الـ embryo transfer 
+
+442
+00:30:25,770 --> 00:30:29,490
+طالما أنا عندي خمسة embryo في عندهم ثلاثة embryo
+
+443
+00:30:31,100 --> 00:30:34,160
+فبالتالي مش منطق ارجعهم و أنا اكتشفت ان فيهم عندهم
+
+444
+00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:37,760
+انبلودي فبرجع اثنين فصار عندي reduction في الـ
+
+445
+00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:41,900
+rate of embryo transfer. Implantation failure ممكن 
+
+446
+00:30:41,900 --> 00:30:46,860
+تصير في عندي pregnancy loss بشكل مستمر وارد أو
+
+447
+00:30:46,860 --> 00:30:51,780
+miscarriage. في عندي birth defect ممكن الطفل يولد و
+
+448
+00:30:51,780 --> 00:30:57,080
+هو ميت. Maternal and physical problem in offspring 
+
+449
+00:30:57,080 --> 00:31:02,210
+ممكن الأجيال الجيل يورّث الـ abnormality للجيل 
+
+450
+00:31:02,210 --> 00:31:06,430
+الثاني فبتبقى سمة غالبة في هذه العائلة. هذه كلها 
+
+451
+00:31:06,430 --> 00:31:10,590
+تعتبر the impact of a chromosome abnormality. سؤال
+
+452
+00:31:10,590 --> 00:31:14,330
+بيطرح نفسه هل الـ PGD safe على الـ embryo أم بيعمل 
+
+453
+00:31:14,330 --> 00:31:17,650
+defect للـ embryo؟ والله معظم .. معظم المقالات اللي
+
+454
+00:31:17,650 --> 00:31:20,930
+قرأناها و معظم المراجع العلمية الحديثة والقديمة
+
+455
+00:31:20,930 --> 00:31:25,610
+تقول أن الـ PGD يعتبر very safe على الـ embryo لأن الـ
+
+456
+00:31:25,610 --> 00:31:29,170
+embryo زي ما حكينا يستطيع أن يتأقلم على الوضع 
+
+457
+00:31:29,170 --> 00:31:33,410
+الجديد بسرعة وتستمر عملية النمو المتعلقة فيه
+
+458
+00:31:33,410 --> 00:31:38,570
+فبالتالي الـ PGD safe بشكل كبير جداً. Evaluation of 
+
+459
+00:31:38,570 --> 00:31:41,570
+children born after PGD does not show any 
+
+460
+00:31:41,570 --> 00:31:48,230
+indication for a detrimental effect of the process 
+
+461
+00:31:48,230 --> 00:31:51,190
+of new growth or neurological development. والدليل 
+
+462
+00:31:51,190 --> 00:31:57,380
+أن دراسة عملت scanning على الـ embryo أو على
+
+463
+00:31:57,380 --> 00:32:01,680
+الأطفال اللي أجوا من embryo اتعرض للـ PGD فوجدوا 
+
+464
+00:32:01,680 --> 00:32:05,800
+أنه ما عندهم أي مشكلة في عملية النمو ما عندهم أي 
+
+465
+00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:11,540
+مشكلة في أيضا المشاكل اللي لها علاقة بالأعصاب و
+
+466
+00:32:11,540 --> 00:32:15,220
+التي تعمل على إيقاف الـ development فبالتالي أنجبت
+
+467
+00:32:15,220 --> 00:32:20,960
+الأطفال التي أتت من أجنة خضعت للـ PGD بشكل طبيعي من
+
+468
+00:32:20,960 --> 00:32:23,940
+حيث النمو من حيث الـ Intelligence من حيث الـ
+
+469
+00:32:23,940 --> 00:32:26,680
+Nervous System من حيث الـ Reaction والـ Action
+
+470
+00:32:26,680 --> 00:32:31,420
+مافيش أي مشكلة. سؤال ثاني هل الـ PGD يُعتبر ضامن 
+
+471
+00:32:31,420 --> 00:32:34,580
+إنه تنجح عملية الـ IVF أو الإجزة يعطيني Healthy
+
+472
+00:32:34,580 --> 00:32:38,460
+Baby بنسبة 100%؟ طبعا للأسف هذه العملية مافيها 
+
+473
+00:32:38,460 --> 00:32:43,580
+ضمان. So there is no guarantee for PGD to giving a
+
+474
+00:32:43,580 --> 00:32:47,380
+completely healthy baby بنسبة 100% لأنك أنت بتدور 
+
+475
+00:32:47,380 --> 00:32:50,640
+على جينات معينة موجودة في العائلة ممكن يصير لحظة 
+
+476
+00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:54,910
+من لحظات الـ mutation يعطيك طفرة تعطيك مرض جديد وارد
+
+477
+00:32:54,910 --> 00:32:59,110
+أو يصير الحمل يتخلص بسبب external factor ل
+
+478
+00:32:59,110 --> 00:33:03,030
+الجنين فيصير عندي a portion وارد. فبالتالي مافي 
+
+479
+00:33:03,030 --> 00:33:07,290
+حاجة اسمها guarantee بنسبة 100%. So no there is
+
+480
+00:33:07,290 --> 00:33:09,910
+many different factors can be affected in the 
+
+481
+00:33:09,910 --> 00:33:14,650
+chance of IVF successful or success transferring 
+
+482
+00:33:14,650 --> 00:33:18,190
+an embryo that have undergone PGD does not 
+
+483
+00:33:18,190 --> 00:33:22,350
+guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. حوالي 3 إلى
+
+484
+00:33:22,350 --> 00:33:27,510
+5% كل pregnancy كل حالة حمل في عندها 3 إلى 5% as 
+
+485
+00:33:27,510 --> 00:33:32,790
+a risk for baby lose or defect. يعني كل سيدة بتحمل
+
+486
+00:33:32,790 --> 00:33:37,730
+حمل معين عندها احتمالية فقدان الجنين بمعدل 3 إلى 5 
+
+487
+00:33:37,730 --> 00:33:42,250
+%. يعني بمعنى آخر عندي خمس سيدات بيصير عندهم حمل
+
+488
+00:33:42,250 --> 00:33:47,270
+ممكن يصير عندهم فقدان للجنين. فقدان للجنين. So what
+
+489
+00:33:47,270 --> 00:33:50,680
+is the advantage of PGD؟ الـ PGD له عدة advantages
+
+490
+00:33:50,680 --> 00:33:53,480
+أنه بيعمل improved للـ embryo selection لأن ما 
+
+491
+00:33:53,480 --> 00:33:57,000
+برجع إلا للـ embryo اللي واثق إن هذا المرض الوراثي 
+
+492
+00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:00,400
+مش موجود بناء على الـ data الموجودة عليه. بيعمل 
+
+493
+00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:06,080
+reduction أو decline لمعدل نقل الأجنة التي تحتوي 
+
+494
+00:34:06,080 --> 00:34:10,040
+على تشوّه قبل الـ implantation. بيعمل عملية reduction
+
+495
+00:34:10,040 --> 00:34:12,940
+for transfer of embryo that will lead to pregnancy 
+
+496
+00:34:12,940 --> 00:34:17,700
+loss. فبالتالي معدل فقدان الجنين معدل الـ abortion
+
+497
+00:34:17,700 --> 00:34:21,360
+معدل الـ spontaneous abortion بيقل لإن أنا برجع 
+
+498
+00:34:21,360 --> 00:34:26,240
+الجنين السليم برجع الجنين الحيوي. إلى حد ما reduce 
+
+499
+00:34:26,240 --> 00:34:30,420
+the financial responsibility. طبعا خد بالك أنه معنى 
+
+500
+00:34:30,420 --> 00:34:34,640
+جنين فقد أو جنين تم إعادته وصار له abortion 
+
+501
+00:34:34,640 --> 00:34:40,460
+معناه في مشاكل صحية مشاكل نفسية مشاكل اجتماعية عند الـ
+
+502
+00:34:40,460 --> 00:34:46,770
+two couples. معناه إعادة الـ cycle يعني دفع و cost
+
+503
+00:34:46,770 --> 00:34:52,790
+أعلى. فده أنا بتجنبها من خلال الـ PGD. أيضاً الـ PGD 
+
+504
+00:34:52,790 --> 00:34:56,950
+بيعطي دعم نفسي من ناحية إيجابية. Positive بشكل كبير 
+
+505
+00:34:56,950 --> 00:35:02,430
+جداً مما يساعد على إكمال الحياة وإكمال عملية 
+
+506
+00:35:02,430 --> 00:35:05,890
+الإنجاب بالشكل الطبيعي لما والله السيدة والـ two
+
+507
+00:35:05,890 --> 00:35:09,550
+couples بتعرف أنه الجنين اللي تم إرجاع هو الجنين 
+
+508
+00:35:09,550 --> 00:35:14,040
+السليم. طبعاً بصير عنده نوع من أنواع الاهتمام بشكل
+
+509
+00:35:14,040 --> 00:35:19,560
+كبير جداً. القلق بيقل فبالتالي معدل فقدان الجنين من 
+
+510
+00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:24,220
+خلال الـ stress العالي بيقل بشكل كبير جداً. هذه فوائد 
+
+511
+00:35:24,220 --> 00:35:29,060
+الـ PGD. خلصنا من فوائد الـ PGD واتكلمنا عنها. نيجي
+
+512
+00:35:29,060 --> 00:35:32,400
+لمرحلة ثانية من مراحل الـ genetic testing إلها
+
+513
+00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:35,100
+علاقة بالـ بي جي إلها علاقة أيضاً بالـ sex selection 
+
+514
+00:35:35,100 --> 00:35:38,520
+إلها علاقة بالـ embryo biopsy اسمها sex selection. طب 
+
+515
+00:35:38,520 --> 00:35:41,700
+شو علاقة الـ embryo biopsy بالـ sex selection؟ لأن 
+
+516
+00:35:41,700 --> 00:35:45,220
+الـ sex selection هو عبارة عن فحص جيني يحتاج إلى الـ
+
+517
+00:35:45,220 --> 00:35:48,840
+embryo biopsy لكي يتم. لأن الـ embryo biopsy هي خزعة 
+
+518
+00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:52,980
+من الجنين تحتوي على مادة وراثية أقوم بفحصها من 
+
+519
+00:35:52,980 --> 00:35:56,980
+خلال الـ sex selection. طبعاً الـ sex selection هو 
+
+520
+00:35:56,980 --> 00:36:02,770
+مصطلح يستخدم بشكل عام as a medical term, as a medical
+
+521
+00:36:02,770 --> 00:36:08,110
+term. إذا كان هدفه طبي ولكن أصبح استخداماته مختلفة 
+
+522
+00:36:08,110 --> 00:36:12,190
+الـ sex selection we can use to making selection of
+
+523
+00:36:12,190 --> 00:36:15,790
+the embryo for transfer and implantation followed 
+
+524
+00:36:15,790 --> 00:36:21,490
+IVF. Separating sperm and selectively transmitting
+
+525
+00:36:21,490 --> 00:36:26,890
+a pregnancy. يعني sex selection بمعنى آخر هو مصطلح
+
+526
+00:36:26,890 --> 00:36:32,940
+يستخدم لاختيار جنس المولود أو عملية تستخدم لاختيار
+
+527
+00:36:32,940 --> 00:36:36,780
+جنس المولود. طبعاً في الغالب هي عبارة عن عملية قطبية 
+
+528
+00:36:36,780 --> 00:36:40,960
+خاصة في العوائل التي تحتوي على أمراض متعلقة 
+
+529
+00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:45,860
+بالأنثى فبالتالي بيعطيني أنثى مشوهة أو أنثى 
+
+530
+00:36:45,860 --> 00:36:51,640
+عندها مشاكل جينية أو أنثى defect فبالتالي مش منطق 
+
+531
+00:36:51,640 --> 00:36:54,360
+أروح أرجع الأجنة اللي عندهم female أو الـ female 
+
+532
+00:36:54,360 --> 00:36:58,200
+inferior. طبعاً الـ sex selection ممكن أنا أعمله من 
+
+533
+00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:02,220
+خلال تحديد جينات معينة إنها علاقة بالـ Male أو بالـ 
+
+534
+00:37:02,220 --> 00:37:04,720
+Female، أي طريقة أو أعمل separation للـ
+
+535
+00:37:04,720 --> 00:37:08,380
+spermatozoa. إن أحضن الـ boy ده فقط بـ sperm يحمل Y 
+
+536
+00:37:08,380 --> 00:37:12,460
+كروموسوم أو يحمل X كروموسوم بناء على شو الهدف من 
+
+537
+00:37:12,460 --> 00:37:15,740
+الـ sex selection. أو بيعمل حاجة بنسميها للأسف
+
+538
+00:37:15,740 --> 00:37:19,920
+بيستخدموها بشكل أو بآخر إنه selectively pregnancy 
+
+539
+00:37:19,920 --> 00:37:24,100
+أو بمعنى آخر cancelling pregnancy. يعني بعد الشهر
+
+540
+00:37:24,100 --> 00:37:29,160
+الثاني أو الثالث أو الرابع أتأكد إنه المولود male 
+
+541
+00:37:29,160 --> 00:37:33,960
+فأجهضه. أتأكد إن المولود female فأجهضها. هذه تعتبر 
+
+542
+00:37:33,960 --> 00:37:37,240
+طريقة من طرق الـ sex selection التي كانت تستخدم
+
+543
+00:37:37,240 --> 00:37:42,580
+فيما سبق بكميات كبيرة جداً. طبعاً بالنسبة للـ sex 
+
+544
+00:37:42,580 --> 00:37:47,020
+selection has a wide range of ethical, legal, social 
+
+545
+00:37:47,020 --> 00:37:51,440
+problems. يعني ماذا ده؟ حتى لأنه رغم إنه أمر طبي إلا 
+
+546
+00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:55,350
+أنه في بعض المشاكل الأخلاقية عليه، بعض المشاكل 
+
+547
+00:37:55,350 --> 00:37:58,270
+الطبية عليه، بعض المشاكل الاجتماعية عليه. في بعض 
+
+548
+00:37:58,270 --> 00:38:03,890
+المجتمعات ما بتقبل أن يحصل sex selection في دولتها
+
+549
+00:38:03,890 --> 00:38:07,490
+أو في مجتمعها. في بعض الدول عليها فرض إنه ما تعمل 
+
+550
+00:38:07,490 --> 00:38:10,930
+sex selection بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية، الثانية. إنه 
+
+551
+00:38:10,930 --> 00:38:14,770
+ممنوع أنت كدولة تعملي genetic implantation. ممنوع
+
+552
+00:38:14,770 --> 00:38:19,950
+كدولة تعملي sex selection إليها. هذا من أحد الفروض 
+
+553
+00:38:19,950 --> 00:38:24,700
+اللتي فرضت عليها. طبعاً الـ Gender Selection is used
+
+554
+00:38:24,700 --> 00:38:28,500
+to prevent genetic disease. The process is called
+
+555
+00:38:28,500 --> 00:38:31,880
+medical genetic or gender selection. إذا كان الهدف 
+
+556
+00:38:31,880 --> 00:38:36,800
+الأساسي من اختيار جنس مولود تجنب مرض وراثي معين فعند
+
+557
+00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:40,940
+الإذن بسميه medical gender selection أو medical 
+
+558
+00:38:40,940 --> 00:38:45,380
+sex selection. وهذا الهدف الأساسي من هذه العملية. من 
+
+559
+00:38:45,380 --> 00:38:48,520
+أشهر الأمراض هي الأمراض المتعلقة بالـ sex-linked
+
+560
+00:38:48,520 --> 00:38:53,860
+disorder أو الـ X-linked disorder التي تخصّ الذكور عن 
+
+561
+00:38:53,860 --> 00:38:58,340
+الإناث بكمية كبيرة جدا، بعض الأحيان يكون الهدف من
+
+562
+00:38:58,340 --> 00:39:01,300
+الـ sex selection ليس طبيعي، فبسميه في هذه الحالة
+
+563
+00:39:01,300 --> 00:39:05,540
+elective اختياري، أنه أنا والله بدي مولود بدي عيلة 
+
+564
+00:39:05,540 --> 00:39:08,600
+تكونها إناث أو بدي عيلة تكونها ذكور أو بدي balance
+
+565
+00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:12,220
+اثنين إناث اثنين ذكور، فإدم يسميه elective sex
+
+566
+00:39:12,220 --> 00:39:17,460
+selection أو non medical sex selection أيضًا زي ما
+
+567
+00:39:17,460 --> 00:39:22,340
+حكينا أنه أكثر الأسباب التي تؤدي لعمل sex selection
+
+568
+00:39:22,340 --> 00:39:26,240
+هي الـ family balancing، أنه أنا بدي عيلة فقط قفلين
+
+569
+00:39:26,240 --> 00:39:31,000
+ولد وبنت، بدي عيلة خمسة ولدين وثلاث بنات، وثلاث
+
+570
+00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:33,740
+بنات وولدين، وهكذا يعني بدي نوع من أنواع
+
+571
+00:39:33,740 --> 00:39:38,940
+الاختيارية أو نوع من أنواع التوازن في أفراد الأسرة
+
+572
+00:39:38,940 --> 00:39:43,320
+طبعًا هذا الأمر منطقيًا غير مقبول، طب كيف بدنا نعمل
+
+573
+00:39:43,320 --> 00:39:45,300
+sex selection؟ وإيش طبيعة العينة اللي بدنا
+
+574
+00:39:45,300 --> 00:39:48,460
+نستخدمها؟ في مسابق كانوا يستخدموا حاجة بتسميها 
+
+575
+00:39:48,460 --> 00:39:51,620
+chorionic villus sampling، شو يعني chorionic villus
+
+576
+00:39:51,620 --> 00:39:56,780
+sampling؟ CVS، chorionic villus sampling ببساطة جدا
+
+577
+00:39:56,780 --> 00:40:00,700
+is a prenatal test in which a sample of chorionic
+
+578
+00:40:00,700 --> 00:40:04,260
+villi is removed from the placenta for testing، يعني
+
+579
+00:40:04,260 --> 00:40:10,090
+أنا كطبيب بروح بأخذ جزء أو .. يا إما خلايا من خلايا
+
+580
+00:40:10,090 --> 00:40:14,530
+الـ placenta أو دم من دم الـ placenta وبعمله عملية
+
+581
+00:40:14,530 --> 00:40:18,850
+فحوصات لتبحث عن الجينات المتعلقة بالـ female أو 
+
+582
+00:40:18,850 --> 00:40:22,730
+الجينات المتعلقة بالـ male بشكل أساسي، that test can
+
+583
+00:40:22,730 --> 00:40:27,390
+be done as early as 10 weeks of pregnancy، يعني هذا
+
+584
+00:40:27,390 --> 00:40:31,130
+الفحص ��و هذا الـ sample اللي سميتها chorionic villus
+
+585
+00:40:31,130 --> 00:40:35,830
+sampling، بتخضع لها المرأة في أول عشر أسابيع من
+
+586
+00:40:35,830 --> 00:40:39,990
+عملية الحمل، طبعًا chorionic villus sampling can be exhibited
+
+587
+00:40:39,990 --> 00:40:42,970
+if a baby has chromosomal conditions such as Down
+
+588
+00:40:42,970 --> 00:40:46,230
+syndrome and other types of genetic disorders like
+
+589
+00:40:46,230 --> 00:40:49,810
+cystic fibrosis، also chorionic villus sampling can
+
+590
+00:40:49,810 --> 00:40:54,270
+provide valuable information about your baby's health
+
+591
+00:40:54,270 --> 00:40:58,590
+يعني أنا لما آخذ عينة الدم أو عينة نسيجية من ال
+
+592
+00:40:58,590 --> 00:41:02,230
+placenta تحت مصطلح الـ chorionic villus sampling أنا
+
+593
+00:41:02,230 --> 00:41:06,890
+بأخذ معلومات طبية عن حالة المولود، ممكن أشخص جنس
+
+594
+00:41:06,890 --> 00:41:10,570
+المولود منها، ممكن أعرف هل المولود يحتوي على بعض
+
+595
+00:41:10,570 --> 00:41:13,470
+الأمراض الوراثية، الـ Cystic Fibrosis for example
+
+596
+00:41:13,470 --> 00:41:18,170
+أو الـ Down Syndrome، النوع الثاني من أنواع الـ
+
+597
+00:41:18,170 --> 00:41:20,930
+material التي يمكن أن تستخدم في حالة الـ sex
+
+598
+00:41:20,930 --> 00:41:25,470
+selection، الأمنيوسنتيسيس وهي عبارة عن أخذ
+
+599
+00:41:25,470 --> 00:41:29,190
+عينة من السائل المحيط بالجنين، السائل المحيط
+
+600
+00:41:29,190 --> 00:41:33,810
+بالجنين هو عبارة عن سائل يغطي الجنين، حامل الجنين
+
+601
+00:41:33,990 --> 00:41:37,390
+يحتوي على بعض الخلايا المتعلقة بالجنين، فلو أنا
+
+602
+00:41:37,390 --> 00:41:41,930
+أخذت sample منها أنا كده أخذت cells related with
+
+603
+00:41:41,930 --> 00:41:45,690
+embryo، يعني أنا كده أخذت مادة وراثية لها علاقة
+
+604
+00:41:45,690 --> 00:41:50,090
+بالجنين، لها علاقة بالجنين، what is the purpose of
+
+605
+00:41:50,090 --> 00:41:52,830
+the amniocentesis? to check the inherited blood
+
+606
+00:41:52,830 --> 00:41:54,870
+disorders like sickle cell anemia, hemophilia,
+
+607
+00:41:54,950 --> 00:41:59,210
+thalassemia, muscular skeletal disorders, to check
+
+608
+00:41:59,210 --> 00:42:02,350
+chromosome abnormalities and fetal infections, and
+
+609
+00:42:02,350 --> 00:42:06,580
+also we can use it for sex selection or sex
+
+610
+00:42:06,580 --> 00:42:10,820
+determination، هذه أهم الصفات أو أهم الاستخدامات
+
+611
+00:42:10,820 --> 00:42:18,100
+التي تنطوي أو تتعلق بأخذ عينة من السائل الأمنيوسي
+
+612
+00:42:18,100 --> 00:42:21,360
+خلينا نشوف الفيديو اللي بيتكلم عن هذا الموضوع وكيف
+
+613
+00:42:21,360 --> 00:42:25,420
+بياخد العينة المتعلقة بالسائل الأمنيوسي
+
+614
+00:42:29,970 --> 00:42:33,750
+Amniocentesis، Amniocentesis is a medical procedure
+
+615
+00:42:33,750 --> 00:42:37,810
+used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal
+
+616
+00:42:37,810 --> 00:42:43,560
+abnormalities and fetal infections، وهي أيضًا
+
+617
+00:42:43,560 --> 00:42:46,220
+مستخدمة لتحريك الزبدة في الواقع التي تحتوي عدد
+
+618
+00:42:46,220 --> 00:42:49,620
+صغير من الموارد الأمنيوسية التي تحتوي على دماغ
+
+619
+00:42:49,620 --> 00:42:54,340
+أمنيوسي، مجموعة أمنيوسية، مجموعة أمنيوسية، مجموعة
+
+620
+00:42:54,340 --> 00:42:54,580
+أمنيوسية، مجموعة أمنيوسية، مجموعة أمنيوسية، مجموعة
+
+621
+00:42:54,580 --> 00:42:55,180
+أمنيوسية، مجموعة أمنيوسية، مجموعة أمنيوسية، مجموعة
+
+622
+00:42:55,180 --> 00:42:58,940
+أمنيوسية، مجموعة أمنيوسية، مجموعة أمنيوسية، مجموعة
+
+623
+00:42:58,940 --> 00:43:05,000
+أمنيوسية، مجموعة أمنيوسية، مجموعة أمنيوسية، مجموعة
+
+624
+00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:11,480
+أمنيوسية، مجموعة أمنيوسية، مجمو
+
+625
+00:43:39,160 --> 00:43:42,660
+ببساطة، حكى عن الـ Amniotic Fluid والسائل المحيط
+
+626
+00:43:42,660 --> 00:43:45,830
+بالجنين، سائل يحتوي على العديد من البروتينات
+
+627
+00:43:45,830 --> 00:43:48,930
+والإنزيمات المتعلقة بالجنين بالإضافة إلى بعض
+
+628
+00:43:48,930 --> 00:43:52,590
+الخلايا الجذعية المتعلقة بالجنين التي يمكن فصلها
+
+629
+00:43:52,590 --> 00:43:56,430
+وعمل culture لها لكي نحصل على علامات د��رية كافية
+
+630
+00:43:56,430 --> 00:44:01,170
+لإجراء الفحوصات الطبية والفحوصات الجينية المطلوبة
+
+631
+00:44:01,170 --> 00:44:06,090
+هذا بالنسبة للـ Amniotic Fluid أو عملية الـ
+
+632
+00:44:06,090 --> 00:44:12,720
+Amniocentesis التي يمكن من خلالها سحب جزء من الـ
+
+633
+00:44:12,720 --> 00:44:16,480
+Amniotic Fluid لإجراء الفحوصات الطبية المطلوبة
+
+634
+00:44:16,480 --> 00:44:19,800
+النوع الثالث أو الطريقة الثالثة من طرق عمل Sex
+
+635
+00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:22,880
+Selection وهي الـ Sperm Separation by
+
+636
+00:44:22,880 --> 00:44:27,500
+Flow Cytometer، أنه أنا قبل ما أعمل حقن مجهري بفصل
+
+637
+00:44:27,500 --> 00:44:31,820
+الـ Spermatozoa إلى Sperm تحمل Y-chromosome و
+
+638
+00:44:31,820 --> 00:44:36,380
+Sperm تحمل X-chromosome، وبناء على حاجة المريض بحقن
+
+639
+00:44:36,380 --> 00:44:40,800
+يا إما بالـ X-chromosome Sperm with X Chromosome أو
+
+640
+00:44:40,800 --> 00:44:44,740
+Sperm with Y Chromosome، طب كيف أنا بدي أفصل الـ X
+
+641
+00:44:44,740 --> 00:44:49,160
+عن الـ Y Chromosome الموجودة في Sperm Metazoa، ممكن
+
+642
+00:44:49,160 --> 00:44:54,140
+أفصلها بناء على كثافة الـ DNA أو كمية الـ DNA، فوجدوا
+
+643
+00:44:54,140 --> 00:44:58,380
+أن الـ Sperm Metazoa المحملة بالـ X Chromosome حوالي
+
+644
+00:44:58,380 --> 00:45:04,240
+2.8% more DNA than those carrying Y Chromosome
+
+645
+00:45:04,240 --> 00:45:07,700
+يعني بمعنى آخر، الـ Sperm Metazoa اللي إلها علاقة
+
+646
+00:45:07,700 --> 00:45:10,860
+بالـ X Chromosome أو محمول عليها الـ X Chromosome كمية
+
+647
+00:45:10,860 --> 00:45:13,960
+الـ DNA أكثر من الـ sperm المحمولة عليها Y Chromosome
+
+648
+00:45:13,960 --> 00:45:17,440
+بمعدل 2.8، والسبب زي إحنا ما بنعرف في الـ
+
+649
+00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:22,200
+karyotyping أن الـ Y Chromosome أقصر من الـ X Chromosome
+
+650
+00:45:22,200 --> 00:45:26,700
+الـ X Chromosome very long مقارنة بالـ Y Chromosome
+
+651
+00:45:26,700 --> 00:45:30,460
+فبالتالي وجدوا أن كمية الـ DNA في الـ X أكثر من
+
+652
+00:45:30,460 --> 00:45:34,160
+كمية الـ DNA في الـ Y أو الـ sperm المحملة عليه الـ
+
+653
+00:45:34,160 --> 00:45:41,360
+Y Chromosome بمعدل 2.8، فممكن ببساطة جدا باستخدام الـ
+
+654
+00:45:41,360 --> 00:45:45,500
+flow cytometer، أستخدم صبغة هذه الصبغة related
+
+655
+00:45:45,500 --> 00:45:49,720
+with amount of DNA، فهي ترتبط بكمية الـ DNA الموجودة
+
+656
+00:45:49,720 --> 00:45:53,580
+هنا وكمية الـ DNA الموجودة هنا، طالما الـ X sperm
+
+657
+00:45:53,580 --> 00:45:57,660
+يحتوي على كمية DNA أكبر، فبالتالي كمية صبغة أكبر
+
+658
+00:45:57,660 --> 00:46:01,360
+هترتبط فيها، طالما الـ Y sperm يحتوي على كمية DNA
+
+659
+00:46:01,360 --> 00:46:08,460
+أقل هترتبط في كمية dye، يعني صبغة أقل، فبيجي بعد كده
+
+660
+00:46:08,460 --> 00:46:15,140
+بيجي بقطع بعمل عملية إدخال للـ semen sample في
+
+661
+00:46:15,140 --> 00:46:18,680
+capillary tube، هذه الـ capillary tube تمشي من خلال
+
+662
+00:46:18,680 --> 00:46:24,120
+مثلًا طيار كهربائي وفي آخرها laser line بقطع ال
+
+663
+00:46:24,120 --> 00:46:27,400
+spermatozoa وبيقيس جداش كمية الصبغة، وبيحدد أعلى
+
+664
+00:46:27,400 --> 00:46:31,760
+قيمة الصبغة مقارنة مع reference value موجودة، بقسم
+
+665
+00:46:31,760 --> 00:46:36,500
+هذا X-Sperm وهذا Y-Sperm، وبيفصلهم إلى two separated
+
+666
+00:46:36,500 --> 00:46:40,680
+tubes، بعد كده أنا واجب ما بدي أو زي ما بدي أو بناء
+
+667
+00:46:40,680 --> 00:46:43,400
+على احتياج المريض، يا إما بَحقنها بالـ Spermatozoa
+
+668
+00:46:43,400 --> 00:46:46,620
+الموجودة في الـ tube اللي بتحتوي على X-Sperm أو ال
+
+669
+00:46:46,620 --> 00:46:49,600
+Spermatozoa الموجودة في الـ tube اللي بتحتوي على Y
+
+670
+00:46:49,600 --> 00:46:54,800
+-Sperm، فهذه بنسميها Sperm Separation by Flow
+
+671
+00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:58,640
+Cytometer وهي عبارة عن عملية تحدث قبل عملية ال
+
+672
+00:46:58,640 --> 00:47:01,820
+fertilization، قبل عملية الـ fertilization، في طريقة
+
+673
+00:47:01,820 --> 00:47:05,960
+ثانية وطريقة ماشي طريقة، ولكن مشكلة في كتير لغة
+
+674
+00:47:05,960 --> 00:47:10,340
+حواليها، اسم��ا طريقة .. طريقة اسمها Ericsson
+
+675
+00:47:10,340 --> 00:47:13,180
+albumin method، طبعًا اللغة اللي صار حواليها لأن
+
+676
+00:47:13,180 --> 00:47:16,460
+معظم المقالات اللي نشرت كان Ericsson موجود فيها
+
+677
+00:47:16,460 --> 00:47:20,860
+يعني معظم المقالات اللي لها علاقة بفصل Spermatozoa
+
+678
+00:47:20,860 --> 00:47:24,340
+بناء على طريقة Ericsson albumin method كان
+
+679
+00:47:24,340 --> 00:47:30,480
+Ericsson هو الكاتب والمؤلف الموجود في كل المقالات
+
+680
+00:47:31,050 --> 00:47:34,150
+طبعًا الـ effectiveness of this method is high
+
+681
+00:47:34,150 --> 00:47:40,070
+..highly disputed، يعني في عندها شكوك حواليها، في
+
+682
+00:47:40,070 --> 00:47:43,390
+لغط حواليها، في كلام عنها، الـ Ericsson method involve
+
+683
+00:47:43,390 --> 00:47:46,590
+placing the washed sperm cells on the top of
+
+684
+00:47:46,590 --> 00:47:49,910
+a layer of solution of albumin، ببساطة جدا بجيب solution
+
+685
+00:47:49,910 --> 00:47:52,910
+of albumin وبجيب عينة الـ Spermatozoa بعد ال
+
+686
+00:47:52,910 --> 00:47:56,810
+washing وبعد density gradient وبعد الـ swim up
+
+687
+00:47:56,810 --> 00:48:01,010
+بحملها فوق الـ solution هذا، طبعًا معروف أن الـ
+
+688
+00:48:01,010 --> 00:48:06,350
+thickness للألبومين مختلفة عن الـ thickness للمادة
+
+689
+00:48:06,350 --> 00:48:10,630
+أو الـ media اللي عملت فيها washing للـ Spermatozoa
+
+690
+00:48:10,630 --> 00:48:13,890
+فبالتالي الـ Spermatozoa بتبدأ أنها تتحرك نحو
+
+691
+00:48:13,890 --> 00:48:17,890
+الأسفل بفعل الجاذبية، والمعروف كل ما اتحركنا للأسفل
+
+692
+00:48:17,890 --> 00:48:20,570
+الـ thickness أو الـ density بتاعة الـ albumin
+
+693
+00:48:20,570 --> 00:48:24,470
+solution هتكون أعلى، albumin is a kind of a protein
+
+694
+00:48:24,470 --> 00:48:29,060
+found in the cement، the albumin is layered with
+
+695
+00:48:29,060 --> 00:48:32,160
+increased thickness with the thickness layer in
+
+696
+00:48:32,160 --> 00:48:35,780
+the bottom، معناه أنه كل ما توجهنا للأسفل هيكون الـ
+
+697
+00:48:35,780 --> 00:48:38,220
+thickness أو الـ density، خلّيني أقول الـ thickness
+
+698
+00:48:38,220 --> 00:48:41,440
+زي ما موجودة في الـ slide هتكون أعلى، فبالتالي هلاقي
+
+699
+00:48:41,440 --> 00:48:45,320
+الـ Spermatozoon هتتقاوم .. هتلاقي مقاومة كبيرة
+
+700
+00:48:45,320 --> 00:48:50,440
+جدا أثناء عملية انتقالها من السطح للـ albumin
+
+701
+00:48:50,440 --> 00:48:55,040
+solution حتى أسفل اللمبوبة الفكرة أن الـ Y sperm
+
+702
+00:48:55,040 --> 00:48:59,030
+cell والسائل down and arrive to the thick layer
+
+703
+00:48:59,030 --> 00:49:02,550
+faster ليه؟ لأن كمية الـ DNA الموجودة فيه كمية
+
+704
+00:49:02,550 --> 00:49:08,710
+قليلة جدا مقارنة بالـ X-Spermatozoa for those that
+
+705
+00:49:08,710 --> 00:49:12,310
+want a baby the filtration method is called by
+
+706
+00:49:12,310 --> 00:49:17,570
+insemination or IUI طالما أنا بدي baby male هحقن
+
+707
+00:49:17,570 --> 00:49:21,230
+البوايضة من الـ spermatozoa الموجودة في منطقة ال
+
+708
+00:49:21,230 --> 00:49:25,350
+thicker solution layer والله إذا بدي على سبيل
+
+709
+00:49:25,350 --> 00:49:29,430
+المثال female as imperial بحقنها من الـ spermatozoa
+
+710
+00:49:29,430 --> 00:49:34,910
+اللي موجودة في المنطقة العلوية لأنها بتكون كثافتها
+
+711
+00:49:34,910 --> 00:49:40,050
+أو كثافة الـ spermatozoa أعلى لأنها Y .. أو لأنها X
+
+712
+00:49:40,050 --> 00:49:43,130
+spermatozoa spermatozoa يحتوي على الـ X chromosome
+
+713
+00:49:43,130 --> 00:49:47,830
+اللي فيه مادة وراثية أعلى من حيث الكمية في بعض
+
+714
+00:49:47,830 --> 00:49:52,550
+الأحيان بيقولك لأ أنا عندي spermatozoa كتيرة بيدور
+
+715
+00:49:52,550 --> 00:49:56,330
+على جينات معينة بيدور على جينات معينة gene that
+
+716
+00:49:56,330 --> 00:50:02,010
+are exclusive of Y-chromosome خلصت من عملية sex
+
+717
+00:50:02,010 --> 00:50:06,610
+selection سواء كان pre-implantation أو بعد ال
+
+718
+00:50:06,610 --> 00:50:11,210
+pregnancy أو قبل عملية الـ fertilization باستخدام
+
+719
+00:50:11,210 --> 00:50:15,740
+الـ Eryxolipamine method لأ أنا عندي سارجانين أو
+
+720
+00:50:15,740 --> 00:50:18,960
+عندي أجنة في المختبر حقنت وبدي أرجع بس الجنين اللي
+
+721
+00:50:18,960 --> 00:50:21,080
+هو عبارة عن الـ Male أو الجنين اللي عبارة عن
+
+722
+00:50:21,080 --> 00:50:24,060
+Female إذا بدي أرجع الجنين اللي عبارة عن الـ Male
+
+723
+00:50:24,060 --> 00:50:28,580
+بدي أحاول باستخدام الـ Fish Technique أبحث عن جينات
+
+724
+00:50:28,580 --> 00:50:32,480
+لا توجد إلا على الـ Y-Chromosome فبالتالي ببحث عن
+
+725
+00:50:32,480 --> 00:50:36,460
+جينات مهمة وهي اللي باللون الأزرق زي الـ AZF
+
+726
+00:50:36,460 --> 00:50:40,400
+Azospermia Factor 1 في عند الـ 6th determining
+
+727
+00:50:40,400 --> 00:50:45,280
+region Y وهي المسؤولة عن إنتاج الـ Phenotype الخاصة 
+
+728
+00:50:45,280 --> 00:50:50,220
+بالميل في عند الـ TspY Testis Specific Protein Y
+
+729
+00:50:50,220 --> 00:50:55,500
+-Link في عندي كمان Basic Protein on Y-Chromosome
+
+730
+00:50:55,500 --> 00:51:02,040
+في عندي الـ Delete in Azospermia 1 وفي عند الـ Y
+
+731
+00:51:02,040 --> 00:51:07,860
+-Link Protein Kinase هذه معظمها الجينات لا تتواجد
+
+732
+00:51:07,860 --> 00:51:11,200
+إلا على الـ Y-Chromosome ولكن أشهرها الثلاث اللي
+
+733
+00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:16,150
+باللون الأزرق وبالذات رقم 2 باللون الأزرق اللي
+
+734
+00:51:16,150 --> 00:51:23,410
+سميته SRY 6-Determining Region Y هذه أشهر أنواع
+
+735
+00:51:23,410 --> 00:51:26,710
+الجينات المحملة على Y كروموزوم والتي من خلالها
+
+736
+00:51:26,710 --> 00:51:32,150
+أستطيع تحديد جنس المولود أو تحديد جنس الجنين
+
+737
+00:51:32,150 --> 00:51:37,450
+الموجود في البيتردش قبل عملية الرجعة عشان كده حكيت
+
+738
+00:51:37,450 --> 00:51:42,400
+أن الـ embryo biopsy ممكن أعملها بعد كده PCR أو fish
+
+739
+00:51:42,400 --> 00:51:45,840
+technique وهذه الطريقة طريقة تحديد الجينات يمكن
+
+740
+00:51:45,840 --> 00:51:50,420
+استخدام الـ fish technique فيها بشكل سريع طبعا عند
+
+741
+00:51:50,420 --> 00:51:54,420
+الـ slide بعد الـ fish technique وعملت sex
+
+742
+00:51:54,420 --> 00:51:58,020
+determination لجيت فيها لقيت two spots لونها blue
+
+743
+00:51:58,020 --> 00:52:01,900
+وone spot green وone spot violet الـ  pam fetish
+
+744
+00:52:01,900 --> 00:52:05,520
+بتقول ايه؟ بتقول ايه هذه خلية تحتوي على خلية
+
+745
+00:52:05,520 --> 00:52:09,640
+مأخوذة من جنين يعني هذه الـ plus two mirror عملنا
+
+746
+00:52:09,640 --> 00:52:13,560
+لها fish technique عطاني green color يعني هذا X
+
+747
+00:52:13,560 --> 00:52:19,340
+كروموزوم red color يعني Y كروموزوم وعندي blue color
+
+748
+00:52:19,340 --> 00:52:25,380
+علاقة بالكروموزوم رقم 18 كروموزوم 18 as we show normal
+
+749
+00:52:25,380 --> 00:52:29,820
+يعني عندي two copy يعني هذا الكروموزوم ما عندهوش انبلودي
+
+750
+00:52:29,820 --> 00:52:33,820
+من كروموزوم 18 ممكن أستخدم الكروموزوم 21؟ okay ممكن
+
+751
+00:52:33,820 --> 00:52:39,010
+بس بدي sequence related with كروموزوم 21 فهذا بقدر
+
+752
+00:52:39,010 --> 00:52:44,750
+أقول إنه male with normal number of chromosome 18
+
+753
+00:52:44,750 --> 00:52:48,110
+يعني مافي عندي مشكلة في الـ chromosome 18 لأنه two
+
+754
+00:52:48,110 --> 00:52:51,450
+copy طب ليش male لأنه في عندي الـ red color وهو
+
+755
+00:52:51,450 --> 00:52:54,930
+عبارة عن الـ probe موجهة ضد sequence لا تتواجد إلا 
+
+756
+00:52:54,930 --> 00:52:58,930
+على الـ Y-chromosome كده أنا بكون حددت جنس المولود
+
+757
+00:52:58,930 --> 00:53:02,190
+بالإضافة إلى شخصية المولود من حيث Down Syndrome
+
+758
+00:53:02,190 --> 00:53:05,730
+اللي له علاقة بالـ three copy من الـ chromosome 18
+
+759
+00:53:05,730 --> 00:53:08,750
+موجودة ولا لأ؟ فهذا normal لأنه عندي two copies من
+
+760
+00:53:08,750 --> 00:53:12,790
+كروموزوم 18 عندي X كروموزوم وعندي Y كروموزوم طبعا
+
+761
+00:53:12,790 --> 00:53:15,690
+هذه الطريقة بتسميها Fish technique fluorescent in
+
+762
+00:53:15,690 --> 00:53:19,650
+situ hybridization technique بهذا القدر نقوم قد
+
+763
+00:53:19,650 --> 00:53:22,690
+انتهينا من الـ chapter 6 على أمل أن نلتقي في ال
+
+764
+00:53:22,690 --> 00:53:26,230
+chapter السابع والأخير إن شاء الله في المحاضرات

PL9fwy3NUQKwZ2maYQWAufx8JKyPTiiP30/xw35hLAZ8Hg_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1580 @@
+1
+00:00:00,720 --> 00:00:04,440
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم والصلاة والسلام على أشرف
+
+2
+00:00:04,440 --> 00:00:09,020
+المرسلين سيدنا محمد الصادق الأمين أما بعد بداية
+
+3
+00:00:09,020 --> 00:00:13,940
+نرجو لكم و لنا السلامة في ظل هذه الظروف الصعبة
+
+4
+00:00:13,940 --> 00:00:19,760
+التي نمرضيها جميعاثم نكرر الترحاب بكم في هذا .. في
+
+5
+00:00:19,760 --> 00:00:24,920
+هذا المصطلح الذي بعنوان الحقن المجهري أسبابه، طرقه
+
+6
+00:00:24,920 --> 00:00:29,000
+وأساليبه تحدثنا في المحاضرة السابقة على ال
+
+7
+00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:32,820
+infertility بشكل عام أسبابها عند ال male، أسبابها
+
+8
+00:00:32,820 --> 00:00:37,560
+عند ال female وكل سبب يندرج أسفل منه أكتر من سبب
+
+9
+00:00:38,080 --> 00:00:41,420
+وقفنا في المحاضرة النهائية وفي نهاية المحاضرة
+
+10
+00:00:41,420 --> 00:00:44,780
+السابقة عند مصطلح اسمه Primary Infertility
+
+11
+00:00:44,780 --> 00:00:47,700
+وSecondary Infertility Primary Infertility
+
+12
+00:00:47,700 --> 00:00:51,640
+وSecondary Infertility بشكل أساسي له علاقة بال
+
+13
+00:00:51,640 --> 00:00:56,080
+Female فلما أقول Primary Infertility مصطلح لا يطلق
+
+14
+00:00:56,080 --> 00:01:01,160
+إلا على سيدة لم تنجب ولم تنجب حتى الآن يعني بمعنى
+
+15
+00:01:01,160 --> 00:01:07,330
+آخر زوجة متزوجة من 7 أو 8 أو 9 سنينلم تنجب حتى
+
+16
+00:01:07,330 --> 00:01:11,390
+الآن ولم تنجب فيما سابق يعني محصلة الأطفال
+
+17
+00:01:11,390 --> 00:01:16,830
+الموجودين Zero محصلة حالات الحمض Zero محصلة
+
+18
+00:01:16,830 --> 00:01:20,190
+الإجهاض Zero هذه بسميها Primary Infertility
+
+19
+00:01:20,190 --> 00:01:24,830
+Secondary Infertility حالة تطلق على السيدة التي
+
+20
+00:01:24,830 --> 00:01:29,210
+أصبحت غير قادرة على الإنجاب بعد أن أنجبت قد تكون
+
+21
+00:01:29,210 --> 00:01:32,950
+أنجبت مرة أو مرتين أو تلاتةحاليًا غير قادرة على
+
+22
+00:01:32,950 --> 00:01:36,330
+الإنجابة فبسميها secondary infertility ممكن تكون
+
+23
+00:01:36,330 --> 00:01:39,430
+تعرضت لصدمة ممكن تكون تعرضت لإنسان نفسية طبعًا
+
+24
+00:01:39,430 --> 00:01:42,970
+ممكن تكون تعرضت ل radiotherapy ممكن تكون تعرضت ل
+
+25
+00:01:42,970 --> 00:01:46,490
+chemotherapy كل هذه أسباب تعتبر من العوامل أو
+
+26
+00:01:46,490 --> 00:01:51,090
+الأسباب التي تودي إلى ال secondary infertility أما
+
+27
+00:01:51,090 --> 00:01:55,130
+بالنسبة إلى العوامل التي قد تؤثر على القصوبة تحت
+
+28
+00:01:55,130 --> 00:02:00,890
+عنوانلما أقول infertility يعني بالدرجة تحتها Male
+
+29
+00:02:00,890 --> 00:02:04,470
+and Female أول عامل من العوامل بأثر على ال
+
+30
+00:02:04,470 --> 00:02:09,270
+infertility هي ال maternal age عمر السيدة طبعا عمر
+
+31
+00:02:09,270 --> 00:02:13,790
+السيدة بناء على دراسات سابقة بشكل كتير جدا يلعب
+
+32
+00:02:13,790 --> 00:02:18,570
+دورة أساسية ومهمة في الإنجاب و الحصول على طفل سواء
+
+33
+00:02:18,570 --> 00:02:21,870
+كان الإنجاب الطبيعي أو الإنجاب عن طريق الحقن
+
+34
+00:02:21,870 --> 00:02:27,160
+المجهري لدرجة أن معظم الباحثين تلاشواولم يهتموا
+
+35
+00:02:27,160 --> 00:02:31,800
+بعمر الأب فقالوا أن عمر السيدة وعمر الأنثى هو
+
+36
+00:02:31,800 --> 00:02:36,800
+العمر والمحدد الأساسي لدرجة نجاح عملية الحمل أو
+
+37
+00:02:36,800 --> 00:02:40,980
+درجة نجاح الحقن المجهري من جديد سبع تمان سنين أو
+
+38
+00:02:40,980 --> 00:02:46,860
+ست سنين أصبح لعمر الأب دورة مهمة في عملية نجاح
+
+39
+00:02:46,860 --> 00:02:51,460
+الحقن المجهري أو نجاح عملية التوقيح الطبيعي وأصبحت
+
+40
+00:02:51,460 --> 00:02:55,880
+تكرر الدراسات حول ال paternal age خلينا حاليافي
+
+41
+00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:59,200
+الـ Maternal Age الـ Maternal Age عمر السيدة أو
+
+42
+00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:04,340
+عمر الأم هو العامل الأساسي الذي يؤثر على ال
+
+43
+00:03:04,340 --> 00:03:08,260
+fertility عند ال female كيف بيصير؟ ببساطة جدا
+
+44
+00:03:08,260 --> 00:03:12,440
+بقولك أن ال female تصل إلى ال maximum infertility
+
+45
+00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:15,780
+تبعتها في فترة زمنية معينة تبدأ ال infertility
+
+46
+00:03:15,780 --> 00:03:20,180
+عندها يصيرها decline في 24 سنة يعني بعد أن 24 سنة
+
+47
+00:03:20,180 --> 00:03:22,780
+بيصير ال infertility و الفضل على الإنجاب تقل
+
+48
+00:03:22,780 --> 00:03:28,520
+تدريجياولكن تتسارق هذه العملية في التناقص أو ال
+
+49
+00:03:28,520 --> 00:03:32,840
+infertility تتسارق في التناقص لما تصل ل 37 إذا عند
+
+50
+00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:40,480
+24 بتقل تدريجيا تصل ل 37 بتقل بشكل سريع جدا طبعا
+
+51
+00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:44,800
+مافيش تفسير لهذا الموضوع إلا إما بيصير عندها نقص
+
+52
+00:03:44,800 --> 00:03:49,690
+في عدد البويضاتأو بيصير عندها dysfunctional في ال
+
+53
+00:03:49,690 --> 00:03:53,530
+ovary أو بيصير عندها نقص في ال quality تبع البويضة
+
+54
+00:03:53,530 --> 00:03:56,410
+هذه التلاتة ال theory اللي كانت مطروحة
+
+55
+00:03:56,410 --> 00:04:02,350
+dysfunctional في ال ovary reduction في ال egg
+
+56
+00:04:02,350 --> 00:04:05,830
+quality أو reduction في ال egg quantity هذه
+
+57
+00:04:05,830 --> 00:04:09,430
+التلاتة الفرضيات بشكل أساسي بعض الفحوصات اللتي
+
+58
+00:04:09,430 --> 00:04:15,630
+أجريت على ال model مثل الفئران والأغنام على سبيل
+
+59
+00:04:15,630 --> 00:04:24,300
+المثالوجدوا إن الإناث في سن متأخر يعني 40 مثلا 39
+
+60
+00:04:24,300 --> 00:04:29,100
+.. 37 ابطعتها عدد بويضات وكان هذه عدد البويضات
+
+61
+00:04:29,100 --> 00:04:33,020
+يمكن تلقيحها ولكن بتكون ال quality تبعتها قليلة
+
+62
+00:04:33,020 --> 00:04:39,720
+جدا فطلعوا نظرية وبنتيجة إن عدد البويضات أو
+
+63
+00:04:39,720 --> 00:04:45,180
+السيدات أو الإناث في عمر متأخر جدا يمكن أن تعطي
+
+64
+00:04:45,570 --> 00:04:50,030
+بويضات وهذه البويضات تكون صالحة للإخصاب والتخصيب
+
+65
+00:04:50,030 --> 00:04:54,750
+ولكن ال quality تبعتها بتكون قليلة فتم وضع band
+
+66
+00:04:54,750 --> 00:04:59,690
+أساسي إن ال maternal age له علاقة بشكل أساسي في ال
+
+67
+00:04:59,690 --> 00:05:05,290
+reduction لل egg quality أو ال reduction لل oocyte
+
+68
+00:05:05,290 --> 00:05:09,510
+quality فوجدوا positive correlation ما بين زيادة
+
+69
+00:05:09,510 --> 00:05:14,090
+عفوا وجدوا negative correlation ما بين زيادة عمر
+
+70
+00:05:14,090 --> 00:05:20,780
+السيدةونقصان ال equality تبعت ال oocyte فكلما زاد
+
+71
+00:05:20,780 --> 00:05:24,120
+عمر
+
+72
+00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:28,140
+السيدة قلت ال oocyte equality عشان كده سموها
+
+73
+00:05:28,140 --> 00:05:33,200
+negative correlation على سبيل المثال وجدوا أن
+
+74
+00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:38,100
+الأنثى تولد في فترة أكوين الجنين عندما يكون الجنين
+
+75
+00:05:38,100 --> 00:05:45,200
+أنثى تعمل على إنتاج 7 إلى 6 مليون بوايضةفي الأسبوع
+
+76
+00:05:45,200 --> 00:05:49,020
+رقم 20 من الحمل إذا كان الجانين أنثى يعني إذا كان
+
+77
+00:05:49,020 --> 00:05:53,640
+الجانين أنثى يكون يحتوي في مخزونه من 6 ل 7 مليون
+
+78
+00:05:53,640 --> 00:05:58,720
+هذه البوايضات تستمر في الإنقسام لفترة زمانية معينة
+
+79
+00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:03,020
+تيجي في حاجة نسميها الـ Pro phase في الإنقسام
+
+80
+00:06:03,020 --> 00:06:06,600
+الميوزي الأول هنتكلم عن مراحل انقسام الميوزي الأول
+
+81
+00:06:06,600 --> 00:06:10,060
+ومراحل انقسام الميوزي التاني عند ال male و عند ال
+
+82
+00:06:10,060 --> 00:06:13,680
+female وإيش الفرق ما بينهم في المحاضرات اللاحقة إن
+
+83
+00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:17,930
+شاء اللهولكن أنا بدأ أقول و أؤسس الشغلة إن ال
+
+84
+00:06:17,930 --> 00:06:22,590
+female إذا كان الجنين اللي بداخلها أنفة الجنين
+
+85
+00:06:22,590 --> 00:06:27,530
+الأنفة في الأسبوع رقم 20 يكون يملك من 6 إلى 7
+
+86
+00:06:27,530 --> 00:06:32,030
+مليون بويضة من 6 إلى 7 مليون بويضة هذه البويضة
+
+87
+00:06:32,030 --> 00:06:36,110
+تكون على شكلPrimordial Follicle بسميها في مخزون في
+
+88
+00:06:36,110 --> 00:06:39,310
+منطق بسميها Primordial Follicle بيصير اللي هى
+
+89
+00:06:39,310 --> 00:06:44,330
+Arrested ايقاف في طور معين بيسميه الـ Prophase
+
+90
+00:06:44,330 --> 00:06:48,770
+للميتافيزي للقسام الميوزي الأول لأن عندي فيها قسام
+
+91
+00:06:48,770 --> 00:06:51,590
+ميوزي أول و قسام ميوزي تاني هذه الويضات في مرحلة
+
+92
+00:06:51,590 --> 00:06:56,410
+ال Primordial Follicle تجت في ال Prophase لطور
+
+93
+00:06:56,410 --> 00:07:01,750
+الخاص بالقسام الميوزي الأول بعد فترة من الزمن
+
+94
+00:07:02,330 --> 00:07:05,790
+الكمية كبيرة جداً من 6 إلى 7 مليون بويضة بتروح
+
+95
+00:07:05,790 --> 00:07:09,790
+لمرحلة بسميها atragia ال atragia يعني قتل الخلايا
+
+96
+00:07:09,790 --> 00:07:13,590
+أو موت الخلايا زيها زي ال apoptosis إلى حد ما ولكن
+
+97
+00:07:13,590 --> 00:07:18,350
+في حالة ال Oocyte بسميها atragia فبصير reduction
+
+98
+00:07:18,350 --> 00:07:22,410
+في عدد البويضات من 6 إلى 7 مليون إلى 2 مليون فقط
+
+99
+00:07:22,410 --> 00:07:27,810
+لغير عند .. فقط عندما تولد يعني عندما يولد الجنين
+
+100
+00:07:27,810 --> 00:07:31,990
+الأنثى يصير .. صار عنده atragiaو تناقص لعدد
+
+101
+00:07:31,990 --> 00:07:37,510
+البويضات من سبعة مليون إلى اتنين مليون من عمر يوم
+
+102
+00:07:37,510 --> 00:07:42,930
+واحد حتى سن البلوغ ان سن البلوغ تصير عند السيدة او
+
+103
+00:07:42,930 --> 00:07:47,090
+عند الأنثى فقط سبعمائد الف بويضات لان كمان صار
+
+104
+00:07:47,090 --> 00:07:50,690
+مرحلة تانية من مراحل ال atresia وهي تناقص في عدد
+
+105
+00:07:50,690 --> 00:07:56,090
+البويضات المرحلة التانية كانت من عمر عشرين شهر حتى
+
+106
+00:07:56,090 --> 00:08:00,280
+الميلادوصار فيه تناقص لعدد البوايدات من 7 مليون ل
+
+107
+00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:05,240
+2 مليون المرحلة التانية من الميلاد حتى البلوك صار
+
+108
+00:08:05,240 --> 00:08:10,500
+تناقص من 2 مليون ل 700 ألف بوايدة يعني الأنثى
+
+109
+00:08:10,500 --> 00:08:15,780
+عندما تبلغ و تصل إلى سن الرشد بتكون بتملك 700 ألف
+
+110
+00:08:15,780 --> 00:08:22,760
+بوايدة كل شهر بتنقل بوايدتين أو تلاتة قيس شهر
+
+111
+00:08:22,760 --> 00:08:28,140
+تلاتة في 12في .. لو جولنا على 15 سنة، 15 لحد دي
+
+112
+00:08:28,140 --> 00:08:31,760
+تلقاه الـ 40، شوف أكم سنة و أضرب أكم بويضة، بيصير
+
+113
+00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:37,100
+خسرة هذه السيدة عند سن الـ 37، بيصير عندها مخزون
+
+114
+00:08:37,100 --> 00:08:44,860
+يقدر بـ 25 ألف بويضة فبالتالي، كل ما قدم العمر، في
+
+115
+00:08:44,860 --> 00:08:49,000
+عنده reduction في الـ Oocyte number من خلال
+
+116
+00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:52,380
+التسلسل الزمن اللي شفناهبالإضافة اللى فيه
+
+117
+00:08:52,380 --> 00:08:55,220
+reduction في ال oocyte quality من خلال التجارب
+
+118
+00:08:55,220 --> 00:09:01,060
+اللى أجريت على الفقران و ال animals So there is a
+
+119
+00:09:01,060 --> 00:09:04,520
+high chance that the egg released at ovulation has
+
+120
+00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:08,240
+been abnormal chromosome بقولك كل ما زاد العمر
+
+121
+00:09:08,240 --> 00:09:11,820
+الخاص بال female كل ما زاد العمر خاص بال female
+
+122
+00:09:11,820 --> 00:09:16,800
+فيندي تلت أحداث تصير زيادة في معدل الأتراجيا و هي
+
+123
+00:09:16,800 --> 00:09:22,530
+عبارة عن reduction في عدد البويضاتزيادة في الـ
+
+124
+00:09:22,530 --> 00:09:25,530
+oocyte quality .. الـ oocyte quality بيصير عندها
+
+125
+00:09:25,530 --> 00:09:29,110
+reduction في معدل أو في جودة الـ oocyte بيصير
+
+126
+00:09:29,110 --> 00:09:32,590
+عندها reduction كمان كل ما زاد العمر عند الفemale
+
+127
+00:09:32,590 --> 00:09:36,750
+بلاجي نسبة ال ovulation لبويضات عندها abnormality
+
+128
+00:09:36,750 --> 00:09:39,930
+كرمزومة ال abnormality بتكون عالية جدا و هذا
+
+129
+00:09:39,930 --> 00:09:43,230
+الكرمزومة ال abnormality بتكون بفعل أخطاء خلال
+
+130
+00:09:43,230 --> 00:09:46,910
+انقسام الميوزي .. خلال انقسام الميوزي اذا تلت
+
+131
+00:09:46,910 --> 00:09:53,320
+أسباب و تلت أمور تحدثخلال تطور العمر وزيادة العمر
+
+132
+00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:58,100
+عند السيدة نقصان عدد البويضات نقصان جودة البويضات
+
+133
+00:09:58,100 --> 00:10:03,140
+وزيادة فرصة ظهور بويضات تحمل chromosomal
+
+134
+00:10:03,140 --> 00:10:07,240
+abnormality بفعل لproblem اللي بتصير خلال انقسام
+
+135
+00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:13,540
+الميوزي طيب في أمور تانية ممكن تؤدي وهي عبارة عن
+
+136
+00:10:13,540 --> 00:10:17,460
+ظهور ما يعرف اسم الانبلودي والانبلودي مصطلح يطلق
+
+137
+00:10:17,460 --> 00:10:21,680
+علىمشكلة في عدد الكروموزومات يعني انتصار زيادة في
+
+138
+00:10:21,680 --> 00:10:25,980
+عدد الكروموزومات هذه الأسباب مش معروفة حتى الآن
+
+139
+00:10:25,980 --> 00:10:30,560
+ولكن بعضهم تأثر الانبلويد اللي بتصير في الـVYDATA
+
+140
+00:10:30,560 --> 00:10:34,660
+عند الـAdvanced Age Maternal Advanced Age أول حاجة
+
+141
+00:10:34,660 --> 00:10:39,880
+dysfunctional في الـMetotic Spindle المسؤول عن
+
+142
+00:10:39,880 --> 00:10:45,660
+الـAnaphase ويعبارة عن انقسام الكروموزومات إلى
+
+143
+00:10:46,090 --> 00:10:50,250
+وانفصالهم إلى أقطاب الخلية في مرحلة الـ anaphase
+
+144
+00:10:50,250 --> 00:10:53,050
+يصير في عندي dysfunction في هذه الـ spindle fiber
+
+145
+00:10:53,050 --> 00:10:57,710
+أو بيصير عندي مشكلة في ال adhesion between sister
+
+146
+00:10:57,710 --> 00:11:01,250
+chromatid في حاجة اسمها التصالب والعبور أن الـ two
+
+147
+00:11:01,250 --> 00:11:04,490
+sister chromatid الداخليات بيصير في تبادل لبعض
+
+148
+00:11:04,490 --> 00:11:10,730
+القطع ال DNA فإذا صار في عندي مشكلة في عملية فصل
+
+149
+00:11:10,730 --> 00:11:15,630
+ال sister chromatid معناه يؤدي إلى عمل Anaploidy
+
+150
+00:11:15,760 --> 00:11:18,940
+لأن الكرموزوم الـ 2 copy of الكرموزوم هيروح في
+
+151
+00:11:18,940 --> 00:11:23,200
+اتجاه خلية واحدة فالخلية الأخرى تكون تحتوى على سفر
+
+152
+00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:27,040
+عدد من هذه الكرموزومات تكون تحتوى على سفر عدد من
+
+153
+00:11:27,040 --> 00:11:29,780
+هذه الكرموزومات طبعا الكرموزوم الـ abnormality
+
+154
+00:11:29,780 --> 00:11:35,160
+تستطيع أن تفسر ما يقارب 70 إلى 80% من حالات فقدان
+
+155
+00:11:35,160 --> 00:11:38,640
+الجنين في أول تلات شهور فقدان الجنين في أول تلات
+
+156
+00:11:38,640 --> 00:11:42,840
+شهور 80% من نسبتهميكون سببها chromosomal
+
+157
+00:11:42,840 --> 00:11:50,180
+abnormality دراسة تم إجراءها في مصابق فينت أن
+
+158
+00:11:50,180 --> 00:11:56,100
+الانبلودي كنسبة بتزيد مع زيادة عمر الأم فإذا كانت
+
+159
+00:11:56,100 --> 00:12:02,650
+الأم 30 نسبة الانبلودي 2335 سنة 34% نسبة الانبلودي
+
+160
+00:12:02,650 --> 00:12:10,170
+40 سنة 58% نسبة الانبلودي 45 سنة 84% نسبة
+
+161
+00:12:10,170 --> 00:12:14,470
+الانبلودي فوجدوا ان في عندي positive correlation
+
+162
+00:12:14,470 --> 00:12:19,730
+ما بين عمر الأم ونسبة ظهور الانبلودي كل ما زاد عمر
+
+163
+00:12:19,730 --> 00:12:24,070
+الأم كل ما كانت نسبة ظهور الانبلودي في الجنين أعلى
+
+164
+00:12:24,070 --> 00:12:29,970
+بكافة أي فكرة وسببوعامل من العوامل التي تؤثر عند
+
+165
+00:12:29,970 --> 00:12:32,670
+ال infertility ان ال female وهي ميارة باسم ال
+
+166
+00:12:32,670 --> 00:12:36,330
+maternal age نيجي للشق التاني اللي كان مهمل اسمه
+
+167
+00:12:36,330 --> 00:12:40,730
+paternal age وجدوا على سبيل المثال ان التستستيرون
+
+168
+00:12:40,730 --> 00:12:45,430
+يفرث بشكل مستمر في جسم الإنسان الذكر من أجل تحفيز
+
+169
+00:12:45,430 --> 00:12:50,410
+التستس لإنتاج ال sperm نسبة التستستيرون تقل
+
+170
+00:12:50,410 --> 00:12:55,830
+تدريجيا عن سن الأربعينبدراسة بسيطة على ذكور عمرهم
+
+171
+00:12:55,830 --> 00:13:02,430
+75 سنة وجدوا أن نسبة التستيستيرون عندهم تساوي نصف
+
+172
+00:13:02,430 --> 00:13:06,570
+كمية التستيستيرون في شاب عمره 20 سنة يعني لو أجبت
+
+173
+00:13:06,570 --> 00:13:11,310
+أنا 75 سنة مجموعة ذكور 75 سنة ومجموعة ذكور 20 سنة
+
+174
+00:13:11,310 --> 00:13:14,950
+هألاجي نسبة التستيستيرون كمية التستيستيرون عند
+
+175
+00:13:14,950 --> 00:13:19,070
+الذكور اللي عمرهم 75 وفوج ��ساوي نصف كمية
+
+176
+00:13:19,070 --> 00:13:24,550
+التستيستيرون اللي عند الذكور عمرهمالتستيستيرون
+
+177
+00:13:24,550 --> 00:13:29,110
+بلعب دورة مهمة في إنتاج الحيوانات المنوية تناقص
+
+178
+00:13:29,110 --> 00:13:33,590
+التستيستيرون بشكل ملحوظ يؤدي إلى reduction في ال
+
+179
+00:13:33,590 --> 00:13:38,190
+sperm count reduction في ال sperm morphology ولكن
+
+180
+00:13:38,190 --> 00:13:42,310
+لا يؤدي إلى انعدام لا يؤدي إلى انعدام فال Siemen
+
+181
+00:13:42,310 --> 00:13:46,090
+parameter وجدوا .. وجدت بعض الدراسات أن Siemen
+
+182
+00:13:46,090 --> 00:13:50,510
+parameter التي قد تتأثر بعمر الذكور هي عبارة عن
+
+183
+00:13:50,510 --> 00:13:54,230
+Siemen Alfolioالـ Semen Volume الـ Motility الـ
+
+184
+00:13:54,230 --> 00:13:57,310
+Normal Morphology وبعضهم جال الـ Sperm Count أو
+
+185
+00:13:57,310 --> 00:14:01,030
+الـ Sperm Concentration فبالدراسات جالت إن والله
+
+186
+00:14:01,030 --> 00:14:05,210
+الـ Age يؤثر تأثيرا سلبيا على الـ Semen Parameters
+
+187
+00:14:05,210 --> 00:14:09,010
+زيادة الـ Age بيؤدي لنقصان الـ Volume ونقصان الـ
+
+188
+00:14:09,010 --> 00:14:11,750
+Sperm Quality ونقصان الـ Sperm Concentration
+
+189
+00:14:11,750 --> 00:14:14,790
+ونقصان الـ Sperm Motility بعض الدراسات خلفت
+
+190
+00:14:14,790 --> 00:14:19,300
+الموضوع دو جالت لأالـ paternal age لا يؤثر سلبيا
+
+191
+00:14:19,300 --> 00:14:22,860
+على الـ semen parameter إذا there is no
+
+192
+00:14:22,860 --> 00:14:27,200
+significant relationship between paternal age and
+
+193
+00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:31,200
+semen parameter هذه دراسة جالت كده ودراسة جالت كده
+
+194
+00:14:31,200 --> 00:14:35,500
+ودراسات حاجت بنفس الشكل ودراسات عاكسات ما تم توصيه
+
+195
+00:14:35,500 --> 00:14:40,160
+الجيل الانبلودي أيضا وجدوا أنه يعتبر عامل أساسي
+
+196
+00:14:40,160 --> 00:14:44,070
+ومهم عند الذكورو يؤثر على ال fertility سواء كان
+
+197
+00:14:44,070 --> 00:14:47,630
+الانبلو دي او ما يُعرف باسم ال diesomy بصلاحة
+
+198
+00:14:47,630 --> 00:14:54,670
+diesomy ببساطة جدا انه استخدال two copy of كرومزوم
+
+199
+00:14:54,670 --> 00:14:59,650
+from the same parent يعني انا حصلت على كرومزوم رقم
+
+200
+00:14:59,650 --> 00:15:03,510
+11 من الأم كرومزوم رقم 11 اللي جاي من الأب مش
+
+201
+00:15:03,510 --> 00:15:08,610
+موجود فده بسمي الحالة diesomy diesomy ببساطة هي
+
+202
+00:15:08,610 --> 00:15:15,270
+حالة تطلق على شخص او imperiumالإمبيريو حصل على كلا
+
+203
+00:15:15,270 --> 00:15:19,290
+النسختين من الكرموزوم معين من مصدر واحد، يا إما
+
+204
+00:15:19,290 --> 00:15:23,830
+كلاهما من الأب أو كلاهما من الأم فوجدوا أن
+
+205
+00:15:23,830 --> 00:15:27,450
+الانبلودي أو الديزومي إذا حدثت في الاسبيرماتوزوفة
+
+206
+00:15:27,450 --> 00:15:32,490
+تؤدي إلى فقدان الحمض، لما يقول pregnancy lose يعني
+
+207
+00:15:32,490 --> 00:15:37,590
+فقدانه في أول تلت شهور من عملية الحمضمعدل
+
+208
+00:15:37,590 --> 00:15:41,690
+الانبلودي في الـ sperm فقط 2% معدل الانبلودي في
+
+209
+00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:47,350
+الـ sperm 2% and there is no evidence to support
+
+210
+00:15:47,350 --> 00:15:51,270
+an increased rate of anabloody involving autosomal
+
+211
+00:15:51,270 --> 00:15:55,930
+in male with advanced age يعني بس فقط معدل
+
+212
+00:15:55,930 --> 00:16:00,670
+الانبلودي حدوثه عند الذكور 2% حتى الآن دراسات
+
+213
+00:16:00,670 --> 00:16:05,450
+قليلة جدا ولا تكاد تذكر اللي دعمت هذه الفرضية أو
+
+214
+00:16:05,450 --> 00:16:12,530
+قالتإن الانبلو يزيد بزيادة عمر الذكر شو السبب؟
+
+215
+00:16:12,530 --> 00:16:18,590
+بمنطق جدا إن الحيوانات المنوية في حالة تخليق وتخلق
+
+216
+00:16:18,590 --> 00:16:23,990
+وإنشاء بشكل مستمر لا تخلق وتخزن لفترة زمنية طويلة
+
+217
+00:16:23,990 --> 00:16:28,790
+جدا لكي يحدث فيها abnormal خلال القسم الميوزي وإن
+
+218
+00:16:28,790 --> 00:16:34,190
+حدث بيصير لها reprogramming بشكل مستمر أو
+
+219
+00:16:34,190 --> 00:16:39,030
+repairingبخلاف الـ Oocyte الـ time of intercourse
+
+220
+00:16:39,030 --> 00:16:43,590
+وقت الاتصال أو وقت الاتصال بين ال male و ال female
+
+221
+00:16:43,590 --> 00:16:48,190
+يعتبر من أهم الأسباب أو العوامل التي تؤثر على ال
+
+222
+00:16:48,190 --> 00:16:52,070
+fertility فكل ما كان وقت ال intercourse بين ال
+
+223
+00:16:52,070 --> 00:16:56,150
+male و ال female الزوج و الزوجة قريب من وقت الطبيب
+
+224
+00:16:56,150 --> 00:17:00,730
+كل ما كانت فرصة ال fertilization أعلىكل ما كانت ال
+
+225
+00:17:00,730 --> 00:17:03,570
+infertility أعلى كل ما كانت فرصة الحصول على
+
+226
+00:17:03,570 --> 00:17:07,810
+pregnancy أعلى بكثير طب شو هو الأيام هذه؟ 12 .. 13
+
+227
+00:17:07,810 --> 00:17:11,650
+.. 14 طبعا تختلف باختلاف ال municipal cycle
+
+228
+00:17:11,650 --> 00:17:17,870
+duration حنتكلم فيها ال biohazard بعض المجتمعات في
+
+229
+00:17:17,870 --> 00:17:21,590
+عندها biohazard بتأثر على ال infertility بشكل كبير
+
+230
+00:17:21,590 --> 00:17:26,860
+خصوصا الناس اللي بتشتغل فيهالمزاريع الناس تشتغل في
+
+231
+00:17:26,860 --> 00:17:29,860
+الزراعة الناس تشتغل في مصانع المبيضات الحشرية
+
+232
+00:17:29,860 --> 00:17:34,220
+تشتغل في مصانع البطاريات تشتغل في مصانع الاسفنج في
+
+233
+00:17:34,220 --> 00:17:38,660
+بعض ال biohazard اللي بتعرضولهم فمن أشهر ال hazard
+
+234
+00:17:38,660 --> 00:17:42,200
+اللي بتعرضهم بعيد عن ال biohazard من أشهرها ال
+
+235
+00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:45,620
+nitrous oxide ال nitrous oxide وجدوا أنه له علاقة
+
+236
+00:17:45,620 --> 00:17:49,280
+بال spontaneous apportion بالإضافة إلى أنه يرتبط
+
+237
+00:17:49,280 --> 00:17:53,800
+رتبطا موثيقا باختزال وتناقص ال fertility عند الميل
+
+238
+00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:58,340
+وعندالـ Female إضافة إلى بعض المواد الكيميائية
+
+239
+00:17:58,340 --> 00:18:02,120
+اللي ممكن نتعرض لها زي المواد الكيميائية الموجودة
+
+240
+00:18:02,120 --> 00:18:06,860
+في السجائر النكوتين والكالميوم المواد الموجودة في
+
+241
+00:18:06,860 --> 00:18:12,460
+البطاريات هذه كلها مواد كيميائية ثقيلة سامة تؤثر
+
+242
+00:18:12,460 --> 00:18:17,380
+على ال infertility بشكل تراكمي .. بشكل تراكمي عند
+
+243
+00:18:17,380 --> 00:18:21,940
+ال male و عند ال female نجي لعمل تاني وهو الضياء
+
+244
+00:18:21,940 --> 00:18:26,060
+الغذاء طبعاعملية الـ eugenesis تخلق البويضات
+
+245
+00:18:26,060 --> 00:18:30,880
+وعملية ال spermogenesis تخلق النطف عند الرجال هي
+
+246
+00:18:30,880 --> 00:18:35,080
+عملية تحتاج إلى مواد غذائية معينة ومركبات معينة زي
+
+247
+00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:38,800
+عصابين مثال لـ spermatozoa عشان تتحرك بتحتاج إلى
+
+248
+00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:42,620
+fractose فهي ممكن يكون عندك كل الأمور طبيعية ماعاد
+
+249
+00:18:42,620 --> 00:18:46,980
+الحركة عندك abnormal، بذكر فتحتاج إلى مواد غذائية
+
+250
+00:18:46,980 --> 00:18:50,760
+تحتوي على ال fractose فبتؤدي إلى تنشيط ال sperm
+
+251
+00:18:50,760 --> 00:18:54,510
+ويمكنه يؤدي إلى تحسينالبرامير تبع ال sperm
+
+252
+00:18:54,510 --> 00:18:57,310
+motility أو ال progressive sperm motility ال
+
+253
+00:18:57,310 --> 00:19:00,490
+progressive sperm motility مصطلح يطلق على ال
+
+254
+00:19:00,490 --> 00:19:04,870
+spermatozoa التي تتحرك بشكل نشط one way one
+
+255
+00:19:04,870 --> 00:19:10,250
+direction فبالتالي الضيط بيلعب دور كبير جدا كمواد
+
+256
+00:19:10,250 --> 00:19:15,430
+غذائية ايضا الضيط ان كان صحي او غير صحي و لو انا
+
+257
+00:19:15,430 --> 00:19:19,170
+بدي افسر الضيط اكتر بدي اعمل دراسة على ال body
+
+258
+00:19:19,170 --> 00:19:24,390
+mass index ال body mass index يعنيفي عندي obese
+
+259
+00:19:24,390 --> 00:19:27,710
+ولا مافيش عنده obese؟ فوجدوا بعض الدراسات وجدت أن
+
+260
+00:19:27,710 --> 00:19:33,410
+ال women with body mass index أقل من 19 or body
+
+261
+00:19:33,410 --> 00:19:39,670
+fat حوالي أقل من 22% هم عبارة عن risk
+
+262
+00:19:39,670 --> 00:19:44,290
+للhypothalamic dysfunction اللي بيأثر على ال
+
+263
+00:19:44,290 --> 00:19:49,190
+ovulation يعني أي سيدة عندها كمية ال fat في جسمها
+
+264
+00:19:49,190 --> 00:19:54,100
+أقل من 22%أو الـ Body Mass Index الخاص فيها أقل من
+
+265
+00:19:54,100 --> 00:19:59,060
+19 معناها بتكون عرضة إلى خلل في الـ Hypothalamus
+
+266
+00:19:59,060 --> 00:20:04,380
+يسمى Hypothalamic dysfunction هذا الخلل يؤثر على
+
+267
+00:20:04,380 --> 00:20:10,040
+الـ ovulation من خلال عمل abnormality في الـ FSH و
+
+268
+00:20:10,040 --> 00:20:16,000
+الـ LH Production at the other way بعض السيدات
+
+269
+00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:19,230
+اللي عندهم زيادة في الـ Body Mass Indexيكون لهم
+
+270
+00:20:19,230 --> 00:20:25,110
+عرضة للإصابة بالـ PCOS اللي سميتها Polycystic
+
+271
+00:20:25,110 --> 00:20:28,150
+Ovarian Syndrome اللي هي عبارة عن الـ follicle
+
+272
+00:20:28,150 --> 00:20:32,510
+بتكون وصلت لمرحلة النضوج الـ Diameter تبعتها 18
+
+273
+00:20:32,510 --> 00:20:36,410
+يعني مرحلة النضوج ولكن فارقة من الداخل طبعا هذا
+
+274
+00:20:36,410 --> 00:20:42,540
+الـ PCOS يكون يؤدي إلى طبعا سبب من أسبابهأو أحد
+
+275
+00:20:42,540 --> 00:20:46,140
+الإلاقات التي تؤدي إليه هي عبارة عن الـ high body
+
+276
+00:20:46,140 --> 00:20:49,520
+mass index أو increasing body mass index فده طبعا
+
+277
+00:20:49,520 --> 00:20:53,020
+بيؤدي إلى ovulation problem أو ovulation
+
+278
+00:20:53,020 --> 00:20:56,440
+dysfunction there is growing evidence that
+
+279
+00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:59,020
+increased body weight itself may be reduce
+
+280
+00:20:59,020 --> 00:21:03,140
+fertility aside from its impact on ovulatory
+
+281
+00:21:03,140 --> 00:21:08,060
+function لذن لمعنى آخر الغذاء من حيث المكونات
+
+282
+00:21:08,060 --> 00:21:12,300
+الغذائية المتواجدة فيه تؤثر على ال ovulationتؤثر
+
+283
+00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:15,700
+على تكوين الهرمونات ال body mass index التي لها
+
+284
+00:21:15,700 --> 00:21:20,020
+علاقة بالضيق تؤثر على ال infertility عند ال male
+
+285
+00:21:20,020 --> 00:21:23,280
+تؤثر على ال infertility عند ال male و عند ال
+
+286
+00:21:23,280 --> 00:21:28,840
+female أيضا في حاجة اسمها ال oral contraceptive
+
+287
+00:21:28,840 --> 00:21:32,700
+اذا كان او contraception اذا كان بيتم استخدام
+
+288
+00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:36,740
+موانع حمل او بعض السيدات بتستخدم موانع حمل ال oral
+
+289
+00:21:36,740 --> 00:21:41,000
+كال tablet هذا استخدامه بشكل مفرط ولفترات زمنية
+
+290
+00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:45,270
+طويلةيودي إلى حدوث مشاكل وعدم استقرار في الدورة
+
+291
+00:21:45,270 --> 00:21:48,450
+الشارية مما يؤدي إلى التأثير عن infertility
+
+292
+00:21:48,450 --> 00:21:53,130
+مستقبلا في حالة العودة للتفكير للإنجاب مرة أخرى
+
+293
+00:21:53,130 --> 00:21:56,670
+وقيص عليها اللولب اللي هنتكلم عنه وعن آليات
+
+294
+00:21:56,670 --> 00:22:00,850
+استخدامه وكيفية استخدامه يوثر على infertility and
+
+295
+00:22:00,850 --> 00:22:05,050
+ال female عشان كده المفروض والمنطق كل six months
+
+296
+00:22:05,050 --> 00:22:11,620
+يصير عملية تغيير و examination على موضوع اللولبال
+
+297
+00:22:11,620 --> 00:22:15,200
+life style هو من أشهر ال life style تأثيرا هي ال
+
+298
+00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:17,960
+smoking طبعا لما أقول smoking لازم أفصل بين ال
+
+299
+00:22:17,960 --> 00:22:22,340
+male و ال female لإن ال female تتأثر بشكل أكبر من
+
+300
+00:22:22,340 --> 00:22:26,120
+ال male لإن ال female عندها أوسايت مخلق أو جاهزة
+
+301
+00:22:26,120 --> 00:22:30,700
+في مرحلة استقرار و ثبات و خمول في مرحلة ال
+
+302
+00:22:30,700 --> 00:22:34,700
+prophase من المقسم الميوزي الأول فدخان السجال لما
+
+303
+00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:38,740
+ندخل على الجسم هيأثر على المخزن بينما عند ال male
+
+304
+00:22:38,960 --> 00:22:43,920
+الـSpermatogenesis كل 73 يوم تخلق كل 60 يوم في
+
+305
+00:22:43,920 --> 00:22:48,260
+حاجة جديدة فبالتالي .. فبالتالي تأثيرها بيكون
+
+306
+00:22:48,260 --> 00:22:53,220
+محدود يختفي التأثير باختفاء المؤثر يعني ال male لو
+
+307
+00:22:53,220 --> 00:22:56,420
+وقف التدخين مدة سنة سنتين حيتها بشوية ولكن هيرجع
+
+308
+00:22:56,420 --> 00:23:01,220
+ال reproduction تبعته طبيعية وإنما ال female مشكلة
+
+309
+00:23:01,220 --> 00:23:07,100
+لأن التأثير موجود على بويضات مخزنة في مرحلة قمول
+
+310
+00:23:07,100 --> 00:23:13,030
+ومرحلة س��ونsmoking كان making variation in ovarian
+
+311
+00:23:13,030 --> 00:23:16,930
+function and in the number .. in ovarian function
+
+312
+00:23:16,930 --> 00:23:20,330
+by different way على سبيل المثال ال chemical
+
+313
+00:23:20,330 --> 00:23:25,030
+material موجودة في دخان السجائر تؤثر على ال
+
+314
+00:23:25,030 --> 00:23:28,650
+metabolism وتؤثر على liver metabolism بشكل أساسي
+
+315
+00:23:28,650 --> 00:23:33,230
+تؤثر على citroid hormone لأن ال liver كوليسترول
+
+316
+00:23:33,230 --> 00:23:38,720
+كوليسترول يدخل في تكوينيقول في تكوين سيترويد
+
+317
+00:23:38,720 --> 00:23:41,760
+هورمون سيترويد هورمون هي عبارة عن الـ sex hormone
+
+318
+00:23:41,760 --> 00:23:45,020
+اللي عند المال تتمثل في الافاساتش، الالاتش،
+
+319
+00:23:45,020 --> 00:23:48,340
+الروجسترون، الاستروجين وعند الفيمايل الروجسترون
+
+320
+00:23:48,340 --> 00:23:53,440
+فبالتالي هي أحد الطرق التي يؤثر فيها تدخين السجائر
+
+321
+00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:57,400
+على عملية الإنجاب أنه بأثر على الـ hepatic
+
+322
+00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:01,560
+metabolism أو liver metabolism مما يؤثر على إنشاء
+
+323
+00:24:01,560 --> 00:24:06,180
+وتخليق سيترويد هورمونبعض الدراسات اللي حدثت .. بعض
+
+324
+00:24:06,180 --> 00:24:09,580
+الدراسات اللي حدثت في المختبر وردت إن الـ chemical
+
+325
+00:24:09,580 --> 00:24:13,260
+material الموجودة في دخان السجائر يؤثر على
+
+326
+00:24:13,260 --> 00:24:18,660
+الإنزيمات اللي ابتصل ويكون مهمة جدا للـ ovarian
+
+327
+00:24:18,660 --> 00:24:22,080
+hormone production علشان يفرز ال .. علشان يفرز
+
+328
+00:24:22,080 --> 00:24:27,020
+مثلا البروجسترون أو يفرز الـ E الاستروجين الـ E2
+
+329
+00:24:27,020 --> 00:24:32,200
+لازم إنزيمات معينة ابتصل للـ ovarian تعمله switch
+
+330
+00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,890
+onأو تعمله stimulation خلّينا نسميه علشان هذه
+
+331
+00:24:35,890 --> 00:24:40,130
+الهرمونات تفرز فوجدوا أنه دخان السجاير والمواد
+
+332
+00:24:40,130 --> 00:24:43,210
+الكيميائية الموجودة في دخان السجاير تؤثر على هذه
+
+333
+00:24:43,210 --> 00:24:46,910
+الإنزيمات بشكل كبير جدا فظلما أثرت على الإنزيمات
+
+334
+00:24:46,910 --> 00:24:51,770
+إذا الإنزيمات سوف تعمل بشكل غير طبيعي مما يحفظ
+
+335
+00:24:51,770 --> 00:24:56,130
+هرمونات ال ovarian بشكل غير طبيعي فبتأثر على ال
+
+336
+00:24:56,130 --> 00:25:00,570
+fertility عند ال female finally ال women اللي
+
+337
+00:25:00,570 --> 00:25:05,520
+بتدخنمستواهم في بلادنا قليل جدا جدا جدا ولكن في
+
+338
+00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:09,700
+الغرب تعتبر أكتر من الرجال النساء المدخنات أكتر من
+
+339
+00:25:09,700 --> 00:25:14,360
+الرجال في المجتمعات الغربية يعني تقدر تقول أربع كل
+
+340
+00:25:14,360 --> 00:25:18,800
+أربع female واحد male مدخن في المجتمعات الأوروبية
+
+341
+00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:25,260
+السيدة المدخنة تصل إلى مرحلة ال early menopause و
+
+342
+00:25:25,260 --> 00:25:28,120
+جاب للسيدة الطبيعية بمعدل سنتين يعني إذا كانت
+
+343
+00:25:28,120 --> 00:25:31,160
+السيدة الطبيعية تصل لأربين هي ممكن تصل أنت 36 أو
+
+344
+00:25:31,160 --> 00:25:35,550
+37أو تمانية أو تلاتية عشان نكون واضحين ممكن تلت
+
+345
+00:25:35,550 --> 00:25:38,650
+سنين وممكن أربع سنين هذا يعتمد على شو؟ يعتمد على
+
+346
+00:25:38,650 --> 00:25:43,770
+ال dose جداش بالدخن في اليوم؟ وإيش نوع الدخان
+
+347
+00:25:43,770 --> 00:25:47,530
+كمان؟ مش جداش بالدخن وإيش نوع الدخان؟ لإن في بعض
+
+348
+00:25:47,530 --> 00:25:50,990
+السجائر كمية ال chemical material اللي فيها أكثر
+
+349
+00:25:50,990 --> 00:25:57,510
+من أنواع أخرى الكافين كافيين intake كافيين intake
+
+350
+00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:10,720
+التجارب تحت التجارب وتحت النقاش ولكن في دراسات
+
+351
+00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:16,040
+زهرة لنمور بتقول إن استخدام الكفايين بشكل مفرد
+
+352
+00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:18,580
+يودي إلى حدوث reduction في ال fertility عند ال
+
+353
+00:26:18,580 --> 00:26:21,660
+male و عند ال female على سبيل المثا�� لو أنت تناولت
+
+354
+00:26:21,660 --> 00:26:27,620
+بعام يحتوى على كفين كفايين high dose أكتر من 500
+
+355
+00:26:27,620 --> 00:26:31,860
+milligram per day هذا يودي إلى عمل reduction فيالـ
+
+356
+00:26:31,860 --> 00:26:35,280
+fertility سواء كانت male أو female نجي لشيء تاني
+
+357
+00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:40,420
+اللي مش موجود بشكل واضح وجالي ولكن موجود في الغرب
+
+358
+00:26:40,420 --> 00:26:43,960
+بشكل كبير جدا ال alcohol intake على سبيل المثال ال
+
+359
+00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:48,360
+women who drinking a large amount of alcohol حوالي
+
+360
+00:26:48,360 --> 00:26:53,000
+seven drinks week or more than three drinks في
+
+361
+00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:56,980
+الحفلات are more likely to have heavy or irregular
+
+362
+00:26:56,980 --> 00:27:01,610
+period and fertility problem دراساتتم عملها على
+
+363
+00:27:01,610 --> 00:27:05,290
+السيدات المدمنات اللي بالكحول أو اللي بيشرب الكحول
+
+364
+00:27:05,290 --> 00:27:09,830
+وجدوا أن السيدة الطبيعية مسموحلة تقريبا تتناول سبع
+
+365
+00:27:09,830 --> 00:27:15,710
+كوس أو تلت مرات في أي حفلة إذا زاد هذا المعدل و
+
+366
+00:27:15,710 --> 00:27:20,650
+أصبحت مدمنا بشكل كبير جدا تتناول عشر أو عشرين و
+
+367
+00:27:20,650 --> 00:27:26,710
+طول الحفلة و هي بتعمل alcohol drinkingفوجدوا عند
+
+368
+00:27:26,710 --> 00:27:30,110
+هدول السيدات أو هؤلاء السيدات وجدوا ان في عندهم
+
+369
+00:27:30,110 --> 00:27:33,590
+fertility problem بشكل كبير جدا بدأت تغضب ومن
+
+370
+00:27:33,590 --> 00:27:37,490
+أهمها عدم انتظام الدورة الشهرية عدم انتظام الدورة
+
+371
+00:27:37,490 --> 00:27:40,110
+ال menstrual cycle يعني عدم انتظام ال ovulation
+
+372
+00:27:40,110 --> 00:27:44,730
+عدم انتظام ال ovulation يعني عدم القدرة على .. عدم
+
+373
+00:27:44,730 --> 00:27:49,370
+القدرة على إنجاب بالشكل الطبيعي بالشكل الطبيعي ال
+
+374
+00:27:49,370 --> 00:27:52,350
+alcohol can also affected ovulation which can make
+
+375
+00:27:52,350 --> 00:27:57,900
+it difficult to arriveصعب جدا أن انا أتنبأ متى هو
+
+376
+00:27:57,900 --> 00:28:01,840
+يوم التطوير فبالتالي هيعمل مشكلة في الـtime of
+
+377
+00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:06,280
+intercourse stress و ال tension أحدث ولا حرج عن ال
+
+378
+00:28:06,280 --> 00:28:09,100
+stress و ال tension ال stress و ال tension دراسات
+
+379
+00:28:09,100 --> 00:28:13,640
+أثبتت أن 40% من ال infertile women هم عبارة عن
+
+380
+00:28:13,640 --> 00:28:18,340
+سيدات يقعوا تحت ضغط و قلق بشكل مستمر، لذن ال
+
+381
+00:28:18,340 --> 00:28:22,280
+tension و ال stress بلعب دور كبير جدا مش على ال
+
+382
+00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:26,940
+genetic material فقطلأ، بيلعب دور سيّع على الحالة
+
+383
+00:28:26,940 --> 00:28:31,120
+النفسية عند الزوجة أو عند السيدة بشكل أساسي مما
+
+384
+00:28:31,120 --> 00:28:36,980
+يؤدي إلى فقد الرغبة على الإنجاب مما يؤدي إلى تغيير
+
+385
+00:28:36,980 --> 00:28:40,660
+في السيولوجية الخاصة بالسيدة فعدم انتظام الدورة
+
+386
+00:28:40,660 --> 00:28:45,440
+الشهرية بفعل وجود fluctuation في مستوى الهرمونات
+
+387
+00:28:45,440 --> 00:28:48,220
+التذبذب في مستوى الهرمونات وعدم انتظام مستوى
+
+388
+00:28:48,220 --> 00:28:52,190
+الهرمونات يؤدي إلى عدم انتظام الدورةعدم انتظام
+
+389
+00:28:52,190 --> 00:28:55,490
+الدورة يعني عدم انتظام عملية ال ovulation عدم
+
+390
+00:28:55,490 --> 00:29:00,190
+انتظام عملية ال ovulation يعني انقاس فرصة الحصول
+
+391
+00:29:00,190 --> 00:29:06,030
+على حملة هذه عبارة عن العوامل التي تساهم في ال
+
+392
+00:29:06,030 --> 00:29:10,670
+fertility عند ال male و عند ال female نكتفي بهذا
+
+393
+00:29:10,670 --> 00:29:16,950
+القدر لهذا الأسبوع على أمل أن نتقى الأسبوع القادم
+
+394
+00:29:16,950 --> 00:29:22,390
+بعنوان جديد getting ready for pregnancyDom Tom في
+
+395
+00:29:22,390 --> 00:29:23,950
+حفظ الله ورعاية
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/2xAJjb8Tl_E.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1598 @@
+1
+00:00:16,680 --> 00:00:23,420
+Today we are going to explain the proverbs in 
+
+2
+00:00:23,420 --> 00:00:28,940
+English and Arabic. The proverbs of English and 
+
+3
+00:00:28,940 --> 00:00:32,440
+then the proverbs of Arabic. Are they equivalent 
+
+4
+00:00:32,440 --> 00:00:38,720
+to each other? What does the proverb mean? How 
+
+5
+00:00:38,720 --> 00:00:42,560
+could we translate the proverb? Is it translated 
+
+6
+00:00:42,560 --> 00:00:48,400
+word by word or is it translated as one unit? Does 
+
+7
+00:00:48,400 --> 00:00:51,880
+it refer to the tradition of the nation or is it 
+
+8
+00:00:51,880 --> 00:00:57,200
+normal speech? It's not normal speech. It refers 
+
+9
+00:00:57,200 --> 00:01:01,220
+to the traditions of the nation, the traditions of 
+
+10
+00:01:01,220 --> 00:01:05,700
+the community. It refers to facts. It refers to 
+
+11
+00:01:05,700 --> 00:01:10,880
+facts. So you need, if you need to translate the 
+
+12
+00:01:10,880 --> 00:01:18,980
+proverb of the English language or any other 
+
+13
+00:01:18,980 --> 00:01:22,740
+languages, this means that you have to understand 
+
+14
+00:01:22,740 --> 00:01:26,520
+the culture of the language. You have to be 
+
+15
+00:01:26,520 --> 00:01:31,040
+familiar with the tradition of the native speakers 
+
+16
+00:01:31,040 --> 00:01:34,600
+of the language. Okay? Otherwise, you face 
+
+17
+00:01:34,600 --> 00:01:40,820
+difficulty in translation. Anyway, what's proverb? 
+
+18
+00:01:41,260 --> 00:01:47,140
+What does it mean proverb? According to Oxford 
+
+19
+00:01:47,140 --> 00:01:48,520
+dictionary, 
+
+20
+00:01:50,550 --> 00:01:54,910
+proverb is a short saying in general use. It's a 
+
+21
+00:01:54,910 --> 00:02:00,970
+short saying. It's not a long saying. When I say, 
+
+22
+00:02:01,030 --> 00:02:08,570
+for example, "stitch in time saves nine." Okay? For 
+
+23
+00:02:08,570 --> 00:02:13,390
+this proverb, it's very short, but gives 
+
+24
+00:02:13,390 --> 00:02:16,730
+sufficient 
+
+25
+00:02:16,730 --> 00:02:23,610
+meaning. "Stitch in time saves nine." We have here 
+
+26
+00:02:23,610 --> 00:02:27,710
+three forms of translation. We have what is called 
+
+27
+00:02:27,710 --> 00:02:32,310
+formal translation, functional translation, and 
+
+28
+00:02:32,310 --> 00:02:34,810
+ideational translation. 
+
+29
+00:02:40,370 --> 00:02:43,330
+When I say for functional, for formal translation, 
+
+30
+00:02:44,250 --> 00:02:46,210
+"al ghurza fi makaniha" 
+
+31
+00:02:55,330 --> 00:03:01,170
+This is called formal translation. But if you 
+
+32
+00:03:01,170 --> 00:03:06,090
+speak about functional or ideational translation, 
+
+33
+00:03:07,310 --> 00:03:11,390
+"stitch" 
+
+34
+00:03:11,390 --> 00:03:15,350
+"in" 
+
+35
+00:03:15,350 --> 00:03:21,860
+"time saves nine." Okay. So it's very far from the 
+
+36
+00:03:21,860 --> 00:03:26,760
+formal translation, the meaning of the individual 
+
+37
+00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:31,420
+words in the proverb. So it is taken as one unit. 
+
+38
+00:03:32,460 --> 00:03:36,600
+Okay. You have to take care in translation, once 
+
+39
+00:03:36,600 --> 00:03:39,620
+translating the proverb, not to translate 
+
+40
+00:03:39,620 --> 00:03:45,520
+literally. Okay. We have to think about the 
+
+41
+00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:49,680
+ideational translation and also functional 
+
+42
+00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:53,060
+translation. Anyway, we are going to touch the 
+
+43
+00:03:53,060 --> 00:03:58,880
+proverbs and see how could we have a shortcut way 
+
+44
+00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:04,040
+for the correct and perfect translation. Okay. 
+
+45
+00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:11,100
+Let's see. As I mentioned, the proof refers to the 
+
+46
+00:04:11,100 --> 00:04:15,340
+truth, refers to the tradition, refers to the 
+
+47
+00:04:15,340 --> 00:04:17,500
+facts. Okay? 
+
+48
+00:04:26,290 --> 00:04:29,170
+It comes as a group of words established by the 
+
+49
+00:04:29,170 --> 00:04:32,050
+usage and having a meaning not deducible from 
+
+50
+00:04:32,050 --> 00:04:35,510
+those of the individual words. The meaning cannot 
+
+51
+00:04:35,510 --> 00:04:38,630
+be deduced from the individual words of the 
+
+52
+00:04:38,630 --> 00:04:44,550
+proverb itself. Okay? But it gets the meaning from 
+
+53
+00:04:44,550 --> 00:04:49,590
+the whole meaning compared with the tradition and 
+
+54
+00:04:49,590 --> 00:04:51,570
+the culture of the language. 
+
+55
+00:04:59,360 --> 00:05:06,620
+So we have a proverb or a saying stating that if 
+
+56
+00:05:06,620 --> 00:05:14,060
+you need to know about any people, you must know 
+
+57
+00:05:14,060 --> 00:05:22,220
+their proverbs. Because the proverbs narrate the 
+
+58
+00:05:22,220 --> 00:05:25,960
+story of the nation, the tradition of the nation. 
+
+59
+00:05:27,220 --> 00:05:28,140
+Okay? 
+
+60
+00:05:31,100 --> 00:05:40,140
+Here, for example, we have different proverbs that 
+
+61
+00:05:40,140 --> 00:05:45,060
+refer to the culture of nations. The American 
+
+62
+00:05:45,060 --> 00:05:50,220
+tribes often reflect their view of the land as 
+
+63
+00:05:50,220 --> 00:05:54,600
+sacred. They love the land and they consider the 
+
+64
+00:05:54,600 --> 00:06:01,560
+land as sacred. So they have the proverb, "take only 
+
+65
+00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:04,880
+what you need and leave the land as you found it." 
+
+66
+00:06:08,900 --> 00:06:17,200
+So this proverb refers to the care on land. The 
+
+67
+00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:21,980
+love of land. This is the tradition of the 
+
+68
+00:06:21,980 --> 00:06:26,890
+Americans. Some American tribes. The Japanese, for 
+
+69
+00:06:26,890 --> 00:06:32,610
+example, focus on morals. So we have their proverb 
+
+70
+00:06:32,610 --> 00:06:38,370
+stating, "an evil deed remains with the evildoer." 
+
+71
+00:06:40,770 --> 00:06:46,210
+So their tradition focus on morals and discretion. 
+
+72
+00:06:47,170 --> 00:06:50,510
+So the tongue is like a sharp knife, it kills 
+
+73
+00:06:50,510 --> 00:06:57,930
+without drawing blood. If you just think deeply on 
+
+74
+00:06:57,930 --> 00:07:00,710
+these two preverbs, you find them speaking about 
+
+75
+00:07:00,710 --> 00:07:01,290
+morals. 
+
+76
+00:07:05,410 --> 00:07:13,330
+The first one speaks about the evil deeds and the 
+
+77
+00:07:13,330 --> 00:07:17,390
+evildoers. And the second example, the second 
+
+78
+00:07:17,390 --> 00:07:22,470
+proverb refers to the backbiting, "namima," and the 
+
+79
+00:07:22,470 --> 00:07:28,350
+bad saying. Okay, so these are types of morals. So 
+
+80
+00:07:28,350 --> 00:07:32,070
+morals here are parts of the characteristics of 
+
+81
+00:07:32,070 --> 00:07:32,750
+the Japanese. 
+
+82
+00:07:38,910 --> 00:07:46,090
+The Mexican people also have their own values, 
+
+83
+00:07:48,370 --> 00:07:52,210
+mainly the rural people, okay? 
+
+84
+00:07:55,050 --> 00:08:01,090
+The average person on the street can 
+
+85
+00:08:01,090 --> 00:08:04,610
+have its own character reflected on the proverb 
+
+86
+00:08:04,610 --> 00:08:09,550
+itself. So the proverb refers to the hopes of 
+
+87
+00:08:09,550 --> 00:08:14,070
+those common people. So we have their proverb 
+
+88
+00:08:14,070 --> 00:08:17,450
+which states, "hope dies last of all." 
+
+89
+00:08:20,690 --> 00:08:28,350
+So they live on hopes. These are the Mexicans. So 
+
+90
+00:08:28,350 --> 00:08:33,170
+we have the proverbs of Americans, Japanese and 
+
+91
+00:08:33,170 --> 00:08:35,290
+Mexicans. Okay? 
+
+92
+00:08:38,610 --> 00:08:43,010
+The Mexicans do not feel with any desperate 
+
+93
+00:08:43,010 --> 00:08:45,650
+feeling. 
+
+94
+00:08:46,690 --> 00:08:51,510
+They don't feel desperate at all. Okay? The 
+
+95
+00:08:51,510 --> 00:08:56,560
+Japanese focus on moral values. The American 
+
+96
+00:08:56,560 --> 00:09:01,440
+tribes love the land. So we have their proverbs 
+
+97
+00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:08,000
+referring to these ideas very clearly. This shows 
+
+98
+00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:13,440
+clearly that the proverb refers to facts, refers 
+
+99
+00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:17,240
+to the truth of the nation. It refers to the 
+
+100
+00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:20,740
+tradition, the history of the nation. If you need 
+
+101
+00:09:20,740 --> 00:09:22,820
+to understand the history of the nation, you have 
+
+102
+00:09:22,820 --> 00:09:25,920
+to refer or to consult their proverbs. 
+
+103
+00:09:29,020 --> 00:09:33,100
+Okay? So anyone who would like to touch our 
+
+104
+00:09:33,100 --> 00:09:40,200
+Palestinian culture must touch our proverbs. Okay? 
+
+105
+00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:45,270
+Because our popular proverbs reflect our own 
+
+106
+00:09:45,270 --> 00:09:49,510
+character, our own culture, our own civilization. 
+
+107
+00:09:53,490 --> 00:09:57,210
+This means that once you translate, you have not 
+
+108
+00:09:57,210 --> 00:10:02,330
+to look on words. You have to look on the general 
+
+109
+00:10:02,330 --> 00:10:05,930
+meaning compared with the culture of the people 
+
+110
+00:10:05,930 --> 00:10:10,550
+and to focus on the ideational translation, not 
+
+111
+00:10:10,550 --> 00:10:14,430
+the formal translation. Otherwise, you give 
+
+112
+00:10:14,430 --> 00:10:15,290
+another meaning. 
+
+113
+00:10:17,990 --> 00:10:21,050
+Okay. Now, if you look to the origin of the 
+
+114
+00:10:21,050 --> 00:10:27,210
+English proverbs, I can very, very simply state 
+
+115
+00:10:27,210 --> 00:10:35,060
+that the proverb has mostly unknown history. We 
+
+116
+00:10:35,060 --> 00:10:38,400
+don't know about the origin of lots of proverbs 
+
+117
+00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:43,480
+because these are sayings originally said by 
+
+118
+00:10:43,480 --> 00:10:48,480
+individuals then repeated by others and by the run 
+
+119
+00:10:48,480 --> 00:10:53,320
+of time they became as a sort of wisdom which 
+
+120
+00:10:53,320 --> 00:10:59,380
+changed to proverb. So they are repeated by people 
+
+121
+00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:04,480
+by the run of time and they are transferred from 
+
+122
+00:11:04,480 --> 00:11:08,120
+generation to another until reaching us. So we 
+
+123
+00:11:08,120 --> 00:11:12,540
+don't know the origin of these proverbs except 
+
+124
+00:11:12,540 --> 00:11:18,660
+some. Okay? We have some proverbs are derived from 
+
+125
+00:11:18,660 --> 00:11:22,520
+literature, for example, like the literature of 
+
+126
+00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:29,180
+Shakespeare in Medievals. We have some proverbs 
+
+127
+00:11:29,180 --> 00:11:35,960
+derived from the Bible. Some other proverbs are 
+
+128
+00:11:35,960 --> 00:11:40,320
+originally Latin or Greek or Portuguese. So they 
+
+129
+00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:43,900
+are borrowed from other languages. You have lots 
+
+130
+00:11:43,900 --> 00:11:49,360
+of Arabic proverbs available in English. You have 
+
+131
+00:11:49,360 --> 00:11:54,280
+lots of Arabic vocabulary available in English. We 
+
+132
+00:11:54,280 --> 00:12:00,340
+counted 10,000 words okay in English dictionary 
+
+133
+00:12:00,340 --> 00:12:05,340
+originally derived from Arabic so we have Arabic 
+
+134
+00:12:05,340 --> 00:12:10,740
+proverbs inserted in the English dictionary or the 
+
+135
+00:12:10,740 --> 00:12:15,360
+English proverbs okay we have a collection of 
+
+136
+00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:17,060
+proverbs available 
+
+137
+00:12:19,970 --> 00:12:23,390
+in many languages, but if you look to their 
+
+138
+00:12:23,390 --> 00:12:27,430
+origin, you find them already borrowed from other 
+
+139
+00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:29,610
+languages. Okay? 
+
+140
+00:12:40,590 --> 00:12:44,150
+So in general, we can assume that proverbs with 
+
+141
+00:12:44,150 --> 00:12:48,450
+more abstract type of wisdom began life in this 
+
+142
+00:12:48,450 --> 00:12:51,970
+way. Proverbs like "the end justifies the means," 
+
+143
+00:12:52,570 --> 00:12:57,470
+which appears to have taken its bow in a 17th 
+
+144
+00:12:57,470 --> 00:13:02,630
+century. "The ends justifies the means." "الغاية تبرر 
+
+145
+00:13:02,630 --> 00:13:07,100
+الوسيلة" Okay? So this is available or it was 
+
+146
+00:13:07,100 --> 00:13:12,160
+available in the 17th century theological 
+
+147
+00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:19,020
+treatise. Okay? Or "the wish is further to the 
+
+148
+00:13:19,020 --> 00:13:19,380
+thought." 
+
+149
+00:13:23,600 --> 00:13:27,600
+Which as far as we know was first given expression 
+
+150
+00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:34,980
+to by Julius Caesar. or "a soft answer turneth away 
+
+151
+00:13:34,980 --> 00:13:39,260
+wrath." This is directly driven from the Bible. 
+
+152
+00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:41,920
+Okay? 
+
+153
+00:13:44,540 --> 00:13:50,660
+But most of the proverbs are borrowed from other 
+
+154
+00:13:50,660 --> 00:13:54,660
+cultures. Okay? This is we speak about English 
+
+155
+00:13:54,660 --> 00:13:55,280
+proverbs. 
+
+156
+00:13:57,760 --> 00:14:04,740
+But it's very difficult to decide the source of 
+
+157
+00:14:04,740 --> 00:14:09,020
+the proverb itself. Some proverbs are originally 
+
+158
+00:14:09,020 --> 00:14:13,040
+derived or borrowed from Latin, French or Spanish. 
+
+159
+00:14:14,380 --> 00:14:19,300
+But there is no proof about that, about the origin 
+
+160
+00:14:19,300 --> 00:14:22,840
+of the proverb. We understand that this proverb is 
+
+161
+00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:26,520
+not English originally, maybe derived from other 
+
+162
+00:14:27,290 --> 00:14:30,770
+cultures, but we cannot say that this is Latin, 
+
+163
+00:14:31,230 --> 00:14:36,270
+this Portuguese, this, we just assume that. So we 
+
+164
+00:14:36,270 --> 00:14:39,590
+have some sort of assumptions, mostly about most 
+
+165
+00:14:39,590 --> 00:14:40,390
+of the proverbs. 
+
+166
+00:14:46,690 --> 00:14:49,890
+Here we have the proverbs derived from the Bible 
+
+167
+00:14:49,890 --> 00:14:52,710
+appear very clearly. Okay. 
+
+168
+00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:07,820
+Okay. We have the hardest free thinkers or thinker 
+
+169
+00:15:07,820 --> 00:15:11,640
+will show no hesitation in drawing upon them to 
+
+170
+00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:15,840
+illustrate a rational point. Any thinker relies on 
+
+171
+00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:19,520
+proverbs derived from the Bible. Completely like 
+
+172
+00:15:19,520 --> 00:15:23,750
+us, once you write, your composition or your 
+
+173
+00:15:23,750 --> 00:15:29,190
+essay, or you give a talk, you rely to the Holy 
+
+174
+00:15:29,190 --> 00:15:33,450
+Quran, to verses from the Holy Quran. Okay? And 
+
+175
+00:15:33,450 --> 00:15:41,930
+you rely to some discourse from the Prophet. Okay? 
+
+176
+00:15:42,190 --> 00:15:47,750
+So we have prophetic discourse and we have Quranic 
+
+177
+00:15:47,750 --> 00:15:54,800
+verses that are relied on for just exemplifying or 
+
+178
+00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:59,060
+solidifying our talk, or our speech, our writing, 
+
+179
+00:16:00,020 --> 00:16:04,800
+our expressions, for expressing a certain idea or 
+
+180
+00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:08,540
+for conveying a certain idea to the people. We 
+
+181
+00:16:08,540 --> 00:16:12,880
+rely on these sources. This corresponds to the 
+
+182
+00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:19,360
+Christians who rely on the Bible. for taking some 
+
+183
+00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:23,520
+proverbs. These proverbs originally are religious. 
+
+184
+00:16:24,340 --> 00:16:27,040
+Okay. So they are taken from the Bible, maybe from 
+
+185
+00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:30,580
+the Quran and from the holy books, other holy 
+
+186
+00:16:30,580 --> 00:16:30,940
+books. 
+
+187
+00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:36,640
+Once I say, for example, "the spirit is willing, 
+
+188
+00:16:37,340 --> 00:16:43,820
+but the flesh is weak." "العين بصيرة والإيد قصيرة" 
+
+189
+00:16:43,820 --> 00:16:49,700
+This is a Biblical proverb. Okay? If we translate 
+
+190
+00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:54,300
+this formally, we come out with incorrect 
+
+191
+00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:55,120
+translation. 
+
+192
+00:17:05,160 --> 00:17:10,460
+It's quite difficult, quite far from the original 
+
+193
+00:17:10,460 --> 00:17:14,360
+meaning. So we rely on what is called ideational 
+
+194
+00:17:14,360 --> 00:17:21,730
+translation. Okay? Or functional translation. We 
+
+195
+00:17:21,730 --> 00:17:28,410
+have also some proverbs which are derived from 
+
+196
+00:17:28,410 --> 00:17:34,610
+literary sources
+
+223
+00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:09,720
+must be connected with the tradition or the
+
+224
+00:20:09,720 --> 00:20:14,420
+culture of the language or say the community. So
+
+225
+00:20:14,420 --> 00:20:17,740
+this means that if you need to translate or to
+
+226
+00:20:17,740 --> 00:20:22,140
+interpret the proverb, you have not to look very,
+
+227
+00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:26,280
+very deeply and very carefully to the words. You
+
+228
+00:20:26,280 --> 00:20:30,060
+have to understand the meaning and the tradition
+
+229
+00:20:30,060 --> 00:20:34,800
+and to assume or to predict the ideational meaning
+
+230
+00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:38,160
+of the proverb. I mean the ideational you have to
+
+231
+00:20:38,160 --> 00:20:41,500
+translate ideationally and you have to focus on
+
+232
+00:20:41,500 --> 00:20:47,980
+ideational or at least functional translation. So
+
+233
+00:20:47,980 --> 00:20:50,960
+we have the example a stitch in time saves nine.
+
+234
+00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:56,020
+This is the literal translation
+
+235
+00:20:58,330 --> 00:21:05,010
+As we translated just five minutes ago, غرزة في
+
+236
+00:21:05,010 --> 00:21:13,190
+مكانها أو موعدها أفضل من تسعة. Okay? But this is
+
+237
+00:21:13,190 --> 00:21:17,270
+not the correct translation, not the correct
+
+238
+00:21:17,270 --> 00:21:21,990
+interpretation. A stitch in time saves nine was
+
+239
+00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:25,470
+the literal truth the busy housewife had learned
+
+240
+00:21:25,470 --> 00:21:31,310
+in looking after the family's clothes. Okay?
+
+241
+00:21:36,010 --> 00:21:45,110
+So, I mean this one refers to house life. When I
+
+242
+00:21:45,110 --> 00:21:51,420
+say التدبير نصف المعيشة We mean how to run your
+
+243
+00:21:51,420 --> 00:21:58,620
+house, how to run your home life, how to run your
+
+244
+00:21:58,620 --> 00:22:03,920
+living very systematically and carefully. Okay?
+
+245
+00:22:06,080 --> 00:22:09,480
+And we can take the ideational translation, which
+
+246
+00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:12,860
+refers to the treatment, how to care about your
+
+247
+00:22:12,860 --> 00:22:18,080
+health. الوقاية خير من قنطار علاج
+
+248
+00:22:23,890 --> 00:22:29,210
+We have the proverbs available in education.
+
+249
+00:22:36,210 --> 00:22:40,290
+So we have a space for the proverb in the
+
+250
+00:22:40,290 --> 00:22:46,690
+classroom. And this was available right from the
+
+251
+00:22:46,690 --> 00:22:54,290
+10th century. Okay. We have this appear very
+
+252
+00:22:54,290 --> 00:22:58,650
+clearly in the educational system or the British
+
+253
+00:22:58,650 --> 00:22:59,790
+educational system.
+
+254
+00:23:02,450 --> 00:23:07,370
+Most of the proverbs here may be taken from other
+
+255
+00:23:07,370 --> 00:23:12,720
+languages like Latin. Okay. So we have many
+
+256
+00:23:12,720 --> 00:23:17,580
+generations from children transfer this proverb
+
+257
+00:23:17,580 --> 00:23:20,980
+which they take at school from one generation to
+
+258
+00:23:20,980 --> 00:23:22,360
+another. Okay.
+
+259
+00:23:28,340 --> 00:23:32,770
+So To have a proper way of teaching, we can
+
+260
+00:23:32,770 --> 00:23:36,890
+introduce proverbs within our saying. To have a
+
+261
+00:23:36,890 --> 00:23:40,110
+proper essay, you can use a proverb or many
+
+262
+00:23:40,110 --> 00:23:43,450
+proverbs in your writing. The more you use
+
+263
+00:23:43,450 --> 00:23:48,410
+proverbs, the more you solidify your writing, the
+
+264
+00:23:48,410 --> 00:23:53,630
+more you reinforce your expressions, the more you
+
+265
+00:23:53,630 --> 00:23:59,720
+clarify your idea. Okay? So the shortcut way for
+
+266
+00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:05,820
+the proper and solidified composition or essay is
+
+267
+00:24:05,820 --> 00:24:10,440
+the insertion of proverbs. The more you introduce
+
+268
+00:24:10,440 --> 00:24:13,740
+proverbs in your writing, the more you introduce
+
+269
+00:24:13,740 --> 00:24:17,720
+proverbs in your language, the more you are
+
+270
+00:24:17,720 --> 00:24:24,200
+expressive. Even in our culture, the guy who uses
+
+271
+00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:29,080
+more proverbs in his saying or her saying is
+
+272
+00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:35,020
+looked to as a wise man. And he deserves listening
+
+273
+00:24:35,020 --> 00:24:44,320
+to listen to. He deserves listening to him. So we
+
+274
+00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:51,900
+respect. Or we pay high respect to those who use
+
+275
+00:24:51,900 --> 00:24:57,060
+proverbs within their talk. Okay? Because we can
+
+276
+00:24:57,060 --> 00:25:02,040
+judge people not according to their appearance,
+
+277
+00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:07,580
+but according to the language they produce, the
+
+278
+00:25:07,580 --> 00:25:11,400
+speech they say. So the more you utter proverbs,
+
+279
+00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:16,450
+the more you use your sight proverbs, the more You
+
+280
+00:25:16,450 --> 00:25:22,150
+appear in the eyes of others as a
+
+281
+00:25:22,150 --> 00:25:29,870
+wise man or a wise lady. Okay? So you have lots of
+
+282
+00:25:29,870 --> 00:25:33,530
+blue verbs are of similar meanings. Once I say,
+
+283
+00:25:33,610 --> 00:25:39,450
+for example, once bitten twice shy. A paired child
+
+284
+00:25:39,450 --> 00:25:45,950
+dreads the fire. Parking dogs seldom bite. Enough
+
+285
+00:25:45,950 --> 00:25:50,510
+is good as a feast. Many a little makes a nickel.
+
+286
+00:25:51,690 --> 00:25:55,430
+Okay. So you have the same, the same meaning.
+
+287
+00:25:56,990 --> 00:26:01,250
+Okay. These blue verbs, they differ in language.
+
+288
+00:26:01,850 --> 00:26:04,890
+They are very close to each other in meaning.
+
+289
+00:26:05,570 --> 00:26:12,760
+Okay. We rely on them or on these blue verbs just
+
+290
+00:26:12,760 --> 00:26:17,840
+to solidify our own language.
+
+291
+00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:32,240
+We have here lots of blue verbs I need to cite and
+
+292
+00:26:32,240 --> 00:26:33,480
+to analyze with you.
+
+293
+00:26:46,630 --> 00:26:49,030
+Yes, pay attention please.
+
+294
+00:26:57,530 --> 00:27:01,670
+As we mentioned, we have three types of
+
+295
+00:27:01,670 --> 00:27:05,110
+translation for the proverbs. We have the formal,
+
+296
+00:27:06,190 --> 00:27:10,670
+functional, and ideational proverb.
+
+297
+00:27:14,510 --> 00:27:19,910
+The treaty has remained dead letter since then.
+
+298
+00:27:22,130 --> 00:27:29,270
+و بقيت المعاهدة حبرا على ورق. This is the
+
+299
+00:27:29,270 --> 00:27:32,270
+functional translation. But I need the formal
+
+300
+00:27:32,270 --> 00:27:37,390
+translation. و بقيت المعاهدة حرفا ميتا.
+
+301
+00:27:40,020 --> 00:27:44,460
+حرفا ميتا so this is literal translation refers to
+
+302
+00:27:44,460 --> 00:27:48,540
+the formal translation okay which in which we
+
+303
+00:27:48,540 --> 00:27:52,460
+translate the proverb word by word but
+
+304
+00:27:52,460 --> 00:28:01,040
+ideationally بقيت الاتفاقية دون تطبيق okay على
+
+305
+00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:06,380
+الإطلاق لم تطبق الاتفاقية أو المعاهدة حتى الآن
+
+306
+00:28:06,380 --> 00:28:08,300
+okay
+
+307
+00:28:10,270 --> 00:28:16,090
+When I say, for example, out of the frying pan
+
+308
+00:28:16,090 --> 00:28:20,230
+into the fire. When I put it just in a sentence
+
+309
+00:28:20,230 --> 00:28:24,750
+like Ali or Ali's decision to leave his job for a
+
+310
+00:28:24,750 --> 00:28:29,270
+new one was ill thought. Out of the frying pan
+
+311
+00:28:29,270 --> 00:28:30,290
+into the fire.
+
+312
+00:28:34,650 --> 00:28:39,380
+Just formally, we can say what we can say formally
+
+313
+00:28:39,380 --> 00:28:53,120
+however
+
+314
+00:28:53,120 --> 00:29:04,040
+this
+
+315
+00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:13,490
+translation is formal Okay. How could we translate
+
+316
+00:29:13,490 --> 00:29:14,370
+functionally?
+
+317
+00:29:27,070 --> 00:29:31,110
+Functional translation. Now I need educational
+
+318
+00:29:31,110 --> 00:29:31,690
+translation.
+
+319
+00:29:34,230 --> 00:29:36,990
+So what could we say? How could we translate this?
+
+320
+00:29:48,110 --> 00:29:49,030
+Okay,
+
+321
+00:30:00,790 --> 00:30:04,610
+which is quite difficult. It's difficult to
+
+322
+00:30:04,610 --> 00:30:11,690
+understand. This is functional. It's quite
+
+323
+00:30:11,690 --> 00:30:16,230
+accepted. It's near to your understanding, to your
+
+324
+00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:19,610
+thoughts, to your mentality. However, once
+
+325
+00:30:19,610 --> 00:30:24,020
+speaking about صارت الأمور من سيئين إلى أسوأ
+
+326
+00:30:24,020 --> 00:30:29,020
+becomes very clear, can be understood by all types
+
+327
+00:30:29,020 --> 00:30:32,460
+of people regardless to their culture, by ordinary
+
+328
+00:30:32,460 --> 00:30:37,480
+people. So the example or say the proverb becomes
+
+329
+00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:41,760
+popular because it's easy to understand.
+
+330
+00:30:49,990 --> 00:30:52,430
+Like father, like son.
+
+331
+00:30:59,410 --> 00:31:06,770
+This is what? Functional translation. Formal
+
+332
+00:31:06,770 --> 00:31:08,390
+translation.
+
+333
+00:31:10,210 --> 00:31:18,450
+الولد لأبي. The girl is for her mom. البنت لأمه.
+
+334
+00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:21,260
+This is formal, functional.
+
+335
+00:31:24,800 --> 00:31:26,100
+This is ideational.
+
+336
+00:31:28,180 --> 00:31:34,900
+So this
+
+337
+00:31:34,900 --> 00:31:42,000
+relates to our own Palestinian culture. Okay? A
+
+338
+00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:45,460
+pear in the hand is worth two in the bush.
+
+339
+00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:51,920
+Okay, so this is the ideational translation
+
+340
+00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:58,620
+however formal translation action
+
+341
+00:31:58,620 --> 00:32:16,820
+speaks or action speak louder than words okay
+
+342
+00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:26,140
+Once I say the spirit is willing, but the flesh is
+
+343
+00:32:26,140 --> 00:32:30,040
+weak. This is a Biblical proverb as we mentioned.
+
+344
+00:32:31,780 --> 00:32:35,060
+This is ideational.
+
+345
+00:32:41,580 --> 00:32:45,200
+Don't count your chickens before they are hatched.
+
+346
+00:32:48,840 --> 00:32:53,000
+This is ideational translation. It refers to our
+
+347
+00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:59,300
+own culture. It's from our own dialect, from our
+
+348
+00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:01,460
+own Palestinian dialect.
+
+349
+00:33:03,720 --> 00:33:07,160
+A live dog is better than a dead lion.
+
+350
+00:33:21,150 --> 00:33:28,610
+Okay. This is okay ideational translation. So this
+
+351
+00:33:28,610 --> 00:33:32,090
+is, this refers to the culture, the Islamic
+
+352
+00:33:32,090 --> 00:33:37,650
+culture. Is this from the Islamic culture? No,
+
+353
+00:33:37,770 --> 00:33:42,530
+certainly no. This is directly driven from the
+
+354
+00:33:42,530 --> 00:33:45,250
+Jewish culture. Yes.
+
+355
+00:33:54,220 --> 00:34:01,260
+So they have this proverb in their culture. A live
+
+356
+00:34:01,260 --> 00:34:06,140
+dog is better than a dead lion. You understand?
+
+357
+00:34:07,060 --> 00:34:07,940
+Okay.
+
+358
+00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:13,120
+After a storm comes calm.
+
+359
+00:34:17,480 --> 00:34:20,440
+And the ideational translation is.
+
+360
+00:34:31,080 --> 00:34:37,540
+So we have this is as ideational translation for
+
+361
+00:34:37,540 --> 00:34:38,340
+the same proverb.
+
+362
+00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:55,860
+Once I say, for example, Ali added
+
+363
+00:34:55,860 --> 00:35:00,940
+insult to injury instead of solving the problem.
+
+364
+00:35:13,620 --> 00:35:18,240
+Okay, this is functional translation. What about
+
+365
+00:35:18,240 --> 00:35:19,720
+ideational translation?
+
+366
+00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:50,480
+Okay, answer Fatima. Hanan or Fatima has wide
+
+367
+00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:52,940
+experience in teaching.
+
+368
+00:35:56,820 --> 00:36:02,660
+This is functional translation. Okay, ideational
+
+369
+00:36:02,660 --> 00:36:03,360
+translation.
+
+370
+00:36:06,440 --> 00:36:09,280
+Okay fine.
+
+371
+00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:16,360
+So we have, as you see, Three types of translation
+
+372
+00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:22,340
+for the proverb. Here we focus on the ideational
+
+373
+00:36:22,340 --> 00:36:26,180
+translation or we can accept also the functional
+
+374
+00:36:26,180 --> 00:36:26,900
+translation.
+
+375
+00:36:29,640 --> 00:36:30,720
+Let's see.
+
+376
+00:36:44,110 --> 00:36:46,790
+Once I say, don't cry over split milk.
+
+377
+00:36:50,150 --> 00:36:54,390
+This is the formal translation. That problem is
+
+378
+00:36:54,390 --> 00:37:00,290
+over, move on. Okay? It means that problem is
+
+379
+00:37:00,290 --> 00:37:06,810
+over. Move on. Okay? Yani what happened, happened.
+
+380
+00:37:07,590 --> 00:37:12,850
+Okay? Bimana elle fat, yani lit by guns, be by
+
+381
+00:37:12,850 --> 00:37:17,620
+guns. Okay. Don't count your chickens until they
+
+382
+00:37:17,620 --> 00:37:23,340
+are hatched. Wait for success to celebrate.
+
+383
+00:37:31,620 --> 00:37:37,720
+With the
+
+384
+00:37:37,720 --> 00:37:39,720
+cats away, the mice will play.
+
+385
+00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:46,680
+This is the ideational translation. Some work only
+
+386
+00:37:46,680 --> 00:37:51,480
+when the boss watches. Some work only when the
+
+387
+00:37:51,480 --> 00:37:56,880
+boss watches. But once the boss is absent,
+
+388
+00:37:59,580 --> 00:38:05,400
+this means that there will be no work. A penny
+
+389
+00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:07,760
+saved is a penny earned.
+
+390
+00:38:12,820 --> 00:38:16,540
+It means not spending is the same as earning
+
+391
+00:38:16,540 --> 00:38:16,960
+money.
+
+392
+00:38:19,980 --> 00:38:22,940
+Is this the ideational translation of the proverb?
+
+393
+00:38:29,240 --> 00:38:37,240
+So this refers to saving money, okay? But you have
+
+394
+00:38:37,240 --> 00:38:37,860
+to be generous.
+
+395
+00:38:40,480 --> 00:38:42,720
+Biggers should not be choosers.
+
+396
+00:38:47,740 --> 00:38:52,180
+Don't complain about free gifts. So once you have
+
+397
+00:38:52,180 --> 00:38:55,060
+a gift, don't complain about it. You have to
+
+398
+00:38:55,060 --> 00:39:00,540
+accept whatever it is. Okay?
+
+399
+00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:07,780
+You can't lead a horse to water, but you can't
+
+400
+00:39:07,780 --> 00:39:13,270
+make them You can lead a horse to water, but you
+
+401
+00:39:13,270 --> 00:39:19,310
+can't make them drink. Okay? What does this mean?
+
+402
+00:39:19,590 --> 00:39:22,510
+You can only help those who want help.
+
+403
+00:39:25,390 --> 00:39:26,030
+Okay?
+
+404
+00:39:39,040 --> 00:39:45,980
+Birds of a feather flock together. Birds over go
+
+405
+00:39:45,980 --> 00:39:52,240
+together. Birds over go together. It's the same.
+
+406
+00:39:52,920 --> 00:40:01,580
+The same verb. This is
+
+407
+00:40:01,580 --> 00:40:03,740
+ideational translation.
+
+408
+00:40:11,220 --> 00:40:16,000
+You can't have your cake and eat it too. What does
+
+409
+00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:16,420
+this mean?
+
+410
+00:40:19,480 --> 00:40:25,580
+You can't have your cake and eat it too. This is
+
+411
+00:40:25,580 --> 00:40:28,760
+ideational translation. You can't use and save the
+
+412
+00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:29,480
+same item.
+
+413
+00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:43,010
+A parking dog A barking dog never bites.
+
+414
+00:40:47,410 --> 00:40:51,370
+Many people talk without any action.
+
+415
+00:40:56,430 --> 00:41:00,630
+Do we have equivalent proverb in our own culture?
+
+416
+00:41:02,810 --> 00:41:05,330
+لا تقول ما لا تفعل
+
+417
+00:41:11,260 --> 00:41:16,960
+It is similar to the verse in Surat As-Saff, I
+
+418
+00:41:16,960 --> 00:41:17,860
+think.
+
+419
+00:41:25,340 --> 00:41:26,060
+Okay,
+
+420
+00:41:31,220 --> 00:41:38,680
+Rome wasn't built in a day. And be patient and
+
+421
+00:41:38,680 --> 00:41:39,580
+keep struggling.
+
+422
+00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:47,
+
+445
+00:44:02,710 --> 00:44:06,090
+these proverbs and translate them and we are going
+
+446
+00:44:06,090 --> 00:44:08,930
+to touch the Arabic proverbs and how could we
+
+447
+00:44:08,930 --> 00:44:12,930
+translate from Arabic to English. Okay, that's for
+
+448
+00:44:12,930 --> 00:44:14,050
+today. Thank you. 

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/2xAJjb8Tl_E_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1792 @@
+1
+00:00:16,680 --> 00:00:23,420
+Today we are going to explain the proverbs in
+
+2
+00:00:23,420 --> 00:00:28,940
+English and Arabic The proverbs of English and
+
+3
+00:00:28,940 --> 00:00:32,440
+then the proverbs of Arabic. Are they equivalent
+
+4
+00:00:32,440 --> 00:00:38,720
+to each other? What does the proverb mean? How
+
+5
+00:00:38,720 --> 00:00:42,560
+could we translate the proverb? Is it translated
+
+6
+00:00:42,560 --> 00:00:48,400
+word by word or is it translated as one unit? Does
+
+7
+00:00:48,400 --> 00:00:51,880
+it refer to the tradition of the nation or is it
+
+8
+00:00:51,880 --> 00:00:57,200
+normal speech? It's not normal speech. It refers
+
+9
+00:00:57,200 --> 00:01:01,220
+to the traditions of the nation, the traditions of
+
+10
+00:01:01,220 --> 00:01:05,700
+the community. It refers to facts. It refers to
+
+11
+00:01:05,700 --> 00:01:10,880
+facts. So you need, if you need to translate the
+
+12
+00:01:10,880 --> 00:01:18,980
+proverb of the English language or any of other
+
+13
+00:01:18,980 --> 00:01:22,740
+languages, This means that you have to understand
+
+14
+00:01:22,740 --> 00:01:26,520
+the culture of the language. You have to be
+
+15
+00:01:26,520 --> 00:01:31,040
+familiar with the tradition of the native speakers
+
+16
+00:01:31,040 --> 00:01:34,600
+of the language. Okay? Otherwise, you face
+
+17
+00:01:34,600 --> 00:01:40,820
+difficulty in translation. Anyway, what's proverb?
+
+18
+00:01:41,260 --> 00:01:47,140
+What does it mean proverb? According to Oxford
+
+19
+00:01:47,140 --> 00:01:48,520
+dictionary,
+
+20
+00:01:50,550 --> 00:01:54,910
+Proverb is a short saying in general use. It's a
+
+21
+00:01:54,910 --> 00:02:00,970
+short saying. It's not a long saying. When I say,
+
+22
+00:02:01,030 --> 00:02:08,570
+for example, stitch in time saves nine. Okay? For
+
+23
+00:02:08,570 --> 00:02:13,390
+this proverb, it's very short, but gives
+
+24
+00:02:13,390 --> 00:02:16,730
+sufficient
+
+25
+00:02:16,730 --> 00:02:23,610
+meaning. Stitch in time saves nine. We have here
+
+26
+00:02:23,610 --> 00:02:27,710
+three forms of translation. We have what is called
+
+27
+00:02:27,710 --> 00:02:32,310
+formal translation, functional translation, and
+
+28
+00:02:32,310 --> 00:02:34,810
+ideational translation.
+
+29
+00:02:40,370 --> 00:02:43,330
+When I say for functional, for formal translation,
+
+30
+00:02:44,250 --> 00:02:46,210
+al ghurza fi makaniha
+
+31
+00:02:55,330 --> 00:03:01,170
+This is called formal translation. But if you
+
+32
+00:03:01,170 --> 00:03:06,090
+speak about functional or ideational translation,
+
+33
+00:03:07,310 --> 00:03:11,390
+stitch
+
+34
+00:03:11,390 --> 00:03:15,350
+in
+
+35
+00:03:15,350 --> 00:03:21,860
+time saves nine. Okay. So it's very far from the
+
+36
+00:03:21,860 --> 00:03:26,760
+formal translation, the meaning of the individual
+
+37
+00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:31,420
+words in the proverb. So it is taken as one unit.
+
+38
+00:03:32,460 --> 00:03:36,600
+Okay. You have to take care in translation, once
+
+39
+00:03:36,600 --> 00:03:39,620
+translating the proverb, not to translate
+
+40
+00:03:39,620 --> 00:03:45,520
+literally. Okay. We have to think about the
+
+41
+00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:49,680
+ideational translation and also functional
+
+42
+00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:53,060
+translation. Anyway, we are going to touch the
+
+43
+00:03:53,060 --> 00:03:58,880
+proverbs and see how could we have a shortcut way
+
+44
+00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:04,040
+for the correct and perfect translation. Okay.
+
+45
+00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:11,100
+Let's see. As I mentioned, the proof refers to the
+
+46
+00:04:11,100 --> 00:04:15,340
+truth, refers to the tradition, refers to the
+
+47
+00:04:15,340 --> 00:04:17,500
+facts. Okay?
+
+48
+00:04:26,290 --> 00:04:29,170
+It comes as a group of words established by the
+
+49
+00:04:29,170 --> 00:04:32,050
+usage and having a meaning not deducible from
+
+50
+00:04:32,050 --> 00:04:35,510
+those of the individual words. The meaning cannot
+
+51
+00:04:35,510 --> 00:04:38,630
+be deduced from the individual words of the
+
+52
+00:04:38,630 --> 00:04:44,550
+proverb itself. Okay? But it gets the meaning from
+
+53
+00:04:44,550 --> 00:04:49,590
+the whole meaning compared with the tradition and
+
+54
+00:04:49,590 --> 00:04:51,570
+the culture of the language.
+
+55
+00:04:59,360 --> 00:05:06,620
+So we have a proverb or a saying stating that if
+
+56
+00:05:06,620 --> 00:05:14,060
+you need to know about any people, you must know
+
+57
+00:05:14,060 --> 00:05:22,220
+their proverbs. Because the proverbs narrate the
+
+58
+00:05:22,220 --> 00:05:25,960
+story of the nation, the tradition of the nation.
+
+59
+00:05:27,220 --> 00:05:28,140
+Okay?
+
+60
+00:05:31,100 --> 00:05:40,140
+Here, for example, we have different proverbs that
+
+61
+00:05:40,140 --> 00:05:45,060
+refer to the culture of nations. The American
+
+62
+00:05:45,060 --> 00:05:50,220
+tribes often reflect their view of the land as
+
+63
+00:05:50,220 --> 00:05:54,600
+sacred. They love the land and they consider the
+
+64
+00:05:54,600 --> 00:06:01,560
+land as sacred So they have the proverb, take only
+
+65
+00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:04,880
+what you need and leave the land as you found it.
+
+66
+00:06:08,900 --> 00:06:17,200
+So this proverb refers to the care on land. The
+
+67
+00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:21,980
+love of land. This is the tradition of the
+
+68
+00:06:21,980 --> 00:06:26,890
+Americans. some American tribes. The Japanese, for
+
+69
+00:06:26,890 --> 00:06:32,610
+example, focus on morals. So we have their proverb
+
+70
+00:06:32,610 --> 00:06:38,370
+stating, an evil deed remains with the evildoer.
+
+71
+00:06:40,770 --> 00:06:46,210
+So their tradition focus on morals and discretion.
+
+72
+00:06:47,170 --> 00:06:50,510
+So the tongue is like a sharp knife, it kills
+
+73
+00:06:50,510 --> 00:06:57,930
+without drawing blood. If you just think deeply on
+
+74
+00:06:57,930 --> 00:07:00,710
+these two preverbs, you find them speaking about
+
+75
+00:07:00,710 --> 00:07:01,290
+morals.
+
+76
+00:07:05,410 --> 00:07:13,330
+The first one speaks about the evil deeds and the
+
+77
+00:07:13,330 --> 00:07:17,390
+evildoers. And the second example, the second
+
+78
+00:07:17,390 --> 00:07:22,470
+proverb refers to the backbiting, namima, and the
+
+79
+00:07:22,470 --> 00:07:28,350
+bad saying. Okay, so these are types of morals. So
+
+80
+00:07:28,350 --> 00:07:32,070
+morals here are parts of the characteristics of
+
+81
+00:07:32,070 --> 00:07:32,750
+the Japanese.
+
+82
+00:07:38,910 --> 00:07:46,090
+The Mexican people also have their own values,
+
+83
+00:07:48,370 --> 00:07:52,210
+mainly the rural people, okay?
+
+84
+00:07:55,050 --> 00:08:01,090
+The average person on the street can
+
+85
+00:08:01,090 --> 00:08:04,610
+have its own character reflected on the proverb
+
+86
+00:08:04,610 --> 00:08:09,550
+itself. So the proverb refers to the hopes of
+
+87
+00:08:09,550 --> 00:08:14,070
+those common people. So we have their proverb
+
+88
+00:08:14,070 --> 00:08:17,450
+which states, hope dies last of all.
+
+89
+00:08:20,690 --> 00:08:28,350
+So they live on hopes. These are the Mexicans. So
+
+90
+00:08:28,350 --> 00:08:33,170
+we have the proverbs of Americans, Japanese and
+
+91
+00:08:33,170 --> 00:08:35,290
+Mexicans. Okay?
+
+92
+00:08:38,610 --> 00:08:43,010
+The Mexicans do not feel with any desperate
+
+93
+00:08:43,010 --> 00:08:45,650
+feeling.
+
+94
+00:08:46,690 --> 00:08:51,510
+They don't feel desperate at all. Okay? The
+
+95
+00:08:51,510 --> 00:08:56,560
+Japanese focus on moral values. The American
+
+96
+00:08:56,560 --> 00:09:01,440
+tribes love the land. So we have their proverbs
+
+97
+00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:08,000
+referring to these ideas very clearly. This shows
+
+98
+00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:13,440
+clearly that the proverb refers to facts, refers
+
+99
+00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:17,240
+to the truth of the nation. It refers to the
+
+100
+00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:20,740
+tradition. the history of the nation. If you need
+
+101
+00:09:20,740 --> 00:09:22,820
+to understand the history of the nation, you have
+
+102
+00:09:22,820 --> 00:09:25,920
+to refer or to consult their proverbs.
+
+103
+00:09:29,020 --> 00:09:33,100
+Okay? So anyone who would like to touch our
+
+104
+00:09:33,100 --> 00:09:40,200
+Palestinian culture must touch our proverbs. Okay?
+
+105
+00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:45,270
+Because our popular proverbs reflect our own
+
+106
+00:09:45,270 --> 00:09:49,510
+character, our own culture, our own civilization.
+
+107
+00:09:53,490 --> 00:09:57,210
+This means that once you translate, you have not
+
+108
+00:09:57,210 --> 00:10:02,330
+to look on words. You have to look on the general
+
+109
+00:10:02,330 --> 00:10:05,930
+meaning compared with the culture of the people
+
+110
+00:10:05,930 --> 00:10:10,550
+and to focus on the ideational translation, not
+
+111
+00:10:10,550 --> 00:10:14,430
+the formal translation. Otherwise, you give
+
+112
+00:10:14,430 --> 00:10:15,290
+another meaning.
+
+113
+00:10:17,990 --> 00:10:21,050
+Okay. Now, if you look to the origin of the
+
+114
+00:10:21,050 --> 00:10:27,210
+English proverbs, I can very, very simply state
+
+115
+00:10:27,210 --> 00:10:35,060
+that the proverb has mostly unknown history. We
+
+116
+00:10:35,060 --> 00:10:38,400
+don't know about the origin of lots of proverbs
+
+117
+00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:43,480
+because these are sayings originally said by
+
+118
+00:10:43,480 --> 00:10:48,480
+individuals then repeated by others and by the run
+
+119
+00:10:48,480 --> 00:10:53,320
+of time they became as a sort of wisdom which
+
+120
+00:10:53,320 --> 00:10:59,380
+changed to proverb. So they are repeated by people
+
+121
+00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:04,480
+by the run of time and they are transferred from
+
+122
+00:11:04,480 --> 00:11:08,120
+generation to another until reaching us. So we
+
+123
+00:11:08,120 --> 00:11:12,540
+don't know the origin of these proverbs except
+
+124
+00:11:12,540 --> 00:11:18,660
+some. Okay? We have some proverbs are derived from
+
+125
+00:11:18,660 --> 00:11:22,520
+literature, for example, like the literature of
+
+126
+00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:29,180
+Shakespeare in Medievals. We have some proverbs
+
+127
+00:11:29,180 --> 00:11:35,960
+derived from the Bible. Some other proverbs are
+
+128
+00:11:35,960 --> 00:11:40,320
+originally Latin or Greek or Portuguese. So they
+
+129
+00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:43,900
+are borrowed from other languages. You have lots
+
+130
+00:11:43,900 --> 00:11:49,360
+of Arabic proverbs available in English. You have
+
+131
+00:11:49,360 --> 00:11:54,280
+lots of Arabic vocabulary available in English. We
+
+132
+00:11:54,280 --> 00:12:00,340
+counted 10,000 words okay in English dictionary
+
+133
+00:12:00,340 --> 00:12:05,340
+originally derived from Arabic so we have Arabic
+
+134
+00:12:05,340 --> 00:12:10,740
+proverbs inserted in the English dictionary or the
+
+135
+00:12:10,740 --> 00:12:15,360
+English proverbs okay we have a collection of
+
+136
+00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:17,060
+proverbs available
+
+137
+00:12:19,970 --> 00:12:23,390
+in many languages, but if you look to their
+
+138
+00:12:23,390 --> 00:12:27,430
+origin, you find them already borrowed from other
+
+139
+00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:29,610
+languages. Okay?
+
+140
+00:12:40,590 --> 00:12:44,150
+So in general, we can assume that proverbs with
+
+141
+00:12:44,150 --> 00:12:48,450
+more abstract type of wisdom began life in this
+
+142
+00:12:48,450 --> 00:12:51,970
+way. Proverbs like the end justifies the means,
+
+143
+00:12:52,570 --> 00:12:57,470
+which appears to have taken its bow in a 17th
+
+144
+00:12:57,470 --> 00:13:02,630
+century. The ends justifies the means. الغاية تبرر
+
+145
+00:13:02,630 --> 00:13:07,100
+الوسيلة Okay? So this is available or it was
+
+146
+00:13:07,100 --> 00:13:12,160
+available in the 17th century theological
+
+147
+00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:19,020
+treatise. Okay? Or the wish is further to the
+
+148
+00:13:19,020 --> 00:13:19,380
+thought.
+
+149
+00:13:23,600 --> 00:13:27,600
+Which as far as we know was first given expression
+
+150
+00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:34,980
+to by Julius Caesar. or a soft answer turneth away
+
+151
+00:13:34,980 --> 00:13:39,260
+wrath. This is directly driven from the Bible.
+
+152
+00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:41,920
+Okay?
+
+153
+00:13:44,540 --> 00:13:50,660
+But most of the proverbs are borrowed from other
+
+154
+00:13:50,660 --> 00:13:54,660
+cultures. Okay? This is we speak about English
+
+155
+00:13:54,660 --> 00:13:55,280
+proverbs.
+
+156
+00:13:57,760 --> 00:14:04,740
+But it's very difficult to decide the source of
+
+157
+00:14:04,740 --> 00:14:09,020
+the proverb itself. Some proverbs are originally
+
+158
+00:14:09,020 --> 00:14:13,040
+derived or borrowed from Latin, French or Spanish.
+
+159
+00:14:14,380 --> 00:14:19,300
+But there is no proof about that, about the origin
+
+160
+00:14:19,300 --> 00:14:22,840
+of the proverb. We understand that this proverb is
+
+161
+00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:26,520
+not English originally, maybe derived from other
+
+162
+00:14:27,290 --> 00:14:30,770
+cultures, but we cannot say that this is Latin,
+
+163
+00:14:31,230 --> 00:14:36,270
+this Portuguese, this, we just assume that. So we
+
+164
+00:14:36,270 --> 00:14:39,590
+have some sort of assumptions, mostly about most
+
+165
+00:14:39,590 --> 00:14:40,390
+of the proverbs.
+
+166
+00:14:46,690 --> 00:14:49,890
+Here we have the proverbs derived from the Bible
+
+167
+00:14:49,890 --> 00:14:52,710
+appear very clearly. Okay.
+
+168
+00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:07,820
+Okay. We have the hardest free thinkers or thinker
+
+169
+00:15:07,820 --> 00:15:11,640
+will show no hesitation in drawing upon them to
+
+170
+00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:15,840
+illustrate a rational point. Any thinker relies on
+
+171
+00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:19,520
+proverbs derived from the Bible. Completely like
+
+172
+00:15:19,520 --> 00:15:23,750
+us, once you write, your composition or your
+
+173
+00:15:23,750 --> 00:15:29,190
+essay, or you give a talk, you rely to the Holy
+
+174
+00:15:29,190 --> 00:15:33,450
+Quran, to verses from the Holy Quran. Okay? And
+
+175
+00:15:33,450 --> 00:15:41,930
+you rely to some discourse from the Prophet. Okay?
+
+176
+00:15:42,190 --> 00:15:47,750
+So we have prophetic discourse and we have Quranic
+
+177
+00:15:47,750 --> 00:15:54,800
+verses that are relied on for just exemplifying or
+
+178
+00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:59,060
+solidifying our talk, or our speech, our writing,
+
+179
+00:16:00,020 --> 00:16:04,800
+our expressions, for expressing a certain idea or
+
+180
+00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:08,540
+for conveying a certain idea to the people. We
+
+181
+00:16:08,540 --> 00:16:12,880
+rely on these sources. This corresponds to the
+
+182
+00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:19,360
+Christians who rely on the Bible. for taking some
+
+183
+00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:23,520
+proverbs. These proverbs originally are religious.
+
+184
+00:16:24,340 --> 00:16:27,040
+Okay. So they are taken from the Bible, maybe from
+
+185
+00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:30,580
+the Quran and from the holy books, other holy
+
+186
+00:16:30,580 --> 00:16:30,940
+books.
+
+187
+00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:36,640
+Once I say, for example, the spirit is willing,
+
+188
+00:16:37,340 --> 00:16:43,820
+but the flesh is weak. العين بصيرة والإيد قصيرة
+
+189
+00:16:43,820 --> 00:16:49,700
+This is a Biblical proverb. Okay? If we translate
+
+190
+00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:54,300
+this formally, we come out with incorrect
+
+191
+00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:55,120
+translation.
+
+192
+00:17:05,160 --> 00:17:10,460
+It's quite difficult, quite far from the original
+
+193
+00:17:10,460 --> 00:17:14,360
+meaning. So we rely on what is called ideational
+
+194
+00:17:14,360 --> 00:17:21,730
+translation. Okay? Or functional translation. We
+
+195
+00:17:21,730 --> 00:17:28,410
+have also some proverbs which are derived from
+
+196
+00:17:28,410 --> 00:17:34,610
+literary sources, mainly Shakespeare. Okay? These
+
+197
+00:17:34,610 --> 00:17:37,630
+proverbs are attributed to the products of
+
+198
+00:17:37,630 --> 00:17:42,730
+Shakespeare and his plays. Cowards die many times
+
+199
+00:17:42,730 --> 00:17:43,850
+before their deaths.
+
+200
+00:17:47,360 --> 00:17:52,180
+Okay. Cowards die many times before their deaths.
+
+201
+00:17:53,940 --> 00:18:03,260
+Here we have الجبناء يموت الجبناء عدة مرات قبل أن
+
+202
+00:18:03,260 --> 00:18:12,780
+يموتوا. Okay. So this is patriotic proverb. It
+
+203
+00:18:12,780 --> 00:18:18,050
+refers to patriotic meaning available in
+
+204
+00:18:18,050 --> 00:18:23,130
+Shakespeare's writing, okay, while speaking about
+
+205
+00:18:23,130 --> 00:18:33,030
+the nation or the people in the medieval age,
+
+206
+00:18:34,310 --> 00:18:40,750
+in the 16th century. So he might speak about
+
+207
+00:18:40,750 --> 00:18:46,870
+patriotism and nationalism here, He cited this
+
+208
+00:18:46,870 --> 00:18:52,530
+example to show those wicked people, coward
+
+209
+00:18:52,530 --> 00:18:57,690
+people, evil people who fear death and cannot
+
+210
+00:18:57,690 --> 00:19:02,430
+sacrifice themselves for the sake of their nation,
+
+211
+00:19:02,610 --> 00:19:06,550
+for the sake of their country. Okay? So this is
+
+212
+00:19:06,550 --> 00:19:10,430
+literally proverb. So we have proverbs borrowed
+
+213
+00:19:10,430 --> 00:19:15,760
+from other cultures Proverbs borrowed from the
+
+214
+00:19:15,760 --> 00:19:21,260
+Bible and proverbs borrowed from literary sources
+
+215
+00:19:21,260 --> 00:19:23,540
+like Shakespeare, for example.
+
+216
+00:19:28,220 --> 00:19:33,600
+Now, we come to what's called interpretation. The
+
+217
+00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:38,400
+interpretation of the proverb. How are proverbs to
+
+218
+00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:43,720
+be interpreted? What's their full meaning? We
+
+219
+00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:49,800
+understand that the real words of the proverb
+
+220
+00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:55,300
+cannot give the exact and the specific meaning.
+
+221
+00:19:56,580 --> 00:20:00,920
+Okay? But the proverb is taken as one unit. Okay?
+
+222
+00:20:01,580 --> 00:20:06,500
+And we take the meaning as also one unit. This
+
+223
+00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:09,720
+must be connected with the tradition or the
+
+224
+00:20:09,720 --> 00:20:14,420
+culture of the language or say the community. So
+
+225
+00:20:14,420 --> 00:20:17,740
+this means that if you need to translate or to
+
+226
+00:20:17,740 --> 00:20:22,140
+interpret the proverb, you have not to look very,
+
+227
+00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:26,280
+very deeply and very carefully to the words. You
+
+228
+00:20:26,280 --> 00:20:30,060
+have to understand the meaning and the tradition
+
+229
+00:20:30,060 --> 00:20:34,800
+and to assume or to predict the ideational meaning
+
+230
+00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:38,160
+of the proverb. I mean the ideational you have to
+
+231
+00:20:38,160 --> 00:20:41,500
+translate ideationally and you have to focus on
+
+232
+00:20:41,500 --> 00:20:47,980
+ideational or at least functional translation. So
+
+233
+00:20:47,980 --> 00:20:50,960
+we have the example a stitch in time saves nine.
+
+234
+00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:56,020
+This is the literal translation
+
+235
+00:20:58,330 --> 00:21:05,010
+As we translated just five minutes ago, غرزة في
+
+236
+00:21:05,010 --> 00:21:13,190
+مكانها أو موعدها أفضل من تسعة. Okay? But this is
+
+237
+00:21:13,190 --> 00:21:17,270
+not the correct translation, not the correct
+
+238
+00:21:17,270 --> 00:21:21,990
+interpretation. A stitch in time saves nine was
+
+239
+00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:25,470
+the literal truth the busy housewife had learned
+
+240
+00:21:25,470 --> 00:21:31,310
+in looking after the family's clothes. Okay?
+
+241
+00:21:36,010 --> 00:21:45,110
+So, I mean this one refers to house life. When I
+
+242
+00:21:45,110 --> 00:21:51,420
+say التدبير نصف المعيشة We mean how to run your
+
+243
+00:21:51,420 --> 00:21:58,620
+house, how to run your home life, how to run your
+
+244
+00:21:58,620 --> 00:22:03,920
+living very systematically and carefully. Okay?
+
+245
+00:22:06,080 --> 00:22:09,480
+And we can take the ideational translation, which
+
+246
+00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:12,860
+refers to the treatment, how to care about your
+
+247
+00:22:12,860 --> 00:22:18,080
+health. الوقاية خير من قنطار علاج
+
+248
+00:22:23,890 --> 00:22:29,210
+We have the proverbs available in education.
+
+249
+00:22:36,210 --> 00:22:40,290
+So we have a space for the proverb in the
+
+250
+00:22:40,290 --> 00:22:46,690
+classroom. And this was available right from the
+
+251
+00:22:46,690 --> 00:22:54,290
+10th century. Okay. We have this appear very
+
+252
+00:22:54,290 --> 00:22:58,650
+clearly in the educational system or the British
+
+253
+00:22:58,650 --> 00:22:59,790
+educational system.
+
+254
+00:23:02,450 --> 00:23:07,370
+Most of the proverbs here may be taken from other
+
+255
+00:23:07,370 --> 00:23:12,720
+languages like Latin. Okay. So we have many
+
+256
+00:23:12,720 --> 00:23:17,580
+generations from children transfer this proverb
+
+257
+00:23:17,580 --> 00:23:20,980
+which they take at school from one generation to
+
+258
+00:23:20,980 --> 00:23:22,360
+another. Okay.
+
+259
+00:23:28,340 --> 00:23:32,770
+So To have a proper way of teaching, we can
+
+260
+00:23:32,770 --> 00:23:36,890
+introduce proverbs within our saying. To have a
+
+261
+00:23:36,890 --> 00:23:40,110
+proper essay, you can use a proverb or many
+
+262
+00:23:40,110 --> 00:23:43,450
+proverbs in your writing. The more you use
+
+263
+00:23:43,450 --> 00:23:48,410
+proverbs, the more you solidify your writing, the
+
+264
+00:23:48,410 --> 00:23:53,630
+more you reinforce your expressions, the more you
+
+265
+00:23:53,630 --> 00:23:59,720
+clarify your idea. Okay? So the shortcut way for
+
+266
+00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:05,820
+the proper and solidified composition or essay is
+
+267
+00:24:05,820 --> 00:24:10,440
+the insertion of proverbs. The more you introduce
+
+268
+00:24:10,440 --> 00:24:13,740
+proverbs in your writing, the more you introduce
+
+269
+00:24:13,740 --> 00:24:17,720
+proverbs in your language, the more you are
+
+270
+00:24:17,720 --> 00:24:24,200
+expressive. Even in our culture, the guy who uses
+
+271
+00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:29,080
+more proverbs in his saying or her saying is
+
+272
+00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:35,020
+looked to as a wise man. And he deserves listening
+
+273
+00:24:35,020 --> 00:24:44,320
+to listen to. He deserves listening to him. So we
+
+274
+00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:51,900
+respect. Or we pay high respect to those who use
+
+275
+00:24:51,900 --> 00:24:57,060
+proverbs within their talk. Okay? Because we can
+
+276
+00:24:57,060 --> 00:25:02,040
+judge people not according to their appearance,
+
+277
+00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:07,580
+but according to the language they produce, the
+
+278
+00:25:07,580 --> 00:25:11,400
+speech they say. So the more you utter proverbs,
+
+279
+00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:16,450
+the more you use your sight proverbs, the more You
+
+280
+00:25:16,450 --> 00:25:22,150
+appear in the eyes of others as a
+
+281
+00:25:22,150 --> 00:25:29,870
+wise man or a wise lady. Okay? So you have lots of
+
+282
+00:25:29,870 --> 00:25:33,530
+blue verbs are of similar meanings. Once I say,
+
+283
+00:25:33,610 --> 00:25:39,450
+for example, once bitten twice shy. A paired child
+
+284
+00:25:39,450 --> 00:25:45,950
+dreads the fire. Parking dogs seldom bite. Enough
+
+285
+00:25:45,950 --> 00:25:50,510
+is good as a feast. Many a little makes a nickel.
+
+286
+00:25:51,690 --> 00:25:55,430
+Okay. So you have the same, the same meaning.
+
+287
+00:25:56,990 --> 00:26:01,250
+Okay. These blue verbs, they differ in language.
+
+288
+00:26:01,850 --> 00:26:04,890
+They are very close to each other in meaning.
+
+289
+00:26:05,570 --> 00:26:12,760
+Okay. We rely on them or on these blue verbs just
+
+290
+00:26:12,760 --> 00:26:17,840
+to solidify our own language.
+
+291
+00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:32,240
+We have here lots of blue verbs I need to cite and
+
+292
+00:26:32,240 --> 00:26:33,480
+to analyze with you.
+
+293
+00:26:46,630 --> 00:26:49,030
+Yes, pay attention please.
+
+294
+00:26:57,530 --> 00:27:01,670
+As we mentioned, we have three types of
+
+295
+00:27:01,670 --> 00:27:05,110
+translation for the proverbs. We have the formal,
+
+296
+00:27:06,190 --> 00:27:10,670
+functional, and ideational proverb.
+
+297
+00:27:14,510 --> 00:27:19,910
+The treaty has remained dead letter since then.
+
+298
+00:27:22,130 --> 00:27:29,270
+و بقيت المعاهدة حبرا على ورق. This is the
+
+299
+00:27:29,270 --> 00:27:32,270
+functional translation. But I need the formal
+
+300
+00:27:32,270 --> 00:27:37,390
+translation. و بقيت المعاهدة حرفا ميتا.
+
+301
+00:27:40,020 --> 00:27:44,460
+حرفا ميتا so this is literal translation refers to
+
+302
+00:27:44,460 --> 00:27:48,540
+the formal translation okay which in which we
+
+303
+00:27:48,540 --> 00:27:52,460
+translate the proverb word by word but
+
+304
+00:27:52,460 --> 00:28:01,040
+ideationally بقيت الاتفاقية دون تطبيق okay على
+
+305
+00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:06,380
+الإطلاق لم تطب�� الاتفاقية أو المعاهدة حتى الآن
+
+306
+00:28:06,380 --> 00:28:08,300
+okay
+
+307
+00:28:10,270 --> 00:28:16,090
+When I say, for example, out of the frying pan
+
+308
+00:28:16,090 --> 00:28:20,230
+into the fire. When I put it just in a sentence
+
+309
+00:28:20,230 --> 00:28:24,750
+like Ali or Ali's decision to leave his job for a
+
+310
+00:28:24,750 --> 00:28:29,270
+new one was ill thought. Out of the frying pan
+
+311
+00:28:29,270 --> 00:28:30,290
+into the fire.
+
+312
+00:28:34,650 --> 00:28:39,380
+Just formally, we can say what we can say formally
+
+313
+00:28:39,380 --> 00:28:53,120
+however
+
+314
+00:28:53,120 --> 00:29:04,040
+this
+
+315
+00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:13,490
+translation is formal Okay. How could we translate
+
+316
+00:29:13,490 --> 00:29:14,370
+functionally?
+
+317
+00:29:27,070 --> 00:29:31,110
+Functional translation. Now I need educational
+
+318
+00:29:31,110 --> 00:29:31,690
+translation.
+
+319
+00:29:34,230 --> 00:29:36,990
+So what could we say? How could we translate this?
+
+320
+00:29:48,110 --> 00:29:49,030
+Okay,
+
+321
+00:30:00,790 --> 00:30:04,610
+which is quite difficult. It's difficult to
+
+322
+00:30:04,610 --> 00:30:11,690
+understand. This is functional. It's quite
+
+323
+00:30:11,690 --> 00:30:16,230
+accepted. It's near to your understanding, to your
+
+324
+00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:19,610
+thoughts, to your mentality. However, once
+
+325
+00:30:19,610 --> 00:30:24,020
+speaking about صارت الأمور من سيئين إلى أسوأ
+
+326
+00:30:24,020 --> 00:30:29,020
+becomes very clear, can be understood by all types
+
+327
+00:30:29,020 --> 00:30:32,460
+of people regardless to their culture, by ordinary
+
+328
+00:30:32,460 --> 00:30:37,480
+people. So the example or say the proverb becomes
+
+329
+00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:41,760
+popular because it's easy to understand.
+
+330
+00:30:49,990 --> 00:30:52,430
+Like father, like son.
+
+331
+00:30:59,410 --> 00:31:06,770
+This is what? Functional translation. Formal
+
+332
+00:31:06,770 --> 00:31:08,390
+translation.
+
+333
+00:31:10,210 --> 00:31:18,450
+الولد لأبي. The girl is for her mom. البنت لأمه.
+
+334
+00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:21,260
+This is formal, functional.
+
+335
+00:31:24,800 --> 00:31:26,100
+This is ideational.
+
+336
+00:31:28,180 --> 00:31:34,900
+So this
+
+337
+00:31:34,900 --> 00:31:42,000
+relates to our own Palestinian culture. Okay? A
+
+338
+00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:45,460
+pear in the hand is worth two in the bush.
+
+339
+00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:51,920
+Okay, so this is the ideational translation
+
+340
+00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:58,620
+however formal translation action
+
+341
+00:31:58,620 --> 00:32:16,820
+speaks or action speak louder than words okay
+
+342
+00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:26,140
+Once I say the spirit is willing, but the flesh is
+
+343
+00:32:26,140 --> 00:32:30,040
+weak. This is a Biblical proverb as we mentioned.
+
+344
+00:32:31,780 --> 00:32:35,060
+This is ideational.
+
+345
+00:32:41,580 --> 00:32:45,200
+Don't count your chickens before they are hatched.
+
+346
+00:32:48,840 --> 00:32:53,000
+This is ideational translation. It refers to our
+
+347
+00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:59,300
+own culture. It's from our own dialect, from our
+
+348
+00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:01,460
+own Palestinian dialect.
+
+349
+00:33:03,720 --> 00:33:07,160
+A live dog is better than a dead lion.
+
+350
+00:33:21,150 --> 00:33:28,610
+Okay. This is okay ideational translation. So this
+
+351
+00:33:28,610 --> 00:33:32,090
+is, this refers to the culture, the Islamic
+
+352
+00:33:32,090 --> 00:33:37,650
+culture. Is this from the Islamic culture? No,
+
+353
+00:33:37,770 --> 00:33:42,530
+certainly no. This is directly driven from the
+
+354
+00:33:42,530 --> 00:33:45,250
+Jewish culture. Yes.
+
+355
+00:33:54,220 --> 00:34:01,260
+So they have this proverb in their culture. A live
+
+356
+00:34:01,260 --> 00:34:06,140
+dog is better than a dead lion. You understand?
+
+357
+00:34:07,060 --> 00:34:07,940
+Okay.
+
+358
+00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:13,120
+After a storm comes calm.
+
+359
+00:34:17,480 --> 00:34:20,440
+And the ideational translation is.
+
+360
+00:34:31,080 --> 00:34:37,540
+So we have this is as ideational translation for
+
+361
+00:34:37,540 --> 00:34:38,340
+the same proverb.
+
+362
+00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:55,860
+Once I say, for example, Ali added
+
+363
+00:34:55,860 --> 00:35:00,940
+insult to injury instead of solving the problem.
+
+364
+00:35:13,620 --> 00:35:18,240
+Okay, this is functional translation. What about
+
+365
+00:35:18,240 --> 00:35:19,720
+ideational translation?
+
+366
+00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:50,480
+Okay, answer Fatima. Hanan or Fatima has wide
+
+367
+00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:52,940
+experience in teaching.
+
+368
+00:35:56,820 --> 00:36:02,660
+This is functional translation. Okay, ideational
+
+369
+00:36:02,660 --> 00:36:03,360
+translation.
+
+370
+00:36:06,440 --> 00:36:09,280
+Okay fine.
+
+371
+00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:16,360
+So we have, as you see, Three types of translation
+
+372
+00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:22,340
+for the proverb. Here we focus on the ideational
+
+373
+00:36:22,340 --> 00:36:26,180
+translation or we can accept also the functional
+
+374
+00:36:26,180 --> 00:36:26,900
+translation.
+
+375
+00:36:29,640 --> 00:36:30,720
+Let's see.
+
+376
+00:36:44,110 --> 00:36:46,790
+Once I say, don't cry over split milk.
+
+377
+00:36:50,150 --> 00:36:54,390
+This is the formal translation. That problem is
+
+378
+00:36:54,390 --> 00:37:00,290
+over, move on. Okay? It means that problem is
+
+379
+00:37:00,290 --> 00:37:06,810
+over. Move on. Okay? Yani what happened, happened.
+
+380
+00:37:07,590 --> 00:37:12,850
+Okay? Bimana elle fat, yani lit by guns, be by
+
+381
+00:37:12,850 --> 00:37:17,620
+guns. Okay. Don't count your chickens until they
+
+382
+00:37:17,620 --> 00:37:23,340
+are hatched. Wait for success to celebrate.
+
+383
+00:37:31,620 --> 00:37:37,720
+With the
+
+384
+00:37:37,720 --> 00:37:39,720
+cats away, the mice will play.
+
+385
+00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:46,680
+This is the ideational translation. Some work only
+
+386
+00:37:46,680 --> 00:37:51,480
+when the boss watches. Some work only when the
+
+387
+00:37:51,480 --> 00:37:56,880
+boss watches. But once the boss is absent,
+
+388
+00:37:59,580 --> 00:38:05,400
+this means that there will be no work. A penny
+
+389
+00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:07,760
+saved is a penny earned.
+
+390
+00:38:12,820 --> 00:38:16,540
+It means not spending is the same as earning
+
+391
+00:38:16,540 --> 00:38:16,960
+money.
+
+392
+00:38:19,980 --> 00:38:22,940
+Is this the ideational translation of the proverb?
+
+393
+00:38:29,240 --> 00:38:37,240
+So this refers to saving money, okay? But you have
+
+394
+00:38:37,240 --> 00:38:37,860
+to be generous.
+
+395
+00:38:40,480 --> 00:38:42,720
+Biggers should not be choosers.
+
+396
+00:38:47,740 --> 00:38:52,180
+Don't complain about free gifts. So once you have
+
+397
+00:38:52,180 --> 00:38:55,060
+a gift, don't complain about it. You have to
+
+398
+00:38:55,060 --> 00:39:00,540
+accept whatever it is. Okay?
+
+399
+00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:07,780
+You can't lead a horse to water, but you can't
+
+400
+00:39:07,780 --> 00:39:13,270
+make them You can lead a horse to water, but you
+
+401
+00:39:13,270 --> 00:39:19,310
+can't make them drink. Okay? What does this mean?
+
+402
+00:39:19,590 --> 00:39:22,510
+You can only help those who want help.
+
+403
+00:39:25,390 --> 00:39:26,030
+Okay?
+
+404
+00:39:39,040 --> 00:39:45,980
+Birds of a feather flock together. Birds over go
+
+405
+00:39:45,980 --> 00:39:52,240
+together. Birds over go together. It's the same.
+
+406
+00:39:52,920 --> 00:40:01,580
+The same verb. This is
+
+407
+00:40:01,580 --> 00:40:03,740
+ideational translation.
+
+408
+00:40:11,220 --> 00:40:16,000
+You can't have your cake and eat it too. What does
+
+409
+00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:16,420
+this mean?
+
+410
+00:40:19,480 --> 00:40:25,580
+You can't have your cake and eat it too. This is
+
+411
+00:40:25,580 --> 00:40:28,760
+ideational translation. You can't use and save the
+
+412
+00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:29,480
+same item.
+
+413
+00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:43,010
+A parking dog A barking dog never bites.
+
+414
+00:40:47,410 --> 00:40:51,370
+Many people talk without any action.
+
+415
+00:40:56,430 --> 00:41:00,630
+Do we have equivalent proverb in our own culture?
+
+416
+00:41:02,810 --> 00:41:05,330
+لا تقول ما لا تفعل
+
+417
+00:41:11,260 --> 00:41:16,960
+It is similar to the verse in Surat As-Saff, I
+
+418
+00:41:16,960 --> 00:41:17,860
+think.
+
+419
+00:41:25,340 --> 00:41:26,060
+Okay,
+
+420
+00:41:31,220 --> 00:41:38,680
+Rome wasn't built in a day. And be patient and
+
+421
+00:41:38,680 --> 00:41:39,580
+keep struggling.
+
+422
+00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:47,060
+بمعنى we have a proverb similar to it in our own
+
+423
+00:41:47,060 --> 00:41:51,220
+culture. So it can be translated ideationally as
+
+424
+00:41:51,220 --> 00:42:01,880
+فى التأنى سلامة وفى العجلة الندمة necessity
+
+425
+00:42:01,880 --> 00:42:10,110
+is the mother of invention الحاجة أم الإختراع We
+
+426
+00:42:10,110 --> 00:42:12,810
+create things once we need them.
+
+427
+00:42:22,390 --> 00:42:27,690
+A fox smells its own layer first.
+
+428
+00:42:34,740 --> 00:42:37,960
+If you are the first person to notice a fault in
+
+429
+00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:41,980
+someone else because you have the same fault.
+
+430
+00:42:52,740 --> 00:42:56,100
+It refers
+
+431
+00:42:56,100 --> 00:43:00,620
+to
+
+432
+00:43:00,620 --> 00:43:04,930
+the same line in the poem,
+
+433
+00:43:07,930 --> 00:43:14,950
+لسانك لاتذكر بيه عورة عورة لسانك لاتذكر بيه عورة
+
+434
+00:43:14,950 --> 00:43:21,630
+لسانك لاتذكر بيه عورة لسانك لتذكر بيه عورة لسانك
+
+435
+00:43:21,630 --> 00:43:22,230
+لسانك لتذكر بيه عورة لسانك لسانك لتذكر بيه عورة
+
+436
+00:43:22,230 --> 00:43:28,730
+لسانك لسانك لتذكر بيه عورة لسانك لسانك لسانك لتذكر
+
+437
+00:43:28,730 --> 00:43:29,670
+بيه عورة لسانك لسانك لسانك لسانك لسانك لسانك لسانك
+
+438
+00:43:29,670 --> 00:43:33,050
+لسانك لسانك لسانك لسانك لسانك لسانك I cited here
+
+439
+00:43:33,050 --> 00:43:39,650
+more than 300 proverbs written to you. I am going
+
+440
+00:43:39,650 --> 00:43:44,270
+to have these slides and this folder of proverbs
+
+441
+00:43:44,270 --> 00:43:48,670
+on my webpage so you can have a look on them. You
+
+442
+00:43:48,670 --> 00:43:53,650
+can read them, learn them by heart because it's
+
+443
+00:43:53,650 --> 00:43:58,210
+very easy to translate them in future. We need to
+
+444
+00:43:58,210 --> 00:44:02,710
+touch the proverbs next time once again to see
+
+445
+00:44:02,710 --> 00:44:06,090
+these proverbs and translate them and we are going
+
+446
+00:44:06,090 --> 00:44:08,930
+to touch the Arabic proverbs and how could we
+
+447
+00:44:08,930 --> 00:44:12,930
+translate from Arabic to English. Okay, that's for
+
+448
+00:44:12,930 --> 00:44:14,050
+today. Thank you.
+

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I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. She's used to driving at night. Is mr used to plus the verb plus ing and this means Gilland.", "tokens": [295, 884, 466, 15862, 13, 286, 478, 1237, 2128, 281, 4763, 490, 291, 2321, 13, 1240, 311, 1143, 281, 4840, 412, 1818, 13, 1119, 33660, 1143, 281, 1804, 264, 9595, 1804, 3957, 293, 341, 1355, 27709, 474, 13], "avg_logprob": -0.3187099251991663, "compression_ratio": 1.375, "no_speech_prob": 0.0, "words": [{"start": 99.04, "end": 99.54, "word": " of", "probability": 0.5849609375}, {"start": 99.54, "end": 100.32, "word": " doing", "probability": 0.94140625}, {"start": 100.32, "end": 101.4, "word": " about", "probability": 0.71728515625}, {"start": 101.4, "end": 102.18, "word": " attending.", "probability": 0.8916015625}, {"start": 104.26, "end": 104.42, "word": " I'm", "probability": 0.902587890625}, {"start": 104.42, "end": 104.76, "word": " looking", "probability": 0.90771484375}, {"start": 104.76, "end": 105.38, "word": " forward", "probability": 0.9208984375}, {"start": 105.38, "end": 105.7, "word": " to", 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We use the particle, the negative particle not before the gerund or even before the infinitive to come out with negative sentence. Not doing your homework is a big mistake. She was angry about not being invited to the reception. I decided not to go there tomorrow.", "tokens": [2979, 420, 281, 2979, 3669, 13, 492, 764, 264, 12359, 11, 264, 3671, 12359, 406, 949, 264, 5713, 997, 420, 754, 949, 264, 7193, 2187, 281, 808, 484, 365, 3671, 8174, 13, 1726, 884, 428, 14578, 307, 257, 955, 6146, 13, 1240, 390, 6884, 466, 406, 885, 9185, 281, 264, 21682, 13, 286, 3047, 406, 281, 352, 456, 4153, 13], "avg_logprob": -0.11994108801982442, "compression_ratio": 1.5956284153005464, "no_speech_prob": 1.1920928955078125e-07, "words": [{"start": 207.19, "end": 207.69, "word": " study", "probability": 0.62841796875}, {"start": 207.69, "end": 207.95, "word": " or", "probability": 0.81005859375}, {"start": 207.95, "end": 208.13, "word": " to", "probability": 0.939453125}, {"start": 208.13, "end": 208.49, "word": " study", "probability": 0.94189453125}, {"start": 208.49, "end": 209.13, "word": " English.", "probability": 0.96923828125}, {"start": 215.11, "end": 215.83, "word": " We", "probability": 0.9169921875}, {"start": 215.83, "end": 216.31, "word": " use", "probability": 0.81787109375}, {"start": 216.31, "end": 216.91, "word": " the", "probability": 0.90576171875}, {"start": 216.91, "end": 217.37, "word": " particle,", "probability": 0.7001953125}, {"start": 217.81, "end": 217.91, "word": " the", "probability": 0.9130859375}, {"start": 217.91, "end": 218.23, "word": " negative", "probability": 0.93896484375}, {"start": 218.23, "end": 218.77, "word": " particle", "probability": 0.8251953125}, {"start": 218.77, "end": 219.19, "word": " not", "probability": 0.5146484375}, {"start": 219.19, "end": 219.99, "word": " before", "probability": 0.79052734375}, {"start": 219.99, "end": 220.19, "word": " the", "probability": 0.88623046875}, {"start": 220.19, "end": 220.61, "word": " gerund", "probability": 0.972412109375}, {"start": 220.61, "end": 221.13, "word": " or", "probability": 0.75537109375}, {"start": 221.13, "end": 221.47, "word": " even", "probability": 0.8798828125}, {"start": 221.47, "end": 221.81, "word": " before", "probability": 0.86865234375}, {"start": 221.81, "end": 221.99, "word": " the", "probability": 0.9169921875}, {"start": 221.99, "end": 222.65, "word": " infinitive", "probability": 0.94482421875}, {"start": 222.65, "end": 223.51, "word": " to", "probability": 0.9013671875}, {"start": 223.51, "end": 223.89, "word": " come", "probability": 0.8662109375}, {"start": 223.89, "end": 224.21, "word": " out", "probability": 0.869140625}, {"start": 224.21, "end": 224.51, "word": " with", "probability": 0.900390625}, {"start": 224.51, "end": 225.05, "word": " negative", "probability": 0.93994140625}, {"start": 225.05, "end": 225.63, "word": " sentence.", "probability": 0.91015625}, {"start": 226.69, "end": 226.85, "word": " Not", "probability": 0.5166015625}, {"start": 226.85, "end": 227.19, "word": " doing", "probability": 0.96484375}, {"start": 227.19, "end": 227.55, "word": " your", "probability": 0.89208984375}, {"start": 227.55, "end": 227.95, "word": " homework", "probability": 0.86669921875}, {"start": 227.95, "end": 228.39, "word": " is", "probability": 0.9462890625}, {"start": 228.39, "end": 228.55, "word": " a", "probability": 0.99853515625}, {"start": 228.55, "end": 228.81, "word": " big", "probability": 0.9140625}, {"start": 228.81, "end": 229.33, "word": " mistake.", "probability": 0.95654296875}, {"start": 229.85, "end": 230.11, "word": " She", "probability": 0.8095703125}, {"start": 230.11, "end": 230.37, "word": " was", "probability": 0.95556640625}, {"start": 230.37, "end": 230.69, "word": " angry", "probability": 0.8876953125}, {"start": 230.69, "end": 230.99, "word": " about", "probability": 0.900390625}, {"start": 230.99, "end": 231.23, "word": " not", "probability": 0.94189453125}, {"start": 231.23, "end": 231.57, "word": " being", "probability": 0.95654296875}, {"start": 231.57, "end": 232.19, "word": " invited", "probability": 0.92138671875}, {"start": 232.19, "end": 232.57, "word": " to", "probability": 0.96630859375}, {"start": 232.57, "end": 232.71, "word": " the", "probability": 0.8955078125}, {"start": 232.71, "end": 233.07, "word": " reception.", "probability": 0.8232421875}, {"start": 233.73, "end": 233.95, "word": " I", "probability": 0.9912109375}, {"start": 233.95, "end": 234.29, "word": " decided", "probability": 0.9482421875}, {"start": 234.29, "end": 234.57, "word": " not", "probability": 0.9443359375}, {"start": 234.57, "end": 234.75, "word": " to", "probability": 0.96728515625}, {"start": 234.75, "end": 235.11, "word": " go", "probability": 0.9658203125}, {"start": 235.11, "end": 235.71, "word": " there", "probability": 0.9091796875}, {"start": 235.71, "end": 236.21, "word": " tomorrow.", "probability": 0.86767578125}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 10, "seek": 25994, "start": 236.92, "end": 259.94, "text": " Try not to be late. So as you see, the particle, the negative particle not precedes the gerund and also the infinitive. We spoke about hypothetical verbs, verbs to happen in future. This is followed by the infinitive as you know.", "tokens": [6526, 406, 281, 312, 3469, 13, 407, 382, 291, 536, 11, 264, 12359, 11, 264, 3671, 12359, 406, 16969, 279, 264, 5713, 997, 293, 611, 264, 7193, 2187, 13, 492, 7179, 466, 33053, 30051, 11, 30051, 281, 1051, 294, 2027, 13, 639, 307, 6263, 538, 264, 7193, 2187, 382, 291, 458, 13], "avg_logprob": -0.14143573338130735, "compression_ratio": 1.5436241610738255, "no_speech_prob": 0.0, "words": [{"start": 236.92, "end": 237.32, "word": " Try", "probability": 0.5625}, {"start": 237.32, "end": 237.6, "word": " not", "probability": 0.94091796875}, {"start": 237.6, "end": 237.76, "word": " to", "probability": 0.9677734375}, {"start": 237.76, "end": 237.92, "word": " be", "probability": 0.95263671875}, {"start": 237.92, "end": 238.26, "word": " late.", "probability": 0.9384765625}, {"start": 238.96, "end": 239.04, "word": " So", "probability": 0.80810546875}, {"start": 239.04, "end": 239.24, "word": " as", "probability": 0.79443359375}, {"start": 239.24, "end": 239.38, "word": " you", "probability": 0.9677734375}, {"start": 239.38, "end": 239.66, "word": " see,", "probability": 0.9267578125}, {"start": 240.14, "end": 240.2, "word": " the", "probability": 0.89208984375}, {"start": 240.2, "end": 240.6, "word": " particle,", "probability": 0.5771484375}, {"start": 240.78, "end": 240.84, "word": " the", "probability": 0.91943359375}, {"start": 240.84, "end": 241.14, "word": " negative", "probability": 0.94189453125}, {"start": 241.14, "end": 241.72, "word": " particle", "probability": 0.83154296875}, {"start": 241.72, "end": 242.18, "word": " not", "probability": 0.3681640625}, {"start": 242.18, "end": 243.18, "word": " precedes", "probability": 0.787109375}, {"start": 243.18, "end": 243.44, "word": " the", "probability": 0.85595703125}, {"start": 243.44, "end": 243.9, "word": " gerund", "probability": 0.96826171875}, {"start": 243.9, "end": 244.42, "word": " and", "probability": 0.79248046875}, {"start": 244.42, "end": 244.7, "word": " also", "probability": 0.88134765625}, {"start": 244.7, "end": 244.86, "word": " the", "probability": 0.91259765625}, {"start": 244.86, "end": 245.36, "word": " infinitive.", "probability": 0.95947265625}, {"start": 249.02, "end": 249.72, "word": " We", "probability": 0.9482421875}, {"start": 249.72, "end": 250.02, "word": " spoke", "probability": 0.86376953125}, {"start": 250.02, "end": 250.82, "word": " about", "probability": 0.90771484375}, {"start": 250.82, "end": 251.64, "word": " hypothetical", "probability": 0.927734375}, {"start": 251.64, "end": 252.38, "word": " verbs,", "probability": 0.95458984375}, {"start": 253.16, "end": 253.62, "word": " verbs", "probability": 0.94970703125}, {"start": 253.62, "end": 253.82, "word": " to", "probability": 0.96923828125}, {"start": 253.82, "end": 254.16, "word": " happen", "probability": 0.9052734375}, {"start": 254.16, "end": 254.52, "word": " in", "probability": 0.9482421875}, {"start": 254.52, "end": 254.96, "word": " future.", "probability": 0.92529296875}, {"start": 255.74, "end": 256.06, "word": " This", "probability": 0.90087890625}, {"start": 256.06, "end": 257.88, "word": " is", "probability": 0.939453125}, {"start": 257.88, "end": 258.18, "word": " followed", "probability": 0.900390625}, {"start": 258.18, "end": 258.64, "word": " by", "probability": 0.96923828125}, {"start": 258.64, "end": 258.92, "word": " the", "probability": 0.9208984375}, {"start": 258.92, "end": 259.4, "word": " infinitive", "probability": 0.9697265625}, {"start": 259.4, "end": 259.62, "word": " as", "probability": 0.5380859375}, {"start": 259.62, "end": 259.78, "word": " you", "probability": 0.9638671875}, {"start": 259.78, "end": 259.94, "word": " know.", "probability": 0.88671875}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 11, "seek": 28061, "start": 260.57, "end": 280.61, "text": " This is forward oriented verbs. He told us to stay home. I want you to be the best student in the class. She advised me not to take such a risk. So all the actions in these sentences refer to future actions. The verbs are forward,", "tokens": [639, 307, 2128, 21841, 30051, 13, 634, 1907, 505, 281, 1754, 1280, 13, 286, 528, 291, 281, 312, 264, 1151, 3107, 294, 264, 1508, 13, 1240, 26269, 385, 406, 281, 747, 1270, 257, 3148, 13, 407, 439, 264, 5909, 294, 613, 16579, 2864, 281, 2027, 5909, 13, 440, 30051, 366, 2128, 11], "avg_logprob": -0.11755601302632745, "compression_ratio": 1.4903225806451612, "no_speech_prob": 5.960464477539063e-08, "words": [{"start": 260.57, "end": 260.85, "word": " This", "probability": 0.7607421875}, {"start": 260.85, "end": 261.11, "word": " is", "probability": 0.9326171875}, {"start": 261.11, "end": 261.69, "word": " forward", "probability": 0.87060546875}, {"start": 261.69, "end": 262.69, "word": " oriented", "probability": 0.505859375}, {"start": 262.69, "end": 263.13, "word": " verbs.", "probability": 0.92822265625}, {"start": 263.77, "end": 263.87, "word": " He", "probability": 0.78759765625}, {"start": 263.87, "end": 264.21, "word": " told", "probability": 0.94384765625}, {"start": 264.21, "end": 264.53, "word": " us", "probability": 0.93994140625}, {"start": 264.53, "end": 264.73, "word": " to", "probability": 0.9677734375}, {"start": 264.73, "end": 265.01, "word": " stay", "probability": 0.96240234375}, {"start": 265.01, "end": 265.35, "word": " home.", "probability": 0.87353515625}, {"start": 265.81, "end": 265.95, "word": " I", "probability": 0.9677734375}, {"start": 265.95, "end": 266.35, "word": " want", "probability": 0.87841796875}, {"start": 266.35, "end": 266.73, "word": " you", "probability": 0.96142578125}, {"start": 266.73, "end": 267.29, "word": " to", "probability": 0.9658203125}, {"start": 267.29, "end": 267.53, "word": " be", "probability": 0.95654296875}, {"start": 267.53, "end": 267.73, "word": " the", "probability": 0.916015625}, {"start": 267.73, "end": 268.01, "word": " best", "probability": 0.91552734375}, {"start": 268.01, "end": 268.49, "word": " student", "probability": 0.95703125}, {"start": 268.49, "end": 268.69, "word": " in", "probability": 0.9443359375}, {"start": 268.69, "end": 268.81, "word": " the", "probability": 0.91748046875}, {"start": 268.81, "end": 269.19, "word": " class.", "probability": 0.96044921875}, {"start": 269.61, "end": 269.87, "word": " She", "probability": 0.8818359375}, {"start": 269.87, "end": 270.37, "word": " advised", "probability": 0.8974609375}, {"start": 270.37, "end": 270.65, "word": " me", "probability": 0.96484375}, {"start": 270.65, "end": 270.93, "word": " not", "probability": 0.94140625}, {"start": 270.93, "end": 271.09, "word": " to", "probability": 0.96728515625}, {"start": 271.09, "end": 271.43, "word": " take", "probability": 0.88134765625}, {"start": 271.43, "end": 271.79, "word": " such", "probability": 0.9599609375}, {"start": 271.79, "end": 271.97, "word": " a", "probability": 0.8369140625}, {"start": 271.97, "end": 272.27, "word": " risk.", "probability": 0.94873046875}, {"start": 272.69, "end": 272.83, "word": " So", "probability": 0.91162109375}, {"start": 272.83, "end": 273.07, "word": " all", "probability": 0.7822265625}, {"start": 273.07, "end": 273.21, "word": " the", "probability": 0.90478515625}, {"start": 273.21, "end": 273.61, "word": " actions", "probability": 0.9052734375}, {"start": 273.61, "end": 273.87, "word": " in", "probability": 0.91064453125}, {"start": 273.87, "end": 274.07, "word": " these", "probability": 0.84619140625}, {"start": 274.07, "end": 274.59, "word": " sentences", "probability": 0.9453125}, {"start": 274.59, "end": 275.05, "word": " refer", "probability": 0.85595703125}, {"start": 275.05, "end": 275.85, "word": " to", "probability": 0.96875}, {"start": 275.85, "end": 276.53, "word": " future", "probability": 0.978515625}, {"start": 276.53, "end": 277.51, "word": " actions.", "probability": 0.8994140625}, {"start": 278.73, "end": 279.39, "word": " The", "probability": 0.81201171875}, {"start": 279.39, "end": 279.71, "word": " verbs", "probability": 0.94482421875}, {"start": 279.71, "end": 280.01, "word": " are", "probability": 0.931640625}, {"start": 280.01, "end": 280.61, "word": " forward,", "probability": 0.943359375}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 12, "seek": 29794, "start": 281.46, "end": 297.94, "text": " oriented verbs. This is the fourth category of the four categories of the verbs which accept gerund and infinitive. We spoke about the emotive verbs, the aspectual verbs, the reactive verbs, and the forward oriented verbs.", "tokens": [21841, 30051, 13, 639, 307, 264, 6409, 7719, 295, 264, 1451, 10479, 295, 264, 30051, 597, 3241, 5713, 997, 293, 7193, 2187, 13, 492, 7179, 466, 264, 3626, 488, 30051, 11, 264, 4171, 901, 30051, 11, 264, 28897, 30051, 11, 293, 264, 2128, 21841, 30051, 13], "avg_logprob": -0.10704787234042554, "compression_ratio": 1.6766917293233083, "no_speech_prob": 5.960464477539063e-08, "words": [{"start": 281.46, "end": 282.08, "word": " oriented", "probability": 0.89990234375}, {"start": 282.08, "end": 282.58, "word": " verbs.", "probability": 0.94873046875}, {"start": 282.92, "end": 283.24, "word": " This", "probability": 0.8720703125}, {"start": 283.24, "end": 283.36, "word": " is", "probability": 0.94921875}, {"start": 283.36, "end": 283.5, "word": " the", "probability": 0.91259765625}, {"start": 283.5, "end": 283.76, "word": " fourth", "probability": 0.91064453125}, {"start": 283.76, "end": 284.38, "word": " category", "probability": 0.94775390625}, {"start": 284.38, "end": 285.12, "word": " of", "probability": 0.9423828125}, {"start": 285.12, "end": 285.3, "word": " the", "probability": 0.91796875}, {"start": 285.3, "end": 285.58, "word": " four", "probability": 0.93798828125}, {"start": 285.58, "end": 286.3, "word": " categories", "probability": 0.935546875}, {"start": 286.3, "end": 287.62, "word": " of", "probability": 0.93408203125}, {"start": 287.62, "end": 287.78, "word": " the", "probability": 0.8720703125}, {"start": 287.78, "end": 288.06, "word": " verbs", "probability": 0.94140625}, {"start": 288.06, "end": 288.26, "word": " which", "probability": 0.884765625}, {"start": 288.26, "end": 288.68, "word": " accept", "probability": 0.80322265625}, {"start": 288.68, "end": 289.12, "word": " gerund", "probability": 0.969482421875}, {"start": 289.12, "end": 289.42, "word": " and", "probability": 0.91259765625}, {"start": 289.42, "end": 289.94, "word": " infinitive.", "probability": 0.950927734375}, {"start": 290.0, "end": 290.14, "word": " We", "probability": 0.9501953125}, {"start": 290.14, "end": 290.4, "word": " spoke", "probability": 0.88232421875}, {"start": 290.4, "end": 290.66, "word": " about", "probability": 0.90576171875}, {"start": 290.66, "end": 290.84, "word": " the", "probability": 0.9189453125}, {"start": 290.84, "end": 291.3, "word": " emotive", "probability": 0.97265625}, {"start": 291.3, "end": 291.68, "word": " verbs,", "probability": 0.9365234375}, {"start": 292.58, "end": 292.68, "word": " the", "probability": 0.90869140625}, {"start": 292.68, "end": 293.28, "word": " aspectual", "probability": 0.782958984375}, {"start": 293.28, "end": 293.74, "word": " verbs,", "probability": 0.931640625}, {"start": 294.42, "end": 294.54, "word": " the", "probability": 0.91552734375}, {"start": 294.54, "end": 295.0, "word": " reactive", "probability": 0.95263671875}, {"start": 295.0, "end": 295.56, "word": " verbs,", "probability": 0.93896484375}, {"start": 295.84, "end": 296.26, "word": " and", "probability": 0.9365234375}, {"start": 296.26, "end": 296.4, "word": " the", "probability": 0.90380859375}, {"start": 296.4, "end": 296.76, "word": " forward", "probability": 0.94189453125}, {"start": 296.76, "end": 297.48, "word": " oriented", "probability": 0.69970703125}, {"start": 297.48, "end": 297.94, "word": " verbs.", "probability": 0.9375}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 13, "seek": 33034, "start": 301.2, "end": 330.34, "text": " Also use the gerund after the possessive pronouns. I appreciate your inviting me to the party. We are proud of Mary's winning the first place in the race. Okay. So this is the complete explanation of the use of infinitive and gerund in English.", "tokens": [2743, 764, 264, 5713, 997, 934, 264, 17490, 488, 35883, 13, 286, 4449, 428, 18202, 385, 281, 264, 3595, 13, 492, 366, 4570, 295, 6059, 311, 8224, 264, 700, 1081, 294, 264, 4569, 13, 1033, 13, 407, 341, 307, 264, 3566, 10835, 295, 264, 764, 295, 7193, 2187, 293, 5713, 997, 294, 3669, 13], "avg_logprob": -0.13813921158963985, "compression_ratio": 1.4411764705882353, "no_speech_prob": 0.0, "words": [{"start": 301.2, "end": 301.58, "word": " Also", "probability": 0.84619140625}, {"start": 301.58, "end": 302.06, "word": " use", "probability": 0.3564453125}, {"start": 302.06, "end": 302.68, "word": " the", "probability": 0.8837890625}, {"start": 302.68, "end": 303.54, "word": " gerund", "probability": 0.91748046875}, {"start": 303.54, "end": 304.04, "word": " after", "probability": 0.8310546875}, {"start": 304.04, "end": 304.72, "word": " the", "probability": 0.90966796875}, {"start": 304.72, "end": 305.48, "word": " possessive", "probability": 0.9482421875}, {"start": 305.48, "end": 306.34, "word": " pronouns.", "probability": 0.8837890625}, {"start": 306.72, "end": 306.86, "word": " I", "probability": 0.83544921875}, {"start": 306.86, "end": 307.32, "word": " appreciate", "probability": 0.9599609375}, {"start": 307.32, "end": 307.76, "word": " your", "probability": 0.462646484375}, {"start": 307.76, "end": 308.44, "word": " inviting", "probability": 0.93896484375}, {"start": 308.44, "end": 308.92, "word": " me", "probability": 0.962890625}, {"start": 308.92, "end": 309.52, "word": " to", "probability": 0.9697265625}, {"start": 309.52, "end": 309.7, "word": " the", "probability": 0.921875}, {"start": 309.7, "end": 310.06, "word": " party.", "probability": 0.85546875}, {"start": 310.2, "end": 310.36, "word": " We", "probability": 0.9677734375}, {"start": 310.36, "end": 310.58, "word": " are", "probability": 0.93408203125}, {"start": 310.58, "end": 311.02, "word": " proud", "probability": 0.9658203125}, {"start": 311.02, "end": 311.34, "word": " of", "probability": 0.96923828125}, {"start": 311.34, "end": 312.02, "word": " Mary's", "probability": 0.872802734375}, {"start": 312.02, "end": 312.44, "word": " winning", "probability": 0.974609375}, {"start": 312.44, "end": 312.7, "word": " the", "probability": 0.912109375}, {"start": 312.7, "end": 312.92, "word": " first", "probability": 0.8671875}, {"start": 312.92, "end": 313.44, "word": " place", "probability": 0.88720703125}, {"start": 313.44, "end": 314.14, "word": " in", "probability": 0.943359375}, {"start": 314.14, "end": 314.28, "word": " the", "probability": 0.8935546875}, {"start": 314.28, "end": 314.58, "word": " race.", "probability": 0.923828125}, {"start": 318.22, "end": 318.76, "word": " Okay.", "probability": 0.5224609375}, {"start": 322.44, "end": 323.32, "word": " So", "probability": 0.94873046875}, {"start": 323.32, "end": 323.64, "word": " this", "probability": 0.92578125}, {"start": 323.64, "end": 324.12, "word": " is", "probability": 0.951171875}, {"start": 324.12, "end": 325.46, "word": " the", "probability": 0.91748046875}, {"start": 325.46, "end": 325.9, "word": " complete", "probability": 0.79833984375}, {"start": 325.9, "end": 326.44, "word": " explanation", "probability": 0.853515625}, {"start": 326.44, "end": 326.96, "word": " of", "probability": 0.97021484375}, {"start": 326.96, "end": 327.1, "word": " the", "probability": 0.9248046875}, {"start": 327.1, "end": 327.42, "word": " use", "probability": 0.87744140625}, {"start": 327.42, "end": 327.86, "word": " of", "probability": 0.97314453125}, {"start": 327.86, "end": 328.92, "word": " infinitive", "probability": 0.92724609375}, {"start": 328.92, "end": 329.24, "word": " and", "probability": 0.93994140625}, {"start": 329.24, "end": 329.66, "word": " gerund", "probability": 0.97705078125}, {"start": 329.66, "end": 329.98, "word": " in", "probability": 0.94970703125}, {"start": 329.98, "end": 330.34, "word": " English.", "probability": 0.97412109375}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 14, "seek": 35818, "start": 331.36, "end": 358.18, "text": " In Arabic, we spoke about the modified derived nominal and overt derived nominal. وحب أن أشرب الشاي وحب شرب الشاي This is covert derived nominal. وحب شرب الشاي This is overt derived nominal. We've seen that we have big difference between these constructions in English and Arabic.", "tokens": [682, 19938, 11, 321, 7179, 466, 264, 15873, 18949, 41641, 293, 17038, 18949, 41641, 13, 4032, 5016, 3555, 14739, 5551, 8592, 25513, 25124, 47302, 4032, 5016, 3555, 13412, 25513, 25124, 47302, 639, 307, 45985, 18949, 41641, 13, 4032, 5016, 3555, 13412, 25513, 25124, 47302, 639, 307, 17038, 18949, 41641, 13, 492, 600, 1612, 300, 321, 362, 955, 2649, 1296, 613, 7690, 626, 294, 3669, 293, 19938, 13], "avg_logprob": -0.23529411216869073, "compression_ratio": 1.7322404371584699, "no_speech_prob": 5.960464477539063e-08, "words": [{"start": 331.36, "end": 331.7, "word": " In", "probability": 0.267822265625}, {"start": 331.7, "end": 332.06, "word": " Arabic,", "probability": 0.92333984375}, {"start": 332.2, "end": 332.28, "word": " we", "probability": 0.95947265625}, {"start": 332.28, "end": 332.56, "word": " spoke", "probability": 0.853515625}, {"start": 332.56, "end": 333.02, "word": " about", "probability": 0.90625}, {"start": 333.02, "end": 334.58, "word": " the", "probability": 0.87060546875}, {"start": 334.58, "end": 335.22, "word": " modified", "probability": 0.86474609375}, {"start": 335.22, "end": 335.68, "word": " derived", "probability": 0.8330078125}, {"start": 335.68, "end": 335.98, "word": " nominal", "probability": 0.9345703125}, {"start": 335.98, "end": 337.16, "word": " and", "probability": 0.85693359375}, {"start": 337.16, "end": 337.9, "word": " overt", "probability": 0.2386474609375}, {"start": 337.9, "end": 338.36, "word": " derived", "probability": 0.8212890625}, {"start": 338.36, "end": 338.74, "word": " nominal.", "probability": 0.9482421875}, {"start": 340.18, "end": 340.5, "word": " وحب", "probability": 0.6626790364583334}, {"start": 340.5, "end": 340.7, "word": " أن", "probability": 0.36572265625}, {"start": 340.7, "end": 341.1, "word": " أشرب", "probability": 0.9772135416666666}, {"start": 341.1, "end": 341.56, "word": " الشاي", "probability": 0.910888671875}, {"start": 341.56, "end": 343.54, "word": " وحب", "probability": 0.7609049479166666}, {"start": 343.54, "end": 343.56, "word": " شرب", "probability": 0.7890625}, {"start": 343.56, "end": 343.94, "word": " الشاي", "probability": 0.931396484375}, {"start": 343.94, "end": 344.16, "word": " This", "probability": 0.1507568359375}, {"start": 344.16, "end": 344.44, "word": " is", "probability": 0.96435546875}, {"start": 344.44, "end": 345.46, "word": " covert", "probability": 0.6962890625}, {"start": 345.46, "end": 346.08, "word": " derived", "probability": 0.8115234375}, {"start": 346.08, "end": 346.46, "word": " nominal.", "probability": 0.92431640625}, {"start": 347.02, "end": 347.3, "word": " وحب", "probability": 0.8492838541666666}, {"start": 347.3, "end": 347.7, "word": " شرب", "probability": 0.9111328125}, {"start": 347.7, "end": 348.16, "word": " الشاي", "probability": 0.926025390625}, {"start": 348.16, "end": 348.84, "word": " This", "probability": 0.57861328125}, {"start": 348.84, "end": 349.12, "word": " is", "probability": 0.962890625}, {"start": 349.12, "end": 349.74, "word": " overt", "probability": 0.8154296875}, {"start": 349.74, "end": 350.2, "word": " derived", "probability": 0.8603515625}, {"start": 350.2, "end": 350.52, "word": " nominal.", "probability": 0.93603515625}, {"start": 350.84, "end": 351.3, "word": " We've", "probability": 0.90673828125}, {"start": 351.3, "end": 351.56, "word": " seen", "probability": 0.94677734375}, {"start": 351.56, "end": 352.02, "word": " that", "probability": 0.939453125}, {"start": 352.02, "end": 352.62, "word": " we", "probability": 0.9462890625}, {"start": 352.62, "end": 352.98, "word": " have", "probability": 0.94873046875}, {"start": 352.98, "end": 354.02, "word": " big", "probability": 0.73291015625}, {"start": 354.02, "end": 354.54, "word": " difference", "probability": 0.875}, {"start": 354.54, "end": 355.08, "word": " between", "probability": 0.8876953125}, {"start": 355.08, "end": 356.48, "word": " these", "probability": 0.84765625}, {"start": 356.48, "end": 357.22, "word": " constructions", "probability": 0.958984375}, {"start": 357.22, "end": 357.44, "word": " in", "probability": 0.95458984375}, {"start": 357.44, "end": 357.7, "word": " English", "probability": 0.97509765625}, {"start": 357.7, "end": 357.9, "word": " and", "probability": 0.94580078125}, {"start": 357.9, "end": 358.18, "word": " Arabic.", "probability": 0.92041015625}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 15, "seek": 38087, "start": 359.45, "end": 380.87, "text": " So the reactive verbs of Arabic, the emotive verbs of Arabic are the same like English. They accept both overt and covert derived nominal. However, the aspectual verbs, this is in English, in English. What about Arabic?", "tokens": [407, 264, 28897, 30051, 295, 19938, 11, 264, 3626, 488, 30051, 295, 19938, 366, 264, 912, 411, 3669, 13, 814, 3241, 1293, 17038, 293, 45985, 18949, 41641, 13, 2908, 11, 264, 4171, 901, 30051, 11, 341, 307, 294, 3669, 11, 294, 3669, 13, 708, 466, 19938, 30], "avg_logprob": -0.2322591133415699, "compression_ratio": 1.5277777777777777, "no_speech_prob": 5.960464477539063e-08, "words": [{"start": 359.45, "end": 359.87, "word": " So", "probability": 0.76025390625}, {"start": 359.87, "end": 360.39, "word": " the", "probability": 0.50537109375}, {"start": 360.39, "end": 360.77, "word": " reactive", "probability": 0.9130859375}, {"start": 360.77, "end": 361.21, "word": " verbs", "probability": 0.9501953125}, {"start": 361.21, "end": 361.41, "word": " of", "probability": 0.94580078125}, {"start": 361.41, "end": 361.75, "word": " Arabic,", "probability": 0.92431640625}, {"start": 363.37, "end": 363.75, "word": " the", "probability": 0.888671875}, {"start": 363.75, "end": 364.55, "word": " emotive", "probability": 0.9765625}, {"start": 364.55, "end": 364.81, "word": " verbs", "probability": 0.9375}, {"start": 364.81, "end": 364.97, "word": " of", "probability": 0.951171875}, {"start": 364.97, "end": 365.29, "word": " Arabic", "probability": 0.94140625}, {"start": 365.29, "end": 365.59, "word": " are", "probability": 0.72802734375}, {"start": 365.59, "end": 365.77, "word": " the", "probability": 0.9150390625}, {"start": 365.77, "end": 365.97, "word": " same", "probability": 0.90869140625}, {"start": 365.97, "end": 366.23, "word": " like", "probability": 0.8310546875}, {"start": 366.23, "end": 366.67, "word": " English.", "probability": 0.97314453125}, {"start": 367.13, "end": 367.47, "word": " They", "probability": 0.8076171875}, {"start": 367.47, "end": 367.91, "word": " accept", "probability": 0.888671875}, {"start": 367.91, "end": 368.43, "word": " both", "probability": 0.89013671875}, {"start": 368.43, "end": 368.85, "word": " overt", "probability": 0.69970703125}, {"start": 368.85, "end": 369.51, "word": " and", "probability": 0.94580078125}, {"start": 369.51, "end": 369.89, "word": " covert", "probability": 0.970703125}, {"start": 369.89, "end": 370.39, "word": " derived", "probability": 0.56396484375}, {"start": 370.39, "end": 370.59, "word": " nominal.", "probability": 0.79736328125}, {"start": 371.19, "end": 371.51, "word": " However,", "probability": 0.86083984375}, {"start": 371.65, "end": 371.75, "word": " the", "probability": 0.90478515625}, {"start": 371.75, "end": 372.33, "word": " aspectual", "probability": 0.833984375}, {"start": 372.33, "end": 372.81, "word": " verbs,", "probability": 0.93505859375}, {"start": 375.85, "end": 377.57, "word": " this", "probability": 0.74853515625}, {"start": 377.57, "end": 377.75, "word": " is", "probability": 0.94384765625}, {"start": 377.75, "end": 377.91, "word": " in", "probability": 0.93310546875}, {"start": 377.91, "end": 378.31, "word": " English,", "probability": 0.9755859375}, {"start": 378.69, "end": 379.29, "word": " in", "probability": 0.8603515625}, {"start": 379.29, "end": 379.67, "word": " English.", "probability": 0.97119140625}, {"start": 379.93, "end": 380.13, "word": " What", "probability": 0.88525390625}, {"start": 380.13, "end": 380.43, "word": " about", "probability": 0.9111328125}, {"start": 380.43, "end": 380.87, "word": " Arabic?", "probability": 0.90966796875}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 16, "seek": 41626, "start": 389.02, "end": 416.26, "text": " They accept only modified derived nominal or covert derived nominal. What about reactive verbs in English? They accept only gerund. However, in Arabic, both. The forward oriented verbs. In English, they accept only infinitive. However, in Arabic, they accept both. So you have to take care once you translate.", "tokens": [814, 3241, 787, 15873, 18949, 41641, 420, 45985, 18949, 41641, 13, 708, 466, 28897, 30051, 294, 3669, 30, 814, 3241, 787, 5713, 997, 13, 2908, 11, 294, 19938, 11, 1293, 13, 440, 2128, 21841, 30051, 13, 682, 3669, 11, 436, 3241, 787, 7193, 2187, 13, 2908, 11, 294, 19938, 11, 436, 3241, 1293, 13, 407, 291, 362, 281, 747, 1127, 1564, 291, 13799, 13], "avg_logprob": -0.19939903846153847, "compression_ratio": 1.7415730337078652, "no_speech_prob": 0.0, "words": [{"start": 389.02, "end": 389.3, "word": " They", "probability": 0.447265625}, {"start": 389.3, "end": 389.74, "word": " accept", "probability": 0.8056640625}, {"start": 389.74, "end": 390.5, "word": " only", "probability": 0.88916015625}, {"start": 390.5, "end": 391.28, "word": " modified", "probability": 0.7763671875}, {"start": 391.28, "end": 391.82, "word": " derived", "probability": 0.6259765625}, {"start": 391.82, "end": 392.1, "word": " nominal", "probability": 0.89208984375}, {"start": 392.1, "end": 392.52, "word": " or", "probability": 0.8818359375}, {"start": 392.52, "end": 393.0, "word": " covert", "probability": 0.4970703125}, {"start": 393.0, "end": 393.42, "word": " derived", "probability": 0.7724609375}, {"start": 393.42, "end": 393.78, "word": " nominal.", "probability": 0.93603515625}, {"start": 394.08, "end": 394.3, "word": " What", "probability": 0.87353515625}, {"start": 394.3, "end": 394.54, "word": " about", "probability": 0.90673828125}, {"start": 394.54, "end": 395.0, "word": " reactive", "probability": 0.87158203125}, {"start": 395.0, "end": 395.36, "word": " verbs", "probability": 0.93212890625}, {"start": 395.36, "end": 395.54, "word": " in", "probability": 0.92919921875}, {"start": 395.54, "end": 395.9, "word": " English?", "probability": 0.966796875}, {"start": 397.04, "end": 397.24, "word": " They", "probability": 0.82080078125}, {"start": 397.24, "end": 397.78, "word": " accept", "probability": 0.89111328125}, {"start": 397.78, "end": 398.22, "word": " only", "probability": 0.92333984375}, {"start": 398.22, "end": 398.68, "word": " gerund.", "probability": 0.872802734375}, {"start": 399.14, "end": 399.42, "word": " However,", "probability": 0.828125}, {"start": 399.48, "end": 399.64, "word": " in", "probability": 0.94384765625}, {"start": 399.64, "end": 399.94, "word": " Arabic,", "probability": 0.9189453125}, {"start": 400.46, "end": 401.0, "word": " both.", "probability": 0.8681640625}, {"start": 401.82, "end": 401.98, "word": " The", "probability": 0.84375}, {"start": 401.98, "end": 402.36, "word": " forward", "probability": 0.9189453125}, {"start": 402.36, "end": 403.06, "word": " oriented", "probability": 0.6015625}, {"start": 403.06, "end": 403.54, "word": " verbs.", "probability": 0.92919921875}, {"start": 408.08, "end": 408.62, "word": " In", "probability": 0.7607421875}, {"start": 408.62, "end": 409.0, "word": " English,", "probability": 0.9775390625}, {"start": 409.14, "end": 409.26, "word": " they", "probability": 0.87158203125}, {"start": 409.26, "end": 409.7, "word": " accept", "probability": 0.880859375}, {"start": 409.7, "end": 410.08, "word": " only", "probability": 0.91357421875}, {"start": 410.08, "end": 410.64, "word": " infinitive.", "probability": 0.947021484375}, {"start": 410.72, "end": 411.0, "word": " However,", "probability": 0.8662109375}, {"start": 411.16, "end": 411.28, "word": " in", "probability": 0.951171875}, {"start": 411.28, "end": 411.68, "word": " Arabic,", "probability": 0.93212890625}, {"start": 411.9, "end": 412.84, "word": " they", "probability": 0.88818359375}, {"start": 412.84, "end": 413.38, "word": " accept", "probability": 0.90673828125}, {"start": 413.38, "end": 413.94, "word": " both.", "probability": 0.8974609375}, {"start": 414.3, "end": 414.52, "word": " So", "probability": 0.943359375}, {"start": 414.52, "end": 414.66, "word": " you", "probability": 0.607421875}, {"start": 414.66, "end": 414.82, "word": " have", "probability": 0.94384765625}, {"start": 414.82, "end": 414.94, "word": " to", "probability": 0.9697265625}, {"start": 414.94, "end": 415.12, "word": " take", "probability": 0.86181640625}, {"start": 415.12, "end": 415.36, "word": " care", "probability": 0.91796875}, {"start": 415.36, "end": 415.62, "word": " once", "probability": 0.8349609375}, {"start": 415.62, "end": 415.8, "word": " you", "probability": 0.9638671875}, {"start": 415.8, "end": 416.26, "word": " translate.", "probability": 0.83544921875}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 17, "seek": 44433, "start": 417.47, "end": 444.33, "text": " Once you translate, it is not necessarily to translate literally every single word. You have to consider the structure of infinitive and to see the difference, this means that you have to consider the meaning or the meaning of the verb itself and its syntactic capacity, whether it accepts infinitive or gerund. Return to the verbs,", "tokens": [3443, 291, 13799, 11, 309, 307, 406, 4725, 281, 13799, 3736, 633, 2167, 1349, 13, 509, 362, 281, 1949, 264, 3877, 295, 7193, 2187, 293, 281, 536, 264, 2649, 11, 341, 1355, 300, 291, 362, 281, 1949, 264, 3620, 420, 264, 3620, 295, 264, 9595, 2564, 293, 1080, 23980, 19892, 6042, 11, 1968, 309, 33538, 7193, 2187, 420, 5713, 997, 13, 24350, 281, 264, 30051, 11], "avg_logprob": -0.18201959577958976, "compression_ratio": 1.7164948453608246, "no_speech_prob": 1.1920928955078125e-07, "words": [{"start": 417.47, "end": 418.19, "word": " Once", "probability": 0.6611328125}, {"start": 418.19, "end": 418.35, "word": " you", "probability": 0.9638671875}, {"start": 418.35, "end": 418.85, "word": " translate,", "probability": 0.8330078125}, {"start": 418.97, "end": 419.05, "word": " it", "probability": 0.9462890625}, {"start": 419.05, "end": 419.15, "word": " is", "probability": 0.8251953125}, {"start": 419.15, "end": 419.31, "word": " not", "probability": 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PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/3NRgXv0N4zk_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+1
+00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:14,560
+Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
+
+2
+00:00:16,740 --> 00:00:19,340
+Today we are going to continue with infinitive and
+
+3
+00:00:19,340 --> 00:00:22,360
+gerund in English plus covert and overt derived
+
+4
+00:00:22,360 --> 00:00:26,860
+nominal in Arabic. Regarding the gerund and
+
+5
+00:00:26,860 --> 00:00:31,340
+infinitive in English, we see that the gerund can
+
+6
+00:00:31,340 --> 00:00:35,620
+stand as a subject in the sentence. So you have
+
+7
+00:00:35,620 --> 00:00:39,640
+these two sentences, eating too much food is not
+
+8
+00:00:39,640 --> 00:00:43,580
+good for your health. Playing basketball is very
+
+9
+00:00:43,580 --> 00:00:50,910
+fun. Eating playing they stand as subjects If you
+
+10
+00:00:50,910 --> 00:00:54,350
+we use also infinitive after noun in this after
+
+11
+00:00:54,350 --> 00:00:56,550
+the noun in the sentence It's not good for your
+
+12
+00:00:56,550 --> 00:01:02,610
+health to eat too much fast food So we have the
+
+13
+00:01:02,610 --> 00:01:06,930
+infinitive directly follows the noun in the
+
+14
+00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:10,450
+sentence As it appears in this sentence, it's not
+
+15
+00:01:10,450 --> 00:01:13,670
+good for your health to eat too much fast food.
+
+16
+00:01:14,350 --> 00:01:18,310
+It's very fun to play basketball. So we have fun,
+
+17
+00:01:18,430 --> 00:01:21,790
+we have health. They are followed by infinitive as
+
+18
+00:01:21,790 --> 00:01:25,730
+you see. We use gerund directly after the
+
+19
+00:01:25,730 --> 00:01:29,730
+preposition. I'm tired of doing the same thing
+
+20
+00:01:29,730 --> 00:01:33,470
+over and over again every day. They are excited
+
+21
+00:01:33,470 --> 00:01:37,490
+about attending the meeting tomorrow. So we have
+
+22
+00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:45,700
+of doing about attending. I'm looking forward to
+
+23
+00:01:45,700 --> 00:01:50,840
+hearing from you soon. She's used to driving at
+
+24
+00:01:50,840 --> 00:01:57,120
+night. Is mr used to plus the verb plus ing and
+
+25
+00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:02,140
+this means Gilland. it means يعتاد على present
+
+26
+00:02:02,140 --> 00:02:08,020
+custom however having used plus infinitive this
+
+27
+00:02:08,020 --> 00:02:13,300
+refers to habit in the past يعتاد على so if you
+
+28
+00:02:13,300 --> 00:02:16,440
+have the verb to be plus used to it is directly
+
+29
+00:02:16,440 --> 00:02:22,480
+followed by gerund we
+
+30
+00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:26,380
+have infinitive which is directly used after the
+
+31
+00:02:26,380 --> 00:02:30,280
+adjective I was surprised to see her at the party
+
+32
+00:02:30,280 --> 00:02:33,740
+yesterday. They were anxious to meet with
+
+33
+00:02:33,740 --> 00:02:38,480
+President this weekend. I'm glad to meet you. So
+
+34
+00:02:38,480 --> 00:02:43,620
+we have surprised, anxious, glad. They are
+
+35
+00:02:43,620 --> 00:02:47,980
+directly followed by infinitives. We also have the
+
+36
+00:02:47,980 --> 00:02:51,740
+infinitive used after certain nouns. I still have
+
+37
+00:02:51,740 --> 00:02:55,160
+a little time to talk with you tonight. They have
+
+38
+00:02:55,160 --> 00:03:00,310
+a lot of books to read. for the reading class. He
+
+39
+00:03:00,310 --> 00:03:03,150
+doesn't have permission to use the lab computers.
+
+40
+00:03:03,890 --> 00:03:07,170
+So we have time, books, permissions that are
+
+41
+00:03:07,170 --> 00:03:09,710
+followed by infinitive, as you see.
+
+42
+00:03:12,810 --> 00:03:17,110
+The infinitive expresses purpose. Okay, so if
+
+43
+00:03:17,110 --> 00:03:19,950
+there'd be a purpose in the sentence, close of
+
+44
+00:03:19,950 --> 00:03:25,030
+purpose, then we use the infinitive. I came here
+
+45
+00:03:25,030 --> 00:03:29,130
+in order to study or to study English.
+
+46
+00:03:35,110 --> 00:03:39,190
+We use the particle, the negative particle not
+
+47
+00:03:39,190 --> 00:03:43,510
+before the gerund or even before the infinitive to
+
+48
+00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:47,550
+come out with negative sentence. Not doing your
+
+49
+00:03:47,550 --> 00:03:51,230
+homework is a big mistake. She was angry about not
+
+50
+00:03:51,230 --> 00:03:54,750
+being invited to the reception. I decided not to
+
+51
+00:03:54,750 --> 00:03:59,380
+go there tomorrow. Try not to be late. So as you
+
+52
+00:03:59,380 --> 00:04:02,180
+see, the particle, the negative particle not
+
+53
+00:04:02,180 --> 00:04:05,360
+precedes the gerund and also the infinitive.
+
+54
+00:04:09,020 --> 00:04:14,160
+We spoke about hypothetical verbs, verbs to happen
+
+55
+00:04:14,160 --> 00:04:19,620
+in future. This is followed by the infinitive as
+
+56
+00:04:19,620 --> 00:04:24,210
+you know. This is forward oriented verbs. He told
+
+57
+00:04:24,210 --> 00:04:28,490
+us to stay home. I want you to be the best student
+
+58
+00:04:28,490 --> 00:04:31,970
+in the class. She advised me not to take such a
+
+59
+00:04:31,970 --> 00:04:35,050
+risk. So all the actions in these sentences refer
+
+60
+00:04:35,050 --> 00:04:42,080
+to future actions. The verbs are forward, oriented
+
+61
+00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:45,580
+verbs. This is the fourth category of the four
+
+62
+00:04:45,580 --> 00:04:49,420
+categories of the verbs which accept gerund and
+
+63
+00:04:49,420 --> 00:04:52,680
+infinitive. We spoke about the emotive verbs, the
+
+64
+00:04:52,680 --> 00:04:56,400
+aspectual verbs, the reactive verbs, and the
+
+65
+00:04:56,400 --> 00:04:57,940
+forward oriented verbs.
+
+66
+00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:06,340
+Also use the gerund after the possessive pronouns.
+
+67
+00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:10,580
+I appreciate your inviting me to the party. We are
+
+68
+00:05:10,580 --> 00:05:14,280
+proud of Mary's winning the first place in the
+
+69
+00:05:14,280 --> 00:05:14,580
+race.
+
+70
+00:05:18,220 --> 00:05:18,760
+Okay.
+
+71
+00:05:22,440 --> 00:05:27,860
+So this is the complete explanation of the use of
+
+72
+00:05:27,860 --> 00:05:32,280
+infinitive and gerund in English. In Arabic, we
+
+73
+00:05:32,280 --> 00:05:37,900
+spoke about the modified derived nominal and overt
+
+74
+00:05:37,900 --> 00:05:43,940
+derived nominal. وحب أن أشرب الشاي وحب شرب الشاي
+
+75
+00:05:43,940 --> 00:05:48,840
+This is covert derived nominal. وحب شرب الشاي This
+
+76
+00:05:48,840 --> 00:05:52,980
+is overt derived nominal. We've seen that we have
+
+77
+00:05:52,980 --> 00:05:57,440
+big difference between these constructions in
+
+78
+00:05:57,440 --> 00:06:01,410
+English and Arabic. So the reactive verbs of
+
+79
+00:06:01,410 --> 00:06:05,970
+Arabic, the emotive verbs of Arabic are the same
+
+80
+00:06:05,970 --> 00:06:09,890
+like English. They accept both overt and covert
+
+81
+00:06:09,890 --> 00:06:12,810
+derived nominal. However, the aspectual verbs,
+
+82
+00:06:15,850 --> 00:06:20,870
+this is in English, in English. What about Arabic?
+
+83
+00:06:29,020 --> 00:06:32,520
+They accept only modified derived nominal or
+
+84
+00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:35,360
+covert derived nominal. What about reactive verbs
+
+85
+00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:39,640
+in English? They accept only gerund. However, in
+
+86
+00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:43,540
+Arabic, both. The forward oriented verbs.
+
+87
+00:06:48,080 --> 00:06:51,000
+In English, they accept only infinitive. However,
+
+88
+00:06:51,160 --> 00:06:55,120
+in Arabic, they accept both. So you have to take
+
+89
+00:06:55,120 --> 00:06:59,150
+care once you translate. Once you translate, it is
+
+90
+00:06:59,150 --> 00:07:02,590
+not necessarily to translate literally every
+
+91
+00:07:02,590 --> 00:07:05,710
+single word. You have to consider the structure of
+
+92
+00:07:05,710 --> 00:07:09,890
+infinitive and to see the difference, this means
+
+93
+00:07:09,890 --> 00:07:13,090
+that you have to consider the meaning or the
+
+94
+00:07:13,090 --> 00:07:16,610
+meaning of the verb itself and its syntactic
+
+95
+00:07:16,610 --> 00:07:21,030
+capacity, whether it accepts infinitive or gerund.
+
+96
+00:07:22,670 --> 00:07:27,340
+Return to the verbs, in Arabic whether the
+
+97
+00:07:27,340 --> 00:07:31,380
+translated verb accepts overt derived nominal or
+
+98
+00:07:31,380 --> 00:07:36,220
+covert derived nominal okay I need to terminate
+
+99
+00:07:36,220 --> 00:07:39,900
+here in order to give you a quiz just now about or
+
+100
+00:07:39,900 --> 00:07:44,260
+on the use of infinitive and gerund in English
+
+101
+00:07:44,260 --> 00:07:47,900
+okay that's it thank you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/4cblgZSFVv8.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1562 @@
+
+1
+00:00:16,120 --> 00:00:16,800
+Okay,
+
+2
+00:00:22,620 --> 00:00:26,540
+so today we are going to explain the manner of
+
+3
+00:00:26,540 --> 00:00:30,400
+articulation of consonants and then we are going
+
+4
+00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:34,440
+to shift to speak about the diphthongs of English
+
+5
+00:00:34,440 --> 00:00:38,040
+because we have already explained the place of
+
+6
+00:00:38,040 --> 00:00:42,020
+articulation, short vowels, and long vowels last
+
+7
+00:00:42,020 --> 00:00:44,200
+lecture, and we missed the manner of articulation
+
+8
+00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:47,280
+of consonants. Okay? We also spoke about
+
+9
+00:00:47,280 --> 00:00:51,860
+clusterization system. For the place of
+
+10
+00:00:51,860 --> 00:00:59,400
+articulation, we have the air obstructs in while
+
+11
+00:00:59,400 --> 00:01:05,420
+the air stream passes through the air pipe and the
+
+12
+00:01:05,420 --> 00:01:11,360
+mouth, producing the consonant sounds. However, in
+
+13
+00:01:11,360 --> 00:01:14,340
+manner of articulation, we have the air stream
+
+14
+00:01:14,340 --> 00:01:21,640
+configured in certain positions or certain manners
+
+15
+00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:27,690
+in the air pipe and the mouth. This comes out with
+
+16
+00:01:27,690 --> 00:01:28,870
+the manner of articulation.
+
+17
+00:01:31,470 --> 00:01:35,090
+So, the place of articulation is different from
+
+18
+00:01:35,090 --> 00:01:38,590
+the manner of articulation. We speak about the
+
+19
+00:01:38,590 --> 00:01:43,790
+areas where the airstream is stopped. This comes
+
+20
+00:01:43,790 --> 00:01:48,010
+out with the place of articulation. However, how
+
+21
+00:01:48,010 --> 00:01:52,390
+the airstream is configured comes out with the
+
+22
+00:01:52,390 --> 00:01:59,480
+manner of articulation. So, the two sounds, T and
+
+23
+00:01:59,480 --> 00:02:03,600
+S, are both alveolar sounds in English. This is
+
+24
+00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:09,060
+for the place of articulation. But the way they
+
+25
+00:02:09,060 --> 00:02:13,620
+are pronounced is called the manner of
+
+26
+00:02:13,620 --> 00:02:14,240
+articulation.
+
+27
+00:02:25,580 --> 00:02:28,900
+So we are going to see now the English stop
+
+28
+00:02:28,900 --> 00:02:38,160
+sounds. We have these
+
+29
+00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:45,140
+sounds are called stop consonants because the air
+
+30
+00:02:45,140 --> 00:02:49,200
+stream in the vocal track is completely stopped at
+
+31
+00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:54,780
+some point. So we have the sounds ta, da,
+
+32
+00:02:57,570 --> 00:03:04,330
+These sounds are stop. Okay. Now we have the Arabic
+
+33
+00:03:04,330 --> 00:03:15,190
+sounds. We have qa, dha, and ta as well. Also we
+
+34
+00:03:15,190 --> 00:03:23,830
+have ka, qa. We have the sound ba as well. These are
+
+35
+00:03:23,830 --> 00:03:27,610
+stop in Arabic. So if you compare between these
+
+36
+00:03:27,610 --> 00:03:29,710
+sounds and the English sounds, you'll find
+
+37
+00:03:29,710 --> 00:03:34,990
+difference since you have extra sounds in Arabic
+
+38
+00:03:34,990 --> 00:03:40,750
+which are stopped. Like the dh sound, dh sound, q,
+
+39
+00:03:41,210 --> 00:03:48,370
+q and k sound. However, in English, we only have
+
+40
+00:03:48,370 --> 00:03:53,070
+the p sound, the g sound, t sound, okay?
+
+41
+00:04:03,570 --> 00:04:05,450
+We have the English fricative sounds.
+
+42
+00:04:08,110 --> 00:04:11,790
+We have, in producing such sounds, we have
+
+43
+00:04:11,790 --> 00:04:14,730
+incomplete closure at some point in the mouth.
+
+44
+00:04:15,390 --> 00:04:18,350
+Okay? This manner of articulation is used in
+
+45
+00:04:18,350 --> 00:04:21,890
+producing a set of sounds which include the
+
+46
+00:04:21,890 --> 00:04:27,990
+labiodental fricatives like th and th. The dental
+
+47
+00:04:27,990 --> 00:04:30,630
+fricative th, th.
+
+48
+00:04:33,530 --> 00:04:39,910
+And the alveopilatal fricatives. The alveolar
+
+49
+00:04:39,910 --> 00:04:48,490
+fricative. And the glottal fricative. These are
+
+50
+00:04:48,490 --> 00:04:53,590
+altogether fricative sounds. However, in Arabic, we
+
+51
+00:04:53,590 --> 00:05:02,730
+have the sounds ف ص س ذ ث ش خ
+
+52
+00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,360
+These sounds are fricative in Arabic. So you see
+
+53
+00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:20,380
+that they are more than English. And you have some
+
+54
+00:05:20,380 --> 00:05:22,800
+sounds that are not available in English. So this
+
+55
+00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:28,420
+causes interlingual errors committed by the
+
+56
+00:05:28,420 --> 00:05:33,200
+English native speakers of Arabic. Those people
+
+57
+00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:36,560
+commit serious mistakes in pronouncing these
+
+58
+00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:39,680
+sounds because they are not originally found in
+
+59
+00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:43,180
+English. Okay? So, we expect them to commit
+
+60
+00:05:43,180 --> 00:05:46,740
+serious errors resulting from either the
+
+61
+00:05:46,740 --> 00:05:51,760
+difficulty of Arabic or negative interference from
+
+62
+00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:52,180
+English.
+
+63
+00:05:57,060 --> 00:05:59,220
+We have the English affricate.
+
+64
+00:06:06,690 --> 00:06:10,450
+This is a combination of two sounds, as you see,
+
+65
+00:06:11,150 --> 00:06:14,230
+which starts with a complete closure, then it is
+
+66
+00:06:14,230 --> 00:06:17,490
+followed by a slow release of air with friction.
+
+67
+00:06:19,250 --> 00:06:25,370
+This includes the alveopilatal sounds. However,
+
+68
+00:06:25,450 --> 00:06:27,970
+in Arabic, we only have one sound that is
+
+69
+00:06:33,560 --> 00:06:36,040
+So, the problem is represented in these two sounds
+
+70
+00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:40,180
+for the Arab learners because these two sounds are
+
+71
+00:06:40,180 --> 00:06:43,560
+not originally found in Arabic. So, we expect them
+
+72
+00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:48,300
+to commit interlingual errors. Instead of saying,
+
+73
+00:06:48,840 --> 00:06:52,760
+they will say, okay?
+
+74
+00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:01,560
+We have the nasal sounds.
+
+75
+00:07:08,130 --> 00:07:11,570
+This includes, in pronouncing such sounds, we have
+
+76
+00:07:11,570 --> 00:07:18,070
+complete closure of the mouth, the velum is
+
+77
+00:07:18,070 --> 00:07:20,850
+lowered and air stream is allowed to flow out
+
+78
+00:07:20,850 --> 00:07:25,270
+through the nose producing the bilabial nasal, the
+
+79
+00:07:25,270 --> 00:07:31,730
+alveolar nasal and the velar nasal. These are the
+
+80
+00:07:31,730 --> 00:07:34,730
+three soundswhich are called nasal in English.
+
+81
+00:07:35,410 --> 00:07:39,390
+However, in Arabic, we only have two sounds, n and
+
+82
+00:07:39,390 --> 00:07:43,190
+n. But we don't have n mainly because this sound
+
+83
+00:07:43,190 --> 00:07:46,470
+originally was not found in Arabic. So we expect
+
+84
+00:07:46,470 --> 00:07:52,010
+our students to replace it with the n sound. So
+
+85
+00:07:52,010 --> 00:07:54,890
+instead of saying playing, they say playing,
+
+86
+00:07:55,610 --> 00:08:00,450
+reading, reading. There's nothing called Reading,
+
+87
+00:08:01,010 --> 00:08:05,850
+okay? Singer, singer. Not, so you find your
+
+88
+00:08:05,850 --> 00:08:10,950
+students say singer, which is wrong. Okay? This is
+
+89
+00:08:10,950 --> 00:08:13,970
+called interlingual error or interlingual mistake.
+
+90
+00:08:14,550 --> 00:08:17,450
+Resulted from the interference, the negative
+
+91
+00:08:17,450 --> 00:08:20,030
+interference between Arabic and English.
+
+92
+00:08:22,950 --> 00:08:27,050
+We have the English lateral sound that is ill
+
+93
+00:08:27,050 --> 00:08:35,860
+sound. Okay? L sound. It is alveolar for the place
+
+94
+00:08:35,860 --> 00:08:39,760
+of articulation. It is lateral at the same time.
+
+95
+00:08:40,900 --> 00:08:47,220
+It is pronounced with partial closure in the mouth
+
+96
+00:08:47,220 --> 00:08:51,840
+where the air stream is blocked by the tip of the
+
+97
+00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:54,880
+tongue but allowed to escape around the side of
+
+98
+00:08:54,880 --> 00:09:00,900
+the tongue. This is. However, in case of having the
+
+99
+00:09:00,900 --> 00:09:04,360
+dark L, you have the right side of the tongue
+
+100
+00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:10,600
+articulating against the alveolar ridge. Okay? So,
+
+101
+00:09:10,660 --> 00:09:16,040
+we have light L in English, light L, and dark L.
+
+102
+00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:22,160
+But in Arabic, we only have the light L. Okay? So,
+
+103
+00:09:22,500 --> 00:09:25,560
+it becomes very difficult for the Arab learners to
+
+104
+00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:29,580
+pronounce the dark L, okay, which comes at the
+
+105
+00:09:29,580 --> 00:09:38,120
+final part of a word or before consonant. Okay? I
+
+106
+00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:46,500
+say will, deal, mill, but leader, lead.
+
+107
+00:09:49,780 --> 00:09:56,630
+Live, life. This is because it is followed by a
+
+108
+00:09:56,630 --> 00:09:59,910
+vowel. This comes out with the light l. However,
+
+109
+00:10:00,090 --> 00:10:09,250
+coming finally or before a consonant, then it is
+
+110
+00:10:09,250 --> 00:10:13,430
+considered as dark l. In Arabic, we have only the
+
+111
+00:10:13,430 --> 00:10:19,270
+l sound, which is light l, except only in the name
+
+112
+00:10:19,270 --> 00:10:21,890
+of Allah, the Almighty, we have Allah.
+
+113
+00:10:23,390 --> 00:10:25,890
+Subhanallah, this sound is different.
+
+114
+00:10:28,750 --> 00:10:30,250
+It's quite dark arrow.
+
+115
+00:10:36,450 --> 00:10:41,170
+We have the semivowels, the English glide sounds.
+
+116
+00:10:43,430 --> 00:10:51,290
+We have the rah sound, yah, wah, three sounds.
+
+117
+00:10:53,150 --> 00:10:56,230
+However, in Arabic, we only have two sounds, wa
+
+118
+00:10:56,230 --> 00:10:58,450
+and ya. Okay?
+
+119
+00:11:07,610 --> 00:11:10,030
+This is the manner of articulation. So, we see
+
+120
+00:11:10,030 --> 00:11:10,410
+that
+
+121
+00:11:15,350 --> 00:11:18,810
+The consonants of English differ from the
+
+122
+00:11:18,810 --> 00:11:21,370
+consonants of Arabic in either the place of
+
+123
+00:11:21,370 --> 00:11:24,930
+articulation and the manner of articulation. So,
+
+124
+00:11:25,030 --> 00:11:29,930
+they represent a rich area of difficulties of
+
+125
+00:11:29,930 --> 00:11:33,910
+interlingual and interlingual errors. We've seen
+
+126
+00:11:33,910 --> 00:11:37,630
+also the short vowels last time and the long
+
+127
+00:11:37,630 --> 00:11:42,010
+vowels. And we spotted several areas of
+
+128
+00:11:42,010 --> 00:11:46,230
+difficulties. we came with a conclusion that these
+
+129
+00:11:46,230 --> 00:11:53,210
+sounds also differ from the Arabic vowels. We have
+
+130
+00:11:53,210 --> 00:12:00,250
+a larger number of vowels in English than Arabic.
+
+131
+00:12:01,370 --> 00:12:05,230
+Okay? So this comes out of intralingual errors.
+
+132
+00:12:05,930 --> 00:12:09,130
+Most of the mistakes are intralingual, resulting
+
+133
+00:12:09,130 --> 00:12:13,500
+from the difficulty of English. Now we need to
+
+134
+00:12:13,500 --> 00:12:17,260
+shift to what is called the deaf tongues of
+
+135
+00:12:17,260 --> 00:12:17,720
+English.
+
+136
+00:12:23,780 --> 00:12:25,180
+And see the situation.
+
+137
+00:12:49,210 --> 00:12:53,130
+So, the diphthongs, as you know, are a combination
+
+138
+00:12:53,130 --> 00:13:01,090
+of two vowel sounds which take some duration of
+
+139
+00:13:01,090 --> 00:13:04,090
+time. Okay?
+
+140
+00:13:07,350 --> 00:13:10,850
+So, while producing diphthongs, the tongue moves
+
+141
+00:13:10,850 --> 00:13:14,290
+from one position or one vocalic position to
+
+142
+00:13:14,290 --> 00:13:20,940
+another. English has eight diphthongs. They are
+
+143
+00:13:20,940 --> 00:13:25,100
+divided into two types. Centering, centering
+
+144
+00:13:25,100 --> 00:13:27,140
+diphthongs and closing diphthongs.
+
+145
+00:13:31,820 --> 00:13:36,520
+So the centering diphthongs, they end with a glide
+
+146
+00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:41,820
+towards the central vowel, a, a, a schwa.
+
+147
+00:13:44,620 --> 00:13:57,630
+Like Air, air, as in bear, fair. Okay? So we have
+
+148
+00:13:57,630 --> 00:14:01,130
+the
+
+149
+00:14:01,130 --> 00:14:05,930
+glide sound or the glide difference that begin,
+
+150
+00:14:06,470 --> 00:14:09,330
+that have the tongue beginning in a certain
+
+151
+00:14:09,330 --> 00:14:12,570
+position, then gliding into another position.
+
+152
+00:14:13,850 --> 00:14:14,230
+Okay?
+
+153
+00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:27,400
+We are going to see these sounds pronounced.
+
+154
+00:14:39,060 --> 00:14:43,040
+They are pronounced by native speakers and we are
+
+155
+00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:43,560
+going to
+
+156
+00:14:52,330 --> 00:14:54,210
+Compare between them and Arabic.
+
+157
+00:15:06,390 --> 00:15:10,310
+Ear. Did you notice how the shape of my mouth
+
+158
+00:15:10,310 --> 00:15:16,270
+changed? Again, to the end of the cell. Listen to
+
+159
+00:15:16,270 --> 00:15:21,790
+your approach. Ear. Now you try. Listen to how I
+
+160
+00:15:21,790 --> 00:15:24,910
+repeat after you. Ear. Ear.
+
+161
+00:15:27,530 --> 00:15:30,870
+Third, this is the same as the word ear.
+
+162
+00:15:33,590 --> 00:15:38,350
+Now here are some words with this sound in them.
+
+163
+00:15:38,870 --> 00:15:46,010
+Near, here, weary. Now you try. Listen again and
+
+164
+00:15:46,010 --> 00:15:55,490
+repeat after me. Near, here, weary. Good.
+
+165
+00:16:11,950 --> 00:16:17,170
+So it is not fear, it is fear as I pronounce it,
+
+166
+00:16:17,710 --> 00:16:22,850
+okay? This is interlingual or intralingual
+
+167
+00:16:22,850 --> 00:16:23,310
+mistake.
+
+168
+00:16:28,170 --> 00:16:31,890
+Interlingual, okay? Resulting from the difficulty
+
+169
+00:16:31,890 --> 00:16:35,050
+of English sounds. Yes?
+
+170
+00:16:39,610 --> 00:16:45,810
+This diphthong, the centering diphthongs, they end
+
+171
+00:16:45,810 --> 00:16:53,750
+with a schwa. So, we have fear, beer, not beer.
+
+172
+00:16:54,390 --> 00:16:57,290
+This is a mistake committed by the Arab learners.
+
+173
+00:16:59,010 --> 00:17:05,870
+We have o as in show, tour, okay? It glides from a
+
+174
+00:17:05,870 --> 00:17:11,730
+tongue position. It is used for towards more open
+
+175
+00:17:11,730 --> 00:17:16,770
+type that is schwa. It appears in the words like
+
+176
+00:17:16,770 --> 00:17:27,750
+schwa, two. We have e as in chair, stair.
+
+177
+00:17:30,270 --> 00:17:35,230
+Another centering diphthong. Then we have the
+
+178
+00:17:35,230 --> 00:17:36,150
+closing diphthongs.
+
+179
+00:17:39,010 --> 00:17:48,150
+This is a, as in say, way. Okay? Again, the tongue
+
+180
+00:17:48,150 --> 00:17:53,150
+glides from one position to another. The glide
+
+181
+00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:56,350
+begins at a point behind the front open position
+
+182
+00:17:56,350 --> 00:18:01,370
+and moves in direction of the position of a. We
+
+183
+00:18:01,370 --> 00:18:09,440
+find the words like say, way, gate, hate, date,
+
+184
+00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:11,800
+place, etc.
+
+185
+00:18:14,660 --> 00:18:19,980
+We have the closing sound, the closing diphthong,
+
+186
+00:18:20,120 --> 00:18:24,440
+oy, as in toy,
+
+187
+00:18:27,580 --> 00:18:30,940
+enjoy, employ,
+
+188
+00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:37,710
+boil. The glide begins with a tongue position that
+
+189
+00:18:37,710 --> 00:18:43,490
+is for O and moves in the direction of I as in
+
+190
+00:18:43,490 --> 00:18:53,650
+toy, enjoy, employ, boil, etc. We have the I
+
+191
+00:18:53,650 --> 00:18:58,330
+sound. The glide begins at a point slightly behind
+
+192
+00:18:58,330 --> 00:19:01,830
+the front open position and moves in the direction
+
+193
+00:19:01,830 --> 00:19:06,720
+of the position associated with I sound. It occurs
+
+194
+00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:15,720
+in words such as high, by, by, light, I, yes,
+
+195
+00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:24,200
+okay, once, stressed, etc. So, let's now see these
+
+196
+00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:27,000
+sounds pronounced by native speakers.
+
+197
+00:19:55,790 --> 00:19:59,570
+This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The
+
+198
+00:19:59,570 --> 00:20:02,270
+shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning
+
+199
+00:20:02,270 --> 00:20:
+
+223
+00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:47,420
+I have confusion now between the diphthongs and also
+
+224
+00:22:47,420 --> 00:22:50,260
+the short vowels So this comes out with
+
+225
+00:22:50,260 --> 00:22:51,520
+intralingual errors
+
+226
+00:23:15,540 --> 00:23:17,580
+This is the last centering diphthong.
+
+227
+00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:23,160
+This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The
+
+228
+00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:26,140
+shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning
+
+229
+00:23:26,140 --> 00:23:31,540
+of the sound to the end. It's pronounced ua. Did
+
+230
+00:23:31,540 --> 00:23:34,240
+you notice how my mouth changed shape from the
+
+231
+00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:39,140
+beginning of the sound to the end? Ua. Now you
+
+232
+00:23:39,140 --> 00:23:46,990
+try. Listen and repeat after me. Ua. Ua. Now here
+
+233
+00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:51,950
+are some words which have this sound Now
+
+234
+00:23:51,950 --> 00:24:06,510
+you try, listen again and repeat after me Good
+
+235
+00:24:06,510 --> 00:24:09,650
+Now
+
+236
+00:24:09,650 --> 00:24:11,310
+we come to closing diphthongs
+
+237
+00:24:28,170 --> 00:24:33,330
+This is I. This is a diphthong, a double vowel
+
+238
+00:24:33,330 --> 00:24:37,730
+sound. The shape the mouth makes changes from the
+
+239
+00:24:37,730 --> 00:24:41,150
+beginning of the sound to the end. It's pronounced
+
+240
+00:24:41,150 --> 00:24:45,070
+I. Did you notice how the shape of my mouth
+
+241
+00:24:45,070 --> 00:24:52,230
+changed? Watch. I. Now you try. Listen again and
+
+242
+00:24:52,230 --> 00:24:58,890
+repeat after me. I. I. Say I, yeah. It's the same
+
+243
+00:24:58,890 --> 00:25:04,730
+as the word for I. Now here are some words with
+
+244
+00:25:04,730 --> 00:25:13,090
+this sound in them. Price. High. Try. Now you try.
+
+245
+00:25:13,570 --> 00:25:19,610
+Listen again and repeat after me. Price. High.
+
+246
+00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:25,030
+Try. Good.
+
+247
+00:25:46,880 --> 00:25:50,140
+This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The
+
+248
+00:25:50,140 --> 00:25:52,440
+shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning
+
+249
+00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:57,200
+of the sound to the end. It's pronounced ow. Now
+
+250
+00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:01,960
+did you notice the shape of my mouth? Ow. Now you
+
+251
+00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:11,120
+try. Watch, listen and repeat. Ow. Ow. Now here
+
+252
+00:26:11,120 --> 00:26:15,840
+are some words that have the ow sound. Mouth. Now.
+
+253
+00:26:17,050 --> 00:26:25,650
+Foul. Now you try. Listen and repeat. Mouth, now,
+
+254
+00:26:28,090 --> 00:26:31,190
+foul. Good.
+
+255
+00:26:47,110 --> 00:26:50,270
+We have the sound O. This is a diphthong, a double
+
+256
+00:26:50,270 --> 00:26:53,550
+vowel sound. The shape the mouth makes changes
+
+257
+00:26:53,550 --> 00:26:57,410
+from the beginning of the sound to the end. It's
+
+258
+00:26:57,410 --> 00:27:02,150
+pronounced O. Did you notice how my mouth changed
+
+259
+00:27:02,150 --> 00:27:09,130
+shape? Watch. O. Now you try. Listen, watch and
+
+260
+00:27:09,130 --> 00:27:16,480
+repeat after me. O. O. Now here are some words
+
+261
+00:27:16,480 --> 00:27:24,000
+that have the O sound. Boat, show, know. Now you
+
+262
+00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:33,200
+try. Listen and repeat after me. Boat, show, know.
+
+263
+00:27:34,380 --> 00:27:38,440
+Good. So there is a big difference between know
+
+264
+00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:43,250
+and no. For speakers of some languages, it may be
+
+265
+00:27:43,250 --> 00:27:45,390
+difficult to tell the difference between the
+
+266
+00:27:45,390 --> 00:27:50,450
+diphthong and the long vowel. Listen carefully to
+
+267
+00:27:50,450 --> 00:27:53,650
+hear the difference. For each example, I shall say
+
+268
+00:27:53,650 --> 00:27:59,150
+the word with the diphthong O first. coat, court,
+
+269
+00:28:00,090 --> 00:28:09,010
+dough, door, sew, saw, flow, Floor Now you try
+
+270
+00:28:09,010 --> 00:28:18,450
+Listen again and repeat after me Coat Court Dough
+
+271
+00:28:18,450 --> 00:28:35,290
+Door Sew Saw Flow Floor Good This mixing between
+
+272
+00:28:35,290 --> 00:28:39,530
+the Diphthong and the long vowel comes out with
+
+273
+00:28:39,530 --> 00:28:44,310
+intralingual errors resulting from the difficulty
+
+274
+00:28:44,310 --> 00:28:56,530
+of English itself. Now the last diphthong this
+
+275
+00:28:56,530 --> 00:29:01,990
+is A This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound.
+
+276
+00:29:02,430 --> 00:29:04,990
+The shape the mouth makes changes from the
+
+277
+00:29:04,990 --> 00:29:08,050
+beginning of the sound to the end. It's pronounced
+
+278
+00:29:08,050 --> 00:29:13,950
+A. Did you notice how my mouth changed shape? A.
+
+279
+00:29:15,050 --> 00:29:24,570
+Now you try. Listen, watch and repeat. A. A. Now
+
+280
+00:29:24,570 --> 00:29:27,810
+here are some words that have the A sound. Face.
+
+281
+00:29:28,570 --> 00:29:34,810
+They break. Now you try. Listen and repeat. Face.
+
+282
+00:29:36,670 --> 00:29:39,850
+They break.
+
+283
+00:29:41,410 --> 00:29:49,410
+Good. Yes. So we see these areas of difficulties
+
+284
+00:29:49,410 --> 00:29:53,210
+which produce intralingual errors and most of the
+
+285
+00:29:53,210 --> 00:29:57,540
+time mainly because these sounds are not found in
+
+286
+00:29:57,540 --> 00:30:00,340
+Arabic. We only have two diphthongs in Arabic.
+
+287
+00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:06,580
+This is L and A. So we are going to see just now.
+
+288
+00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:13,460
+We've seen the centering diphthongs, the three
+
+289
+00:30:13,460 --> 00:30:16,880
+centering diphthongs and the closing diphthongs.
+
+290
+00:30:21,540 --> 00:30:22,200
+However,
+
+291
+00:30:25,620 --> 00:30:30,220
+In Arabic, we only have two sounds. Okay? These
+
+292
+00:30:30,220 --> 00:30:33,200
+two sounds originally are not found in English.
+
+293
+00:30:33,880 --> 00:30:41,160
+Okay? So, we have aw, as you see, as in noun,
+
+294
+00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:44,680
+and ay,
+
+295
+00:30:47,420 --> 00:30:52,240
+as in bait. So, they completely differ from
+
+296
+00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:56,720
+English. This means that the difficulties in this
+
+297
+00:30:56,720 --> 00:31:02,060
+area come to what is called intralingual errors
+
+298
+00:31:02,060 --> 00:31:06,120
+because the diphthongs of English are not
+
+299
+00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:11,640
+available in Arabic. So this clarifies clearly the
+
+300
+00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:15,160
+difficulty of pronouncing English by the Arab
+
+301
+00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:20,360
+learners. This means that when you need to explain
+
+302
+00:31:20,360 --> 00:31:23,540
+these sounds to your students, you first of all
+
+303
+00:31:23,540 --> 00:31:29,560
+must master them very efficiently. Then you must
+
+304
+00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:34,800
+teach them properly and contextually through
+
+305
+00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:39,620
+dialogues, for example, or other activities of
+
+306
+00:31:39,620 --> 00:31:42,400
+teaching that facilitate the process of
+
+307
+00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:47,160
+pronunciation. Better to employ their ears and
+
+308
+00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:52,560
+their eyes completely like I did now. Okay? So
+
+309
+00:31:52,560 --> 00:31:55,600
+this helped them very much. Teaching formally
+
+310
+00:31:55,600 --> 00:32:01,000
+comes out with misunderstanding, comes out of
+
+311
+00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:04,580
+difficulty in understanding these sounds. So
+
+312
+00:32:04,580 --> 00:32:09,870
+better to let them Practice pronouncing these
+
+313
+00:32:09,870 --> 00:32:13,030
+sounds along with the vowels and the short vowels
+
+314
+00:32:13,030 --> 00:32:16,810
+because, you know, the English sound system
+
+315
+00:32:16,810 --> 00:32:22,910
+differs from Arabic. As we mentioned earlier, we
+
+316
+00:32:22,910 --> 00:32:27,430
+have 31 sounds in Arabic while we have 44 sounds
+
+317
+00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:31,290
+in English. These sounds do not relate to each
+
+318
+00:32:31,290 --> 00:32:34,470
+other, even the consonants, which we thought that
+
+319
+00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:40,750
+they are similar. Most of you assumed or believed
+
+320
+00:32:40,750 --> 00:32:44,510
+that the alveolar sounds are like the dental
+
+321
+00:32:44,510 --> 00:32:50,390
+sounds of Arabic, which is completely wrong. So,
+
+322
+00:32:50,890 --> 00:32:53,270
+you have to take care. You have to understand the
+
+323
+00:32:53,270 --> 00:32:55,850
+manner and place of articulation of these sounds.
+
+324
+00:32:56,670 --> 00:32:59,410
+You have to understand the position of pronouncing
+
+325
+00:32:59,410 --> 00:33:02,590
+the vowels, either the short vowels, long vowels,
+
+326
+00:33:03,060 --> 00:33:06,380
+You have to differentiate between them and your
+
+327
+00:33:06,380 --> 00:33:10,420
+Arabic sounds. Better to use the minimal pairs,
+
+328
+00:33:10,980 --> 00:33:14,840
+the minimal pairs here, as completely done by the
+
+329
+00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:18,540
+speaker, by the native speaker, once producing the
+
+330
+00:33:18,540 --> 00:33:21,160
+diphthongs. The minimal pairs are very, very
+
+331
+00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:24,220
+important for teaching the sound system of
+
+332
+00:33:24,220 --> 00:33:30,320
+English. Still, we have other difficulties. It's
+
+333
+00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:33,300
+not limited just in pronouncing these sounds.
+
+334
+00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:37,180
+These sounds are difficult just in isolation once
+
+335
+00:33:37,180 --> 00:33:40,700
+they are pronounced in one word. However, in
+
+336
+00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:47,400
+connected speech, we have shift available in
+
+337
+00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:51,220
+stress, for example. So, we have stress shift. We
+
+338
+00:33:51,220 --> 00:33:59,920
+have stress both in words in English. Okay? We
+
+339
+00:33:59,920 --> 00:34:03,320
+have rules for that. So if you master these rules,
+
+340
+00:34:03,420 --> 00:34:06,100
+this means that you are going to pronounce the
+
+341
+00:34:06,100 --> 00:34:08,700
+subrasegmental phonemes of English very correctly.
+
+342
+00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:13,200
+You are going to pronounce the
+
+343
+00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:17,040
+English sounds in connected utterance very
+
+344
+00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:21,310
+efficiently. So this means that U.S. teachers must
+
+345
+00:34:21,310 --> 00:34:26,470
+master the consonants, the vowels, the stress, the
+
+346
+00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:30,970
+intonation, the rhythm of English, because the
+
+347
+00:34:30,970 --> 00:34:37,250
+child, before producing his language, masters the
+
+348
+00:34:37,250 --> 00:34:40,850
+subrasegmental phonemes once the musculature of
+
+349
+00:34:40,850 --> 00:34:45,680
+the mouth is grown. So you find the child, a
+
+350
+00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,680
+language acquisition, you find the child masters
+
+351
+00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:52,140
+the sound system of his native tongue, say Arabic,
+
+352
+00:34:52,640 --> 00:34:57,440
+after one year, faith, trust, the child starts
+
+353
+00:34:57,440 --> 00:35:02,720
+listening and understanding. So he or she
+
+354
+00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,020
+understands the language, knows about the sound
+
+355
+00:35:06,020 --> 00:35:08,840
+system of the language, then you find the child
+
+356
+00:35:08,840 --> 00:35:15,060
+begins producing Sounds of English starting from
+
+357
+00:35:15,060 --> 00:35:21,800
+the bilabial sound m, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+358
+00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:22,720
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+359
+00:35:22,720 --> 00:35:23,060
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+360
+00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:31,220
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+361
+00:35:31,220 --> 00:35:31,240
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+362
+00:35:31,240 --> 00:35:32,080
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+363
+00:35:33,150 --> 00:35:35,330
+through the babbling stage, then one-word
+
+364
+00:35:35,330 --> 00:35:37,950
+utterance, two-word utterance, three-word
+
+365
+00:35:37,950 --> 00:35:41,850
+utterance, et cetera, then the simple sentence. So
+
+366
+00:35:41,850 --> 00:35:45,730
+after three years or four years in maximum, you
+
+367
+00:35:45,730 --> 00:35:49,930
+find the child producing the language, but after
+
+368
+00:35:49,930 --> 00:35:54,310
+mastering the subrasegmental phonemes. So you as
+
+369
+00:35:54,310 --> 00:35:57,850
+teachers must master the subrasegmental phonemes
+
+370
+00:35:57,850 --> 00:36:02,060
+of English before teaching English. Otherwise, you
+
+371
+00:36:02,060 --> 00:36:05,980
+commit serious errors. You produce heavy accents
+
+372
+00:36:05,980 --> 00:36:08,640
+that can't be understood by native speakers,
+
+373
+00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:11,940
+mainly because of the insertion of your Arabic
+
+374
+00:36:11,940 --> 00:36:17,260
+sounds into English. So this is our area of
+
+375
+00:36:17,260 --> 00:36:22,080
+contrastive linguistics. We differentiate or we
+
+376
+00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:25,820
+compare between Arabic sounds and English sounds
+
+377
+00:36:25,820 --> 00:36:30,470
+and we come with spotting the areas of
+
+378
+00:36:30,470 --> 00:36:34,550
+difficulties. These are represented... The most
+
+379
+00:36:34,550 --> 00:36:39,070
+difficult area is the schwa, as we've seen,
+
+380
+00:36:40,010 --> 00:36:44,650
+because it represents the weak form. Okay? We
+
+381
+00:36:44,650 --> 00:36:48,390
+don't have weak forms in Arabic. So you find your
+
+382
+00:36:48,390 --> 00:36:51,850
+students cannot pronounce the weak form correctly,
+
+383
+00:36:52,050 --> 00:36:55,770
+as I mentioned previously. Today I want to show
+
+384
+00:36:55,770 --> 00:36:58,910
+you the anatomy of a horse. Today I want to show
+
+385
+00:36:58,910 --> 00:37:01,690
+you the anatomy of a horse. Today I want to show
+
+386
+00:37:01,690 --> 00:37:06,610
+you. Today I want to show you this is wrong. So
+
+387
+00:37:06,610 --> 00:37:11,030
+having all words stressed in English is completely
+
+388
+00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:14,850
+wrong. But this is available in Arabic. اليوم
+
+389
+00:37:14,850 --> 00:37:21,230
+سأريكم تشريح الحصان. So we don't have weak forms
+
+390
+00:37:21,230 --> 00:37:23,960
+in Arabic, but we have them In English, it is an
+
+391
+00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:28,540
+area of difficulty causing interlingual or
+
+392
+00:37:28,540 --> 00:37:32,680
+interlingual errors. Interlingual errors because
+
+393
+00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:37,100
+you insert Arabic, the Arabic stress system into
+
+394
+00:37:37,100 --> 00:37:43,860
+English. Okay, we have the glottal sound A, which
+
+395
+00:37:43,860 --> 00:37:46,740
+is inserted into your pronunciation once you
+
+396
+00:37:46,740 --> 00:37:50,140
+pronounce English instead of the schwa. So instead
+
+397
+00:37:50,140 --> 00:37:54,020
+of saying about, you say about instead of saying
+
+398
+00:37:54,020 --> 00:38:00,200
+above you say above above okay instead of saying
+
+399
+00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:04,320
+amount you say amount also we have the doubling
+
+400
+00:38:04,320 --> 00:38:08,840
+state the doubling phenomenon you have university
+
+401
+00:38:08,840 --> 00:38:13,660
+students insert the gemination of Arabic into
+
+402
+00:38:13,660 --> 00:38:18,660
+English so instead of saying amount amount they
+
+403
+00:38:18,660 --> 00:38:23,590
+say amount comment They say comment, collapse.
+
+404
+00:38:23,990 --> 00:38:27,950
+They say collapse, collapse. Illegal, they say
+
+405
+00:38:27,950 --> 00:38:32,090
+illegal, which is completely wrong. Okay? So you
+
+406
+00:38:32,090 --> 00:38:35,010
+have to take this into your consideration once you
+
+407
+00:38:35,010 --> 00:38:38,290
+pronounce English and once you teach this
+
+408
+00:38:38,290 --> 00:38:41,550
+language. This language is very simple, it's very
+
+409
+00:38:41,550 --> 00:38:45,650
+clear, but you have to accustom yourselves to such
+
+410
+00:38:45,650 --> 00:38:50,690
+language. Now, next time I'm going to speak about
+
+411
+00:38:51,300 --> 00:38:56,480
+the stress system we have stress and isolation I
+
+412
+00:38:56,480 --> 00:39:02,460
+mean word stress okay where the nouns have a
+
+413
+00:39:02,460 --> 00:39:05,600
+certain position of stress that is different from
+
+414
+00:39:05,600 --> 

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/4cblgZSFVv8_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1748 @@
+1
+00:00:16,120 --> 00:00:16,800
+Okay,
+
+2
+00:00:22,620 --> 00:00:26,540
+so today we are going to explain the manner of
+
+3
+00:00:26,540 --> 00:00:30,400
+articulation of consonants and then We are going
+
+4
+00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:34,440
+to shift to speak about the diphthongs of English
+
+5
+00:00:34,440 --> 00:00:38,040
+because we have already explained the place of
+
+6
+00:00:38,040 --> 00:00:42,020
+articulation, short vowels, and long vowels last
+
+7
+00:00:42,020 --> 00:00:44,200
+lecture, and we missed the manner of articulation
+
+8
+00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:47,280
+of consonants. Okay? We also spoke about
+
+9
+00:00:47,280 --> 00:00:51,860
+clusterization system. For the place of
+
+10
+00:00:51,860 --> 00:00:59,400
+articulation, we have the air obstructs in while
+
+11
+00:00:59,400 --> 00:01:05,420
+the air stream passes through the air pipe and the
+
+12
+00:01:05,420 --> 00:01:11,360
+mouth, producing the consonant sounds. However, in
+
+13
+00:01:11,360 --> 00:01:14,340
+manner of articulation, we have the air stream
+
+14
+00:01:14,340 --> 00:01:21,640
+configured in certain positions or certain manners
+
+15
+00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:27,690
+in the air pipe and the mouth. This comes out with
+
+16
+00:01:27,690 --> 00:01:28,870
+the manner of articulation.
+
+17
+00:01:31,470 --> 00:01:35,090
+So, the place of articulation is different from
+
+18
+00:01:35,090 --> 00:01:38,590
+the manner of articulation. We speak about the
+
+19
+00:01:38,590 --> 00:01:43,790
+areas where the airstream is stopped. This comes
+
+20
+00:01:43,790 --> 00:01:48,010
+out with the place of articulation. However, how
+
+21
+00:01:48,010 --> 00:01:52,390
+the airstream is configured comes out with the
+
+22
+00:01:52,390 --> 00:01:59,480
+manner of articulation. So, the two sounds, T and
+
+23
+00:01:59,480 --> 00:02:03,600
+S, are both alveolar sounds in English. This is
+
+24
+00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:09,060
+for the place of articulation. But the way they
+
+25
+00:02:09,060 --> 00:02:13,620
+are pronounced is called the manner of
+
+26
+00:02:13,620 --> 00:02:14,240
+articulation.
+
+27
+00:02:25,580 --> 00:02:28,900
+So we are going to see now the English stop
+
+28
+00:02:28,900 --> 00:02:38,160
+sounds. We have these
+
+29
+00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:45,140
+sounds are called stop consonants because the air
+
+30
+00:02:45,140 --> 00:02:49,200
+stream in the vocal track is completely stopped at
+
+31
+00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:54,780
+some point. So we have the sounds ta, da,
+
+32
+00:02:57,570 --> 00:03:04,330
+These sounds are stop Okay Now we have the Arabic
+
+33
+00:03:04,330 --> 00:03:15,190
+sounds We have qa, dha, and ta as well Also we
+
+34
+00:03:15,190 --> 00:03:23,830
+have ka, qa We have the sound ba as well These are
+
+35
+00:03:23,830 --> 00:03:27,610
+stop in Arabic So if you compare between these
+
+36
+00:03:27,610 --> 00:03:29,710
+sounds and the English sounds, you'll find
+
+37
+00:03:29,710 --> 00:03:34,990
+difference since you have extra sounds in Arabic
+
+38
+00:03:34,990 --> 00:03:40,750
+which are stopped. Like the dh sound, dh sound, q,
+
+39
+00:03:41,210 --> 00:03:48,370
+q and k sound. However, in English, we only have
+
+40
+00:03:48,370 --> 00:03:53,070
+the p sound, the g sound, t sound, okay?
+
+41
+00:04:03,570 --> 00:04:05,450
+We have the English fricative sounds.
+
+42
+00:04:08,110 --> 00:04:11,790
+We have, in producing such sounds, we have
+
+43
+00:04:11,790 --> 00:04:14,730
+incomplete closure at some point in the mouth.
+
+44
+00:04:15,390 --> 00:04:18,350
+Okay? This manner of articulation is used in
+
+45
+00:04:18,350 --> 00:04:21,890
+producing a set of sounds which include the
+
+46
+00:04:21,890 --> 00:04:27,990
+labiodental fricatives like th and th. The dental
+
+47
+00:04:27,990 --> 00:04:30,630
+fricative th, th.
+
+48
+00:04:33,530 --> 00:04:39,910
+And the alveopilatal fricatives The alveolar
+
+49
+00:04:39,910 --> 00:04:48,490
+fricative And the glottal fricative These are
+
+50
+00:04:48,490 --> 00:04:53,590
+altogether fricative sounds However, in Arabic, we
+
+51
+00:04:53,590 --> 00:05:02,730
+have the sounds ف ص س ذ ث ش خ
+
+52
+00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,360
+These sounds are fricative in Arabic. So you see
+
+53
+00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:20,380
+that they are more than English. And you have some
+
+54
+00:05:20,380 --> 00:05:22,800
+sounds that are not available in English. So this
+
+55
+00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:28,420
+causes interlingual errors committed by the
+
+56
+00:05:28,420 --> 00:05:33,200
+English native speakers of Arabic. Those people
+
+57
+00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:36,560
+commit serious mistakes in pronouncing these
+
+58
+00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:39,680
+sounds because they are not originally found in
+
+59
+00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:43,180
+English. Okay? So, we expect them to commit
+
+60
+00:05:43,180 --> 00:05:46,740
+serious errors resulting from either the
+
+61
+00:05:46,740 --> 00:05:51,760
+difficulty of Arabic or negative interference from
+
+62
+00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:52,180
+English.
+
+63
+00:05:57,060 --> 00:05:59,220
+We have the English affricate.
+
+64
+00:06:06,690 --> 00:06:10,450
+This is a combination of two sounds, as you see,
+
+65
+00:06:11,150 --> 00:06:14,230
+which starts with a complete closure, then it is
+
+66
+00:06:14,230 --> 00:06:17,490
+followed by a slow release of air with friction.
+
+67
+00:06:19,250 --> 00:06:25,370
+This includes the alveopilatal sounds However,
+
+68
+00:06:25,450 --> 00:06:27,970
+in Arabic, we only have one sound that is
+
+69
+00:06:33,560 --> 00:06:36,040
+So, the problem is represented in these two sounds
+
+70
+00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:40,180
+for the Arab learners because these two sounds are
+
+71
+00:06:40,180 --> 00:06:43,560
+not originally found in Arabic. So, we expect them
+
+72
+00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:48,300
+to commit interlingual errors. Instead of saying,
+
+73
+00:06:48,840 --> 00:06:52,760
+they will say, okay?
+
+74
+00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:01,560
+We have the nasal sounds.
+
+75
+00:07:08,130 --> 00:07:11,570
+This includes, in pronouncing such sounds, we have
+
+76
+00:07:11,570 --> 00:07:18,070
+complete closure of the mouth, the velum is
+
+77
+00:07:18,070 --> 00:07:20,850
+lowered and air stream is allowed to flow out
+
+78
+00:07:20,850 --> 00:07:25,270
+through the nose producing the bilabial nasal, the
+
+79
+00:07:25,270 --> 00:07:31,730
+alveolar nasal and the velar nasal. These are the
+
+80
+00:07:31,730 --> 00:07:34,730
+three soundswhich are called nasal in English.
+
+81
+00:07:35,410 --> 00:07:39,390
+However, in Arabic, we only have two sounds, n and
+
+82
+00:07:39,390 --> 00:07:43,190
+n. But we don't have n mainly because this sound
+
+83
+00:07:43,190 --> 00:07:46,470
+originally was not found in Arabic. So we expect
+
+84
+00:07:46,470 --> 00:07:52,010
+our students to replace it with the n sound. So
+
+85
+00:07:52,010 --> 00:07:54,890
+instead of saying playing, they say playing,
+
+86
+00:07:55,610 --> 00:08:00,450
+reading, reading. There's nothing called Reading,
+
+87
+00:08:01,010 --> 00:08:05,850
+okay? Singer, singer. Not, so you find your
+
+88
+00:08:05,850 --> 00:08:10,950
+students say singer, which is wrong. Okay? This is
+
+89
+00:08:10,950 --> 00:08:13,970
+called interlingual error or interlingual mistake.
+
+90
+00:08:14,550 --> 00:08:17,450
+Resulted from the interference, the negative
+
+91
+00:08:17,450 --> 00:08:20,030
+interference between Arabic and English.
+
+92
+00:08:22,950 --> 00:08:27,050
+We have the English lateral sound that is ill
+
+93
+00:08:27,050 --> 00:08:35,860
+sound. Okay? L sound. It is alveolar for the place
+
+94
+00:08:35,860 --> 00:08:39,760
+of articulation. It is lateral at the same time.
+
+95
+00:08:40,900 --> 00:08:47,220
+It is pronounced with partial closure in the mouth
+
+96
+00:08:47,220 --> 00:08:51,840
+where the air stream is blocked by the tip of the
+
+97
+00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:54,880
+tongue but allowed to escape around the side of
+
+98
+00:08:54,880 --> 00:09:00,900
+the tongue. This is However, in case of having the
+
+99
+00:09:00,900 --> 00:09:04,360
+dark L, you have the right side of the tongue
+
+100
+00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:10,600
+articulating against the alveolar ridge. Okay? So,
+
+101
+00:09:10,660 --> 00:09:16,040
+we have light L in English, light L, and dark L.
+
+102
+00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:22,160
+But in Arabic, we only have the light L. Okay? So,
+
+103
+00:09:22,500 --> 00:09:25,560
+it becomes very difficult for the Arab learners to
+
+104
+00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:29,580
+pronounce the dark L, okay, which comes at the
+
+105
+00:09:29,580 --> 00:09:38,120
+final part of a word or before consonant. Okay? I
+
+106
+00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:46,500
+say will, deal, mill, but leader, lead.
+
+107
+00:09:49,780 --> 00:09:56,630
+Live, life. This is because it is followed by a
+
+108
+00:09:56,630 --> 00:09:59,910
+vowel. This comes out with the light l. However,
+
+109
+00:10:00,090 --> 00:10:09,250
+coming finally or before a consonant, then it is
+
+110
+00:10:09,250 --> 00:10:13,430
+considered as dark l. In Arabic, we have only the
+
+111
+00:10:13,430 --> 00:10:19,270
+l sound, which is light l, except only in the name
+
+112
+00:10:19,270 --> 00:10:21,890
+of Allah, the Almighty, we have Allah.
+
+113
+00:10:23,390 --> 00:10:25,890
+Subhanallah, this sound is different.
+
+114
+00:10:28,750 --> 00:10:30,250
+It's quite dark arrow.
+
+115
+00:10:36,450 --> 00:10:41,170
+We have the semivowels, the English glide sounds.
+
+116
+00:10:43,430 --> 00:10:51,290
+We have the rah sound, yah, wah, three sounds.
+
+117
+00:10:53,150 --> 00:10:56,230
+However, in Arabic, we only have two sounds, wa
+
+118
+00:10:56,230 --> 00:10:58,450
+and ya. Okay?
+
+119
+00:11:07,610 --> 00:11:10,030
+This is the manner of articulation. So, we see
+
+120
+00:11:10,030 --> 00:11:10,410
+that
+
+121
+00:11:15,350 --> 00:11:18,810
+The consonants of English differ from the
+
+122
+00:11:18,810 --> 00:11:21,370
+consonants of Arabic in either the place of
+
+123
+00:11:21,370 --> 00:11:24,930
+articulation and the manner of articulation. So,
+
+124
+00:11:25,030 --> 00:11:29,930
+they represent a rich area of difficulties of
+
+125
+00:11:29,930 --> 00:11:33,910
+interlingual and interlingual errors. We've seen
+
+126
+00:11:33,910 --> 00:11:37,630
+also the short vowels last time and the long
+
+127
+00:11:37,630 --> 00:11:42,010
+vowels. And we spotted several areas of
+
+128
+00:11:42,010 --> 00:11:46,230
+difficulties. we came with a conclusion that these
+
+129
+00:11:46,230 --> 00:11:53,210
+sounds also differ from the Arabic vowels. We have
+
+130
+00:11:53,210 --> 00:12:00,250
+a larger number of vowels in English than Arabic.
+
+131
+00:12:01,370 --> 00:12:05,230
+Okay? So this comes out of intralingual errors.
+
+132
+00:12:05,930 --> 00:12:09,130
+Most of the mistakes are intralingual, resulting
+
+133
+00:12:09,130 --> 00:12:13,500
+from the difficulty of English. Now we need to
+
+134
+00:12:13,500 --> 00:12:17,260
+shift to what is called the deaf tongues of
+
+135
+00:12:17,260 --> 00:12:17,720
+English.
+
+136
+00:12:23,780 --> 00:12:25,180
+And see the situation.
+
+137
+00:12:49,210 --> 00:12:53,130
+So, the diphthongs, as you know, are a combination
+
+138
+00:12:53,130 --> 00:13:01,090
+of two vowel sounds which take some duration of
+
+139
+00:13:01,090 --> 00:13:04,090
+time. Okay?
+
+140
+00:13:07,350 --> 00:13:10,850
+So, while producing diphthongs, the tongue moves
+
+141
+00:13:10,850 --> 00:13:14,290
+from one position or one vocalic position to
+
+142
+00:13:14,290 --> 00:13:20,940
+another. English has eight diphthongs. They are
+
+143
+00:13:20,940 --> 00:13:25,100
+divided into two types. Centering, centering
+
+144
+00:13:25,100 --> 00:13:27,140
+diphthongs and closing diphthongs.
+
+145
+00:13:31,820 --> 00:13:36,520
+So the centering diphthongs, they end with a glide
+
+146
+00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:41,820
+towards the central vowel, a, a, a schwa.
+
+147
+00:13:44,620 --> 00:13:57,630
+Like Air, air, as in bear, fair. Okay? So we have
+
+148
+00:13:57,630 --> 00:14:01,130
+the
+
+149
+00:14:01,130 --> 00:14:05,930
+glide sound or the glide difference that begin,
+
+150
+00:14:06,470 --> 00:14:09,330
+that have the tongue beginning in a certain
+
+151
+00:14:09,330 --> 00:14:12,570
+position, then gliding into another position.
+
+152
+00:14:13,850 --> 00:14:14,230
+Okay?
+
+153
+00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:27,400
+We are going to see these sounds pronounced.
+
+154
+00:14:39,060 --> 00:14:43,040
+They are pronounced by native speakers and we are
+
+155
+00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:43,560
+going to
+
+156
+00:14:52,330 --> 00:14:54,210
+Compare between them and Arabic.
+
+157
+00:15:06,390 --> 00:15:10,310
+Ear. Did you notice how the shape of my mouth
+
+158
+00:15:10,310 --> 00:15:16,270
+changed? Again, to the end of the cell. Listen to
+
+159
+00:15:16,270 --> 00:15:21,790
+your approach. Ear. Now you try. Listen to how I
+
+160
+00:15:21,790 --> 00:15:24,910
+repeat after you. Ear. Ear.
+
+161
+00:15:27,530 --> 00:15:30,870
+Third, this is the same as the word ear.
+
+162
+00:15:33,590 --> 00:15:38,350
+Now here are some words with this sound in them.
+
+163
+00:15:38,870 --> 00:15:46,010
+Near, here, weary. Now you try. Listen again and
+
+164
+00:15:46,010 --> 00:15:55,490
+repeat after me. Near, here, weary. Good.
+
+165
+00:16:11,950 --> 00:16:17,170
+So it is not fear, it is fear as I pronounce it,
+
+166
+00:16:17,710 --> 00:16:22,850
+okay? This is interlingual or intralingual
+
+167
+00:16:22,850 --> 00:16:23,310
+mistake.
+
+168
+00:16:28,170 --> 00:16:31,890
+Interlingual, okay? Resulting from the difficulty
+
+169
+00:16:31,890 --> 00:16:35,050
+of English sounds. Yes?
+
+170
+00:16:39,610 --> 00:16:45,810
+This diphthong, the centering diphthongs, they end
+
+171
+00:16:45,810 --> 00:16:53,750
+with a schwa. So, we have fear, beer, not beer.
+
+172
+00:16:54,390 --> 00:16:57,290
+This is a mistake committed by the Arab learners.
+
+173
+00:16:59,010 --> 00:17:05,870
+We have o as in show, tour, okay? It glides from a
+
+174
+00:17:05,870 --> 00:17:11,730
+tongue position. It is used for towards more open
+
+175
+00:17:11,730 --> 00:17:16,770
+type that is schwa. It appears in the words like
+
+176
+00:17:16,770 --> 00:17:27,750
+schwa, two. We have e as in chair, stair.
+
+177
+00:17:30,270 --> 00:17:35,230
+Another centering diphthong. Then we have the
+
+178
+00:17:35,230 --> 00:17:36,150
+closing diphthongs.
+
+179
+00:17:39,010 --> 00:17:48,150
+This is a, as in say, way. Okay? Again, the tongue
+
+180
+00:17:48,150 --> 00:17:53,150
+glides from one position to another. The glide
+
+181
+00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:56,350
+begins at a point behind the front open position
+
+182
+00:17:56,350 --> 00:18:01,370
+and moves in direction of the position of a. We
+
+183
+00:18:01,370 --> 00:18:09,440
+find the words like say, way, gate, hate, date,
+
+184
+00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:11,800
+place, etc.
+
+185
+00:18:14,660 --> 00:18:19,980
+We have the closing sound, the closing diphthong,
+
+186
+00:18:20,120 --> 00:18:24,440
+oy, as in toy,
+
+187
+00:18:27,580 --> 00:18:30,940
+enjoy, employ,
+
+188
+00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:37,710
+boil, The glide begins with a tongue position that
+
+189
+00:18:37,710 --> 00:18:43,490
+is for O and moves in the direction of I as in
+
+190
+00:18:43,490 --> 00:18:53,650
+toy, enjoy, employ, boil, etc. We have the I
+
+191
+00:18:53,650 --> 00:18:58,330
+sound. The glide begins at a point slightly behind
+
+192
+00:18:58,330 --> 00:19:01,830
+the front open position and moves in the direction
+
+193
+00:19:01,830 --> 00:19:06,720
+of the position associated with I sound. It occurs
+
+194
+00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:15,720
+in words such as high, by, by, light, I, yes,
+
+195
+00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:24,200
+okay, once, stressed, etc. So, let's now see these
+
+196
+00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:27,000
+sounds pronounced by native speakers.
+
+197
+00:19:55,790 --> 00:19:59,570
+This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The
+
+198
+00:19:59,570 --> 00:20:02,270
+shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning
+
+199
+00:20:02,270 --> 00:20:08,230
+of the sound to the end. It's pronounced ear. Did
+
+200
+00:20:08,230 --> 00:20:11,470
+you notice how the shape of my mouth changed from
+
+201
+00:20:11,470 --> 00:20:16,510
+the beginning to the end of the sound? Listen and
+
+202
+00:20:16,510 --> 00:20:22,110
+watch. Ear. Now you try. Listen again and repeat
+
+203
+00:20:22,110 --> 00:20:29,460
+after me. Ear. ear in fact this is the same as the
+
+204
+00:20:29,460 --> 00:20:35,920
+word ear which you hear with now hear are some
+
+205
+00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:43,140
+words with this sound in them near hear weary now
+
+206
+00:20:43,140 --> 00:20:50,800
+you try listen again and repeat after me near hear
+
+207
+00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:53,380
+weary
+
+208
+00:21:04,770 --> 00:21:08,530
+Good. This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound.
+
+209
+00:21:09,230 --> 00:21:11,770
+The shape the mouth makes changes from the
+
+210
+00:21:11,770 --> 00:21:15,210
+beginning of the sound to the end. It's pronounced
+
+211
+00:21:15,210 --> 00:21:20,830
+air. Did you notice how my mouth changed from the
+
+212
+00:21:20,830 --> 00:21:26,090
+beginning to the end of the sound? Watch. Air. Now
+
+213
+00:21:26,090 --> 00:21:34,050
+you try. Air. Air. Now here are some words that
+
+214
+00:21:34,050 --> 00:21:42,610
+have the air sound. Square. Fair. Pair. Now you
+
+215
+00:21:42,610 --> 00:21:52,490
+try. Listen and repeat. Square. Fair. Hair. Good.
+
+216
+00:21:53,270 --> 00:21:57,610
+So we have here a confusion between the pair,
+
+217
+00:21:58,330 --> 00:22:03,630
+square, and square. So we have difficulty just in
+
+218
+00:22:03,630 --> 00:22:06,830
+pronouncing the two sounds, the two diphthongs. A
+
+219
+00:22:06,830 --> 00:22:12,810
+and air. For each example, I'm going to say the
+
+220
+00:22:12,810 --> 00:22:23,330
+word with air. Dad, dad. Glad, glad. Mary, Mary.
+
+221
+00:22:24,180 --> 00:22:28,240
+Now you try, listen again and repeat after me
+
+222
+00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:44,720
+Dared Dad Glared Glad Merry Marry Good Yes, we
+
+223
+00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:47,420
+have confusion now between the diphthongs and also
+
+224
+00:22:47,420 --> 00:22:50,260
+the short vowels So this comes out with
+
+225
+00:22:50,260 --> 00:22:51,520
+intralingual errors
+
+226
+00:23:15,540 --> 00:23:17,580
+This is the last centering diphthong.
+
+227
+00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:23,160
+This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The
+
+228
+00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:26,140
+shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning
+
+229
+00:23:26,140 --> 00:23:31,540
+of the sound to the end. It's pronounced ua. Did
+
+230
+00:23:31,540 --> 00:23:34,240
+you notice how my mouth changed shape from the
+
+231
+00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:39,140
+beginning of the sound to the end? Ua. Now you
+
+232
+00:23:39,140 --> 00:23:46,990
+try. Listen and repeat after me. Ua. Ua. Now here
+
+233
+00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:51,950
+are some words which have this sound Now
+
+234
+00:23:51,950 --> 00:24:06,510
+you try, listen again and repeat after me Good
+
+235
+00:24:06,510 --> 00:24:09,650
+Now
+
+236
+00:24:09,650 --> 00:24:11,310
+we come to closing diphthongs
+
+237
+00:24:28,170 --> 00:24:33,330
+This is I. This is a diphthong, a double vowel
+
+238
+00:24:33,330 --> 00:24:37,730
+sound. The shape the mouth makes changes from the
+
+239
+00:24:37,730 --> 00:24:41,150
+beginning of the sound to the end. It's pronounced
+
+240
+00:24:41,150 --> 00:24:45,070
+I. Did you notice how the shape of my mouth
+
+241
+00:24:45,070 --> 00:24:52,230
+changed? Watch. I. Now you try. Listen again and
+
+242
+00:24:52,230 --> 00:24:58,890
+repeat after me. I. I. Say I, yeah. It's the same
+
+243
+00:24:58,890 --> 00:25:04,730
+as the word for I. Now here are some words with
+
+244
+00:25:04,730 --> 00:25:13,090
+this sound in them. Price. High. Try. Now you try.
+
+245
+00:25:13,570 --> 00:25:19,610
+Listen again and repeat after me. Price. High.
+
+246
+00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:25,030
+Try. Good.
+
+247
+00:25:46,880 --> 00:25:50,140
+This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The
+
+248
+00:25:50,140 --> 00:25:52,440
+shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning
+
+249
+00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:57,200
+of the sound to the end. It's pronounced ow. Now
+
+250
+00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:01,960
+did you notice the shape of my mouth? Ow. Now you
+
+251
+00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:11,120
+try. Watch, listen and repeat. Ow. Ow. Now here
+
+252
+00:26:11,120 --> 00:26:15,840
+are some words that have the ow sound. Mouth. Now.
+
+253
+00:26:17,050 --> 00:26:25,650
+Foul. Now you try. Listen and repeat. Mouth, now,
+
+254
+00:26:28,090 --> 00:26:31,190
+foul. Good.
+
+255
+00:26:47,110 --> 00:26:50,270
+We have the sound O. This is a diphthong, a double
+
+256
+00:26:50,270 --> 00:26:53,550
+vowel sound. The shape the mouth makes changes
+
+257
+00:26:53,550 --> 00:26:57,410
+from the beginning of the sound to the end. It's
+
+258
+00:26:57,410 --> 00:27:02,150
+pronounced O. Did you notice how my mouth changed
+
+259
+00:27:02,150 --> 00:27:09,130
+shape? Watch. O. Now you try. Listen, watch and
+
+260
+00:27:09,130 --> 00:27:16,480
+repeat after me. O. O. Now here are some words
+
+261
+00:27:16,480 --> 00:27:24,000
+that have the O sound. Boat, show, know. Now you
+
+262
+00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:33,200
+try. Listen and repeat after me. Boat, show, know.
+
+263
+00:27:34,380 --> 00:27:38,440
+Good. So there is a big difference between know
+
+264
+00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:43,250
+and no. For speakers of some languages, it may be
+
+265
+00:27:43,250 --> 00:27:45,390
+difficult to tell the difference between the
+
+266
+00:27:45,390 --> 00:27:50,450
+diphthong and the long vowel. Listen carefully to
+
+267
+00:27:50,450 --> 00:27:53,650
+hear the difference. For each example, I shall say
+
+268
+00:27:53,650 --> 00:27:59,150
+the word with the diphthong O first. coat, court,
+
+269
+00:28:00,090 --> 00:28:09,010
+dough, door, sew, saw, flow, Floor Now you try
+
+270
+00:28:09,010 --> 00:28:18,450
+Listen again and repeat after me Coat Court Dough
+
+271
+00:28:18,450 --> 00:28:35,290
+Door Sew Saw Flow Floor Good This mixing between
+
+272
+00:28:35,290 --> 00:28:39,530
+the Diphthong and the long vowel comes out with
+
+273
+00:28:39,530 --> 00:28:44,310
+intralingual errors resulting from the difficulty
+
+274
+00:28:44,310 --> 00:28:56,530
+of English itself. Now the last diphthong this
+
+275
+00:28:56,530 --> 00:29:01,990
+is A This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound.
+
+276
+00:29:02,430 --> 00:29:04,990
+The shape the mouth makes changes from the
+
+277
+00:29:04,990 --> 00:29:08,050
+beginning of the sound to the end. It's pronounced
+
+278
+00:29:08,050 --> 00:29:13,950
+A. Did you notice how my mouth changed shape? A.
+
+279
+00:29:15,050 --> 00:29:24,570
+Now you try. Listen, watch and repeat. A. A. Now
+
+280
+00:29:24,570 --> 00:29:27,810
+here are some words that have the A sound. Face.
+
+281
+00:29:28,570 --> 00:29:34,810
+They break. Now you try. Listen and repeat. Face.
+
+282
+00:29:36,670 --> 00:29:39,850
+They break.
+
+283
+00:29:41,410 --> 00:29:49,410
+Good. Yes. So we see these areas of difficulties
+
+284
+00:29:49,410 --> 00:29:53,210
+which produce intralingual errors and most of the
+
+285
+00:29:53,210 --> 00:29:57,540
+time mainly because these sounds are not found in
+
+286
+00:29:57,540 --> 00:30:00,340
+Arabic. We only have two diphthongs in Arabic.
+
+287
+00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:06,580
+This is L and A. So we are going to see just now.
+
+288
+00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:13,460
+We've seen the centering diphthongs, the three
+
+289
+00:30:13,460 --> 00:30:16,880
+centering diphthongs and the closing diphthongs.
+
+290
+00:30:21,540 --> 00:30:22,200
+However,
+
+291
+00:30:25,620 --> 00:30:30,220
+In Arabic, we only have two sounds. Okay? These
+
+292
+00:30:30,220 --> 00:30:33,200
+two sounds originally are not found in English.
+
+293
+00:30:33,880 --> 00:30:41,160
+Okay? So, we have aw, as you see, as in noun,
+
+294
+00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:44,680
+and ay,
+
+295
+00:30:47,420 --> 00:30:52,240
+as in bait. So, they completely differ from
+
+296
+00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:56,720
+English. This means that the difficulties in this
+
+297
+00:30:56,720 --> 00:31:02,060
+area come to what is called intralingual errors
+
+298
+00:31:02,060 --> 00:31:06,120
+because the diphthongs of English are not
+
+299
+00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:11,640
+available in Arabic. So this clarifies clearly the
+
+300
+00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:15,160
+difficulty of pronouncing English by the Arab
+
+301
+00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:20,360
+learners. This means that when you need to explain
+
+302
+00:31:20,360 --> 00:31:23,540
+these sounds to your students, you first of all
+
+303
+00:31:23,540 --> 00:31:29,560
+must master them very efficiently. Then you must
+
+304
+00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:34,800
+teach them properly and contextually through
+
+305
+00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:39,620
+dialogues, for example, or other activities of
+
+306
+00:31:39,620 --> 00:31:42,400
+teaching that facilitate the process of
+
+307
+00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:47,160
+pronunciation. Better to employ their ears and
+
+308
+00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:52,560
+their eyes completely like I did now. Okay? So
+
+309
+00:31:52,560 --> 00:31:55,600
+this helped them very much. Teaching formally
+
+310
+00:31:55,600 --> 00:32:01,000
+comes out with misunderstanding, comes out of
+
+311
+00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:04,580
+difficulty in understanding these sounds. So
+
+312
+00:32:04,580 --> 00:32:09,870
+better to let them Practice pronouncing these
+
+313
+00:32:09,870 --> 00:32:13,030
+sounds along with the vowels and the short vowels
+
+314
+00:32:13,030 --> 00:32:16,810
+because, you know, the English sound system
+
+315
+00:32:16,810 --> 00:32:22,910
+differs from Arabic. As we mentioned earlier, we
+
+316
+00:32:22,910 --> 00:32:27,430
+have 31 sounds in Arabic while we have 44 sounds
+
+317
+00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:31,290
+in English. These sounds do not relate to each
+
+318
+00:32:31,290 --> 00:32:34,470
+other, even the consonants, which we thought that
+
+319
+00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:40,750
+they are similar. Most of you assumed or believed
+
+320
+00:32:40,750 --> 00:32:44,510
+that the alveolar sounds are like the dental
+
+321
+00:32:44,510 --> 00:32:50,390
+sounds of Arabic, which is completely wrong. So,
+
+322
+00:32:50,890 --> 00:32:53,270
+you have to take care. You have to understand the
+
+323
+00:32:53,270 --> 00:32:55,850
+manner and place of articulation of these sounds.
+
+324
+00:32:56,670 --> 00:32:59,410
+You have to understand the position of pronouncing
+
+325
+00:32:59,410 --> 00:33:02,590
+the vowels, either the short vowels, long vowels,
+
+326
+00:33:03,060 --> 00:33:06,380
+You have to differentiate between them and your
+
+327
+00:33:06,380 --> 00:33:10,420
+Arabic sounds. Better to use the minimal pairs,
+
+328
+00:33:10,980 --> 00:33:14,840
+the minimal pairs here, as completely done by the
+
+329
+00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:18,540
+speaker, by the native speaker, once producing the
+
+330
+00:33:18,540 --> 00:33:21,160
+diphthongs. The minimal pairs are very, very
+
+331
+00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:24,220
+important for teaching the sound system of
+
+332
+00:33:24,220 --> 00:33:30,320
+English. Still, we have other difficulties. It's
+
+333
+00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:33,300
+not limited just in pronouncing these sounds.
+
+334
+00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:37,180
+These sounds are difficult just in isolation once
+
+335
+00:33:37,180 --> 00:33:40,700
+they are pronounced in one word. However, in
+
+336
+00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:47,400
+connected speech, we have shift available in
+
+337
+00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:51,220
+stress, for example. So, we have stress shift. We
+
+338
+00:33:51,220 --> 00:33:59,920
+have stress both in words in English. Okay? We
+
+339
+00:33:59,920 --> 00:34:03,320
+have rules for that. So if you master these rules,
+
+340
+00:34:03,420 --> 00:34:06,100
+this means that you are going to pronounce the
+
+341
+00:34:06,100 --> 00:34:08,700
+subrasegmental phonemes of English very correctly.
+
+342
+00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:13,200
+You are going to pronounce the
+
+343
+00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:17,040
+English sounds in connected utterance very
+
+344
+00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:21,310
+efficiently. So this means that U.S. teachers must
+
+345
+00:34:21,310 --> 00:34:26,470
+master the consonants, the vowels, the stress, the
+
+346
+00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:30,970
+intonation, the rhythm of English, because the
+
+347
+00:34:30,970 --> 00:34:37,250
+child, before producing his language, masters the
+
+348
+00:34:37,250 --> 00:34:40,850
+subrasegmental phonemes once the musculature of
+
+349
+00:34:40,850 --> 00:34:45,680
+the mouth is grown. So you find the child, a
+
+350
+00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,680
+language acquisition, you find the child masters
+
+351
+00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:52,140
+the sound system of his native tongue, say Arabic,
+
+352
+00:34:52,640 --> 00:34:57,440
+after one year, faith, trust, the child starts
+
+353
+00:34:57,440 --> 00:35:02,720
+listening and understanding. So he or she
+
+354
+00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,020
+understands the language, knows about the sound
+
+355
+00:35:06,020 --> 00:35:08,840
+system of the language, then you find the child
+
+356
+00:35:08,840 --> 00:35:15,060
+begins producing Sounds of English starting from
+
+357
+00:35:15,060 --> 00:35:21,800
+the bilabial sound m, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+358
+00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:22,720
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+359
+00:35:22,720 --> 00:35:23,060
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+360
+00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:31,220
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+361
+00:35:31,220 --> 00:35:31,240
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+362
+00:35:31,240 --> 00:35:32,080
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+363
+00:35:33,150 --> 00:35:35,330
+through the babbling stage, then one-word
+
+364
+00:35:35,330 --> 00:35:37,950
+utterance, two-word utterance, three-word
+
+365
+00:35:37,950 --> 00:35:41,850
+utterance, et cetera, then the simple sentence. So
+
+366
+00:35:41,850 --> 00:35:45,730
+after three years or four years in maximum, you
+
+367
+00:35:45,730 --> 00:35:49,930
+find the child producing the language, but after
+
+368
+00:35:49,930 --> 00:35:54,310
+mastering the subrasegmental phonemes. So you as
+
+369
+00:35:54,310 --> 00:35:57,850
+teachers must master the subrasegmental phonemes
+
+370
+00:35:57,850 --> 00:36:02,060
+of English before teaching English. Otherwise, you
+
+371
+00:36:02,060 --> 00:36:05,980
+commit serious errors. You produce heavy accents
+
+372
+00:36:05,980 --> 00:36:08,640
+that can't be understood by native speakers,
+
+373
+00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:11,940
+mainly because of the insertion of your Arabic
+
+374
+00:36:11,940 --> 00:36:17,260
+sounds into English. So this is our area of
+
+375
+00:36:17,260 --> 00:36:22,080
+contrastive linguistics. We differentiate or we
+
+376
+00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:25,820
+compare between Arabic sounds and English sounds
+
+377
+00:36:25,820 --> 00:36:30,470
+and we come with spotting the areas of
+
+378
+00:36:30,470 --> 00:36:34,550
+difficulties. These are represented... The most
+
+379
+00:36:34,550 --> 00:36:39,070
+difficult area is the schwa, as we've seen,
+
+380
+00:36:40,010 --> 00:36:44,650
+because it represents the weak form. Okay? We
+
+381
+00:36:44,650 --> 00:36:48,390
+don't have weak forms in Arabic. So you find your
+
+382
+00:36:48,390 --> 00:36:51,850
+students cannot pronounce the weak form correctly,
+
+383
+00:36:52,050 --> 00:36:55,770
+as I mentioned previously. Today I want to show
+
+384
+00:36:55,770 --> 00:36:58,910
+you the anatomy of a horse. Today I want to show
+
+385
+00:36:58,910 --> 00:37:01,690
+you the anatomy of a horse. Today I want to show
+
+386
+00:37:01,690 --> 00:37:06,610
+you. Today I want to show you this is wrong. So
+
+387
+00:37:06,610 --> 00:37:11,030
+having all words stressed in English is completely
+
+388
+00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:14,850
+wrong. But this is available in Arabic. اليوم
+
+389
+00:37:14,850 --> 00:37:21,230
+سأريكم تشريح الحصان. So we don't have weak forms
+
+390
+00:37:21,230 --> 00:37:23,960
+in Arabic, but we have them In English, it is an
+
+391
+00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:28,540
+area of difficulty causing interlingual or
+
+392
+00:37:28,540 --> 00:37:32,680
+interlingual errors. Interlingual errors because
+
+393
+00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:37,100
+you insert Arabic, the Arabic stress system into
+
+394
+00:37:37,100 --> 00:37:43,860
+English. Okay, we have the glottal sound A, which
+
+395
+00:37:43,860 --> 00:37:46,740
+is inserted into your pronunciation once you
+
+396
+00:37:46,740 --> 00:37:50,140
+pronounce English instead of the schwa. So instead
+
+397
+00:37:50,140 --> 00:37:54,020
+of saying about, you say about instead of saying
+
+398
+00:37:54,020 --> 00:38:00,200
+above you say above above okay instead of saying
+
+399
+00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:04,320
+amount you say amount also we have the doubling
+
+400
+00:38:04,320 --> 00:38:08,840
+state the doubling phenomenon you have university
+
+401
+00:38:08,840 --> 00:38:13,660
+students insert the gemination of Arabic into
+
+402
+00:38:13,660 --> 00:38:18,660
+English so instead of saying amount amount they
+
+403
+00:38:18,660 --> 00:38:23,590
+say amount comment They say comment, collapse.
+
+404
+00:38:23,990 --> 00:38:27,950
+They say collapse, collapse. Illegal, they say
+
+405
+00:38:27,950 --> 00:38:32,090
+illegal, which is completely wrong. Okay? So you
+
+406
+00:38:32,090 --> 00:38:35,010
+have to take this into your consideration once you
+
+407
+00:38:35,010 --> 00:38:38,290
+pronounce English and once you teach this
+
+408
+00:38:38,290 --> 00:38:41,550
+language. This language is very simple, it's very
+
+409
+00:38:41,550 --> 00:38:45,650
+clear, but you have to accustom yourselves to such
+
+410
+00:38:45,650 --> 00:38:50,690
+language. Now, next time I'm going to speak about
+
+411
+00:38:51,300 --> 00:38:56,480
+the stress system we have stress and isolation I
+
+412
+00:38:56,480 --> 00:39:02,460
+mean word stress okay where the nouns have a
+
+413
+00:39:02,460 --> 00:39:05,600
+certain position of stress that is different from
+
+414
+00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:11,860
+the verb okay the adjectives have a stress system
+
+415
+00:39:11,860 --> 00:39:16,800
+that differs from the noun okay we have different
+
+416
+00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:25,160
+positions of stress The suffix system is always or
+
+417
+00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:29,820
+is mostly stressed in English except only in
+
+418
+00:39:29,820 --> 00:39:34,440
+certain cases. We have to understand the stress
+
+419
+00:39:34,440 --> 00:39:38,140
+system before coming to the class next time. So,
+
+420
+00:39:38,520 --> 00:39:42,300
+for example, we have the noun stress which is
+
+421
+00:39:42,300 --> 00:39:45,640
+available in the first syllable like for example
+
+422
+00:39:45,640 --> 00:39:50,900
+subject is the first syllable stressed.Subject,
+
+423
+00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:56,180
+this is a verb. Object, this is a noun. Object,
+
+424
+00:39:57,240 --> 00:40:01,120
+verb. Report, what do you say? Is it a verb or a
+
+425
+00:40:01,120 --> 00:40:09,680
+noun? It is a verb. Report is a noun. Report is a
+
+426
+00:40:09,680 --> 00:40:20,030
+verb. Export, noun. Export, verb. Import. in part
+
+427
+00:40:20,030 --> 00:40:23,730
+there. So you have to be familiar with the stress
+
+428
+00:40:23,730 --> 00:40:28,650
+system either in word stress and also in sentence
+
+429
+00:40:28,650 --> 00:40:32,190
+stress. We also have what is called contrastive
+
+430
+00:40:32,190 --> 00:40:35,170
+stress. I'm sure that you are familiar with these
+
+431
+00:40:35,170 --> 00:40:39,810
+items in the course which was explained to you
+
+432
+00:40:39,810 --> 00:40:42,350
+last time which is entitled phonetics and
+
+433
+00:40:42,350 --> 00:40:45,970
+phonology. I hope that you could revise this area
+
+434
+00:40:45,970 --> 00:40:49,120
+and come ready for discussion next time and for
+
+435
+00:40:49,120 --> 00:40:52,640
+understanding just to understand the stress very
+
+436
+00:40:52,640 --> 00:40:56,120
+neatly and very efficiently. See you next time.
+
+437
+00:40:56,540 --> 00:40:57,240
+Thank you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/4cblgZSFVv8_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1752 @@
+1
+00:00:16,120 --> 00:00:16,800
+Okay,
+
+2
+00:00:22,620 --> 00:00:26,540
+so today we are going to explain the manner of
+
+3
+00:00:26,540 --> 00:00:30,400
+articulation of consonants and then We are going
+
+4
+00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:34,440
+to shift to speak about the diphthongs of English
+
+5
+00:00:34,440 --> 00:00:38,040
+because we have already explained the place of
+
+6
+00:00:38,040 --> 00:00:42,020
+articulation, short vowels, and long vowels last
+
+7
+00:00:42,020 --> 00:00:44,200
+lecture, and we missed the manner of articulation
+
+8
+00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:47,280
+of consonants. Okay? We also spoke about
+
+9
+00:00:47,280 --> 00:00:51,860
+clusterization system. For the place of
+
+10
+00:00:51,860 --> 00:00:59,400
+articulation, we have the air obstructs in while
+
+11
+00:00:59,400 --> 00:01:05,420
+the air stream passes through the air pipe and the
+
+12
+00:01:05,420 --> 00:01:11,360
+mouth, producing the consonant sounds. However, in
+
+13
+00:01:11,360 --> 00:01:14,340
+manner of articulation, we have the air stream
+
+14
+00:01:14,340 --> 00:01:21,640
+configured in certain positions or certain manners
+
+15
+00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:27,690
+in the air pipe and the mouth. This comes out with
+
+16
+00:01:27,690 --> 00:01:28,870
+the manner of articulation.
+
+17
+00:01:31,470 --> 00:01:35,090
+So, the place of articulation is different from
+
+18
+00:01:35,090 --> 00:01:38,590
+the manner of articulation. We speak about the
+
+19
+00:01:38,590 --> 00:01:43,790
+areas where the airstream is stopped. This comes
+
+20
+00:01:43,790 --> 00:01:48,010
+out with the place of articulation. However, how
+
+21
+00:01:48,010 --> 00:01:52,390
+the airstream is configured comes out with the
+
+22
+00:01:52,390 --> 00:01:59,480
+manner of articulation. So, the two sounds, T and
+
+23
+00:01:59,480 --> 00:02:03,600
+S, are both alveolar sounds in English. This is
+
+24
+00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:09,060
+for the place of articulation. But the way they
+
+25
+00:02:09,060 --> 00:02:13,620
+are pronounced is called the manner of
+
+26
+00:02:13,620 --> 00:02:14,240
+articulation.
+
+27
+00:02:25,580 --> 00:02:28,900
+So we are going to see now the English stop
+
+28
+00:02:28,900 --> 00:02:38,160
+sounds. We have these
+
+29
+00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:45,140
+sounds are called stop consonants because the air
+
+30
+00:02:45,140 --> 00:02:49,200
+stream in the vocal track is completely stopped at
+
+31
+00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:54,780
+some point. So we have the sounds ta, da,
+
+32
+00:02:57,570 --> 00:03:04,330
+These sounds are stop Okay Now we have the Arabic
+
+33
+00:03:04,330 --> 00:03:15,190
+sounds We have qa, dha, and ta as well Also we
+
+34
+00:03:15,190 --> 00:03:23,830
+have ka, qa We have the sound ba as well These are
+
+35
+00:03:23,830 --> 00:03:27,610
+stop in Arabic So if you compare between these
+
+36
+00:03:27,610 --> 00:03:29,710
+sounds and the English sounds, you'll find
+
+37
+00:03:29,710 --> 00:03:34,990
+difference since you have extra sounds in Arabic
+
+38
+00:03:34,990 --> 00:03:40,750
+which are stopped. Like the dh sound, dh sound, q,
+
+39
+00:03:41,210 --> 00:03:48,370
+q and k sound. However, in English, we only have
+
+40
+00:03:48,370 --> 00:03:53,070
+the p sound, the g sound, t sound, okay?
+
+41
+00:04:03,570 --> 00:04:05,450
+We have the English fricative sounds.
+
+42
+00:04:08,110 --> 00:04:11,790
+We have, in producing such sounds, we have
+
+43
+00:04:11,790 --> 00:04:14,730
+incomplete closure at some point in the mouth.
+
+44
+00:04:15,390 --> 00:04:18,350
+Okay? This manner of articulation is used in
+
+45
+00:04:18,350 --> 00:04:21,890
+producing a set of sounds which include the
+
+46
+00:04:21,890 --> 00:04:27,990
+labiodental fricatives like th and th. The dental
+
+47
+00:04:27,990 --> 00:04:30,630
+fricative th, th.
+
+48
+00:04:33,530 --> 00:04:39,910
+And the alveopilatal fricatives The alveolar
+
+49
+00:04:39,910 --> 00:04:48,490
+fricative And the glottal fricative These are
+
+50
+00:04:48,490 --> 00:04:53,590
+altogether fricative sounds However, in Arabic, we
+
+51
+00:04:53,590 --> 00:05:02,730
+have the sounds ف ص س ذ ث ش خ
+
+52
+00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,360
+These sounds are fricative in Arabic. So you see
+
+53
+00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:20,380
+that they are more than English. And you have some
+
+54
+00:05:20,380 --> 00:05:22,800
+sounds that are not available in English. So this
+
+55
+00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:28,420
+causes interlingual errors committed by the
+
+56
+00:05:28,420 --> 00:05:33,200
+English native speakers of Arabic. Those people
+
+57
+00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:36,560
+commit serious mistakes in pronouncing these
+
+58
+00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:39,680
+sounds because they are not originally found in
+
+59
+00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:43,180
+English. Okay? So, we expect them to commit
+
+60
+00:05:43,180 --> 00:05:46,740
+serious errors resulting from either the
+
+61
+00:05:46,740 --> 00:05:51,760
+difficulty of Arabic or negative interference from
+
+62
+00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:52,180
+English.
+
+63
+00:05:57,060 --> 00:05:59,220
+We have the English affricate.
+
+64
+00:06:06,690 --> 00:06:10,450
+This is a combination of two sounds, as you see,
+
+65
+00:06:11,150 --> 00:06:14,230
+which starts with a complete closure, then it is
+
+66
+00:06:14,230 --> 00:06:17,490
+followed by a slow release of air with friction.
+
+67
+00:06:19,250 --> 00:06:25,370
+This includes the alveopilatal sounds However,
+
+68
+00:06:25,450 --> 00:06:27,970
+in Arabic, we only have one sound that is
+
+69
+00:06:33,560 --> 00:06:36,040
+So, the problem is represented in these two sounds
+
+70
+00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:40,180
+for the Arab learners because these two sounds are
+
+71
+00:06:40,180 --> 00:06:43,560
+not originally found in Arabic. So, we expect them
+
+72
+00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:48,300
+to commit interlingual errors. Instead of saying,
+
+73
+00:06:48,840 --> 00:06:52,760
+they will say, okay?
+
+74
+00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:01,560
+We have the nasal sounds.
+
+75
+00:07:08,130 --> 00:07:11,570
+This includes, in pronouncing such sounds, we have
+
+76
+00:07:11,570 --> 00:07:18,070
+complete closure of the mouth, the velum is
+
+77
+00:07:18,070 --> 00:07:20,850
+lowered and air stream is allowed to flow out
+
+78
+00:07:20,850 --> 00:07:25,270
+through the nose producing the bilabial nasal, the
+
+79
+00:07:25,270 --> 00:07:31,730
+alveolar nasal and the velar nasal. These are the
+
+80
+00:07:31,730 --> 00:07:34,730
+three soundswhich are called nasal in English.
+
+81
+00:07:35,410 --> 00:07:39,390
+However, in Arabic, we only have two sounds, n and
+
+82
+00:07:39,390 --> 00:07:43,190
+n. But we don't have n mainly because this sound
+
+83
+00:07:43,190 --> 00:07:46,470
+originally was not found in Arabic. So we expect
+
+84
+00:07:46,470 --> 00:07:52,010
+our students to replace it with the n sound. So
+
+85
+00:07:52,010 --> 00:07:54,890
+instead of saying playing, they say playing,
+
+86
+00:07:55,610 --> 00:08:00,450
+reading, reading. There's nothing called Reading,
+
+87
+00:08:01,010 --> 00:08:05,850
+okay? Singer, singer. Not, so you find your
+
+88
+00:08:05,850 --> 00:08:10,950
+students say singer, which is wrong. Okay? This is
+
+89
+00:08:10,950 --> 00:08:13,970
+called interlingual error or interlingual mistake.
+
+90
+00:08:14,550 --> 00:08:17,450
+Resulted from the interference, the negative
+
+91
+00:08:17,450 --> 00:08:20,030
+interference between Arabic and English.
+
+92
+00:08:22,950 --> 00:08:27,050
+We have the English lateral sound that is ill
+
+93
+00:08:27,050 --> 00:08:35,860
+sound. Okay? L sound. It is alveolar for the place
+
+94
+00:08:35,860 --> 00:08:39,760
+of articulation. It is lateral at the same time.
+
+95
+00:08:40,900 --> 00:08:47,220
+It is pronounced with partial closure in the mouth
+
+96
+00:08:47,220 --> 00:08:51,840
+where the air stream is blocked by the tip of the
+
+97
+00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:54,880
+tongue but allowed to escape around the side of
+
+98
+00:08:54,880 --> 00:09:00,900
+the tongue. This is However, in case of having the
+
+99
+00:09:00,900 --> 00:09:04,360
+dark L, you have the right side of the tongue
+
+100
+00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:10,600
+articulating against the alveolar ridge. Okay? So,
+
+101
+00:09:10,660 --> 00:09:16,040
+we have light L in English, light L, and dark L.
+
+102
+00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:22,160
+But in Arabic, we only have the light L. Okay? So,
+
+103
+00:09:22,500 --> 00:09:25,560
+it becomes very difficult for the Arab learners to
+
+104
+00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:29,580
+pronounce the dark L, okay, which comes at the
+
+105
+00:09:29,580 --> 00:09:38,120
+final part of a word or before consonant. Okay? I
+
+106
+00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:46,500
+say will, deal, mill, but leader, lead.
+
+107
+00:09:49,780 --> 00:09:56,630
+Live, life. This is because it is followed by a
+
+108
+00:09:56,630 --> 00:09:59,910
+vowel. This comes out with the light l. However,
+
+109
+00:10:00,090 --> 00:10:09,250
+coming finally or before a consonant, then it is
+
+110
+00:10:09,250 --> 00:10:13,430
+considered as dark l. In Arabic, we have only the
+
+111
+00:10:13,430 --> 00:10:19,270
+l sound, which is light l, except only in the name
+
+112
+00:10:19,270 --> 00:10:21,890
+of Allah, the Almighty, we have Allah.
+
+113
+00:10:23,390 --> 00:10:25,890
+Subhanallah, this sound is different.
+
+114
+00:10:28,750 --> 00:10:30,250
+It's quite dark arrow.
+
+115
+00:10:36,450 --> 00:10:41,170
+We have the semivowels, the English glide sounds.
+
+116
+00:10:43,430 --> 00:10:51,290
+We have the rah sound, yah, wah, three sounds.
+
+117
+00:10:53,150 --> 00:10:56,230
+However, in Arabic, we only have two sounds, wa
+
+118
+00:10:56,230 --> 00:10:58,450
+and ya. Okay?
+
+119
+00:11:07,610 --> 00:11:10,030
+This is the manner of articulation. So, we see
+
+120
+00:11:10,030 --> 00:11:10,410
+that
+
+121
+00:11:15,350 --> 00:11:18,810
+The consonants of English differ from the
+
+122
+00:11:18,810 --> 00:11:21,370
+consonants of Arabic in either the place of
+
+123
+00:11:21,370 --> 00:11:24,930
+articulation and the manner of articulation. So,
+
+124
+00:11:25,030 --> 00:11:29,930
+they represent a rich area of difficulties of
+
+125
+00:11:29,930 --> 00:11:33,910
+interlingual and interlingual errors. We've seen
+
+126
+00:11:33,910 --> 00:11:37,630
+also the short vowels last time and the long
+
+127
+00:11:37,630 --> 00:11:42,010
+vowels. And we spotted several areas of
+
+128
+00:11:42,010 --> 00:11:46,230
+difficulties. we came with a conclusion that these
+
+129
+00:11:46,230 --> 00:11:53,210
+sounds also differ from the Arabic vowels. We have
+
+130
+00:11:53,210 --> 00:12:00,250
+a larger number of vowels in English than Arabic.
+
+131
+00:12:01,370 --> 00:12:05,230
+Okay? So this comes out of intralingual errors.
+
+132
+00:12:05,930 --> 00:12:09,130
+Most of the mistakes are intralingual, resulting
+
+133
+00:12:09,130 --> 00:12:13,500
+from the difficulty of English. Now we need to
+
+134
+00:12:13,500 --> 00:12:17,260
+shift to what is called the deaf tongues of
+
+135
+00:12:17,260 --> 00:12:17,720
+English.
+
+136
+00:12:23,780 --> 00:12:25,180
+And see the situation.
+
+137
+00:12:49,210 --> 00:12:53,130
+So, the diphthongs, as you know, are a combination
+
+138
+00:12:53,130 --> 00:13:01,090
+of two vowel sounds which take some duration of
+
+139
+00:13:01,090 --> 00:13:04,090
+time. Okay?
+
+140
+00:13:07,350 --> 00:13:10,850
+So, while producing diphthongs, the tongue moves
+
+141
+00:13:10,850 --> 00:13:14,290
+from one position or one vocalic position to
+
+142
+00:13:14,290 --> 00:13:20,940
+another. English has eight diphthongs. They are
+
+143
+00:13:20,940 --> 00:13:25,100
+divided into two types. Centering, centering
+
+144
+00:13:25,100 --> 00:13:27,140
+diphthongs and closing diphthongs.
+
+145
+00:13:31,820 --> 00:13:36,520
+So the centering diphthongs, they end with a glide
+
+146
+00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:41,820
+towards the central vowel, a, a, a schwa.
+
+147
+00:13:44,620 --> 00:13:57,630
+Like Air, air, as in bear, fair. Okay? So we have
+
+148
+00:13:57,630 --> 00:14:01,130
+the
+
+149
+00:14:01,130 --> 00:14:05,930
+glide sound or the glide difference that begin,
+
+150
+00:14:06,470 --> 00:14:09,330
+that have the tongue beginning in a certain
+
+151
+00:14:09,330 --> 00:14:12,570
+position, then gliding into another position.
+
+152
+00:14:13,850 --> 00:14:14,230
+Okay?
+
+153
+00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:27,400
+We are going to see these sounds pronounced.
+
+154
+00:14:39,060 --> 00:14:43,040
+They are pronounced by native speakers and we are
+
+155
+00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:43,560
+going to
+
+156
+00:14:52,330 --> 00:14:54,210
+Compare between them and Arabic.
+
+157
+00:15:06,390 --> 00:15:10,310
+Ear. Did you notice how the shape of my mouth
+
+158
+00:15:10,310 --> 00:15:16,270
+changed? Again, to the end of the cell. Listen to
+
+159
+00:15:16,270 --> 00:15:21,790
+your approach. Ear. Now you try. Listen to how I
+
+160
+00:15:21,790 --> 00:15:24,910
+repeat after you. Ear. Ear.
+
+161
+00:15:27,530 --> 00:15:30,870
+Third, this is the same as the word ear.
+
+162
+00:15:33,590 --> 00:15:38,350
+Now here are some words with this sound in them.
+
+163
+00:15:38,870 --> 00:15:46,010
+Near, here, weary. Now you try. Listen again and
+
+164
+00:15:46,010 --> 00:15:55,490
+repeat after me. Near, here, weary. Good.
+
+165
+00:16:11,950 --> 00:16:17,170
+So it is not fear, it is fear as I pronounce it,
+
+166
+00:16:17,710 --> 00:16:22,850
+okay? This is interlingual or intralingual
+
+167
+00:16:22,850 --> 00:16:23,310
+mistake.
+
+168
+00:16:28,170 --> 00:16:31,890
+Interlingual, okay? Resulting from the difficulty
+
+169
+00:16:31,890 --> 00:16:35,050
+of English sounds. Yes?
+
+170
+00:16:39,610 --> 00:16:45,810
+This diphthong, the centering diphthongs, they end
+
+171
+00:16:45,810 --> 00:16:53,750
+with a schwa. So, we have fear, beer, not beer.
+
+172
+00:16:54,390 --> 00:16:57,290
+This is a mistake committed by the Arab learners.
+
+173
+00:16:59,010 --> 00:17:05,870
+We have o as in show, tour, okay? It glides from a
+
+174
+00:17:05,870 --> 00:17:11,730
+tongue position. It is used for towards more open
+
+175
+00:17:11,730 --> 00:17:16,770
+type that is schwa. It appears in the words like
+
+176
+00:17:16,770 --> 00:17:27,750
+schwa, two. We have e as in chair, stair.
+
+177
+00:17:30,270 --> 00:17:35,230
+Another centering diphthong. Then we have the
+
+178
+00:17:35,230 --> 00:17:36,150
+closing diphthongs.
+
+179
+00:17:39,010 --> 00:17:48,150
+This is a, as in say, way. Okay? Again, the tongue
+
+180
+00:17:48,150 --> 00:17:53,150
+glides from one position to another. The glide
+
+181
+00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:56,350
+begins at a point behind the front open position
+
+182
+00:17:56,350 --> 00:18:01,370
+and moves in direction of the position of a. We
+
+183
+00:18:01,370 --> 00:18:09,440
+find the words like say, way, gate, hate, date,
+
+184
+00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:11,800
+place, etc.
+
+185
+00:18:14,660 --> 00:18:19,980
+We have the closing sound, the closing diphthong,
+
+186
+00:18:20,120 --> 00:18:24,440
+oy, as in toy,
+
+187
+00:18:27,580 --> 00:18:30,940
+enjoy, employ,
+
+188
+00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:37,710
+boil, The glide begins with a tongue position that
+
+189
+00:18:37,710 --> 00:18:43,490
+is for O and moves in the direction of I as in
+
+190
+00:18:43,490 --> 00:18:53,650
+toy, enjoy, employ, boil, etc. We have the I
+
+191
+00:18:53,650 --> 00:18:58,330
+sound. The glide begins at a point slightly behind
+
+192
+00:18:58,330 --> 00:19:01,830
+the front open position and moves in the direction
+
+193
+00:19:01,830 --> 00:19:06,720
+of the position associated with I sound. It occurs
+
+194
+00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:15,720
+in words such as high, by, by, light, I, yes,
+
+195
+00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:24,200
+okay, once, stressed, etc. So, let's now see these
+
+196
+00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:27,000
+sounds pronounced by native speakers.
+
+197
+00:19:55,790 --> 00:19:59,570
+This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The
+
+198
+00:19:59,570 --> 00:20:02,270
+shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning
+
+199
+00:20:02,270 --> 00:20:08,230
+of the sound to the end. It's pronounced ear. Did
+
+200
+00:20:08,230 --> 00:20:11,470
+you notice how the shape of my mouth changed from
+
+201
+00:20:11,470 --> 00:20:16,510
+the beginning to the end of the sound? Listen and
+
+202
+00:20:16,510 --> 00:20:22,110
+watch. Ear. Now you try. Listen again and repeat
+
+203
+00:20:22,110 --> 00:20:29,460
+after me. Ear. ear in fact this is the same as the
+
+204
+00:20:29,460 --> 00:20:35,920
+word ear which you hear with now hear are some
+
+205
+00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:43,140
+words with this sound in them near hear weary now
+
+206
+00:20:43,140 --> 00:20:50,800
+you try listen again and repeat after me near hear
+
+207
+00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:53,380
+weary
+
+208
+00:21:04,770 --> 00:21:08,530
+Good. This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound.
+
+209
+00:21:09,230 --> 00:21:11,770
+The shape the mouth makes changes from the
+
+210
+00:21:11,770 --> 00:21:15,210
+beginning of the sound to the end. It's pronounced
+
+211
+00:21:15,210 --> 00:21:20,830
+air. Did you notice how my mouth changed from the
+
+212
+00:21:20,830 --> 00:21:26,090
+beginning to the end of the sound? Watch. Air. Now
+
+213
+00:21:26,090 --> 00:21:34,050
+you try. Air. Air. Now here are some words that
+
+214
+00:21:34,050 --> 00:21:42,610
+have the air sound. Square. Fair. Pair. Now you
+
+215
+00:21:42,610 --> 00:21:52,490
+try. Listen and repeat. Square. Fair. Hair. Good.
+
+216
+00:21:53,270 --> 00:21:57,610
+So we have here a confusion between the pair,
+
+217
+00:21:58,330 --> 00:22:03,630
+square, and square. So we have difficulty just in
+
+218
+00:22:03,630 --> 00:22:06,830
+pronouncing the two sounds, the two diphthongs. A
+
+219
+00:22:06,830 --> 00:22:12,810
+and air. For each example, I'm going to say the
+
+220
+00:22:12,810 --> 00:22:23,330
+word with air. Dad, dad. Glad, glad. Mary, Mary.
+
+221
+00:22:24,180 --> 00:22:28,240
+Now you try, listen again and repeat after me
+
+222
+00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:44,720
+Dared Dad Glared Glad Merry Marry Good Yes, we
+
+223
+00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:47,420
+have confusion now between the diphthongs and also
+
+224
+00:22:47,420 --> 00:22:50,260
+the short vowels So this comes out with
+
+225
+00:22:50,260 --> 00:22:51,520
+intralingual errors
+
+226
+00:23:15,540 --> 00:23:17,580
+This is the last centering diphthong.
+
+227
+00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:23,160
+This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The
+
+228
+00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:26,140
+shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning
+
+229
+00:23:26,140 --> 00:23:31,540
+of the sound to the end. It's pronounced ua. Did
+
+230
+00:23:31,540 --> 00:23:34,240
+you notice how my mouth changed shape from the
+
+231
+00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:39,140
+beginning of the sound to the end? Ua. Now you
+
+232
+00:23:39,140 --> 00:23:46,990
+try. Listen and repeat after me. Ua. Ua. Now here
+
+233
+00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:51,950
+are some words which have this sound Now
+
+234
+00:23:51,950 --> 00:24:06,510
+you try, listen again and repeat after me Good
+
+235
+00:24:06,510 --> 00:24:09,650
+Now
+
+236
+00:24:09,650 --> 00:24:11,310
+we come to closing diphthongs
+
+237
+00:24:28,170 --> 00:24:33,330
+This is I. This is a diphthong, a double vowel
+
+238
+00:24:33,330 --> 00:24:37,730
+sound. The shape the mouth makes changes from the
+
+239
+00:24:37,730 --> 00:24:41,150
+beginning of the sound to the end. It's pronounced
+
+240
+00:24:41,150 --> 00:24:45,070
+I. Did you notice how the shape of my mouth
+
+241
+00:24:45,070 --> 00:24:52,230
+changed? Watch. I. Now you try. Listen again and
+
+242
+00:24:52,230 --> 00:24:58,890
+repeat after me. I. I. Say I, yeah. It's the same
+
+243
+00:24:58,890 --> 00:25:04,730
+as the word for I. Now here are some words with
+
+244
+00:25:04,730 --> 00:25:13,090
+this sound in them. Price. High. Try. Now you try.
+
+245
+00:25:13,570 --> 00:25:19,610
+Listen again and repeat after me. Price. High.
+
+246
+00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:25,030
+Try. Good.
+
+247
+00:25:46,880 --> 00:25:50,140
+This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The
+
+248
+00:25:50,140 --> 00:25:52,440
+shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning
+
+249
+00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:57,200
+of the sound to the end. It's pronounced ow. Now
+
+250
+00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:01,960
+did you notice the shape of my mouth? Ow. Now you
+
+251
+00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:11,120
+try. Watch, listen and repeat. Ow. Ow. Now here
+
+252
+00:26:11,120 --> 00:26:15,840
+are some words that have the ow sound. Mouth. Now.
+
+253
+00:26:17,050 --> 00:26:25,650
+Foul. Now you try. Listen and repeat. Mouth, now,
+
+254
+00:26:28,090 --> 00:26:31,190
+foul. Good.
+
+255
+00:26:47,110 --> 00:26:50,270
+We have the sound O. This is a diphthong, a double
+
+256
+00:26:50,270 --> 00:26:53,550
+vowel sound. The shape the mouth makes changes
+
+257
+00:26:53,550 --> 00:26:57,410
+from the beginning of the sound to the end. It's
+
+258
+00:26:57,410 --> 00:27:02,150
+pronounced O. Did you notice how my mouth changed
+
+259
+00:27:02,150 --> 00:27:09,130
+shape? Watch. O. Now you try. Listen, watch and
+
+260
+00:27:09,130 --> 00:27:16,480
+repeat after me. O. O. Now here are some words
+
+261
+00:27:16,480 --> 00:27:24,000
+that have the O sound. Boat, show, know. Now you
+
+262
+00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:33,200
+try. Listen and repeat after me. Boat, show, know.
+
+263
+00:27:34,380 --> 00:27:38,440
+Good. So there is a big difference between know
+
+264
+00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:43,250
+and no. For speakers of some languages, it may be
+
+265
+00:27:43,250 --> 00:27:45,390
+difficult to tell the difference between the
+
+266
+00:27:45,390 --> 00:27:50,450
+diphthong and the long vowel. Listen carefully to
+
+267
+00:27:50,450 --> 00:27:53,650
+hear the difference. For each example, I shall say
+
+268
+00:27:53,650 --> 00:27:59,150
+the word with the diphthong O first. coat, court,
+
+269
+00:28:00,090 --> 00:28:09,010
+dough, door, sew, saw, flow, Floor Now you try
+
+270
+00:28:09,010 --> 00:28:18,450
+Listen again and repeat after me Coat Court Dough
+
+271
+00:28:18,450 --> 00:28:35,290
+Door Sew Saw Flow Floor Good This mixing between
+
+272
+00:28:35,290 --> 00:28:39,530
+the Diphthong and the long vowel comes out with
+
+273
+00:28:39,530 --> 00:28:44,310
+intralingual errors resulting from the difficulty
+
+274
+00:28:44,310 --> 00:28:56,530
+of English itself. Now the last diphthong this
+
+275
+00:28:56,530 --> 00:29:01,990
+is A This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound.
+
+276
+00:29:02,430 --> 00:29:04,990
+The shape the mouth makes changes from the
+
+277
+00:29:04,990 --> 00:29:08,050
+beginning of the sound to the end. It's pronounced
+
+278
+00:29:08,050 --> 00:29:13,950
+A. Did you notice how my mouth changed shape? A.
+
+279
+00:29:15,050 --> 00:29:24,570
+Now you try. Listen, watch and repeat. A. A. Now
+
+280
+00:29:24,570 --> 00:29:27,810
+here are some words that have the A sound. Face.
+
+281
+00:29:28,570 --> 00:29:34,810
+They break. Now you try. Listen and repeat. Face.
+
+282
+00:29:36,670 --> 00:29:39,850
+They break.
+
+283
+00:29:41,410 --> 00:29:49,410
+Good. Yes. So we see these areas of difficulties
+
+284
+00:29:49,410 --> 00:29:53,210
+which produce intralingual errors and most of the
+
+285
+00:29:53,210 --> 00:29:57,540
+time mainly because these sounds are not found in
+
+286
+00:29:57,540 --> 00:30:00,340
+Arabic. We only have two diphthongs in Arabic.
+
+287
+00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:06,580
+This is L and A. So we are going to see just now.
+
+288
+00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:13,460
+We've seen the centering diphthongs, the three
+
+289
+00:30:13,460 --> 00:30:16,880
+centering diphthongs and the closing diphthongs.
+
+290
+00:30:21,540 --> 00:30:22,200
+However,
+
+291
+00:30:25,620 --> 00:30:30,220
+In Arabic, we only have two sounds. Okay? These
+
+292
+00:30:30,220 --> 00:30:33,200
+two sounds originally are not found in English.
+
+293
+00:30:33,880 --> 00:30:41,160
+Okay? So, we have aw, as you see, as in noun,
+
+294
+00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:44,680
+and ay,
+
+295
+00:30:47,420 --> 00:30:52,240
+as in bait. So, they completely differ from
+
+296
+00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:56,720
+English. This means that the difficulties in this
+
+297
+00:30:56,720 --> 00:31:02,060
+area come to what is called intralingual errors
+
+298
+00:31:02,060 --> 00:31:06,120
+because the diphthongs of English are not
+
+299
+00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:11,640
+available in Arabic. So this clarifies clearly the
+
+300
+00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:15,160
+difficulty of pronouncing English by the Arab
+
+301
+00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:20,360
+learners. This means that when you need to explain
+
+302
+00:31:20,360 --> 00:31:23,540
+these sounds to your students, you first of all
+
+303
+00:31:23,540 --> 00:31:29,560
+must master them very efficiently. Then you must
+
+304
+00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:34,800
+teach them properly and contextually through
+
+305
+00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:39,620
+dialogues, for example, or other activities of
+
+306
+00:31:39,620 --> 00:31:42,400
+teaching that facilitate the process of
+
+307
+00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:47,160
+pronunciation. Better to employ their ears and
+
+308
+00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:52,560
+their eyes completely like I did now. Okay? So
+
+309
+00:31:52,560 --> 00:31:55,600
+this helped them very much. Teaching formally
+
+310
+00:31:55,600 --> 00:32:01,000
+comes out with misunderstanding, comes out of
+
+311
+00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:04,580
+difficulty in understanding these sounds. So
+
+312
+00:32:04,580 --> 00:32:09,870
+better to let them Practice pronouncing these
+
+313
+00:32:09,870 --> 00:32:13,030
+sounds along with the vowels and the short vowels
+
+314
+00:32:13,030 --> 00:32:16,810
+because, you know, the English sound system
+
+315
+00:32:16,810 --> 00:32:22,910
+differs from Arabic. As we mentioned earlier, we
+
+316
+00:32:22,910 --> 00:32:27,430
+have 31 sounds in Arabic while we have 44 sounds
+
+317
+00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:31,290
+in English. These sounds do not relate to each
+
+318
+00:32:31,290 --> 00:32:34,470
+other, even the consonants, which we thought that
+
+319
+00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:40,750
+they are similar. Most of you assumed or believed
+
+320
+00:32:40,750 --> 00:32:44,510
+that the alveolar sounds are like the dental
+
+321
+00:32:44,510 --> 00:32:50,390
+sounds of Arabic, which is completely wrong. So,
+
+322
+00:32:50,890 --> 00:32:53,270
+you have to take care. You have to understand the
+
+323
+00:32:53,270 --> 00:32:55,850
+manner and place of articulation of these sounds.
+
+324
+00:32:56,670 --> 00:32:59,410
+You have to understand the position of pronouncing
+
+325
+00:32:59,410 --> 00:33:02,590
+the vowels, either the short vowels, long vowels,
+
+326
+00:33:03,060 --> 00:33:06,380
+You have to differentiate between them and your
+
+327
+00:33:06,380 --> 00:33:10,420
+Arabic sounds. Better to use the minimal pairs,
+
+328
+00:33:10,980 --> 00:33:14,840
+the minimal pairs here, as completely done by the
+
+329
+00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:18,540
+speaker, by the native speaker, once producing the
+
+330
+00:33:18,540 --> 00:33:21,160
+diphthongs. The minimal pairs are very, very
+
+331
+00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:24,220
+important for teaching the sound system of
+
+332
+00:33:24,220 --> 00:33:30,320
+English. Still, we have other difficulties. It's
+
+333
+00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:33,300
+not limited just in pronouncing these sounds.
+
+334
+00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:37,180
+These sounds are difficult just in isolation once
+
+335
+00:33:37,180 --> 00:33:40,700
+they are pronounced in one word. However, in
+
+336
+00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:47,400
+connected speech, we have shift available in
+
+337
+00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:51,220
+stress, for example. So, we have stress shift. We
+
+338
+00:33:51,220 --> 00:33:59,920
+have stress both in words in English. Okay? We
+
+339
+00:33:59,920 --> 00:34:03,320
+have rules for that. So if you master these rules,
+
+340
+00:34:03,420 --> 00:34:06,100
+this means that you are going to pronounce the
+
+341
+00:34:06,100 --> 00:34:08,700
+subrasegmental phonemes of English very correctly.
+
+342
+00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:13,200
+You are going to pronounce the
+
+343
+00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:17,040
+English sounds in connected utterance very
+
+344
+00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:21,310
+efficiently. So this means that U.S. teachers must
+
+345
+00:34:21,310 --> 00:34:26,470
+master the consonants, the vowels, the stress, the
+
+346
+00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:30,970
+intonation, the rhythm of English, because the
+
+347
+00:34:30,970 --> 00:34:37,250
+child, before producing his language, masters the
+
+348
+00:34:37,250 --> 00:34:40,850
+subrasegmental phonemes once the musculature of
+
+349
+00:34:40,850 --> 00:34:45,680
+the mouth is grown. So you find the child, a
+
+350
+00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,680
+language acquisition, you find the child masters
+
+351
+00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:52,140
+the sound system of his native tongue, say Arabic,
+
+352
+00:34:52,640 --> 00:34:57,440
+after one year, faith, trust, the child starts
+
+353
+00:34:57,440 --> 00:35:02,720
+listening and understanding. So he or she
+
+354
+00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,020
+understands the language, knows about the sound
+
+355
+00:35:06,020 --> 00:35:08,840
+system of the language, then you find the child
+
+356
+00:35:08,840 --> 00:35:15,060
+begins producing Sounds of English starting from
+
+357
+00:35:15,060 --> 00:35:21,800
+the bilabial sound m, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+358
+00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:22,720
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+359
+00:35:22,720 --> 00:35:23,060
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+360
+00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:31,220
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+361
+00:35:31,220 --> 00:35:31,220
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+362
+00:35:31,220 --> 00:35:31,240
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+363
+00:35:31,240 --> 00:35:32,080
+b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b,
+
+364
+00:35:33,150 --> 00:35:35,330
+through the babbling stage, then one-word
+
+365
+00:35:35,330 --> 00:35:37,950
+utterance, two-word utterance, three-word
+
+366
+00:35:37,950 --> 00:35:41,850
+utterance, et cetera, then the simple sentence. So
+
+367
+00:35:41,850 --> 00:35:45,730
+after three years or four years in maximum, you
+
+368
+00:35:45,730 --> 00:35:49,930
+find the child producing the language, but after
+
+369
+00:35:49,930 --> 00:35:54,310
+mastering the subrasegmental phonemes. So you as
+
+370
+00:35:54,310 --> 00:35:57,850
+teachers must master the subrasegmental phonemes
+
+371
+00:35:57,850 --> 00:36:02,060
+of English before teaching English. Otherwise, you
+
+372
+00:36:02,060 --> 00:36:05,980
+commit serious errors. You produce heavy accents
+
+373
+00:36:05,980 --> 00:36:08,640
+that can't be understood by native speakers,
+
+374
+00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:11,940
+mainly because of the insertion of your Arabic
+
+375
+00:36:11,940 --> 00:36:17,260
+sounds into English. So this is our area of
+
+376
+00:36:17,260 --> 00:36:22,080
+contrastive linguistics. We differentiate or we
+
+377
+00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:25,820
+compare between Arabic sounds and English sounds
+
+378
+00:36:25,820 --> 00:36:30,470
+and we come with spotting the areas of
+
+379
+00:36:30,470 --> 00:36:34,550
+difficulties. These are represented... The most
+
+380
+00:36:34,550 --> 00:36:39,070
+difficult area is the schwa, as we've seen,
+
+381
+00:36:40,010 --> 00:36:44,650
+because it represents the weak form. Okay? We
+
+382
+00:36:44,650 --> 00:36:48,390
+don't have weak forms in Arabic. So you find your
+
+383
+00:36:48,390 --> 00:36:51,850
+students cannot pronounce the weak form correctly,
+
+384
+00:36:52,050 --> 00:36:55,770
+as I mentioned previously. Today I want to show
+
+385
+00:36:55,770 --> 00:36:58,910
+you the anatomy of a horse. Today I want to show
+
+386
+00:36:58,910 --> 00:37:01,690
+you the anatomy of a horse. Today I want to show
+
+387
+00:37:01,690 --> 00:37:06,610
+you. Today I want to show you this is wrong. So
+
+388
+00:37:06,610 --> 00:37:11,030
+having all words stressed in English is completely
+
+389
+00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:14,850
+wrong. But this is available in Arabic. اليوم
+
+390
+00:37:14,850 --> 00:37:21,230
+سأريكم تشريح الحصان. So we don't have weak forms
+
+391
+00:37:21,230 --> 00:37:23,960
+in Arabic, but we have them In English, it is an
+
+392
+00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:28,540
+area of difficulty causing interlingual or
+
+393
+00:37:28,540 --> 00:37:32,680
+interlingual errors. Interlingual errors because
+
+394
+00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:37,100
+you insert Arabic, the Arabic stress system into
+
+395
+00:37:37,100 --> 00:37:43,860
+English. Okay, we have the glottal sound A, which
+
+396
+00:37:43,860 --> 00:37:46,740
+is inserted into your pronunciation once you
+
+397
+00:37:46,740 --> 00:37:50,140
+pronounce English instead of the schwa. So instead
+
+398
+00:37:50,140 --> 00:37:54,020
+of saying about, you say about instead of saying
+
+399
+00:37:54,020 --> 00:38:00,200
+above you say above above okay instead of saying
+
+400
+00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:04,320
+amount you say amount also we have the doubling
+
+401
+00:38:04,320 --> 00:38:08,840
+state the doubling phenomenon you have university
+
+402
+00:38:08,840 --> 00:38:13,660
+students insert the gemination of Arabic into
+
+403
+00:38:13,660 --> 00:38:18,660
+English so instead of saying amount amount they
+
+404
+00:38:18,660 --> 00:38:23,590
+say amount comment They say comment, collapse.
+
+405
+00:38:23,990 --> 00:38:27,950
+They say collapse, collapse. Illegal, they say
+
+406
+00:38:27,950 --> 00:38:32,090
+illegal, which is completely wrong. Okay? So you
+
+407
+00:38:32,090 --> 00:38:35,010
+have to take this into your consideration once you
+
+408
+00:38:35,010 --> 00:38:38,290
+pronounce English and once you teach this
+
+409
+00:38:38,290 --> 00:38:41,550
+language. This language is very simple, it's very
+
+410
+00:38:41,550 --> 00:38:45,650
+clear, but you have to accustom yourselves to such
+
+411
+00:38:45,650 --> 00:38:50,690
+language. Now, next time I'm going to speak about
+
+412
+00:38:51,300 --> 00:38:56,480
+the stress system we have stress and isolation I
+
+413
+00:38:56,480 --> 00:39:02,460
+mean word stress okay where the nouns have a
+
+414
+00:39:02,460 --> 00:39:05,600
+certain position of stress that is different from
+
+415
+00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:11,860
+the verb okay the adjectives have a stress system
+
+416
+00:39:11,860 --> 00:39:16,800
+that differs from the noun okay we have different
+
+417
+00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:25,160
+positions of stress The suffix system is always or
+
+418
+00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:29,820
+is mostly stressed in English except only in
+
+419
+00:39:29,820 --> 00:39:34,440
+certain cases. We have to understand the stress
+
+420
+00:39:34,440 --> 00:39:38,140
+system before coming to the class next time. So,
+
+421
+00:39:38,520 --> 00:39:42,300
+for example, we have the noun stress which is
+
+422
+00:39:42,300 --> 00:39:45,640
+available in the first syllable like for example
+
+423
+00:39:45,640 --> 00:39:50,900
+subject is the first syllable stressed.Subject,
+
+424
+00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:56,180
+this is a verb. Object, this is a noun. Object,
+
+425
+00:39:57,240 --> 00:40:01,120
+verb. Report, what do you say? Is it a verb or a
+
+426
+00:40:01,120 --> 00:40:09,680
+noun? It is a verb. Report is a noun. Report is a
+
+427
+00:40:09,680 --> 00:40:20,030
+verb. Export, noun. Export, verb. Import. in part
+
+428
+00:40:20,030 --> 00:40:23,730
+there. So you have to be familiar with the stress
+
+429
+00:40:23,730 --> 00:40:28,650
+system either in word stress and also in sentence
+
+430
+00:40:28,650 --> 00:40:32,190
+stress. We also have what is called contrastive
+
+431
+00:40:32,190 --> 00:40:35,170
+stress. I'm sure that you are familiar with these
+
+432
+00:40:35,170 --> 00:40:39,810
+items in the course which was explained to you
+
+433
+00:40:39,810 --> 00:40:42,350
+last time which is entitled phonetics and
+
+434
+00:40:42,350 --> 00:40:45,970
+phonology. I hope that you could revise this area
+
+435
+00:40:45,970 --> 00:40:49,120
+and come ready for discussion next time and for
+
+436
+00:40:49,120 --> 00:40:52,640
+understanding just to understand the stress very
+
+437
+00:40:52,640 --> 00:40:56,120
+neatly and very efficiently. See you next time.
+
+438
+00:40:56,540 --> 00:40:57,240
+Thank you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/4uPPRSzjrSY_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1648 @@
+1
+00:00:14,460 --> 00:00:16,800
+Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Today we are going to
+
+2
+00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:20,600
+continue with explaining the definiteness and
+
+3
+00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:24,320
+indefiniteness system of English and Arabic. Last
+
+4
+00:00:24,320 --> 00:00:26,640
+time we spoke about the articles in English.
+
+5
+00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:34,020
+indefiniteness system represented in a and n and
+
+6
+00:00:34,020 --> 00:00:37,140
+the definiteness system which is represented in
+
+7
+00:00:37,140 --> 00:00:42,380
+the. We spoke about the use of these articles and
+
+8
+00:00:42,380 --> 00:00:50,960
+we terminated on the zero article okay which is
+
+9
+00:00:50,960 --> 00:00:56,380
+used before the names of diseases cardinal
+
+10
+00:00:56,380 --> 00:01:03,070
+numbers and a list of A, B, C, D. These don't have
+
+11
+00:01:03,070 --> 00:01:07,730
+any article, so it is zero. Could you read number
+
+12
+00:01:07,730 --> 00:01:12,330
+one, please? Could you read number one, please?
+
+13
+00:01:12,670 --> 00:01:16,770
+Number one. Okay, it's zero.
+
+14
+00:01:19,430 --> 00:01:24,730
+Heart disease and cancer kill millions every year.
+
+15
+00:01:26,300 --> 00:01:31,180
+heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension,
+
+16
+00:01:32,260 --> 00:01:37,180
+ulcer, constipation, et cetera. These diseases,
+
+17
+00:01:37,960 --> 00:01:41,640
+the names of diseases don't have any article. They
+
+18
+00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:43,700
+are zero, okay?
+
+19
+00:01:48,820 --> 00:01:53,420
+The zero article is also used generically to all
+
+20
+00:01:53,420 --> 00:01:57,890
+members of a class. We spoke about the generic
+
+21
+00:01:57,890 --> 00:02:02,170
+meaning and specific meaning last time. Okay. I
+
+22
+00:02:02,170 --> 00:02:09,030
+mentioned that A and N plus the have generic
+
+23
+00:02:09,030 --> 00:02:13,930
+meaning and have specific meaning. I read a book
+
+24
+00:02:13,930 --> 00:02:16,870
+in linguistics. I read a book in linguistics.
+
+25
+00:02:18,090 --> 00:02:21,010
+Specific. Okay. I'd like to buy a book in
+
+26
+00:02:21,010 --> 00:02:26,320
+linguistics. Generic. Okay. Dogs are domestic
+
+27
+00:02:26,320 --> 00:02:29,460
+animals. What do you say about this? Dogs is
+
+28
+00:02:29,460 --> 00:02:34,080
+plural. It's preceded by zero article. Do we mean
+
+29
+00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:37,700
+specific dogs? Specific category or species of
+
+30
+00:02:37,700 --> 00:02:42,280
+dog? All dogs. So it is zero as you see and it
+
+31
+00:02:42,280 --> 00:02:44,220
+refers to generic meaning.
+
+32
+00:02:47,180 --> 00:02:50,160
+Once you distinguish one class from another, use
+
+33
+00:02:50,160 --> 00:02:56,040
+zero article. She likes cats, not dogs. But don't
+
+34
+00:02:56,040 --> 00:03:00,200
+say she likes the cats, not the dogs. Or a cat,
+
+35
+00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:05,840
+not a dog. No, she likes cats, not dogs. But now
+
+36
+00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:09,700
+if you look to the translation, dogs are domestic
+
+37
+00:03:09,700 --> 00:03:12,960
+animals. Once you translate to Arabic, do you find
+
+38
+00:03:12,960 --> 00:03:18,630
+the two languages are of the same system of zero
+
+39
+00:03:18,630 --> 00:03:21,170
+articles or of definiteness and indefiniteness
+
+40
+00:03:21,170 --> 00:03:25,150
+here could you translate dogs and domestic animals
+
+41
+00:03:25,150 --> 00:03:28,830
+I
+
+42
+00:03:28,830 --> 00:03:33,070
+say الكلاب حيوانات أليفة but if you look to the
+
+43
+00:03:33,070 --> 00:03:37,090
+noun الكلاب it is of definite article أل التعريف
+
+44
+00:03:37,090 --> 00:03:40,830
+but in English once you translate it it comes out
+
+45
+00:03:40,830 --> 00:03:48,940
+with zero article I like cats I like cats. أنا أحب
+
+46
+00:03:48,940 --> 00:03:53,660
+القطط. Okay. So again, it is ال التعريف, the
+
+47
+00:03:53,660 --> 00:03:57,760
+definite article, which is translated here by the
+
+48
+00:03:57,760 --> 00:03:59,360
+zero article.
+
+49
+00:04:02,500 --> 00:04:05,920
+Cats, sorry, she likes cats, not dogs.
+
+50
+00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:15,600
+So we have definite article for both nouns, but in
+
+51
+00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:24,980
+English Yes It is zero in English now The
+
+52
+00:04:24,980 --> 00:04:27,740
+modifiers the noun phrase which which comes as a
+
+53
+00:04:27,740 --> 00:04:34,720
+modifier of a preposition mostly is of a zero
+
+54
+00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:43,810
+article I say, for example, at
+
+55
+00:04:43,810 --> 00:04:48,310
+war, and once you translate it into Arabic, the
+
+56
+00:04:48,310 --> 00:04:54,890
+modifier in Arabic has التعريف at war في الحرب in
+
+57
+00:04:54,890 --> 00:04:59,550
+danger في خطر أو في الخطر في الخطر both at peace
+
+58
+00:04:59,550 --> 00:05:09,290
+في سلام أو في السلام in needon fire addressed
+
+59
+00:05:10,250 --> 00:05:16,130
+In tears, on time, at sea, in love, on sail, at
+
+60
+00:05:16,130 --> 00:05:21,150
+lunch, in difficulty, on love. Okay? So you have
+
+61
+00:05:21,150 --> 00:05:25,610
+these modifiers of preposition phrases are
+
+62
+00:05:25,610 --> 00:05:29,330
+altogether of zero article. However, in Arabic, it
+
+63
+00:05:29,330 --> 00:05:32,850
+may be optional. It can be التعريف or can be also
+
+64
+00:05:32,850 --> 00:05:34,530
+zero article.
+
+65
+00:05:38,610 --> 00:05:42,570
+The zero article mostly comes with plural nouns.
+
+66
+00:05:43,370 --> 00:05:48,290
+Okay? After B. Most of my friends are teachers.
+
+67
+00:05:50,110 --> 00:05:54,650
+Most of my friends are teachers. Most of the
+
+68
+00:05:54,650 --> 00:05:59,230
+Islamic university students are women students.
+
+69
+00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:07,080
+Once you have where to be, the auxiliary B, then
+
+70
+00:06:07,080 --> 00:06:12,520
+the noun following it is of zero article.
+
+71
+00:06:18,100 --> 00:06:25,720
+Now, in headlines of magazines, newspapers, books,
+
+72
+00:06:26,420 --> 00:06:32,140
+labels, etc. We have functional morphemes omitted
+
+73
+00:06:32,140 --> 00:06:39,020
+because these are titles, the titles of papers, I
+
+74
+00:06:39,020 --> 00:06:44,480
+mean of papers or dailies or say magazines or etc.
+
+75
+00:06:45,300 --> 00:06:48,440
+We just want to write or writing the title of any
+
+76
+00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:55,430
+article or any news item We try to omit all
+
+77
+00:06:55,430 --> 00:07:00,650
+functional morphemes as much as we can. So the A
+
+78
+00:07:00,650 --> 00:07:05,610
+and the R are functional morphemes. Okay, so they
+
+79
+00:07:05,610 --> 00:07:09,830
+are omitted. I say captives freed last week.
+
+80
+00:07:12,190 --> 00:07:17,190
+Captives freed last week. The Palestinian captives
+
+81
+00:07:17,190 --> 00:07:22,640
+were freed last week. I say captives freed,
+
+82
+00:07:23,260 --> 00:07:29,860
+captives freed only. Okay. So try to sum up the
+
+83
+00:07:29,860 --> 00:07:35,700
+title as much as you can. Okay. Beware of dog.
+
+84
+00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:43,320
+Okay. Beware of dog. I don't say beware of dogs.
+
+85
+00:07:44,660 --> 00:07:50,230
+The S is plural. Dysfunctional morpheme. Okay. It
+
+86
+00:07:50,230 --> 00:07:54,310
+is inflectional morphine. So we omit it. Okay.
+
+87
+00:07:56,850 --> 00:08:01,610
+Entrance to parking. I can't say this is the
+
+88
+00:08:01,610 --> 00:08:07,710
+entrance for parking or of parking. Okay. It's
+
+89
+00:08:07,710 --> 00:08:13,630
+entrance to parking. as much as I can. I omit all
+
+90
+00:08:13,630 --> 00:08:16,330
+functional morphemes as much as I can, including
+
+91
+00:08:16,330 --> 00:08:19,490
+the preposition if necessary. But here the
+
+92
+00:08:19,490 --> 00:08:22,790
+preposition in this title is obligatory.
+
+93
+00:08:25,190 --> 00:08:27,410
+Entrance to parking.
+
+94
+00:08:30,570 --> 00:08:36,790
+I say for example, the university
+
+95
+00:08:38,080 --> 00:08:43,120
+prevents smoking in the university campus. I can
+
+96
+00:08:43,120 --> 00:08:49,940
+write a notice stating no smoking, no parking.
+
+97
+00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:59,620
+Okay, no parking. Instead of writing cars are not
+
+98
+00:08:59,620 --> 00:09:04,330
+allowed to park here, for example. So the language
+
+99
+00:09:04,330 --> 00:09:08,290
+of notices, language of titles of dailies,
+
+100
+00:09:08,430 --> 00:09:13,070
+newspapers and magazines are always very very
+
+101
+00:09:13,070 --> 00:09:18,890
+short. To have it like so, we omit most or all
+
+102
+00:09:18,890 --> 00:09:21,550
+functional morphemes. You see?
+
+103
+00:09:25,490 --> 00:09:30,550
+Now the
+
+104
+00:09:30,550 --> 00:09:31,090
+title
+
+105
+00:09:34,710 --> 00:09:40,130
+Okay, which refers to the rank. I say He was
+
+106
+00:09:40,130 --> 00:09:43,850
+appointed prime minister It is zero. I can't say
+
+107
+00:09:43,850 --> 00:09:47,870
+he was appointed a prime minister Or the prime
+
+108
+00:09:47,870 --> 00:09:52,250
+minister. He was appointed prime minister. He was
+
+109
+00:09:52,250 --> 00:09:59,810
+elected As president not a president Okay, he was
+
+110
+00:09:59,810 --> 00:10:05,380
+appointed king Okay, she was appointed queen. He
+
+111
+00:10:05,380 --> 00:10:08,840
+became prime minister. She was proclaimed queen
+
+112
+00:10:08,840 --> 00:10:18,260
+Okay Come brother, let's go home Brother
+
+113
+00:10:18,260 --> 00:10:28,760
+here is considered as a title. Okay The
+
+114
+00:10:28,760 --> 00:10:33,330
+zero article is used generically with proper
+
+115
+00:10:33,330 --> 00:10:40,570
+nouns, days, months, years, seasons, games,
+
+116
+00:10:41,150 --> 00:10:44,750
+abstract nouns and materials. John attended the
+
+117
+00:10:44,750 --> 00:10:49,410
+meeting last Monday. I say all weeks, all days of
+
+118
+00:10:49,410 --> 00:10:52,910
+week are zero. Sunday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday,
+
+119
+00:10:53,070 --> 00:10:56,670
+Tuesday, Wednesday, these are zero. Names of
+
+120
+00:10:56,670 --> 00:11:00,370
+months, January, February, March, April, May,
+
+121
+00:11:00,510 --> 00:11:05,030
+June, July, it is also zero. Zero article. Seasons
+
+122
+00:11:05,030 --> 00:11:12,450
+are also zero. Autumn, summer, winter, fall. Okay,
+
+123
+00:11:12,970 --> 00:11:14,570
+it is spring, it is zero.
+
+124
+00:11:21,770 --> 00:11:25,490
+Okay, I like to watch rugby and football matches
+
+125
+00:11:25,490 --> 00:11:32,190
+if you look to the Games here Names of games. They
+
+126
+00:11:32,190 --> 00:11:36,730
+are also zero. Okay, so all games of sports are of
+
+127
+00:11:36,730 --> 00:11:44,010
+zero article Meals
+
+128
+00:11:44,010 --> 00:11:50,270
+I say lunch Breakfast dinner It's zero
+
+129
+00:11:53,180 --> 00:12:02,500
+Materials, wood, iron, copper, zinc, tin,
+
+130
+00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:09,520
+these are also zero. All materials are zero.
+
+131
+00:12:10,580 --> 00:12:19,240
+Colors, black, white, metallic, pink, green, it is
+
+132
+00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:24,380
+zero. However, the adjectives of these altogethers
+
+133
+00:12:24,380 --> 00:12:31,000
+are with articles either a and it's that he she
+
+134
+00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:37,060
+bought a golden ring a golden ring gold golden
+
+135
+00:12:37,060 --> 00:12:40,800
+golden he
+
+136
+00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:48,700
+made a wooden door a wooden door wood without
+
+137
+00:12:48,700 --> 00:12:59,490
+wooden adjective Okay Paper is made of wood paper
+
+138
+00:12:59,490 --> 00:13:07,750
+Generic الورق كل الورق is made of wood خشب كل
+
+139
+00:13:07,750 --> 00:13:14,830
+الخشب Okay But here if you look to English and you
+
+140
+00:13:14,830 --> 00:13:20,050
+see the function of the zero article you find that
+
+141
+00:13:22,910 --> 00:13:27,130
+Zero article appears in these forms in English
+
+142
+00:13:27,130 --> 00:13:30,690
+while in Arabic it is mostly translated with
+
+143
+00:13:30,690 --> 00:13:37,770
+التعريف I like to watch rugby and football match
+
+144
+00:13:37,770 --> 00:13:41,070
+Paper
+
+145
+00:13:41,070 --> 00:13:49,150
+is made of wood يصنع الورق من الخشب الورق الخشب
+
+146
+00:13:49,150 --> 00:13:52,750
+He's a man of principles He's a man.
+
+147
+00:13:58,350 --> 00:13:59,230
+He's a man.
+
+148
+00:14:02,810 --> 00:14:04,810
+He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.
+
+149
+00:14:05,090 --> 00:14:06,990
+He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.
+
+150
+00:14:06,990 --> 00:14:07,690
+He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.
+
+151
+00:14:07,710 --> 00:14:10,630
+He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.
+
+152
+00:14:12,050 --> 00:14:17,250
+He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.
+
+153
+00:14:17,750 --> 00:14:19,750
+He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.
+
+154
+00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:19,770
+He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.
+
+155
+00:14:19,770 --> 00:14:19,770
+He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.
+
+156
+00:14:19,770 --> 00:14:19,770
+He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.
+
+157
+00:14:19,770 --> 00:14:19,770
+He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man.
+
+158
+00:14:19,770 --> 00:14:23,060
+He's a man. He's a man. He's a man Okay, these
+
+159
+00:14:23,060 --> 00:14:35,380
+abstract nouns are always of zero article Okay We
+
+160
+00:14:35,380 --> 00:14:38,140
+have also zero article before plural and
+
+161
+00:14:38,140 --> 00:14:41,360
+uncountable nouns when talking about things in
+
+162
+00:14:41,360 --> 00:14:49,000
+general I like tomato I like tomato Any type of
+
+163
+00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:54,560
+tomato is okay. So it is zero because tomato here
+
+164
+00:14:54,560 --> 00:14:58,840
+refers to generic meaning or specific meaning? It
+
+165
+00:14:58,840 --> 00:15:02,240
+refers to generic meaning. Okay. I like cakes.
+
+166
+00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:09,600
+Which cakes? It is generic. Okay. Milk is good for
+
+167
+00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:16,100
+you. Which type of milk? So it is generic. Okay.
+
+168
+00:15:16,940 --> 00:15:19,480
+In this case, it is zero article.
+
+169
+00:15:24,140 --> 00:15:28,160
+Now names of countries, towns, streets, languages,
+
+170
+00:15:28,540 --> 00:15:33,960
+magazines, airports, stations, and meals are of
+
+171
+00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:39,800
+zero article. I had lunch with John. But in Arabic
+
+172
+00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:44,160
+I say, تناولت طعام الغداء الغداء مع John. طعام
+
+173
+00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:51,110
+الغداء. Okay, construct a statement. I had lunch
+
+174
+00:15:51,110 --> 00:15:56,150
+with John. So lunch. I ate biscuits at King Cross
+
+175
+00:15:56,150 --> 00:16:00,690
+station. This is railway station in London. Okay,
+
+176
+00:16:00,990 --> 00:16:04,970
+I ate biscuits at King Cross station. I cannot say
+
+177
+00:16:04,970 --> 00:16:08,130
+at the King Cross station. Okay.
+
+178
+00:16:11,140 --> 00:16:15,980
+I ate biscuits at Cancro station while waiting the
+
+179
+00:16:15,980 --> 00:16:21,020
+10 o'clock train to Colchester. She speaks Arabic.
+
+180
+00:16:22,820 --> 00:16:29,100
+He lives at Duke Street. The name of street is
+
+181
+00:16:29,100 --> 00:16:35,260
+zero. Language is zero. Now Arabic, English,
+
+182
+00:16:36,980 --> 00:16:42,550
+Turkish. Russian Spanish it is zero. What's the
+
+183
+00:16:42,550 --> 00:16:44,930
+difference between English and the English?
+
+184
+00:16:48,390 --> 00:16:54,810
+English Yes, the two are nouns English and the
+
+185
+00:16:54,810 --> 00:16:56,830
+English but here what's the meaning?
+
+186
+00:17:00,150 --> 00:17:03,590
+Nationality English is a language while the
+
+187
+00:17:03,590 --> 00:17:09,030
+English is nationality. I say the British Okay.
+
+188
+00:17:09,490 --> 00:17:15,130
+The Portuguese, the Portuguese, this is the
+
+189
+00:17:15,130 --> 00:17:18,110
+Portuguese people nationality, Portuguese
+
+190
+00:17:18,110 --> 00:17:28,770
+language. Okay. The French, French language. Okay.
+
+191
+00:17:29,670 --> 00:17:32,550
+So you have to take care about the translation.
+
+192
+00:17:32,710 --> 00:17:35,730
+Now the use of that changed the whole meaning.
+
+193
+00:17:36,390 --> 00:17:41,990
+Okay. Now you have all names are mostly with zero
+
+194
+00:17:41,990 --> 00:17:46,930
+article except compound nouns. As we mentioned
+
+195
+00:17:46,930 --> 00:17:50,910
+last time, I say the West Bank, the Gaza Strip,
+
+196
+00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:55,130
+the United Nations, the Islamic University of
+
+197
+00:17:55,130 --> 00:18:00,470
+Gaza, compound noun. But I say Palestine. Okay.
+
+198
+00:18:01,190 --> 00:18:07,630
+Here, we can't say Palestinians, for example. For
+
+199
+00:18:07,630 --> 00:18:13,850
+us, we are the Palestinians. Why? What's the
+
+200
+00:18:13,850 --> 00:18:15,830
+difference between Palestinians and the
+
+201
+00:18:15,830 --> 00:18:16,310
+Palestinians?
+
+202
+00:18:19,890 --> 00:18:24,010
+Palestinians refer to you and the Palestinians
+
+203
+00:18:24,010 --> 00:18:28,470
+refer to the same meaning. Is that true? So what's
+
+204
+00:18:28,470 --> 00:18:28,990
+the difference?
+
+205
+00:18:35,100 --> 00:18:40,580
+So once you have this name, Palestinians, in the
+
+206
+00:18:40,580 --> 00:18:46,600
+CNN or BBC or any other European or American
+
+207
+00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:51,060
+broadcasting or channel or TV channel, this refers
+
+208
+00:18:51,060 --> 00:18:55,060
+to Palestinians as, politically, as gangs, as
+
+209
+00:18:55,060 --> 00:18:59,780
+illegal group of people. However, once you say the
+
+210
+00:18:59,780 --> 00:19:02,820
+Palestinians, this means the Palestinian people.
+
+211
+00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:08,860
+Okay? You have some dialects of Arabic have the
+
+212
+00:19:08,860 --> 00:19:13,880
+same thing. If you look to the Gulf countries, the
+
+213
+00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:17,600
+Arab Gulf countries, you have some dialects where
+
+214
+00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:21,960
+they have the definite ال التعريف before the noun,
+
+215
+00:19:22,660 --> 00:19:26,820
+the surname. Okay, اسم العائلة. If I teach in
+
+216
+00:19:26,820 --> 00:19:30,500
+Qatar or in Saudi Arabia or whatever, they don't
+
+217
+00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:33,780
+name me Walid Amir for example. They say Walid
+
+218
+00:19:33,780 --> 00:19:39,050
+Amir. Okay. So your surname is always with ال
+
+219
+00:19:39,050 --> 00:19:45,250
+التعريف. Okay. Now here it is for respect. Okay.
+
+220
+00:19:45,870 --> 00:19:48,970
+And now once we say Palestinians or the
+
+221
+00:19:48,970 --> 00:19:52,890
+Palestinians, we have political differences
+
+222
+00:19:52,890 --> 00:19:56,550
+between the two terms. Okay. So you have to take
+
+223
+00:19:56,550 --> 00:20:00,950
+care about this once you translate from Arabic to
+
+224
+00:20:00,950 --> 00:20:03,010
+English. Okay.
+
+225
+00:20:11,180 --> 00:20:17,440
+I say towns, countries are of zero articles,
+
+226
+00:20:17,660 --> 00:20:21,900
+streets are of zero articles, railway stations,
+
+227
+00:20:22,680 --> 00:20:28,640
+airports, I say Heathrow Airport. Names of lakes,
+
+228
+00:20:29,280 --> 00:20:36,280
+when I say Tabaria Lake, Victoria Lake, okay? But
+
+229
+00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:40,120
+you can say the lake. The lake here can be either
+
+230
+00:20:40,120 --> 00:20:44,480
+generic or specific. Okay? But if you name it,
+
+231
+00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:52,160
+then it is zero. Okay? Before some places with
+
+232
+00:20:52,160 --> 00:20:57,240
+some forms of transport, I say at home, in bed or
+
+233
+00:20:57,240 --> 00:21:04,720
+to bed, at work, to work, at school, to school, by
+
+234
+00:21:04,720 --> 00:21:12,350
+bus, by plane, by car, by train, on foot. She goes
+
+235
+00:21:12,350 --> 00:21:18,070
+to work by bus. Okay, I can't say by the bus. All
+
+236
+00:21:18,070 --> 00:21:23,190
+means of transports preceded by the preposition by
+
+237
+00:21:23,190 --> 00:21:31,290
+or mostly in or on, they are mostly with zero
+
+238
+00:21:31,290 --> 00:21:38,200
+article. I was at home yesterday evening. Okay, I
+
+239
+00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:41,920
+was at home. I can say in Arabic I say كنت في
+
+240
+00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:47,920
+البيت. So once you translate using
+
+241
+00:21:47,920 --> 00:21:52,900
+the system of literal translation, you may commit
+
+242
+00:21:52,900 --> 00:22:01,320
+an error saying that أنا I am at the home. Okay. I
+
+243
+00:22:01,320 --> 00:22:04,180
+was at the home. What do you call this error?
+
+244
+00:22:04,840 --> 00:22:07,140
+Interlingual error or intralingual error?
+
+245
+00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:14,260
+Interlingual because it is derived from Arabic. I
+
+246
+00:22:14,260 --> 00:22:20,980
+say, what a beautiful class. What a beautiful
+
+247
+00:22:20,980 --> 00:22:26,720
+class. Could I say what a beautiful weather? Why?
+
+248
+00:22:30,390 --> 00:22:34,470
+Because weather is uncountable. Oh, what a
+
+249
+00:22:34,470 --> 00:22:38,110
+beautiful day. Okay, but I can't say what a
+
+250
+00:22:38,110 --> 00:22:42,430
+beautiful weather. What beautiful weather. Okay.
+
+251
+00:22:48,650 --> 00:22:55,690
+I say have a nice day. A nice day. One day, two
+
+252
+00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:59,590
+days, etc. It is countable. But have nice weather.
+
+253
+00:23:01,900 --> 00:23:02,680
+Okay.
+
+254
+00:23:07,300 --> 00:23:11,720
+So what beautiful weather. It is zero. Comes
+
+255
+00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:16,940
+always with uncountable nouns. What loud music.
+
+256
+00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:22,660
+Music is non-countable. Okay. What loud music. You
+
+257
+00:23:22,660 --> 00:23:24,040
+can't say what a loud music.
+
+258
+00:23:27,280 --> 00:23:28,060
+Yes.
+
+259
+00:23:31,310 --> 00:23:42,990
+Now, we'd like to touch Arabic. You see that
+
+260
+00:23:42,990 --> 00:23:44,410
+Arabic differs from English.
+
+261
+00:23:47,190 --> 00:23:53,110
+The indefiniteness system is overt. However, it is
+
+262
+00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:58,230
+covert in Arabic. We have an in English, but we
+
+263
+00:23:58,230 --> 00:24:02,800
+don't have equivalence for either a or n it is
+
+264
+00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:06,740
+zero okay it is not necessarily to have the same
+
+265
+00:24:06,740 --> 00:24:15,140
+translation okay how
+
+266
+00:24:15,140 --> 00:24:18,760
+could
+
+267
+00:24:18,760 --> 00:24:19,920
+you translate it into English
+
+268
+00:24:24,480 --> 00:24:38,260
+a kilo of apple okay I drove a
+
+269
+00:24:38,260 --> 00:24:42,520
+yes
+
+270
+00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:50,370
+it is 80 miles an hour 80 miles an hour But 80
+
+271
+00:24:50,370 --> 00:24:55,710
+miles per hour it is definite in Arabic while it
+
+272
+00:24:55,710 --> 00:25:03,670
+is indefinite I say 80 miles an hour an hour a
+
+273
+00:25:03,670 --> 00:25:13,930
+minute a day Okay I say I'm a teacher
+
+274
+00:25:18,750 --> 00:25:25,450
+I am a teacher. Okay. هو مهندس. So what is zero
+
+275
+00:25:25,450 --> 00:25:28,030
+for the professions and handicrafts, they are zero
+
+276
+00:25:28,030 --> 00:25:34,510
+in Arabic while indefinite in English. They are
+
+277
+00:25:34,510 --> 00:25:37,690
+preceded by the indefinite article. I say أنا
+
+278
+00:25:37,690 --> 00:25:43,330
+مسلم. I'm a Muslim. So you have to take care.
+
+279
+00:25:44,230 --> 00:25:48,950
+about this. Otherwise, you commit interlingual
+
+280
+00:25:48,950 --> 00:25:52,210
+errors. So if your students say, I am Muslim, what
+
+281
+00:25:52,210 --> 00:25:57,110
+do you say? Where's the error? I am Muslim.
+
+282
+00:26:00,070 --> 00:26:07,210
+There is an error in the noun Muslim. I have to
+
+283
+00:26:07,210 --> 00:26:11,290
+say I am a Muslim. Okay, so this mistake is
+
+284
+00:26:11,290 --> 00:26:14,900
+derived from Arabic. Okay. So what do you call it?
+
+285
+00:26:15,060 --> 00:26:18,660
+Interlingual or intralingual? Interlingual error.
+
+286
+00:26:19,360 --> 00:26:24,740
+Okay. I am a Muslim. So it can wrongly be
+
+287
+00:26:24,740 --> 00:26:30,800
+translated into this. I'm a Muslim or I am Muslim.
+
+288
+00:26:30,940 --> 00:26:34,780
+Sorry, I am Muslim. This is zero. This is zero,
+
+289
+00:26:34,920 --> 00:26:39,520
+which is wrong. English has overt indefinite
+
+290
+00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:43,980
+article with adjectives of religions and
+
+291
+00:26:43,980 --> 00:26:54,860
+professions and handicrafts. My dad is
+
+292
+00:26:54,860 --> 00:26:59,380
+a windscutter. Is a windscutter. Not windscatter.
+
+293
+00:27:00,160 --> 00:27:06,100
+Okay, I say Topargy in Arabic or Banna. Okay.
+
+294
+00:27:06,620 --> 00:27:14,300
+Mason then. Okay. So my dad is a Mason. In Arabic,
+
+295
+00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:18,940
+it is zero. In English, it is indefinite. Okay.
+
+296
+00:27:20,100 --> 00:27:24,500
+You know, this is because Arabic indefiniteness is
+
+297
+00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:28,800
+covert. The Arabic indefiniteness is zero. Okay.
+
+298
+00:27:29,260 --> 00:27:33,630
+The nonation which we have in Arabic refers mostly
+
+299
+00:27:33,630 --> 00:27:39,710
+to what is called emphasis, not indefiniteness.
+
+300
+00:27:40,110 --> 00:27:40,250
+Okay.
+
+301
+00:27:48,770 --> 00:27:53,910
+Now we've
+
+302
+00:27:53,910 --> 00:27:59,370
+seen that Once you express about any any any sense
+
+303
+00:27:59,370 --> 00:28:02,530
+or any meaning which refers to the sense of any
+
+304
+00:28:02,530 --> 00:28:07,310
+Okay, or the name mentioned for the first time It
+
+305
+00:28:07,310 --> 00:28:10,190
+is zero in English. It is sorry indefinite in
+
+306
+00:28:10,190 --> 00:28:16,830
+English A or N However in Arabic it is zero في يوم
+
+307
+00:28:16,830 --> 00:28:22,250
+من الأيام كان هناك ملك كان
+
+308
+00:28:22,250 --> 00:28:27,940
+هناك ملك Okay so now once you translate this into
+
+309
+00:28:27,940 --> 00:28:31,820
+English you say once upon a time there was a king
+
+310
+00:28:31,820 --> 00:28:38,420
+you add the overt indefinite article a this comes
+
+311
+00:28:38,420 --> 00:28:42,100
+out with positive interference or negative
+
+312
+00:28:42,100 --> 00:28:46,020
+interference negative interference because your
+
+313
+00:28:46,020 --> 00:28:51,910
+students mostly omit The indefinite article a they
+
+314
+00:28:51,910 --> 00:28:56,950
+say they say once upon a time there was king Okay,
+
+315
+00:28:57,050 --> 00:29:01,730
+so this derives from arabic it is Interlingual
+
+316
+00:29:01,730 --> 00:29:07,830
+error interlingual error. Okay The earth is like
+
+317
+00:29:07,830 --> 00:29:12,990
+It's like a bone. This is english Okay, the room
+
+318
+00:29:12,990 --> 00:29:13,910
+is like a square
+
+319
+00:29:18,220 --> 00:29:22,680
+Okay, so assequire in English While in Arabic
+
+320
+00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:26,840
+المربع. So we don't have Because the two languages
+
+321
+00:29:26,840 --> 00:29:31,060
+are different Arabic as you know is semantic
+
+322
+00:29:31,060 --> 00:29:35,700
+language While English is Indo-European So we
+
+323
+00:29:35,700 --> 00:29:39,700
+don't have parallel system Okay, what is
+
+324
+00:29:39,700 --> 00:29:42,800
+indefinite here must be indefinite in the other
+
+325
+00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:47,580
+language. No الغرفة
+
+326
+00:29:48,820 --> 00:29:53,220
+The Rome is like a square. Okay. It is indefinite
+
+327
+00:29:53,220 --> 00:29:59,160
+in English while definite in Arabic. So we don't
+
+328
+00:29:59,160 --> 00:30:02,460
+have productive rules for translation here. You
+
+329
+00:30:02,460 --> 00:30:06,340
+have to understand the structure of English and to
+
+330
+00:30:06,340 --> 00:30:09,840
+be very, very aware of the structure of your
+
+331
+00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:13,810
+Arabic. The translator must be aware of grammar,
+
+332
+00:30:14,630 --> 00:30:18,050
+the grammar of the two languages which he or she
+
+333
+00:30:18,050 --> 00:30:24,570
+translates to. Okay? It is not limited to a number
+
+334
+00:30:24,570 --> 00:30:26,990
+of vocabulary you have in your mental dictionary.
+
+335
+00:30:27,830 --> 00:30:32,550
+Okay? You have to be familiar with the structure
+
+336
+00:30:32,550 --> 00:30:35,930
+of the two languages. Otherwise, you commit
+
+337
+00:30:35,930 --> 00:30:42,820
+serious errors. Again, the syntax and the word
+
+338
+00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:47,400
+order of language. Once you translate, you have to
+
+339
+00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:51,380
+know that Arabic has more than four word orders,
+
+340
+00:30:51,980 --> 00:30:56,600
+while in English we only have one word order okay
+
+341
+00:30:56,600 --> 00:31:00,920
+subject verb object however in Arabic we use verb
+
+342
+00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:09,000
+subject object or subject verb object or I say for
+
+343
+00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:17,460
+example verb object subject we have I say كتب
+
+344
+00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:23,040
+الولد الدرسة الولد كتب الدرسة الدرسة كتب الولد
+
+345
+00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:31,820
+Okay. So we have nearly four word orders or maybe
+
+346
+00:31:31,820 --> 00:31:35,020
+five if we add the cliticized system.
+
+347
+00:31:38,980 --> 00:31:44,960
+This is a clitic. Okay. So we nearly have five
+
+348
+00:31:44,960 --> 00:31:47,180
+word orders in Arabic while in English we have
+
+349
+00:31:47,180 --> 00:31:51,540
+only one. Okay. So once you translate, which one
+
+350
+00:31:51,540 --> 00:31:56,440
+of these word orders could you use? The one which
+
+351
+00:31:56,440 --> 00:32:00,880
+must be used here is the canonical word order of
+
+352
+00:32:00,880 --> 00:32:06,220
+Arabic, which is verb, subject, object. Once you
+
+353
+00:32:06,220 --> 00:32:10,260
+translate into Arabic, you have to begin with the
+
+354
+00:32:10,260 --> 00:32:18,420
+verb. This is more adequate than using the
+
+355
+00:32:18,420 --> 00:32:24,450
+subject. Because according to some Arabic
+
+356
+00:32:24,450 --> 00:32:27,430
+grammarian schools, they say the subject here is
+
+357
+00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:32,530
+called, once I say, زيد كتب الدرسة. زيد كتب
+
+358
+00:32:32,530 --> 00:32:37,330
+الدرسة. I say زيد is subject. But you say
+
+359
+00:32:37,330 --> 00:32:43,290
+according to traditional Arab grammarians,
+
+360
+00:32:43,850 --> 00:32:46,870
+you say that this is a topic. Topic يعني مبتدر.
+
+361
+00:32:51,540 --> 00:32:58,500
+The most effective word order is the canonical one
+
+362
+00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:06,190
+verb subject object okay, so you see Once you
+
+363
+00:33:06,190 --> 00:33:08,750
+speak about the definiteness or indefiniteness
+
+364
+00:33:08,750 --> 00:33:11,370
+system, you find differences between the two
+
+365
+00:33:11,370 --> 00:33:15,190
+languages. If you look to word order, you find
+
+366
+00:33:15,190 --> 00:33:18,530
+differences. If you look to any structure, like
+
+367
+00:33:18,530 --> 00:33:23,130
+prepositions for example, like the structure of
+
+368
+00:33:23,130 --> 00:33:27,170
+nouns, the plural of nouns, etc, you find the
+
+369
+00:33:27,170 --> 00:33:31,830
+differences. Inflection system Arabic is different
+
+370
+00:33:31,830 --> 00:33:34,950
+from English as we've seen. So once you translate,
+
+371
+00:33:35,130 --> 00:33:39,590
+you have to be very careful and very cautious. in
+
+372
+00:33:39,590 --> 00:33:43,150
+your translation because the structure in both
+
+373
+00:33:43,150 --> 00:33:45,970
+languages are complete is completely different
+
+374
+00:33:45,970 --> 00:33:50,070
+okay so you have to take care of the definite and
+
+375
+00:33:50,070 --> 00:33:52,830
+indefinite articles what is available in English
+
+376
+00:33:52,830 --> 00:33:58,370
+may not be available in Arabic so this is why your
+
+377
+00:33:58,370 --> 00:34:03,590
+students commit serious errors once using the
+
+378
+00:34:03,590 --> 00:34:08,150
+articles a or n or the most of the time you find
+
+379
+00:34:08,150 --> 00:34:15,240
+them add or put the Okay, the definite article
+
+380
+00:34:15,240 --> 00:34:19,220
+there before any noun before abstract nouns
+
+381
+00:34:19,220 --> 00:34:25,800
+material nouns meals names of sports names of
+
+382
+00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:30,080
+railway stations airports streets countries, why?
+
+383
+00:34:31,180 --> 00:34:35,600
+Why is this? Because in Arabic they are definite
+
+384
+00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:40,300
+So you find them translated into English using the
+
+385
+00:34:40,300 --> 00:34:44,960
+definite article, the. Okay. So you have to be
+
+386
+00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:47,660
+very careful. You have, once you teach English to
+
+387
+00:34:47,660 --> 00:34:50,240
+the students, you have to let them be familiar
+
+388
+00:34:50,240 --> 00:34:56,520
+with the use of the, using activities. Okay. Or
+
+389
+00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:04,030
+games that are based on fun. You have to teach
+
+390
+00:35:04,030 --> 00:35:08,130
+such articles contextually. You have to teach them
+
+391
+00:35:08,130 --> 00:35:14,530
+inductively. Don't use formal teaching. Don't
+
+392
+00:35:14,530 --> 00:35:18,750
+teach formally or deductively. Try to use games
+
+393
+00:35:18,750 --> 00:35:22,530
+that make or that increase what's called
+
+394
+00:35:22,530 --> 00:35:27,050
+motivation and competition inside the class. The
+
+395
+00:35:27,050 --> 00:35:31,350
+more you develop motivation among your students,
+
+396
+00:35:32,140 --> 00:35:36,080
+the more they understand, okay? The more you use
+
+397
+00:35:36,080 --> 00:35:40,080
+competitions, the more they understand. The more
+
+398
+00:35:40,080 --> 00:35:45,140
+you let them speak, they will understand in a very
+
+399
+00:35:45,140 --> 00:35:50,900
+shortcut way. However, explaining the articles by
+
+400
+00:35:50,900 --> 00:35:54,120
+you yourself without letting your students
+
+401
+00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:58,060
+participate, this means that they may understand
+
+402
+00:35:58,060 --> 00:36:00,820
+within the class and once they reach the gate of
+
+403
+00:36:00,820 --> 00:36:05,820
+the school, they forget everything, okay? So try
+
+404
+00:36:05,820 --> 00:36:13,260
+to explain such articles or such grammatical items
+
+405
+00:36:13,260 --> 00:36:18,820
+communicatively, contextually, okay? And better to
+
+406
+00:36:18,820 --> 00:36:22,200
+divide the class into groups, either large classes
+
+407
+00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:25,680
+or small classes, just to have what is called
+
+408
+00:36:25,680 --> 00:36:29,560
+competition inside the class. Use the system of
+
+409
+00:36:29,560 --> 00:36:34,150
+rewording as well. Okay, just to encourage them
+
+410
+00:36:34,150 --> 00:36:39,970
+speak, prepare, answer, compete with each other.
+
+411
+00:36:40,070 --> 00:36:44,290
+Okay, so take care of that. Thank you. That's it
+
+412
+00:36:44,290 --> 00:36:44,710
+for today.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/5NUdGHEpQn4.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1752 @@
+
+1
+00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:16,440
+Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Today inshallah we are
+
+2
+00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:19,860
+going to discuss just a new subject that is
+
+3
+00:00:19,860 --> 00:00:24,300
+adjectives in English and Arabic. We are going to
+
+4
+00:00:24,300 --> 00:00:27,760
+see the different types of adjectives in English
+
+5
+00:00:29,870 --> 00:00:35,890
+the attributive and the predicative adjectives and
+
+6
+00:00:35,890 --> 00:00:40,430
+their types in English, their order in English.
+
+7
+00:00:41,550 --> 00:00:44,610
+You know, we have a specific order for the
+
+8
+00:00:44,610 --> 00:00:49,220
+adjectives in English. You have to follow it once
+
+9
+00:00:49,220 --> 00:00:53,320
+you translate it from Arabic to English or when
+
+10
+00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:57,240
+you
+
+11
+00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:00,800
+just write English. You have to follow a specific
+
+12
+00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:05,440
+system just in using the adjectives. Sometimes the
+
+13
+00:01:05,440 --> 00:01:13,910
+adjective can modify one noun which is always, you
+
+14
+00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:17,850
+know, the adjectives modify a noun or pronoun, but
+
+15
+00:01:17,850 --> 00:01:21,070
+you have one adjective modifying a noun, sometimes
+
+16
+00:01:21,070 --> 00:01:24,670
+you have two adjectives modifying a noun, or more
+
+17
+00:01:24,670 --> 00:01:27,830
+than two adjectives. How could you deal with these
+
+18
+00:01:27,830 --> 00:01:31,310
+adjectives? How could you order them in the
+
+19
+00:01:31,310 --> 00:01:33,950
+sentence? Okay, this is what we are going to
+
+20
+00:01:33,950 --> 00:01:37,260
+discuss today. And we are going to see Arabic. Do
+
+21
+00:01:37,260 --> 00:01:40,840
+we have a specific system for ordering the
+
+22
+00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:45,240
+adjectives in Arabic? Is there a specific system
+
+23
+00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:49,720
+or not? There's no specific system in Arabic. The
+
+24
+00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:55,660
+specific system is available in English. Arabic is
+
+25
+00:01:55,660 --> 00:01:59,200
+more liberal in the order of adjectives than
+
+26
+00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:02,740
+English. So this causes what's called negative
+
+27
+00:02:02,740 --> 00:02:06,200
+interference. Once you translate from Arabic to
+
+28
+00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:09,820
+English, you commit serious errors in the order of
+
+29
+00:02:09,820 --> 00:02:14,140
+the adjectives. These may be interlingual errors
+
+30
+00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:17,120
+or interlingual errors. We are going to see the
+
+31
+00:02:17,120 --> 00:02:22,360
+subject today in detail to come out with the
+
+32
+00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:25,760
+results and to clarify the areas of difficulties
+
+33
+00:02:25,760 --> 00:02:27,440
+in using adjectives.
+
+34
+00:02:30,980 --> 00:02:33,880
+First of all, let's see the definition of
+
+35
+00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:34,700
+adjectives.
+
+36
+00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:40,720
+It can be modified. I mean, the adjective can be
+
+37
+00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:44,100
+modified as a word that modifies or qualifies a
+
+38
+00:02:44,100 --> 00:02:45,520
+noun or pronoun.
+
+39
+00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:52,840
+In one of three forms, either comparative degree,
+
+40
+00:02:55,780 --> 00:03:02,210
+positive degree, or superlative degree. We have
+
+41
+00:03:02,210 --> 00:03:05,710
+three types of comparison in English. The positive
+
+42
+00:03:05,710 --> 00:03:10,810
+degree as strong as comparative degree stronger
+
+43
+00:03:10,810 --> 00:03:14,010
+than the superlative degree the strongest.
+
+44
+00:03:19,330 --> 00:03:24,090
+So the main syntactic rule of adjectives is to
+
+45
+00:03:24,090 --> 00:03:27,210
+modify a noun or pronoun.
+
+46
+00:03:37,650 --> 00:03:42,190
+Here we see the
+
+47
+00:03:42,190 --> 00:03:48,050
+adjectives and the modifying objects, I mean the
+
+48
+00:03:48,050 --> 00:03:52,090
+nouns. Large towers could be seen from long
+
+49
+00:03:52,090 --> 00:03:57,470
+distance. Long distance. Long is an adjective.
+
+50
+00:03:58,990 --> 00:04:02,970
+It modifies the noun distance. This is called
+
+51
+00:04:02,970 --> 00:04:06,570
+attributive adjective. Once the adjective precedes
+
+52
+00:04:06,570 --> 00:04:10,450
+the noun or the pronoun, it is called attributive
+
+53
+00:04:10,450 --> 00:04:14,810
+adjective. And once it follows or post modifies
+
+54
+00:04:14,810 --> 00:04:19,830
+the noun, it is called predicative adjective.
+
+55
+00:04:23,190 --> 00:04:29,250
+The fish-shaped balloon floated over the treetops.
+
+56
+00:04:31,300 --> 00:04:36,120
+Fish-shaped balloon. Fish-shaped is an adjective
+
+57
+00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:40,500
+modifying or demodifying balloon. Okay, in this
+
+58
+00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:44,080
+sentence. The back room was filled with large
+
+59
+00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:49,100
+yellow rain boats. We have two adjectives
+
+60
+00:04:49,100 --> 00:04:55,500
+describing one noun or demodifying one noun, rain
+
+61
+00:04:55,500 --> 00:04:58,270
+boats. Two adjectives. Once you have two
+
+62
+00:04:58,270 --> 00:05:01,310
+adjectives, you separate between them by using a
+
+63
+00:05:01,310 --> 00:05:05,530
+comma. Okay? Large yellow. These are called also
+
+64
+00:05:05,530 --> 00:05:10,530
+attributive adjectives. The cool minds are dark
+
+65
+00:05:10,530 --> 00:05:19,350
+and dank. The girls are happy. Okay? We have here
+
+66
+00:05:19,350 --> 00:05:26,500
+the cool minds, which is the noun. to be modified
+
+67
+00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:30,100
+in the sentence as you see the cool minds are dark
+
+68
+00:05:30,100 --> 00:05:34,060
+and dank the girls are happy now all the
+
+69
+00:05:34,060 --> 00:05:38,700
+adjectives dark dank happy are attribute are
+
+70
+00:05:38,700 --> 00:05:41,860
+predicative adjectives because they post modify
+
+71
+00:05:41,860 --> 00:05:46,940
+the noun okay so once the adjective comes after
+
+72
+00:05:46,940 --> 00:05:51,290
+the noun it is called predicative adjective and
+
+73
+00:05:51,290 --> 00:05:55,270
+once it precedes the noun it is called attributive
+
+74
+00:05:55,270 --> 00:05:55,910
+adjective.
+
+75
+00:06:01,650 --> 00:06:07,130
+Now we have also another type of adjective this is
+
+76
+00:06:07,130 --> 00:06:12,130
+morphological type I mean The adjective which can
+
+77
+00:06:12,130 --> 00:06:15,870
+be formed of two or more words combined by the use
+
+78
+00:06:15,870 --> 00:06:19,830
+of hyphens. Once we explained compounding to you
+
+79
+00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:24,810
+previously, we spoke about hyphenated compounding,
+
+80
+00:06:24,990 --> 00:06:28,590
+space compounding, and solid compounding. You
+
+81
+00:06:28,590 --> 00:06:33,450
+still recall that? Okay. The three-year-old child.
+
+82
+00:06:35,210 --> 00:06:41,270
+Three-year-old, this is an adjective. It modifies
+
+83
+00:06:41,270 --> 00:06:45,470
+a noun, which is, where is the noun here? Child.
+
+84
+00:06:45,990 --> 00:06:49,270
+Is it called predicative or attributive?
+
+85
+00:06:50,030 --> 00:06:55,510
+Attributive. Okay. A $60 sweater.
+
+86
+00:06:56,970 --> 00:07:02,430
+Okay. So we have a $60 as attributive adjective,
+
+87
+00:07:02,790 --> 00:07:07,300
+modifying the noun sweater. A two-week journey.
+
+88
+00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:11,400
+We have journey modified by the adjective two
+
+89
+00:07:11,400 --> 00:07:15,860
+-week. These are called attributive adjectives.
+
+90
+00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:21,520
+Yes, here once you have a number preceding a noun
+
+91
+00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:25,760
+this noun remains in its base generated position
+
+92
+00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:29,340
+in its sorry in its base position in its stem
+
+93
+00:07:29,340 --> 00:07:33,300
+position cannot accept any inflection so you can't
+
+94
+00:07:33,300 --> 00:07:37,520
+for example say sixty dollars sweeter it's wrong
+
+95
+00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:41,700
+three years old child it's wrong you have to say
+
+96
+00:07:41,700 --> 00:07:46,500
+three three year sixty dollar two week okay
+
+97
+00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:53,380
+once the noun is preceded by a number written
+
+98
+00:07:53,380 --> 00:07:59,300
+number as you see then there must be no plural at
+
+99
+00:07:59,300 --> 00:08:05,960
+all the noun remains in its singular status it
+
+100
+00:08:05,960 --> 00:08:12,140
+stands as an adjective as
+
+101
+00:08:12,140 --> 00:08:16,790
+we mentioned we have the adjectives appear in two
+
+102
+00:08:16,790 --> 00:08:21,070
+main types either attributive modifying a noun
+
+103
+00:08:21,070 --> 00:08:27,410
+or predicative post modifying the noun you see
+
+104
+00:08:27,410 --> 00:08:34,430
+okay the new secretary is a bsc holder the new
+
+105
+00:08:34,430 --> 00:08:39,530
+secretary new It's an adjective. Is it attributive
+
+106
+00:08:39,530 --> 00:08:44,030
+or predicative? Attributive. The tall men are
+
+107
+00:08:44,030 --> 00:08:46,730
+basketball players.
+
+108
+00:08:49,130 --> 00:08:53,150
+Basketball players. So we have tall men. What do
+
+109
+00:08:53,150 --> 00:08:57,450
+you call tall? Attributive adjective. We have
+
+110
+00:08:57,450 --> 00:09:03,300
+predicative adjectives. When the adjective Post
+
+111
+00:09:03,300 --> 00:09:06,640
+modifies the noun which when it comes after the
+
+112
+00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:12,440
+noun okay this is when an adjective used after the
+
+113
+00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:16,920
+verbs be seen look become and other link verbs and
+
+114
+00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:20,600
+is a part of the predicate it's it's said to be
+
+115
+00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:25,680
+predicative adjective she is afraid of ghosts what
+
+116
+00:09:25,680 --> 00:09:31,430
+does afraid as an adjective modify it modifies she,
+
+117
+00:09:31,550 --> 00:09:34,790
+this is the pronoun. Does it come after or before?
+
+118
+00:09:35,070 --> 00:09:38,950
+After. So this is called predicative adjective.
+
+119
+00:09:39,590 --> 00:09:45,270
+The address is new, isn't it? Okay, new is an
+
+120
+00:09:45,270 --> 00:09:51,890
+adjective. Post modifying the address. Okay, so it
+
+121
+00:09:51,890 --> 00:09:56,410
+is predicative adjective. She looks rich. I feel
+
+122
+00:09:56,410 --> 00:10:00,510
+unhappy. What about rich and unhappy? They are
+
+123
+00:10:00,510 --> 00:10:05,750
+adjectives. The first one, rich, post-modifies the
+
+124
+00:10:05,750 --> 00:10:09,590
+pronoun she. It is called predicative. And unhappy
+
+125
+00:10:09,590 --> 00:10:15,390
+also is predicative. It post-modifies the pronoun
+
+126
+00:10:15,390 --> 00:10:15,870
+I.
+
+127
+00:10:20,650 --> 00:10:26,410
+We have some fixed phrases where the adjective
+
+128
+00:10:26,410 --> 00:10:30,760
+comes after the noun. We say, for example,
+
+129
+00:10:31,940 --> 00:10:39,120
+secretary-general. The United Nations secretary
+
+130
+00:10:39,120 --> 00:10:39,720
+-general.
+
+131
+00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:45,240
+Attorney-general.
+
+132
+00:10:50,600 --> 00:10:54,900
+President-elect. Court martial.
+
+133
+00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:05,020
+God Almighty, poet laureate, attorney general. So
+
+134
+00:11:05,020 --> 00:11:10,720
+you have these nouns are always post modified by
+
+135
+00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:14,840
+predicative adjective. Okay, we say for example,
+
+136
+00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:18,040
+Mudir Aam. How could we translate it?
+
+137
+00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:26,640
+General director? It's wrong. Director general.
+
+138
+00:11:27,460 --> 00:11:28,060
+Okay.
+
+139
+00:11:30,510 --> 00:11:33,050
+Yes, it is the same as secretary general. Yeah.
+
+140
+00:11:40,850 --> 00:11:45,950
+Most of the adjectives ending in A-P-L-E or I-P-L
+
+141
+00:11:45,950 --> 00:11:50,610
+-E come after the noun. They post modify the noun.
+
+142
+00:11:50,730 --> 00:11:54,830
+Most of them appear as a form of predicative
+
+143
+00:11:54,830 --> 00:12:00,340
+adjectives. Okay? Send all the tickets available
+
+144
+00:12:00,340 --> 00:12:03,780
+we
+
+145
+00:12:03,780 --> 00:12:07,620
+say available tickets but here tickets available
+
+146
+00:12:07,620 --> 00:12:11,700
+both and they alternate either pre-modifying or
+
+147
+00:12:11,700 --> 00:12:16,620
+post-modifying once they end with ABLE or IBLE
+
+148
+00:12:16,620 --> 00:12:21,360
+it's the only solution possible or possible
+
+149
+00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:23,740
+solution okay
+
+150
+00:12:27,900 --> 00:12:31,480
+Now we have adjectives come directly after the
+
+151
+00:12:31,480 --> 00:12:35,260
+universal and partitive pronouns, something,
+
+152
+00:12:35,780 --> 00:12:40,580
+everything, anything, nothing, somebody, anywhere,
+
+153
+00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:46,040
+and similar words. You have, once we say everyone,
+
+154
+00:12:46,980 --> 00:12:52,860
+anyone, everybody, these are called universal
+
+155
+00:12:52,860 --> 00:12:57,620
+pronouns. Somebody, someone, these are called
+
+156
+00:12:57,620 --> 00:13:03,740
+partitive pronouns, okay? Anywhere, etc. So once
+
+157
+00:13:03,740 --> 00:13:06,420
+you have these pronouns,
+
+158
+00:13:07,840 --> 00:13:14,200
+we have the adjectives come after them. Have you
+
+159
+00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:17,920
+read anything interesting? We cannot say, have you
+
+160
+00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:22,300
+read interesting things? Anything interesting
+
+161
+00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:27,160
+lately? Let's go somewhere quiet. Let's go
+
+162
+00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:30,060
+somewhere quiet. We cannot say let's go some
+
+163
+00:13:30,060 --> 00:13:34,700
+quiet, okay? Somewhere quiet somewhere. It's
+
+164
+00:13:34,700 --> 00:13:37,180
+wrong. Let's go somewhere quiet.
+
+165
+00:13:48,410 --> 00:13:51,910
+Okay, once you have we have another sentence. Have
+
+166
+00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:55,690
+you ever read anything interesting lately? So we
+
+167
+00:13:55,690 --> 00:13:59,270
+have interesting as an adjective. What do you call
+
+168
+00:13:59,270 --> 00:14:02,990
+it predicative or attributive? Predicative why?
+
+169
+00:14:03,990 --> 00:14:07,250
+Because it is preceded by the pronoun anything
+
+170
+00:14:07,250 --> 00:14:14,110
+Let's go somewhere quiet as you see Okay we have
+
+171
+00:14:14,110 --> 00:14:16,930
+Adjectives
+
+172
+00:14:17,770 --> 00:14:20,250
+called present proper.
+
+173
+00:14:23,290 --> 00:14:30,390
+Which they refer to, which refer to time. They
+
+174
+00:14:30,390 --> 00:14:32,170
+mean here or there.
+
+175
+00:14:35,730 --> 00:14:38,710
+The present members, when I say the present
+
+176
+00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:44,530
+members, those who are members now. Those who are
+
+177
+00:14:44,530 --> 00:14:49,600
+actually members now. The members present,
+
+178
+00:14:54,640 --> 00:14:59,440
+the students present, the students who are present
+
+179
+00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:03,820
+now a moment in the class. The present students,
+
+180
+00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:07,760
+okay, we speak about the students registered in
+
+181
+00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:08,260
+the course.
+
+182
+00:15:16,670 --> 00:15:22,490
+So once you have the word present followed by a
+
+183
+00:15:22,490 --> 00:15:26,590
+noun, it can be attributive, it can be
+
+184
+00:15:26,590 --> 00:15:31,090
+predicative, but the meaning differs. Once you
+
+185
+00:15:31,090 --> 00:15:34,450
+translate, the meaning must be different. You have
+
+186
+00:15:34,450 --> 00:15:37,290
+to take care of that. Absent.
+
+187
+00:15:41,270 --> 00:15:42,430
+As I mentioned,
+
+188
+00:15:45,170 --> 00:15:51,790
+the present members and members present. We have
+
+189
+00:15:51,790 --> 00:15:57,930
+adjectives preceding the noun, such as proper,
+
+190
+00:15:58,650 --> 00:16:05,190
+means real or genuine. Once it comes after the
+
+191
+00:16:05,190 --> 00:16:08,470
+noun, it refers to the central or main part of
+
+192
+00:16:08,470 --> 00:16:13,840
+something. Olive mountain, جبل الزيتون is a proper
+
+193
+00:16:13,840 --> 00:16:19,820
+mountain, not a hill. Proper comes before. This is
+
+194
+00:16:19,820 --> 00:16:25,740
+an attributive adjective. Olive Mountain is a
+
+195
+00:16:25,740 --> 00:16:30,060
+proper mountain, not a hill. After two days
+
+196
+00:16:30,060 --> 00:16:35,260
+crossing the foothills, they reached the mountain
+
+197
+00:16:35,260 --> 00:16:41,500
+proper. So we have proper preceding the noun and
+
+198
+00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:44,640
+proper following the noun. And the two sentences
+
+199
+00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:48,940
+are completely different in meaning. Okay? Olive
+
+200
+00:16:48,940 --> 00:16:55,260
+Mountain is a proper mountain, not a hill. After
+
+201
+00:16
+
+223
+00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:40,580
+derived originally from a noun. We have what is
+
+224
+00:18:40,580 --> 00:18:44,320
+called attributive adjectives. We agree that the
+
+225
+00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:46,740
+attributive adjectives precede or follow the noun.
+
+226
+00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:53,200
+Precede the noun. Heavy rain is expected in the
+
+227
+00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:57,710
+island. Heavy. What do you call heavy? Attributive
+
+228
+00:18:57,710 --> 00:19:02,330
+adjective, mainly because it precedes the noun. We
+
+229
+00:19:02,330 --> 00:19:07,690
+saw savage animals on the zoo. Savage. Again,
+
+230
+00:19:07,810 --> 00:19:11,630
+attributive because it precedes and pre-modifies
+
+231
+00:19:11,630 --> 00:19:12,770
+the noun animals.
+
+232
+00:19:15,370 --> 00:19:18,110
+Now, we have different types of attributive
+
+233
+00:19:18,110 --> 00:19:23,950
+adjectives. We have adjectives of quality. They
+
+234
+00:19:23,950 --> 00:19:27,860
+refer to a quality of the subject. Once we say,
+
+235
+00:19:27,940 --> 00:19:31,820
+for example, Egypt is a beautiful country. Where's
+
+236
+00:19:31,820 --> 00:19:36,220
+the adjective? It's beautiful. Does it post-modify
+
+237
+00:19:36,220 --> 00:19:39,640
+or pre-modify the noun? Pre-modify the noun. This
+
+238
+00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:45,520
+is why it is called attributive. She's a tall
+
+239
+00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:52,980
+girl. Tall. The same. So we have adjectives of
+
+240
+00:19:52,980 --> 00:19:58,650
+quality. which they qualify or they refer to the
+
+241
+00:19:58,650 --> 00:20:03,030
+quality of the subject. We have adjectives of
+
+242
+00:20:03,030 --> 00:20:06,350
+quantity or quantitative adjectives.
+
+243
+00:20:08,170 --> 00:20:12,250
+They answer the question, how much? He's a little
+
+244
+00:20:12,250 --> 00:20:17,670
+stupid. I had some tea. So they answer the
+
+245
+00:20:17,670 --> 00:20:19,110
+question, how much?
+
+246
+00:20:24,090 --> 00:20:28,070
+We've seen the adjectives of quality, the
+
+247
+00:20:28,070 --> 00:20:31,310
+adjectives of quantity, and now the adjectives of
+
+248
+00:20:31,310 --> 00:20:31,670
+number.
+
+249
+00:20:34,470 --> 00:20:38,150
+The adjectives of number are attributive and they
+
+250
+00:20:38,150 --> 00:20:42,830
+always denote numbers. They can be definitive
+
+251
+00:20:42,830 --> 00:20:47,710
+numeral adjectives, which they denote exact
+
+252
+00:20:47,710 --> 00:20:53,720
+number. Give me five pencils. Five pencils. Five
+
+253
+00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:56,720
+is an adjective. This is a numerical adjective
+
+254
+00:20:56,720 --> 00:21:00,820
+standing as attributive adjectives. Five pencils.
+
+255
+00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:07,180
+I have one pencil with me. One. Okay? So it is
+
+256
+00:21:07,180 --> 00:21:11,160
+definite because it is known. We have still
+
+257
+00:21:11,160 --> 00:21:13,240
+indefinite numeral adjectives.
+
+258
+00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:20,200
+They do not denote specific number. Give me some
+
+259
+00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:25,820
+pins. Where's the adjective? Some. Okay. Several
+
+260
+00:21:25,820 --> 00:21:28,340
+students attended the meeting. Where's the
+
+261
+00:21:28,340 --> 00:21:32,160
+adjective? Several. So they are generic. They do
+
+262
+00:21:32,160 --> 00:21:36,340
+not refer to a specific number. We have what is
+
+263
+00:21:36,340 --> 00:21:39,880
+called distributive adjective. Distributive
+
+264
+00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:41,160
+numeral adjectives.
+
+265
+00:21:43,590 --> 00:21:48,790
+These refer to each one of a number. Words like
+
+266
+00:21:48,790 --> 00:21:53,490
+each, every, either, neither fall in this
+
+267
+00:21:53,490 --> 00:21:57,390
+category. Okay? So distributive numeral adjectives
+
+268
+00:21:57,390 --> 00:22:02,570
+refer to words like each, every, either, neither.
+
+269
+00:22:04,910 --> 00:22:11,240
+Each of the students is to pay a fine. Each of the
+
+270
+00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:15,080
+students. Where's the adjective? Each. It is still
+
+271
+00:22:15,080 --> 00:22:18,920
+attributive. Our country expects every man to do
+
+272
+00:22:18,920 --> 00:22:23,800
+his duty. Where's the adjective? Every. Each
+
+273
+00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:28,580
+student must take his turn. Each. Every boy, girl,
+
+274
+00:22:28,780 --> 00:22:32,600
+man and woman was enjoying the fun with him.
+
+275
+00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:38,930
+Every. Neither side was secured. Muhammad wanted
+
+276
+00:22:38,930 --> 00:22:42,970
+everyone to do his duty honestly and efficiently.
+
+277
+00:22:43,090 --> 00:22:47,150
+Everyone. Either reference will meet my need.
+
+278
+00:22:47,290 --> 00:22:47,730
+Either.
+
+279
+00:22:50,590 --> 00:22:55,650
+We still have demonstrative adjectives which they
+
+280
+00:22:55,650 --> 00:22:59,890
+refer to attributive adjectives. This boy is my
+
+281
+00:22:59,890 --> 00:23:06,390
+brother. This, that. Those, these. Okay, these
+
+282
+00:23:06,390 --> 00:23:12,010
+fruits are spoiled. So this boy, what is the
+
+283
+00:23:12,010 --> 00:23:16,710
+adjective here? The demonstrative pronoun stands
+
+284
+00:23:16,710 --> 00:23:21,190
+as an adjective, attributive adjective. This,
+
+285
+00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:26,010
+these fruits, these. Originally it is
+
+286
+00:23:26,010 --> 00:23:30,030
+demonstrative adjective, it's a determiner, but it
+
+287
+00:23:30,030 --> 00:23:33,920
+stands as an adjective. We have what is called
+
+288
+00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:35,620
+interrogative adjectives.
+
+289
+00:23:38,860 --> 00:23:39,580
+Okay?
+
+290
+00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:48,880
+These refer to words like what, which, whose, etc.
+
+291
+00:23:49,940 --> 00:23:54,020
+They are used with nouns to ask questions. Whose
+
+292
+00:23:54,020 --> 00:23:58,920
+car is this? Where's the adjective here? Whose car
+
+293
+00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:02,780
+is this? Whose is an adjective. What do you call
+
+294
+00:24:02,780 --> 00:24:06,960
+it? Attributive or predicative? Attributive
+
+295
+00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:11,320
+because it remodifies the noun car okay it is
+
+296
+00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:14,440
+called demonstrative adjectives because it is
+
+297
+00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:18,960
+originally a demonstrative pronoun. We have
+
+298
+00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:24,460
+possessive adjectives like myself, my, your, his,
+
+299
+00:24:24,620 --> 00:24:30,060
+her, it our it's our their okay possessive
+
+300
+00:24:30,060 --> 00:24:34,520
+pronouns i mean possessive pronouns okay what's
+
+301
+00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:37,280
+your aim where's the adjective here in the
+
+302
+00:24:37,280 --> 00:24:41,360
+sentence your okay it stands as possessive
+
+303
+00:24:41,360 --> 00:24:41,860
+adjective
+
+304
+00:24:44,540 --> 00:24:47,060
+This means that the possessive pronouns are called
+
+305
+00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:49,700
+possessive adjectives. They are always
+
+306
+00:24:49,700 --> 00:24:53,220
+attributive, as you see. The interrogative
+
+307
+00:24:53,220 --> 00:24:56,060
+adjectives, I mean the pronoun, the interrogative,
+
+308
+00:24:56,140 --> 00:25:00,780
+the which questions, which, whose, what, etc.
+
+309
+00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:04,520
+These are called attributive adjectives. The
+
+310
+00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:06,420
+demonstrative adjectives are originally
+
+311
+00:25:06,420 --> 00:25:10,260
+demonstrative pronouns. This, that, these, those,
+
+312
+00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:10,720
+etc.
+
+313
+00:25:16,490 --> 00:25:20,070
+Still, we have the types of attributive
+
+314
+00:25:20,070 --> 00:25:20,830
+adjectives.
+
+315
+00:25:23,650 --> 00:25:29,330
+Now, once you have multiple adjectives which they
+
+316
+00:25:29,330 --> 00:25:34,150
+modify only one subject, we use commas to separate
+
+317
+00:25:34,150 --> 00:25:39,370
+between these adjectives. The white hangry cat ate
+
+318
+00:25:39,370 --> 00:25:42,770
+the cheese. The white hangry. We have two
+
+319
+00:25:42,770 --> 00:25:47,130
+adjectives. They are separated by A comma. The
+
+320
+00:25:47,130 --> 00:25:53,730
+bike is red, slow and very old. Bike is red, slow.
+
+321
+00:25:54,570 --> 00:25:57,910
+The third one is simulated by or connected by and.
+
+322
+00:25:59,210 --> 00:25:59,510
+Okay?
+
+323
+00:26:04,070 --> 00:26:07,630
+If you have... Second example. The bike is red,
+
+324
+00:26:07,790 --> 00:26:11,230
+slow and very old. This is attributable. The bike
+
+325
+00:26:11,230 --> 00:26:16,070
+is red, slow and very old. It is not attributive,
+
+326
+00:26:16,690 --> 00:26:20,090
+it's predicative. We mentioned that once the
+
+327
+00:26:20,090 --> 00:26:23,890
+adjective follows the noun, it is predicative.
+
+328
+00:26:24,950 --> 00:26:30,200
+Once it follows, but once it precedes the noun, it
+
+329
+00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:34,660
+is attributive so we have post modification and
+
+330
+00:26:34,660 --> 00:26:38,700
+pre modification post modification is related to
+
+331
+00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:42,380
+predicative adjectives and pre modification is
+
+332
+00:26:42,380 --> 00:26:49,360
+related to attributive adjectives now
+
+333
+00:26:49,360 --> 00:26:52,140
+if you have two adjectives we speak about the
+
+334
+00:26:52,140 --> 00:26:55,050
+predicative If you have two adjectives both
+
+335
+00:26:55,050 --> 00:26:58,610
+modifying the noun, then they are connected to
+
+336
+00:26:58,610 --> 00:27:02,450
+each other by using and without a comma. Mary is
+
+337
+00:27:02,450 --> 00:27:03,730
+silly and annoying.
+
+338
+00:27:06,530 --> 00:27:11,670
+Alistair is cool, funny, intelligent, and smart.
+
+339
+00:27:12,510 --> 00:27:17,050
+Okay, so you have the first two adjectives
+
+340
+00:27:17,050 --> 00:27:21,270
+separated by a comma, okay? And the last two
+
+341
+00:27:21,270 --> 00:27:26,950
+adjectives are joined by N without comma, okay? If
+
+342
+00:27:26,950 --> 00:27:30,330
+you have two adjectives post modifying a noun,
+
+343
+00:27:30,690 --> 00:27:35,190
+they are connected with and without commas.
+
+344
+00:27:37,530 --> 00:27:42,750
+We have what is called participial adjective. The
+
+345
+00:27:42,750 --> 00:27:47,550
+one which has the form of a participle. An amusing
+
+346
+00:27:47,550 --> 00:27:54,010
+story. What do you call this? Amusing. Adjective,
+
+347
+00:27:54,090 --> 00:27:57,330
+yes. But what do you call it? Redicutive or
+
+348
+00:27:57,330 --> 00:28:00,850
+attributive? Attributive. Attributive. A lying
+
+349
+00:28:00,850 --> 00:28:08,270
+divination. A lying still attributive. We have
+
+350
+00:28:08,270 --> 00:28:09,630
+compound adjectives.
+
+351
+00:28:11,850 --> 00:28:16,650
+Okay? I mean, the one that consists of two or more
+
+352
+00:28:16,650 --> 00:28:20,740
+words joined together. either by a hyphen or
+
+353
+00:28:20,740 --> 00:28:30,320
+solid, okay, like not brown, laughter-loving, four
+
+354
+00:28:30,320 --> 00:28:36,840
+-footed, threefold, lord-like, lovesick, okay. We
+
+355
+00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:40,300
+have here hyphenated adjectives and we have solid
+
+356
+00:28:40,300 --> 00:28:44,040
+adjectives. Still, all of them are compound
+
+357
+00:28:44,040 --> 00:28:46,740
+adjectives, okay.
+
+358
+00:28:56,080 --> 00:29:01,140
+We come to the most tricky area of adjectives now.
+
+359
+00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:04,740
+The order of these adjectives.
+
+360
+00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:13,980
+In most languages, adjectives are controlled or
+
+361
+00:29:13,980 --> 00:29:17,760
+bound by a specific order. Still, some other
+
+362
+00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:22,380
+languages like Arabic is very free, is liberal,
+
+363
+00:29:23,390 --> 00:29:27,030
+The order of adjectives is highly dynamic. There
+
+364
+00:29:27,030 --> 00:29:30,130
+is no rule for governing the adjectives in Arabic
+
+365
+00:29:30,130 --> 00:29:35,110
+except their importance. We classify the
+
+366
+00:29:35,110 --> 00:29:38,350
+adjectives in the Arabic sentence according to its
+
+367
+00:29:38,350 --> 00:29:42,650
+importance. The most important one, then the
+
+368
+00:29:42,650 --> 00:29:45,870
+important one, then the least important one, as we
+
+369
+00:29:45,870 --> 00:29:48,590
+are going to explain later. However, this is not
+
+370
+00:29:48,590 --> 00:29:54,300
+available in English. English has a specific and
+
+371
+00:29:54,300 --> 00:29:58,120
+very strict rule for ordering the adjective in the
+
+372
+00:29:58,120 --> 00:30:03,820
+sentence. This is very problematic for the Arab
+
+373
+00:30:03,820 --> 00:30:06,920
+learners of English because once they translate
+
+374
+00:30:06,920 --> 00:30:09,440
+from Arabic into English, they commit serious
+
+375
+00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:14,240
+errors. They just write the adjectives or
+
+376
+00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:18,750
+translate the adjectives very spontaneously. Okay,
+
+377
+00:30:19,290 --> 00:30:21,550
+completely like Arabic by this they commit
+
+378
+00:30:21,550 --> 00:30:32,770
+interlingual errors, you know Interlingual yes So
+
+379
+00:30:32,770 --> 00:30:35,750
+adjective pertaining size for example generally
+
+380
+00:30:35,750 --> 00:30:40,670
+precede adjective pertaining the age size Precedes
+
+381
+00:30:40,670 --> 00:30:46,590
+age. So we say for example little old Little old
+
+382
+00:30:49,310 --> 00:30:56,170
+Boy or child. Not old, little. Okay? So, size
+
+383
+00:30:56,170 --> 00:30:58,290
+precedes age.
+
+384
+00:31:04,030 --> 00:31:08,790
+These two precedes what is called color. We say,
+
+385
+00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:15,310
+for example, old, green. Not green, old. The age
+
+386
+00:31:15,310 --> 00:31:18,070
+precedes color.
+
+387
+00:31:21,900 --> 00:31:29,300
+So this order, I mean size, all, age, then color
+
+388
+00:31:29,300 --> 00:31:36,240
+is very systematic in English. However, it is not
+
+389
+00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:39,900
+like so in Arabic or other languages. So it is
+
+390
+00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:44,700
+more rigid. This means that the order is not like
+
+391
+00:31:44,700 --> 00:31:49,450
+so. The order of adjectives in Arabic is quite
+
+392
+00:31:49,450 --> 00:31:54,130
+elastic, quite free, liberal. It depends on their
+
+393
+00:31:54,130 --> 00:31:55,690
+importance in the sentence.
+
+394
+00:32:03,170 --> 00:32:05,910
+Now, the attributive adjectives and the
+
+395
+00:32:05,910 --> 00:32:10,210
+predicative adjectives may have the same order in
+
+396
+00:32:10,210 --> 00:32:13,870
+the sentence. This is in English. The package is
+
+397
+00:32:13,870 --> 00:32:18,510
+small and light. The weather is clear, cold, and
+
+398
+00:32:18,510 --> 00:32:18,890
+dry.
+
+399
+00:32:21,750 --> 00:32:25,990
+Okay, this is English. We cannot say the weather
+
+400
+00:32:25,990 --> 00:32:33,170
+is cold, clear, and dry. Or cold, dry, clear. It's
+
+401
+00:32:33,170 --> 00:32:37,250
+wrong. You have to start with clear, then cold,
+
+402
+00:32:37,590 --> 00:32:43,410
+then dry. We're going to give the exact rule for
+
+403
+00:32:43,410 --> 00:32:47,350
+that. The photo stool is round and black.
+
+404
+00:32:51,230 --> 00:32:55,070
+Now, in the first example, the adjective small
+
+405
+00:32:55,070 --> 00:33:00,910
+indicates size. It precedes the adjective light,
+
+406
+00:33:01,670 --> 00:33:06,130
+indicating weight. Light, the opposite is heavy.
+
+407
+00:33:06,950 --> 00:33:10,250
+Okay? In the second example, the general
+
+408
+00:33:10,250 --> 00:33:13,550
+descriptive adjective clear precedes the adjective
+
+409
+00:33:13,550 --> 00:33:18,750
+cold indicating temperature cold temperature clear
+
+410
+00:33:18,750 --> 00:33:23,310
+which precedes the adjective dry which indicating
+
+411
+00:33:23,310 --> 00:33:29,850
+humidity in the
+
+412
+00:33:29,850 --> 00:33:32,050
+third example, the adjective round indicating
+
+413
+00:33:32,050 --> 00:33:36,430
+shape precedes the adjective black indicating
+
+414
+00:33:36,430 --> 00:33:40,640
+color Okay? So shape precedes color.
+
+415
+00:33:45,580 --> 00:33:52,420
+Okay? Now, if you have, as I mentioned, if you
+
+416
+00:33:52,420 --> 00:33:55,880
+have more than one adjective, then you have to use
+
+417
+00:33:55,880 --> 00:34:00,120
+punctuations. Okay? You have to use punctuations.
+
+418
+00:34:01,150 --> 00:34:03,430
+If you have two adjectives, you separate between
+
+419
+00:34:03,430 --> 00:34:06,570
+them by using a comma if they are attributive. But
+
+
+445
+00:36:02,830 --> 00:36:07,190
+The frightened child. The sky is aglow. The
+
+446
+00:36:07,190 --> 00:36:12,910
+glowing sky. The animal is alive. The live animal.
+
+447
+00:36:13,590 --> 00:36:17,330
+The boy is asleep. The sleeping boy. Okay?
+
+448
+00:36:21,870 --> 00:36:28,310
+We have also the demonstrative pronoun stands 
+
+449
+00:36:29,180 --> 00:36:32,020
+as predicative adjective as it stands as 
+
+450
+00:36:32,020 --> 00:36:34,540
+attributive as we mentioned previously the 
+
+451
+00:36:34,540 --> 00:36:39,160
+children are here the records were there I'm ready 
+
+452
+00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:44,840
+ready works as completely like the demonstrative 
+
+453
+00:36:44,840 --> 00:36:49,180
+pronoun in this regard it takes or it comes as 
+
+454
+00:36:49,180 --> 00:36:58,320
+predicative adjective okay now the adjective 
+
+455
+00:37:00,780 --> 00:37:05,020
+either attributive or predicative change the 
+
+456
+00:37:05,020 --> 00:37:08,940
+meaning once the adjective once the adjective 
+
+457
+00:37:08,940 --> 00:37:13,620
+comes after the noun it's predicative it changes 
+
+458
+00:37:13,620 --> 00:37:17,280
+the meaning if it stands before okay so you have 
+
+459
+00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:20,220
+what is called predicative adjectives and 
+
+460
+00:37:20,220 --> 00:37:23,600
+attributive adjectives you have the same the same 
+
+461
+00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:27,300
+adjective can take both both characteristics, 
+
+462
+00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:31,780
+either predicative or attributive. But here, the 
+
+463
+00:37:31,780 --> 00:37:36,380
+sentence completely changes. Okay? We have, the 
+
+464
+00:37:36,380 --> 00:37:40,880
+treasurer was prisoned. The prison treasurer. I 
+
+465
+00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:44,280
+need you to translate these sentences. Robin 
+
+466
+00:37:44,280 --> 00:37:49,860
+Harris was late. The late Robin Harris. My friend 
+
+467
+00:37:49,860 --> 00:37:56,000
+is poor. My poor friend. So what I need from you 
+
+468
+00:37:56,000 --> 00:38:00,160
+is just to translate these sentences and to come 
+
+469
+00:38:00,160 --> 00:38:05,780
+next time preparing the adjectives and their 
+
+470
+00:38:05,780 --> 00:38:10,540
+punctuations. If you have two adjectives preceding 
+
+471
+00:38:10,540 --> 00:38:15,890
+the noun, how could you order them? I need you to 
+
+472
+00:38:15,890 --> 00:38:20,470
+prepare or to come to me next time understanding 
+
+473
+00:38:20,470 --> 00:38:24,350
+or preparing the order of adjectives. We have 
+
+474
+00:38:24,350 --> 00:38:29,170
+adjectives of descriptive adjectives. We have 
+
+475
+00:38:29,170 --> 00:38:33,810
+size. We have color adjectives. We have 
+
+476
+00:38:33,810 --> 00:38:38,230
+temperature adjectives. We have humidity 
+
+477
+00:38:38,230 --> 00:38:42,710
+adjectives, age adjectives, shape adjectives. How 
+
+478
+00:38:42,710 --> 00:38:47,100
+could you order them in the sentence we need you 
+
+479
+00:38:47,100 --> 00:38:51,760
+to come next time with a timetable or an order of 
+
+480
+00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:54,180
+these sentences systematic order of the sentence 
+
+481
+00:38:54,180 --> 00:38:59,820
+and how to punctuate these adjectives okay next 
+
+482
+00:38:59,820 --> 00:39:02,100
+time we are going to speak about the rest of the 
+
+483
+00:39:02,100 --> 00:39:05,300
+adjectives and we are going to shift to Arabic 
+
+484
+00:39:05,300 --> 00:39:08,440
+adjectives okay that's it for today thank you 

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/5NUdGHEpQn4_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1936 @@
+1
+00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:16,440
+Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Today inshallah we are
+
+2
+00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:19,860
+going to discuss just a new subject that is
+
+3
+00:00:19,860 --> 00:00:24,300
+adjectives in English and Arabic. We are going to
+
+4
+00:00:24,300 --> 00:00:27,760
+see the different types of adjectives in English
+
+5
+00:00:29,870 --> 00:00:35,890
+the attributive and the predicative adjectives and
+
+6
+00:00:35,890 --> 00:00:40,430
+their types in English, their order in English.
+
+7
+00:00:41,550 --> 00:00:44,610
+You know, we have a specific order for the
+
+8
+00:00:44,610 --> 00:00:49,220
+adjectives in English. you have to follow it once
+
+9
+00:00:49,220 --> 00:00:53,320
+you translate it from Arabic to English or when
+
+10
+00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:57,240
+you
+
+11
+00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:00,800
+just write English. You have to follow a specific
+
+12
+00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:05,440
+system just in using the adjectives. Sometimes the
+
+13
+00:01:05,440 --> 00:01:13,910
+adjective can modify one noun which is always, you
+
+14
+00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:17,850
+know, the adjectives modify a noun or pronoun, but
+
+15
+00:01:17,850 --> 00:01:21,070
+you have one adjective modifying a noun, sometimes
+
+16
+00:01:21,070 --> 00:01:24,670
+you have two adjectives modifying a noun, or more
+
+17
+00:01:24,670 --> 00:01:27,830
+than two adjectives. How could you deal with these
+
+18
+00:01:27,830 --> 00:01:31,310
+adjectives? How could you order them in the
+
+19
+00:01:31,310 --> 00:01:33,950
+sentence? Okay, this is what we are going to
+
+20
+00:01:33,950 --> 00:01:37,260
+discuss today. And we are going to see Arabic. Do
+
+21
+00:01:37,260 --> 00:01:40,840
+we have a specific system for ordering the
+
+22
+00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:45,240
+adjectives in Arabic? Is there a specific system
+
+23
+00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:49,720
+or not? There's no specific system in Arabic. The
+
+24
+00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:55,660
+specific system is available in English. Arabic is
+
+25
+00:01:55,660 --> 00:01:59,200
+more liberal in the order of adjectives than
+
+26
+00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:02,740
+English. So this causes what's called negative
+
+27
+00:02:02,740 --> 00:02:06,200
+interference. Once you translate from Arabic to
+
+28
+00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:09,820
+English, you commit serious errors in the order of
+
+29
+00:02:09,820 --> 00:02:14,140
+the adjectives. These may be interlingual errors
+
+30
+00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:17,120
+or interlingual errors. We are going to see the
+
+31
+00:02:17,120 --> 00:02:22,360
+subject today in detail to come out with the
+
+32
+00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:25,760
+results and to clarify the areas of difficulties
+
+33
+00:02:25,760 --> 00:02:27,440
+in using adjectives.
+
+34
+00:02:30,980 --> 00:02:33,880
+First of all, let's see the definition of
+
+35
+00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:34,700
+adjectives.
+
+36
+00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:40,720
+It can be modified. I mean, the adjective can be
+
+37
+00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:44,100
+modified as a word that modifies or qualifies a
+
+38
+00:02:44,100 --> 00:02:45,520
+noun or pronoun.
+
+39
+00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:52,840
+In one of three forms, either comparative degree,
+
+40
+00:02:55,780 --> 00:03:02,210
+positive degree, or superlative degree. We have
+
+41
+00:03:02,210 --> 00:03:05,710
+three types of comparison in English. The positive
+
+42
+00:03:05,710 --> 00:03:10,810
+degree as strong as comparative degree stronger
+
+43
+00:03:10,810 --> 00:03:14,010
+than the superlative degree the strongest.
+
+44
+00:03:19,330 --> 00:03:24,090
+So the main syntactic rule of adjectives is to
+
+45
+00:03:24,090 --> 00:03:27,210
+modify a noun or pronoun.
+
+46
+00:03:37,650 --> 00:03:42,190
+Here we see the
+
+47
+00:03:42,190 --> 00:03:48,050
+adjectives and the modifying objects, I mean the
+
+48
+00:03:48,050 --> 00:03:52,090
+nouns. Large towers could be seen from long
+
+49
+00:03:52,090 --> 00:03:57,470
+distance. Long distance. Long is an adjective.
+
+50
+00:03:58,990 --> 00:04:02,970
+Remodifies the noun distance. This is called
+
+51
+00:04:02,970 --> 00:04:06,570
+attributive adjective. Once the adjective precedes
+
+52
+00:04:06,570 --> 00:04:10,450
+the noun or the pronoun, it is called attributive
+
+53
+00:04:10,450 --> 00:04:14,810
+adjective. And once it follows or post modifies
+
+54
+00:04:14,810 --> 00:04:19,830
+the noun, it is called predicative adjective.
+
+55
+00:04:23,190 --> 00:04:29,250
+The fish shape balloon floated over the treetops.
+
+56
+00:04:31,300 --> 00:04:36,120
+Fish-shaped balloon. Fish-shaped is an adjective
+
+57
+00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:40,500
+modifying or demodifying balloon. Okay, in this
+
+58
+00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:44,080
+sentence. The back room was filled with large
+
+59
+00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:49,100
+yellow rain boats. We have two adjectives
+
+60
+00:04:49,100 --> 00:04:55,500
+describing one noun or demodifying one noun, rain
+
+61
+00:04:55,500 --> 00:04:58,270
+boats. Two adjectives. Once you have two
+
+62
+00:04:58,270 --> 00:05:01,310
+adjectives, you separate between them by using a
+
+63
+00:05:01,310 --> 00:05:05,530
+comma. Okay? Large yellow. These are called also
+
+64
+00:05:05,530 --> 00:05:10,530
+attributive adjectives. The cool minds are dark
+
+65
+00:05:10,530 --> 00:05:19,350
+and dunk. The girls are happy. Okay? We have here
+
+66
+00:05:19,350 --> 00:05:26,500
+the cool minds, which is the noun. to be modified
+
+67
+00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:30,100
+in the sentence as you see the cool minds are dark
+
+68
+00:05:30,100 --> 00:05:34,060
+and dank the girls are happy now all the
+
+69
+00:05:34,060 --> 00:05:38,700
+adjectives dark dank happy are attribute are
+
+70
+00:05:38,700 --> 00:05:41,860
+predicative adjectives because they post modify
+
+71
+00:05:41,860 --> 00:05:46,940
+the noun okay so once the adjective comes after
+
+72
+00:05:46,940 --> 00:05:51,290
+the noun it is called predicative adjective and
+
+73
+00:05:51,290 --> 00:05:55,270
+once it precedes the noun it is called attributive
+
+74
+00:05:55,270 --> 00:05:55,910
+adjective.
+
+75
+00:06:01,650 --> 00:06:07,130
+Now we have also another type of adjective this is
+
+76
+00:06:07,130 --> 00:06:12,130
+morphological type I mean The adjective which can
+
+77
+00:06:12,130 --> 00:06:15,870
+be formed of two or more words combined by the use
+
+78
+00:06:15,870 --> 00:06:19,830
+of hyphens. Once we explained compounding to you
+
+79
+00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:24,810
+previously, we spoke about hyphenated compounding,
+
+80
+00:06:24,990 --> 00:06:28,590
+space compounding, and solid compounding. You
+
+81
+00:06:28,590 --> 00:06:33,450
+still recall that? Okay. The three-year-old child.
+
+82
+00:06:35,210 --> 00:06:41,270
+Three-year-old, this is an adjective. Remodifying
+
+83
+00:06:41,270 --> 00:06:45,470
+a noun, which is, where is the noun here? Child.
+
+84
+00:06:45,990 --> 00:06:49,270
+Is it called redicative or attributive?
+
+85
+00:06:50,030 --> 00:06:55,510
+Attributive. Okay. A $60 sweater.
+
+86
+00:06:56,970 --> 00:07:02,430
+Okay. So we have a $60 as attributive adjective,
+
+87
+00:07:02,790 --> 00:07:07,300
+remodifying the noun sweater. a two-week journey.
+
+88
+00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:11,400
+We have journey remodified by the adjective two
+
+89
+00:07:11,400 --> 00:07:15,860
+-week. These are called attributive adjectives.
+
+90
+00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:21,520
+Yes, here once you have a number preceding noun
+
+91
+00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:25,760
+this noun remains in its base generated position
+
+92
+00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:29,340
+in its sorry in its base position in its stem
+
+93
+00:07:29,340 --> 00:07:33,300
+position cannot accept any inflection so you can't
+
+94
+00:07:33,300 --> 00:07:37,520
+for example say sixty dollars sweeter it's wrong
+
+95
+00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:41,700
+three years old child it's wrong you have to say
+
+96
+00:07:41,700 --> 00:07:46,500
+three three year sixty dollar two week okay
+
+97
+00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:53,380
+once the noun is preceded by a number written
+
+98
+00:07:53,380 --> 00:07:59,300
+number as you see then there must be no plural at
+
+99
+00:07:59,300 --> 00:08:05,960
+all the noun remains in its singular status it
+
+100
+00:08:05,960 --> 00:08:12,140
+stands as an adjective as
+
+101
+00:08:12,140 --> 00:08:16,790
+we mentioned we have the adjectives appear in two
+
+102
+00:08:16,790 --> 00:08:21,070
+main types either attributive remodifying a noun
+
+103
+00:08:21,070 --> 00:08:27,410
+or predicative post modifying the noun you see
+
+104
+00:08:27,410 --> 00:08:34,430
+okay the new secretary is a bsc holder the new
+
+105
+00:08:34,430 --> 00:08:39,530
+secretary new It's an adjective. Is it attributive
+
+106
+00:08:39,530 --> 00:08:44,030
+or predicative? Attributive. The tall men are
+
+107
+00:08:44,030 --> 00:08:46,730
+basketball players.
+
+108
+00:08:49,130 --> 00:08:53,150
+Basketball players. So we have tall men. What do
+
+109
+00:08:53,150 --> 00:08:57,450
+you call tall? Attributive adjective. We have
+
+110
+00:08:57,450 --> 00:09:03,300
+predicative adjectives. When the adjective Post
+
+111
+00:09:03,300 --> 00:09:06,640
+modifies the noun which when it comes after the
+
+112
+00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:12,440
+noun okay this is when an adjective used after the
+
+113
+00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:16,920
+verbs be seen look become and other link verbs and
+
+114
+00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:20,600
+is a part of the predicate it's it's said to be
+
+115
+00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:25,680
+predicative adjective she is afraid of ghosts what
+
+116
+00:09:25,680 --> 00:09:31,430
+does afraid as an adjective modify it modifies He,
+
+117
+00:09:31,550 --> 00:09:34,790
+this is the pronoun. Does it come after or before?
+
+118
+00:09:35,070 --> 00:09:38,950
+After. So this is called predicative adjective.
+
+119
+00:09:39,590 --> 00:09:45,270
+The address is new, isn't it? Okay, new is an
+
+120
+00:09:45,270 --> 00:09:51,890
+adjective. Post modifying the address. Okay, so it
+
+121
+00:09:51,890 --> 00:09:56,410
+is predicative adjective. She looks rich. I feel
+
+122
+00:09:56,410 --> 00:10:00,510
+unhappy. What about rich and unhappy? They are
+
+123
+00:10:00,510 --> 00:10:05,750
+adjectives. The first one, rich, post-modifies the
+
+124
+00:10:05,750 --> 00:10:09,590
+pronoun she. It is called predicative. And unhappy
+
+125
+00:10:09,590 --> 00:10:15,390
+also is predicative. It post-modifies the pronoun
+
+126
+00:10:15,390 --> 00:10:15,870
+I.
+
+127
+00:10:20,650 --> 00:10:26,410
+We have some fixed phrases where the adjective
+
+128
+00:10:26,410 --> 00:10:30,760
+comes after the noun. We say, for example,
+
+129
+00:10:31,940 --> 00:10:39,120
+secretary-general. The United Nations secretary
+
+130
+00:10:39,120 --> 00:10:39,720
+-general.
+
+131
+00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:45,240
+Attorney-general.
+
+132
+00:10:50,600 --> 00:10:54,900
+President-elect. Court martial.
+
+133
+00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:05,020
+God Almighty, poet laureate, attorney general. So
+
+134
+00:11:05,020 --> 00:11:10,720
+you have these nouns are always post modified by
+
+135
+00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:14,840
+predicative adjective. Okay, we say for example,
+
+136
+00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:18,040
+Mudir Aam. How could we translate it?
+
+137
+00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:26,640
+General director? It's wrong. Director general.
+
+138
+00:11:27,460 --> 00:11:28,060
+Okay.
+
+139
+00:11:30,510 --> 00:11:33,050
+Yes, it is the same as secretary general. Yeah.
+
+140
+00:11:40,850 --> 00:11:45,950
+Most of the adjectives ending in A-P-L-E or I-P-L
+
+141
+00:11:45,950 --> 00:11:50,610
+-E come after the noun. They post modify the noun.
+
+142
+00:11:50,730 --> 00:11:54,830
+Most of them appear as a form of predicative
+
+143
+00:11:54,830 --> 00:12:00,340
+adjectives. Okay? send all the tickets available
+
+144
+00:12:00,340 --> 00:12:03,780
+we
+
+145
+00:12:03,780 --> 00:12:07,620
+say available tickets but here tickets available
+
+146
+00:12:07,620 --> 00:12:11,700
+both and they alternate either pre-modifying or
+
+147
+00:12:11,700 --> 00:12:16,620
+post-modifying once they end with ABLE or IBLE
+
+148
+00:12:16,620 --> 00:12:21,360
+it's the only solution possible or possible
+
+149
+00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:23,740
+solution okay
+
+150
+00:12:27,900 --> 00:12:31,480
+Now we have adjectives come directly after the
+
+151
+00:12:31,480 --> 00:12:35,260
+universal and partitive pronouns, something,
+
+152
+00:12:35,780 --> 00:12:40,580
+everything, anything, nothing, somebody, anywhere,
+
+153
+00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:46,040
+and similar words. You have, once we say everyone,
+
+154
+00:12:46,980 --> 00:12:52,860
+anyone, everybody, these are called universal
+
+155
+00:12:52,860 --> 00:12:57,620
+pronouns. Somebody, someone, these are called
+
+156
+00:12:57,620 --> 00:13:03,740
+partitive pronouns, okay? Anywhere, etc. So once
+
+157
+00:13:03,740 --> 00:13:06,420
+you have these pronouns,
+
+158
+00:13:07,840 --> 00:13:14,200
+we have the adjectives come after them. Have you
+
+159
+00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:17,920
+read anything interesting? We cannot say, have you
+
+160
+00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:22,300
+read interesting things? Anything interesting
+
+161
+00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:27,160
+lately? Let's go somewhere quiet. Let's go
+
+162
+00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:30,060
+somewhere quiet. We cannot say let's go some
+
+163
+00:13:30,060 --> 00:13:34,700
+quiet, okay? Somewhere quiet somewhere. It's
+
+164
+00:13:34,700 --> 00:13:37,180
+wrong. Let's go somewhere quiet.
+
+165
+00:13:48,410 --> 00:13:51,910
+Okay, once you have we have another sentence. Have
+
+166
+00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:55,690
+you ever read anything interesting lately? So we
+
+167
+00:13:55,690 --> 00:13:59,270
+have interesting as an adjective. What do you call
+
+168
+00:13:59,270 --> 00:14:02,990
+it predicative or attributive? Predicative why?
+
+169
+00:14:03,990 --> 00:14:07,250
+Because it is preceded by the pronoun anything
+
+170
+00:14:07,250 --> 00:14:14,110
+Let's go somewhere quiet as you see Okay we have
+
+171
+00:14:14,110 --> 00:14:16,930
+Adjectives
+
+172
+00:14:17,770 --> 00:14:20,250
+called present proper.
+
+173
+00:14:23,290 --> 00:14:30,390
+Which they refer to, which refer to time. They
+
+174
+00:14:30,390 --> 00:14:32,170
+mean here or there.
+
+175
+00:14:35,730 --> 00:14:38,710
+The present members, when I say the present
+
+176
+00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:44,530
+members, those who are members now. Those who are
+
+177
+00:14:44,530 --> 00:14:49,600
+actually members now. The members present,
+
+178
+00:14:54,640 --> 00:14:59,440
+the students present, the students who are present
+
+179
+00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:03,820
+now a moment in the class. The present students,
+
+180
+00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:07,760
+okay, we speak about the students registered in
+
+181
+00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:08,260
+the course.
+
+182
+00:15:16,670 --> 00:15:22,490
+So once you have the word present followed by a
+
+183
+00:15:22,490 --> 00:15:26,590
+noun, it can be attributive, it can be
+
+184
+00:15:26,590 --> 00:15:31,090
+predicative, but the meaning differs. Once you
+
+185
+00:15:31,090 --> 00:15:34,450
+translate, the meaning must be different. You have
+
+186
+00:15:34,450 --> 00:15:37,290
+to take care of that. Absent.
+
+187
+00:15:41,270 --> 00:15:42,430
+As I mentioned,
+
+188
+00:15:45,170 --> 00:15:51,790
+the present members and members present. We have
+
+189
+00:15:51,790 --> 00:15:57,930
+adjectives preceding the noun, such as proper,
+
+190
+00:15:58,650 --> 00:16:05,190
+means real or genuine. Once it comes after the
+
+191
+00:16:05,190 --> 00:16:08,470
+noun, it refers to the central or main part of
+
+192
+00:16:08,470 --> 00:16:13,840
+something. Olive mountain, جبل الزيتون is a proper
+
+193
+00:16:13,840 --> 00:16:19,820
+mountain, not a hill. Proper comes before. This is
+
+194
+00:16:19,820 --> 00:16:25,740
+an attributive adjective. Olive Mountain is a
+
+195
+00:16:25,740 --> 00:16:30,060
+proper mountain, not a hill. After two days
+
+196
+00:16:30,060 --> 00:16:35,260
+crossing the foothills, they reached the mountain
+
+197
+00:16:35,260 --> 00:16:41,500
+proper. So we have proper preceding the noun and
+
+198
+00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:44,640
+proper following the noun. And the two sentences
+
+199
+00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:48,940
+are completely different in meaning. Okay? Olive
+
+200
+00:16:48,940 --> 00:16:55,260
+Mountain is a proper mountain, not a hill. After
+
+201
+00:16:55,260 --> 00:16:58,980
+two days crossing the foothills, they reached the
+
+202
+00:16:58,980 --> 00:17:00,040
+mountain proper.
+
+203
+00:17:03,150 --> 00:17:06,170
+Mountain proper. So in the second sentence, we
+
+204
+00:17:06,170 --> 00:17:10,830
+have proper standing as predicative adjective. And
+
+205
+00:17:10,830 --> 00:17:13,230
+in the first sentence, Olive Mountain is a proper
+
+206
+00:17:13,230 --> 00:17:17,190
+mountain. Here we have proper standing as
+
+207
+00:17:17,190 --> 00:17:19,450
+attributive adjective.
+
+208
+00:17:26,150 --> 00:17:29,730
+Now, linguistically, we have the adjectives appear
+
+209
+00:17:29,730 --> 00:17:34,550
+in different types. Number one, proper adjectives.
+
+210
+00:17:34,870 --> 00:17:40,010
+The adjectives derived from a proper noun, such as
+
+211
+00:17:40,010 --> 00:17:45,050
+Palestinian, from Palestine. Norwegian, from
+
+212
+00:17:45,050 --> 00:17:47,890
+Norway. Islamic, from Islam.
+
+213
+00:17:50,650 --> 00:17:52,990
+Jerusalem is the Palestinian capital.
+
+214
+00:17:55,770 --> 00:17:58,610
+Jerusalem, the Palestinian capital, has an
+
+215
+00:17:58,610 --> 00:18:04,060
+interesting history. Palestinian. What type this
+
+216
+00:18:04,060 --> 00:18:07,900
+adjective is? It's a proper adjective. Why?
+
+217
+00:18:08,860 --> 00:18:14,600
+Because it is derived from a noun, Palestine. Many
+
+218
+00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:18,840
+of my friends are Norwegians. It's proper because
+
+219
+00:18:18,840 --> 00:18:24,140
+it is derived from Norway. The house is a fine
+
+220
+00:18:24,140 --> 00:18:28,880
+example of Islamic architecture. Islamic is
+
+221
+00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:33,040
+derived from Islam. It is a noun. Here it is an
+
+222
+00:18:33,040 --> 00:18:36,520
+adjective called proper adjective because it is
+
+223
+00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:40,580
+derived originally from a noun. We have what is
+
+224
+00:18:40,580 --> 00:18:44,320
+called attributive adjectives. We agree that the
+
+225
+00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:46,740
+attributive adjectives precede or follow the noun.
+
+226
+00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:53,200
+Precede the noun. Heavy rain is expected in the
+
+227
+00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:57,710
+island. Heavy. What do you call heavy? Attributive
+
+228
+00:18:57,710 --> 00:19:02,330
+adjective, mainly because it precedes the noun. We
+
+229
+00:19:02,330 --> 00:19:07,690
+saw savage animals on the zoo. Savage. Again,
+
+230
+00:19:07,810 --> 00:19:11,630
+attributive because it precedes and pre-modifies
+
+231
+00:19:11,630 --> 00:19:12,770
+the noun animals.
+
+232
+00:19:15,370 --> 00:19:18,110
+Now, we have different types of attributive
+
+233
+00:19:18,110 --> 00:19:23,950
+adjectives. We have adjectives of quality. They
+
+234
+00:19:23,950 --> 00:19:27,860
+refer to a quality of the subject. Once we say,
+
+235
+00:19:27,940 --> 00:19:31,820
+for example, Egypt is a beautiful country. Where's
+
+236
+00:19:31,820 --> 00:19:36,220
+the adjective? It's beautiful. Does it post-modify
+
+237
+00:19:36,220 --> 00:19:39,640
+or pre-modify the noun? Pre-modify the noun. This
+
+238
+00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:45,520
+is why it is called attributive. She's a tall
+
+239
+00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:52,980
+girl. Tall. The same. So we have adjectives of
+
+240
+00:19:52,980 --> 00:19:58,650
+quality. which they qualify or they refer to the
+
+241
+00:19:58,650 --> 00:20:03,030
+quality of the subject. We have adjectives of
+
+242
+00:20:03,030 --> 00:20:06,350
+quantity or quantitative adjectives.
+
+243
+00:20:08,170 --> 00:20:12,250
+They answer the question, how much? He's a little
+
+244
+00:20:12,250 --> 00:20:17,670
+stupid. I had some tea. So they answer the
+
+245
+00:20:17,670 --> 00:20:19,110
+question, how much?
+
+246
+00:20:24,090 --> 00:20:28,070
+We've seen the adjectives of quality, the
+
+247
+00:20:28,070 --> 00:20:31,310
+adjectives of quantity, and now the adjectives of
+
+248
+00:20:31,310 --> 00:20:31,670
+number.
+
+249
+00:20:34,470 --> 00:20:38,150
+The adjectives of number are attributive and they
+
+250
+00:20:38,150 --> 00:20:42,830
+always denote numbers. They can be definitive
+
+251
+00:20:42,830 --> 00:20:47,710
+numeral adjectives, which they denote exact
+
+252
+00:20:47,710 --> 00:20:53,720
+number. Give me five pencils. Five pencils. Five
+
+253
+00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:56,720
+is an adjective. This is a numerical adjective
+
+254
+00:20:56,720 --> 00:21:00,820
+standing as attributive adjectives. Five pencils.
+
+255
+00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:07,180
+I have one pencil with me. One. Okay? So it is
+
+256
+00:21:07,180 --> 00:21:11,160
+definite because it is known. We have still
+
+257
+00:21:11,160 --> 00:21:13,240
+indefinite numeral adjectives.
+
+258
+00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:20,200
+They do not denote specific number. Give me some
+
+259
+00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:25,820
+pins. Where's the adjective? Some. Okay. Several
+
+260
+00:21:25,820 --> 00:21:28,340
+students attended the meeting. Where's the
+
+261
+00:21:28,340 --> 00:21:32,160
+adjective? Several. So they are generic. They do
+
+262
+00:21:32,160 --> 00:21:36,340
+not refer to a specific number. We have what is
+
+263
+00:21:36,340 --> 00:21:39,880
+called distributive adjective. Distributive
+
+264
+00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:41,160
+numeral adjectives.
+
+265
+00:21:43,590 --> 00:21:48,790
+These refer to each one of a number. Words like
+
+266
+00:21:48,790 --> 00:21:53,490
+each, every, either, neither fall in this
+
+267
+00:21:53,490 --> 00:21:57,390
+category. Okay? So distributive numeral adjectives
+
+268
+00:21:57,390 --> 00:22:02,570
+refer to words like each, every, either, neither.
+
+269
+00:22:04,910 --> 00:22:11,240
+Each of the students is to pay a fine. Each of the
+
+270
+00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:15,080
+students. Where's the adjective? Each. It is still
+
+271
+00:22:15,080 --> 00:22:18,920
+attributive. Our country expects every man to do
+
+272
+00:22:18,920 --> 00:22:23,800
+his duty. Where's the adjective? Every. Each
+
+273
+00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:28,580
+student must take his turn. Each. Every boy, girl,
+
+274
+00:22:28,780 --> 00:22:32,600
+man and woman was enjoying the fun with him.
+
+275
+00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:38,930
+Every. Neither side was secured. Muhammad wanted
+
+276
+00:22:38,930 --> 00:22:42,970
+everyone to do his duty honestly and efficiently.
+
+277
+00:22:43,090 --> 00:22:47,150
+Everyone. Either reference will meet my need.
+
+278
+00:22:47,290 --> 00:22:47,730
+Either.
+
+279
+00:22:50,590 --> 00:22:55,650
+We still have demonstrative adjectives which they
+
+280
+00:22:55,650 --> 00:22:59,890
+refer to attributive adjectives. This boy is my
+
+281
+00:22:59,890 --> 00:23:06,390
+brother. This, that. Those, these. Okay, these
+
+282
+00:23:06,390 --> 00:23:12,010
+fruits are spoiled. So this boy, what is the
+
+283
+00:23:12,010 --> 00:23:16,710
+adjective here? The demonstrative pronoun stands
+
+284
+00:23:16,710 --> 00:23:21,190
+as an adjective, attributive adjective. This,
+
+285
+00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:26,010
+these fruits, these. Originally it is
+
+286
+00:23:26,010 --> 00:23:30,030
+demonstrative adjective, it's a determiner, but it
+
+287
+00:23:30,030 --> 00:23:33,920
+stands as an adjective. We have what is called
+
+288
+00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:35,620
+interrogative adjectives.
+
+289
+00:23:38,860 --> 00:23:39,580
+Okay?
+
+290
+00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:48,880
+These refer to words like what, which, whose, etc.
+
+291
+00:23:49,940 --> 00:23:54,020
+They are used with nouns to ask questions. Whose
+
+292
+00:23:54,020 --> 00:23:58,920
+car is this? Where's the adjective here? Whose car
+
+293
+00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:02,780
+is this? Whose is an adjective. What do you call
+
+294
+00:24:02,780 --> 00:24:06,960
+it? Attributive or predicative? Attributive
+
+295
+00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:11,320
+because it remodifies the noun car okay it is
+
+296
+00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:14,440
+called demonstrative adjectives because it is
+
+297
+00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:18,960
+originally a demonstrative pronoun. We have
+
+298
+00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:24,460
+possessive adjectives like myself, my, your, his,
+
+299
+00:24:24,620 --> 00:24:30,060
+her, it our it's our their okay possessive
+
+300
+00:24:30,060 --> 00:24:34,520
+pronouns i mean possessive pronouns okay what's
+
+301
+00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:37,280
+your aim where's the adjective here in the
+
+302
+00:24:37,280 --> 00:24:41,360
+sentence your okay it stands as possessive
+
+303
+00:24:41,360 --> 00:24:41,860
+adjective
+
+304
+00:24:44,540 --> 00:24:47,060
+This means that the possessive pronouns are called
+
+305
+00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:49,700
+possessive adjectives. They are always
+
+306
+00:24:49,700 --> 00:24:53,220
+attributive, as you see. The interrogative
+
+307
+00:24:53,220 --> 00:24:56,060
+adjectives, I mean the pronoun, the interrogative,
+
+308
+00:24:56,140 --> 00:25:00,780
+the which questions, which, whose, what, etc.
+
+309
+00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:04,520
+These are called attributive adjectives. The
+
+310
+00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:06,420
+demonstrative adjectives are originally
+
+311
+00:25:06,420 --> 00:25:10,260
+demonstrative pronouns. This, that, these, those,
+
+312
+00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:10,720
+etc.
+
+313
+00:25:16,490 --> 00:25:20,070
+Still, we have the types of attributive
+
+314
+00:25:20,070 --> 00:25:20,830
+adjectives.
+
+315
+00:25:23,650 --> 00:25:29,330
+Now, once you have multiple adjectives which they
+
+316
+00:25:29,330 --> 00:25:34,150
+modify only one subject, we use commas to separate
+
+317
+00:25:34,150 --> 00:25:39,370
+between these adjectives. The white hangry cat ate
+
+318
+00:25:39,370 --> 00:25:42,770
+the cheese. The white hangry. We have two
+
+319
+00:25:42,770 --> 00:25:47,130
+adjectives. They are separated by A comma. The
+
+320
+00:25:47,130 --> 00:25:53,730
+bike is red, slow and very old. Bike is red, slow.
+
+321
+00:25:54,570 --> 00:25:57,910
+The third one is simulated by or connected by and.
+
+322
+00:25:59,210 --> 00:25:59,510
+Okay?
+
+323
+00:26:04,070 --> 00:26:07,630
+If you have... Second example. The bike is red,
+
+324
+00:26:07,790 --> 00:26:11,230
+slow and very old. This is attributable. The bike
+
+325
+00:26:11,230 --> 00:26:16,070
+is red, slow and very old. It is not attributive,
+
+326
+00:26:16,690 --> 00:26:20,090
+it's predicative. We mentioned that once the
+
+327
+00:26:20,090 --> 00:26:23,890
+adjective follows the noun, it is predicative.
+
+328
+00:26:24,950 --> 00:26:30,200
+Once it follows, but once it precedes the noun, it
+
+329
+00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:34,660
+is attributive so we have post modification and
+
+330
+00:26:34,660 --> 00:26:38,700
+pre modification post modification is related to
+
+331
+00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:42,380
+predicative adjectives and pre modification is
+
+332
+00:26:42,380 --> 00:26:49,360
+related to attributive adjectives now
+
+333
+00:26:49,360 --> 00:26:52,140
+if you have two adjectives we speak about the
+
+334
+00:26:52,140 --> 00:26:55,050
+predicative If you have two adjectives both
+
+335
+00:26:55,050 --> 00:26:58,610
+modifying the noun, then they are connected to
+
+336
+00:26:58,610 --> 00:27:02,450
+each other by using and without a comma. Mary is
+
+337
+00:27:02,450 --> 00:27:03,730
+silly and annoying.
+
+338
+00:27:06,530 --> 00:27:11,670
+Alistair is cool, funny, intelligent, and smart.
+
+339
+00:27:12,510 --> 00:27:17,050
+Okay, so you have the first two adjectives
+
+340
+00:27:17,050 --> 00:27:21,270
+separated by a comma, okay? And the last two
+
+341
+00:27:21,270 --> 00:27:26,950
+adjectives are joined by N without comma, okay? If
+
+342
+00:27:26,950 --> 00:27:30,330
+you have two adjectives post modifying a noun,
+
+343
+00:27:30,690 --> 00:27:35,190
+they are connected with and without commas.
+
+344
+00:27:37,530 --> 00:27:42,750
+We have what is called participial adjective. The
+
+345
+00:27:42,750 --> 00:27:47,550
+one which has the form of a participle. An amusing
+
+346
+00:27:47,550 --> 00:27:54,010
+story. What do you call this? Amusing. Adjective,
+
+347
+00:27:54,090 --> 00:27:57,330
+yes. But what do you call it? Redicutive or
+
+348
+00:27:57,330 --> 00:28:00,850
+attributive? Attributive. Attributive. A lying
+
+349
+00:28:00,850 --> 00:28:08,270
+divination. A lying still attributive. We have
+
+350
+00:28:08,270 --> 00:28:09,630
+compound adjectives.
+
+351
+00:28:11,850 --> 00:28:16,650
+Okay? I mean, the one that consists of two or more
+
+352
+00:28:16,650 --> 00:28:20,740
+words joined together. either by a hyphen or
+
+353
+00:28:20,740 --> 00:28:30,320
+solid, okay, like not brown, laughter-loving, four
+
+354
+00:28:30,320 --> 00:28:36,840
+-footed, threefold, lord-like, lovesick, okay. We
+
+355
+00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:40,300
+have here hyphenated adjectives and we have solid
+
+356
+00:28:40,300 --> 00:28:44,040
+adjectives. Still, all of them are compound
+
+357
+00:28:44,040 --> 00:28:46,740
+adjectives, okay.
+
+358
+00:28:56,080 --> 00:29:01,140
+We come to the most tricky area of adjectives now.
+
+359
+00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:04,740
+The order of these adjectives.
+
+360
+00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:13,980
+In most languages, adjectives are controlled or
+
+361
+00:29:13,980 --> 00:29:17,760
+bound by a specific order. Still, some other
+
+362
+00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:22,380
+languages like Arabic is very free, is liberal,
+
+363
+00:29:23,390 --> 00:29:27,030
+The order of adjectives is highly dynamic. There
+
+364
+00:29:27,030 --> 00:29:30,130
+is no rule for governing the adjectives in Arabic
+
+365
+00:29:30,130 --> 00:29:35,110
+except their importance. We classify the
+
+366
+00:29:35,110 --> 00:29:38,350
+adjectives in the Arabic sentence according to its
+
+367
+00:29:38,350 --> 00:29:42,650
+importance. The most important one, then the
+
+368
+00:29:42,650 --> 00:29:45,870
+important one, then the least important one, as we
+
+369
+00:29:45,870 --> 00:29:48,590
+are going to explain later. However, this is not
+
+370
+00:29:48,590 --> 00:29:54,300
+available in English. English has a specific and
+
+371
+00:29:54,300 --> 00:29:58,120
+very strict rule for ordering the adjective in the
+
+372
+00:29:58,120 --> 00:30:03,820
+sentence. This is very problematic for the Arab
+
+373
+00:30:03,820 --> 00:30:06,920
+learners of English because once they translate
+
+374
+00:30:06,920 --> 00:30:09,440
+from Arabic into English, they commit serious
+
+375
+00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:14,240
+errors. They just write the adjectives or
+
+376
+00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:18,750
+translate the adjectives very spontaneously. Okay,
+
+377
+00:30:19,290 --> 00:30:21,550
+completely like Arabic by this they commit
+
+378
+00:30:21,550 --> 00:30:32,770
+interlingual errors, you know Interlingual yes So
+
+379
+00:30:32,770 --> 00:30:35,750
+adjective pertaining size for example generally
+
+380
+00:30:35,750 --> 00:30:40,670
+precede adjective pertaining the age size Precedes
+
+381
+00:30:40,670 --> 00:30:46,590
+age. So we say for example little old Little old
+
+382
+00:30:49,310 --> 00:30:56,170
+Boy or child. Not old, little. Okay? So, size
+
+383
+00:30:56,170 --> 00:30:58,290
+precedes age.
+
+384
+00:31:04,030 --> 00:31:08,790
+These two precedes what is called color. We say,
+
+385
+00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:15,310
+for example, old, green. Not green, old. The age
+
+386
+00:31:15,310 --> 00:31:18,070
+precedes color.
+
+387
+00:31:21,900 --> 00:31:29,300
+So this order, I mean size, all, age, then color
+
+388
+00:31:29,300 --> 00:31:36,240
+is very systematic in English. However, it is not
+
+389
+00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:39,900
+like so in Arabic or other languages. So it is
+
+390
+00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:44,700
+more rigid. This means that the order is not like
+
+391
+00:31:44,700 --> 00:31:49,450
+so. The order of adjectives in Arabic is quite
+
+392
+00:31:49,450 --> 00:31:54,130
+elastic, quite free, liberal. It depends on their
+
+393
+00:31:54,130 --> 00:31:55,690
+importance in the sentence.
+
+394
+00:32:03,170 --> 00:32:05,910
+Now, the attributive adjectives and the
+
+395
+00:32:05,910 --> 00:32:10,210
+predicative adjectives may have the same order in
+
+396
+00:32:10,210 --> 00:32:13,870
+the sentence. This is in English. The package is
+
+397
+00:32:13,870 --> 00:32:18,510
+small and light. The weather is clear, cold, and
+
+398
+00:32:18,510 --> 00:32:18,890
+dry.
+
+399
+00:32:21,750 --> 00:32:25,990
+Okay, this is English. We cannot say the weather
+
+400
+00:32:25,990 --> 00:32:33,170
+is cold, clear, and dry. Or cold, dry, clear. It's
+
+401
+00:32:33,170 --> 00:32:37,250
+wrong. You have to start with clear, then cold,
+
+402
+00:32:37,590 --> 00:32:43,410
+then dry. We're going to give the exact rule for
+
+403
+00:32:43,410 --> 00:32:47,350
+that. The photo stool is round and black.
+
+404
+00:32:51,230 --> 00:32:55,070
+Now, in the first example, the adjective small
+
+405
+00:32:55,070 --> 00:33:00,910
+indicates size. It precedes the adjective light,
+
+406
+00:33:01,670 --> 00:33:06,130
+indicating weight. Light, the opposite is heavy.
+
+407
+00:33:06,950 --> 00:33:10,250
+Okay? In the second example, the general
+
+408
+00:33:10,250 --> 00:33:13,550
+descriptive adjective clear precedes the adjective
+
+409
+00:33:13,550 --> 00:33:18,750
+cold indicating temperature cold temperature clear
+
+410
+00:33:18,750 --> 00:33:23,310
+which precedes the adjective dry which indicating
+
+411
+00:33:23,310 --> 00:33:29,850
+humidity in the
+
+412
+00:33:29,850 --> 00:33:32,050
+third example, the adjective round indicating
+
+413
+00:33:32,050 --> 00:33:36,430
+shape precedes the adjective black indicating
+
+414
+00:33:36,430 --> 00:33:40,640
+color Okay? So shape precedes color.
+
+415
+00:33:45,580 --> 00:33:52,420
+Okay? Now, if you have, as I mentioned, if you
+
+416
+00:33:52,420 --> 00:33:55,880
+have more than one adjective, then you have to use
+
+417
+00:33:55,880 --> 00:34:00,120
+punctuations. Okay? You have to use punctuations.
+
+418
+00:34:01,150 --> 00:34:03,430
+If you have two adjectives, you separate between
+
+419
+00:34:03,430 --> 00:34:06,570
+them by using a comma if they are attributive. But
+
+420
+00:34:06,570 --> 00:34:09,390
+if they are they are predicative, you have to
+
+421
+00:34:09,390 --> 00:34:13,520
+separate between them by using M. Okay. The
+
+422
+00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:17,980
+clothes were clean and dry. The dancers were tall,
+
+423
+00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:22,680
+slender, and graceful. Tall, slender, and
+
+424
+00:34:22,680 --> 00:34:25,760
+graceful. You have three adjectives. The first two
+
+425
+00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:30,720
+are separated by comma, and the second and third
+
+426
+00:34:30,720 --> 00:34:35,140
+are joined by using and. Now, if you have an
+
+427
+00:34:35,140 --> 00:34:39,270
+attributive adjective, it is the same. If you have
+
+428
+00:34:39,270 --> 00:34:42,530
+attributive adjectives pre-modifying a noun or
+
+429
+00:34:42,530 --> 00:34:45,590
+three attributive adjectives pre-modifying one
+
+430
+00:34:45,590 --> 00:34:48,250
+noun, then you have the first two separated by a
+
+431
+00:34:48,250 --> 00:34:52,970
+comma and the third one may be connected by using
+
+432
+00:34:52,970 --> 00:34:54,730
+and. Okay?
+
+433
+00:34:59,770 --> 00:35:03,530
+We have sometimes, we can have three or more
+
+434
+00:35:03,530 --> 00:35:07,570
+predicative adjectives. An additional comma is
+
+435
+00:35:07,570 --> 00:35:11,050
+sometimes placed before the word and. The dancers
+
+436
+00:35:11,050 --> 00:35:16,630
+were tall, slender and graceful. I mean, the comma
+
+437
+00:35:16,630 --> 00:35:22,890
+precedes the coordinator and. The conjunction and
+
+438
+00:35:22,890 --> 00:35:26,310
+itself is preceded by either a comma or without.
+
+439
+00:35:29,710 --> 00:35:34,330
+This comma is considered as unnecessary. Okay?
+
+440
+00:35:37,030 --> 00:35:40,570
+Now, we have adjectives which are always
+
+441
+00:35:40,570 --> 00:35:47,150
+predicative, like afloat, asleep, alone, alive,
+
+442
+00:35:47,670 --> 00:35:52,390
+afraid, aglow. Okay? They are always predicative.
+
+443
+00:35:53,210 --> 00:35:59,210
+The boat is afloat. The floating boat. Okay? So we
+
+444
+00:35:59,210 --> 00:36:02,190
+have difference in meaning. The child is afraid.
+
+445
+00:36:02,830 --> 00:36:07,190
+The frightened child. The sky is aglow. The
+
+446
+00:36:07,190 --> 00:36:12,910
+glowing sky. The animal is alive. The live animal.
+
+447
+00:36:13,590 --> 00:36:17,330
+The boy is asleep. The sleeping boy. Okay?
+
+448
+00:36:21,870 --> 00:36:28,310
+We have also the demonstrative pronoun stands
+
+449
+00:36:29,180 --> 00:36:32,020
+as predicative adjective as it stands as
+
+450
+00:36:32,020 --> 00:36:34,540
+attributive as we mentioned previously the
+
+451
+00:36:34,540 --> 00:36:39,160
+children are here the records were there I'm ready
+
+452
+00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:44,840
+ready works as completely like the demonstrative
+
+453
+00:36:44,840 --> 00:36:49,180
+pronoun in this regard it takes or it comes as
+
+454
+00:36:49,180 --> 00:36:58,320
+predicative adjective okay now the adjective
+
+455
+00:37:00,780 --> 00:37:05,020
+either attributive or predicative change the
+
+456
+00:37:05,020 --> 00:37:08,940
+meaning once the adjective once the adjective
+
+457
+00:37:08,940 --> 00:37:13,620
+comes after the noun it's predicative it changes
+
+458
+00:37:13,620 --> 00:37:17,280
+the meaning if it stands before okay so you have
+
+459
+00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:20,220
+what is called predicative adjectives and
+
+460
+00:37:20,220 --> 00:37:23,600
+attributive adjectives you have the same the same
+
+461
+00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:27,300
+adjective can take both Both characteristics,
+
+462
+00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:31,780
+either predicative or attributive. But here, the
+
+463
+00:37:31,780 --> 00:37:36,380
+sentence completely changes. Okay? We have, the
+
+464
+00:37:36,380 --> 00:37:40,880
+treasurer was prisoned. The prison treasurer. I
+
+465
+00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:44,280
+need you to translate these sentences. Robin
+
+466
+00:37:44,280 --> 00:37:49,860
+Harris was late. The late Robin Harris. My friend
+
+467
+00:37:49,860 --> 00:37:56,000
+is poor. My poor friend. So what I need from you
+
+468
+00:37:56,000 --> 00:38:00,160
+is just to translate these sentences and to come
+
+469
+00:38:00,160 --> 00:38:05,780
+next time preparing the adjectives and their
+
+470
+00:38:05,780 --> 00:38:10,540
+punctuations. If you have two adjectives preceding
+
+471
+00:38:10,540 --> 00:38:15,890
+the noun, how could you order them? I need you to
+
+472
+00:38:15,890 --> 00:38:20,470
+prepare or to come to me next time understanding
+
+473
+00:38:20,470 --> 00:38:24,350
+or preparing the order of adjectives. We have
+
+474
+00:38:24,350 --> 00:38:29,170
+adjectives of descriptive adjectives. We have
+
+475
+00:38:29,170 --> 00:38:33,810
+size. We have color adjectives. We have
+
+476
+00:38:33,810 --> 00:38:38,230
+temperature adjectives. We have humidity
+
+477
+00:38:38,230 --> 00:38:42,710
+adjectives, age adjectives, shape adjectives. How
+
+478
+00:38:42,710 --> 00:38:47,100
+could you order them in the sentence we need you
+
+479
+00:38:47,100 --> 00:38:51,760
+to come next time with a timetable or an order of
+
+480
+00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:54,180
+these sentences systematic order of the sentence
+
+481
+00:38:54,180 --> 00:38:59,820
+and how to punctuate these adjectives okay next
+
+482
+00:38:59,820 --> 00:39:02,100
+time we are going to speak about the rest of the
+
+483
+00:39:02,100 --> 00:39:05,300
+adjectives and we are going to shift to Arabic
+
+484
+00:39:05,300 --> 00:39:08,440
+adjectives okay that's it for today thank you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/6UTJs0i7Qvc_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1200 @@
+1
+00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:17,640
+Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today, inshallah, we are
+
+2
+00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:20,020
+going to continue with definiteness and
+
+3
+00:00:20,020 --> 00:00:23,400
+indefiniteness in English and Arabic. Last time,
+
+4
+00:00:23,420 --> 00:00:25,980
+we spoke about definiteness and indefiniteness in
+
+5
+00:00:25,980 --> 00:00:31,300
+English, and we just touched Arabic a little bit.
+
+6
+00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:34,420
+Today, we are going to go deeply on Arabic
+
+7
+00:00:34,420 --> 00:00:37,640
+definiteness and indefiniteness. And we are going
+
+8
+00:00:37,640 --> 00:00:40,480
+to start with the use of indefinite article in
+
+9
+00:00:40,480 --> 00:00:41,440
+standard Arabic.
+
+10
+00:00:46,510 --> 00:00:49,070
+The indefinite article or the definite article
+
+11
+00:00:49,070 --> 00:00:52,430
+precedes the nouns in Arabic completely like
+
+12
+00:00:52,430 --> 00:00:54,030
+English, okay?
+
+13
+00:00:58,070 --> 00:01:04,610
+The indefinite article, first of all, is zero in
+
+14
+00:01:04,610 --> 00:01:08,590
+Arabic according to some grammarians. Still some
+
+15
+00:01:08,590 --> 00:01:13,510
+others believe that the nonation is indefinite
+
+16
+00:01:13,510 --> 00:01:19,980
+article. رأيت ولدًا يمشي في الشارع I saw a boy
+
+17
+00:01:19,980 --> 00:01:28,660
+walking at the street okay a boy ولدًا so the
+
+18
+00:01:28,660 --> 00:01:34,560
+notation n is considered as indefinite article in
+
+19
+00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:37,540
+Arabic according to some grammarians still some
+
+20
+00:01:37,540 --> 00:01:40,720
+others believe that the indefiniteness in Arabic
+
+21
+00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:44,540
+is zero anyway
+
+22
+00:01:47,390 --> 00:01:49,830
+To introduce indefinite nouns which refer to
+
+23
+00:01:49,830 --> 00:01:52,770
+objects mentioned for the first time in this
+
+24
+00:01:52,770 --> 00:01:56,910
+course The object in the sentence which are
+
+25
+00:01:56,910 --> 00:01:59,010
+mentioned which is mentioned for the first time in
+
+26
+00:01:59,010 --> 00:02:02,330
+the sentence Must be preceded by the indefinite
+
+27
+00:02:02,330 --> 00:02:10,730
+article كان هناك ملك يدعى شهريار Okay
+
+28
+00:02:17,590 --> 00:02:22,630
+Malikun. It is indefinite because it is mentioned
+
+29
+00:02:22,630 --> 00:02:27,290
+for the first time. Once upon a time there was a
+
+30
+00:02:27,290 --> 00:02:31,570
+king called Shahrayar. A king. It is the same like
+
+31
+00:02:31,570 --> 00:02:32,050
+English.
+
+32
+00:02:41,810 --> 00:02:46,290
+Now the indefinite noun Standing as a predicate in
+
+33
+00:02:46,290 --> 00:02:49,930
+the sentence must be preceded by also by
+
+34
+00:02:49,930 --> 00:02:59,010
+indefinite article البيت كبير كبير is a noun okay
+
+35
+00:02:59,010 --> 00:03:04,410
+it's a predicate and
+
+36
+00:03:04,410 --> 00:03:06,870
+is preceded by the indefinite article
+
+37
+00:03:10,130 --> 00:03:14,030
+The nouns here are mainly verbal nouns used as
+
+38
+00:03:14,030 --> 00:03:21,870
+adjectives It
+
+39
+00:03:21,870 --> 00:03:26,550
+is
+
+40
+00:03:26,550 --> 00:03:33,470
+predicate عالم comes from يعلم this is verb okay
+
+41
+00:03:35,420 --> 00:03:39,180
+and works here as a predicate it is preceded by
+
+42
+00:03:39,180 --> 00:03:42,820
+the indefinite article it's preceded by the
+
+43
+00:03:42,820 --> 00:03:47,660
+indefinite article a which is zero or you can
+
+44
+00:03:47,660 --> 00:03:56,340
+consider it the donation on names of
+
+45
+00:03:56,340 --> 00:04:01,250
+professions as we mentioned previously okay I say,
+
+46
+00:04:01,390 --> 00:04:04,250
+for example, once I translate the sentence, the
+
+47
+00:04:04,250 --> 00:04:07,510
+previous sentence, البيت كبير. How could I
+
+48
+00:04:07,510 --> 00:04:11,790
+translate it into English? The house is big. Okay.
+
+49
+00:04:11,870 --> 00:04:18,010
+It's different from English. البيت كبير. Okay. Big
+
+50
+00:04:18,010 --> 00:04:22,330
+is an adjective in English. كبير is a predicate in
+
+51
+00:04:22,330 --> 00:04:26,230
+Arabic preceded by the indefinite article or it
+
+52
+00:04:26,230 --> 00:04:32,940
+has the indefinite article. Zayd is a scientist
+
+53
+00:04:32,940 --> 00:04:36,700
+because this is a profession. I told you that
+
+54
+00:04:36,700 --> 00:04:40,060
+professions and handicrafts are preceded by the
+
+55
+00:04:40,060 --> 00:04:43,260
+indefinite article in English. It is the same in
+
+56
+00:04:43,260 --> 00:04:43,780
+Arabic.
+
+57
+00:04:50,940 --> 00:04:52,920
+We mentioned that in English, we have the
+
+58
+00:04:52,920 --> 00:04:56,360
+professions, the handicrafts and religions are
+
+59
+00:04:56,360 --> 00:05:00,260
+preceded by A or N. In Arabic, we have the same
+
+60
+00:05:00,260 --> 00:05:04,480
+thing. We have zero indefinite article or the
+
+61
+00:05:04,480 --> 00:05:11,640
+nonation on. Zaydun najjarun. Hindun tabibatun.
+
+62
+00:05:13,680 --> 00:05:20,070
+Hind is a lady doctor. Zayd is a junior. A joiner,
+
+63
+00:05:20,170 --> 00:05:22,030
+sorry. Zaid is a joiner.
+
+64
+00:05:28,350 --> 00:05:33,230
+Now, you have the nouns preceded directly by a
+
+65
+00:05:33,230 --> 00:05:38,990
+particle A, the question particle A or A, okay?
+
+66
+00:05:40,230 --> 00:05:44,130
+And the negative particle Ma. The noun following
+
+67
+00:05:44,130 --> 00:05:52,690
+them is always Indefinite أي كتاب قرأت؟ What book
+
+68
+00:05:52,690 --> 00:05:57,430
+did you study? What book did you study? We can't
+
+69
+00:05:57,430 --> 00:06:01,910
+say What a book did you study? What book did you
+
+70
+00:06:01,910 --> 00:06:06,490
+study? This is English however in Arabic أي or أ
+
+71
+00:06:06,490 --> 00:06:09,670
+أقرأت؟
+
+72
+00:06:09,670 --> 00:06:13,250
+Okay Or
+
+73
+00:06:13,250 --> 00:06:17,940
+ما these question particles are followed by nouns
+
+74
+00:06:17,940 --> 00:06:20,980
+if followed by nouns they must these nouns must be
+
+75
+00:06:20,980 --> 00:06:29,620
+indefinite أي كتاب قرأت؟ now
+
+76
+00:06:29,620 --> 00:06:34,420
+once you have nouns expressing wishes they must be
+
+77
+00:06:34,420 --> 00:06:35,100
+indefinite
+
+78
+00:06:45,420 --> 00:06:50,280
+Iqamatun jameelatun Okay, I say in English have a
+
+79
+00:06:50,280 --> 00:06:55,180
+nice day Have a nice day. We mentioned that we
+
+80
+00:06:55,180 --> 00:07:00,300
+have the indefiniteness A or N preceding Wishing
+
+81
+00:07:00,300 --> 00:07:03,700
+or greeting have a nice day. Have a good day. Have
+
+82
+00:07:03,700 --> 00:07:09,080
+a good quiz Okay It is the same in Arabic Iqamatun
+
+83
+00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:09,880
+jameelatun
+
+84
+00:07:15,260 --> 00:07:19,340
+We have also adverbs of circumstances الحال in
+
+85
+00:07:19,340 --> 00:07:24,600
+Arabic and cognate objects المفعول لأجله which are
+
+86
+00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:28,520
+always assigned accusative case along with noun
+
+87
+00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:34,560
+specification تميز الحال
+
+88
+00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:41,280
+and المفعول لأجله in Arabic have indefiniteness
+
+89
+00:07:41,280 --> 00:07:53,890
+جاء الرجل مبتسمًا مبتسما The man came smiling ضرب
+
+90
+00:07:53,890 --> 00:08:02,450
+المعلم الولد ضرب مبرح ضرب
+
+91
+00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:08,070
+مبرح ضرب المعلم الولد ضرب
+
+92
+00:08:21,590 --> 00:08:22,590
+Okay.
+
+93
+00:08:25,370 --> 00:08:30,850
+The teacher hit the boy severely. So you have
+
+94
+00:08:30,850 --> 00:08:34,450
+three
+
+95
+00:08:34,450 --> 00:08:38,750
+elements, adverbs of circumstances, الحال, cognate
+
+96
+00:08:38,750 --> 00:08:42,750
+object, مفعول لأجله and
+
+97
+00:08:44,090 --> 00:08:48,630
+Tamiz, nouns of specification, are always preceded
+
+98
+00:08:48,630 --> 00:08:51,670
+by the indefinite article which is either zero or
+
+99
+00:08:51,670 --> 00:08:52,210
+nonational.
+
+100
+00:08:57,830 --> 00:09:02,590
+We have the indefinite article in Arabic is used
+
+101
+00:09:02,590 --> 00:09:07,050
+directly after ربّة
+
+102
+00:09:14,060 --> 00:09:17,680
+These here are assigned genitive case because you
+
+103
+00:09:17,680 --> 00:09:22,440
+know we have three cases in Arabic Nominative
+
+104
+00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:26,480
+accusative and genitive and the nomination can be
+
+105
+00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:31,060
+nominative can be accusative can be genitive ولد
+
+106
+00:09:31,060 --> 00:09:44,030
+ولد ولد okay رب ضارة نافع رب ضارة نافع ربّة the
+
+107
+00:09:44,030 --> 00:09:49,450
+noun following it is indefinite here ضارة okay
+
+108
+00:09:49,450 --> 00:09:56,350
+perhaps a disaster is useful also the
+
+109
+00:09:56,350 --> 00:10:00,590
+indefiniteness is used with some idiomatic terms
+
+110
+00:10:00,590 --> 00:10:05,590
+in Arabic now
+
+111
+00:10:05,590 --> 00:10:09,690
+we have the definite article in standard Arabic it
+
+112
+00:10:09,690 --> 00:10:13,010
+refers to part Whole relationship.
+
+113
+00:10:19,530 --> 00:10:23,810
+Part-whole relationship. When a part of entity
+
+114
+00:10:23,810 --> 00:10:26,710
+becomes definite in the speaker's mind due to the
+
+115
+00:10:26,710 --> 00:10:31,950
+effect of situational setting. Okay, an example
+
+116
+00:10:31,950 --> 00:10:36,370
+for convenience is represented below. Look, افتح
+
+117
+00:10:36,370 --> 00:10:42,190
+الراديو من فضلك. Radio here is part, whole
+
+118
+00:10:42,190 --> 00:10:46,870
+relationship. It represents an entity. It is seen,
+
+119
+00:10:46,970 --> 00:10:50,230
+it is known by the speaker and the listener. So it
+
+120
+00:10:50,230 --> 00:10:54,550
+is preceded by the indefinite article. Okay? Open
+
+121
+00:10:54,550 --> 00:10:57,410
+the radio please. It is the same like English. We
+
+122
+00:10:57,410 --> 00:11:00,170
+don't say open radio please. Open the radio
+
+123
+00:11:00,170 --> 00:11:04,570
+because you see it is visible. Okay? افتح الراديو
+
+124
+00:11:04,570 --> 00:11:05,250
+من فضلك.
+
+125
+00:11:11,270 --> 00:11:14,990
+Any noun previously mentioned in the paragraph or
+
+126
+00:11:14,990 --> 00:11:17,250
+in this course must be preceded by the definite
+
+127
+00:11:17,250 --> 00:11:30,710
+article Okay,
+
+128
+00:11:32,290 --> 00:11:35,090
+first of all, it is indefinite now once I repeat
+
+129
+00:11:35,090 --> 00:11:41,530
+it becomes الفلم كان الفيلم شيقا جدا I watched a
+
+130
+00:11:41,530 --> 00:11:47,570
+film in the TV. The film was very interesting It's
+
+131
+00:11:47,570 --> 00:11:56,470
+like English a film then the film The
+
+132
+00:11:56,470 --> 00:12:01,250
+noun preceding the relative pronoun or adjectival
+
+133
+00:12:01,250 --> 00:12:07,710
+clauses are always definite in Arabic عاد
+
+134
+00:12:07,710 --> 00:12:16,690
+الرجل الذي سافر إلى لندن I can't say عاد الرجل عاد
+
+135
+00:12:16,690 --> 00:12:22,190
+الرجل الذي الذي is complementizer is relative
+
+136
+00:12:22,190 --> 00:12:26,530
+clause it is like English the man who traveled to
+
+137
+00:12:26,530 --> 00:12:36,850
+London came back the
+
+138
+00:12:36,850 --> 00:12:43,100
+physical stimulus cases have the definite article
+
+139
+00:12:43,100 --> 00:12:50,400
+هذا
+
+140
+00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:54,840
+الرجل جاء لزيارة يعني if you have the
+
+141
+00:12:54,840 --> 00:13:01,020
+demonstrative pronoun هذا الرجل جاء لزيارة this is
+
+142
+00:13:01,020 --> 00:13:06,320
+physical stimulus يعني you see a رجل it is seen I
+
+143
+00:13:06,320 --> 00:13:10,410
+mean the object is seen here هذا الرجل any seen
+
+144
+00:13:10,410 --> 00:13:14,510
+object must have the definite article هذا الرجل
+
+145
+00:13:14,510 --> 00:13:18,570
+جاء لزيارتي. The man came to visit us. This man
+
+146
+00:13:18,570 --> 00:13:20,970
+came to visit us and we have a difference here
+
+147
+00:13:20,970 --> 00:13:26,290
+between Arabic and English هذا الرجل what do you
+
+148
+00:13:26,290 --> 00:13:30,230
+call about what do you call هذا this that these
+
+149
+00:13:30,230 --> 00:13:33,990
+those what do you call this demonstrative pronoun
+
+150
+00:13:33,990 --> 00:13:38,290
+okay it is followed by the definite article how
+
+151
+00:13:38,290 --> 00:13:41,010
+could you translate it into Arabic into English
+
+152
+00:13:41,010 --> 00:13:46,200
+this the man or this man so this means that in
+
+153
+00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:51,060
+English we have a determiner phrase this man this
+
+154
+00:13:51,060 --> 00:13:54,960
+is a determiner demonstrative pronoun however in
+
+155
+00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:59,800
+Arabic we have هذا الرجل هذا is determiner
+
+156
+00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:05,660
+demonstrative pronoun الرجل is another phrase okay
+
+157
+00:14:05,660 --> 00:14:10,740
+we call it article phrase So in Arabic, we have
+
+158
+00:14:10,740 --> 00:14:14,120
+the DB or the terminal phrase followed by an
+
+159
+00:14:14,120 --> 00:14:17,680
+article phrase. Okay, once you have the sentence
+
+160
+00:14:17,680 --> 00:14:21,880
+beginning with a demonstrative pronoun. However,
+
+161
+00:14:21,900 --> 00:14:25,260
+in English, once you translate, you only have the
+
+162
+00:14:25,260 --> 00:14:29,260
+terminal phrase, this man, I can't say this, the
+
+163
+00:14:29,260 --> 00:14:32,320
+man, this man. Okay.
+
+164
+00:14:35,470 --> 00:14:38,770
+So we have here an article, a phrase that is not
+
+165
+00:14:38,770 --> 00:14:42,290
+available in English. It is called article phrase.
+
+166
+00:14:42,850 --> 00:14:44,950
+However, in English, we have what is called
+
+167
+00:14:44,950 --> 00:14:48,690
+determinal phrases, which include the definite and
+
+168
+00:14:48,690 --> 00:14:52,670
+indefinite articles a and the. Okay.
+
+169
+00:15:00,050 --> 00:15:04,090
+So this
+
+170
+00:15:04,090 --> 00:15:04,390
+is
+
+171
+00:15:07,220 --> 00:15:10,520
+the indefinite and definite articles in Arabic.
+
+172
+00:15:10,940 --> 00:15:15,780
+They are the same or nearly similar to English
+
+173
+00:15:15,780 --> 00:15:20,000
+except the zero article which is translated, which
+
+174
+00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:24,200
+is, so any sentence is zero in English must be,
+
+175
+00:15:24,360 --> 00:15:27,040
+any zero article in English is translated to
+
+176
+00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:35,660
+mostly the التعريف in Arabic, okay? We speak about
+
+177
+00:15:35,660 --> 00:15:40,520
+diseases. They are zero. Days. Months. Sports.
+
+178
+00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:45,360
+They are zero in English. Meals. The three times
+
+179
+00:15:45,360 --> 00:15:51,140
+of the day. Morning. Noon. Sunset. Night. I say at
+
+180
+00:15:51,140 --> 00:15:57,040
+night. So these are translated into Alit Ta'rif in
+
+181
+00:15:57,040 --> 00:16:02,160
+Arabic. Now how could you teach articles to your
+
+182
+00:16:02,160 --> 00:16:06,220
+students? They are tricky. And you can see that
+
+183
+00:16:06,220 --> 00:16:09,040
+they are very tricky for the Arab learners because
+
+184
+00:16:09,040 --> 00:16:12,040
+we have differences that may cause negative
+
+185
+00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:15,820
+interference resulting into interlingual errors or
+
+186
+00:16:15,820 --> 00:16:16,840
+interlingual errors.
+
+187
+00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:23,460
+Interlingual errors.
+
+188
+00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:32,500
+Now we
+
+189
+00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:35,490
+come to teaching articles. Okay.
+
+190
+00:16:39,150 --> 00:16:46,050
+Teaching must be contextual. Okay. Because giving
+
+191
+00:16:46,050 --> 00:16:52,570
+your students such a subject with its very overt
+
+192
+00:16:52,570 --> 00:16:55,390
+name, very clear name, definiteness and
+
+193
+00:16:55,390 --> 00:16:58,230
+indefiniteness is very difficult for the junior
+
+194
+00:16:58,230 --> 00:17:03,470
+classes or intermediate or even advanced. Okay. if
+
+195
+00:17:03,470 --> 00:17:06,390
+you teach them in a formal way becomes very
+
+196
+00:17:06,390 --> 00:17:08,790
+complicated however you have to teach them
+
+197
+00:17:08,790 --> 00:17:12,370
+contextually okay connecting between the context
+
+198
+00:17:12,370 --> 00:17:17,230
+and the discourse so teaching pay attention please
+
+199
+00:17:17,230 --> 00:17:22,490
+teaching must be inductive or deductive must be
+
+200
+00:17:22,490 --> 00:17:26,010
+inductive so you have to teach inductively instead
+
+201
+00:17:26,010 --> 00:17:32,300
+of deductively making use of the situation and the
+
+202
+00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:39,880
+cultural use of articles. One of the most
+
+203
+00:17:39,880 --> 00:17:42,680
+important contextual activities for teaching
+
+204
+00:17:42,680 --> 00:17:46,500
+articles is called defining pairs and brothers
+
+205
+00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,800
+activity. Here students are required to write
+
+206
+00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:55,020
+sentences describing the common characteristics of
+
+207
+00:17:55,020 --> 00:18:02,490
+say pairs or brothers. Okay? So you can ask your
+
+208
+00:18:02,490 --> 00:18:07,790
+colleague to come here to the floor and the other
+
+209
+00:18:07,790 --> 00:18:12,450
+students can describe here or describe a bird. And
+
+210
+00:18:12,450 --> 00:18:16,210
+once they do that, they must use either the
+
+211
+00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:21,090
+definite or the indefinite article, A or M. Okay?
+
+212
+00:18:23,570 --> 00:18:28,230
+You remember the example, John hit Mary in the
+
+213
+00:18:28,230 --> 00:18:29,700
+eye. Okay?
+
+214
+00:18:32,740 --> 00:18:36,200
+Each sentence must start with the brother or the
+
+215
+00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:39,580
+sister or say the bear, the bears, for example,
+
+216
+00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:40,120
+etc.
+
+217
+00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:47,900
+We have another activity for teaching the semantic
+
+218
+00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:52,400
+use of definiteness or definite article and
+
+219
+00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:55,440
+indefinite article. This is called frame switching
+
+220
+00:18:55,440 --> 00:19:00,550
+activity. The teacher can introduce pairs of
+
+221
+00:19:00,550 --> 00:19:05,350
+sentences reflecting the generic and specific
+
+222
+00:19:05,350 --> 00:19:10,110
+reference of articles. I bought a book in
+
+223
+00:19:10,110 --> 00:19:14,270
+linguistics. A book. Is this specific or generic?
+
+224
+00:19:16,550 --> 00:19:20,750
+Specific. I'd like to read a book in linguistics.
+
+225
+00:19:22,090 --> 00:19:29,430
+Generic. Okay. We have Language Log Activity Test.
+
+226
+00:19:31,370 --> 00:19:36,110
+The Language Log Activity Test. Here, you have to
+
+227
+00:19:36,110 --> 00:19:42,330
+give homework, and you are not to give everything
+
+228
+00:19:42,330 --> 00:19:46,170
+to your students in the class. You have to let
+
+229
+00:19:46,170 --> 00:19:51,570
+them deduce the rules of articles, either A or M
+
+230
+00:19:51,570 --> 00:20:00,480
+or whatever. Okay? Here, you can introduce the
+
+231
+00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:05,940
+language log this language log exercise is given
+
+232
+00:20:05,940 --> 00:20:10,100
+as assignment to your students it is to be given
+
+233
+00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:16,840
+at home as homework you introduce wrong sentences
+
+234
+00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:22,460
+either the wrong sentences which the students
+
+235
+00:20:22,460 --> 00:20:26,800
+commit during the class, or you can just write
+
+236
+00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:31,560
+sentences with wrong articles, for example. Okay?
+
+237
+00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:37,200
+Then you ask your students to discover the error.
+
+238
+00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:44,800
+Okay? Say, the research, for example. Research is
+
+239
+00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:49,680
+without the. Okay, so they underline that this is
+
+240
+00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:55,400
+the error then the rule Okay, why does research?
+
+241
+00:20:56,620 --> 00:21:03,180
+Cannot cannot take article Okay, so because it is
+
+242
+00:21:03,180 --> 00:21:10,250
+uncountable now Okay Here we have it with zero
+
+243
+00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:14,290
+article. Now you have another space for
+
+244
+00:21:14,290 --> 00:21:18,810
+correction. You say research. Okay. Then you write
+
+245
+00:21:18,810 --> 00:21:22,570
+the sentence, the correct sentence, the correct
+
+246
+00:21:22,570 --> 00:21:32,050
+sentence. I have a son and the daughter. Okay. I
+
+247
+00:21:32,050 --> 00:21:36,690
+have to say, so the mistake is in the. You give
+
+248
+00:21:36,690 --> 00:21:39,690
+the rule. The noun mentioned for the first time is
+
+249
+00:21:39,690 --> 00:21:45,050
+always indefinite. Okay? Once repeated, it is
+
+250
+00:21:45,050 --> 00:21:49,930
+preceded by the. Okay? So I have a son and a
+
+251
+00:21:49,930 --> 00:21:54,410
+daughter. This is done at home. So your students
+
+252
+00:21:54,410 --> 00:21:58,730
+can rely on their parents at home, can rely on
+
+253
+00:21:58,730 --> 00:22:05,170
+anyone. Okay? The family to help them or even
+
+254
+00:22:05,170 --> 00:22:10,110
+their friends. So they can pay sufficient efforts
+
+255
+00:22:10,110 --> 00:22:13,290
+at home for understanding the rules because you
+
+256
+00:22:13,290 --> 00:22:17,790
+are not allowed to give rules in the class. Okay?
+
+257
+00:22:18,090 --> 00:22:21,470
+Because you teach communicatively and the focus is
+
+258
+00:22:21,470 --> 00:22:27,130
+on address rather than giving rules. Okay? So you
+
+259
+00:22:27,130 --> 00:22:30,170
+ask your student to deduce rules at home.
+
+260
+00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:39,680
+Okay. Fine.
+
+261
+00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:48,240
+So we have the
+
+262
+00:22:48,240 --> 00:22:52,440
+articles. Now I'd like to introduce some sentences
+
+263
+00:22:52,440 --> 00:22:56,320
+for you to answer to check your understanding.
+
+264
+00:23:00,120 --> 00:23:05,600
+Can you pass sugar, please? The sugar. Why?
+
+265
+00:23:05,740 --> 00:23:12,100
+Because this is visible. Okay? He's sailing up
+
+266
+00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:19,260
+Nile for holidays. Nile. He's sailing up Nile for
+
+267
+00:23:19,260 --> 00:23:24,570
+holidays. The Nile. Why? Because we told you that
+
+268
+00:23:24,570 --> 00:23:28,890
+seas, oceans, and rivers are preceded by the
+
+269
+00:23:28,890 --> 00:23:34,130
+definite article, the. My favorite sea is
+
+270
+00:23:34,130 --> 00:23:37,770
+Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea.
+
+271
+00:23:40,910 --> 00:23:46,630
+I'd love to visit Jerusalem. Jerusalem. Country,
+
+272
+00:23:46,790 --> 00:23:52,400
+country. So proper nouns, proper nouns,
+
+273
+00:23:52,500 --> 00:23:56,340
+geographical names are always zero except, except
+
+274
+00:23:56,340 --> 00:24:00,280
+we say the Sudan or any compound noun.
+
+275
+00:24:04,440 --> 00:24:13,140
+He is man who lives next door. He is the man who
+
+276
+00:24:13,140 --> 00:24:23,510
+lives next door. okay because he is known yes we
+
+277
+00:24:23,510 --> 00:24:27,530
+have the relative clause who then we have a man
+
+278
+00:24:27,530 --> 00:24:31,390
+preceding it so we have either the it can be a or
+
+279
+00:24:31,390 --> 00:24:37,710
+n but mostly the okay i have been looking for work
+
+280
+00:24:37,710 --> 00:24:46,520
+for a long time i have been looking for work Or a
+
+281
+00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:51,800
+work or the work. A work. Or work or the work.
+
+282
+00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:53,980
+Work. It is zero.
+
+283
+00:24:57,080 --> 00:25:06,840
+I say work.
+
+284
+00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:12,580
+This is uncountable. This is abstract now. Okay?
+
+285
+00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:20,000
+It is generic. I am looking for any work. Okay. I
+
+286
+00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:23,300
+say London Zoo. Do they say the London Zoo or
+
+287
+00:25:23,300 --> 00:25:28,060
+London Zoo? London Zoo. It is zero. Lake Victoria.
+
+288
+00:25:28,780 --> 00:25:36,680
+The lake Victoria. Lake is very large. The lake is
+
+289
+00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:42,380
+very large. I say London Zoo. It is zero. British
+
+290
+00:25:42,380 --> 00:25:48,210
+Museum. The British Museum. The British Museum,
+
+291
+00:25:48,350 --> 00:25:48,590
+why?
+
+292
+00:25:51,450 --> 00:25:57,950
+Because it is very famous and known for both the
+
+293
+00:25:57,950 --> 00:26:00,610
+speaker and the listener. Like once I say, for
+
+294
+00:26:00,610 --> 00:26:04,570
+example, the Parliament. The White House. The
+
+295
+00:26:04,570 --> 00:26:07,210
+White House. The Prime Minister. The Prime
+
+296
+00:26:07,210 --> 00:26:15,350
+Minister. Okay. Professor is absent today. The
+
+297
+00:26:15,350 --> 00:26:17,950
+professor is absent today because it is known for
+
+298
+00:26:17,950 --> 00:26:20,710
+both the speaker and the listener.
+
+299
+00:26:23,890 --> 00:26:24,650
+Okay.
+
+300
+00:26:32,790 --> 00:26:37,210
+I need you to answer the following quiz.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/9KEnfN0oPFw_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1912 @@
+1
+00:00:14,920 --> 00:00:21,860
+Today we are going to touch some
+
+2
+00:00:21,860 --> 00:00:27,650
+verb constructions specifically futurity We are
+
+3
+00:00:27,650 --> 00:00:30,790
+going to speak about the future constructions in
+
+4
+00:00:30,790 --> 00:00:35,790
+English and Arabic. This will cover future simple,
+
+5
+00:00:36,910 --> 00:00:44,350
+future continuous, future perfect, continuous,
+
+6
+00:00:45,170 --> 00:00:53,530
+future perfect. And the constructions going to, be
+
+7
+00:00:53,530 --> 00:00:58,820
+to, about to, and also the present simple, which
+
+8
+00:00:58,820 --> 00:01:02,940
+denotes future, and the present continuous, which
+
+9
+00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:06,640
+also denotes future. We are going to speak about
+
+10
+00:01:06,640 --> 00:01:09,680
+these constructions in English, and then we need
+
+11
+00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:15,180
+to touch their counterparts in Arabic. Okay? As
+
+12
+00:01:15,180 --> 00:01:21,740
+you see, future simple. First of all, will attend.
+
+13
+00:01:22,780 --> 00:01:27,460
+What does this construction consist of? What does
+
+14
+00:01:27,460 --> 00:01:31,580
+it consist of? Will, what do you call will? Tense
+
+15
+00:01:31,580 --> 00:01:37,140
+or aspect or whatever? Tense. It is tense. I will
+
+16
+00:01:37,140 --> 00:01:42,420
+attend the lecture. Will is tense. Attend? Aspect.
+
+17
+00:01:42,580 --> 00:01:48,340
+Simple aspect. So the future simple consists of
+
+18
+00:01:48,340 --> 00:01:54,460
+tense plus simple aspect. Okay?
+
+19
+00:02:00,380 --> 00:02:05,860
+Now, semantically, future simple denotes
+
+20
+00:02:05,860 --> 00:02:11,100
+colorless, neutral future. It refers to open
+
+21
+00:02:11,100 --> 00:02:17,680
+future, neutral future. I shall be 47 years old by
+
+22
+00:02:17,680 --> 00:02:18,600
+next birthday.
+
+23
+00:02:22,620 --> 00:02:28,580
+Shall be. It's open. You'll be pleased to see
+
+24
+00:02:28,580 --> 00:02:33,100
+them. When? We don't know. Will be, please. Will
+
+25
+00:02:33,100 --> 00:02:38,160
+be. Okay? It's neutral and colorless. There is no
+
+26
+00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:42,520
+distinction of or determination of any exact time.
+
+27
+00:02:43,040 --> 00:02:44,720
+But the meaning is in future.
+
+28
+00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:58,080
+Now, will and shall plus
+
+29
+00:02:59,160 --> 00:03:02,760
+infinitive without two these are the constructions
+
+30
+00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:08,520
+of future simple will shall plus the stem of the
+
+31
+00:03:08,520 --> 00:03:15,340
+verb now will is used with all pronouns with all
+
+32
+00:03:15,340 --> 00:03:22,660
+nouns once we express determination okay or
+
+33
+00:03:22,660 --> 00:03:28,900
+persistence i'll be opaque i will be opaque I will
+
+34
+00:03:28,900 --> 00:03:35,260
+be obeyed. Okay. So this is determination. I am
+
+35
+00:03:35,260 --> 00:03:40,460
+determined to be obeyed. He will do as he likes.
+
+36
+00:03:41,780 --> 00:03:47,760
+He is determined to do as he likes. Okay. He will
+
+37
+00:03:47,760 --> 00:03:51,020
+do. I will be obeyed. Okay.
+
+38
+00:04:07,020 --> 00:04:12,860
+Now, we have different functions for future
+
+39
+00:04:12,860 --> 00:04:16,700
+simple. It refers to willingness.
+
+40
+00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:28,600
+Once you need to or like to do something in
+
+41
+00:04:28,600 --> 00:04:34,080
+future, so you use future simple. Here we have
+
+42
+00:04:34,080 --> 00:04:39,100
+shell. is used to express willingness on the part
+
+43
+00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:42,760
+of speaker and second and third person. Shall is
+
+44
+00:04:42,760 --> 00:04:46,060
+used with the second and third person while will
+
+45
+00:04:46,060 --> 00:04:50,620
+is with the first person. He shall return the good
+
+46
+00:04:50,620 --> 00:04:57,200
+to the store and refund his money. He shall, shall
+
+47
+00:04:57,200 --> 00:05:01,470
+he refers to willingness. he shall return the good
+
+48
+00:05:01,470 --> 00:05:05,910
+to the store and refund his money. This means that
+
+49
+00:05:05,910 --> 00:05:09,950
+he is willing to return the good to the store just
+
+50
+00:05:09,950 --> 00:05:16,830
+to refund his money back. Okay? So we have shall
+
+51
+00:05:16,830 --> 00:05:24,810
+with he, she, it, they, and you. Okay? In case of
+
+52
+00:05:24,810 --> 00:05:25,710
+willingness.
+
+53
+00:05:27,860 --> 00:05:31,920
+you shall behave as you like you shall behave as
+
+54
+00:05:31,920 --> 00:05:39,720
+you like okay also future simple expresses offer
+
+55
+00:05:39,720 --> 00:05:45,360
+shall I give you a lift shall I give you a lift
+
+56
+00:05:45,360 --> 00:05:50,140
+shall with the first person shall I shall I offer
+
+57
+00:05:50,140 --> 00:05:53,720
+you another chance shall I offer you another
+
+58
+00:05:53,720 --> 00:06:00,420
+chance Will you have a rest for 10 minutes? Shall
+
+59
+00:06:00,420 --> 00:06:06,200
+she make you a cup of tea? Shall she make you a
+
+60
+00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:10,920
+cup of tea? So we have here different semantic
+
+61
+00:06:10,920 --> 00:06:15,400
+functions for the use of future simple. Okay? It
+
+62
+00:06:15,400 --> 00:06:20,780
+refers to open and neutral colorless future. It
+
+63
+00:06:20,780 --> 00:06:27,130
+refers to willingness and offer promise, threat,
+
+64
+00:06:27,670 --> 00:06:30,990
+and other functions. Let's see. We spoke about
+
+65
+00:06:30,990 --> 00:06:31,430
+willingness.
+
+66
+00:06:34,990 --> 00:06:37,650
+Who could translate into English?
+
+67
+00:06:45,370 --> 00:06:49,730
+How could
+
+68
+00:06:49,730 --> 00:06:52,770
+I translate the word targab or yargab, the verb
+
+69
+00:06:52,770 --> 00:06:53,250
+yargab?
+
+70
+00:06:56,690 --> 00:07:01,110
+She shall return the good to the store and refund
+
+71
+00:07:01,110 --> 00:07:05,310
+her money. Okay? Since we have the sense of
+
+72
+00:07:05,310 --> 00:07:11,030
+yarghab, desire, we translate into shell. Shell
+
+73
+00:07:11,030 --> 00:07:14,510
+plus the stem. She shall return the good to the
+
+74
+00:07:14,510 --> 00:07:19,910
+store. Okay? Ofal. Shall I give you another chance
+
+75
+00:07:19,910 --> 00:07:25,410
+to read the chapter again? Shall I give you
+
+76
+00:07:25,410 --> 00:07:29,970
+another chance? Shall I give you another chance?
+
+77
+00:07:30,090 --> 00:07:33,290
+Shall I give you a lift? Shall I give you a lift?
+
+78
+00:07:34,170 --> 00:07:34,590
+Okay?
+
+79
+00:07:42,010 --> 00:07:44,130
+Now we have determination.
+
+80
+00:07:46,850 --> 00:07:47,410
+Okay?
+
+81
+00:07:50,890 --> 00:07:56,700
+I shall do what I like. I am determined to do what
+
+82
+00:07:56,700 --> 00:08:00,260
+I would like to do. Okay?
+
+83
+00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:09,700
+We have also promise. Promise is expressed by
+
+84
+00:08:09,700 --> 00:08:13,980
+future simple. You shall be punished if you do
+
+85
+00:08:13,980 --> 00:08:17,220
+that again. Promise and threat here.
+
+86
+00:08:19,040 --> 00:08:21,000
+We use shall.
+
+87
+00:08:24,560 --> 00:08:31,800
+and will, okay? But here we have shell for some
+
+88
+00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:38,140
+pronouns and will for other pronouns. So the
+
+89
+00:08:38,140 --> 00:08:41,760
+future simple here can be expressed in the second
+
+90
+00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:45,400
+and third person by shell and in the first person
+
+91
+00:08:45,400 --> 00:08:50,610
+by will, completely like willingness. shall take
+
+92
+00:08:50,610 --> 00:08:53,990
+the second takes the second and third person while
+
+93
+00:08:53,990 --> 00:08:58,310
+will the first person once we express promise and
+
+94
+00:08:58,310 --> 00:09:02,310
+threat you shall be punished if you do that again
+
+95
+00:09:02,310 --> 00:09:08,310
+shall be punished with
+
+96
+00:09:08,310 --> 00:09:14,270
+you I'll be there to help this is promise I'll be
+
+97
+00:09:14,270 --> 00:09:20,880
+there to help will with I okay is to express
+
+98
+00:09:20,880 --> 00:09:24,740
+promise and the first sentence to express threat
+
+99
+00:09:24,740 --> 00:09:28,460
+also
+
+100
+00:09:28,460 --> 00:09:33,440
+we have future simple expressing request in the
+
+101
+00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:39,300
+present and future you use will with the second
+
+102
+00:09:39,300 --> 00:09:44,700
+person will with the second person once you ask
+
+103
+00:09:44,700 --> 00:09:48,440
+someone you ask the second person face to face
+
+104
+00:09:49,560 --> 00:09:52,900
+Will you please open the door? Will you please
+
+105
+00:09:52,900 --> 00:09:58,120
+open the door? Will you, don't say shall you, will
+
+106
+00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:02,360
+you please open the door? Okay. This is request.
+
+107
+00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:07,280
+Will you kindly send me an application form? Will
+
+108
+00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:10,880
+you kindly send me an application form? Will you
+
+109
+00:10:10,880 --> 00:10:15,100
+kindly send me? Yes.
+
+110
+00:10:20,990 --> 00:10:26,110
+Yes, shell in case of promise, threat and
+
+111
+00:10:26,110 --> 00:10:29,990
+willingness as well with the second and third
+
+112
+00:10:29,990 --> 00:10:36,670
+person. Request, the first person we use will, not
+
+113
+00:10:36,670 --> 00:10:42,510
+shell. Sorry, yes, the second person. Will takes
+
+114
+00:10:42,510 --> 00:10:49,430
+you in case of request. Will comes with the second
+
+115
+00:10:49,430 --> 00:10:52,790
+person. Yes. However, in case of willingness,
+
+116
+00:10:53,470 --> 00:10:59,250
+threat or promise, okay, you use shell with the
+
+117
+00:10:59,250 --> 00:11:02,170
+second and third person. Once you have offer,
+
+118
+00:11:05,310 --> 00:11:09,390
+you use shell with the first person. You offer
+
+119
+00:11:09,390 --> 00:11:12,550
+something to someone. Shall I offer you a lift?
+
+120
+00:11:13,410 --> 00:11:23,250
+Shall I offer you another chance? you see now
+
+121
+00:11:23,250 --> 00:11:27,530
+future simple as you see refers to neutral
+
+122
+00:11:27,530 --> 00:11:38,750
+colorless open future okay open it is future
+
+123
+00:11:38,750 --> 00:11:45,170
+simple is open colorless and neutral it refers to
+
+124
+00:11:46,300 --> 00:11:52,860
+First of all, promise, willingness, threat, offer,
+
+125
+00:11:53,660 --> 00:11:58,760
+and request plus determination. Okay, do you have
+
+126
+00:11:58,760 --> 00:12:01,880
+the same meanings in Arabic? What about the future
+
+127
+00:12:01,880 --> 00:12:04,100
+simple? Do you have future simple in Arabic or
+
+128
+00:12:04,100 --> 00:12:09,470
+not? Okay, let's see. We have future simple in
+
+129
+00:12:09,470 --> 00:12:15,010
+Arabic, it is expressed by sawfa. Sawfa refers to
+
+130
+00:12:15,010 --> 00:12:21,270
+remote future. Remote future, not near future. We
+
+131
+00:12:21,270 --> 00:12:27,950
+say for the near future, we say sa. So, sawfa
+
+132
+00:12:27,950 --> 00:12:33,130
+yusafir uzaydum ila misra mustaqbalan. When? We
+
+133
+00:12:33,130 --> 00:12:37,300
+don't know, it is open. colorless and neutral.
+
+134
+00:12:37,900 --> 00:12:46,100
+Okay. It's like English. We have the imperfect
+
+135
+00:12:46,100 --> 00:12:48,400
+indicative form of the verb.
+
+136
+00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:56,200
+The present imperfect indicative form of the verb.
+
+137
+00:12:57,600 --> 00:12:58,800
+Okay.
+
+138
+00:13:03,790 --> 00:13:07,530
+Remember that in English we use the stem of the
+
+139
+00:13:07,530 --> 00:13:12,390
+verb Okay, and the first conjugation of the verb
+
+140
+00:13:12,390 --> 00:13:20,690
+The bare infinitive however in English We use the
+
+141
+00:13:20,690 --> 00:13:24,690
+present imperfect indicative form with the
+
+142
+00:13:24,690 --> 00:13:32,710
+inflection ي يسافر You can't say سافرة يسافر Okay.
+
+143
+00:13:33,230 --> 00:13:38,270
+This is the future in Arabic. Okay.
+
+144
+00:13:45,090 --> 00:13:51,150
+Here we have once we have nom, this is for
+
+145
+00:13:51,150 --> 00:13:54,570
+nominative case. We have three inflections as we
+
+146
+00:13:54,570 --> 00:13:58,930
+mentioned, nominative case, accusative and
+
+147
+00:13:58,930 --> 00:13:59,770
+genitive case.
+
+148
+00:14:05,420 --> 00:14:09,440
+يريد زيدن we have here willingness the future
+
+149
+00:14:09,440 --> 00:14:13,560
+simple in Arabic also expresses willingness يريد
+
+150
+00:14:13,560 --> 00:14:21,140
+زيدن أن يعيد البضاعة يريد زيدن أن يعيد البضاعة
+
+151
+00:14:21,140 --> 00:14:26,700
+here we have the imperfect indicative form of the
+
+152
+00:14:26,700 --> 00:14:30,880
+verb followed by the complementizer أن or the
+
+153
+00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:34,920
+derived nominal إعادة
+
+154
+00:14:35,860 --> 00:14:40,380
+okay يعيد إعادة derived nominal معناه المصدر يعني
+
+155
+00:14:40,380 --> 00:14:48,780
+المصدر من يعيد إعادة يريد زيدون إعادة البضاعة يريد
+
+156
+00:14:48,780 --> 00:14:53,120
+زيدون أن يعيد البضاعة and is called complementizer
+
+157
+00:14:53,120 --> 00:14:56,260
+يعني relative pronoun
+
+158
+00:15:01,550 --> 00:15:06,250
+Zaid shall retain the good. Why do I use shall
+
+159
+00:15:06,250 --> 00:15:11,910
+here in translation? Why didn't I say Zaid will
+
+160
+00:15:11,910 --> 00:15:16,510
+retain the good? Because shall here expresses
+
+161
+00:15:16,510 --> 00:15:24,210
+what? Willingness. In Arabic it is يرغب or يريد.
+
+162
+00:15:26,150 --> 00:15:31,680
+يريد زيد إعادة البضاعة What do you call about?
+
+163
+00:15:31,860 --> 00:15:35,280
+What do you call? Derived nominal.
+
+164
+00:15:37,880 --> 00:15:50,700
+Now we
+
+165
+00:15:50,700 --> 00:15:54,800
+have other
+
+166
+00:15:54,800 --> 00:16:01,120
+uses for the future simple in Arabic. أريد أن
+
+167
+00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:19,540
+أمنحك فرصة أخرى أريد
+
+168
+00:16:19,540 --> 00:16:23,200
+أن
+
+169
+00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:28,440
+أمنحك so we have the willingness verb أريد أو أرغب
+
+170
+00:16:28,440 --> 00:16:36,420
+plus the complementizer أن plus the verb يمنح أمنح
+
+171
+00:16:36,420 --> 00:16:44,600
+تمنح نمنح okay all also we have the willingness
+
+172
+00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:53,100
+verb أريد أو يرغب plus the derived nominal منح
+
+173
+00:16:55,900 --> 00:17:05,020
+I shall offer you
+
+174
+00:17:05,020 --> 00:17:14,980
+another chance
+
+175
+00:17:14,980 --> 00:17:20,400
+Okay, is this correct? I shall offer you another
+
+176
+00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:20,860
+chance
+
+177
+00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:28,320
+Shall I offer? It is willingness. It is offer.
+
+178
+00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:32,240
+Once we have offer, we use shall with the first
+
+179
+00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:37,060
+person. Yes. I shall offer you another chance.
+
+180
+00:17:41,140 --> 00:17:46,440
+Do you want a cup of tea? Do you want soup? What
+
+181
+00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:52,570
+do you call soup? Derived nominal. Okay, so we
+
+182
+00:17:52,570 --> 00:17:55,470
+have you read plus derived nominal this expresses
+
+183
+00:17:55,470 --> 00:18:00,710
+offer in English Will you want to drink a cup of
+
+184
+00:18:00,710 --> 00:18:00,950
+tea?
+
+185
+00:18:07,830 --> 00:18:13,960
+So we have differences between the future simple
+
+186
+00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:17,920
+in English and the future simple in Arabic both
+
+187
+00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:23,020
+exist in both languages however the future simple
+
+188
+00:18:23,020 --> 00:18:26,840
+is expressed syntactically in English by using
+
+189
+00:18:26,840 --> 00:18:31,120
+shall or will plus the stem of the verb okay
+
+190
+00:18:31,120 --> 00:18:37,080
+semantically it expresses willingness offer
+
+191
+00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:45,900
+request threat determination I promise, okay? We
+
+192
+00:18:45,900 --> 00:18:50,140
+have this in Arabic. So both languages are
+
+193
+00:18:50,140 --> 00:18:53,080
+identical semantically in using the future simple,
+
+194
+00:18:53,460 --> 00:18:56,860
+but they differ syntactically. In Arabic, we use
+
+195
+00:18:56,860 --> 00:19:04,520
+sawfa plus the imperfect indicative form of the
+
+196
+00:19:04,520 --> 00:19:11,830
+verb, okay? Or the derived nominal. okay we don't
+
+197
+00:19:11,830 --> 00:19:15,310
+have derived nominal in English we have gerund and
+
+198
+00:19:15,310 --> 00:19:19,890
+infinitive I like to drink tea okay I like
+
+199
+00:19:19,890 --> 00:19:26,230
+drinking tea okay وحب شرب الشاي وحب أن أشرب الشاي
+
+200
+00:19:26,230 --> 00:19:34,970
+okay مصدر صريح مصدر مؤول This is the translation
+
+201
+00:19:34,970 --> 00:19:39,350
+of gerund and infinitive in English. So we have
+
+202
+00:19:39,350 --> 00:19:43,170
+two different forms. The two languages are
+
+203
+00:19:43,170 --> 00:19:48,910
+divergent syntactically in this specific area.
+
+204
+00:19:54,050 --> 00:19:59,610
+We have future progressive. Shall, will plus the
+
+205
+00:19:59,610 --> 00:20:02,530
+progressive aspect.
+
+206
+00:20:03,370 --> 00:20:07,070
+Okay. This is to express an action that will be
+
+207
+00:20:07,070 --> 00:20:10,390
+going on at a certain time in future.
+
+208
+00:20:13,470 --> 00:20:22,990
+So at five o'clock this evening, I
+
+209
+00:20:22,990 --> 00:20:29,930
+will be going in the bereaved places of the
+
+210
+00:20:29,930 --> 00:20:31,450
+martyrs in Khan Yunus.
+
+211
+00:20:34,520 --> 00:20:41,100
+Okay. This time I will be acting some work, okay,
+
+212
+00:20:41,560 --> 00:20:44,500
+which will be continuous, which will be in
+
+213
+00:20:44,500 --> 00:20:49,000
+progress at a certain time. We shall be playing
+
+214
+00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:53,720
+tennis at 5pm next Friday. Yani once you come to
+
+215
+00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:57,640
+visit us at five o'clock, you'll find us playing
+
+216
+00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:03,290
+tennis at this moment at five o'clock pm. So it
+
+217
+00:21:03,290 --> 00:21:06,830
+refers to an action which will be in progress at a
+
+218
+00:21:06,830 --> 00:21:11,370
+specific time in future. Okay. We shall be
+
+219
+00:21:11,370 --> 00:21:12,830
+traveling all night.
+
+220
+00:21:15,670 --> 00:21:19,250
+If you ask about us this night, you'll find us
+
+221
+00:21:19,250 --> 00:21:21,690
+traveling. Okay.
+
+222
+00:21:24,470 --> 00:21:27,230
+So it refers to an action which will be in
+
+223
+00:21:27,230 --> 00:21:33,710
+progress at a certain time in future. shall will
+
+224
+00:21:33,710 --> 00:21:39,550
+plus the progressive construction of the verb, the
+
+225
+00:21:39,550 --> 00:21:46,850
+aspect, verb to be plus verb plus ing we shall be
+
+226
+00:21:46,850 --> 00:21:52,670
+traveling shall will plus be plus verb plus ing
+
+227
+00:22:03,440 --> 00:22:09,980
+Also, the future progressive shall, will be, their
+
+228
+00:22:09,980 --> 00:22:13,340
+plus ing construction is also used to avoid the
+
+229
+00:22:13,340 --> 00:22:18,560
+interpretation of volition, insistence, etc. That
+
+230
+00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:22,260
+future simple is characterized with, I'll do my
+
+231
+00:22:22,260 --> 00:22:27,340
+best. I'll be doing my best. What's the difference
+
+232
+00:22:27,340 --> 00:22:31,400
+between the two Sentences who could you translate
+
+233
+00:22:31,400 --> 00:22:34,840
+these two sentences? I'll do my best. I'll be
+
+234
+00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:39,100
+doing my best Okay
+
+235
+00:22:39,100 --> 00:22:45,460
+Yes,
+
+236
+00:22:45,740 --> 00:22:51,400
+mm-hmm hooker translated yes, I'll do my best I
+
+237
+00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:00,620
+This is a promise to do my best. Okay, it is
+
+238
+00:23:00,620 --> 00:23:03,260
+promise. طيب I'll be doing my best.
+
+239
+00:23:06,740 --> 00:23:10,480
+This is
+
+240
+00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:15,620
+determination. I'll be doing my best. Okay, I'll
+
+241
+00:23:15,620 --> 00:23:19,860
+be doing my best. This is determination. يعني
+
+242
+00:23:19,860 --> 00:23:26,710
+الأولى I'll do my best سأفعل الأفضل and the second
+
+243
+00:23:26,710 --> 00:23:40,270
+انا مصمم على فعل الأفضل او عازم على فعل الأفضل سوف
+
+244
+00:23:40,270 --> 00:23:48,850
+أبذل قصارى جهدي okay الأولى
+
+245
+00:23:48,850 --> 00:23:53,330
+you have to use سوف سوف أبذل قصارى جهدي في مساعدتك
+
+246
+00:23:53,880 --> 00:23:59,820
+ثانية سأبذل قصارى جهدي okay س refers to the near
+
+247
+00:23:59,820 --> 00:24:06,820
+future okay once you express progressive use س or
+
+248
+00:24:06,820 --> 00:24:17,140
+any near future طيب
+
+249
+00:24:19,080 --> 00:24:22,540
+Now standard Arabic, do we have future continuous
+
+250
+00:24:22,540 --> 00:24:24,400
+or progressive in Arabic or not?
+
+251
+00:24:28,500 --> 00:24:34,800
+سيلعب فريقنا الكورة سيلعب
+
+252
+00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:41,180
+فريقنا الكورة عند الساعة السابعة مساء يعني at
+
+253
+00:24:41,180 --> 00:24:45,420
+seven o'clock our team will be playing football
+
+254
+00:24:46,330 --> 00:24:51,310
+Okay, we have this سيلعب فريقنا الكورة عند الساعة
+
+255
+00:24:51,310 --> 00:24:55,750
+السابعة مساء So this construction and the future
+
+256
+00:24:55,750 --> 00:25:03,550
+progressive in Arabic consists of what? Okay It
+
+257
+00:25:03,550 --> 00:25:09,930
+is س plus imperfect indicative form سيلعب Okay,
+
+258
+00:25:10,470 --> 00:25:12,290
+followed by a point of time
+
+259
+00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:21,940
+Okay, followed by a point of time. سيلعب فريقنا
+
+260
+00:25:21,940 --> 00:25:25,480
+الكورة. So we have س plus the imperfect indicative
+
+261
+00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:33,280
+form of the verb plus the noun followed by a point
+
+262
+00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:33,780
+of time.
+
+263
+00:25:42,840 --> 00:25:49,190
+سيلعب فريقنا الكورة عند الساعة السابعة مساء. Okay?
+
+264
+00:25:49,970 --> 00:25:52,910
+Our team will be playing football at seven o'clock
+
+265
+00:25:52,910 --> 00:25:53,850
+tomorrow.
+
+266
+00:25:57,670 --> 00:26:03,310
+Now we come to future perfect. Future perfect in
+
+267
+00:26:03,310 --> 00:26:09,890
+English refers to an action that will finish at a
+
+268
+00:26:09,890 --> 00:26:15,330
+future time at a specific future time in English.
+
+269
+00:26:16,800 --> 00:26:22,380
+I say the government or the company will have the
+
+270
+00:26:22,380 --> 00:26:27,420
+project built, will have the project built or will
+
+271
+00:26:27,420 --> 00:26:33,380
+finish the project by the end of next April. The
+
+272
+00:26:33,380 --> 00:26:38,280
+company will have the project, will have finished
+
+273
+00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:43,440
+the project by
+
+274
+00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:49,930
+next April. Okay, or by the end of next April will
+
+275
+00:26:49,930 --> 00:26:55,430
+have finished Well, what do you call well? Tense
+
+276
+00:26:55,430 --> 00:27:03,370
+have Simple aspect finished Perfect
+
+277
+00:27:04,440 --> 00:27:09,560
+perfect or perfective aspect so the future perfect
+
+278
+00:27:09,560 --> 00:27:14,020
+consists of tense plus simple aspect and
+
+279
+00:27:14,020 --> 00:27:16,580
+perfective aspect okay
+
+280
+00:27:26,910 --> 00:27:30,190
+refers to an action that will have happened before
+
+281
+00:27:30,190 --> 00:27:33,450
+some other future action happened or before some
+
+282
+00:27:33,450 --> 00:27:38,790
+point of time arrives. They shall have played two
+
+283
+00:27:38,790 --> 00:27:42,150
+games of tennis before we arrive there.
+
+284
+00:27:45,330 --> 00:27:48,830
+Before we arrive, they will have finished two
+
+285
+00:27:48,830 --> 00:27:54,690
+games or two rounds of tennis. They shall have
+
+286
+00:27:54,690 --> 00:27:58,390
+played two games of tennis before we arrive there.
+
+287
+00:27:59,130 --> 00:28:04,130
+So the first verb is future perfect. The second is
+
+288
+00:28:04,130 --> 00:28:09,090
+future simple, okay, which refers to future. They
+
+289
+00:28:09,090 --> 00:28:11,970
+will have graduated by the end of April. They will
+
+290
+00:28:11,970 --> 00:28:16,070
+have graduated. So it refers to an action that
+
+291
+00:28:16,070 --> 00:28:21,750
+will be completed at a certain time in future. The
+
+292
+00:28:21,750 --> 00:28:25,870
+action may be in progress now. It started in the
+
+293
+00:28:25,870 --> 00:28:30,090
+past, still in progress, and will finish at a
+
+294
+00:28:30,090 --> 00:28:36,230
+specific time in future. We are present perfect
+
+295
+00:28:36,230 --> 00:28:40,850
+continuous. When I say I have been studying
+
+296
+00:28:40,850 --> 00:28:45,550
+English for 10 years, Okay, this is different.
+
+297
+00:28:46,270 --> 00:28:49,310
+Okay, it refers to an action that started in the
+
+298
+00:28:49,310 --> 00:28:55,230
+past is progressive now and will finish at unknown
+
+299
+00:28:55,230 --> 00:28:59,470
+time, not specific time. Okay.
+
+300
+00:29:03,730 --> 00:29:06,690
+Now, do we have the same equivalent in Arabic? Do
+
+301
+00:29:06,690 --> 00:29:10,350
+we have future perfect in Arabic or not? Yes, we
+
+302
+00:29:10,350 --> 00:29:10,670
+have.
+
+303
+00:29:43,010 --> 00:29:46,710
+They will have finished the project by next March.
+
+304
+00:29:48,900 --> 00:29:53,680
+okay? سَيَكُنُوا قَدْ أَنْهُ So we have the
+
+305
+00:29:53,680 --> 00:30:00,900
+construction سَ which refers to near future يَكُن
+
+306
+00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:09,460
+this is the indicative this is the imperfect verb
+
+307
+00:30:09,460 --> 00:30:16,920
+the defective verb from كان يكون plus the
+
+308
+00:30:16,920 --> 00:30:23,810
+expletive قَدْ and the perfect form of the verb
+
+309
+00:30:23,810 --> 00:30:27,790
+أنها سيكونوا
+
+310
+00:30:27,790 --> 00:30:36,170
+قد أنهوا العمل في المشروع في مارس القادم okay so
+
+311
+00:30:36,170 --> 00:30:42,590
+we have the future particle س plus the defective
+
+312
+00:30:42,590 --> 00:30:46,250
+verb in the imperfect indicative form يكون present
+
+313
+00:30:46,250 --> 00:30:51,350
+form followed by the expletive قد and the past
+
+314
+00:30:51,350 --> 00:30:55,650
+form of the verb this semantically expresses
+
+315
+00:30:55,650 --> 00:30:59,950
+future perfect in Arabic so it is expressed
+
+316
+00:30:59,950 --> 00:31:04,130
+lexically however in English it is expressed
+
+317
+00:31:04,130 --> 00:31:11,710
+grammatically or syntactically okay سيكون قد أنهى
+
+318
+00:31:11,710 --> 00:31:21,310
+سيكون زيد قد أنهى العمل في المشروع في بداية مارس
+
+319
+00:31:21,310 --> 00:31:26,310
+القادر. So this is called future perfect in
+
+320
+00:31:26,310 --> 00:31:29,150
+Arabic. Okay.
+
+321
+00:31:34,230 --> 00:31:38,010
+They will have finished the project by the
+
+322
+00:31:38,010 --> 00:31:42,890
+beginning of March. Okay. Yes.
+
+323
+00:31:49,420 --> 00:31:55,780
+No, no, here we have, we don't have will and shall
+
+324
+00:31:55,780 --> 00:32:00,040
+translation into Arabic. Both are sawfa or sah.
+
+325
+00:32:00,580 --> 00:32:02,780
+However, once you translate the sentence into
+
+326
+00:32:02,780 --> 00:32:06,450
+English, you have to consider the translation
+
+327
+00:32:06,450 --> 00:32:11,370
+shell with the first person i we however well with
+
+328
+00:32:11,370 --> 00:32:14,710
+the rest of the pronouns in case of future simple
+
+329
+00:32:14,710 --> 00:32:18,970
+a future continuous future perfect future perfect
+
+330
+00:32:18,970 --> 00:32:22,690
+continuous etc you have these limitations in
+
+331
+00:32:22,690 --> 00:32:25,910
+translation for shell or well just in the use of
+
+332
+00:32:25,910 --> 00:32:30,950
+future simple Once you express willingness, once
+
+333
+00:32:30,950 --> 00:32:34,750
+you express promise, once you express offer, once
+
+334
+00:32:34,750 --> 00:32:39,630
+you express threat, determination, or request. So
+
+335
+00:32:39,630 --> 00:32:44,650
+you have specific translation
+
+336
+00:32:44,650 --> 00:32:48,330
+for shell or will. So you have to take care of
+
+337
+00:32:48,330 --> 00:32:50,410
+that. However, in the rest of the future
+
+338
+00:32:50,410 --> 00:32:53,030
+constructions, you have the form which you are
+
+339
+00:32:53,030 --> 00:32:56,930
+familiar with. shall with the first person and
+
+340
+00:32:56,930 --> 00:32:59,670
+will with the rest of the pronouns.
+
+341
+00:33:03,090 --> 00:33:06,390
+They will have finished building the house by next
+
+342
+00:33:06,390 --> 00:33:14,430
+May. This is
+
+343
+00:33:14,430 --> 00:33:15,370
+future perfect.
+
+344
+00:33:21,370 --> 00:33:27,950
+So we have two constructions. س ينهوا plus the
+
+345
+00:33:27,950 --> 00:33:34,790
+derived nominal بناء or س يكونون قد أنهوا س plus
+
+346
+00:33:34,790 --> 00:33:40,190
+the defective verb يكون plus the expletive قد plus
+
+347
+00:33:40,190 --> 00:33:43,310
+the imperfect indicative form of the verb the
+
+348
+00:33:43,310 --> 00:33:46,630
+perfect indicative form perfect indicative form
+
+349
+00:33:46,630 --> 00:33:52,630
+يعني الماضي من الفعل ينهي أنها okay finish
+
+350
+00:33:52,630 --> 00:33:53,150
+finished
+
+351
+00:33:58,330 --> 00:34:01,470
+Now we have future perfect continuous.
+
+352
+00:34:04,930 --> 00:34:09,550
+In English, this construction refers to an action
+
+353
+00:34:09,550 --> 00:34:15,130
+that will be in progress after a certain time in
+
+354
+00:34:15,130 --> 00:34:19,980
+future. It expresses an action that will be in
+
+355
+00:34:19,980 --> 00:34:24,380
+progress when some point of time arrives. In 2009,
+
+356
+00:34:25,240 --> 00:34:30,600
+I say here, in 2014, for example, in 2014, I shall
+
+357
+00:34:30,600 --> 00:34:36,020
+have been teaching English for 20 years. In 2014,
+
+358
+00:34:37,360 --> 00:34:39,280
+in 2014,
+
+359
+00:34:41,200 --> 00:34:44,820
+I shall have been teaching English for 20 years.
+
+360
+00:34:54,780 --> 00:35:01,620
+in 2014 I shall be teaching English for 20 years
+
+361
+00:35:01,620 --> 00:35:08,420
+this means that here we use future perfect future
+
+362
+00:35:08,420 --> 00:35:14,860
+future perfect continuous in 2014 I'll have been
+
+363
+00:35:14,860 --> 00:35:18,920
+teaching English for 20 years this means that I'm
+
+364
+00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:25,530
+going to resign in 2014 No, the action will be in
+
+365
+00:35:25,530 --> 00:35:29,710
+progress. Okay? So it refers to an action that
+
+366
+00:35:29,710 --> 00:35:33,670
+will be continuous after a certain time in future.
+
+367
+00:35:39,890 --> 00:35:40,810
+You see?
+
+368
+00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:22,640
+Okay Future Perfect
+
+369
+00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:29,960
+continuous, okay Do
+
+370
+00:36:29,960 --> 00:36:33,860
+we have future perfect continuous in Arabic? Yes,
+
+371
+00:36:33,880 --> 00:36:45,090
+we have سيكونوا قد ناموا ساعتين عند الخامسة مساء
+
+372
+00:36:45,090 --> 00:36:48,910
+سيكونوا
+
+373
+00:36:48,910 --> 00:36:53,210
+الأطفال قد ناموا ساعتين عند الخامسة مساء يعني once
+
+374
+00:36:53,210 --> 00:36:56,310
+you come to the house you'll find the kids
+
+375
+00:36:56,310 --> 00:37:00,370
+sleeping for two hours and they remain or they
+
+376
+00:37:00,370 --> 00:37:06,170
+still sleep okay so the action is in progress at a
+
+377
+00:37:06,170 --> 00:37:11,230
+certain time in future they will have been
+
+378
+00:37:11,230 --> 00:37:14,650
+sleeping for two hours by five o'clock in the
+
+379
+00:37:14,650 --> 00:37:23,730
+evening okay so we have the verb we have the
+
+380
+00:37:23,730 --> 00:37:28,400
+construction plus the defective verb in the
+
+381
+00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:31,840
+imperfect form in the imperfect indicative form
+
+382
+00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:38,960
+يكون plus the expletive قد plus the perfect form
+
+383
+00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:48,640
+of the verb نام okay سيكونوا قد ناموا ساعتين عند
+
+384
+00:37:48,640 --> 00:37:52,360
+الخمسة مساء plus طبعا a point of time
+
+385
+00:37:55,740 --> 00:37:58,740
+They will have been sleeping for two hours by five
+
+386
+00:37:58,740 --> 00:38:04,040
+o'clock in the evening. Now we have also the
+
+387
+00:38:04,040 --> 00:38:07,160
+future construction expressed by future by simple
+
+388
+00:38:07,160 --> 00:38:14,200
+present in English. I say for example, let's wait
+
+389
+00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:15,320
+until he comes.
+
+390
+00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:22,980
+So we have the present simple denoting future in
+
+391
+00:38:22,980 --> 00:38:28,990
+clauses of time and condition. Okay, I say for
+
+392
+00:38:28,990 --> 00:38:33,110
+example, let's wait until he comes. What will you
+
+393
+00:38:33,110 --> 00:38:38,610
+say if I punish him? Punish. What does this refer
+
+394
+00:38:38,610 --> 00:38:42,110
+to? Does it refer to present action or to future
+
+395
+00:38:42,110 --> 00:38:46,050
+action? Future action expressed by the present
+
+396
+00:38:46,050 --> 00:38:52,150
+simple. So the tense here present tense here
+
+397
+00:38:52,150 --> 00:38:57,980
+expresses future event That is part of settled
+
+398
+00:38:57,980 --> 00:39:05,360
+program. He leaves for Egypt tomorrow. Leaves. It
+
+399
+00:39:05,360 --> 00:39:11,200
+refers to near future. Near programmed action. She
+
+400
+00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:13,960
+arrives by 10 o'clock train this evening.
+
+401
+00:39:14,960 --> 00:39:18,440
+Programmed action. We speak about the railway
+
+402
+00:39:18,440 --> 00:39:22,990
+train. which is of computer system it is
+
+403
+00:39:22,990 --> 00:39:28,290
+computerized system okay so she arrives by 10 o
+
+404
+00:39:28,290 --> 00:39:31,170
+'clock this means that she will arrive exactly on
+
+405
+00:39:31,170 --> 00:39:36,110
+time at 10 o'clock okay since we have timetable or
+
+406
+00:39:36,110 --> 00:39:40,190
+programmed action then we use present simple okay
+
+407
+00:39:40,190 --> 00:39:45,390
+it is used also for formal or official actions.
+
+408
+00:39:46,070 --> 00:39:50,290
+The president travels to Egypt by the 10 o'clock
+
+409
+00:39:50,290 --> 00:39:56,390
+flight tonight. The president travels. If you
+
+410
+00:39:56,390 --> 00:40:00,750
+speak about any personality, official personality,
+
+411
+00:40:01,270 --> 00:40:06,350
+if official personnel, then you use present simple
+
+412
+00:40:06,350 --> 00:40:10,270
+to refer to future action. However, if you speak
+
+413
+00:40:10,270 --> 00:40:13,330
+about ordinary people, we use present continuous.
+
+414
+00:40:14,330 --> 00:40:19,950
+Okay. So I am traveling to Egypt by the 10 o'clock
+
+415
+00:40:19,950 --> 00:40:25,350
+flight. I'm traveling. I am ordinary man. However,
+
+416
+00:40:25,490 --> 00:40:29,850
+the president travels to Egypt. You understand
+
+417
+00:40:29,850 --> 00:40:34,090
+that? Did you get that? Okay. The president
+
+418
+00:40:34,090 --> 00:40:39,870
+travels to Egypt. I am traveling to Egypt by 10 o
+
+419
+00:40:39,870 --> 00:40:46,960
+'clock flight. Okay. So we have present simple
+
+420
+00:40:46,960 --> 00:40:51,400
+denoting future in Arabic. Do we have present
+
+421
+00:40:51,400 --> 00:40:57,240
+simple denoting future in Arabic as well? So we
+
+422
+00:40:57,240 --> 00:40:59,320
+have this in English. Do we have this in Arabic?
+
+423
+00:41:01,320 --> 00:41:09,640
+سيسافر عندما يأتي أحمد Or سأسافر عندما يأتي أحمد
+
+424
+00:41:09,640 --> 00:41:15,790
+What do you say about يأتي? I will travel here
+
+425
+00:41:15,790 --> 00:41:24,230
+when Ahmed arrives or when Ahmed comes. سأسافر
+
+426
+00:41:24,230 --> 00:41:27,130
+عندما يأتي Ahmed. يأتي, what do you call about
+
+427
+00:41:27,130 --> 00:41:32,390
+يأتي? What do you call يأتي? It's present simple.
+
+428
+00:41:32,770 --> 00:41:35,850
+What does it denote? It's semantically denotes
+
+429
+00:41:35,850 --> 00:41:38,830
+future. So we have it in Arabic then.
+
+430
+00:41:44,270 --> 00:41:50,990
+Okay. لن تأتي هند حتى تدعينها.
+
+431
+00:41:54,450 --> 00:42:01,450
+Hind will never come until you invite her. Invite
+
+432
+00:42:01,450 --> 00:42:08,250
+here is what? Present simple, denoting future.
+
+433
+00:42:09,270 --> 00:42:15,300
+Okay. Hind will not come until you invite her. You
+
+434
+00:42:15,300 --> 00:42:17,520
+see, we have this in Arabic as well.
+
+435
+00:42:24,180 --> 00:42:25,680
+The present progressive.
+
+436
+00:42:30,940 --> 00:42:37,440
+We have M plus V plus I and G. It's present
+
+437
+00:42:37,440 --> 00:42:41,230
+progressive, but it denotes future as well. I say
+
+438
+00:42:41,230 --> 00:42:45,570
+with ordinary people, we use present continuous.
+
+439
+00:42:46,290 --> 00:42:50,810
+It refers to programmed action. Programmed action,
+
+440
+00:42:51,050 --> 00:42:55,670
+timetabled action, planned action, but for popular
+
+441
+00:42:55,670 --> 00:42:59,270
+people. However, for officials, we use present
+
+442
+00:42:59,270 --> 00:43:03,190
+simple. I'm traveling by seven o'clock flight to
+
+443
+00:43:03,190 --> 00:43:06,770
+Egypt this evening. I'm taking the children to the
+
+444
+00:43:06,770 --> 00:43:13,520
+seashore tomorrow evening. okay it's planned
+
+445
+00:43:13,520 --> 00:43:17,340
+action we
+
+446
+00:43:17,340 --> 00:43:28,040
+have this also in Arabic the
+
+447
+00:43:28,040 --> 00:43:34,720
+present progressive in Arabic is expressed by the
+
+448
+00:43:34,720 --> 00:43:38,200
+nominal subject اسم الفاعل قادم
+
+449
+00:43:40,430 --> 00:43:44,790
+In Arabic? Yes. So derived subject, sorry, nominal
+
+450
+00:43:44,790 --> 00:43:48,930
+subject. When I say derived subject, this is the
+
+451
+00:43:48,930 --> 00:43:51,690
+noun of the verb. This is the noun of the verb.
+
+452
+00:43:53,670 --> 00:43:59,750
+Nominal subject. I am coming to visit you today. I
+
+453
+00:43:59,750 --> 00:44:02,770
+am coming. This is present progressive referring
+
+454
+00:44:02,770 --> 00:44:07,450
+to an action that will happen at a planned time
+
+455
+00:44:08,630 --> 00:44:14,750
+okay in the near future okay
+
+456
+00:44:14,750 --> 00:44:21,250
+we
+
+457
+00:44:21,250 --> 00:44:27,950
+also have other constructions we
+
+458
+00:44:27,950 --> 00:44:31,130
+have other constructions in English that refer to
+
+459
+00:44:31,130 --> 00:44:39,930
+future like going to be to about to okay going to,
+
+460
+00:44:40,750 --> 00:44:45,510
+be to, about to. These also express future in
+
+461
+00:44:45,510 --> 00:44:49,390
+English. Once we say going to, this refers to
+
+462
+00:44:49,390 --> 00:44:56,370
+cause or intention. Okay? Now, I'm going to
+
+463
+00:44:56,370 --> 00:45:01,420
+graduate by the end of this semester. This means
+
+464
+00:45:01,420 --> 00:45:05,820
+that you studied for four years and you are going
+
+465
+00:45:05,820 --> 00:45:09,120
+to have your BBA by the end of this semester. You
+
+466
+00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:12,740
+are going to graduate. So you have the complete
+
+467
+00:45:12,740 --> 00:45:20,780
+cause for the action. Okay? Mariam is pregnant.
+
+468
+00:45:21,680 --> 00:45:28,220
+She's going to have a baby next month. Okay? She's
+
+469
+00:45:28,220 --> 00:45:32,380
+pregnant. It's the cause for the action which
+
+470
+00:45:32,380 --> 00:45:40,460
+happens next month. The delivery. Maryam is going
+
+471
+00:45:40,460 --> 00:45:44,400
+to have a baby next month. Going to, we have
+
+472
+00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:49,240
+cause. We have also intention. I'm going to attend
+
+473
+00:45:49,240 --> 00:45:53,560
+Ahmed's party tonight. I have the intention, the
+
+474
+00:45:53,560 --> 00:45:58,340
+intention to attend the party. So I use going to.
+
+475
+00:45:59,180 --> 00:46:02,440
+Do you have this in Arabic? Do you have equivalent
+
+476
+00:46:02,440 --> 00:46:07,200
+for B2 or about 2 in Arabic? This is what we are
+
+477
+00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:11,520
+going to see next time. Okay, that's it for today.
+
+478
+00:46:11,640 --> 00:46:12,100
+Thank you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/AzDd92fJ470.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1527 @@
+1
+00:00:13,580 --> 00:00:18,240
+Today we are going to see just a new area of
+
+2
+00:00:18,240 --> 00:00:20,760
+pronunciation in English and Arabic.
+
+3
+00:00:24,820 --> 00:00:29,610
+We are going to touch the stress system of English
+
+4
+00:00:29,610 --> 00:00:36,130
+and Arabic to see the areas of difficulties of the
+
+5
+00:00:36,130 --> 00:00:41,850
+stress system in both languages. You know, the
+
+6
+00:00:41,850 --> 00:00:47,750
+stress is the high pitch where
+
+7
+00:00:47,750 --> 00:00:50,850
+the sound is quite high or is high.
+
+8
+00:00:53,750 --> 00:01:00,060
+Here, We have two types of stresses, of stress.
+
+9
+00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:07,180
+The primary stress and the secondary stress. Then
+
+10
+00:01:07,180 --> 00:01:13,000
+we have the zero stress or weak form. Our focus
+
+11
+00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:19,260
+will be on primary stress. How could we pronounce
+
+12
+00:01:21,170 --> 00:01:25,830
+words which are stressed in English, either words
+
+13
+00:01:25,830 --> 00:01:31,490
+in isolation or words in connected speech. First
+
+14
+00:01:31,490 --> 00:01:36,390
+of all, the stress is meaningful. It gives
+
+15
+00:01:36,390 --> 00:01:36,830
+meaning.
+
+16
+00:01:40,970 --> 00:01:48,290
+And also, it's grammatical. So, grammatically, We
+
+17
+00:01:48,290 --> 00:01:52,370
+can distinguish between verbs and nouns by using
+
+18
+00:01:52,370 --> 00:02:00,350
+the stress. I say, for example, subject. It's a
+
+19
+00:02:00,350 --> 00:02:08,730
+noun. Subject. Verb. Object. Object. Report.
+
+20
+00:02:10,210 --> 00:02:16,630
+Report. Verb. Okay? So we have, we can distinguish
+
+21
+00:02:16,630 --> 00:02:22,870
+between the verbal noun by using the stress if the
+
+22
+00:02:22,870 --> 00:02:25,330
+morphological system of this word is the same in
+
+23
+00:02:25,330 --> 00:02:28,810
+both the noun structure and the verb structure.
+
+24
+00:02:31,910 --> 00:02:39,810
+Now, semantically, the location of the stress
+
+25
+00:02:39,810 --> 00:02:46,310
+differentiates the meaning of a word and of the
+
+26
+00:02:46,310 --> 00:02:50,990
+sentence as a whole. So, we mentioned subject and
+
+27
+00:02:50,990 --> 00:02:54,170
+we mentioned that this is a noun and then subject
+
+28
+00:02:54,170 --> 00:02:57,470
+and this is a verb and both are different
+
+29
+00:02:57,470 --> 00:02:58,130
+semantically.
+
+30
+00:03:04,570 --> 00:03:07,470
+In a sentence, we have what is called contrastive
+
+31
+00:03:07,470 --> 00:03:14,050
+stress, which is placed wherever you like, just to
+
+32
+00:03:14,050 --> 00:03:15,410
+convey a certain meaning.
+
+33
+00:03:21,390 --> 00:03:26,750
+Today, today, I want to show you the sound system
+
+34
+00:03:26,750 --> 00:03:33,370
+of English. This means this day, not any other
+
+35
+00:03:33,370 --> 00:03:37,370
+day. Today, I want to show you the sound system of
+
+36
+00:03:37,370 --> 00:03:42,840
+English. This means I, not anyone else. Today I
+
+37
+00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:45,800
+want to show you the sound system of English. This
+
+38
+00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:47,700
+means that we are going to explain the sound
+
+39
+00:03:47,700 --> 00:03:52,940
+system, not any subject else. So wherever you put
+
+40
+00:03:52,940 --> 00:03:55,580
+the stress, you change the meaning of the
+
+41
+00:03:55,580 --> 00:04:01,700
+sentence. So we need to tackle the stress system
+
+42
+00:04:01,700 --> 00:04:06,420
+and see the areas of difficulties facing our
+
+43
+00:04:06,420 --> 00:04:10,780
+students while learning English. The English
+
+44
+00:04:10,780 --> 00:04:11,460
+stress.
+
+45
+00:04:15,910 --> 00:04:18,670
+So, the stress is one of the suprasegmental
+
+46
+00:04:18,670 --> 00:04:24,710
+features along with the pitch, the intonation, and
+
+47
+00:04:24,710 --> 00:04:29,210
+length. And it's very important in language since
+
+48
+00:04:29,210 --> 00:04:33,210
+it has grammatical and semantic functions.
+
+49
+00:04:35,670 --> 00:04:40,750
+The location of the stress differs from one word
+
+50
+00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:44,680
+to another. We have what is called estimate rules
+
+51
+00:04:44,680 --> 00:04:48,860
+for the stress, but cannot cover all words of
+
+52
+00:04:48,860 --> 00:04:53,300
+English, mainly because these words are derived
+
+53
+00:04:53,300 --> 00:04:59,160
+from different origins. You know, English relies
+
+54
+00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:05,760
+on borrowing. So, this language has lots of
+
+55
+00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:10,770
+borrowing words. In the 20th century only, English
+
+56
+00:05:10,770 --> 00:05:15,570
+borrowed from more than 100 languages just in the
+
+57
+00:05:15,570 --> 00:05:19,450
+20th century. So what about going deep in history?
+
+58
+00:05:20,030 --> 00:05:23,550
+You find English borrowed from Portuguese, from
+
+59
+00:05:23,550 --> 00:05:28,330
+Latin, from Greek, from Arabic, from even Hebrew,
+
+60
+00:05:28,890 --> 00:05:35,880
+from different languages. So the system of these
+
+61
+00:05:35,880 --> 00:05:40,620
+words differ either in pronunciation or even in
+
+62
+00:05:40,620 --> 00:05:43,900
+grammar, mainly the plural system or the
+
+63
+00:05:43,900 --> 00:05:48,900
+pluralization system. Okay? So you have to take
+
+64
+00:05:48,900 --> 00:05:52,520
+care when pronouncing these words. I'll try to
+
+65
+00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:57,760
+facilitate the case by introducing just estimate
+
+66
+00:05:57,760 --> 00:05:59,900
+rules as much as I can.
+
+67
+00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:15,460
+So, the stress is prominent in a word. So, once I
+
+68
+00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:20,360
+say subject, it's in the first syllable at the
+
+69
+00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:24,120
+beginning, and this comes out with a noun. Once I
+
+70
+00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:30,160
+say subject, this is a verb. Okay? And this is
+
+71
+00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:34,720
+available at the second part of the word. Okay?
+
+72
+00:06:35,220 --> 00:06:36,640
+So, it is prominent.
+
+73
+00:06:46,230 --> 00:06:53,690
+Now, we have some words that will indicate the
+
+74
+00:06:53,690 --> 00:06:59,370
+manner of the stress system and how it is located
+
+75
+00:06:59,370 --> 00:07:00,170
+or pronounced.
+
+76
+00:07:05,710 --> 00:07:08,550
+Now, the location of the stress, as I mentioned,
+
+77
+00:07:09,730 --> 00:07:14,440
+is responsible for changing the meaning. I thought
+
+78
+00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:19,980
+you would eat, I thought you would eat it. I
+
+79
+00:07:19,980 --> 00:07:23,100
+thought you would eat it. This means that he
+
+80
+00:07:23,100 --> 00:07:23,640
+intended,
+
+81
+00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:31,120
+the meaning is intended, I mean, you have eaten
+
+82
+00:07:31,120 --> 00:07:35,240
+it. I thought that, I thought you eat, you would
+
+83
+00:07:35,240 --> 00:07:40,540
+eat it. But in the second one, I thought you would
+
+84
+00:07:40,540 --> 00:07:45,230
+eat it. This means that you haven't eaten it. So,
+
+85
+00:07:45,310 --> 00:07:50,170
+the meaning is changed according to the different
+
+86
+00:07:50,170 --> 00:07:55,430
+location of the stress. Now, we have what is
+
+87
+00:07:55,430 --> 00:08:00,130
+called rhythm in English and Arabic. The rhythm
+
+88
+00:08:00,130 --> 00:08:04,830
+system is based on the stress. Okay?
+
+89
+00:08:08,250 --> 00:08:08,970
+So,
+
+90
+00:08:11,700 --> 00:08:17,540
+The rhythm in the sentence depends on the number
+
+91
+00:08:17,540 --> 00:08:23,840
+of stressed syllables. Okay? In English, the
+
+92
+00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:29,860
+sentence or the rhythm, or say the stress, is of
+
+93
+00:08:29,860 --> 00:08:34,920
+time intervals. This means that not every single
+
+94
+00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:37,620
+word in the sentence is stressed in English.
+
+95
+00:08:39,100 --> 00:08:42,200
+However, in Arabic, The situation is different.
+
+96
+00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:51,920
+Arabic is a syllable-time language. It is syllabic
+
+97
+00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:55,500
+language, syllable-stressed language. Sorry,
+
+98
+00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,540
+syllable-stressed language. So, this means that
+
+99
+00:08:58,540 --> 00:09:06,040
+every single word is almost stressed in Arabic. In
+
+100
+00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:09,540
+English, the situation is different. In connected
+
+101
+00:09:09,540 --> 00:09:16,820
+speech, we have weak forms. These weak forms are
+
+102
+00:09:16,820 --> 00:09:23,080
+not stressed. For example, the preposition, the
+
+103
+00:09:23,080 --> 00:09:29,240
+pronoun, the determinants, the conjunctions, the
+
+104
+00:09:29,240 --> 00:09:33,180
+one-word syllable is not stressed. These
+
+105
+00:09:33,180 --> 00:09:35,440
+altogether are not stressed in the sentence.
+
+106
+00:09:36,910 --> 00:09:41,110
+However, the rest of the words may be stressed,
+
+107
+00:09:42,470 --> 00:09:46,130
+mainly the topic of the sentence or the topic of
+
+108
+00:09:46,130 --> 00:09:50,610
+the phrase. It is definitely stressed.
+
+109
+00:09:53,270 --> 00:09:56,770
+So this, I mean, the number of stresses in the
+
+110
+00:09:56,770 --> 00:10:03,230
+sentence comprise what is called the rhythm of the
+
+111
+00:10:03,230 --> 00:10:03,590
+sentence.
+
+112
+00:10:06,770 --> 00:10:11,970
+As I mentioned, we have two main types of stress,
+
+113
+00:10:12,910 --> 00:10:17,370
+the primary stress and the secondary stress. The
+
+114
+00:10:17,370 --> 00:10:22,530
+location of these two stresses differs from one
+
+115
+00:10:22,530 --> 00:10:26,630
+word to another or one group of words to another
+
+116
+00:10:26,630 --> 00:10:31,830
+mainly because of the difference in the origin of
+
+117
+00:10:31,830 --> 00:10:35,710
+these words. I told you that we have different
+
+118
+00:10:35,710 --> 00:10:39,890
+borrowed words in English. So, the system differs
+
+119
+00:10:39,890 --> 00:10:46,270
+from one group to another. Okay? This is one phase
+
+120
+00:10:46,270 --> 00:10:49,350
+of the difficulty of pronouncing English.
+
+121
+00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:55,690
+However, in Arabic, the situation is rule-based.
+
+122
+00:10:57,410 --> 00:11:01,570
+Arabic is a productive language. English is not.
+
+123
+00:11:02,340 --> 00:11:07,120
+Okay? So you find some sort of difficulty in
+
+124
+00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:17,740
+pronouncing certain words. Now, generally, the
+
+125
+00:11:17,740 --> 00:11:20,640
+word stress is not always in the first syllable in
+
+126
+00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:20,980
+English.
+
+127
+00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:29,940
+So we have, for example, computer, computer, pew,
+
+128
+00:11:31,100 --> 00:11:38,010
+language. Pronunciation. So three words of
+
+129
+00:11:38,010 --> 00:11:43,050
+different stress locations. Okay? So we don't have
+
+130
+00:11:43,050 --> 00:11:48,550
+exact rules for the position of stress. Still, we
+
+131
+00:11:48,550 --> 00:11:54,370
+have estimate rules that can be applicable to a
+
+132
+00:11:54,370 --> 00:11:57,750
+certain group of words rather than others.
+
+133
+00:12:05,340 --> 00:12:08,000
+As I mentioned, we have what is called word
+
+134
+00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:13,100
+stress. Still, we have phrase stress. And we have
+
+135
+00:12:13,100 --> 00:12:16,720
+what is called contrastive stress. It is optional.
+
+136
+00:12:17,440 --> 00:12:19,980
+The contrastive stress can be put wherever you
+
+137
+00:12:19,980 --> 00:12:21,780
+like, even in Arabic.
+
+138
+00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:34,600
+I say, for example, أنا سأشرح لكم الدرس أنا سأشرح
+
+139
+00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:37,980
+لكم الدرس اليوم. اليوم.
+
+140
+00:12:40,760 --> 00:12:45,600
+سأشرح لكم الدرس اليوم. So it is the high pitch.
+
+141
+00:12:46,380 --> 00:12:50,300
+Now, even the three sentences of Arabic differ one
+
+142
+00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:53,340
+from another semantically according to the
+
+143
+00:12:53,340 --> 00:12:56,380
+position of what is called the contrastive stress.
+
+144
+00:12:58,510 --> 00:13:01,690
+This situation is applicable to the contrastive
+
+145
+00:13:01,690 --> 00:13:03,950
+stress in English, as we are going to see.
+
+146
+00:13:15,250 --> 00:13:20,510
+Now, the shape of a word itself decides the
+
+147
+00:13:20,510 --> 00:13:26,560
+position of the word stress. Whether the word is
+
+148
+00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:31,240
+morphologically simple or complex. The grammatical
+
+149
+00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:36,680
+category of a word itself can decide the position
+
+150
+00:13:36,680 --> 00:13:39,360
+of the stress. I told you that functional
+
+151
+00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:44,320
+morphemes, grammatical morphemes, don't have
+
+152
+00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:50,100
+stress. They are weak forms. Lexical words are
+
+153
+00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:54,390
+stressed, but the stress differs in position from
+
+154
+00:13:54,390 --> 00:13:59,750
+one word to another. The number of syllables in a
+
+155
+00:13:59,750 --> 00:14:03,450
+word also decides the location of the stress.
+
+156
+00:14:10,430 --> 00:14:17,210
+So we have stress in two-syllable words. We have,
+
+157
+00:14:17,270 --> 00:14:23,730
+for example, assessed. This is a verb. This is in
+
+158
+00:14:23,730 --> 00:14:30,090
+the second syllable. Assist. Okay. Apply. Apply.
+
+159
+00:14:31,930 --> 00:14:36,310
+Apply. Okay. So it is apply. The second syllable.
+
+160
+00:14:37,130 --> 00:14:42,750
+I say object. The second syllable. Subject. The
+
+161
+00:14:42,750 --> 00:14:46,350
+second syllable. Report. The second syllable.
+
+162
+00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:49,510
+However, it can be in the first syllable. Report.
+
+163
+00:14:50,510 --> 00:14:54,310
+Subject, object. Okay?
+
+164
+00:15:00,210 --> 00:15:03,950
+Now, if the final syllable contains a short vowel
+
+165
+00:15:03,950 --> 00:15:08,710
+and one final consonant, the final syllable of a
+
+166
+00:15:08,710 --> 00:15:14,130
+word, if it contains a short vowel and the final
+
+167
+00:15:14,130 --> 00:15:17,680
+sound is consonant, Okay, then the stress must be
+
+168
+00:15:17,680 --> 00:15:24,340
+in the first syllable. I say open, open, equal,
+
+169
+00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:34,960
+equal. I don't say equal, I say open, open, equal.
+
+170
+00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,880
+So the stress is in the first syllable. Mainly
+
+171
+00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:43,140
+because the final part is consonant and it is
+
+172
+00:15:43,140 --> 00:15:45,220
+preceded by a short vowel.
+
+173
+00:15:48,640 --> 00:15:53,980
+For the nouns, you have this list maybe or mostly
+
+174
+00:15:53,980 --> 00:15:59,400
+in the first syllable. I say money, money.
+
+175
+00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:06,440
+Product, product. It is the first syllable.
+
+176
+00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:16,620
+We have adjectives which also have their stress in
+
+177
+00:16:16,620 --> 00:16:21,720
+the first syllable, as lovely, even, willing,
+
+178
+00:16:22,560 --> 00:16:32,380
+honest, perfect, but not necessarily having
+
+179
+00:16:32,380 --> 00:16:37,520
+this rule be applied on all types of animals. So,
+
+180
+00:16:37,780 --> 00:16:44,820
+we need to see the stress in most of the English
+
+181
+00:16:44,820 --> 00:16:50,140
+words, I mean the word types. Now, we reach the
+
+182
+00:16:50,140 --> 00:16:51,960
+stress in the three-syllable words.
+
+183
+00:16:58,180 --> 00:16:59,440
+We have the verb.
+
+184
+00:17:02,220 --> 00:17:05,640
+So if the last syllable contains a short vowel and
+
+185
+00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:09,120
+ends with not more than one consonant, The
+
+186
+00:17:09,120 --> 00:17:12,540
+syllable will be unstressed and the stress will be
+
+187
+00:17:12,540 --> 00:17:16,100
+placed on the preceding syllable. So we say, for
+
+188
+00:17:16,100 --> 00:17:21,600
+example, encounter, encounter. Cow, this is
+
+189
+00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:25,820
+encounter. This is the stress in the middle.
+
+190
+00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:32,340
+Determine, determine, deter, tear. This is the
+
+191
+00:17:32,340 --> 00:17:33,700
+stress. Determine.
+
+192
+00:17:36,860 --> 00:17:40,080
+If the final syllable contains a long vowel or a
+
+193
+00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:43,540
+diphthong or ends with more than one consonant,
+
+194
+00:17:44,940 --> 00:17:49,500
+then the final syllable will be stressed. I say,
+
+195
+00:17:49,560 --> 00:17:54,860
+for example, entertain, entertain, this is
+
+196
+00:17:54,860 --> 00:17:58,660
+diphthong. So it is stressed.
+
+197
+00:18:05,250 --> 00:18:07,970
+Now, if the syllable preceding the final syllable
+
+198
+00:18:07,970 --> 00:18:13,370
+contains a vowel or a diphthong, or it ends with
+
+223
+00:20:07,790 --> 00:20:13,630
+But if the word ends in IC or SION or TION, then
+
+224
+00:20:13,630 --> 00:20:17,310
+the stress is in the second syllable. So we have
+
+225
+00:20:17,310 --> 00:20:20,490
+solution, solution,
+
+226
+00:20:23,050 --> 00:20:25,570
+terrific, terrific,
+
+227
+00:20:31,290 --> 00:20:35,360
+terrific. You have your students mix between or
+
+228
+00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:38,320
+misunderstand, mispronounce the stress, so they
+
+229
+00:20:38,320 --> 00:20:42,320
+say terrific. This is not acceptable in English.
+
+230
+00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:43,340
+Terrific.
+
+231
+00:20:53,180 --> 00:20:58,260
+Still, we have different types of locations of
+
+232
+00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:05,160
+stress. I'm giving you the chance to have these
+
+233
+00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:08,720
+introduced by native speakers now.
+
+234
+00:21:33,650 --> 00:21:37,350
+Here are some more suffixes that have the stress
+
+235
+00:21:37,350 --> 00:21:42,070
+immediately before the suffix. This time though,
+
+236
+00:21:42,310 --> 00:21:44,790
+the suffixes have two syllables.
+
+237
+00:21:58,170 --> 00:22:04,490
+Listen and repeat Ability
+
+238
+00:22:04,490 --> 00:22:14,170
+Second Diameter Second Medical First Biography
+
+239
+00:22:14,170 --> 00:22:22,950
+Second Simplify First Biology Second Here are some
+
+240
+00:22:22,950 --> 00:22:27,270
+more examples Listen and repeat
+
+241
+00:22:30,250 --> 00:22:36,090
+nationality thermometer electrical
+
+242
+00:22:36,090 --> 00:22:41,870
+photography unify
+
+243
+00:22:41,870 --> 00:22:44,310
+psychology
+
+244
+00:23:34,410 --> 00:23:39,470
+In English, any syllable can have the stress. For
+
+245
+00:23:39,470 --> 00:23:48,940
+example, enjoy, document, banana, afternoon.
+
+246
+00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:54,580
+However, there are some rules. Words that end in
+
+247
+00:23:54,580 --> 00:23:56,380
+the suffixes ear,
+
+248
+00:23:59,100 --> 00:23:59,860
+ease,
+
+249
+00:24:02,460 --> 00:24:10,540
+eek and ee have the stress on the suffix. Listen
+
+250
+00:24:10,540 --> 00:24:11,980
+and repeat.
+
+251
+00:24:16,820 --> 00:24:25,660
+volunteer suffix e Japanese unique
+
+252
+00:24:25,660 --> 00:24:29,060
+employee
+
+253
+00:24:29,060 --> 00:24:36,140
+here are some more examples listen and repeat
+
+254
+00:24:36,140 --> 00:24:39,240
+boutique
+
+255
+00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:44,000
+antique technique
+
+256
+00:24:46,950 --> 00:24:48,310
+Engineer,
+
+257
+00:24:50,190 --> 00:24:54,070
+career, mountaineer,
+
+258
+00:24:56,410 --> 00:25:02,270
+refugee, trainee, referee,
+
+259
+00:25:04,990 --> 00:25:05,650
+Chinese,
+
+260
+00:25:08,470 --> 00:25:10,430
+Portuguese, Vietnamese.
+
+261
+00:25:13,450 --> 00:25:17,620
+Careful, not all words ending in E have the
+
+262
+00:25:17,620 --> 00:25:23,140
+suffix, which one here has the suffix and the
+
+263
+00:25:23,140 --> 00:25:23,700
+stress?
+
+264
+00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:33,400
+We have only one word which is stressed here.
+
+265
+00:25:33,620 --> 00:25:39,320
+Honeybee, coffee, devotee, committee.
+
+266
+00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:50,360
+Do you understand?
+
+267
+00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:23,380
+Here are some rules about stress and suffixes.
+
+268
+00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:28,640
+Words that end in the suffixes –il,
+
+269
+00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:40,260
+you, in, shun with an s or shun with a t,
+
+270
+00:26:42,920 --> 00:26:55,990
+shunt, shus with a c or with a T and IK. All have
+
+271
+00:26:55,990 --> 00:27:02,050
+the stress immediately before the suffix. Listen
+
+272
+00:27:02,050 --> 00:27:03,890
+and repeat.
+
+273
+00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:11,050
+Official Visual
+
+274
+00:27:11,050 --> 00:27:14,810
+Politician
+
+275
+00:27:14,810 --> 00:27:18,430
+Addition
+
+276
+00:27:23,170 --> 00:27:29,690
+Ancient Spacious Organic
+
+277
+00:27:29,690 --> 00:27:32,830
+Here
+
+278
+00:27:32,830 --> 00:27:37,750
+are some more examples. Listen and repeat.
+
+279
+00:27:40,230 --> 00:27:46,710
+Commercial Annual Indian
+
+280
+00:27:46,710 --> 00:27:49,310
+Television
+
+281
+00:27:50,940 --> 00:27:54,980
+efficient, delicious,
+
+282
+00:27:56,720 --> 00:27:57,420
+fantastic.
+
+283
+00:28:08,810 --> 00:28:12,430
+As you see, once you have these suffixes, the
+
+284
+00:28:12,430 --> 00:28:15,330
+stress is in the second syllable from the end.
+
+285
+00:28:15,930 --> 00:28:21,670
+Okay? Before the suffix, you have to stress on the
+
+286
+00:28:21,670 --> 00:28:25,410
+pitch to produce high pitch or say, primary
+
+287
+00:28:25,410 --> 00:28:32,690
+stress. I say terrific. Television. Television. V.
+
+288
+00:28:33,410 --> 00:28:34,010
+Okay?
+
+289
+00:28:36,610 --> 00:28:37,390
+Fantastic.
+
+290
+00:28:48,170 --> 00:28:51,810
+Here are some more suffixes that have the stress
+
+291
+00:28:51,810 --> 00:28:56,550
+immediately before the suffix. This time though,
+
+292
+00:28:56,770 --> 00:28:59,230
+the suffixes have two syllables.
+
+293
+00:29:14,260 --> 00:29:15,240
+and repeat.
+
+294
+00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:18,900
+Ability.
+
+295
+00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:24,900
+Diameter. Medical.
+
+296
+00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:28,600
+Biography.
+
+297
+00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:38,500
+Simplify. Biology. Here's some more examples.
+
+298
+00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:41,720
+Listen and repeat.
+
+299
+00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:53,240
+nationality thermometer electrical photography
+
+300
+00:29:53,240 --> 00:29:56,300
+unify
+
+301
+00:29:56,300 --> 00:29:58,940
+psychology
+
+302
+00:30:21,420 --> 00:30:22,260
+The final one.
+
+303
+00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:31,840
+Finally, to clear suffixes, they have to stress on
+
+304
+00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:37,540
+the second syllable before the suffix. Eight,
+
+305
+00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:47,340
+eyes, us, and the double syllable uri. Listen and
+
+306
+00:30:47,340 --> 00:30:48,000
+repeat.
+
+307
+00:30:50,380 --> 00:30:51,180
+Operate.
+
+308
+00:30:54,320 --> 00:31:02,840
+apologize dangerous necessary Here are some more
+
+309
+00:31:02,840 --> 00:31:12,540
+examples listen and repeat dominate exaggerate
+
+310
+00:31:12,540 --> 00:31:20,580
+integrate certificate socialize
+
+311
+00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:28,140
+Criticize. Emphasize. Recognize.
+
+312
+00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:38,800
+Marvelous. Mysterious. Obvious. Miscellaneous.
+
+313
+00:31:41,140 --> 00:31:49,040
+Secretary. Dictionary. Ordinary. Vocabulary.
+
+314
+00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:59,260
+So, as you see, the word stress has different
+
+315
+00:31:59,260 --> 00:32:03,440
+rules. All these rules which I mentioned are
+
+316
+00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:09,400
+estimate rules. So, it's very difficult for the
+
+317
+00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:15,320
+Arab learners to understand such systems unless
+
+318
+00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:19,480
+they imitate the speakers. The more you expose
+
+319
+00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,480
+yourself to English, the more you master the
+
+320
+00:32:22,480 --> 00:32:27,880
+suprasegmental phonemes. Okay? So you have to be
+
+321
+00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:31,480
+very cautious in teaching your students the sound
+
+322
+00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:36,320
+system. And it depends on their levels, either the
+
+323
+00:32:36,320 --> 00:32:41,260
+junior, the intermediate, or the advanced. You
+
+324
+00:32:41,260 --> 00:32:44,640
+have to introduce certain activities that suit
+
+325
+00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:49,700
+their level in pronunciation, in speaking, in
+
+326
+00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:55,640
+communication. The junior pupils or the junior
+
+327
+00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:59,100
+graders can imitate you. This means that the
+
+328
+00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:02,240
+teacher himself must master the subrasegmental
+
+329
+00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:09,320
+phonemes very, very perfectly. If you follow, If
+
+330
+00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:13,620
+you just pronounce wrongly, this means that your
+
+331
+00:33:13,620 --> 00:33:21,200
+students will follow you and commit mistakes which
+
+332
+00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:28,530
+can be fossilized by the run of time. So, You know
+
+333
+00:33:28,530 --> 00:33:32,130
+that the reasons for committing errors are of
+
+334
+00:33:32,130 --> 00:33:34,630
+different types. You have the types of errors.
+
+335
+00:33:35,210 --> 00:33:39,150
+Some errors result from over-generalization or
+
+336
+00:33:39,150 --> 00:33:44,570
+faulty teaching, fossilization or simplification.
+
+337
+00:33:46,690 --> 00:33:49,550
+You've taken this in your methodology, I think,
+
+338
+00:33:49,690 --> 00:33:59,220
+classes. So, we need to continue. with a system of
+
+339
+00:33:59,220 --> 00:33:59,660
+stress.
+
+340
+00:34:03,740 --> 00:34:10,980
+We spoke about these points, and now we mentioned
+
+341
+00:34:10,980 --> 00:34:15,340
+the different types of word stress, and I think
+
+342
+00:34:15,340 --> 00:34:17,420
+that we terminated on the phrase stress.
+
+343
+00:34:20,280 --> 00:34:25,920
+It's very important Stress, it comprises the
+
+344
+00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:31,320
+rhythm of the sentence and it is bound with time
+
+345
+00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:35,100
+intervals in English. However, in Arabic, it is
+
+346
+00:34:35,100 --> 00:34:39,900
+syllabic or syllable intervals. This means that
+
+347
+00:34:39,900 --> 00:34:43,800
+every single word may be stressed in Arabic, but
+
+348
+00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:47,040
+not necessarily to have every single word stressed
+
+349
+00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:52,800
+in English. Okay. I say, Dahabto ila almadrassa.
+
+350
+00:34:54,150 --> 00:34:55,190
+Translate it, please.
+
+351
+00:34:58,730 --> 00:35:04,630
+This is
+
+352
+00:35:04,630 --> 00:35:08,230
+Arabic. Again Arabic.
+
+353
+00:35:10,850 --> 00:35:11,330
+Okay,
+
+354
+00:35:18,350 --> 00:35:24,090
+good. Quite good. Out.
+
+355
+00:35:26,730 --> 00:35:27,310
+Excellent.
+
+356
+00:35:29,850 --> 00:35:34,590
+I went to school. I say that the preposition is
+
+357
+00:35:34,590 --> 00:35:39,910
+zero. It is weak form. So it is not necessarily
+
+358
+00:35:39,910 --> 00:35:45,650
+every single word stressed. Okay? Today I want to
+
+359
+00:35:45,650 --> 00:35:49,670
+explain the sound system of English. Today I want
+
+360
+00:35:49,670 --> 00:35:52,670
+to explain the stress system of English. of
+
+361
+00:35:52,670 --> 00:35:58,470
+English. I don't say today I want to explain the
+
+362
+00:35:58,470 --> 00:36:04,010
+sound system of English. This is Arabic. Cannot be
+
+363
+00:36:04,010 --> 00:36:06,610
+understood by native speakers. This is heavy
+
+364
+00:36:06,610 --> 00:36:09,850
+accent. Today I want to explain the sound system
+
+365
+00:36:09,850 --> 00:36:10,390
+of English.
+
+366
+00:36:14,070 --> 00:36:18,850
+Okay? So this means that we have weak forms and
+
+367
+00:36:18,850 --> 00:36:24,700
+strong forms. The strong forms and the phrase are
+
+368
+00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:28,740
+stressed. They represent words which are stressed.
+
+369
+00:36:29,680 --> 00:36:32,680
+Okay? We have also what's called a stress shift.
+
+370
+00:36:34,420 --> 00:36:39,780
+The stress in isolation, in words, differs from
+
+371
+00:36:39,780 --> 00:36:43,840
+the stress in a sentence. So, for example, we have
+
+372
+00:36:43,840 --> 00:36:50,860
+princess. Princess. Where's the stress? In the
+
+373
+00:36:50,860 --> 00:36:55,630
+second syllable. Now, Princess Diana. Princess
+
+374
+00:36:55,630 --> 00:37:03,490
+Diana. The stress moves to the beginning. So, this
+
+375
+00:37:03,490 --> 00:37:06,290
+means that the stress does not locate in a certain
+
+376
+00:37:06,290 --> 00:37:10,650
+position even on the same word. It depends on
+
+377
+00:37:10,650 --> 00:37:17,550
+utterance. So, connected utterance Speaking
+
+378
+00:37:17,550 --> 00:37:20,590
+English in connected utterance is different from
+
+379
+00:37:20,590 --> 00:37:24,790
+pronouncing words in isolation. The position of
+
+380
+00:37:24,790 --> 00:37:26,010
+stress differs.
+
+381
+00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:38,490
+So,
+
+382
+00:37:54,030 --> 00:38:00,130
+Now, you hear now two sentences read slowly and
+
+383
+00:38:00,130 --> 00:38:03,510
+deliberately as if they were said in presentation.
+
+384
+00:38:05,310 --> 00:38:10,650
+The noisy cars being parked in the garage.
+
+385
+00:38:13,270 --> 00:38:16,850
+Many people often read the business section of the
+
+386
+00:38:16,850 --> 00:38:17,350
+newspaper.
+
+387
+00:38:22,310 --> 00:38:27,030
+This is in slow tune. But we can read them
+
+388
+00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:29,470
+differently.
+
+389
+00:38:31,810 --> 00:38:34,730
+The noisy cars being parked in the garage.
+
+390
+00:38:39,050 --> 00:38:46,890
+The noisy cars being parked in the garage. So, we
+
+391
+00:38:46,890 --> 00:38:50,740
+have The stress, the first stress is the final
+
+392
+00:38:50,740 --> 00:38:55,100
+syllable of a word. This gives exclamation. Okay?
+
+393
+00:38:59,860 --> 00:39:02,900
+Many people often read the business section of the
+
+394
+00:39:02,900 --> 00:39:09,580
+newspaper. The newspaper. Just the business
+
+395
+00:39:09,580 --> 00:39:14,100
+section is read. Okay? So the focus is on one
+
+396
+00:39:14,100 --> 00:39:14,460
+word.
+
+397
+00:39:20,980 --> 00:39:29,820
+Now we have some
+
+398
+00:39:29,820 --> 00:39:35,280
+affixes, I mean prefixes, also fixes that control
+
+399
+00:39:35,280 --> 00:39:41,620
+the position of stress in the sentence. It seems
+
+400
+00:39:41,620 --> 00:39:47,180
+that we are out of time now. I leave these
+
+401
+00:39:47,180 --> 00:39:54,210
+PowerPoints on my page And this includes the films
+
+402
+00:39:54,210 --> 00:39:57,250
+about stress which you have already heard. So,
+
+403
+00:39:57,330 --> 00:40:01,810
+you'll see the whole lecture in my webpage. Okay?
+
+404
+00:40:02,590 --> 00:40:05,010
+Next time, we are going to continue with the
+
+405
+00:40:05,010 --> 00:40:09,190
+stress system in both English and Arabic as well.
+
+406
+00:40:11,730 --> 00:40:12,590
+Thank you. 

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/AzDd92fJ470_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1624 @@
+1
+00:00:13,580 --> 00:00:18,240
+Today we are going to see just new area of
+
+2
+00:00:18,240 --> 00:00:20,760
+pronunciation in English and Arabic.
+
+3
+00:00:24,820 --> 00:00:29,610
+We are going to touch the stress system of English
+
+4
+00:00:29,610 --> 00:00:36,130
+and Arabic to see the areas of difficulties of the
+
+5
+00:00:36,130 --> 00:00:41,850
+stress system in both languages. You know, the
+
+6
+00:00:41,850 --> 00:00:47,750
+stress is the high pitch where
+
+7
+00:00:47,750 --> 00:00:50,850
+the sound is quite high or is high.
+
+8
+00:00:53,750 --> 00:01:00,060
+Here, We have two types of stresses, of stress.
+
+9
+00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:07,180
+The primary stress and the secondary stress. Then
+
+10
+00:01:07,180 --> 00:01:13,000
+we have the zero stress or weak form. Our focus
+
+11
+00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:19,260
+will be on primary stress. How could we pronounce
+
+12
+00:01:21,170 --> 00:01:25,830
+Words which are stressed in English, either words
+
+13
+00:01:25,830 --> 00:01:31,490
+in isolation or words in connected speech. First
+
+14
+00:01:31,490 --> 00:01:36,390
+of all, the stress is meaningful. It gives
+
+15
+00:01:36,390 --> 00:01:36,830
+meaning.
+
+16
+00:01:40,970 --> 00:01:48,290
+And also, it's grammatical. So, grammatically, We
+
+17
+00:01:48,290 --> 00:01:52,370
+can distinguish between verbs and nouns by using
+
+18
+00:01:52,370 --> 00:02:00,350
+the stress. I say, for example, subject. It's a
+
+19
+00:02:00,350 --> 00:02:08,730
+noun. Subject. Verb. Object. Object. Report.
+
+20
+00:02:10,210 --> 00:02:16,630
+Report. Verb. Okay? So we have, we can distinguish
+
+21
+00:02:16,630 --> 00:02:22,870
+between the verbal noun by using the stress if the
+
+22
+00:02:22,870 --> 00:02:25,330
+morphological system of this word is the same in
+
+23
+00:02:25,330 --> 00:02:28,810
+both the noun structure and the verb structure.
+
+24
+00:02:31,910 --> 00:02:39,810
+Now, semantically, the location of the stress
+
+25
+00:02:39,810 --> 00:02:46,310
+differentiates the meaning of a word and of the
+
+26
+00:02:46,310 --> 00:02:50,990
+sentence as a whole. So, we mentioned subject and
+
+27
+00:02:50,990 --> 00:02:54,170
+we mentioned that this is a noun and then subject
+
+28
+00:02:54,170 --> 00:02:57,470
+and this is a verb and both are different
+
+29
+00:02:57,470 --> 00:02:58,130
+semantically.
+
+30
+00:03:04,570 --> 00:03:07,470
+In a sentence, we have what is called contrastive
+
+31
+00:03:07,470 --> 00:03:14,050
+stress, which is placed wherever you like. just to
+
+32
+00:03:14,050 --> 00:03:15,410
+convey a certain meaning.
+
+33
+00:03:21,390 --> 00:03:26,750
+Today, today, I want to show you the sound system
+
+34
+00:03:26,750 --> 00:03:33,370
+of English. This means this day, not any other
+
+35
+00:03:33,370 --> 00:03:37,370
+day. Today, I want to show you the sound system of
+
+36
+00:03:37,370 --> 00:03:42,840
+English. This means I, not anyone else. Today I
+
+37
+00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:45,800
+want to show you the sound system of English. This
+
+38
+00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:47,700
+means that we are going to explain the sound
+
+39
+00:03:47,700 --> 00:03:52,940
+system, not any subject else. So wherever you put
+
+40
+00:03:52,940 --> 00:03:55,580
+the stress, you change the meaning of the
+
+41
+00:03:55,580 --> 00:04:01,700
+sentence. So we need to tackle the stress system
+
+42
+00:04:01,700 --> 00:04:06,420
+and see the areas of difficulties facing our
+
+43
+00:04:06,420 --> 00:04:10,780
+students while learning English. The English
+
+44
+00:04:10,780 --> 00:04:11,460
+stress.
+
+45
+00:04:15,910 --> 00:04:18,670
+So, the stress is one of the suprasegmental
+
+46
+00:04:18,670 --> 00:04:24,710
+features along with the pitch, the intonation, and
+
+47
+00:04:24,710 --> 00:04:29,210
+length. And it's very important in language since
+
+48
+00:04:29,210 --> 00:04:33,210
+it has grammatical and semantic functions.
+
+49
+00:04:35,670 --> 00:04:40,750
+The location of the stress differs from one word
+
+50
+00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:44,680
+to another. We have what is called estimate rules
+
+51
+00:04:44,680 --> 00:04:48,860
+for the stress, but cannot cover all words of
+
+52
+00:04:48,860 --> 00:04:53,300
+English, mainly because these words are derived
+
+53
+00:04:53,300 --> 00:04:59,160
+from different origins. You know, English relies
+
+54
+00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:05,760
+on borrowing. So, this language has lots of
+
+55
+00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:10,770
+borrowing words. In the 20th century only, English
+
+56
+00:05:10,770 --> 00:05:15,570
+borrowed from more than 100 languages just in the
+
+57
+00:05:15,570 --> 00:05:19,450
+20th century. So what about going deep in history?
+
+58
+00:05:20,030 --> 00:05:23,550
+You find English borrowed from Portuguese, from
+
+59
+00:05:23,550 --> 00:05:28,330
+Latin, from Greek, from Arabic, from even Hebrew,
+
+60
+00:05:28,890 --> 00:05:35,880
+from different languages. So the system of These
+
+61
+00:05:35,880 --> 00:05:40,620
+words differ either in pronunciation or even in
+
+62
+00:05:40,620 --> 00:05:43,900
+grammar, mainly the plural system or the
+
+63
+00:05:43,900 --> 00:05:48,900
+pluralization system. Okay? So you have to take
+
+64
+00:05:48,900 --> 00:05:52,520
+care when pronouncing these words. I'll try to
+
+65
+00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:57,760
+facilitate the case by introducing just estimate
+
+66
+00:05:57,760 --> 00:05:59,900
+rule as much as I can.
+
+67
+00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:15,460
+So, the stress is prominent in a word. So, once I
+
+68
+00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:20,360
+say subject, it's in the first syllable at the
+
+69
+00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:24,120
+beginning, and this comes out with a noun. Once I
+
+70
+00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:30,160
+say subject, this is a verb. Okay? And this is
+
+71
+00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:34,720
+available at the second part of the word. Okay?
+
+72
+00:06:35,220 --> 00:06:36,640
+So, it is prominent.
+
+73
+00:06:46,230 --> 00:06:53,690
+Now, we have some words that will indicate the
+
+74
+00:06:53,690 --> 00:06:59,370
+manner of the stress system and how it is located
+
+75
+00:06:59,370 --> 00:07:00,170
+or pronounced.
+
+76
+00:07:05,710 --> 00:07:08,550
+Now, the location of the stress, as I mentioned,
+
+77
+00:07:09,730 --> 00:07:14,440
+is responsible for changing the meaning. I thought
+
+78
+00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:19,980
+you would eat, I thought you would eat it. I
+
+79
+00:07:19,980 --> 00:07:23,100
+thought you would eat it. This means that he
+
+80
+00:07:23,100 --> 00:07:23,640
+intended,
+
+81
+00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:31,120
+the meaning is intended, I mean, you have eaten
+
+82
+00:07:31,120 --> 00:07:35,240
+it. I thought that, I thought you eat, you would
+
+83
+00:07:35,240 --> 00:07:40,540
+eat it. But in the second one, I thought you would
+
+84
+00:07:40,540 --> 00:07:45,230
+eat it. This means that you haven't eaten it. So,
+
+85
+00:07:45,310 --> 00:07:50,170
+the meaning is changed according to the different
+
+86
+00:07:50,170 --> 00:07:55,430
+location of the stress. Now, we have what is
+
+87
+00:07:55,430 --> 00:08:00,130
+called rhythm in English and Arabic. The rhythm
+
+88
+00:08:00,130 --> 00:08:04,830
+system is based on the stress. Okay?
+
+89
+00:08:08,250 --> 00:08:08,970
+So,
+
+90
+00:08:11,700 --> 00:08:17,540
+The rhythm in the sentence depends on the number
+
+91
+00:08:17,540 --> 00:08:23,840
+of stressed syllables. Okay? In English, the
+
+92
+00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:29,860
+sentence or the rhythm, or say the stress, is of
+
+93
+00:08:29,860 --> 00:08:34,920
+time intervals. This means that not every single
+
+94
+00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:37,620
+word in the sentence is stressed in English.
+
+95
+00:08:39,100 --> 00:08:42,200
+However, in Arabic, The situation is different.
+
+96
+00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:51,920
+Arabic is syllable-time language. It is syllabic
+
+97
+00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:55,500
+language, syllable-stressed language. Sorry,
+
+98
+00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,540
+syllable-stressed language. So, this means that
+
+99
+00:08:58,540 --> 00:09:06,040
+every single word is almost stressed in Arabic. In
+
+100
+00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:09,540
+English, the situation is different. In connected
+
+101
+00:09:09,540 --> 00:09:16,820
+speech, we have weak forms. These weak forms are
+
+102
+00:09:16,820 --> 00:09:23,080
+not stressed. For example, the preposition, the
+
+103
+00:09:23,080 --> 00:09:29,240
+pronoun, the determinants, the conjunctions, the
+
+104
+00:09:29,240 --> 00:09:33,180
+one-word syllable is not stressed. These
+
+105
+00:09:33,180 --> 00:09:35,440
+altogether are not stressed in the sentence.
+
+106
+00:09:36,910 --> 00:09:41,110
+However, the rest of the words may be stressed,
+
+107
+00:09:42,470 --> 00:09:46,130
+mainly the topic of the sentence or the topic of
+
+108
+00:09:46,130 --> 00:09:50,610
+the phrase. It is definitely stressed.
+
+109
+00:09:53,270 --> 00:09:56,770
+So this, I mean, the number of stresses in the
+
+110
+00:09:56,770 --> 00:10:03,230
+sentence comprise what is called the rhythm of the
+
+111
+00:10:03,230 --> 00:10:03,590
+sentence.
+
+112
+00:10:06,770 --> 00:10:11,970
+As I mentioned, we have two main types of stress,
+
+113
+00:10:12,910 --> 00:10:17,370
+the primary stress and the secondary stress. The
+
+114
+00:10:17,370 --> 00:10:22,530
+location of these two stresses differs from one
+
+115
+00:10:22,530 --> 00:10:26,630
+word to another or one group of words to another
+
+116
+00:10:26,630 --> 00:10:31,830
+mainly because of the difference in the origin of
+
+117
+00:10:31,830 --> 00:10:35,710
+these words. I told you that we have different
+
+118
+00:10:35,710 --> 00:10:39,890
+borrowed words in English. So, the system differs
+
+119
+00:10:39,890 --> 00:10:46,270
+from one group to another. Okay? This is one phase
+
+120
+00:10:46,270 --> 00:10:49,350
+of the difficulty of pronouncing English.
+
+121
+00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:55,690
+However, in Arabic, the situation is rule-based.
+
+122
+00:10:57,410 --> 00:11:01,570
+Arabic is a productive language. English is not.
+
+123
+00:11:02,340 --> 00:11:07,120
+Okay? So you find some sort of difficulty in
+
+124
+00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:17,740
+pronouncing certain words. Now, generally, the
+
+125
+00:11:17,740 --> 00:11:20,640
+word stress is not always in the first syllable in
+
+126
+00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:20,980
+English.
+
+127
+00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:29,940
+So we have, for example, computer, computer, pew,
+
+128
+00:11:31,100 --> 00:11:38,010
+language. Pronunciation. So three words of
+
+129
+00:11:38,010 --> 00:11:43,050
+different stress locations. Okay? So we don't have
+
+130
+00:11:43,050 --> 00:11:48,550
+exact rules for the position of stress. Still we
+
+131
+00:11:48,550 --> 00:11:54,370
+have estimate rules that can be applicable to a
+
+132
+00:11:54,370 --> 00:11:57,750
+certain group of words rather than others.
+
+133
+00:12:05,340 --> 00:12:08,000
+As I mentioned, we have what is called word
+
+134
+00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:13,100
+stress. Still, we have phrase stress. And we have
+
+135
+00:12:13,100 --> 00:12:16,720
+what is called contrastive stress. It is optional.
+
+136
+00:12:17,440 --> 00:12:19,980
+The contrastive stress can be put wherever you
+
+137
+00:12:19,980 --> 00:12:21,780
+like, even in Arabic.
+
+138
+00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:34,600
+I say, for example, أنا سأشرح لكم الدرس أنا سأشرح
+
+139
+00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:37,980
+لكم الدرس اليوم. اليوم.
+
+140
+00:12:40,760 --> 00:12:45,600
+سأشرح لكم الدرس اليوم. So it is the high pitch.
+
+141
+00:12:46,380 --> 00:12:50,300
+Now, even the three sentences of Arabic differ one
+
+142
+00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:53,340
+from another semantically according to the
+
+143
+00:12:53,340 --> 00:12:56,380
+position of what is called the contrastive stress.
+
+144
+00:12:58,510 --> 00:13:01,690
+This situation is applicable to the contrastive
+
+145
+00:13:01,690 --> 00:13:03,950
+stress in English, as we are going to see.
+
+146
+00:13:15,250 --> 00:13:20,510
+Now, the shape of a word itself decides the
+
+147
+00:13:20,510 --> 00:13:26,560
+position of the word stress. whether the word is
+
+148
+00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:31,240
+morphologically simple or complex. The grammatical
+
+149
+00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:36,680
+category of a word itself can decide the position
+
+150
+00:13:36,680 --> 00:13:39,360
+of the stress. I told you that functional
+
+151
+00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:44,320
+morphemes, grammatical morphemes, don't have
+
+152
+00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:50,100
+stress. They are weak forms. Lexical words are
+
+153
+00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:54,390
+stressed. but the stress differs in position from
+
+154
+00:13:54,390 --> 00:13:59,750
+one word to another. The number of syllables in a
+
+155
+00:13:59,750 --> 00:14:03,450
+word also decides the location of the stress.
+
+156
+00:14:10,430 --> 00:14:17,210
+So we have stress in two-syllable words. We have,
+
+157
+00:14:17,270 --> 00:14:23,730
+for example, assessed. This is a verb. This is in
+
+158
+00:14:23,730 --> 00:14:30,090
+the second syllable. Assist. Okay. Apply. Apply.
+
+159
+00:14:31,930 --> 00:14:36,310
+Apply. Okay. So it is apply. The second syllable.
+
+160
+00:14:37,130 --> 00:14:42,750
+I say object. The second syllable. Subject. The
+
+161
+00:14:42,750 --> 00:14:46,350
+second syllable. Report. The second syllable.
+
+162
+00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:49,510
+However, it can be in the first syllable. Report.
+
+163
+00:14:50,510 --> 00:14:54,310
+subject, object. Okay?
+
+164
+00:15:00,210 --> 00:15:03,950
+Now, if the final syllable contains a short vowel
+
+165
+00:15:03,950 --> 00:15:08,710
+and one final consonant, the final syllable of a
+
+166
+00:15:08,710 --> 00:15:14,130
+word, if it contains a short vowel and the final
+
+167
+00:15:14,130 --> 00:15:17,680
+sound is consonant, Okay, then the stress must be
+
+168
+00:15:17,680 --> 00:15:24,340
+in the first syllable. I say open, open, equal,
+
+169
+00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:34,960
+equal. I don't say equal, I say open, open, equal.
+
+170
+00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,880
+So the stress is in the first syllable. Mainly
+
+171
+00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:43,140
+because the final part is consonant and it is
+
+172
+00:15:43,140 --> 00:15:45,220
+preceded by a short vowel.
+
+173
+00:15:48,640 --> 00:15:53,980
+For the nouns, you have this list maybe or mostly
+
+174
+00:15:53,980 --> 00:15:59,400
+in the first syllable. I say money, money.
+
+175
+00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:06,440
+Product, product. It is the first syllable.
+
+176
+00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:16,620
+We have adjectives which also have their stress in
+
+177
+00:16:16,620 --> 00:16:21,720
+the first syllable, as lovely, even, willing,
+
+178
+00:16:22,560 --> 00:16:32,380
+honest, perfect, but not necessarily having
+
+179
+00:16:32,380 --> 00:16:37,520
+this rule be applied on all types of animals. So,
+
+180
+00:16:37,780 --> 00:16:44,820
+we need to see the stress in most of the English
+
+181
+00:16:44,820 --> 00:16:50,140
+words, I mean the word types. Now we reach the
+
+182
+00:16:50,140 --> 00:16:51,960
+stress in the three-syllable words.
+
+183
+00:16:58,180 --> 00:16:59,440
+We have the verb.
+
+184
+00:17:02,220 --> 00:17:05,640
+So if the last syllable contains a short vowel and
+
+185
+00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:09,120
+ends with not more than one consonant, The
+
+186
+00:17:09,120 --> 00:17:12,540
+syllable will be unstressed and the stress will be
+
+187
+00:17:12,540 --> 00:17:16,100
+placed on the preceding syllable. So we say, for
+
+188
+00:17:16,100 --> 00:17:21,600
+example, encounter, encounter. Cow, this is
+
+189
+00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:25,820
+encounter. This is the stress in the middle.
+
+190
+00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:32,340
+Determine, determine, deter, tear. This is the
+
+191
+00:17:32,340 --> 00:17:33,700
+stress. Determine.
+
+192
+00:17:36,860 --> 00:17:40,080
+If the final syllable contains a long vowel or a
+
+193
+00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:43,540
+diphthong or ends with more than one consonant,
+
+194
+00:17:44,940 --> 00:17:49,500
+then the final syllable will be stressed. I say,
+
+195
+00:17:49,560 --> 00:17:54,860
+for example, entertain, entertain, this is
+
+196
+00:17:54,860 --> 00:17:58,660
+diphthong. So it is stressed.
+
+197
+00:18:05,250 --> 00:18:07,970
+Now, if the syllable preceding the final syllable
+
+198
+00:18:07,970 --> 00:18:13,370
+contains a vowel or a diphthong, or it ends with
+
+199
+00:18:13,370 --> 00:18:17,310
+more than one consonant, then the middle syllable
+
+200
+00:18:17,310 --> 00:18:21,010
+will be stressed. I say mimosa,
+
+201
+00:18:22,450 --> 00:18:26,330
+disaster, disaster.
+
+202
+00:18:27,990 --> 00:18:28,350
+Okay?
+
+203
+00:18:31,710 --> 00:18:34,590
+Now, if the final syllable contains a short vowel,
+
+204
+00:18:35,420 --> 00:18:38,820
+And the middle syllable contains also a short
+
+205
+00:18:38,820 --> 00:18:41,820
+vowel and ends with not more than one consonant,
+
+206
+00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:47,040
+then both the final and the middle syllables are
+
+207
+00:18:47,040 --> 00:18:51,020
+unstressed. And the first syllable is definitely
+
+208
+00:18:51,020 --> 00:18:54,460
+stressed. We have quantity.
+
+209
+00:18:57,220 --> 00:18:58,000
+Cinema.
+
+210
+00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:07,230
+To put it simply, If you have a word of short
+
+211
+00:19:07,230 --> 00:19:10,610
+vowels, if you have a word containing short
+
+212
+00:19:10,610 --> 00:19:14,910
+vowels, then the stress must be in the third
+
+213
+00:19:14,910 --> 00:19:18,990
+syllable from the end. The third syllable from the
+
+214
+00:19:18,990 --> 00:19:22,990
+end. Okay? We count from the end, not from the
+
+215
+00:19:22,990 --> 00:19:23,370
+beginning.
+
+216
+00:19:26,050 --> 00:19:34,070
+So, cinema. The third syllable is C. Cinema.
+
+217
+00:19:36,530 --> 00:19:37,530
+Quantity.
+
+218
+00:19:42,270 --> 00:19:48,770
+We have
+
+219
+00:19:48,770 --> 00:19:53,030
+adjectives from the same rule. You have this
+
+220
+00:19:53,030 --> 00:19:58,570
+applied or applicable on some adjectives, like
+
+221
+00:19:58,570 --> 00:19:59,650
+insulin.
+
+222
+00:20:02,410 --> 00:20:03,090
+Apportion.
+
+223
+00:20:07,790 --> 00:20:13,630
+But if the word ends in IC or SION or TION, then
+
+224
+00:20:13,630 --> 00:20:17,310
+the stress is in the second syllable. So we have
+
+225
+00:20:17,310 --> 00:20:20,490
+solution, solution,
+
+226
+00:20:23,050 --> 00:20:25,570
+terrific, terrific,
+
+227
+00:20:31,290 --> 00:20:35,360
+terrific. You have your students mix between or
+
+228
+00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:38,320
+misunderstand, mispronounce the stress, so they
+
+229
+00:20:38,320 --> 00:20:42,320
+say terrific. This is not acceptable in English.
+
+230
+00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:43,340
+Terrific.
+
+231
+00:20:53,180 --> 00:20:58,260
+Still, we have different types of locations of
+
+232
+00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:05,160
+stress. I'm giving you the chance to have these
+
+233
+00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:08,720
+introduced by native speakers now.
+
+234
+00:21:33,650 --> 00:21:37,350
+Here are some more suffixes that have the stress
+
+235
+00:21:37,350 --> 00:21:42,070
+immediately before the suffix. This time though,
+
+236
+00:21:42,310 --> 00:21:44,790
+the suffixes have two syllables.
+
+237
+00:21:58,170 --> 00:22:04,490
+Listen and repeat Ability
+
+238
+00:22:04,490 --> 00:22:14,170
+Second Diameter Second Medical First Biography
+
+239
+00:22:14,170 --> 00:22:22,950
+Second Simplify First Biology Second Here are some
+
+240
+00:22:22,950 --> 00:22:27,270
+more examples Listen and repeat
+
+241
+00:22:30,250 --> 00:22:36,090
+nationality thermometer electrical
+
+242
+00:22:36,090 --> 00:22:41,870
+photography unify
+
+243
+00:22:41,870 --> 00:22:44,310
+psychology
+
+244
+00:23:34,410 --> 00:23:39,470
+In English, any syllable can have the stress. For
+
+245
+00:23:39,470 --> 00:23:48,940
+example, enjoy, document, banana, afternoon.
+
+246
+00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:54,580
+However, there are some rules. Words that end in
+
+247
+00:23:54,580 --> 00:23:56,380
+the suffixes ear,
+
+248
+00:23:59,100 --> 00:23:59,860
+ease,
+
+249
+00:24:02,460 --> 00:24:10,540
+eek and ee have the stress on the suffix. Listen
+
+250
+00:24:10,540 --> 00:24:11,980
+and repeat.
+
+251
+00:24:16,820 --> 00:24:25,660
+volunteer suffix e Japanese unique
+
+252
+00:24:25,660 --> 00:24:29,060
+employee
+
+253
+00:24:29,060 --> 00:24:36,140
+here are some more examples listen and repeat
+
+254
+00:24:36,140 --> 00:24:39,240
+boutique
+
+255
+00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:44,000
+antique technique
+
+256
+00:24:46,950 --> 00:24:48,310
+Engineer,
+
+257
+00:24:50,190 --> 00:24:54,070
+career, mountaineer,
+
+258
+00:24:56,410 --> 00:25:02,270
+refugee, trainee, referee,
+
+259
+00:25:04,990 --> 00:25:05,650
+Chinese,
+
+260
+00:25:08,470 --> 00:25:10,430
+Portuguese, Vietnamese.
+
+261
+00:25:13,450 --> 00:25:17,620
+Careful, not all words ending in E have the
+
+262
+00:25:17,620 --> 00:25:23,140
+suffix, which one here has the suffix and the
+
+263
+00:25:23,140 --> 00:25:23,700
+stress?
+
+264
+00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:33,400
+We have only one word which is stressed here.
+
+265
+00:25:33,620 --> 00:25:39,320
+Honeybee, coffee, devotee, committee.
+
+266
+00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:50,360
+Do you understand?
+
+267
+00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:23,380
+Here are some rules about stress and suffixes.
+
+268
+00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:28,640
+Words that end in the suffixes –il,
+
+269
+00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:40,260
+you, in, shun with an s or shun with a t,
+
+270
+00:26:42,920 --> 00:26:55,990
+shunt, shus with a c or with a T and IK. All have
+
+271
+00:26:55,990 --> 00:27:02,050
+the stress immediately before the suffix. Listen
+
+272
+00:27:02,050 --> 00:27:03,890
+and repeat.
+
+273
+00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:11,050
+Official Visual
+
+274
+00:27:11,050 --> 00:27:14,810
+Politician
+
+275
+00:27:14,810 --> 00:27:18,430
+Addition
+
+276
+00:27:23,170 --> 00:27:29,690
+Ancient Spacious Organic
+
+277
+00:27:29,690 --> 00:27:32,830
+Here
+
+278
+00:27:32,830 --> 00:27:37,750
+are some more examples. Listen and repeat.
+
+279
+00:27:40,230 --> 00:27:46,710
+Commercial Annual Indian
+
+280
+00:27:46,710 --> 00:27:49,310
+Television
+
+281
+00:27:50,940 --> 00:27:54,980
+efficient, delicious,
+
+282
+00:27:56,720 --> 00:27:57,420
+fantastic.
+
+283
+00:28:08,810 --> 00:28:12,430
+As you see, once you have these suffixes, the
+
+284
+00:28:12,430 --> 00:28:15,330
+stress is in the second syllable from the end.
+
+285
+00:28:15,930 --> 00:28:21,670
+Okay? Before the suffix, you have to stress on the
+
+286
+00:28:21,670 --> 00:28:25,410
+pitch to produce high pitch or say, primary
+
+287
+00:28:25,410 --> 00:28:32,690
+stress. I say terrific. Television. Television. V.
+
+288
+00:28:33,410 --> 00:28:34,010
+Okay?
+
+289
+00:28:36,610 --> 00:28:37,390
+Fantastic.
+
+290
+00:28:48,170 --> 00:28:51,810
+Here are some more suffixes that have the stress
+
+291
+00:28:51,810 --> 00:28:56,550
+immediately before the suffix. This time though,
+
+292
+00:28:56,770 --> 00:28:59,230
+the suffixes have two syllables.
+
+293
+00:29:14,260 --> 00:29:15,240
+and repeat.
+
+294
+00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:18,900
+Ability.
+
+295
+00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:24,900
+Diameter. Medical.
+
+296
+00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:28,600
+Biography.
+
+297
+00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:38,500
+Simplify. Biology. Here's some more examples.
+
+298
+00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:41,720
+Listen and repeat.
+
+299
+00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:53,240
+nationality thermometer electrical photography
+
+300
+00:29:53,240 --> 00:29:56,300
+unify
+
+301
+00:29:56,300 --> 00:29:58,940
+psychology
+
+302
+00:30:21,420 --> 00:30:22,260
+The final one.
+
+303
+00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:31,840
+Finally, to clear suffixes, they have to stress on
+
+304
+00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:37,540
+the second syllable before the suffix. Eight,
+
+305
+00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:47,340
+eyes, us, and the double syllable uri. Listen and
+
+306
+00:30:47,340 --> 00:30:48,000
+repeat.
+
+307
+00:30:50,380 --> 00:30:51,180
+Operate.
+
+308
+00:30:54,320 --> 00:31:02,840
+apologize dangerous necessary Here are some more
+
+309
+00:31:02,840 --> 00:31:12,540
+examples listen and repeat dominate exaggerate
+
+310
+00:31:12,540 --> 00:31:20,580
+integrate certificate socialize
+
+311
+00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:28,140
+Criticize. Emphasize. Recognize.
+
+312
+00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:38,800
+Marvelous. Mysterious. Obvious. Miscellaneous.
+
+313
+00:31:41,140 --> 00:31:49,040
+Secretary. Dictionary. Ordinary. Vocabulary.
+
+314
+00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:59,260
+So, as you see, the word stress has different
+
+315
+00:31:59,260 --> 00:32:03,440
+rules. All these rules which I mentioned are
+
+316
+00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:09,400
+estimate rules. So, it's very difficult for the
+
+317
+00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:15,320
+Arab learners to understand such systems unless
+
+318
+00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:19,480
+they imitate the speakers. The more you expose
+
+319
+00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,480
+yourself to English, the more you master the
+
+320
+00:32:22,480 --> 00:32:27,880
+suprasegmental phonemes. Okay? So you have to be
+
+321
+00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:31,480
+very cautious in teaching your students the sound
+
+322
+00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:36,320
+system. And it depends on their levels, either the
+
+323
+00:32:36,320 --> 00:32:41,260
+junior, the intermediate, or the advanced. You
+
+324
+00:32:41,260 --> 00:32:44,640
+have to introduce certain activities that suit
+
+325
+00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:49,700
+their level in pronunciation, in speaking, in
+
+326
+00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:55,640
+communication. The junior pupils or the junior
+
+327
+00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:59,100
+graders can imitate you. This means that the
+
+328
+00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:02,240
+teacher himself must master the subrasegmental
+
+329
+00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:09,320
+phonemes very, very perfectly. If you follow, If
+
+330
+00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:13,620
+you just pronounce wrongly, this means that your
+
+331
+00:33:13,620 --> 00:33:21,200
+students will follow you and commit mistakes which
+
+332
+00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:28,530
+can be fossilized by the run of time. So, You know
+
+333
+00:33:28,530 --> 00:33:32,130
+that the reasons for committing errors are of
+
+334
+00:33:32,130 --> 00:33:34,630
+different types. You have the types of errors.
+
+335
+00:33:35,210 --> 00:33:39,150
+Some errors result from over-generalization or
+
+336
+00:33:39,150 --> 00:33:44,570
+faulty teaching, fossilization or simplification.
+
+337
+00:33:46,690 --> 00:33:49,550
+You've taken this in your methodology, I think,
+
+338
+00:33:49,690 --> 00:33:59,220
+classes. So, we need to continue. with a system of
+
+339
+00:33:59,220 --> 00:33:59,660
+stress.
+
+340
+00:34:03,740 --> 00:34:10,980
+We spoke about these points, and now we mentioned
+
+341
+00:34:10,980 --> 00:34:15,340
+the different types of word stress, and I think
+
+342
+00:34:15,340 --> 00:34:17,420
+that we terminated on the phrase stress.
+
+343
+00:34:20,280 --> 00:34:25,920
+It's very important Stress, it comprises the
+
+344
+00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:31,320
+rhythm of the sentence and it is bound with time
+
+345
+00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:35,100
+intervals in English. However, in Arabic, it is
+
+346
+00:34:35,100 --> 00:34:39,900
+syllabic or syllable intervals. This means that
+
+347
+00:34:39,900 --> 00:34:43,800
+every single word may be stressed in Arabic, but
+
+348
+00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:47,040
+not necessarily to have every single word stressed
+
+349
+00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:52,800
+in English. Okay. I say, Dahabto ila almadrassa.
+
+350
+00:34:54,150 --> 00:34:55,190
+Translate it, please.
+
+351
+00:34:58,730 --> 00:35:04,630
+This is
+
+352
+00:35:04,630 --> 00:35:08,230
+Arabic. Again Arabic.
+
+353
+00:35:10,850 --> 00:35:11,330
+Okay,
+
+354
+00:35:18,350 --> 00:35:24,090
+good. Quite good. Out.
+
+355
+00:35:26,730 --> 00:35:27,310
+Excellent.
+
+356
+00:35:29,850 --> 00:35:34,590
+I went to school. I say that the preposition is
+
+357
+00:35:34,590 --> 00:35:39,910
+zero. It is weak form. So it is not necessarily
+
+358
+00:35:39,910 --> 00:35:45,650
+every single word stressed. Okay? Today I want to
+
+359
+00:35:45,650 --> 00:35:49,670
+explain the sound system of English. Today I want
+
+360
+00:35:49,670 --> 00:35:52,670
+to explain the stress system of English. of
+
+361
+00:35:52,670 --> 00:35:58,470
+English. I don't say today I want to explain the
+
+362
+00:35:58,470 --> 00:36:04,010
+sound system of English. This is Arabic. Cannot be
+
+363
+00:36:04,010 --> 00:36:06,610
+understood by native speakers. This is heavy
+
+364
+00:36:06,610 --> 00:36:09,850
+accent. Today I want to explain the sound system
+
+365
+00:36:09,850 --> 00:36:10,390
+of English.
+
+366
+00:36:14,070 --> 00:36:18,850
+Okay? So this means that we have weak forms and
+
+367
+00:36:18,850 --> 00:36:24,700
+strong forms. The strong forms and the phrase are
+
+368
+00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:28,740
+stressed. They represent words which are stressed.
+
+369
+00:36:29,680 --> 00:36:32,680
+Okay? We have also what's called a stress shift.
+
+370
+00:36:34,420 --> 00:36:39,780
+The stress in isolation, in words, differs from
+
+371
+00:36:39,780 --> 00:36:43,840
+the stress in a sentence. So, for example, we have
+
+372
+00:36:43,840 --> 00:36:50,860
+princess. Princess. Where's the stress? In the
+
+373
+00:36:50,860 --> 00:36:55,630
+second syllable. Now, Princess Diana. Princess
+
+374
+00:36:55,630 --> 00:37:03,490
+Diana. The stress moves to the beginning. So, this
+
+375
+00:37:03,490 --> 00:37:06,290
+means that the stress does not locate in a certain
+
+376
+00:37:06,290 --> 00:37:10,650
+position even on the same word. It depends on
+
+377
+00:37:10,650 --> 00:37:17,550
+utterance. So, connected utterance Speaking
+
+378
+00:37:17,550 --> 00:37:20,590
+English in connected utterance is different from
+
+379
+00:37:20,590 --> 00:37:24,790
+pronouncing words in isolation. The position of
+
+380
+00:37:24,790 --> 00:37:26,010
+stress differs.
+
+381
+00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:38,490
+So,
+
+382
+00:37:54,030 --> 00:38:00,130
+Now, you hear now two sentences read slowly and
+
+383
+00:38:00,130 --> 00:38:03,510
+deliberately as if they were said in presentation.
+
+384
+00:38:05,310 --> 00:38:10,650
+The noisy cars being parked in the garage.
+
+385
+00:38:13,270 --> 00:38:16,850
+Many people often read the business section of the
+
+386
+00:38:16,850 --> 00:38:17,350
+newspaper.
+
+387
+00:38:22,310 --> 00:38:27,030
+This is in slow tune. But we can read them
+
+388
+00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:29,470
+differently.
+
+389
+00:38:31,810 --> 00:38:34,730
+The noisy cars being parked in the garage.
+
+390
+00:38:39,050 --> 00:38:46,890
+The noisy cars being parked in the garage. So, we
+
+391
+00:38:46,890 --> 00:38:50,740
+have The stress, the first stress is the final
+
+392
+00:38:50,740 --> 00:38:55,100
+syllable of a word. This gives exclamation. Okay?
+
+393
+00:38:59,860 --> 00:39:02,900
+Many people often read the business section of the
+
+394
+00:39:02,900 --> 00:39:09,580
+newspaper. The newspaper. Just the business
+
+395
+00:39:09,580 --> 00:39:14,100
+section is read. Okay? So the focus is on one
+
+396
+00:39:14,100 --> 00:39:14,460
+word.
+
+397
+00:39:20,980 --> 00:39:29,820
+Now we have some
+
+398
+00:39:29,820 --> 00:39:35,280
+affixes, I mean prefixes, also fixes that control
+
+399
+00:39:35,280 --> 00:39:41,620
+the position of stress in the sentence. It seems
+
+400
+00:39:41,620 --> 00:39:47,180
+that we are out of time now. I leave these
+
+401
+00:39:47,180 --> 00:39:54,210
+PowerPoints on my page And this includes the films
+
+402
+00:39:54,210 --> 00:39:57,250
+about stress which you have already heard. So,
+
+403
+00:39:57,330 --> 00:40:01,810
+you'll see the whole lecture in my webpage. Okay?
+
+404
+00:40:02,590 --> 00:40:05,010
+Next time, we are going to continue with the
+
+405
+00:40:05,010 --> 00:40:09,190
+stress system in both English and Arabic as well.
+
+406
+00:40:11,730 --> 00:40:12,590
+Thank you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/AzDd92fJ470_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1624 @@
+1
+00:00:13,580 --> 00:00:18,240
+Today we are going to see just new area of
+
+2
+00:00:18,240 --> 00:00:20,760
+pronunciation in English and Arabic.
+
+3
+00:00:24,820 --> 00:00:29,610
+We are going to touch the stress system of English
+
+4
+00:00:29,610 --> 00:00:36,130
+and Arabic to see the areas of difficulties of the
+
+5
+00:00:36,130 --> 00:00:41,850
+stress system in both languages. You know, the
+
+6
+00:00:41,850 --> 00:00:47,750
+stress is the high pitch where
+
+7
+00:00:47,750 --> 00:00:50,850
+the sound is quite high or is high.
+
+8
+00:00:53,750 --> 00:01:00,060
+Here, We have two types of stresses, of stress.
+
+9
+00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:07,180
+The primary stress and the secondary stress. Then
+
+10
+00:01:07,180 --> 00:01:13,000
+we have the zero stress or weak form. Our focus
+
+11
+00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:19,260
+will be on primary stress. How could we pronounce
+
+12
+00:01:21,170 --> 00:01:25,830
+Words which are stressed in English, either words
+
+13
+00:01:25,830 --> 00:01:31,490
+in isolation or words in connected speech. First
+
+14
+00:01:31,490 --> 00:01:36,390
+of all, the stress is meaningful. It gives
+
+15
+00:01:36,390 --> 00:01:36,830
+meaning.
+
+16
+00:01:40,970 --> 00:01:48,290
+And also, it's grammatical. So, grammatically, We
+
+17
+00:01:48,290 --> 00:01:52,370
+can distinguish between verbs and nouns by using
+
+18
+00:01:52,370 --> 00:02:00,350
+the stress. I say, for example, subject. It's a
+
+19
+00:02:00,350 --> 00:02:08,730
+noun. Subject. Verb. Object. Object. Report.
+
+20
+00:02:10,210 --> 00:02:16,630
+Report. Verb. Okay? So we have, we can distinguish
+
+21
+00:02:16,630 --> 00:02:22,870
+between the verbal noun by using the stress if the
+
+22
+00:02:22,870 --> 00:02:25,330
+morphological system of this word is the same in
+
+23
+00:02:25,330 --> 00:02:28,810
+both the noun structure and the verb structure.
+
+24
+00:02:31,910 --> 00:02:39,810
+Now, semantically, the location of the stress
+
+25
+00:02:39,810 --> 00:02:46,310
+differentiates the meaning of a word and of the
+
+26
+00:02:46,310 --> 00:02:50,990
+sentence as a whole. So, we mentioned subject and
+
+27
+00:02:50,990 --> 00:02:54,170
+we mentioned that this is a noun and then subject
+
+28
+00:02:54,170 --> 00:02:57,470
+and this is a verb and both are different
+
+29
+00:02:57,470 --> 00:02:58,130
+semantically.
+
+30
+00:03:04,570 --> 00:03:07,470
+In a sentence, we have what is called contrastive
+
+31
+00:03:07,470 --> 00:03:14,050
+stress, which is placed wherever you like. just to
+
+32
+00:03:14,050 --> 00:03:15,410
+convey a certain meaning.
+
+33
+00:03:21,390 --> 00:03:26,750
+Today, today, I want to show you the sound system
+
+34
+00:03:26,750 --> 00:03:33,370
+of English. This means this day, not any other
+
+35
+00:03:33,370 --> 00:03:37,370
+day. Today, I want to show you the sound system of
+
+36
+00:03:37,370 --> 00:03:42,840
+English. This means I, not anyone else. Today I
+
+37
+00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:45,800
+want to show you the sound system of English. This
+
+38
+00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:47,700
+means that we are going to explain the sound
+
+39
+00:03:47,700 --> 00:03:52,940
+system, not any subject else. So wherever you put
+
+40
+00:03:52,940 --> 00:03:55,580
+the stress, you change the meaning of the
+
+41
+00:03:55,580 --> 00:04:01,700
+sentence. So we need to tackle the stress system
+
+42
+00:04:01,700 --> 00:04:06,420
+and see the areas of difficulties facing our
+
+43
+00:04:06,420 --> 00:04:10,780
+students while learning English. The English
+
+44
+00:04:10,780 --> 00:04:11,460
+stress.
+
+45
+00:04:15,910 --> 00:04:18,670
+So, the stress is one of the suprasegmental
+
+46
+00:04:18,670 --> 00:04:24,710
+features along with the pitch, the intonation, and
+
+47
+00:04:24,710 --> 00:04:29,210
+length. And it's very important in language since
+
+48
+00:04:29,210 --> 00:04:33,210
+it has grammatical and semantic functions.
+
+49
+00:04:35,670 --> 00:04:40,750
+The location of the stress differs from one word
+
+50
+00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:44,680
+to another. We have what is called estimate rules
+
+51
+00:04:44,680 --> 00:04:48,860
+for the stress, but cannot cover all words of
+
+52
+00:04:48,860 --> 00:04:53,300
+English, mainly because these words are derived
+
+53
+00:04:53,300 --> 00:04:59,160
+from different origins. You know, English relies
+
+54
+00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:05,760
+on borrowing. So, this language has lots of
+
+55
+00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:10,770
+borrowing words. In the 20th century only, English
+
+56
+00:05:10,770 --> 00:05:15,570
+borrowed from more than 100 languages just in the
+
+57
+00:05:15,570 --> 00:05:19,450
+20th century. So what about going deep in history?
+
+58
+00:05:20,030 --> 00:05:23,550
+You find English borrowed from Portuguese, from
+
+59
+00:05:23,550 --> 00:05:28,330
+Latin, from Greek, from Arabic, from even Hebrew,
+
+60
+00:05:28,890 --> 00:05:35,880
+from different languages. So the system of These
+
+61
+00:05:35,880 --> 00:05:40,620
+words differ either in pronunciation or even in
+
+62
+00:05:40,620 --> 00:05:43,900
+grammar, mainly the plural system or the
+
+63
+00:05:43,900 --> 00:05:48,900
+pluralization system. Okay? So you have to take
+
+64
+00:05:48,900 --> 00:05:52,520
+care when pronouncing these words. I'll try to
+
+65
+00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:57,760
+facilitate the case by introducing just estimate
+
+66
+00:05:57,760 --> 00:05:59,900
+rule as much as I can.
+
+67
+00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:15,460
+So, the stress is prominent in a word. So, once I
+
+68
+00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:20,360
+say subject, it's in the first syllable at the
+
+69
+00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:24,120
+beginning, and this comes out with a noun. Once I
+
+70
+00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:30,160
+say subject, this is a verb. Okay? And this is
+
+71
+00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:34,720
+available at the second part of the word. Okay?
+
+72
+00:06:35,220 --> 00:06:36,640
+So, it is prominent.
+
+73
+00:06:46,230 --> 00:06:53,690
+Now, we have some words that will indicate the
+
+74
+00:06:53,690 --> 00:06:59,370
+manner of the stress system and how it is located
+
+75
+00:06:59,370 --> 00:07:00,170
+or pronounced.
+
+76
+00:07:05,710 --> 00:07:08,550
+Now, the location of the stress, as I mentioned,
+
+77
+00:07:09,730 --> 00:07:14,440
+is responsible for changing the meaning. I thought
+
+78
+00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:19,980
+you would eat, I thought you would eat it. I
+
+79
+00:07:19,980 --> 00:07:23,100
+thought you would eat it. This means that he
+
+80
+00:07:23,100 --> 00:07:23,640
+intended,
+
+81
+00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:31,120
+the meaning is intended, I mean, you have eaten
+
+82
+00:07:31,120 --> 00:07:35,240
+it. I thought that, I thought you eat, you would
+
+83
+00:07:35,240 --> 00:07:40,540
+eat it. But in the second one, I thought you would
+
+84
+00:07:40,540 --> 00:07:45,230
+eat it. This means that you haven't eaten it. So,
+
+85
+00:07:45,310 --> 00:07:50,170
+the meaning is changed according to the different
+
+86
+00:07:50,170 --> 00:07:55,430
+location of the stress. Now, we have what is
+
+87
+00:07:55,430 --> 00:08:00,130
+called rhythm in English and Arabic. The rhythm
+
+88
+00:08:00,130 --> 00:08:04,830
+system is based on the stress. Okay?
+
+89
+00:08:08,250 --> 00:08:08,970
+So,
+
+90
+00:08:11,700 --> 00:08:17,540
+The rhythm in the sentence depends on the number
+
+91
+00:08:17,540 --> 00:08:23,840
+of stressed syllables. Okay? In English, the
+
+92
+00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:29,860
+sentence or the rhythm, or say the stress, is of
+
+93
+00:08:29,860 --> 00:08:34,920
+time intervals. This means that not every single
+
+94
+00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:37,620
+word in the sentence is stressed in English.
+
+95
+00:08:39,100 --> 00:08:42,200
+However, in Arabic, The situation is different.
+
+96
+00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:51,920
+Arabic is syllable-time language. It is syllabic
+
+97
+00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:55,500
+language, syllable-stressed language. Sorry,
+
+98
+00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,540
+syllable-stressed language. So, this means that
+
+99
+00:08:58,540 --> 00:09:06,040
+every single word is almost stressed in Arabic. In
+
+100
+00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:09,540
+English, the situation is different. In connected
+
+101
+00:09:09,540 --> 00:09:16,820
+speech, we have weak forms. These weak forms are
+
+102
+00:09:16,820 --> 00:09:23,080
+not stressed. For example, the preposition, the
+
+103
+00:09:23,080 --> 00:09:29,240
+pronoun, the determinants, the conjunctions, the
+
+104
+00:09:29,240 --> 00:09:33,180
+one-word syllable is not stressed. These
+
+105
+00:09:33,180 --> 00:09:35,440
+altogether are not stressed in the sentence.
+
+106
+00:09:36,910 --> 00:09:41,110
+However, the rest of the words may be stressed,
+
+107
+00:09:42,470 --> 00:09:46,130
+mainly the topic of the sentence or the topic of
+
+108
+00:09:46,130 --> 00:09:50,610
+the phrase. It is definitely stressed.
+
+109
+00:09:53,270 --> 00:09:56,770
+So this, I mean, the number of stresses in the
+
+110
+00:09:56,770 --> 00:10:03,230
+sentence comprise what is called the rhythm of the
+
+111
+00:10:03,230 --> 00:10:03,590
+sentence.
+
+112
+00:10:06,770 --> 00:10:11,970
+As I mentioned, we have two main types of stress,
+
+113
+00:10:12,910 --> 00:10:17,370
+the primary stress and the secondary stress. The
+
+114
+00:10:17,370 --> 00:10:22,530
+location of these two stresses differs from one
+
+115
+00:10:22,530 --> 00:10:26,630
+word to another or one group of words to another
+
+116
+00:10:26,630 --> 00:10:31,830
+mainly because of the difference in the origin of
+
+117
+00:10:31,830 --> 00:10:35,710
+these words. I told you that we have different
+
+118
+00:10:35,710 --> 00:10:39,890
+borrowed words in English. So, the system differs
+
+119
+00:10:39,890 --> 00:10:46,270
+from one group to another. Okay? This is one phase
+
+120
+00:10:46,270 --> 00:10:49,350
+of the difficulty of pronouncing English.
+
+121
+00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:55,690
+However, in Arabic, the situation is rule-based.
+
+122
+00:10:57,410 --> 00:11:01,570
+Arabic is a productive language. English is not.
+
+123
+00:11:02,340 --> 00:11:07,120
+Okay? So you find some sort of difficulty in
+
+124
+00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:17,740
+pronouncing certain words. Now, generally, the
+
+125
+00:11:17,740 --> 00:11:20,640
+word stress is not always in the first syllable in
+
+126
+00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:20,980
+English.
+
+127
+00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:29,940
+So we have, for example, computer, computer, pew,
+
+128
+00:11:31,100 --> 00:11:38,010
+language. Pronunciation. So three words of
+
+129
+00:11:38,010 --> 00:11:43,050
+different stress locations. Okay? So we don't have
+
+130
+00:11:43,050 --> 00:11:48,550
+exact rules for the position of stress. Still we
+
+131
+00:11:48,550 --> 00:11:54,370
+have estimate rules that can be applicable to a
+
+132
+00:11:54,370 --> 00:11:57,750
+certain group of words rather than others.
+
+133
+00:12:05,340 --> 00:12:08,000
+As I mentioned, we have what is called word
+
+134
+00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:13,100
+stress. Still, we have phrase stress. And we have
+
+135
+00:12:13,100 --> 00:12:16,720
+what is called contrastive stress. It is optional.
+
+136
+00:12:17,440 --> 00:12:19,980
+The contrastive stress can be put wherever you
+
+137
+00:12:19,980 --> 00:12:21,780
+like, even in Arabic.
+
+138
+00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:34,600
+I say, for example, أنا سأشرح لكم الدرس أنا سأشرح
+
+139
+00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:37,980
+لكم الدرس اليوم. اليوم.
+
+140
+00:12:40,760 --> 00:12:45,600
+سأشرح لكم الدرس اليوم. So it is the high pitch.
+
+141
+00:12:46,380 --> 00:12:50,300
+Now, even the three sentences of Arabic differ one
+
+142
+00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:53,340
+from another semantically according to the
+
+143
+00:12:53,340 --> 00:12:56,380
+position of what is called the contrastive stress.
+
+144
+00:12:58,510 --> 00:13:01,690
+This situation is applicable to the contrastive
+
+145
+00:13:01,690 --> 00:13:03,950
+stress in English, as we are going to see.
+
+146
+00:13:15,250 --> 00:13:20,510
+Now, the shape of a word itself decides the
+
+147
+00:13:20,510 --> 00:13:26,560
+position of the word stress. whether the word is
+
+148
+00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:31,240
+morphologically simple or complex. The grammatical
+
+149
+00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:36,680
+category of a word itself can decide the position
+
+150
+00:13:36,680 --> 00:13:39,360
+of the stress. I told you that functional
+
+151
+00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:44,320
+morphemes, grammatical morphemes, don't have
+
+152
+00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:50,100
+stress. They are weak forms. Lexical words are
+
+153
+00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:54,390
+stressed. but the stress differs in position from
+
+154
+00:13:54,390 --> 00:13:59,750
+one word to another. The number of syllables in a
+
+155
+00:13:59,750 --> 00:14:03,450
+word also decides the location of the stress.
+
+156
+00:14:10,430 --> 00:14:17,210
+So we have stress in two-syllable words. We have,
+
+157
+00:14:17,270 --> 00:14:23,730
+for example, assessed. This is a verb. This is in
+
+158
+00:14:23,730 --> 00:14:30,090
+the second syllable. Assist. Okay. Apply. Apply.
+
+159
+00:14:31,930 --> 00:14:36,310
+Apply. Okay. So it is apply. The second syllable.
+
+160
+00:14:37,130 --> 00:14:42,750
+I say object. The second syllable. Subject. The
+
+161
+00:14:42,750 --> 00:14:46,350
+second syllable. Report. The second syllable.
+
+162
+00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:49,510
+However, it can be in the first syllable. Report.
+
+163
+00:14:50,510 --> 00:14:54,310
+subject, object. Okay?
+
+164
+00:15:00,210 --> 00:15:03,950
+Now, if the final syllable contains a short vowel
+
+165
+00:15:03,950 --> 00:15:08,710
+and one final consonant, the final syllable of a
+
+166
+00:15:08,710 --> 00:15:14,130
+word, if it contains a short vowel and the final
+
+167
+00:15:14,130 --> 00:15:17,680
+sound is consonant, Okay, then the stress must be
+
+168
+00:15:17,680 --> 00:15:24,340
+in the first syllable. I say open, open, equal,
+
+169
+00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:34,960
+equal. I don't say equal, I say open, open, equal.
+
+170
+00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,880
+So the stress is in the first syllable. Mainly
+
+171
+00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:43,140
+because the final part is consonant and it is
+
+172
+00:15:43,140 --> 00:15:45,220
+preceded by a short vowel.
+
+173
+00:15:48,640 --> 00:15:53,980
+For the nouns, you have this list maybe or mostly
+
+174
+00:15:53,980 --> 00:15:59,400
+in the first syllable. I say money, money.
+
+175
+00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:06,440
+Product, product. It is the first syllable.
+
+176
+00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:16,620
+We have adjectives which also have their stress in
+
+177
+00:16:16,620 --> 00:16:21,720
+the first syllable, as lovely, even, willing,
+
+178
+00:16:22,560 --> 00:16:32,380
+honest, perfect, but not necessarily having
+
+179
+00:16:32,380 --> 00:16:37,520
+this rule be applied on all types of animals. So,
+
+180
+00:16:37,780 --> 00:16:44,820
+we need to see the stress in most of the English
+
+181
+00:16:44,820 --> 00:16:50,140
+words, I mean the word types. Now we reach the
+
+182
+00:16:50,140 --> 00:16:51,960
+stress in the three-syllable words.
+
+183
+00:16:58,180 --> 00:16:59,440
+We have the verb.
+
+184
+00:17:02,220 --> 00:17:05,640
+So if the last syllable contains a short vowel and
+
+185
+00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:09,120
+ends with not more than one consonant, The
+
+186
+00:17:09,120 --> 00:17:12,540
+syllable will be unstressed and the stress will be
+
+187
+00:17:12,540 --> 00:17:16,100
+placed on the preceding syllable. So we say, for
+
+188
+00:17:16,100 --> 00:17:21,600
+example, encounter, encounter. Cow, this is
+
+189
+00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:25,820
+encounter. This is the stress in the middle.
+
+190
+00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:32,340
+Determine, determine, deter, tear. This is the
+
+191
+00:17:32,340 --> 00:17:33,700
+stress. Determine.
+
+192
+00:17:36,860 --> 00:17:40,080
+If the final syllable contains a long vowel or a
+
+193
+00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:43,540
+diphthong or ends with more than one consonant,
+
+194
+00:17:44,940 --> 00:17:49,500
+then the final syllable will be stressed. I say,
+
+195
+00:17:49,560 --> 00:17:54,860
+for example, entertain, entertain, this is
+
+196
+00:17:54,860 --> 00:17:58,660
+diphthong. So it is stressed.
+
+197
+00:18:05,250 --> 00:18:07,970
+Now, if the syllable preceding the final syllable
+
+198
+00:18:07,970 --> 00:18:13,370
+contains a vowel or a diphthong, or it ends with
+
+199
+00:18:13,370 --> 00:18:17,310
+more than one consonant, then the middle syllable
+
+200
+00:18:17,310 --> 00:18:21,010
+will be stressed. I say mimosa,
+
+201
+00:18:22,450 --> 00:18:26,330
+disaster, disaster.
+
+202
+00:18:27,990 --> 00:18:28,350
+Okay?
+
+203
+00:18:31,710 --> 00:18:34,590
+Now, if the final syllable contains a short vowel,
+
+204
+00:18:35,420 --> 00:18:38,820
+And the middle syllable contains also a short
+
+205
+00:18:38,820 --> 00:18:41,820
+vowel and ends with not more than one consonant,
+
+206
+00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:47,040
+then both the final and the middle syllables are
+
+207
+00:18:47,040 --> 00:18:51,020
+unstressed. And the first syllable is definitely
+
+208
+00:18:51,020 --> 00:18:54,460
+stressed. We have quantity.
+
+209
+00:18:57,220 --> 00:18:58,000
+Cinema.
+
+210
+00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:07,230
+To put it simply, If you have a word of short
+
+211
+00:19:07,230 --> 00:19:10,610
+vowels, if you have a word containing short
+
+212
+00:19:10,610 --> 00:19:14,910
+vowels, then the stress must be in the third
+
+213
+00:19:14,910 --> 00:19:18,990
+syllable from the end. The third syllable from the
+
+214
+00:19:18,990 --> 00:19:22,990
+end. Okay? We count from the end, not from the
+
+215
+00:19:22,990 --> 00:19:23,370
+beginning.
+
+216
+00:19:26,050 --> 00:19:34,070
+So, cinema. The third syllable is C. Cinema.
+
+217
+00:19:36,530 --> 00:19:37,530
+Quantity.
+
+218
+00:19:42,270 --> 00:19:48,770
+We have
+
+219
+00:19:48,770 --> 00:19:53,030
+adjectives from the same rule. You have this
+
+220
+00:19:53,030 --> 00:19:58,570
+applied or applicable on some adjectives, like
+
+221
+00:19:58,570 --> 00:19:59,650
+insulin.
+
+222
+00:20:02,410 --> 00:20:03,090
+Apportion.
+
+223
+00:20:07,790 --> 00:20:13,630
+But if the word ends in IC or SION or TION, then
+
+224
+00:20:13,630 --> 00:20:17,310
+the stress is in the second syllable. So we have
+
+225
+00:20:17,310 --> 00:20:20,490
+solution, solution,
+
+226
+00:20:23,050 --> 00:20:25,570
+terrific, terrific,
+
+227
+00:20:31,290 --> 00:20:35,360
+terrific. You have your students mix between or
+
+228
+00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:38,320
+misunderstand, mispronounce the stress, so they
+
+229
+00:20:38,320 --> 00:20:42,320
+say terrific. This is not acceptable in English.
+
+230
+00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:43,340
+Terrific.
+
+231
+00:20:53,180 --> 00:20:58,260
+Still, we have different types of locations of
+
+232
+00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:05,160
+stress. I'm giving you the chance to have these
+
+233
+00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:08,720
+introduced by native speakers now.
+
+234
+00:21:33,650 --> 00:21:37,350
+Here are some more suffixes that have the stress
+
+235
+00:21:37,350 --> 00:21:42,070
+immediately before the suffix. This time though,
+
+236
+00:21:42,310 --> 00:21:44,790
+the suffixes have two syllables.
+
+237
+00:21:58,170 --> 00:22:04,490
+Listen and repeat Ability
+
+238
+00:22:04,490 --> 00:22:14,170
+Second Diameter Second Medical First Biography
+
+239
+00:22:14,170 --> 00:22:22,950
+Second Simplify First Biology Second Here are some
+
+240
+00:22:22,950 --> 00:22:27,270
+more examples Listen and repeat
+
+241
+00:22:30,250 --> 00:22:36,090
+nationality thermometer electrical
+
+242
+00:22:36,090 --> 00:22:41,870
+photography unify
+
+243
+00:22:41,870 --> 00:22:44,310
+psychology
+
+244
+00:23:34,410 --> 00:23:39,470
+In English, any syllable can have the stress. For
+
+245
+00:23:39,470 --> 00:23:48,940
+example, enjoy, document, banana, afternoon.
+
+246
+00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:54,580
+However, there are some rules. Words that end in
+
+247
+00:23:54,580 --> 00:23:56,380
+the suffixes ear,
+
+248
+00:23:59,100 --> 00:23:59,860
+ease,
+
+249
+00:24:02,460 --> 00:24:10,540
+eek and ee have the stress on the suffix. Listen
+
+250
+00:24:10,540 --> 00:24:11,980
+and repeat.
+
+251
+00:24:16,820 --> 00:24:25,660
+volunteer suffix e Japanese unique
+
+252
+00:24:25,660 --> 00:24:29,060
+employee
+
+253
+00:24:29,060 --> 00:24:36,140
+here are some more examples listen and repeat
+
+254
+00:24:36,140 --> 00:24:39,240
+boutique
+
+255
+00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:44,000
+antique technique
+
+256
+00:24:46,950 --> 00:24:48,310
+Engineer,
+
+257
+00:24:50,190 --> 00:24:54,070
+career, mountaineer,
+
+258
+00:24:56,410 --> 00:25:02,270
+refugee, trainee, referee,
+
+259
+00:25:04,990 --> 00:25:05,650
+Chinese,
+
+260
+00:25:08,470 --> 00:25:10,430
+Portuguese, Vietnamese.
+
+261
+00:25:13,450 --> 00:25:17,620
+Careful, not all words ending in E have the
+
+262
+00:25:17,620 --> 00:25:23,140
+suffix, which one here has the suffix and the
+
+263
+00:25:23,140 --> 00:25:23,700
+stress?
+
+264
+00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:33,400
+We have only one word which is stressed here.
+
+265
+00:25:33,620 --> 00:25:39,320
+Honeybee, coffee, devotee, committee.
+
+266
+00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:50,360
+Do you understand?
+
+267
+00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:23,380
+Here are some rules about stress and suffixes.
+
+268
+00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:28,640
+Words that end in the suffixes –il,
+
+269
+00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:40,260
+you, in, shun with an s or shun with a t,
+
+270
+00:26:42,920 --> 00:26:55,990
+shunt, shus with a c or with a T and IK. All have
+
+271
+00:26:55,990 --> 00:27:02,050
+the stress immediately before the suffix. Listen
+
+272
+00:27:02,050 --> 00:27:03,890
+and repeat.
+
+273
+00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:11,050
+Official Visual
+
+274
+00:27:11,050 --> 00:27:14,810
+Politician
+
+275
+00:27:14,810 --> 00:27:18,430
+Addition
+
+276
+00:27:23,170 --> 00:27:29,690
+Ancient Spacious Organic
+
+277
+00:27:29,690 --> 00:27:32,830
+Here
+
+278
+00:27:32,830 --> 00:27:37,750
+are some more examples. Listen and repeat.
+
+279
+00:27:40,230 --> 00:27:46,710
+Commercial Annual Indian
+
+280
+00:27:46,710 --> 00:27:49,310
+Television
+
+281
+00:27:50,940 --> 00:27:54,980
+efficient, delicious,
+
+282
+00:27:56,720 --> 00:27:57,420
+fantastic.
+
+283
+00:28:08,810 --> 00:28:12,430
+As you see, once you have these suffixes, the
+
+284
+00:28:12,430 --> 00:28:15,330
+stress is in the second syllable from the end.
+
+285
+00:28:15,930 --> 00:28:21,670
+Okay? Before the suffix, you have to stress on the
+
+286
+00:28:21,670 --> 00:28:25,410
+pitch to produce high pitch or say, primary
+
+287
+00:28:25,410 --> 00:28:32,690
+stress. I say terrific. Television. Television. V.
+
+288
+00:28:33,410 --> 00:28:34,010
+Okay?
+
+289
+00:28:36,610 --> 00:28:37,390
+Fantastic.
+
+290
+00:28:48,170 --> 00:28:51,810
+Here are some more suffixes that have the stress
+
+291
+00:28:51,810 --> 00:28:56,550
+immediately before the suffix. This time though,
+
+292
+00:28:56,770 --> 00:28:59,230
+the suffixes have two syllables.
+
+293
+00:29:14,260 --> 00:29:15,240
+and repeat.
+
+294
+00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:18,900
+Ability.
+
+295
+00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:24,900
+Diameter. Medical.
+
+296
+00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:28,600
+Biography.
+
+297
+00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:38,500
+Simplify. Biology. Here's some more examples.
+
+298
+00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:41,720
+Listen and repeat.
+
+299
+00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:53,240
+nationality thermometer electrical photography
+
+300
+00:29:53,240 --> 00:29:56,300
+unify
+
+301
+00:29:56,300 --> 00:29:58,940
+psychology
+
+302
+00:30:21,420 --> 00:30:22,260
+The final one.
+
+303
+00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:31,840
+Finally, to clear suffixes, they have to stress on
+
+304
+00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:37,540
+the second syllable before the suffix. Eight,
+
+305
+00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:47,340
+eyes, us, and the double syllable uri. Listen and
+
+306
+00:30:47,340 --> 00:30:48,000
+repeat.
+
+307
+00:30:50,380 --> 00:30:51,180
+Operate.
+
+308
+00:30:54,320 --> 00:31:02,840
+apologize dangerous necessary Here are some more
+
+309
+00:31:02,840 --> 00:31:12,540
+examples listen and repeat dominate exaggerate
+
+310
+00:31:12,540 --> 00:31:20,580
+integrate certificate socialize
+
+311
+00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:28,140
+Criticize. Emphasize. Recognize.
+
+312
+00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:38,800
+Marvelous. Mysterious. Obvious. Miscellaneous.
+
+313
+00:31:41,140 --> 00:31:49,040
+Secretary. Dictionary. Ordinary. Vocabulary.
+
+314
+00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:59,260
+So, as you see, the word stress has different
+
+315
+00:31:59,260 --> 00:32:03,440
+rules. All these rules which I mentioned are
+
+316
+00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:09,400
+estimate rules. So, it's very difficult for the
+
+317
+00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:15,320
+Arab learners to understand such systems unless
+
+318
+00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:19,480
+they imitate the speakers. The more you expose
+
+319
+00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,480
+yourself to English, the more you master the
+
+320
+00:32:22,480 --> 00:32:27,880
+suprasegmental phonemes. Okay? So you have to be
+
+321
+00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:31,480
+very cautious in teaching your students the sound
+
+322
+00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:36,320
+system. And it depends on their levels, either the
+
+323
+00:32:36,320 --> 00:32:41,260
+junior, the intermediate, or the advanced. You
+
+324
+00:32:41,260 --> 00:32:44,640
+have to introduce certain activities that suit
+
+325
+00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:49,700
+their level in pronunciation, in speaking, in
+
+326
+00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:55,640
+communication. The junior pupils or the junior
+
+327
+00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:59,100
+graders can imitate you. This means that the
+
+328
+00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:02,240
+teacher himself must master the subrasegmental
+
+329
+00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:09,320
+phonemes very, very perfectly. If you follow, If
+
+330
+00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:13,620
+you just pronounce wrongly, this means that your
+
+331
+00:33:13,620 --> 00:33:21,200
+students will follow you and commit mistakes which
+
+332
+00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:28,530
+can be fossilized by the run of time. So, You know
+
+333
+00:33:28,530 --> 00:33:32,130
+that the reasons for committing errors are of
+
+334
+00:33:32,130 --> 00:33:34,630
+different types. You have the types of errors.
+
+335
+00:33:35,210 --> 00:33:39,150
+Some errors result from over-generalization or
+
+336
+00:33:39,150 --> 00:33:44,570
+faulty teaching, fossilization or simplification.
+
+337
+00:33:46,690 --> 00:33:49,550
+You've taken this in your methodology, I think,
+
+338
+00:33:49,690 --> 00:33:59,220
+classes. So, we need to continue. with a system of
+
+339
+00:33:59,220 --> 00:33:59,660
+stress.
+
+340
+00:34:03,740 --> 00:34:10,980
+We spoke about these points, and now we mentioned
+
+341
+00:34:10,980 --> 00:34:15,340
+the different types of word stress, and I think
+
+342
+00:34:15,340 --> 00:34:17,420
+that we terminated on the phrase stress.
+
+343
+00:34:20,280 --> 00:34:25,920
+It's very important Stress, it comprises the
+
+344
+00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:31,320
+rhythm of the sentence and it is bound with time
+
+345
+00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:35,100
+intervals in English. However, in Arabic, it is
+
+346
+00:34:35,100 --> 00:34:39,900
+syllabic or syllable intervals. This means that
+
+347
+00:34:39,900 --> 00:34:43,800
+every single word may be stressed in Arabic, but
+
+348
+00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:47,040
+not necessarily to have every single word stressed
+
+349
+00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:52,800
+in English. Okay. I say, Dahabto ila almadrassa.
+
+350
+00:34:54,150 --> 00:34:55,190
+Translate it, please.
+
+351
+00:34:58,730 --> 00:35:04,630
+This is
+
+352
+00:35:04,630 --> 00:35:08,230
+Arabic. Again Arabic.
+
+353
+00:35:10,850 --> 00:35:11,330
+Okay,
+
+354
+00:35:18,350 --> 00:35:24,090
+good. Quite good. Out.
+
+355
+00:35:26,730 --> 00:35:27,310
+Excellent.
+
+356
+00:35:29,850 --> 00:35:34,590
+I went to school. I say that the preposition is
+
+357
+00:35:34,590 --> 00:35:39,910
+zero. It is weak form. So it is not necessarily
+
+358
+00:35:39,910 --> 00:35:45,650
+every single word stressed. Okay? Today I want to
+
+359
+00:35:45,650 --> 00:35:49,670
+explain the sound system of English. Today I want
+
+360
+00:35:49,670 --> 00:35:52,670
+to explain the stress system of English. of
+
+361
+00:35:52,670 --> 00:35:58,470
+English. I don't say today I want to explain the
+
+362
+00:35:58,470 --> 00:36:04,010
+sound system of English. This is Arabic. Cannot be
+
+363
+00:36:04,010 --> 00:36:06,610
+understood by native speakers. This is heavy
+
+364
+00:36:06,610 --> 00:36:09,850
+accent. Today I want to explain the sound system
+
+365
+00:36:09,850 --> 00:36:10,390
+of English.
+
+366
+00:36:14,070 --> 00:36:18,850
+Okay? So this means that we have weak forms and
+
+367
+00:36:18,850 --> 00:36:24,700
+strong forms. The strong forms and the phrase are
+
+368
+00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:28,740
+stressed. They represent words which are stressed.
+
+369
+00:36:29,680 --> 00:36:32,680
+Okay? We have also what's called a stress shift.
+
+370
+00:36:34,420 --> 00:36:39,780
+The stress in isolation, in words, differs from
+
+371
+00:36:39,780 --> 00:36:43,840
+the stress in a sentence. So, for example, we have
+
+372
+00:36:43,840 --> 00:36:50,860
+princess. Princess. Where's the stress? In the
+
+373
+00:36:50,860 --> 00:36:55,630
+second syllable. Now, Princess Diana. Princess
+
+374
+00:36:55,630 --> 00:37:03,490
+Diana. The stress moves to the beginning. So, this
+
+375
+00:37:03,490 --> 00:37:06,290
+means that the stress does not locate in a certain
+
+376
+00:37:06,290 --> 00:37:10,650
+position even on the same word. It depends on
+
+377
+00:37:10,650 --> 00:37:17,550
+utterance. So, connected utterance Speaking
+
+378
+00:37:17,550 --> 00:37:20,590
+English in connected utterance is different from
+
+379
+00:37:20,590 --> 00:37:24,790
+pronouncing words in isolation. The position of
+
+380
+00:37:24,790 --> 00:37:26,010
+stress differs.
+
+381
+00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:38,490
+So,
+
+382
+00:37:54,030 --> 00:38:00,130
+Now, you hear now two sentences read slowly and
+
+383
+00:38:00,130 --> 00:38:03,510
+deliberately as if they were said in presentation.
+
+384
+00:38:05,310 --> 00:38:10,650
+The noisy cars being parked in the garage.
+
+385
+00:38:13,270 --> 00:38:16,850
+Many people often read the business section of the
+
+386
+00:38:16,850 --> 00:38:17,350
+newspaper.
+
+387
+00:38:22,310 --> 00:38:27,030
+This is in slow tune. But we can read them
+
+388
+00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:29,470
+differently.
+
+389
+00:38:31,810 --> 00:38:34,730
+The noisy cars being parked in the garage.
+
+390
+00:38:39,050 --> 00:38:46,890
+The noisy cars being parked in the garage. So, we
+
+391
+00:38:46,890 --> 00:38:50,740
+have The stress, the first stress is the final
+
+392
+00:38:50,740 --> 00:38:55,100
+syllable of a word. This gives exclamation. Okay?
+
+393
+00:38:59,860 --> 00:39:02,900
+Many people often read the business section of the
+
+394
+00:39:02,900 --> 00:39:09,580
+newspaper. The newspaper. Just the business
+
+395
+00:39:09,580 --> 00:39:14,100
+section is read. Okay? So the focus is on one
+
+396
+00:39:14,100 --> 00:39:14,460
+word.
+
+397
+00:39:20,980 --> 00:39:29,820
+Now we have some
+
+398
+00:39:29,820 --> 00:39:35,280
+affixes, I mean prefixes, also fixes that control
+
+399
+00:39:35,280 --> 00:39:41,620
+the position of stress in the sentence. It seems
+
+400
+00:39:41,620 --> 00:39:47,180
+that we are out of time now. I leave these
+
+401
+00:39:47,180 --> 00:39:54,210
+PowerPoints on my page And this includes the films
+
+402
+00:39:54,210 --> 00:39:57,250
+about stress which you have already heard. So,
+
+403
+00:39:57,330 --> 00:40:01,810
+you'll see the whole lecture in my webpage. Okay?
+
+404
+00:40:02,590 --> 00:40:05,010
+Next time, we are going to continue with the
+
+405
+00:40:05,010 --> 00:40:09,190
+stress system in both English and Arabic as well.
+
+406
+00:40:11,730 --> 00:40:12,590
+Thank you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/CwFequR3Y5g_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1868 @@
+1
+00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,800
+You.
+
+2
+00:00:34,780 --> 00:00:38,200
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Today we are going
+
+3
+00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:42,360
+to continue with infinitive and gerund in English
+
+4
+00:00:42,360 --> 00:00:47,800
+versus overt and covert derived nominal in Arabic.
+
+5
+00:00:52,260 --> 00:00:55,860
+Last time we saw the function, we've seen the
+
+6
+00:00:55,860 --> 00:00:59,820
+function of the syntactic function of infinitive
+
+7
+00:00:59,820 --> 00:01:03,120
+in English. We mentioned that the syntactic
+
+8
+00:01:03,120 --> 00:01:09,390
+function covers Four points. The infinitive can be
+
+9
+00:01:09,390 --> 00:01:10,510
+a subject.
+
+10
+00:01:13,950 --> 00:01:19,710
+Yes. Can stand as a subject, as object, as subject
+
+11
+00:01:19,710 --> 00:01:25,710
+complement, and object complement. Okay? This is
+
+12
+00:01:25,710 --> 00:01:30,870
+in English. It is also the same in Arabic. We have
+
+13
+00:01:30,870 --> 00:01:36,370
+the derived nominal, derived nominal stands as a
+
+14
+00:01:36,370 --> 00:01:41,610
+subject, as object, as subject complement, or
+
+15
+00:01:41,610 --> 00:01:42,490
+object complement.
+
+16
+00:01:53,450 --> 00:01:56,690
+Then we shifted to what is called sensation verbs.
+
+17
+00:01:58,510 --> 00:02:03,160
+We've seen that the sensation verbs like C, Here,
+
+18
+00:02:03,900 --> 00:02:12,620
+touch, notice. Look, these only accept bare
+
+19
+00:02:12,620 --> 00:02:16,720
+infinitive. Bare infinitive. Yani infinitive
+
+20
+00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:20,500
+without to. Okay? I heard them talk about the
+
+21
+00:02:20,500 --> 00:02:25,340
+plan. I heard them talk about the plan. I saw Ali
+
+22
+00:02:25,340 --> 00:02:29,420
+stand at the gate. I noticed her pick a flower.
+
+23
+00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:34,970
+Okay? However, in Arabic, we don't have bare
+
+24
+00:02:34,970 --> 00:02:41,030
+infinitive. We have the present imperfect
+
+25
+00:02:41,030 --> 00:02:44,990
+indicative form of the verb. This means that the
+
+26
+00:02:44,990 --> 00:02:49,030
+verb stands with inflections. We have persons
+
+27
+00:02:49,030 --> 00:02:54,330
+added to the verb. Samaatuhu yatakellamu 3an
+
+28
+00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:59,730
+alkhatta. Samaatuhu yatakellam. Okay, so
+
+29
+00:02:59,730 --> 00:03:04,500
+yatakellam, this is present. Verb present in
+
+30
+00:03:04,500 --> 00:03:10,300
+perfect indicative form. Yeah this is third person
+
+31
+00:03:10,300 --> 00:03:18,720
+inflection in Arabic يتكلم تكلم أتكلم sorry يتكلم
+
+32
+00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:22,880
+أتكلم نتكلم تتكلم so we have four inflections
+
+33
+00:03:22,880 --> 00:03:27,930
+representing persons in Arabic okay it's different
+
+34
+00:03:27,930 --> 00:03:31,810
+from English which has only one inflection that is
+
+35
+00:03:31,810 --> 00:03:39,870
+the subject verb agreement us okay
+
+36
+00:03:39,870 --> 00:03:44,530
+still we have three verbs in English which are
+
+37
+00:03:44,530 --> 00:03:50,090
+related to sensation verbs these are like help let
+
+38
+00:03:50,090 --> 00:03:56,180
+and and make yes let help and make these accept
+
+39
+00:03:56,180 --> 00:04:03,860
+both their infinitive and to infinitive now this
+
+40
+00:04:03,860 --> 00:04:07,380
+cannot be corresponded to Arabic since Arabic has
+
+41
+00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:12,640
+the inflections added to the verb okay دعه يتكلم
+
+42
+00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:13,460
+عن الخطة
+
+43
+00:04:18,340 --> 00:04:25,160
+present in perfect indicative form of the verb now
+
+44
+00:04:25,160 --> 00:04:30,340
+we have a problem with infinitives and gerunds
+
+45
+00:04:30,340 --> 00:04:33,760
+verbs which accept infinitives infinitive or
+
+46
+00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:40,040
+gerund we just have
+
+47
+00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:44,370
+this point Very tricky just for it appears very
+
+48
+00:04:44,370 --> 00:04:48,970
+tricky for our students since they confuse just in
+
+49
+00:04:48,970 --> 00:04:52,630
+using either infinitive or gerund. So they commit
+
+50
+00:04:52,630 --> 00:04:57,050
+serious mistakes in this side. Most of them are
+
+51
+00:04:57,050 --> 00:05:02,090
+interlingual or interlingual? Interlingual. These
+
+52
+00:05:02,090 --> 00:05:05,230
+are interlingual. Interlingual.
+
+53
+00:05:14,340 --> 00:05:20,440
+Most of them are intralingual. So we try to solve
+
+54
+00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:29,250
+this problem by having a new account. a theory
+
+55
+00:05:29,250 --> 00:05:33,750
+that accounts for the use of infinitive or gerund.
+
+56
+00:05:34,330 --> 00:05:37,250
+But before introducing this theory, we need to
+
+57
+00:05:37,250 --> 00:05:40,770
+introduce the previous theories in this or the
+
+58
+00:05:40,770 --> 00:05:44,030
+previous principles in this regard. We have
+
+59
+00:05:44,030 --> 00:05:50,350
+Bollinger's principle, okay, in which the choice
+
+60
+00:05:50,350 --> 00:05:53,750
+of infinitive correlates in some degree with
+
+61
+00:05:53,750 --> 00:05:58,160
+events that are theoretical or hypothetical. Okay,
+
+62
+00:05:58,580 --> 00:06:02,680
+or hypothetical, all hypothetical actions are in,
+
+63
+00:06:03,620 --> 00:06:08,320
+they take infinitive. However, the vivid or actual
+
+64
+00:06:08,320 --> 00:06:14,760
+or already fulfilled actions are gerund. Okay, so
+
+65
+00:06:14,760 --> 00:06:18,460
+speak about real actions that take gerund. We have
+
+66
+00:06:18,460 --> 00:06:23,080
+hypothetical actions which only take infinitive.
+
+67
+00:06:23,500 --> 00:06:26,620
+Speak about things which will happen. This is
+
+68
+00:06:26,620 --> 00:06:30,940
+infinitive. Things which have already happened or
+
+69
+00:06:30,940 --> 00:06:36,020
+are in progress, they take gerund as well. Okay?
+
+70
+00:06:36,500 --> 00:06:39,800
+But applying this principle on the verb, for
+
+71
+00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:44,700
+example, start, comes out with negative results.
+
+72
+00:06:45,840 --> 00:06:49,360
+It stands to rain. Sorry, it's start. It starts to
+
+73
+00:06:49,360 --> 00:06:53,240
+rain. It starts raining. Is there any difference
+
+74
+00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:57,450
+in translation? There's no difference. Okay?
+
+75
+00:06:57,570 --> 00:07:01,190
+There's no difference. Richard continued to work.
+
+76
+00:07:01,690 --> 00:07:06,050
+Richard continued working. Okay? We don't have
+
+77
+00:07:06,050 --> 00:07:10,010
+dissimilarities or any difference just in
+
+78
+00:07:10,010 --> 00:07:13,210
+translating these two sentences. I prefer to eat
+
+79
+00:07:13,210 --> 00:07:18,730
+sandwiches. I prefer eating sandwiches. So, these
+
+80
+00:07:18,730 --> 00:07:22,890
+verbs start, prefer, continue
+
+81
+00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:32,440
+cannot accept Bollinger's principle. This
+
+82
+00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:37,960
+necessitates thinking of a new principle that can
+
+83
+00:07:37,960 --> 00:07:42,020
+be applied on all the verbs of English which
+
+84
+00:07:42,020 --> 00:07:46,780
+accept either infinitive or gerund or both we are
+
+85
+00:07:46,780 --> 00:07:49,820
+in front of some verbs which accept both the
+
+86
+00:07:49,820 --> 00:07:53,640
+alternate between infinitive and gerund and some
+
+87
+00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:58,780
+other verbs only accept gerund we have verbs only
+
+88
+00:07:58,780 --> 00:08:02,840
+accept infinitive so
+
+89
+00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:12,910
+I came with a new account which divides the verbs
+
+90
+00:08:12,910 --> 00:08:17,510
+accepting infinitive and gerund or either one of
+
+91
+00:08:17,510 --> 00:08:22,910
+them. I divided them into four categories. Okay.
+
+92
+00:08:23,310 --> 00:08:29,110
+First of all, the emotive verbs, aspectual verbs,
+
+93
+00:08:30,450 --> 00:08:35,480
+reactive verbs and forward oriented verbs. Okay?
+
+94
+00:08:36,040 --> 00:08:41,960
+So for emotive verbs, these
+
+95
+00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:50,600
+verbs are not associated with time. Okay? They are
+
+96
+00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:55,320
+like dread, hate, like, love, lose, prefer, and
+
+97
+00:08:55,320 --> 00:09:01,040
+rejoice. These verbs are not connected to time.
+
+98
+00:09:01,680 --> 00:09:07,810
+Okay? So they accept both infinitive and gerund. I
+
+99
+00:09:07,810 --> 00:09:11,290
+hated to meet the boss. I hated meeting the boss.
+
+100
+00:09:12,390 --> 00:09:16,690
+We have difference in translation here. The first
+
+101
+00:09:16,690 --> 00:09:21,150
+sentence refers to an action that has not
+
+102
+00:09:21,150 --> 00:09:26,010
+happened. Okay? Future action. Okay? The second
+
+103
+00:09:26,010 --> 00:09:30,330
+one refers to an action which happened. Okay?
+
+104
+00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:35,460
+Would you like to see my dad? Would you like
+
+105
+00:09:35,460 --> 00:09:36,260
+seeing my dad?
+
+106
+00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:43,280
+Here we have also some sort of difference between
+
+107
+00:09:43,280 --> 00:09:46,760
+the two sentences. The first one, the verb see,
+
+108
+00:09:47,300 --> 00:09:51,660
+refers to, I mean, the infinitive to see refers to
+
+109
+00:09:51,660 --> 00:09:56,280
+future action, hypothetical action. However, the
+
+110
+00:09:56,280 --> 00:10:02,960
+second one refers to real action, okay? Do you
+
+111
+00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:07,100
+prefer to read the daily or watch the TV? Or to
+
+112
+00:10:07,100 --> 00:10:10,480
+watch the TV? Do you prefer reading the daily or
+
+113
+00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:14,060
+watching the TV? Again, the first sentence is
+
+114
+00:10:14,060 --> 00:10:17,160
+hypothetical. It is theoretical, refers to an
+
+115
+00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:20,800
+action that is to happen. However, the second one
+
+116
+00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:25,280
+refers to a habit which actually happens every
+
+117
+00:10:25,280 --> 00:10:28,360
+day. I mean action which already happened. We
+
+118
+00:10:28,360 --> 00:10:31,180
+speak about vivid or real action which is
+
+119
+00:10:31,180 --> 00:10:31,700
+fulfilled.
+
+120
+00:10:37,380 --> 00:10:40,780
+Do we have emotive verbs in Arabic? What about
+
+121
+00:10:40,780 --> 00:10:45,120
+their structure? Yes, we have emotive verbs in
+
+122
+00:10:45,120 --> 00:11:00,440
+Arabic like يفضل يخاف يبغض يكره يحب يخشى يعجب يعشق
+
+123
+00:11:00,440 --> 00:11:06,380
+etc These are emotive verbs They touch the feeling
+
+124
+00:11:08,060 --> 00:11:13,920
+They are not related to time influence. Okay? We
+
+125
+00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:20,680
+have يحب زيد قراءة القرآن. يحب زيد أن يقرأ القرآن.
+
+126
+00:11:21,360 --> 00:11:25,100
+So they accept both. So the emotive verbs of
+
+127
+00:11:25,100 --> 00:11:28,300
+Arabic are the same like the emotive verbs of
+
+128
+00:11:28,300 --> 00:11:28,700
+English.
+
+129
+00:11:36,040 --> 00:11:44,460
+Yes. We have يكره الولد اللعب في الشارع يكره الولد
+
+130
+00:11:44,460 --> 00:11:49,900
+اللعب في الشارع So we have the first sentence it
+
+131
+00:11:49,900 --> 00:11:53,840
+is of overt derived nominal while the second one
+
+132
+00:11:53,840 --> 00:12:02,620
+is of a modified derived nominal يفضل
+
+133
+00:12:02,620 --> 00:12:07,380
+زيدن شرب الشاي Overt, derived nominal, as you see.
+
+134
+00:12:07,720 --> 00:12:09,860
+يفضل زيد أن يشرب الشاي.
+
+135
+00:12:14,740 --> 00:12:20,620
+يخاف المؤمن ارتكاب الكبار. يخاف المؤمن أن يرتكب
+
+136
+00:12:20,620 --> 00:12:24,840
+الكبار. So we have overt derived nominal and
+
+137
+00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:27,760
+covert derived nominal within the same time. So
+
+138
+00:12:27,760 --> 00:12:31,540
+this, I mean the emotive verbs, the emotive verbs
+
+139
+00:12:33,380 --> 00:12:37,360
+are alternating between infinitive and gerund.
+
+140
+00:12:39,720 --> 00:12:41,940
+What about aspectual verbs?
+
+141
+00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:52,380
+They are associated with time. Yes. The aspectual
+
+142
+00:12:52,380 --> 00:12:55,620
+verbs are associated to time. They refer to a
+
+143
+00:12:55,620 --> 00:13:02,670
+variety of time. Okay? So these refer to a variety
+
+144
+00:13:02,670 --> 00:13:08,910
+of time aspects like initiation, continuation,
+
+145
+00:13:09,670 --> 00:13:14,090
+repetition, termination. So we have verbs like
+
+146
+00:13:14,090 --> 00:13:16,650
+begin.
+
+147
+00:13:17,150 --> 00:13:20,730
+This is initiation. Resume.
+
+148
+00:13:23,870 --> 00:13:27,870
+Resume. This is repetition. Okay.
+
+149
+00:13:34,950 --> 00:13:40,690
+It is more related to repetition. You repeat the
+
+150
+00:13:40,690 --> 00:13:48,830
+action. Okay? Remain. Continuation. Commence.
+
+151
+00:13:50,030 --> 00:13:55,570
+Initiation. Finish. Continue. Discontinue.
+
+152
+00:13:59,630 --> 00:14:11,050
+Termination. End up. Seize. Repeat. Complete. Give
+
+153
+00:14:11,050 --> 00:14:20,290
+up. Postpone. Proceed. Continuation. Quit. Keep.
+
+154
+00:14:20,550 --> 00:14:27,610
+Keep on. Start. Initiation. Stay. Continuation.
+
+155
+00:14:27,690 --> 00:14:34,240
+Stop. Termination. Okay, so we have these verbs
+
+156
+00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:40,380
+refer to refer to a variety of time aspects okay
+
+157
+00:14:40,380 --> 00:14:44,320
+so we have either initiation continuation
+
+158
+00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:49,420
+repetition or termination these verbs in English
+
+159
+00:14:49,420 --> 00:14:54,260
+almost accept both infinitive and gerund except
+
+160
+00:14:54,260 --> 00:15:00,190
+only in termination we have some words related to
+
+161
+00:15:00,190 --> 00:15:04,770
+this matter. Okay? Mostly they accept only gerund.
+
+162
+00:15:05,350 --> 00:15:08,410
+Okay? He began to answer the question. He began
+
+163
+00:15:08,410 --> 00:15:11,470
+answering the question. We have a slight
+
+164
+00:15:11,470 --> 00:15:14,610
+difference between the two sentences. The first is
+
+165
+00:15:14,610 --> 00:15:18,550
+hypothetical. It is to happen. It's about to
+
+166
+00:15:18,550 --> 00:15:22,150
+happen. Okay? However, the second one already
+
+167
+00:15:22,150 --> 00:15:26,710
+happened or in progress. Okay?
+
+168
+00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:41,520
+The emotive verb does not refer to time.
+
+169
+00:15:42,380 --> 00:15:44,600
+Semantically, there is some sort of difference
+
+170
+00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:49,720
+between them. Okay. But it's the same meaning. I
+
+171
+00:15:49,720 --> 00:15:52,660
+know that the first one is not related to time and
+
+172
+00:15:52,660 --> 00:15:55,000
+the second one is not related to time. But we can
+
+173
+00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:59,380
+mingle between them or mix between them and have
+
+174
+00:15:59,380 --> 00:16:02,220
+the same meaning. The first category is a special
+
+175
+00:16:02,220 --> 00:16:04,040
+category. No, no. They are similar. They are
+
+176
+00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:07,280
+similar in their syntactic function. But
+
+177
+00:16:07,280 --> 00:16:11,340
+semantically they differ. Okay. And here we have a
+
+178
+00:16:11,340 --> 00:16:17,880
+big question that appears in this point why does
+
+179
+00:16:17,880 --> 00:16:26,260
+this verb accept infinitive or gerund and that
+
+180
+00:16:26,260 --> 00:16:30,260
+verb does not accept infinitive or does not accept
+
+181
+00:16:30,260 --> 00:16:35,300
+gerund okay so this is semantic question it needs
+
+182
+00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:39,940
+semantic interpretation that will be available
+
+183
+00:16:39,940 --> 00:16:45,200
+just later Okay? He began to answer the question.
+
+184
+00:16:45,660 --> 00:16:49,260
+He began answering the question. Having said that
+
+185
+00:16:49,260 --> 00:16:52,760
+he would be frank, we all commenced to listen to
+
+186
+00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:52,960
+him.
+
+187
+00:16:57,320 --> 00:17:00,860
+We all commenced to listen to him. Having said
+
+188
+00:17:00,860 --> 00:17:03,760
+that he would be frank, we all commenced listening
+
+189
+00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:07,140
+to him. Okay? So we speak about theoretical
+
+190
+00:17:07,140 --> 00:17:11,880
+actions and vivid or real actions. Okay?
+
+191
+00:17:17,420 --> 00:17:20,600
+So we have some verbs which refer to duration of
+
+192
+00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:25,980
+time, okay? That end with what is called
+
+193
+00:17:25,980 --> 00:17:30,380
+termination. These verbs which have this meaning
+
+194
+00:17:30,380 --> 00:17:35,040
+only accept gerund. John finished doing his
+
+195
+00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:39,180
+homework at midnight. We cannot say John finished
+
+196
+00:17:39,180 --> 00:17:46,100
+to do his homework. He quit smoking cigarettes. He
+
+197
+00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:47,140
+quit smoking.
+
+198
+00:17:50,240 --> 00:17:54,960
+The committee postponed making the decision on the
+
+199
+00:17:54,960 --> 00:18:00,900
+matter. We'll stop for an hour and resume working
+
+200
+00:18:00,900 --> 00:18:06,560
+at three o'clock. So we have these verbs only
+
+201
+00:18:06,560 --> 00:18:14,820
+accept gerunds. Because they refer to a duration
+
+202
+00:18:14,820 --> 00:18:21,460
+of time. Okay We
+
+203
+00:18:21,460 --> 00:18:27,920
+have aspectual verbs in Arabic as well These
+
+204
+00:18:27,920 --> 00:18:37,640
+aspectual verbs Are
+
+205
+00:18:37,640 --> 00:18:44,000
+like يستأنف يوقف
+
+206
+00:18:47,920 --> 00:18:52,820
+يستمر يواصل ينهي
+
+207
+00:18:52,820 --> 00:18:56,380
+ينهي
+
+208
+00:18:56,380 --> 00:19:02,680
+يؤجل we
+
+209
+00:19:02,680 --> 00:19:06,860
+speak about aspectual verbs okay we spoke about
+
+210
+00:19:06,860 --> 00:19:09,760
+them in English and found that they accept both
+
+211
+00:19:09,760 --> 00:19:14,420
+infinitive and gerund now we have aspectual verbs
+
+212
+00:19:14,420 --> 00:19:22,640
+of Arabic As we mentioned, these verbs only accept
+
+213
+00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:29,060
+overt derived nominal. For example, يبدأ المعلم
+
+214
+00:19:29,060 --> 00:19:34,020
+مناقشة الطلاب. We cannot say يبدأ المعلم أن يناقش
+
+215
+00:19:34,020 --> 00:19:35,580
+الطلاب. It's not accepted.
+
+216
+00:19:43,630 --> 00:19:49,970
+يبتدئ المعلم أن يناقش الطلاب is not accepted ينهي
+
+217
+00:19:49,970 --> 00:19:55,430
+علي كتابة الدرس ينهي
+
+218
+00:19:55,430 --> 00:20:00,930
+علي أن يكتب الدرس is not accepted so aspectual
+
+219
+00:20:00,930 --> 00:20:04,830
+verbs in Arabic only accept overt derived nominal
+
+220
+00:20:04,830 --> 00:20:09,330
+however in English they accept both except the
+
+221
+00:20:09,330 --> 00:20:14,440
+verbs of termination so you have to take care you
+
+222
+00:20:14,440 --> 00:20:17,120
+have to be very careful just once you translate
+
+223
+00:20:17,120 --> 00:20:19,320
+from Arabic to English.
+
+224
+00:20:22,120 --> 00:20:24,360
+Okay, or from English to Arabic.
+
+225
+00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:29,920
+Now, semantically,
+
+226
+00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:40,210
+the emotive verbs and aspectual verbs have
+
+227
+00:20:40,210 --> 00:20:42,870
+difference in meaning just in the use of
+
+228
+00:20:42,870 --> 00:20:48,650
+infinitive and gerund. So a sentence like, I love
+
+229
+00:20:48,650 --> 00:20:55,090
+to eat sandwiches. I love eating sandwiches. The
+
+230
+00:20:55,090 --> 00:20:58,110
+two sentences are different in meaning. The first
+
+231
+00:20:58,110 --> 00:21:02,110
+one is hypothetical. The second one not fulfilled,
+
+232
+00:21:02,290 --> 00:21:07,290
+yes. And the second one is actual, achieved. Okay,
+
+233
+00:21:07,730 --> 00:21:11,900
+it's real. He stopped to smoke. He stopped
+
+234
+00:21:11,900 --> 00:21:13,540
+smoking. Could you translate?
+
+235
+00:21:16,220 --> 00:21:17,840
+He stopped to smoke.
+
+236
+00:21:21,500 --> 00:21:24,500
+Hard luck. Yes.
+
+237
+00:21:28,120 --> 00:21:28,780
+Yes.
+
+238
+00:21:39,660 --> 00:21:44,740
+The first sentence, Mary stopped to eat. I stopped
+
+239
+00:21:44,740 --> 00:21:48,520
+to smoke. He stopped doing an activity to smoke.
+
+240
+00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:53,120
+Yes. So he stopped to smoke. This means that he
+
+241
+00:21:53,120 --> 00:21:56,660
+stopped some action. He terminated, he quit some
+
+242
+00:21:56,660 --> 00:22:00,180
+action in order to have another action to smoke.
+
+243
+00:22:01,260 --> 00:22:08,210
+He stopped smoking. This means that he quit. So
+
+244
+00:22:08,210 --> 00:22:12,110
+you have difference in meaning you have to take
+
+245
+00:22:12,110 --> 00:22:17,170
+care of that John forgot to buy the linguistics
+
+246
+00:22:17,170 --> 00:22:25,210
+book John forgot to buy Sorry if John forgot
+
+247
+00:22:25,210 --> 00:22:27,990
+buying the linguistics book is there any
+
+248
+00:22:27,990 --> 00:22:31,950
+difference No, no difference at all
+
+249
+00:22:34,940 --> 00:22:39,180
+So how can you interpret the two sentences? John
+
+250
+00:22:39,180 --> 00:22:43,660
+forgot to buy the linguistics book. John forgot
+
+251
+00:22:43,660 --> 00:22:48,700
+buying the linguistics book. Yes. He forgot to buy
+
+252
+00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:57,680
+this
+
+253
+00:22:57,680 --> 00:23:01,880
+means that he forgot to buy this book he has He
+
+254
+00:23:01,880 --> 00:23:05,540
+hasn't bought it. However, the second one, he
+
+255
+00:23:05,540 --> 00:23:09,080
+bought the book, but he forgot that he bought it.
+
+256
+00:23:09,660 --> 00:23:09,920
+Okay?
+
+257
+00:23:16,460 --> 00:23:23,200
+Mary quit to cook. Mary quit cooking. Mary quit
+
+258
+00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:27,800
+cooking. Is there any difference? Yes. What about
+
+259
+00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:32,910
+this group? Yes? that means Mary's stopped
+
+260
+00:23:32,910 --> 00:23:35,610
+activities but doing now in order to go and cook.
+
+261
+00:23:36,030 --> 00:23:39,410
+While Mary quit cooking, that Mary doesn't cook
+
+262
+00:23:39,410 --> 00:23:45,870
+anymore. Very good. Excellent. John remembered to
+
+263
+00:23:45,870 --> 00:23:50,690
+wash the plates. John remembered washing the
+
+264
+00:23:50,690 --> 00:23:54,930
+plates. Still, we have difference between the two
+
+265
+00:23:54,930 --> 00:23:58,940
+sentences semantically. So in translation, The two
+
+266
+00:23:58,940 --> 00:24:01,780
+sentences are different, are divergent. Who could
+
+267
+00:24:01,780 --> 00:24:07,420
+translate them? John stopped to wash the plates.
+
+268
+00:24:08,260 --> 00:24:13,100
+John stopped washing the plates. It is the same.
+
+269
+00:24:13,380 --> 00:24:13,420
+Marco.
+
+270
+00:24:16,780 --> 00:24:22,340
+Iman? Yes, number two, that he, in the action
+
+271
+00:24:22,340 --> 00:24:26,550
+order two, The first action is hypothetical, is
+
+272
+00:24:26,550 --> 00:24:30,710
+theoretical, that has not happened. Okay? He
+
+273
+00:24:30,710 --> 00:24:34,990
+remembered to wash. He did not wash. But the
+
+274
+00:24:34,990 --> 00:24:39,570
+second one, he has already washed them, but he
+
+275
+00:24:39,570 --> 00:24:41,370
+forgot. Good.
+
+276
+00:24:46,530 --> 00:24:52,070
+Mary stopped to eat. Mary stopped eating. Mary
+
+277
+00:24:52,070 --> 00:24:55,130
+stopped to eat or Mary stopped eating? The second
+
+278
+00:24:55,130 --> 00:25:01,710
+one is that Mary stopped to eat. Mary stopped in
+
+279
+00:25:01,710 --> 00:25:08,910
+order to eat. However, the second one, she
+
+280
+00:25:08,910 --> 00:25:13,430
+finished or quit eating. Okay.
+
+281
+00:25:17,350 --> 00:25:20,850
+Do we have semantic distinction between the
+
+282
+00:25:20,850 --> 00:25:24,070
+emotive verbs and aspectual verbs in Arabic? Do
+
+283
+00:25:24,070 --> 00:25:26,450
+you have this semantic distinction in Arabic? Is
+
+284
+00:25:26,450 --> 00:25:30,830
+this applicable to Arabic or not? Let's see Okay,
+
+285
+00:25:30,830 --> 00:25:35,790
+I think that it corresponds to Arabic The first
+
+286
+00:25:35,790 --> 00:25:36,470
+one
+
+287
+00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:51,060
+refers to an action that has not happened. The
+
+288
+00:25:51,060 --> 00:25:54,380
+second one refers to an action that happened but
+
+289
+00:25:54,380 --> 00:25:58,240
+forgotten. Okay? It's like English.
+
+290
+00:26:01,300 --> 00:26:06,140
+Now we come to the third category that is reactive
+
+291
+00:26:06,140 --> 00:26:11,840
+verbs. It refers to actions that are in progress.
+
+292
+00:26:13,710 --> 00:26:20,030
+The verbs which refer to reactive meaning only
+
+293
+00:26:20,030 --> 00:26:25,390
+accept gerund. They only accept gerund. Okay?
+
+294
+00:26:31,390 --> 00:26:32,350
+Yes.
+
+295
+00:26:37,710 --> 00:26:40,210
+These verbs only accept gerund.
+
+296
+00:26:44,270 --> 00:26:51,770
+These are like resist, resent, repent, remember,
+
+297
+00:26:52,590 --> 00:26:58,570
+reject, regret, recommend, recall, abhor, enjoy,
+
+298
+00:26:59,210 --> 00:27:05,950
+dislike, detest, deny, consider, confess, okay?
+
+299
+00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:09,470
+Imagine, mind, and propose.
+
+300
+00:27:13,430 --> 00:27:16,430
+These verbs refer to what's called continuity,
+
+301
+00:27:17,370 --> 00:27:21,970
+okay? Continuity of action or continuity in
+
+302
+00:27:21,970 --> 00:27:27,670
+meaning. These only accept gerund. We discussed
+
+303
+00:27:27,670 --> 00:27:29,850
+going to the zoo in the weekend.
+
+304
+00:27:32,390 --> 00:27:37,210
+We can say we discussed to go to the zoo. The
+
+305
+00:27:37,210 --> 00:27:39,990
+family has seriously considered selling the house.
+
+306
+00:27:42,220 --> 00:27:45,280
+is not available to say the family has seriously
+
+307
+00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:49,100
+considered to sell the house. The suspect denies
+
+308
+00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:54,980
+ever committing the crime. The suspect denies ever
+
+309
+00:27:54,980 --> 00:28:00,980
+to commit? No. He repented having shot the dog. He
+
+310
+00:28:00,980 --> 00:28:05,380
+repented having shot it, not to have. Okay,
+
+311
+00:28:05,380 --> 00:28:09,300
+because the action happened. So reactive verbs
+
+312
+00:28:09,300 --> 00:28:14,040
+refer to real actions, to vivid actions, to
+
+313
+00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:20,140
+actions which have been already done. Okay? Or at
+
+314
+00:28:20,140 --> 00:28:25,980
+least in progress. So they only accept gerund.
+
+315
+00:28:26,860 --> 00:28:29,860
+Okay? Yes.
+
+316
+00:28:37,540 --> 00:28:46,980
+Yes. These emotive verbs, you see, they are in the
+
+317
+00:28:46,980 --> 00:28:50,820
+process of continuity. We speak about habitual
+
+318
+00:28:50,820 --> 00:28:56,040
+actions. Yes. We speak about habitual actions or
+
+319
+00:28:56,040 --> 00:28:59,740
+actions which are more or less related to habits
+
+320
+00:28:59,740 --> 00:29:05,960
+and customs. Okay? Actions which are associated
+
+321
+00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:11,640
+with daily work. I mean, the action already or
+
+322
+00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:15,680
+always happens every day as accustomed by the
+
+323
+00:29:15,680 --> 00:29:19,320
+subject or the doer of the action. Okay? So in
+
+324
+00:29:19,320 --> 00:29:22,960
+that sense, we consider them reactive verbs. But
+
+325
+00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:26,120
+if you speak hypothetically or theoretically about
+
+326
+00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:33,370
+the verb as emotive verb, it takes both. Okay? He
+
+327
+00:29:33,370 --> 00:29:38,530
+detests socializing with students at school. He
+
+328
+00:29:38,530 --> 00:29:42,310
+detests to socialize. This is a custom, permanent
+
+329
+00:29:42,310 --> 00:29:45,510
+custom with the speaker. I mean, his mood is like
+
+330
+00:29:45,510 --> 00:29:53,570
+this. The suspect confessed murdering the man. We
+
+331
+00:29:53,570 --> 00:29:56,430
+can't say that the subject confessed to murder the
+
+332
+00:29:56,430 --> 00:29:59,230
+man because the action happened.
+
+333
+00:30:02,820 --> 00:30:08,460
+We have Arabic, the Arabic reactive verbs. These
+
+334
+00:30:08,460 --> 00:30:26,700
+are like يثمن يناقش يقدر يقيم يقاوم يتذكر ينسى
+
+335
+00:30:26,700 --> 00:30:32,660
+يتخيل And these verbs, as you see, accept both.
+
+336
+00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:36,980
+Overt derived nominal and covert derived nominal.
+
+337
+00:30:37,580 --> 00:30:40,700
+They accept both. However, in English, they only
+
+338
+00:30:40,700 --> 00:30:48,180
+accept gerund. قَدَّرَ اللَّهُ أَن يَتِمَّ ذَلِكَ
+
+339
+00:30:48,180 --> 00:30:54,280
+We can say also, قَدَّرَ اللَّهُ أَتْمَامَ ذَلِكَ
+
+340
+00:30:54,280 --> 00:30:57,400
+لَنَ
+
+341
+00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:04,550
+تَسَوَّر أن نقبل الظلم لا نتصور قبول الظلم so we
+
+342
+00:31:04,550 --> 00:31:13,650
+accept here we both are accepted يفضل
+
+343
+00:31:13,650 --> 00:31:18,810
+عليهم أن يرفض
+
+344
+00:31:18,810 --> 00:31:23,390
+عليهم أن يظلم الناس يرفض عليهم ظلم الناس
+
+345
+00:31:29,050 --> 00:31:35,730
+يفترض زيدن أن يجيء عمرن يفترض زيدن ماجيء عمرن
+
+346
+00:31:35,730 --> 00:31:39,170
+يتطلب
+
+347
+00:31:39,170 --> 00:31:48,350
+النجاح الاشتهاد أو أن أشتهد يتطلب النجاح الاشتهاد
+
+348
+00:31:48,350 --> 00:31:51,530
+okay now the derived nominal in Arabic
+
+349
+00:31:51,530 --> 00:31:56,370
+syntactically works as a verb it assigns case
+
+350
+00:31:57,790 --> 00:32:02,890
+Mostly it assigns genitive case. It has the
+
+351
+00:32:02,890 --> 00:32:05,870
+requirements of a verb. You know, the verb assigns
+
+352
+00:32:05,870 --> 00:32:12,710
+accusative case. كتب زيدن الدرسة. الدرسة is an
+
+353
+00:32:12,710 --> 00:32:16,330
+object. John wrote the lesson. The lesson is an
+
+354
+00:32:16,330 --> 00:32:23,430
+object assigned accusative case. Okay? Now يفضل
+
+355
+00:32:23,430 --> 00:32:32,260
+زيدن كتابة الدرسي. الدرسي is an object but here it
+
+356
+00:32:32,260 --> 00:32:35,940
+is we have the genitive case assigned to this noun
+
+357
+00:32:35,940 --> 00:32:40,120
+this directly comes from the derived nominal the
+
+358
+00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:48,820
+overt derived nominal okay we
+
+359
+00:32:48,820 --> 00:32:51,360
+have some reactive verbs in Arabic only accept
+
+360
+00:32:51,360 --> 00:32:57,760
+nouns not derived nominal like لا يثمن تعب
+
+361
+00:32:57,760 --> 00:33:04,900
+الوالدين بالنقود. Ta'ab is referred to as a noun
+
+362
+00:33:04,900 --> 00:33:13,080
+in Arabic. لا يثمن أن يتعب الوالدين بالنقود. This
+
+363
+00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:16,660
+is not accepted. In case of having a noun coming
+
+364
+00:33:16,660 --> 00:33:22,880
+after the reactive verb, then we have only the
+
+365
+00:33:22,880 --> 00:33:24,580
+overt derived nominal accepted.
+
+366
+00:33:30,650 --> 00:33:39,410
+Okay? يقاوم الجنود هجوم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم
+
+367
+00:33:39,410 --> 00:33:39,870
+العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن
+
+368
+00:33:39,870 --> 00:33:44,370
+يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود
+
+369
+00:33:44,370 --> 00:33:45,370
+أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم
+
+370
+00:33:45,370 --> 00:33:48,090
+الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو
+
+371
+00:33:48,090 --> 00:33:48,490
+يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم
+
+372
+00:33:48,490 --> 00:33:48,490
+العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن
+
+373
+00:33:48,490 --> 00:33:50,850
+يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود
+
+374
+00:33:50,850 --> 00:33:56,150
+أن يهجم العد not a noun following the reactive
+
+375
+00:33:56,150 --> 00:34:00,890
+verb then we have both derived nominal overt and
+
+376
+00:34:00,890 --> 00:34:03,170
+covert or modified derived nominal.
+
+377
+00:34:05,850 --> 00:34:10,710
+We have the last category that is forward oriented
+
+378
+00:34:10,710 --> 00:34:11,190
+verbs.
+
+379
+00:34:14,020 --> 00:34:17,200
+These verbs refer to theoretical actions to
+
+380
+00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:22,060
+hypothetical actions to actions that will be
+
+381
+00:34:22,060 --> 00:34:29,860
+fulfilled in future Okay So
+
+382
+00:34:29,860 --> 00:34:34,780
+all the verbs here are hypothetical and they
+
+383
+00:34:34,780 --> 00:34:41,280
+accept only infinitive Okay,
+
+384
+00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:47,860
+we expected to stop the security disorder soon.
+
+385
+00:34:48,660 --> 00:34:56,700
+Expect, hope, imagine. Okay? These verbs refer to
+
+386
+00:34:56,700 --> 00:35:03,320
+action that is to happen. Okay? We expect to stop
+
+387
+00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:06,080
+the security disorder. We cannot say we expect
+
+388
+00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:12,320
+stopping. We hope to submit the paper soon. We
+
+389
+00:35:12,320 --> 00:35:16,880
+cannot say, we hope submitting. Okay? Because it
+
+390
+00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:21,200
+refers to action that has not happened. Okay? They
+
+391
+00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:25,140
+planned to spend the vacation in London. We cannot
+
+392
+00:35:25,140 --> 00:35:29,340
+say they planned spending because the action has
+
+393
+00:35:29,340 --> 00:35:30,160
+not happened yet.
+
+394
+00:35:35,860 --> 00:35:39,900
+Mary aspired to be a famous advocate.
+
+395
+00:35:42,350 --> 00:35:46,110
+تتصور أنها ستكون. We speak about things which have
+
+396
+00:35:46,110 --> 00:35:49,890
+not been happened. So, the verbs like these are
+
+397
+00:35:49,890 --> 00:35:57,890
+like Britain, persuade, urge, tend, tell, order,
+
+398
+00:35:58,490 --> 00:36:04,750
+learn, aspire, ask, force, fear, decline, agree,
+
+399
+00:36:05,770 --> 00:36:12,230
+we have managed, Long seek, remind, refuse, swear,
+
+400
+00:36:13,670 --> 00:36:19,850
+mean, offer, strive, and vow. Okay? Of course, we
+
+401
+00:36:19,850 --> 00:36:29,070
+have hope as well. Own and expect. Okay? Ahmed was
+
+402
+00:36:29,070 --> 00:36:34,730
+obliged to attend the
+
+403
+00:36:34,730 --> 00:36:35,050
+meeting.
+
+404
+00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:47,880
+The suspect abstained to answer the detective's
+
+405
+00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:52,480
+questions. The action has not happened.
+
+406
+00:36:56,220 --> 00:37:00,200
+Now, if you look to Arabic, we also have forward
+
+407
+00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:06,460
+-oriented verbs. Okay? They accept both modified
+
+408
+00:37:06,460 --> 00:37:15,040
+and overt derived nominal. يتوقع يعني expect يخطط
+
+409
+00:37:15,040 --> 00:37:24,200
+يريد ينوي يصمم These verbs are forward oriental
+
+410
+00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:28,400
+verbs. They still have the meaning that has not
+
+411
+00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:30,420
+been fulfilled.
+
+412
+00:37:33,660 --> 00:37:43,040
+So يتوقع زيدن أن يصل أخاه من السفر اليوم أن يصل
+
+413
+00:37:44,570 --> 00:37:48,030
+يتوقع زيدون وصول أخيه من السفر اليوم يتوقع زيدون
+
+414
+00:37:48,030 --> 00:37:51,510
+وصول أخيه من السفر اليوم So they have both forward
+
+415
+00:37:51,510 --> 00:37:56,530
+oriented verbs except both overt and covert
+
+416
+00:37:56,530 --> 00:37:58,690
+derived nominal however in English once you
+
+417
+00:37:58,690 --> 00:38:06,030
+translate you only have infinitive okay so we have
+
+418
+00:38:06,030 --> 00:38:11,450
+here a point of dissimilarity between Arabic and
+
+419
+00:38:11,450 --> 00:38:18,080
+English He intends for the sinner to repent to God
+
+420
+00:38:18,080 --> 00:38:26,960
+He intends for the sinner to repent to God Zayd
+
+421
+00:38:26,960 --> 00:38:31,560
+suggests that he meet a Indian He suggests that
+
+422
+00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:36,220
+Zayd meet an Indian The father plans
+
+423
+00:38:48,660 --> 00:38:49,980
+Okay,
+
+424
+00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:06,550
+we have both infinitive and gerund okay sorry we
+
+425
+00:39:06,550 --> 00:39:11,330
+have both overt derived nominal and covert derived
+
+426
+00:39:11,330 --> 00:39:18,550
+nominal you see so this shows that Arabic here is
+
+427
+00:39:18,550 --> 00:39:24,290
+different from English regarding the use of overt
+
+428
+00:39:24,290 --> 00:39:27,550
+and covert derived nominal their equivalents in
+
+429
+00:39:27,550 --> 00:39:31,370
+English are gerund and infinitive however not
+
+430
+00:39:31,370 --> 00:39:37,510
+necessarily We have the same translation. So once
+
+431
+00:39:37,510 --> 00:39:43,590
+we have a sentence involving infinitive, it's not
+
+432
+00:39:43,590 --> 00:39:47,570
+necessarily to be translated into covert derived
+
+433
+00:39:47,570 --> 00:39:51,490
+nominal. And once we have a sentence involving
+
+434
+00:39:51,490 --> 00:39:55,050
+overt derived nominal, it's not necessarily to be
+
+435
+00:39:55,050 --> 00:39:58,650
+translated into gerund. You have to take care. We
+
+436
+00:39:58,650 --> 00:40:03,010
+have four categories. You have to understand them
+
+437
+00:40:03,010 --> 00:40:08,110
+very, very carefully in order to facilitate your
+
+438
+00:40:08,110 --> 00:40:11,030
+translation and you come out with correct
+
+439
+00:40:11,030 --> 00:40:14,050
+translation at the end of the day. So we have four
+
+440
+00:40:14,050 --> 00:40:17,410
+categories. We speak about emotive verbs,
+
+441
+00:40:17,870 --> 00:40:21,350
+aspectual verbs, reactive verbs, and forward
+
+442
+00:40:21,350 --> 00:40:27,190
+-oriented verbs. Why do we have these verbs of
+
+443
+00:40:27,190 --> 00:40:31,950
+different semantic functions, different syntactic
+
+444
+00:40:31,950 --> 00:40:36,410
+functions? Sometimes we use both infinitive and
+
+445
+00:40:36,410 --> 00:40:39,850
+gerund, sometimes we have only gerund and some
+
+446
+00:40:39,850 --> 00:40:46,010
+other times we have only infinitive. This relies
+
+447
+00:40:46,010 --> 00:40:51,200
+on the lexical entry of the verb. the lexical
+
+448
+00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:53,860
+entry of the verb, the lexical capacity of the
+
+449
+00:40:53,860 --> 00:40:59,480
+verb. Okay? So it either accepts infinitive, it
+
+450
+00:40:59,480 --> 00:41:04,380
+either accepts gerund, it may accept both. Okay?
+
+451
+00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:09,960
+So it depends on the lexical capacity. Completely
+
+452
+00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:12,900
+like the verbs of giving once accepting double
+
+453
+00:41:12,900 --> 00:41:18,990
+object construction. John gave Mary a book. john
+
+454
+00:41:18,990 --> 00:41:21,430
+gave a book to mary so we have double object
+
+455
+00:41:21,430 --> 00:41:29,350
+construction and we have dative construction okay
+
+456
+00:41:29,350 --> 00:41:32,750
+still
+
+457
+00:41:32,750 --> 00:41:36,090
+we have one object the direct object plus the
+
+458
+00:41:36,090 --> 00:41:41,220
+dative object john gave a book to mary okay so we
+
+459
+00:41:41,220 --> 00:41:44,280
+have this verb the verbs of giving alternate
+
+460
+00:41:44,280 --> 00:41:47,900
+between double object construction and dative here
+
+461
+00:41:47,900 --> 00:41:51,580
+we have these verbs some of them alternate between
+
+462
+00:41:51,580 --> 00:41:55,160
+accepting overt derived nominal in Arabic or
+
+463
+00:41:55,160 --> 00:42:00,620
+covert derived nominal or gerund or infinitive or
+
+464
+00:42:00,620 --> 00:42:07,360
+both this is attributed to the lexical entry of
+
+465
+00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:11,490
+the verb Okay, the semantic capacity as well can
+
+466
+00:42:11,490 --> 00:42:14,990
+be considered. Okay, that's it for today. Thank
+
+467
+00:42:14,990 --> 00:42:15,130
+you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/H5hSvmaprtU_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,692 @@
+1
+00:00:13,280 --> 00:00:16,540
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim Last time we spoke
+
+2
+00:00:16,540 --> 00:00:20,360
+about the adverbs and we mentioned that the
+
+3
+00:00:20,360 --> 00:00:26,320
+adverbs as usually modify three elements in
+
+4
+00:00:26,320 --> 00:00:28,460
+language they modify
+
+5
+00:00:32,830 --> 00:00:38,290
+Verb, adjective and another adverb as we said most
+
+6
+00:00:38,290 --> 00:00:42,970
+of the adverbs end in ly except we have some
+
+7
+00:00:42,970 --> 00:00:47,550
+exceptions like I mean adjectives ending in ly
+
+8
+00:00:47,550 --> 00:00:51,870
+like what lovely, lowly, motherly, friendly,
+
+9
+00:00:52,470 --> 00:00:58,900
+neighborly, etc okay the adverbials can be
+
+10
+00:00:58,900 --> 00:01:02,680
+preposition phrases, can be infinitive phrases,
+
+11
+00:01:03,420 --> 00:01:07,580
+okay, and can be also noun phrases. He went to the
+
+12
+00:01:07,580 --> 00:01:11,040
+movies. To the movies is an adverbial phrase
+
+13
+00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:16,260
+consisting of preposition phrase. They lived in
+
+14
+00:01:16,260 --> 00:01:18,440
+Canada during the war. The same thing.
+
+15
+00:01:26,630 --> 00:01:29,250
+For the comparisons of adverbs, as we mentioned
+
+16
+00:01:29,250 --> 00:01:32,170
+last time, we have the same system like
+
+17
+00:01:32,170 --> 00:01:34,910
+adjectives. So you have three degrees. What are
+
+18
+00:01:34,910 --> 00:01:37,310
+they? What are they?
+
+19
+00:01:40,370 --> 00:01:43,790
+Positive degree,
+
+20
+00:01:44,290 --> 00:01:51,230
+comparative degree, superlative degree. Okay. So
+
+21
+00:01:51,230 --> 00:01:55,440
+we have wukfa, astardices. Comparative. Fastest.
+
+22
+00:01:56,460 --> 00:02:01,280
+Superlative. As fast as... Equality. Positive
+
+23
+00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:06,480
+degree. Okay? Now, the position of the adverb can
+
+24
+00:02:06,480 --> 00:02:10,700
+be sentenced finally, or can come initially, and
+
+25
+00:02:10,700 --> 00:02:13,780
+in that sense, the meaning changes. He arrived
+
+26
+00:02:13,780 --> 00:02:17,140
+late. Lately, he could not seem to be on time for
+
+27
+00:02:17,140 --> 00:02:20,620
+anything. Okay? So, the meaning differs between
+
+28
+00:02:20,620 --> 00:02:24,250
+the two sentences. Okay? I mean the meaning of the
+
+29
+00:02:24,250 --> 00:02:25,090
+adverb late.
+
+30
+00:02:27,830 --> 00:02:30,930
+We mentioned that we have different types of
+
+31
+00:02:30,930 --> 00:02:34,870
+adverbs. We have three main types. They are the
+
+32
+00:02:34,870 --> 00:02:40,530
+adjuncts, disjuncts, and conjuncts. Adjuncts,
+
+33
+00:02:40,830 --> 00:02:44,710
+disjuncts, and conjuncts. Okay? The adjuncts are
+
+34
+00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:46,790
+of different types. We have the intensifiers,
+
+35
+00:02:47,270 --> 00:02:51,380
+which are of three types. They are Emphasizers
+
+36
+00:02:51,380 --> 00:02:56,780
+amplifiers and downtrodes Okay, this is what
+
+37
+00:02:56,780 --> 00:02:59,160
+explained last time, okay?
+
+38
+00:03:02,580 --> 00:03:07,940
+The adverb can post modify and pre modify another
+
+39
+00:03:07,940 --> 00:03:13,100
+adverb or adjective Okay
+
+40
+00:03:13,100 --> 00:03:18,410
+for the adverbs Semantically, we have different
+
+41
+00:03:18,410 --> 00:03:20,810
+types for the adverbs. We have adverbs of manner,
+
+42
+00:03:21,590 --> 00:03:25,410
+adverbs of place, of frequency, of time, and
+
+43
+00:03:25,410 --> 00:03:30,030
+purpose as well. And these were already explained
+
+44
+00:03:30,030 --> 00:03:33,050
+also last time. For the position of the adverb, I
+
+45
+00:03:33,050 --> 00:03:36,160
+told you that it is floating. mainly the adverbs
+
+46
+00:03:36,160 --> 00:03:38,460
+of manner, can be in the beginning of the
+
+47
+00:03:38,460 --> 00:03:42,660
+sentence, in the middle of the sentence, or at the
+
+48
+00:03:42,660 --> 00:03:46,020
+end of the sentence. Okay? Solemnly, the minister
+
+49
+00:03:46,020 --> 00:03:49,200
+addressed her congregation. The minister solemnly
+
+50
+00:03:49,200 --> 00:03:52,220
+addressed her congregation. The minister addressed
+
+51
+00:03:52,220 --> 00:03:54,940
+her congregation solemnly. So, at the beginning,
+
+52
+00:03:55,580 --> 00:04:02,060
+in the middle, at the end. Okay? Now, the position
+
+53
+00:04:02,060 --> 00:04:06,320
+of the adverb. it directly precedes the lexical
+
+54
+00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:12,340
+verb in the sentence. Okay? Or it can come between
+
+55
+00:04:12,340 --> 00:04:15,720
+the auxiliary verb and the lexical verb.
+
+56
+00:04:19,660 --> 00:04:23,060
+For the order of adverbs, we mentioned that the
+
+57
+00:04:23,060 --> 00:04:26,160
+most consistent order of adverbs in the sentence
+
+58
+00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:32,380
+begins with manner, place, frequency, time, and
+
+59
+00:04:32,380 --> 00:04:37,050
+purpose. okay and we cited lots of examples last
+
+60
+00:04:37,050 --> 00:04:44,810
+time okay we have what's called focus where the
+
+61
+00:04:44,810 --> 00:04:47,530
+adverb can moves to the beginning of the sentence
+
+62
+00:04:47,530 --> 00:04:53,790
+okay we have if we have two adverbs at that sense
+
+63
+00:04:53,790 --> 00:04:58,210
+we can start with a shorter one As we cited the
+
+64
+00:04:58,210 --> 00:05:02,290
+examples last time, dad takes a brisk walk before
+
+65
+00:05:02,290 --> 00:05:05,950
+breakfast every day of his life. So before
+
+66
+00:05:05,950 --> 00:05:12,150
+breakfast comes initially or comes first, as you
+
+67
+00:05:12,150 --> 00:05:16,230
+see, because shorter than the second adverb
+
+68
+00:05:16,230 --> 00:05:20,200
+morphologically. Okay? This is what is called
+
+69
+00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:24,780
+focus. Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the
+
+70
+00:05:24,780 --> 00:05:28,220
+coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim.
+
+71
+00:05:28,840 --> 00:05:33,000
+Okay? Here you have the sentence, the adverb comes
+
+72
+00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:39,420
+sentence initially for purpose of focus or
+
+73
+00:05:39,420 --> 00:05:45,120
+emphasis. Occasionally, but only occasionally, one
+
+74
+00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:49,700
+of these lemons will get by the inspectors. Okay?
+
+75
+00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:54,740
+As we mentioned syntactically at the beginning of
+
+76
+00:05:54,740 --> 00:05:57,760
+the class last time, we have syntactically three
+
+77
+00:05:57,760 --> 00:06:02,260
+types of adverbials, adjuncts, disjuncts, and
+
+78
+00:06:02,260 --> 00:06:05,420
+conjuncts. And we mentioned that the adjunct is
+
+79
+00:06:05,420 --> 00:06:09,280
+one of the main parts of the body of the sentence.
+
+80
+00:06:09,940 --> 00:06:13,580
+It's not separated from the sentence even by a
+
+81
+00:06:13,580 --> 00:06:18,280
+comma. Okay? Still, the disjunct is directly
+
+82
+00:06:18,280 --> 00:06:22,380
+followed by a comma and begins in the beginning of
+
+83
+00:06:22,380 --> 00:06:25,980
+the sentence okay so it starts sentence initially
+
+84
+00:06:27,180 --> 00:06:31,240
+However, the conjunct means the conjunction. Okay?
+
+85
+00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:34,400
+The connector, the coordinator. Okay? That
+
+86
+00:06:34,400 --> 00:06:37,220
+connects between the parts of the sentence.
+
+87
+00:06:37,700 --> 00:06:42,080
+Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot. Fortunately,
+
+88
+00:06:42,240 --> 00:06:45,660
+no one was hurt. So frankly, fortunately, these
+
+89
+00:06:45,660 --> 00:06:47,640
+are disjuncts.
+
+90
+00:06:49,060 --> 00:06:54,140
+Okay? Once we speak about them, nevertheless,
+
+91
+00:06:54,440 --> 00:06:58,280
+however, yet, these are conjuncts. Strictly
+
+92
+00:06:58,280 --> 00:07:03,440
+speaking. The prisoners or our captors released
+
+93
+00:07:03,440 --> 00:07:07,780
+yesterday was very, very nice. So, strictly
+
+94
+00:07:07,780 --> 00:07:12,800
+speaking. Disjunct. Geographically speaking.
+
+95
+00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:16,400
+Disjunct. Okay?
+
+96
+00:07:21,750 --> 00:07:26,870
+Now, we have what is called a viewpoint adjunct.
+
+97
+00:07:27,970 --> 00:07:33,130
+Okay? The viewpoint adjunct is an adverb. It's
+
+98
+00:07:33,130 --> 00:07:38,450
+part of the sentence and it comes finally. It
+
+99
+00:07:38,450 --> 00:07:42,670
+normally locates finally in the sentence. A
+
+100
+00:07:42,670 --> 00:07:45,910
+successful athletic team is often a good team
+
+101
+00:07:45,910 --> 00:07:51,570
+scholastically. Okay? Investing all our money in
+
+102
+00:07:51,570 --> 00:07:56,110
+snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea
+
+103
+00:07:56,110 --> 00:08:00,770
+financially. So financially, scholastically, our
+
+104
+00:08:00,770 --> 00:08:04,370
+viewpoint adverse. Okay? That come sentence
+
+105
+00:08:04,370 --> 00:08:07,210
+finally, and they are considered part of the
+
+106
+00:08:07,210 --> 00:08:10,850
+sentence as well. Okay? And they consist a crucial
+
+107
+00:08:10,850 --> 00:08:13,870
+part of the body of the sentence. So they are not
+
+108
+00:08:13,870 --> 00:08:16,680
+separated by any command. Okay, we explained that
+
+109
+00:08:16,680 --> 00:08:17,540
+last time, I think.
+
+110
+00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:25,940
+We explained that, and I think we terminated on
+
+111
+00:08:25,940 --> 00:08:33,100
+this. Title, focus, and negative adverbs. Okay?
+
+112
+00:08:34,860 --> 00:08:37,440
+Semantically, we have negative adverbs that do not
+
+113
+00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:42,120
+need the particle not. Like seldom, hardly,
+
+114
+00:08:42,780 --> 00:08:49,040
+rarely, okay? Never. He has never been much help
+
+115
+00:08:49,040 --> 00:08:54,260
+to his mother. So it is equal to the sentence that
+
+116
+00:08:54,260 --> 00:09:00,860
+he has not helped her mother at all, for example.
+
+117
+00:09:01,620 --> 00:09:07,640
+Okay? She has not helped her mother. So the never
+
+118
+00:09:07,640 --> 00:09:12,600
+adverb, never adverb equals the particle not. So
+
+119
+00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:16,200
+there is no need for having double negative in the
+
+120
+00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:19,100
+sentence. We cannot say he hasn't never been.
+
+121
+00:09:21,140 --> 00:09:24,860
+Okay? Double negative is not available in English.
+
+122
+00:09:27,740 --> 00:09:28,500
+Yes.
+
+123
+00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:36,080
+No, no. Double negative. It may be available in
+
+124
+00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:39,760
+some English
+
+125
+00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:44,420
+dialects, okay? Like Arabic. For standard Arabic,
+
+126
+00:09:44,580 --> 00:09:50,560
+we don't have double negative. لا يدرس، لا يأتي،
+
+127
+00:09:50,560 --> 00:09:54,540
+لا يريد. But in Palestinian Arabic, we have double
+
+128
+00:09:54,540 --> 00:10:00,600
+negative. ما بدّيش، ما ش. Okay? Double negative.
+
+129
+00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:08,300
+ما بدّيش. Okay? So we have this double negative
+
+130
+00:10:08,300 --> 00:10:12,300
+available in dialects of Arabic and may available
+
+131
+00:10:12,300 --> 00:10:15,780
+in some dialects of English, but not necessarily
+
+132
+00:10:15,780 --> 00:10:19,160
+in received English or standard English or even
+
+133
+00:10:19,160 --> 00:10:24,200
+standard Arabic. He's never been much help to his
+
+134
+00:10:24,200 --> 00:10:28,840
+mother. He seldom visits. She hardly eats anything
+
+135
+00:10:28,840 --> 00:10:32,040
+since the accident. After his long and tedious
+
+136
+00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:35,300
+lectures, rarely was anyone awake.
+
+137
+00:10:38,180 --> 00:10:48,760
+Okay? So, for Arabic, we have adverbs which are
+
+138
+00:10:48,760 --> 00:10:52,500
+called hal. They are represented in Arabic
+
+139
+00:10:52,500 --> 00:10:56,220
+syntactically by using the preposition phrase and
+
+140
+00:10:56,220 --> 00:11:03,660
+the derived nominal okay ذهبت إلى الجامعة بسرعة
+
+141
+00:11:03,660 --> 00:11:14,000
+ذهبت إلى الجامعة مصريا بسرعة is had consisting of
+
+142
+00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:19,570
+preposition phrase جار و مجروروشبه الجملة في محال
+
+143
+00:11:19,570 --> 00:11:26,290
+نصب حال مصلى عن حال منصوب بالفتحة So we have this
+
+144
+00:11:26,290 --> 00:11:34,150
+however the construction the syntactic function is
+
+145
+00:11:34,150 --> 00:11:39,850
+the same but I mean the syntactic rules of adverbs
+
+146
+00:11:39,850 --> 00:11:43,630
+in Arabic differ from their syntactic rules in
+
+147
+00:11:43,630 --> 00:11:46,970
+English you have systematic order for the adverbs
+
+148
+00:11:48,630 --> 00:11:53,230
+in English, okay? We have systematic position or
+
+149
+00:11:53,230 --> 00:11:56,150
+strict position of the adverb in English.
+
+150
+00:11:58,730 --> 00:12:02,770
+However, in Arabic, the situation is very simple,
+
+151
+00:12:03,630 --> 00:12:08,170
+very clear. It comes generally at sentence final
+
+152
+00:12:08,170 --> 00:12:14,250
+position. The structure of Arabic adverbs differs
+
+153
+00:12:14,250 --> 00:12:21,390
+from English, okay? So this causes what was called
+
+154
+00:12:21,390 --> 00:12:25,530
+interlingual errors and some interlingual errors
+
+155
+00:12:25,530 --> 00:12:28,830
+that come as a result of the difficulty of the
+
+156
+00:12:28,830 --> 00:12:33,430
+structure of English adverbs. So we have
+
+157
+00:12:33,430 --> 00:12:37,130
+interlingual errors resulting from the difference
+
+158
+00:12:37,130 --> 00:12:42,120
+in the syntax of adverbs. and the semantics of
+
+159
+00:12:42,120 --> 00:12:45,400
+adverbs, the meaning of the adverb, and the
+
+160
+00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:48,680
+movement. Once we speak about the syntax and the
+
+161
+00:12:48,680 --> 00:12:52,380
+position of the adverb, the movement of the adverb
+
+162
+00:12:52,380 --> 00:12:55,400
+in the sentence, the order of the adverbs within
+
+163
+00:12:55,400 --> 00:13:01,380
+the same sentence. Okay? Now, the meaning can
+
+164
+00:13:01,380 --> 00:13:06,310
+differ according to the position of the adverb. So
+
+165
+00:13:06,310 --> 00:13:11,210
+if it locates sentence finally, it gives a meaning
+
+166
+00:13:11,210 --> 00:13:14,670
+that is different from being sentenced initially,
+
+167
+00:13:14,910 --> 00:13:20,590
+like the adverb late, which we explained. You see?
+
+168
+00:13:21,110 --> 00:13:25,790
+So this is what I have about adverbs. And now we
+
+169
+00:13:25,790 --> 00:13:32,040
+come to another subject. Or it is about
+
+170
+00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:38,380
+causativity in English and Arabic. But before
+
+171
+00:13:38,380 --> 00:13:42,620
+that, we need to have this quiz. So we need to
+
+172
+00:13:42,620 --> 00:13:45,400
+terminate here just for having the chance for the
+
+173
+00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:46,380
+quiz. Thank you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/Hs4F2U4I32E.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1375 @@
+
+1
+00:00:18,580 --> 00:00:22,460
+Today we are going to continue with explaining
+
+2
+00:00:22,460 --> 00:00:26,840
+compounding in English and Arabic. Last time we
+
+3
+00:00:26,840 --> 00:00:32,190
+spoke about compounding in English. We explained the
+
+4
+00:00:32,190 --> 00:00:37,270
+different types of compounding morphologically and
+
+5
+00:00:37,270 --> 00:00:37,930
+semantically.
+
+6
+00:00:42,790 --> 00:00:46,430
+Today we are going to speak about these types in
+
+7
+00:00:46,430 --> 00:00:46,830
+Arabic.
+
+8
+00:00:53,930 --> 00:00:57,890
+Morphologically, we refer to what is called solid
+
+9
+00:00:57,890 --> 00:00:59,210
+compounds,
+
+10
+00:01:01,180 --> 00:01:07,240
+hyphenated compounds and spaced or open compounds.
+
+11
+00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:13,440
+This is for the morphological side. However,
+
+12
+00:01:14,060 --> 00:01:17,400
+semantically, we have only three types. We have
+
+13
+00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:22,540
+endocentric compounds, exocentric compounds, and
+
+14
+00:01:22,540 --> 00:01:27,180
+general compounds. Do we have the same system in
+
+15
+00:01:27,180 --> 00:01:30,280
+Arabic? This is what we are going to see just now.
+
+16
+00:01:36,170 --> 00:01:42,830
+Compounding in Arabic. We have three main
+
+17
+00:01:42,830 --> 00:01:46,890
+categories of compounding in Arabic. First of all,
+
+18
+00:01:47,410 --> 00:01:54,450
+the constructed state. المضاف إليه أو المركب الإضافي.
+
+19
+00:01:55,890 --> 00:01:58,110
+This is the
+
+20
+00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:06,780
+possessor, sorry, the possessor in English. When I
+
+21
+00:02:06,780 --> 00:02:10,740
+say قصر الملكي,  الملكي  is a constructed state.
+
+22
+00:02:11,900 --> 00:02:18,200
+دودة الأرض.  الأرض, constructed state. يوم الحساب.
+
+23
+00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:24,400
+Al-hisab, constructed state. Okay? So you have all
+
+24
+00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:28,520
+compounds in Arabic are open or spaced. We don't
+
+25
+00:02:28,520 --> 00:02:34,080
+have hyphenation in Arabic at all. Okay? We have
+
+26
+00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:37,860
+fusional compounds. This is al-murakkab al-masji.
+
+27
+00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:44,900
+Once I say for example, bayt ul-ahm. New York.
+
+28
+00:02:51,260 --> 00:02:54,420
+We cannot know about the source or the
+
+29
+00:02:54,420 --> 00:02:58,900
+constituents of these compounds. We don't have any
+
+30
+00:02:58,900 --> 00:03:07,400
+relation between bait and lahm. New York, okay, in
+
+31
+00:03:07,400 --> 00:03:12,860
+Arabic. So, the compound in Arabic here is one
+
+32
+00:03:12,860 --> 00:03:19,740
+unit. It's a fusional unit, okay? We have what is
+
+33
+00:03:19,740 --> 00:03:21,320
+called predicative compound.
+
+34
+00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:29,180
+The relation
+
+35
+00:03:29,180 --> 00:03:33,280
+here is based on predication.
+
+36
+00:03:36,900 --> 00:03:38,700
+The predicate.
+
+37
+00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:47,030
+We have other categories of compound nouns. These
+
+38
+00:03:47,030 --> 00:03:51,870
+are represented in compound numbers. Number 11 to
+
+39
+00:03:51,870 --> 00:03:52,450
+19.
+
+40
+00:03:55,270 --> 00:04:00,530
+Al-hadi ashar. Al-tasa ashar. Okay?
+
+41
+00:04:03,750 --> 00:04:12,250
+Numbers from 21 to 99. Al-wahid wal-ashrun. Al
+
+42
+00:04:12,250 --> 00:04:13,370
+-tasa wal-tisrun.
+
+43
+00:04:16,190 --> 00:04:20,150
+Okay, these are compounds in Arabic. We have also
+
+44
+00:04:20,150 --> 00:04:24,770
+compound particles like innama, robbama,
+
+45
+00:04:28,930 --> 00:04:37,190
+haythuma, kaythama, mahma,
+
+46
+00:04:37,970 --> 00:04:45,360
+lasiyama, raythama. Also, we have defective verb
+
+47
+00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:54,860
+compounds like ما برحى ما دامى ما زالى ما فاتقى. We
+
+48
+00:04:54,860 --> 00:05:01,440
+have also interrogative pronouns like ما ذى ما ذا.
+
+49
+00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:06,240
+Okay. And
+
+50
+00:05:06,240 --> 00:05:11,740
+we have proper compounds such as القاموس المحيط
+
+51
+00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:29,300
+So these are proper nouns. We
+
+52
+00:05:29,300 --> 00:05:32,520
+have compounds consisting of a noun and adjective in
+
+53
+00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:38,860
+Arabic like البحر الأحمر, red sea, البحر الأحمر. You
+
+54
+00:05:38,860 --> 00:05:43,260
+have a noun plus an adjective. You have Arabic
+
+55
+00:05:43,260 --> 00:05:48,420
+possessive or genitive structure like طلوع النهاري.
+
+56
+00:05:48,420 --> 00:05:57,140
+عابر سبيلًا. We
+
+57
+00:05:57,140 --> 00:06:01,780
+have compound adjectives. You know, two adjectives
+
+58
+00:06:01,780 --> 00:06:09,660
+together. أزرق غامق,  أزرق غامق.  So, two adjectives
+
+59
+00:06:13,270 --> 00:06:14,190
+more beautiful.
+
+60
+00:06:19,310 --> 00:06:22,750
+Okay? But it is not necessarily to have every
+
+61
+00:06:22,750 --> 00:06:28,690
+compound in English to be a compound in Arabic. We
+
+62
+00:06:28,690 --> 00:06:31,490
+don't have the equivalence of compounds in English
+
+63
+00:06:31,490 --> 00:06:35,770
+always be compounds in Arabic. So, for example,
+
+64
+00:06:35,910 --> 00:06:39,070
+trustworthy in English, it is trustworthy.
+
+65
+00:06:39,310 --> 00:06:42,280
+Trustworthy is not a compound. Okay? Because the
+
+66
+00:06:42,280 --> 00:06:46,080
+two languages morphologically are different from
+
+67
+00:06:46,080 --> 00:06:46,620
+each other.
+
+68
+00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:56,520
+We have compounds consisting of similes. I say...
+
+69
+00:06:56,520 --> 00:07:00,400
+So
+
+70
+00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:04,200
+we have here a simile. We have compounds consisting
+
+71
+00:07:04,200 --> 00:07:06,640
+of a noun, adjective and adjective.
+
+72
+00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:16,280
+مصاب بدوران البحر,  sea sick, متعطش
+
+73
+00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:20,180
+للدماء. Okay.
+
+74
+00:07:20,180 --> 00:07:27,440
+Blood thirsty. We have an adverb adjective,  زائد الخضرة, 
+
+75
+00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:37,820
+دائم الخضرة,  evergreen, ever ripe etc. So if you look
+
+76
+00:07:37,820 --> 00:07:42,900
+to these types in Arabic, you find them different
+
+77
+00:07:42,900 --> 00:07:47,600
+completely from English. So this represents an
+
+78
+00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:52,360
+area of difficulty. We find that our students
+
+79
+00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:57,860
+cannot have the quality for making what's called
+
+80
+00:07:57,860 --> 00:08:02,880
+compounding in English very easily. So this makes
+
+81
+00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:10,400
+them commit serious errors, okay? As we've seen,
+
+82
+00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:15,460
+lots of derivations by using prefixes, suffixes,
+
+83
+00:08:16,040 --> 00:08:19,580
+and infixes, but we don't have estimate rules.
+
+84
+00:08:19,700 --> 00:08:24,320
+We've seen suffixes of Greek origin, of Latin
+
+85
+00:08:24,320 --> 00:08:31,920
+origin, okay, of various origins. But having
+
+86
+00:08:31,920 --> 00:08:35,060
+specific rules or what is called a rule-based system
+
+87
+00:08:36,490 --> 00:08:40,570
+is not available in English, but maybe available
+
+88
+00:08:40,570 --> 00:08:46,350
+in Arabic. Okay? So this makes the quality or the
+
+89
+00:08:46,350 --> 00:08:51,530
+proficiency of constructing compounds or being
+
+90
+00:08:51,530 --> 00:08:54,490
+familiarized with compounds in English by our
+
+91
+00:08:54,490 --> 00:08:59,390
+students quite difficult. Okay? Now, if you look
+
+92
+00:08:59,390 --> 00:09:03,890
+to spelling, the spelling of English is also
+
+93
+00:09:03,890 --> 00:09:07,290
+difficult because we don't have productive rules
+
+94
+00:09:07,290 --> 00:09:11,010
+or rule-based system for making or for writing
+
+95
+00:09:11,010 --> 00:09:17,390
+English. But still we have some specific rules
+
+96
+00:09:17,390 --> 00:09:22,410
+that may near the situation. Like for example, the
+
+97
+00:09:22,410 --> 00:09:29,870
+letters CK or KE. When to write CK, when to write
+
+98
+00:09:29,870 --> 00:09:37,090
+KE. I say for example, cake. It ends with ke. Okay,
+
+99
+00:09:37,090 --> 00:09:41,470
+this is because it is preceded by a vowel or
+
+100
+00:09:41,470 --> 00:09:46,250
+preceded by a consonant, okay.
+
+101
+00:09:46,250 --> 00:09:51,890
+However, if there be a short vowel, if the k sound
+
+102
+00:09:51,890 --> 00:09:54,950
+is preceded by a short vowel, then it is translated
+
+103
+00:09:54,950 --> 00:10:02,130
+in writing by using ck. I say for example clock. It
+
+104
+00:10:02,130 --> 00:10:02,710
+is ck.
+
+105
+00:10:08,410 --> 00:10:12,990
+So once preceded by a short vowel, it is ck. Once
+
+106
+00:10:12,990 --> 00:10:22,410
+preceded by a long vowel or consonant, it is ke. We
+
+107
+00:10:22,410 --> 00:10:31,450
+have sometimes ch as like church. Church, church.
+
+108
+00:10:31,450 --> 00:10:35,770
+Okay, church here we have
+
+109
+00:10:39,270 --> 00:10:41,270
+The ch preceded by what?
+
+110
+00:10:44,890 --> 00:10:51,810
+It is preceded by a long vowel. Church.  طيب. We
+
+111
+00:10:51,810 --> 00:10:59,510
+have ch and we have tch. Match. Match. It is short
+
+112
+00:10:59,510 --> 00:11:04,590
+vowel. Okay? Once preceded by a short vowel, it is
+
+113
+00:11:04,590 --> 00:11:10,510
+tch. Match. However, once preceded by a long vowel
+
+114
+00:11:10,510 --> 00:11:22,990
+it is ch, church or consonant, okay. I
+
+115
+00:11:22,990 --> 00:11:31,710
+say for example shake, check, shake.
+
+116
+00:11:31,710 --> 00:11:36,290
+Here, we have ke, check. You have ck.
+
+117
+00:11:38,270 --> 00:11:42,810
+We have words
+
+118
+00:11:42,810 --> 00:11:49,030
+ending in double L, doubling, double S, or double
+
+119
+00:11:49,030 --> 00:11:56,990
+F. These if preceded by short vowels. Okay? So, I
+
+120
+00:11:56,990 --> 00:12:03,710
+say for example, staff, double F. Will, double L.
+
+121
+00:12:04,670 --> 00:12:11,610
+Miss, double S, okay, otherwise it is not doubled. 
+
+122
+00:12:11,790 --> 00:12:16,970
+The final letter cannot be doubled if preceded by
+
+123
+00:12:16,970 --> 00:12:27,170
+a long vowel or consonant or consonant. Okay, we
+
+124
+00:12:27,170 --> 00:12:35,900
+have dge or ge in case of having dge, you find the
+
+125
+00:12:35,900 --> 00:12:42,260
+sound preceded by a short vowel. I say judge, judge.
+
+126
+00:12:42,260 --> 00:12:54,620
+Judge, okay. J u d g e. It is d g e, however, I say
+
+127
+00:12:54,620 --> 00:13:01,560
+cage. What's the difference? It is g e only. So, g e
+
+128
+00:13:01,560 --> 00:13:08,920
+is preceded by a long vowel or consonant. I say range
+
+129
+00:13:08,920 --> 00:13:22,560
+range. It is g e. I say George, g e, however, judge, it
+
+130
+00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:29,640
+is d g e. We have exceptions for that. If you say
+
+131
+00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:33,950
+college for example, college. It ends with GE,
+
+132
+00:13:33,950 --> 00:13:38,550
+preceded by a short vowel. So, these are only
+
+133
+00:13:38,550 --> 00:13:43,930
+estimate rules. Okay? So, you can teach your
+
+134
+00:13:43,930 --> 00:13:46,970
+students or inform your students about these
+
+135
+00:13:46,970 --> 00:13:51,750
+specific rules, just to facilitate the process of
+
+136
+00:13:51,750 --> 00:13:57,710
+spelling and writing. Okay? However, you know,
+
+137
+00:13:58,710 --> 00:14:03,230
+compounding is a solid subject. Quite difficult. 
+
+138
+00:14:03,710 --> 00:14:07,890
+Okay, because it relies on practice and
+
+139
+00:14:07,890 --> 00:14:11,390
+memorization. You have to introduce this very
+
+140
+00:14:11,390 --> 00:14:15,810
+simply to your students by using activities or
+
+141
+00:14:15,810 --> 00:14:19,410
+techniques that can be familiar to them according
+
+142
+00:14:19,410 --> 00:14:24,910
+to their levels, either junior or intermediate or
+
+143
+00:14:24,910 --> 00:14:30,400
+advanced. Okay. So we have specific activities for
+
+144
+00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:33,720
+teaching compounding and for teaching other types
+
+145
+00:14:33,720 --> 00:14:38,240
+of morphological aspects of English to our
+
+146
+00:14:38,240 --> 00:14:42,680
+students. You have to be highly selective and
+
+147
+00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:46,680
+highly accurate in choosing the activity that
+
+148
+00:14:46,680 --> 00:14:51,940
+suits your students. Okay. Now, we need to touch
+
+149
+00:14:51,940 --> 00:14:59,830
+this area to see how we could teach word formation
+
+150
+00:14:59,830 --> 00:15:04,230
+systems to our students. And the derivation
+
+151
+00:15:04,230 --> 00:15:08,530
+system, the inflection system, and the compounding
+
+152
+00:15:08,530 --> 00:15:13,730
+system. Okay? I don't know whether you're prepared
+
+153
+00:15:13,730 --> 00:15:18,530
+or you just have any activity to be presented just
+
+154
+00:15:18,530 --> 00:15:24,710
+now. Who would like to volunteer just speaking
+
+155
+00:15:24,710 --> 00:15:27,950
+about some activities for teaching word formation?
+
+156
+00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:41,340
+Good morning, sisters. How are you? My name is
+
+157
+00:15:41,340 --> 00:15:43,360
+Fatima Boufaida. I'm going to teach you activities
+
+158
+00:15:43,360 --> 00:15:48,300
+for teaching compounds, with, I have taught it or I
+
+159
+00:15:48,300 --> 00:15:50,840
+want to show you how to teach it through games. I
+
+160
+00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:54,680
+prepared three games for your students. The first
+
+161
+00:15:54,680 --> 00:15:57,960
+game is grouping students. How can we do this
+
+162
+00:15:57,960 --> 00:16:01,200
+game? We know that we have a very large class. 
+
+163
+00:16:01,640 --> 00:16:03,560
+Divide the class into three groups or four
+
+164
+00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:07,720
+groups. Name each group as a type of compounded
+
+165
+00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:11,080
+words. For example, student group, hybrid group,
+
+166
+00:16:11,360 --> 00:16:15,840
+and spaced group. And give them a sheet of paper,
+
+167
+00:16:16,360 --> 00:16:19,500
+have many words, compounded words, and each group
+
+168
+00:16:19,500 --> 00:16:22,160
+selects the word that belongs to them. Student
+
+169
+00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:24,200
+group just collect the word as a single compound,
+
+170
+00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:28,250
+and like that. This is the first game that can be
+
+171
+00:16:28,250 --> 00:16:32,950
+used. The second one, which is Moon, Sun, and
+
+172
+00:16:32,950 --> 00:16:34,850
+Play. Moon, Sun, and Play is a very famous in
+
+173
+00:16:34,850 --> 00:16:36,810
+schools. We know that Moon, Sun, and Play, which
+
+174
+00:16:36,810 --> 00:16:40,450
+is a game. We can also use it by asking students to
+
+175
+00:16:40,450 --> 00:16:43,970
+make Moon write some compound words. Just the
+
+176
+00:16:43,970 --> 00:16:48,870
+first part, like black space, orange space, and
+
+177
+00:16:48,870 --> 00:16:52,790
+they continue it, and they ask them to be sons
+
+178
+00:16:53,260 --> 00:16:56,460
+and complete it on a sheet of paper. What does it
+
+179
+00:16:56,460 --> 00:17:00,180
+mean, moon, sun, here? Just to ask your students.
+
+180
+00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:02,920
+Once you say moon, your students will sleep,
+
+181
+00:17:02,980 --> 00:17:06,180
+sleep, yeah. And then you can hide whatever you
+
+182
+00:17:06,180 --> 00:17:09,560
+like from the parts of the compounds. Yeah. Then
+
+183
+00:17:09,560 --> 00:17:13,660
+you say sun, your students raise their heads and
+
+184
+00:17:13,660 --> 00:17:19,330
+then they can guess what is missing. Yeah, this is
+
+185
+00:17:19,330 --> 00:17:21,830
+the whole game, yeah, because it's very famous. Most
+
+186
+00:17:21,830 --> 00:17:25,730
+games, it's very famous in the schools. The last one
+
+187
+00:17:25,730 --> 00:17:30,030
+is a very exciting one, you know, this place which
+
+188
+00:17:30,030 --> 00:17:33,970
+is to try to find similar words, like number one,
+
+189
+00:17:33,970 --> 00:17:36,350
+flower, number two, piano, number three, flowers. Oh,
+
+190
+00:17:36,350 --> 00:17:39,870
+one and three are the flowers, you know it, yeah. We
+
+191
+00:17:39,870 --> 00:17:44,090
+can use it in school like that, for example, this
+
+192
+00:17:44,090 --> 00:17:51,770
+number one, it's arm, okay. Number two, paper. Number
+
+193
+00:17:51,770 --> 00:17:57,450
+three, chair. Okay. Number one, arm. Number three,
+
+194
+00:17:57,810 --> 00:18:00,790
+chair. This is a compound word. Arm, chair. You
+
+195
+00:18:00,790 --> 0
+
+223
+00:20:43,990 --> 00:20:50,130
+them, okay? So they can completely like, yes?
+
+224
+00:20:53,890 --> 00:20:59,370
+Play the
+
+225
+00:20:59,370 --> 00:20:59,570
+doctor.
+
+226
+00:21:08,370 --> 00:21:13,930
+or a lady doctor, I show them the card to women, 
+
+227
+00:21:14,250 --> 00:21:18,070
+ask them the part of speech, if it is noun or 
+
+228
+00:21:18,070 --> 00:21:21,390
+adjective or verb, then the other part of the 
+
+229
+00:21:21,390 --> 00:21:25,230
+word, after that I can bound them and show them
+
+230
+00:21:25,230 --> 00:21:31,520
+and... You mean the flash card? Yes, flashcard is 
+
+231
+00:21:31,520 --> 00:21:35,820
+very, very important, and it's very easy means for 
+
+232
+00:21:35,820 --> 00:21:39,420
+just transferring or conveying the message of 
+
+233
+00:21:39,420 --> 00:21:42,700
+compounding to your students. So if you have, for 
+
+234
+00:21:42,700 --> 00:21:46,700
+example, the compound noun, lady, doctor, then you 
+
+235
+00:21:46,700 --> 00:21:51,280
+can split it, lady, then doctor, and two 
+
+236
+00:21:51,280 --> 00:21:55,740
+flashcards. You can mention the syntactic type of 
+
+237
+00:21:55,740 --> 00:21:59,240
+the compound saying it is noun, noun. Lady is 
+
+238
+00:21:59,240 --> 00:22:03,720
+noun. doctor's noun, then you ask them to guess 
+
+239
+00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:10,500
+how to combine these two parts for making a 
+
+240
+00:22:10,500 --> 00:22:14,950
+compound noun, okay? You can have lady, you can 
+
+241
+00:22:14,950 --> 00:22:22,330
+have other parts like man, like woman, okay? Then 
+
+242
+00:22:22,330 --> 00:22:27,590
+you ask them to select which one can fit with the 
+
+243
+00:22:27,590 --> 00:22:32,030
+meaning of doctora in Arabic. So, they can guess 
+
+244
+00:22:32,030 --> 00:22:34,850
+either lady, doctor, or whatever. And then you 
+
+245
+00:22:34,850 --> 00:22:36,790
+have to correct them, okay?
+
+246
+00:22:54,150 --> 00:23:01,750
+This is This activity fits with all types of 
+
+247
+00:23:01,750 --> 00:23:05,390
+compounds, either verb-verb compound, adjective
+
+248
+00:23:05,390 --> 00:23:07,630
+-adjective compound. When I say for example, 
+
+249
+00:23:07,710 --> 00:23:16,510
+green, white, shirt. Green, white, shirt. Smash 
+
+250
+00:23:16,510 --> 00:23:21,270
+and grip. This is two verbs. Green, white, this is 
+
+251
+00:23:21,270 --> 00:23:27,410
+two adjectives hyphenated. Okay? Lady doctor, two 
+
+252
+00:23:27,410 --> 00:23:33,490
+nouns. Blackboard. Adjective noun. Okay. 
+
+253
+00:23:37,010 --> 00:23:44,370
+Overall. It is preposition or adverb then pronoun. 
+
+254
+00:23:45,790 --> 00:23:54,950
+He got. Pronoun hyphen got. She get. She pronoun 
+
+255
+00:23:54,950 --> 00:23:59,950
+hyphen then get. Okay? So you can use the 
+
+256
+00:23:59,950 --> 00:24:05,810
+flashcards for making these compounds. Okay? And 
+
+257
+00:24:05,810 --> 00:24:08,510
+the most important thing is just to create 
+
+258
+00:24:08,510 --> 00:24:12,470
+motivation and competition inside the class. You 
+
+259
+00:24:12,470 --> 00:24:16,690
+need to divide the class into groups and then run 
+
+260
+00:24:16,690 --> 00:24:20,730
+a competition among these groups. Okay? By writing 
+
+261
+00:24:20,730 --> 00:24:26,510
+the marks on board. Okay? On the blackboard. So 
+
+262
+00:24:26,510 --> 00:24:32,360
+the winning group can have a club from the whole 
+
+263
+00:24:32,360 --> 00:24:32,880
+class. 
+
+264
+00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:40,940
+Because teaching is fun. So don't be very stiff 
+
+265
+00:24:40,940 --> 00:24:44,800
+just introducing and introducing your subject. Try 
+
+266
+00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:49,120
+to communicate with your students. Try to let your 
+
+267
+00:24:49,120 --> 00:24:52,400
+students use the material you explain practically 
+
+268
+00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:56,080
+in the class. Communication is very, very 
+
+269
+00:24:56,080 --> 00:25:00,280
+important. This is done by letting, by giving your 
+
+270
+00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:04,900
+students the chance to speak. to use English okay 
+
+271
+00:25:04,900 --> 00:25:09,420
+so don't have the chance limited to you or don't 
+
+272
+00:25:09,420 --> 00:25:14,060
+explain the whole period long you have to divide 
+
+273
+00:25:14,060 --> 00:25:20,940
+your class into different parts okay and then you 
+
+274
+00:25:20,940 --> 00:25:27,580
+have to leave specific space for activities okay 
+
+275
+00:25:27,580 --> 00:25:32,020
+made by the students in explaining the lesson 
+
+276
+00:25:32,770 --> 00:25:37,030
+Okay. You ask them or you can do that for yourself 
+
+277
+00:25:37,030 --> 00:25:40,410
+and then you let your students have the chance to 
+
+278
+00:25:40,410 --> 00:25:44,390
+answer to practice English. Okay.
+
+279
+00:25:48,130 --> 00:25:54,360
+We have other activities for teaching. The most 
+
+280
+00:25:54,360 --> 00:26:01,680
+important ones are those which the students use 
+
+281
+00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:07,340
+their own eyes and ears, meaning visible 
+
+282
+00:26:07,340 --> 00:26:13,060
+activities. The more the students use their 
+
+283
+00:26:13,060 --> 00:26:17,220
+senses, the more they understand. So you have to 
+
+284
+00:26:17,220 --> 00:26:23,850
+teach contextually and not to teach formally. You 
+
+285
+00:26:23,850 --> 00:26:27,950
+have to focus on inductive teaching, meaning let 
+
+286
+00:26:27,950 --> 00:26:30,350
+your students deduce, and not to teach 
+
+287
+00:26:30,350 --> 00:26:34,190
+deductively, meaning just giving or delivering 
+
+288
+00:26:34,190 --> 00:26:38,990
+explanations or lecturing inside the class for the 
+
+289
+00:26:38,990 --> 00:26:43,370
+low level or intermediate level or even advanced 
+
+290
+00:26:43,370 --> 00:26:50,440
+level. Okay? So, the teacher is an artist. You 
+
+291
+00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:56,180
+have to be very skillful artists inside the class.
+
+292
+00:26:56,960 --> 00:27:01,080
+Your target is to convey your message very, very 
+
+293
+00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:05,430
+attentively and smoothly to your students. You 
+
+294
+00:27:05,430 --> 00:27:09,310
+have to be very brilliant in selecting, predicting 
+
+295
+00:27:09,310 --> 00:27:13,010
+activities for conveying your message very 
+
+296
+00:27:13,010 --> 00:27:16,510
+successfully to your students. Just to have them 
+
+297
+00:27:16,510 --> 00:27:21,770
+speaking English competently and very fluently at 
+
+298
+00:27:21,770 --> 00:27:25,650
+the end of the day. That's it. Okay? 
+
+299
+00:27:30,310 --> 00:27:31,810
+Now we have 
+
+300
+00:27:36,870 --> 00:27:43,550
+a certain say quiz or certain questions just to 
+
+301
+00:27:43,550 --> 00:27:46,490
+check your information on compounding. 
+
+302
+00:27:50,950 --> 00:27:54,930
+Anyway, it is answered. They are answered 
+
+303
+00:27:54,930 --> 00:27:58,310
+questions. They are models for you just to let you 
+
+304
+00:27:58,310 --> 00:28:02,090
+completely 
+
+305
+00:28:04,290 --> 00:28:10,110
+understand the word formation or compounding. 
+
+306
+00:28:33,220 --> 00:28:34,620
+Okay. 
+
+307
+00:28:44,070 --> 00:28:45,510
+Okay. Okay. 
+
+308
+00:29:08,990 --> 00:29:11,970
+I don't know whether you could just see that very 
+
+309
+00:29:11,970 --> 00:29:12,370
+clearly.
+
+310
+00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:39,980
+Tell him how many. Tell him 16, 20. I'm going to 
+
+311
+00:29:39,980 --> 00:29:42,940
+make it all black, okay? No, no, leave it as it 
+
+312
+00:29:42,940 --> 00:29:44,140
+is. Leave it as it is? Yes.
+
+313
+00:29:58,280 --> 00:29:58,840
+I'm going to make it more. 
+
+314
+00:30:18,130 --> 00:30:23,850
+If you look to this quiz or this passage, this 
+
+315
+00:30:23,850 --> 00:30:27,330
+passage contains lots of compound nouns. 
+
+316
+00:30:31,170 --> 00:30:35,830
+Two and a half years ago, my 52-year-old brother 
+
+317
+00:30:35,830 --> 00:30:42,170
+-in-law. We have 52-year-old brother. Okay? 52
+
+318
+00:30:42,170 --> 00:30:46,570
+-year-old. It is hyphenated. Why? 
+
+319
+00:30:51,150 --> 00:30:55,510
+Okay? Why is it hyphenated? 
+
+320
+00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:07,140
+If you have number, we have 
+
+321
+00:31:07,140 --> 00:31:09,200
+number then, 
+
+322
+00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:12,720
+you have, 
+
+323
+00:31:16,500 --> 00:31:22,980
+that's true, yes, we have a number here, then 
+
+324
+00:31:22,980 --> 00:31:29,920
+followed by a noun, then it is hyphenated, rather 
+
+325
+00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:33,510
+in law, It's originally hyphenated because you 
+
+326
+00:31:33,510 --> 00:31:36,610
+have here parts of speech, brother as a noun,
+
+327
+00:31:37,190 --> 00:31:44,150
+preposition, and then you have noun. It is 
+
+328
+00:31:44,150 --> 00:31:50,110
+hyphenated. So 52-year-old brother-in-law, a 
+
+329
+00:31:50,110 --> 00:31:54,310
+highly respected and might I add, well-paid. 
+
+330
+00:31:58,230 --> 00:32:05,220
+Okay? Vice President. of a bank, well-paid vice 
+
+331
+00:32:05,220 --> 00:32:09,980
+president of the bank. Well-paid is open, open 
+
+332
+00:32:09,980 --> 00:32:15,880
+compound. Vice president is hyphenated compound as 
+
+333
+00:32:15,880 --> 00:32:23,440
+you see. Move to the 43rd floor. Again, it is 
+
+334
+00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:27,320
+number, so it is hyphenated. of a high rise 
+
+335
+00:32:27,320 --> 00:32:31,580
+apartment, high rise hyphenated mainly because I 
+
+336
+00:32:31,580 --> 00:32:34,960
+know I told you that we have hyphenation and we 
+
+337
+00:32:34,960 --> 00:32:38,900
+have open systems for the hyphenated compounds 
+
+338
+00:32:38,900 --> 00:32:42,440
+they are mainly new in English So they are 
+
+339
+00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:46,600
+hyphenated according to some references. Still, 
+
+340
+00:32:47,180 --> 00:32:51,720
+the open compounds are deeply rooted in English. 
+
+341
+00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:55,280
+So they are familiar with all English native 
+
+342
+00:32:55,280 --> 00:32:58,780
+speakers. So there is no need for having a hyphen. 
+
+343
+00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:04,600
+We also have difference in the use of hyphens in 
+
+344
+00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:10,520
+American English and received English. So what is 
+
+345
+00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:15,900
+hyphenated? in British 
+
+346
+00:33:15,900 --> 00:33:19,860
+English may not be hyphenated in American English 
+
+347
+00:33:19,860 --> 00:33:21,100
+and vice versa. 
+
+348
+00:33:35,760 --> 00:33:42,850
+So, vice president of a bank, vice president, 43rd 
+
+349
+00:33:42,850 --> 00:33:46,810
+floor number, high-rise apartment, 
+
+350
+00:33:49,350 --> 00:33:57,050
+brand new, unheard of. So you can follow this 
+
+351
+00:33:57,050 --> 00:34:06,890
+page, this passage, and see the red color words 
+
+352
+00:34:07,760 --> 00:34:11,380
+and the blue color words all of them are compounds 
+
+353
+00:34:11,380 --> 00:34:16,600
+all of them are compounds let's try to check why 
+
+354
+00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:23,360
+these are hyphenated or spaced okay this is what 
+
+355
+00:34:23,360 --> 00:34:27,020
+we need okay 
+
+356
+00:34:35,510 --> 00:34:41,230
+I leave you this passage on my page okay try to 
+
+357
+00:34:41,230 --> 00:34:47,830
+analyze it at home and say why this happened you 
+
+358
+00:34:47,830 --> 00:34:51,850
+have some hyphenated compounds and some open 
+
+359
+00:34:51,850 --> 00:34:58,710
+compounds and morphologically as we have mentioned 
+
+360
+00:34:58,710 --> 00:35:02,730
+we have three types the solid ones the hyphenated 
+
+361
+00:35:02,730 --> 00:35:06,750
+ones and the open or spaced one. So now this 
+
+362
+00:35:06,750 --> 00:35:10,390
+passage contains lots of compounds. I need you 
+
+363
+00:35:10,390 --> 00:35:16,710
+just to revise the passage, see the passage, 
+
+364
+00:35:16,950 --> 00:35:20,390
+analyze it and then revise the information which I 
+
+365
+00:35:20,390 --> 00:35:24,770
+explained and then give interpretation about the 
+
+366
+00:35:24,770 --> 00:35:29,270
+different types, okay? This will be next time 
+
+367
+00:35:29,270 --> 00:35:34,010
+among other activities mainly the activities for 
+
+368
+00:35:34,010 --> 00:35:37,690
+teaching word formation. Next time try to come 
+
+369
+00:35:37,690 --> 00:35:41,670
+with presentations for introducing activities for 
+
+370
+00:35:41,670 --> 00:35:45,470
+teaching compounding word formation and 
+
+371
+00:35:45,470 --> 00:35:48,150
+inflections in English. Okay?

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/LCytnBqWW0g_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1864 @@
+1
+00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:22,380
+Today we are going to see just a new chapter and
+
+2
+00:00:22,380 --> 00:00:25,760
+this is about definiteness and indefiniteness in
+
+3
+00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:30,100
+English and Arabic. we are going to see the
+
+4
+00:00:30,100 --> 00:00:36,660
+definiteness system how nouns are defined in
+
+5
+00:00:36,660 --> 00:00:42,300
+English and Arabic definiteness is available in
+
+6
+00:00:42,300 --> 00:00:47,120
+all languages but some languages have overt system
+
+7
+00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:50,820
+and some other languages have covert system
+
+8
+00:00:50,820 --> 00:00:57,540
+Chinese for example does not have any overt system
+
+9
+00:01:00,170 --> 00:01:06,930
+there are no equivalence for a or n or the or any
+
+10
+00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:12,150
+article of definiteness or indefiniteness in any
+
+11
+00:01:12,150 --> 00:01:16,430
+in a language like English. So Chinese does not
+
+12
+00:01:16,430 --> 00:01:25,310
+have articles. It has only zero articles, covert
+
+13
+00:01:25,310 --> 00:01:32,470
+articles. Arabic has no articles no indefinite
+
+14
+00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:37,990
+articles but it has the definite article l however
+
+15
+00:01:37,990 --> 00:01:42,130
+in English we have the overt system the
+
+16
+00:01:42,130 --> 00:01:48,590
+indefiniteness and definiteness system a n this is
+
+17
+00:01:48,590 --> 00:01:52,650
+the indefinite article and the plus the zero
+
+18
+00:01:52,650 --> 00:01:59,970
+article Today we are going to navigate on the
+
+19
+00:01:59,970 --> 00:02:03,470
+definiteness and indefiniteness systems to
+
+20
+00:02:03,470 --> 00:02:09,470
+discover its secret, how definiteness and
+
+21
+00:02:09,470 --> 00:02:14,470
+indefiniteness are constructed in English and
+
+22
+00:02:14,470 --> 00:02:18,930
+Arabic. So we need to touch the indefiniteness
+
+23
+00:02:18,930 --> 00:02:26,740
+system first. We mean, the morpheme AN. This is
+
+24
+00:02:26,740 --> 00:02:31,160
+one article. A and N are one article. It is
+
+25
+00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:36,400
+indefinite article. However, A and N are
+
+26
+00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:40,840
+allomorphs of the same morpheme, the indefinite
+
+27
+00:02:40,840 --> 00:02:50,770
+article. Okay? This is used in English to single
+
+28
+00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:54,250
+the ideas expressed by the noun directly following
+
+29
+00:02:54,250 --> 00:03:00,350
+it. Once upon a time, there was a king. Once upon
+
+30
+00:03:00,350 --> 00:03:05,030
+a time, once upon a time, there was a king. A king
+
+31
+00:03:05,030 --> 00:03:10,790
+here is preceded by the indefinite article A
+
+32
+00:03:10,790 --> 00:03:15,970
+because it refers to a single idea. Okay, once
+
+33
+00:03:15,970 --> 00:03:19,410
+upon a time there was a king, the king was named
+
+34
+00:03:19,410 --> 00:03:26,030
+Shahrayar. So once you repeat the same thing, it
+
+35
+00:03:26,030 --> 00:03:28,530
+must be preceded by the definite article, the.
+
+36
+00:03:29,350 --> 00:03:36,590
+Okay? The indefinite a and n article semantically
+
+37
+00:03:36,590 --> 00:03:41,690
+holds the sense of any. The earth is like a ball.
+
+38
+00:03:42,690 --> 00:03:44,610
+The room is like a sequoia.
+
+39
+00:03:47,470 --> 00:03:50,610
+Any square, any ball.
+
+40
+00:03:56,910 --> 00:04:07,910
+So, A and N are used to express a
+
+41
+00:04:07,910 --> 00:04:13,870
+single idea that refers to one noun And
+
+42
+00:04:13,870 --> 00:04:17,750
+semantically, it holds the sense of any as well.
+
+43
+00:04:18,530 --> 00:04:23,670
+So the room is like a square, which square? Any
+
+44
+00:04:23,670 --> 00:04:23,990
+square.
+
+45
+00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:35,690
+Semantically, the indefinite article A and N has
+
+46
+00:04:35,690 --> 00:04:43,210
+specific meaning and generic meaning. So we have
+
+47
+00:04:43,210 --> 00:04:51,830
+generic or specific meaning. Once it refers to a
+
+48
+00:04:51,830 --> 00:04:57,490
+certain idea or object, then it is specific.
+
+49
+00:04:58,410 --> 00:05:02,190
+However, if you speak generically about
+
+50
+00:05:05,150 --> 00:05:09,350
+Anything, any idea, this means that you refer or
+
+51
+00:05:09,350 --> 00:05:15,250
+you have or A and N have the function, the generic
+
+52
+00:05:15,250 --> 00:05:18,750
+function. I'm looking for a book on computer
+
+53
+00:05:18,750 --> 00:05:23,470
+technology. I'm looking for a book on computer
+
+54
+00:05:23,470 --> 00:05:28,710
+technology. Which book? Any book. So it is
+
+55
+00:05:28,710 --> 00:05:35,330
+generic. I need to read a story. Which story? Any
+
+56
+00:05:35,330 --> 00:05:43,790
+story. Okay. It's generic. Okay. I need to buy a
+
+57
+00:05:43,790 --> 00:05:49,590
+book in linguistics. Which book? Any book. So it
+
+58
+00:05:49,590 --> 00:05:56,230
+is of generic meaning. Now, I bought a book in
+
+59
+00:05:56,230 --> 00:06:02,650
+linguistics. I bought a book in linguistics. This
+
+60
+00:06:02,650 --> 00:06:09,490
+is specific. A certain book. Okay. For example, it
+
+61
+00:06:09,490 --> 00:06:12,390
+is the minimalist program for Noam Chomsky, for
+
+62
+00:06:12,390 --> 00:06:17,470
+example. So one book. I know it. It is specific.
+
+63
+00:06:19,050 --> 00:06:24,350
+Fine. I rented a flat. I rented a flat.
+
+64
+00:06:27,450 --> 00:06:33,230
+Which flat? One flat. So is this specific or
+
+65
+00:06:33,230 --> 00:06:38,610
+generic? It is specific. A guest came to visit us
+
+66
+00:06:38,610 --> 00:06:45,070
+last night. What do you say? A guest. Specific
+
+67
+00:06:45,070 --> 00:06:47,710
+guest. I know him. Okay.
+
+68
+00:06:56,810 --> 00:06:57,490
+Okay.
+
+69
+00:07:00,090 --> 00:07:05,010
+The indefinite article A and N It's also used with
+
+70
+00:07:05,010 --> 00:07:10,230
+singular countable nouns to refer to countable
+
+71
+00:07:10,230 --> 00:07:13,730
+nouns that have neither been mentioned in this
+
+72
+00:07:13,730 --> 00:07:18,830
+course before nor
+
+73
+00:07:18,830 --> 00:07:21,270
+situationally identified.
+
+74
+00:07:23,130 --> 00:07:28,790
+There was a queen named Elizabeth. There was a
+
+75
+00:07:28,790 --> 00:07:34,780
+queen named Elizabeth. Okay. A queen. Is it
+
+76
+00:07:34,780 --> 00:07:39,520
+countable or uncountable? Countable. Okay. It
+
+77
+00:07:39,520 --> 00:07:44,040
+refers to a certain person. Does it work here
+
+78
+00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:50,000
+specifically or generically? Specifically. So it
+
+79
+00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,720
+is of specific function semantically.
+
+80
+00:07:57,980 --> 00:08:01,990
+Now in the sentence, there was a queen. Is the
+
+81
+00:08:01,990 --> 00:08:06,430
+noun mentioned before? No, this is the first time
+
+82
+00:08:06,430 --> 00:08:11,230
+you hear it, okay? So any noun, any concrete or
+
+83
+00:08:11,230 --> 00:08:14,890
+any countable noun mentioned for the first time
+
+84
+00:08:14,890 --> 00:08:21,710
+must be preceded by a or n, okay? But if it is
+
+85
+00:08:21,710 --> 00:08:25,610
+heard before, if it is mentioned before, then a
+
+86
+00:08:25,610 --> 00:08:31,330
+and n must be repeated by the. Okay. I have a son
+
+87
+00:08:31,330 --> 00:08:38,590
+and a daughter. I have a son and a daughter. And
+
+88
+00:08:38,590 --> 00:08:41,850
+the son and the daughter are students at the
+
+89
+00:08:41,850 --> 00:08:46,270
+Islamic University of Gaza. Okay. For the first
+
+90
+00:08:46,270 --> 00:08:50,670
+time, it is a, a. However, for the second time, it
+
+91
+00:08:50,670 --> 00:08:59,810
+is the, the. Okay. We have a cat and a dog. A cat
+
+92
+00:08:59,810 --> 00:09:06,290
+and a dog. The first time, the cat and the dog are
+
+93
+00:09:06,290 --> 00:09:12,410
+very beautiful. Okay. Once I repeat, I replace the
+
+94
+00:09:12,410 --> 00:09:15,390
+indefinite article with a definite article there.
+
+95
+00:09:15,810 --> 00:09:20,650
+Okay. I'm reading a good book. I'm reading a good
+
+96
+00:09:20,650 --> 00:09:27,530
+book. The book is on linguistics. So for the first
+
+97
+00:09:27,530 --> 00:09:31,030
+time, a book for the second time, the book.
+
+98
+00:09:40,630 --> 00:09:43,930
+Now, the indefinite article indicates a class
+
+99
+00:09:43,930 --> 00:09:49,470
+relationship. Therefore, it precedes singular
+
+100
+00:09:49,470 --> 00:09:53,650
+countable nouns used as representative members of
+
+101
+00:09:53,650 --> 00:09:57,510
+the class. A cat can be beautiful, which cat?
+
+102
+00:10:00,190 --> 00:10:05,330
+Any cat so here is it specific or generic? It's
+
+103
+00:10:05,330 --> 00:10:13,110
+generic Okay, now a cat is a representative It
+
+104
+00:10:13,110 --> 00:10:20,850
+is a representative Member of Hair class, all cats
+
+105
+00:10:20,850 --> 00:10:29,050
+Plants are beautiful I say for example A tree is
+
+106
+00:10:29,050 --> 00:10:44,390
+beautiful. Which tree? Any tree Okay Now
+
+107
+00:10:44,390 --> 00:10:48,170
+once the noun is preceded or modified by
+
+108
+00:10:48,170 --> 00:10:53,660
+attributive adjective preceded by adjective it
+
+109
+00:10:53,660 --> 00:10:58,600
+must be or it can be preceded by a or n I say
+
+110
+00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:05,000
+Christine is becoming a nice girl I
+
+111
+00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:08,860
+can't say Christine is becoming nice girl a nice
+
+112
+00:11:08,860 --> 00:11:12,620
+girl because this is adjectival adjectival now
+
+113
+00:11:12,620 --> 00:11:20,880
+okay Hoda is becoming a clever girl is becoming
+
+114
+00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:24,480
+clever gear, a clever gear. So we have here an
+
+115
+00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:30,400
+adjectival noun. Any adjectival noun accepts A or
+
+116
+00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,740
+N according to its morphological construction.
+
+117
+00:11:35,740 --> 00:11:39,560
+Either preceded by beginning with vowel or
+
+118
+00:11:39,560 --> 00:11:44,000
+consonant. In case of vowel, it is N. In case of
+
+119
+00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:48,780
+consonant, it's A. For example, I say university.
+
+120
+00:11:50,130 --> 00:11:51,130
+Is it A or N?
+
+121
+00:11:54,110 --> 00:11:59,550
+It is A, a university I say. It's a university.
+
+122
+00:11:59,770 --> 00:12:03,270
+This is Ya consonant. Ah.
+
+123
+00:12:06,330 --> 00:12:13,530
+Okay. However, ice cream, an ice cream. Engineer?
+
+124
+00:12:14,930 --> 00:12:15,650
+Okay.
+
+125
+00:12:18,620 --> 00:12:22,640
+Now, all professions and adjectives denoting
+
+126
+00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:29,040
+religions are preceded by A or N. I say I am a
+
+127
+00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:35,220
+professor. I am a professor. I am a professor. So
+
+128
+00:12:35,220 --> 00:12:38,720
+this is my profession. You are a student.
+
+129
+00:12:41,260 --> 00:12:46,940
+He is a mason. He is a windscatter.
+
+130
+00:12:52,330 --> 00:12:57,590
+He's a doctor. Okay. So all professions and
+
+131
+00:12:57,590 --> 00:13:06,450
+handicrafts are preceded by A or N. My father is a
+
+132
+00:13:06,450 --> 00:13:12,350
+teacher. Your father is an engineer, for example.
+
+133
+00:13:13,050 --> 00:13:22,760
+Your dad is a doctor. your dad accountant okay he
+
+134
+00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:28,580
+is an accountant okay he's an accountant okay your
+
+135
+00:13:28,580 --> 00:13:39,600
+dad okay he's also an accountant your dad a lawyer
+
+136
+00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:45,960
+okay he's a lawyer he is an advocate Okay, so we
+
+137
+00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,640
+have all professions and handcrafts are preceded
+
+138
+00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:57,640
+by the indefinite article A or N Okay adjectives
+
+139
+00:13:57,640 --> 00:14:01,980
+of religions I say أنا مسلم how could you
+
+140
+00:14:01,980 --> 00:14:08,240
+translate it? I am a Muslim She is she is a
+
+141
+00:14:08,240 --> 00:14:14,580
+Christian He is a Jew So religions are preceded by
+
+142
+00:14:14,580 --> 00:14:22,440
+A or N. Okay? Now all expressions or some
+
+143
+00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:25,820
+expressions of quantity and measurements are also
+
+144
+00:14:25,820 --> 00:14:29,480
+preceded by A or N. For example, a pair of shoes.
+
+145
+00:14:30,380 --> 00:14:38,460
+A pair. A. A little. We have little and a little.
+
+146
+00:14:39,460 --> 00:14:42,160
+Which is larger than the other? Little or a
+
+147
+00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:48,180
+little? No, no. A little is larger than little. A
+
+148
+00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:55,860
+few, a few, few, few. A few is larger than few.
+
+149
+00:14:56,640 --> 00:15:03,460
+Okay. A couple of minutes, a few, a hundred, a
+
+150
+00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:09,250
+thousand, three tablets a day. Now we speak about
+
+151
+00:15:09,250 --> 00:15:13,790
+the duration. Three tablets a day. I drove 80
+
+152
+00:15:13,790 --> 00:15:21,510
+miles an hour. So day, hour, minute are preceded
+
+153
+00:15:21,510 --> 00:15:27,710
+by the indefinite article A or N. So three tablets
+
+154
+00:15:27,710 --> 00:15:35,910
+a day. The child has to have the medicine by
+
+155
+00:15:35,910 --> 00:15:45,830
+taking three teaspoonfuls a day. Okay. Three
+
+156
+00:15:45,830 --> 00:15:51,430
+tablets a day, 80 kilometers an hour. The material
+
+157
+00:15:51,430 --> 00:16:03,310
+is $10 a meter. $10 a meter. Okay. The apples
+
+158
+00:16:06,890 --> 00:16:16,090
+cost two dollars a kilo okay a pound so all means
+
+159
+00:16:16,090 --> 00:16:22,210
+of quantity okay or measurements units of
+
+160
+00:16:22,210 --> 00:16:32,730
+measurements are perceived by a or n type
+
+161
+00:16:32,730 --> 00:16:38,440
+now the proper nouns which are Used as adjectives
+
+162
+00:16:38,440 --> 00:16:42,260
+in the sentence in the singular proper noun used
+
+163
+00:16:42,260 --> 00:16:48,400
+as an adjective Must be preceded by a or n He's a
+
+164
+00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:55,400
+Napoleon He's a Napoleon She's
+
+165
+00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:59,980
+a Shakespeare And she is like Shakespeare he and
+
+166
+00:16:59,980 --> 00:17:06,050
+his courage is like Napoleon Okay So if you use a
+
+167
+00:17:06,050 --> 00:17:13,170
+noun in place or if you have a noun functioning as
+
+168
+00:17:13,170 --> 00:17:17,770
+an adjective, then it must be preceded by A or N
+
+169
+00:17:17,770 --> 00:17:18,690
+if it is singular.
+
+170
+00:17:23,950 --> 00:17:27,290
+Now, the adverbial expressions of time must be
+
+171
+00:17:27,290 --> 00:17:33,370
+preceded by A or N. He sat for a while. He sat for
+
+172
+00:17:33,370 --> 00:17:38,990
+an hour. He sat for a day. He stayed for a month.
+
+173
+00:17:40,230 --> 00:17:47,810
+He stayed with us for a year. Do you get that? Do
+
+174
+00:17:47,810 --> 00:17:54,990
+you understand? Hold on for a minute. Hold on for
+
+175
+00:17:54,990 --> 00:18:02,750
+a minute. Okay. Hold on for a moment. Hold on for
+
+176
+00:18:02,750 --> 00:18:05,650
+a second. So you have A.
+
+177
+00:18:08,470 --> 00:18:13,850
+Now greetings must be preceded by, must be
+
+178
+00:18:13,850 --> 00:18:18,410
+preceded by A or N. I say have nice time or have a
+
+179
+00:18:18,410 --> 00:18:24,450
+nice time? Have a nice time. Have a nice day. Have
+
+180
+00:18:24,450 --> 00:18:29,070
+a nice stay with us in Gaza. Have a nice weekend.
+
+181
+00:18:30,730 --> 00:18:38,360
+Okay. Have a nice exam. Have a good exam Once
+
+182
+00:18:38,360 --> 00:18:41,400
+you have greeting expressions, they are preceded
+
+183
+00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:49,440
+by A or N Okay Now
+
+184
+00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:52,480
+a
+
+185
+00:18:52,480 --> 00:18:57,680
+Merry Christmas to you and a Happy New Year It's
+
+186
+00:18:57,680 --> 00:19:01,960
+greeting Merry Christmas. It's preceded by A Happy
+
+187
+00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:06,000
+New Year It's also preceded by A because this is
+
+188
+00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:11,360
+part of greeting. أتمنى لك عيدا سعيدا. Is this
+
+189
+00:19:11,360 --> 00:19:16,540
+available in Arabic? We don't have A or N in
+
+190
+00:19:16,540 --> 00:19:20,100
+Arabic or equivalence of A and N. Okay, we only
+
+191
+00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:25,760
+have the definite article. We have covert system
+
+192
+00:19:25,760 --> 00:19:31,180
+of indefiniteness and the nonation ولدا رأيت ولدا
+
+193
+00:19:31,180 --> 00:19:36,330
+يمشي في الشارع Waladan here with the nonation is
+
+194
+00:19:36,330 --> 00:19:40,710
+for emphasis is not for indefiniteness. So the
+
+195
+00:19:40,710 --> 00:19:44,270
+nonation Tanween in Arabic is not used for
+
+196
+00:19:44,270 --> 00:19:47,530
+indefiniteness. It is only for emphasis.
+
+197
+00:19:50,890 --> 00:19:58,230
+Okay. في يوم من الأيام كان هناك ملكا هذا
+
+198
+00:19:58,230 --> 00:20:03,990
+الملك يدعى شهريار ملك is not preceded by anything.
+
+199
+00:20:04,270 --> 00:20:09,990
+It is zero. Once I repeat, I use ال التعريف. هذا
+
+200
+00:20:09,990 --> 00:20:17,350
+الملك يدعى. Okay. So English is not like Arabic.
+
+201
+00:20:18,430 --> 00:20:22,030
+This must be taken very seriously once you
+
+202
+00:20:22,030 --> 00:20:26,130
+translate from English to Arabic or from Arabic to
+
+203
+00:20:26,130 --> 00:20:28,550
+English. Otherwise, you commit serious errors.
+
+204
+00:20:30,250 --> 00:20:30,570
+Okay.
+
+205
+00:20:34,910 --> 00:20:41,790
+Because the definiteness or indefiniteness have
+
+206
+00:20:41,790 --> 00:20:45,730
+semantic meaning, which is very, very important.
+
+207
+00:20:46,110 --> 00:20:48,430
+It changes the meaning of the whole sentence.
+
+208
+00:20:52,210 --> 00:21:02,070
+This is
+
+209
+00:21:02,070 --> 00:21:06,540
+what we understood. But the original decision, the
+
+210
+00:21:06,540 --> 00:21:11,020
+original solution, okay, issued by the Security
+
+211
+00:21:11,020 --> 00:21:14,080
+Council was like so.
+
+212
+00:21:17,660 --> 00:21:26,960
+Which Arab
+
+213
+00:21:26,960 --> 00:21:32,650
+territories does it mean? okay so the whole
+
+214
+00:21:32,650 --> 00:21:38,410
+sentence changed completely okay this is why we
+
+215
+00:21:38,410 --> 00:21:45,350
+reject it okay anyway the
+
+216
+00:21:45,350 --> 00:21:49,170
+definite article the has very important semantic
+
+217
+00:21:49,170 --> 00:21:54,750
+rule in English and قل التعريف in Arabic has the
+
+218
+00:21:54,750 --> 00:21:59,010
+same rule however the translation of قل التعريف
+
+219
+00:22:00,670 --> 00:22:04,010
+does not necessarily mean that in all situations
+
+220
+00:22:04,010 --> 00:22:09,150
+and that cannot be translated with Arabic in all
+
+221
+00:22:09,150 --> 00:22:13,070
+situations it depends on the structure of the
+
+222
+00:22:13,070 --> 00:22:15,310
+sentence so you have to take care about the
+
+223
+00:22:15,310 --> 00:22:21,230
+context of the sentence or the context where these
+
+224
+00:22:21,230 --> 00:22:29,090
+indefinite or definite articles used okay I
+
+225
+00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:37,100
+say For expressions of time I sat for a while It
+
+226
+00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:41,400
+is zero in Arabic while in English must be
+
+227
+00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,980
+preceded by the indefinite article A Hold on for a
+
+228
+00:22:44,980 --> 00:22:51,580
+minute A minute
+
+229
+00:22:51,580 --> 00:22:56,320
+Okay
+
+230
+00:22:58,550 --> 00:23:00,710
+Hold on for a moment.
+
+231
+00:23:03,510 --> 00:23:08,410
+With greetings and good wishes. I say have a nice
+
+232
+00:23:08,410 --> 00:23:09,190
+time.
+
+233
+00:23:12,070 --> 00:23:16,590
+It is zero. However, in English, it must be
+
+234
+00:23:16,590 --> 00:23:19,750
+translated by using the indefinite article the.
+
+235
+00:23:20,350 --> 00:23:24,010
+Have a nice time. Have a nice day. Have a good
+
+236
+00:23:24,010 --> 00:23:28,020
+exam. Have a nice stay here with us in Gaza. Have
+
+237
+00:23:28,020 --> 00:23:33,540
+a nice return journey to your country. Okay?
+
+238
+00:23:38,040 --> 00:23:47,960
+Now similes take A or N mainly after the particle
+
+239
+00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:53,800
+as or like. He fought like a lion. He fought like
+
+240
+00:23:53,800 --> 00:24:00,700
+a lion. I don't say he fought like a lion He
+
+241
+00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:10,560
+vanished like a ghost So
+
+242
+00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:17,540
+I translate
+
+243
+00:24:17,540 --> 00:24:23,060
+it using the definite article I
+
+244
+00:24:23,060 --> 00:24:28,440
+can say اختفى كشبح So it is not necessarily to
+
+245
+00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:33,320
+translate A and N with what is called zero article
+
+246
+00:24:33,320 --> 00:24:34,640
+in Arabic.
+
+247
+00:24:37,020 --> 00:24:37,320
+Okay.
+
+248
+00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:51,420
+But in English, you have to say, you can't say he
+
+249
+00:24:51,420 --> 00:24:59,190
+fought fiercely like the lion like a lion okay so
+
+250
+00:24:59,190 --> 00:25:01,690
+you have to take care about this once you
+
+251
+00:25:01,690 --> 00:25:08,750
+translate okay the cardinal numbers or the
+
+252
+00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:12,990
+cardinal number one replaces the indefinite
+
+253
+00:25:12,990 --> 00:25:21,590
+article a or n for emphasis i can cross out a or n
+
+254
+00:25:21,590 --> 00:25:26,960
+and replace one instead just for emphasis He
+
+255
+00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:31,540
+bought one suit and two shirts. One suit. I can't
+
+256
+00:25:31,540 --> 00:25:35,200
+say a suit. I emphasize that he bought only one
+
+257
+00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:40,940
+suit. One suit. Okay. He bought one suit. Okay.
+
+258
+00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:43,540
+One here is for indefiniteness.
+
+259
+00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:53,610
+These, now, اشترى بدلة واحدة و قميصين but it is
+
+260
+00:25:53,610 --> 00:25:59,730
+zero okay so now we have overt indefiniteness
+
+261
+00:25:59,730 --> 00:26:03,410
+system in English represented or translated in a
+
+262
+00:26:03,410 --> 00:26:07,510
+or n while in Arabic we have zero indefiniteness
+
+263
+00:26:07,510 --> 00:26:15,210
+however for translating I cannot be bound to have
+
+264
+00:26:15,210 --> 00:26:19,050
+equivalence okay because in Arabic we don't have
+
+265
+00:26:20,100 --> 00:26:24,020
+indefiniteness system. It is covert. Some
+
+266
+00:26:24,020 --> 00:26:30,420
+sentences, mainly in similes, in some sentences,
+
+267
+00:26:30,540 --> 00:26:38,360
+we translate the A and N into in Arabic. So if you
+
+268
+00:26:38,360 --> 00:26:40,480
+have this sentence to be translated into English,
+
+269
+00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:45,040
+you have to say, he fought like a lion. We don't
+
+270
+00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,580
+say he fought like the lion. it's not accepted
+
+271
+00:26:48,580 --> 00:26:52,080
+okay so as you see Arabic is different from
+
+272
+00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:56,400
+English the two languages are semantically and
+
+273
+00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:04,800
+grammatically different from each other okay now
+
+274
+00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:08,800
+the definite article we have the definite article
+
+275
+00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:14,440
+the in English it's equivalent to التعريف in
+
+276
+00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:20,070
+Arabic but semantically they are not the same. You
+
+277
+00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:23,470
+can't translate the ال التعريف by the in all the
+
+278
+00:27:23,470 --> 00:27:28,510
+times. You can't translate the into ال التعريف in
+
+279
+00:27:28,510 --> 00:27:32,850
+all times mainly because the function of each one
+
+280
+00:27:32,850 --> 00:27:35,690
+of these definite articles in the two languages
+
+281
+00:27:35,690 --> 00:27:41,930
+differ from each other. Let's see the function of
+
+282
+00:27:41,930 --> 00:27:46,880
+the in English. Okay. First, you know that that
+
+283
+00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:52,320
+precedes the nouns like A and N. Okay. The noun
+
+284
+00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:52,700
+phrase.
+
+285
+00:27:57,220 --> 00:28:01,440
+It refers to the noun which refers to an entity
+
+286
+00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:05,620
+known by the speaker and the listener, meaning the
+
+287
+00:28:05,620 --> 00:28:09,540
+addresser and the addressee. If you too speak
+
+288
+00:28:09,540 --> 00:28:14,900
+about a certain entity or a certain thing known by
+
+289
+00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:20,260
+you all, then you must precede this noun by using
+
+290
+00:28:20,260 --> 00:28:27,370
+the. Okay? The professor is absent today. The
+
+291
+00:28:27,370 --> 00:28:31,190
+professor is absent today. You know, what do I
+
+292
+00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:35,750
+mean? Okay. I mean your professor whom you are
+
+293
+00:28:35,750 --> 00:28:39,750
+familiar with. So I say the professor. Okay.
+
+294
+00:28:44,850 --> 00:28:49,650
+The prime minister greeted
+
+295
+00:28:49,650 --> 00:28:56,630
+the released prisoners yesterday. You know him.
+
+296
+00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:01,920
+Okay. So you say the prime minister. Okay. I say
+
+297
+00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:06,720
+the legislative council. You know what I, what do
+
+298
+00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:11,680
+I mean? Okay. You know what I mean? The
+
+299
+00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:15,880
+legislative council. How many legislative councils
+
+300
+00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:20,320
+are there in Gaza? One. So it is proceeded by
+
+301
+00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,480
+them. Okay.
+
+302
+00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:27,940
+So I say the prime minister, the legislative
+
+303
+00:29:27,940 --> 00:29:35,600
+council, the parliament. Okay. The university.
+
+304
+00:29:38,820 --> 00:29:44,100
+You know, you know it. Okay. So once you speak
+
+305
+00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:46,760
+about an entity or a noun phrase known by the
+
+306
+00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:51,340
+speaker and the listener, then you use the. Okay.
+
+307
+00:29:54,670 --> 00:30:01,930
+Now, if you have a noun preceded by, or the
+
+308
+00:30:01,930 --> 00:30:07,850
+noun is followed by relative clause, relative
+
+309
+00:30:07,850 --> 00:30:13,890
+particle, complementizer, like who, whom, whose,
+
+310
+00:30:14,410 --> 00:30:19,810
+which, that, then this noun, which precedes the
+
+311
+00:30:19,810 --> 00:30:29,050
+complementizer has the. I say, for example, the
+
+312
+00:30:29,050 --> 00:30:33,670
+man who was standing there is my uncle. The man
+
+313
+00:30:33,670 --> 00:30:39,750
+who was. I can say man who was. Since you have who
+
+314
+00:30:39,750 --> 00:30:43,370
+as a complementizer or as a relative pronoun as
+
+315
+00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:47,630
+you name it, then it is preceded by the definite
+
+316
+00:30:47,630 --> 00:30:49,030
+article, the.
+
+317
+00:30:52,570 --> 00:30:55,610
+The car which I bought yesterday was very
+
+318
+00:30:55,610 --> 00:30:56,250
+expensive.
+
+319
+00:30:59,470 --> 00:31:05,070
+The car. I don't say car which was. Since you have
+
+320
+00:31:05,070 --> 00:31:07,990
+which, then the noun preceding it must be preceded
+
+321
+00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:13,150
+by the definite article there. Okay? Now, if you
+
+322
+00:31:13,150 --> 00:31:18,430
+have also a noun followed by preposition phrase
+
+323
+00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:22,250
+Then it must be preceded by the definite article
+
+324
+00:31:22,250 --> 00:31:27,170
+that I say the 10th of April of April preposition
+
+325
+00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:31,910
+phrase. The 10th of April. 10th is a noun. So it
+
+326
+00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,270
+must be preceded by main that. Okay.
+
+327
+00:31:42,510 --> 00:31:43,170
+Okay.
+
+328
+00:31:50,130 --> 00:31:54,850
+Most of the food was consumed. Why do we have the
+
+329
+00:31:54,850 --> 00:31:56,890
+here before the noun food?
+
+330
+00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:07,790
+Why does the noun food have the?
+
+331
+00:32:10,150 --> 00:32:13,890
+Most of
+
+332
+00:32:13,890 --> 00:32:16,410
+the food was consumed. Now you enter your kitchen,
+
+333
+00:32:17,790 --> 00:32:22,650
+And you find, you open the fridge, okay? And you
+
+334
+00:32:22,650 --> 00:32:25,710
+say to your mom, most of the food was consumed.
+
+335
+00:32:27,570 --> 00:32:31,170
+The food. The food is an entity known by the
+
+336
+00:32:31,170 --> 00:32:33,850
+speaker and the listener. So it is there.
+
+337
+00:32:40,150 --> 00:32:45,110
+Now proper names usually don't have any article.
+
+338
+00:32:46,410 --> 00:32:51,090
+Ahmed, Mohammed, John, Mary, Chris, don't have any
+
+339
+00:32:51,090 --> 00:32:54,410
+article, okay? However, some names of countries,
+
+340
+00:32:54,990 --> 00:32:58,390
+cities or localities are preceded by the definite
+
+341
+00:32:58,390 --> 00:33:02,810
+article the. I say the Sudan, the United States,
+
+342
+00:33:03,870 --> 00:33:08,390
+the Congo, I say the West Bank, the Gaza Strip.
+
+343
+00:33:09,140 --> 00:33:14,400
+The United Nations. The compound nouns are
+
+344
+00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:18,460
+preceded by the definite article there. We cannot
+
+345
+00:33:18,460 --> 00:33:22,920
+say Gaza Strip. The Gaza Strip. I can't say West
+
+346
+00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:30,200
+Bank. The West Bank. Okay. The Arab, the United
+
+347
+00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:38,550
+Arab Emirates. Okay. Now, names of oceans, seas,
+
+348
+00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:42,850
+rivers, deserts are always preceded by the
+
+349
+00:33:42,850 --> 00:33:47,470
+definite article, the. Okay? I say the Atlantic,
+
+350
+00:33:48,770 --> 00:33:53,690
+the Pacific, the Nile, the Red Sea, the Euphrates.
+
+351
+00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,530
+Okay. So once you speak about water, about seas
+
+352
+00:34:00,530 --> 00:34:05,170
+and oceans, you must use a definite article. البحر
+
+353
+00:34:05,170 --> 00:34:11,730
+الأبيض المتوسط. I say the Mediterranean Sea. I
+
+354
+00:34:11,730 --> 00:34:13,710
+can't say Mediterranean Sea, the Mediterranean
+
+355
+00:34:13,710 --> 00:34:15,510
+Sea. Okay.
+
+356
+00:34:20,970 --> 00:34:29,120
+I say بحر الشمال, the North Sea. Okay.
+
+357
+00:34:32,780 --> 00:34:36,180
+Now the definite article precedes the plural names
+
+358
+00:34:36,180 --> 00:34:40,320
+and family names followed by a noun. The Johnson's
+
+359
+00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:45,220
+bought a new house last month. The family of
+
+360
+00:34:45,220 --> 00:34:51,020
+Johnson's. Username can be preceded by the
+
+361
+00:34:51,020 --> 00:34:52,940
+definite article there. Okay.
+
+362
+00:35:01,210 --> 00:35:05,070
+I met the Masturbator family when I visited Japan.
+
+363
+00:35:06,450 --> 00:35:10,330
+The Masturbator family here, the surname is
+
+364
+00:35:10,330 --> 00:35:15,770
+preceded by the definite article the. You have
+
+365
+00:35:15,770 --> 00:35:23,530
+this in the Arab Gulf countries. So instead of
+
+366
+00:35:23,530 --> 00:35:28,930
+saying Walid Amir, If I teach just in Qatar or in
+
+367
+00:35:28,930 --> 00:35:32,210
+Saudi Arabia or whatever, they must say Dr. Walid
+
+368
+00:35:32,210 --> 00:35:37,430
+Al Amir as a sort of respect, it seems. So their
+
+369
+00:35:37,430 --> 00:35:42,830
+dialects do not accept zero article before the
+
+370
+00:35:42,830 --> 00:35:47,890
+surname. They accept always the ال التعريف. So
+
+371
+00:35:47,890 --> 00:35:52,070
+here we have this in English. The family name.
+
+372
+00:35:54,720 --> 00:36:08,040
+can have the definite article, okay? Once used,
+
+373
+00:36:08,340 --> 00:36:10,940
+I mean, the plural name, the family name, the
+
+374
+00:36:10,940 --> 00:36:14,940
+plural name has
+
+375
+00:36:14,940 --> 00:36:18,080
+the definite article if followed by a noun. The
+
+376
+00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:25,000
+Johnsons bought a new house. Okay? The Mustapara
+
+377
+00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:25,540
+family.
+
+378
+00:36:29,380 --> 00:36:33,620
+Mustapara plus family. A surname plus a noun.
+
+379
+00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:34,940
+Okay.
+
+380
+00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:43,440
+The definite article precedes things or entities
+
+381
+00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:49,520
+which exist in the universe as unique as when I
+
+382
+00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:54,670
+see the sun. The moon. How many moons are there?
+
+383
+00:36:56,350 --> 00:37:02,610
+One. How many suns? One. So the sun, the moon, the
+
+384
+00:37:02,610 --> 00:37:05,570
+Quran, the Holy Quran.
+
+385
+00:37:10,530 --> 00:37:16,110
+The plural nationalities must be preceded by the
+
+386
+00:37:16,110 --> 00:37:20,250
+definite article the. I say the Japanese, the
+
+387
+00:37:20,250 --> 00:37:26,650
+French, The British. So what's the difference
+
+388
+00:37:26,650 --> 00:37:32,050
+between the English and English? English refers to
+
+389
+00:37:32,050 --> 00:37:38,670
+language. The English refers to nationality. Okay.
+
+390
+00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:48,370
+So we as Palestinians, is it available to say
+
+391
+00:37:48,370 --> 00:37:52,460
+Palestinians or the Palestinians? What's the
+
+392
+00:37:52,460 --> 00:37:55,880
+difference in translation? Once I say the
+
+393
+00:37:55,880 --> 00:37:59,300
+Palestinians, we mean that we are people, we are a
+
+394
+00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:04,000
+nation confessed by all people. However, if we say
+
+395
+00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:09,680
+Palestinians, like the CNN or our enemies call us,
+
+396
+00:38:10,240 --> 00:38:15,620
+this means that we refer gangs or groups of people
+
+397
+00:38:15,620 --> 00:38:21,350
+that cannot be identified as a nation. Okay? So
+
+398
+00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:25,230
+you as Palestinian translators must say about
+
+399
+00:38:25,230 --> 00:38:28,670
+yourselves as Palestinians or the Palestinians?
+
+400
+00:38:28,970 --> 00:38:31,990
+The Palestinians. Okay?
+
+401
+00:38:34,630 --> 00:38:37,930
+So this is taken once you translate from English
+
+402
+00:38:37,930 --> 00:38:41,690
+to Arabic from the BBC, you must use what is
+
+403
+00:38:41,690 --> 00:38:46,350
+called managing in translation. Okay, insert your
+
+404
+00:38:46,350 --> 00:38:48,250
+own beliefs, your own ideas.
+
+405
+00:38:50,950 --> 00:38:56,450
+Now, we have also the abstract adjectives used as
+
+406
+00:38:56,450 --> 00:39:04,410
+nouns. Abstract adjectives. The rich must
+
+407
+00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:18,600
+Give money or give donations to the poor, to the
+
+408
+00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:27,220
+needy. You must be highly kind to the aged.
+
+409
+00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:36,640
+The poor is an adjective. It stands here in place
+
+410
+00:39:36,640 --> 00:39:39,360
+of a noun. So it must be preceded by the definite
+
+411
+00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:40,140
+article there.
+
+412
+00:39:42,870 --> 00:39:49,170
+Okay. So the
+
+413
+00:39:49,170 --> 00:39:56,310
+poor need the help of the rich. The aged are
+
+414
+00:39:56,310 --> 00:40:02,970
+subject to more aphasia than others. Language
+
+415
+00:40:02,970 --> 00:40:06,250
+diseases, aphasia.
+
+416
+00:40:09,630 --> 00:40:13,690
+Okay. The aged are subject to more aphasia than
+
+417
+00:40:13,690 --> 00:40:22,390
+others. The aged. Okay. Now that is also precedes
+
+418
+00:40:22,390 --> 00:40:30,210
+the compass directions. I see the North, the East,
+
+419
+00:40:30,950 --> 00:40:35,190
+the South, the West. Okay.
+
+420
+00:40:40,780 --> 00:40:45,920
+So I was born in the Middle East. In the Middle
+
+421
+00:40:45,920 --> 00:40:51,040
+East. Middle East. It's direction. So it is there.
+
+422
+00:40:55,660 --> 00:41:02,740
+I say Palestine lies off the Mediterranean Sea to
+
+423
+00:41:02,740 --> 00:41:09,860
+the West. Sorry, to the West. Yes. And Syria and
+
+424
+00:41:09,860 --> 00:41:18,900
+Lebanon To the North, Jordan to the East and Egypt
+
+425
+00:41:18,900 --> 00:41:26,280
+to the South. So I say the North, the South, the
+
+426
+00:41:26,280 --> 00:41:32,200
+West, the East. Okay. All directions are preceded
+
+427
+00:41:32,200 --> 00:41:35,020
+by the. Okay.
+
+428
+00:41:44,420 --> 00:41:50,140
+We have the definite article used for or they are
+
+429
+00:41:50,140 --> 00:41:56,000
+used for body parts. Okay. John hit Mary in the
+
+430
+00:41:56,000 --> 00:42:01,560
+eye. Eye is part of the body. Okay.
+
+431
+00:42:05,860 --> 00:42:10,760
+He captured him from the shoulder, the shoulder.
+
+432
+00:42:11,660 --> 00:42:19,700
+The policeman took the criminal by the arm and
+
+433
+00:42:19,700 --> 00:42:25,840
+led him away. So the arm, the shoulder, the eye,
+
+434
+00:42:27,260 --> 00:42:31,100
+all parts of the body can be perceived by the
+
+435
+00:42:31,100 --> 00:42:32,860
+definite article, The.
+
+436
+00:42:41,530 --> 00:42:43,670
+Now, this is similar to Arabic.
+
+437
+00:42:47,350 --> 00:42:50,750
+But if
+
+438
+00:42:50,750 --> 00:42:54,110
+you have a clitic, the clitic stands for آل
+
+439
+00:42:54,110 --> 00:42:54,570
+التعريف.
+
+440
+00:43:01,260 --> 00:43:04,720
+Refers, it stands as a critic. It refers to the
+
+441
+00:43:04,720 --> 00:43:05,900
+definite article there.
+
+442
+00:43:09,480 --> 00:43:09,540
+Okay.
+
+443
+00:43:21,060 --> 00:43:21,680
+Okay.
+
+444
+00:43:25,860 --> 00:43:28,080
+So you have this in both languages.
+
+445
+00:43:35,340 --> 00:43:38,580
+Now that precedes the object in the immediate
+
+446
+00:43:38,580 --> 00:43:39,740
+situation use.
+
+447
+00:43:42,980 --> 00:43:47,560
+That precedes the object in the immediate
+
+448
+00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:53,360
+situation use. Now I need to cover my eyes and you
+
+449
+00:43:53,360 --> 00:44:00,200
+need to warn me about the steps. Okay. You say
+
+450
+00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:06,620
+mind the gap or mind the stairs. Mind the steps.
+
+451
+00:44:13,060 --> 00:44:22,180
+Mind the gap. This is immediate situation use. So
+
+452
+00:44:22,180 --> 00:44:26,040
+it precedes the object in the immediate situation
+
+453
+00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:32,880
+use. Who's going to mind? someone you this is a
+
+454
+00:44:32,880 --> 00:44:36,560
+subject so we speak about the object mind the gap
+
+455
+00:44:36,560 --> 00:44:41,100
+the gap is an object it is used here the in the
+
+456
+00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,780
+immediate situation mind the gap mind the steps
+
+457
+00:44:44,780 --> 00:44:52,060
+mind the stairs okay mind the cup okay
+
+458
+00:44:52,060 --> 00:44:55,620
+mind the cup you see
+
+459
+00:45:05,360 --> 00:45:09,640
+Now, don't go there. The police are looking for
+
+460
+00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:15,040
+you. The police. The, because it is immediate
+
+461
+00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:20,920
+situation. It's plural. You see? So, next time we
+
+462
+00:45:20,920 --> 00:45:23,180
+are going, we need to terminate here and next time
+
+463
+00:45:23,180 --> 00:45:25,960
+we are going to complete with a zero article and
+
+464
+00:45:25,960 --> 00:45:28,760
+need to touch Arabic and make a comparison or
+
+465
+00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:32,540
+contrast between the two languages. Okay, that's
+
+466
+00:45:32,540 --> 00:45:33,580
+it for today. Thank you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/Qj60Fd-7CrA_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1588 @@
+1
+00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:17,420
+Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today we are going to
+
+2
+00:00:17,420 --> 00:00:23,540
+continue with adjectives in English and Arabic We
+
+3
+00:00:23,540 --> 00:00:26,540
+spoke last time about the definition of adjectives
+
+4
+00:00:27,370 --> 00:00:31,450
+And we mentioned that they modify nouns and
+
+5
+00:00:31,450 --> 00:00:36,590
+pronouns. Okay? They can be predicative or
+
+6
+00:00:36,590 --> 00:00:40,270
+attributive. In case of being predicative, they
+
+7
+00:00:40,270 --> 00:00:44,810
+post-modify the noun or the pronoun. Say, the noun
+
+8
+00:00:44,810 --> 00:00:50,730
+phrase. In case of being attributive, they pre
+
+9
+00:00:50,730 --> 00:00:56,060
+-modify the noun phrase. Okay? And we cited
+
+10
+00:00:56,060 --> 00:01:01,260
+examples as those which you see just now in the
+
+11
+00:01:01,260 --> 00:01:07,400
+slide. We have different types of adjectives,
+
+12
+00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:12,520
+different morphological types, either we have
+
+13
+00:01:12,520 --> 00:01:17,720
+solid compounds or hyphenated compounds as you
+
+14
+00:01:17,720 --> 00:01:23,980
+see, hyphenated adjectives or solid adjectives or
+
+15
+00:01:26,110 --> 00:01:30,730
+one-word adjective. So morphologically, we have
+
+16
+00:01:30,730 --> 00:01:34,790
+different types. Syntactically, we have adjectives
+
+17
+00:01:34,790 --> 00:01:41,910
+in the form of a word, a noun, or adjective, or
+
+18
+00:01:41,910 --> 00:01:45,270
+pronoun, either universal pronoun, or partitive
+
+19
+00:01:45,270 --> 00:01:49,410
+pronoun, or possessive pronoun, or even numeral,
+
+20
+00:01:49,970 --> 00:01:53,930
+number. As we've seen last time,
+
+21
+00:01:56,740 --> 00:01:59,600
+For the position of the adjective, we mentioned
+
+22
+00:01:59,600 --> 00:02:04,540
+that they can pre-modify, they precede the noun or
+
+23
+00:02:04,540 --> 00:02:07,560
+they follow the noun. At that case, they are
+
+24
+00:02:07,560 --> 00:02:14,520
+called predicative adjectives. In this regard, we
+
+25
+00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:17,300
+mentioned just two adjectives as I said,
+
+26
+00:02:17,700 --> 00:02:20,660
+attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives.
+
+27
+00:02:22,410 --> 00:02:24,970
+We mentioned that we have some sort of exceptions
+
+28
+00:02:24,970 --> 00:02:31,110
+for some adjectives which they always stand as
+
+29
+00:02:31,110 --> 00:02:35,770
+predicative adjectives, such as general, secretary
+
+30
+00:02:35,770 --> 00:02:38,570
+general, president-elect,
+
+31
+00:02:41,310 --> 00:02:47,270
+court-martial, god-almighty, poet laureate,
+
+32
+00:02:48,090 --> 00:02:50,690
+attorney general, director general,
+
+33
+00:02:55,660 --> 00:02:59,860
+okay these partitive pronouns or universal
+
+34
+00:02:59,860 --> 00:03:02,380
+pronouns that means something partitive pronoun
+
+35
+00:03:02,380 --> 00:03:08,200
+everything this is universal pronoun okay plus
+
+36
+00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:13,660
+other pronouns they stand as adjectives as we
+
+37
+00:03:13,660 --> 00:03:20,480
+mentioned last time okay
+
+38
+00:03:22,330 --> 00:03:24,670
+Regarding the types of adjectives, we mentioned
+
+39
+00:03:24,670 --> 00:03:28,190
+the proper adjectives, I mean the nouns, the
+
+40
+00:03:28,190 --> 00:03:31,550
+adjectives which are derived from nouns.
+
+41
+00:03:32,130 --> 00:03:37,810
+Palestine, Palestinians. Norway, Norwegian.
+
+42
+00:03:38,850 --> 00:03:47,170
+America, American. Iraq, Iraqi. Islam, Islamic.
+
+43
+00:03:48,150 --> 00:03:51,360
+Okay? We also mentioned what is called the
+
+44
+00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:53,600
+attributive adjective, number two.
+
+45
+00:03:56,840 --> 00:04:00,780
+Then the predicative adjectives, and every one of
+
+46
+00:04:00,780 --> 00:04:06,920
+these has its own types, okay?
+
+47
+00:04:11,990 --> 00:04:14,770
+So these are the types of the attributive
+
+48
+00:04:14,770 --> 00:04:18,010
+adjectives. For the order of adjectives also, we
+
+49
+00:04:18,010 --> 00:04:21,750
+mentioned that we have specific system for the
+
+50
+00:04:21,750 --> 00:04:25,450
+adjectives. They cannot be written spontaneously
+
+51
+00:04:25,450 --> 00:04:29,870
+in the sentence. Here we have a point of
+
+52
+00:04:29,870 --> 00:04:33,310
+difference between English and Arabic adjectives.
+
+53
+00:04:33,990 --> 00:04:37,590
+In English, as you see, we have systematic order
+
+54
+00:04:37,590 --> 00:04:44,070
+of adjectives starting with determiner then size
+
+55
+00:04:44,070 --> 00:04:52,410
+etc however in Arabic we have yes
+
+56
+00:04:52,410 --> 00:04:56,470
+the Arabic language the Arabic language doesn't
+
+57
+00:04:56,470 --> 00:05:00,250
+have systematic system for the order of adjectives
+
+58
+00:05:00,250 --> 00:05:04,250
+it depends on their importance in the sentence so
+
+59
+00:05:04,250 --> 00:05:07,930
+we start with the most important adjective
+
+60
+00:05:07,930 --> 00:05:12,990
+followed by the less important ones. Okay.
+
+61
+00:05:20,750 --> 00:05:26,270
+As you see, we have the
+
+62
+00:05:26,270 --> 00:05:29,690
+package is small and light. The weather is clear,
+
+63
+00:05:29,890 --> 00:05:35,130
+cold and dry. Okay. The foot, the footstool is
+
+64
+00:05:35,130 --> 00:05:38,440
+round and black. we have systematic system
+
+65
+00:05:38,440 --> 00:05:41,920
+morphologically or syntactically we have to
+
+66
+00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:44,340
+differentiate or to separate between these
+
+67
+00:05:44,340 --> 00:05:48,720
+adjectives by using punctuation mark mainly the
+
+68
+00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:52,220
+comma okay if you have two adjectives then we have
+
+69
+00:05:52,220 --> 00:05:56,000
+to separate between them by using a comma if you
+
+70
+00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:58,840
+have three then you use a comma between the first
+
+71
+00:05:58,840 --> 00:06:02,800
+two then the conjunctions or the coordinator and
+
+72
+00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:03,740
+okay
+
+73
+00:06:07,590 --> 00:06:10,070
+It's for the predicative adjective. And this is
+
+74
+00:06:10,070 --> 00:06:14,030
+also for... is applicable or it corresponds to
+
+75
+00:06:14,030 --> 00:06:17,710
+what is called predicative adjective. However, if
+
+76
+00:06:17,710 --> 00:06:21,530
+you have two adjectives standing as both modifiers
+
+77
+00:06:21,530 --> 00:06:25,010
+of the noun, then we connect between them by using
+
+78
+00:06:25,010 --> 00:06:28,750
+the connector and. The footstool is round and
+
+79
+00:06:28,750 --> 00:06:32,730
+black. Teacher. Yes. What do you mean by order of
+
+80
+00:06:32,730 --> 00:06:36,700
+adjectives exactly? The classification of the
+
+81
+00:06:36,700 --> 00:06:39,660
+adjectives in the sentence. Sometimes you have
+
+82
+00:06:39,660 --> 00:06:43,600
+three adjectives modifying one noun. How could you
+
+83
+00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:48,000
+classify them? You classify them according to
+
+84
+00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:52,620
+their semantic types. Okay? We have an adjective
+
+85
+00:06:52,620 --> 00:06:56,920
+denoting size, another adjective denoting color,
+
+86
+00:06:57,740 --> 00:07:04,870
+the third adjective denoting shape. Age, quantity
+
+87
+00:07:04,870 --> 00:07:08,710
+for example, frequency, temperature, humidity,
+
+88
+00:07:09,070 --> 00:07:12,850
+etc. So they are classified systematically.
+
+89
+00:07:17,890 --> 00:07:20,850
+We have some adjectives that stand as predicative,
+
+90
+00:07:21,090 --> 00:07:24,130
+as we mentioned last time, like afloat, asleep,
+
+91
+00:07:24,550 --> 00:07:30,230
+alone, alive, afraid, aglow. Okay? These are
+
+92
+00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:33,170
+always predicative. Okay?
+
+93
+00:07:38,850 --> 00:07:44,570
+Okay? Now, once you have the predicative and
+
+94
+00:07:44,570 --> 00:07:49,190
+attributive adjectives in the sentence, Okay? You
+
+95
+00:07:49,190 --> 00:07:56,050
+have certain order for each one. Some nouns can be
+
+96
+00:07:56,050 --> 00:08:01,750
+both modified and pre-modified by adjectives. Some
+
+97
+00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:05,450
+nouns accept both predicative adjectives and
+
+98
+00:08:05,450 --> 00:08:10,470
+attributive adjectives. But here, the position of
+
+99
+00:08:10,470 --> 00:08:13,330
+the adjective changes the meaning of the sentence.
+
+100
+00:08:13,730 --> 00:08:17,730
+The treasurer was present. The prison treasurer.
+
+101
+00:08:18,290 --> 00:08:22,930
+So, we have different meanings in the two
+
+102
+00:08:22,930 --> 00:08:26,670
+sentences. As we mentioned last time, Robin Harris
+
+103
+00:08:26,670 --> 00:08:31,250
+was late. The late Robin Harris. Robin Harris كان
+
+104
+00:08:31,250 --> 00:08:34,770
+متأخرا. The late Robin Harris. Robin Harris
+
+105
+00:08:34,770 --> 00:08:43,650
+الراحل. Okay? So, yes. My friend is poor. صديقي
+
+106
+00:08:43,650 --> 00:08:52,850
+فقير my poor friend صديقي مسكين okay so
+
+107
+00:08:52,850 --> 00:08:55,490
+as you see the meaning changes according to the
+
+108
+00:08:55,490 --> 00:08:59,890
+position of the adjective we terminated last time
+
+109
+00:08:59,890 --> 00:09:04,230
+on what is called interpolated adjectives these
+
+110
+00:09:04,230 --> 00:09:07,590
+adjectives which are stated or placed in the
+
+111
+00:09:07,590 --> 00:09:10,970
+sentence spontaneously okay
+
+112
+00:09:15,070 --> 00:09:17,730
+We don't check at last line picture this. Sorry?
+
+113
+00:09:18,050 --> 00:09:20,790
+We don't check this thing. Yes. Yes. We are going
+
+114
+00:09:20,790 --> 00:09:26,310
+to explain this just now. Okay? So we have
+
+115
+00:09:26,310 --> 00:09:31,310
+adjectives denoting or indicating color. These can
+
+116
+00:09:31,310 --> 00:09:34,590
+be placed elsewhere in a sentence. It cannot be
+
+117
+00:09:34,590 --> 00:09:44,240
+put just after size or age. The child, happy and
+
+118
+00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:49,640
+excited, ran along the beach. You can say the
+
+119
+00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:53,920
+happy and excited child ran along the beach. Okay?
+
+120
+00:09:54,320 --> 00:09:56,920
+The child, happy and excited. This is called
+
+121
+00:09:56,920 --> 00:10:00,780
+interpolated adjectives. Yeah, you can put it
+
+122
+00:10:00,780 --> 00:10:04,620
+wherever you like in the sentence. Okay? For the
+
+123
+00:10:04,620 --> 00:10:11,380
+sake of focus or emphasis. Startled. This is at
+
+124
+00:10:11,380 --> 00:10:14,060
+the beginning. We've seen it in the middle of the
+
+125
+00:10:14,060 --> 00:10:18,340
+sentence, happy and excited. Then we see it in the
+
+126
+00:10:18,340 --> 00:10:20,820
+beginning of the sentence, initial position,
+
+127
+00:10:21,620 --> 00:10:26,720
+startle the small yellow bird, stop singing. Okay?
+
+128
+00:10:27,500 --> 00:10:30,600
+So this is called focus. We focus on the
+
+129
+00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:35,520
+adjective, the quality of the bird itself.
+
+130
+00:10:39,510 --> 00:10:43,330
+Yes, it is an adjective. It's past participle
+
+131
+00:10:43,330 --> 00:10:49,670
+form. Tense, expectant and alert, we waited to see
+
+132
+00:10:49,670 --> 00:10:57,130
+what would happen. So, we focus on the status of
+
+133
+00:10:57,130 --> 00:11:02,620
+the noun or of the person. tense, expectant and
+
+134
+00:11:02,620 --> 00:11:07,520
+alert. We waited. Who are tense, expectant and
+
+135
+00:11:07,520 --> 00:11:12,500
+alert? This is we. Okay? So, we put them in the
+
+136
+00:11:12,500 --> 00:11:15,940
+beginning of the sentence. This is called focus.
+
+137
+00:11:16,540 --> 00:11:21,320
+Okay? It's for emphasis. So, you have the quality
+
+138
+00:11:21,320 --> 00:11:25,240
+of moving the adjective wherever.
+
+139
+00:11:27,150 --> 00:11:31,190
+available in the sentence okay just for emphasis
+
+140
+00:11:31,190 --> 00:11:35,050
+or say focus okay in that sense it is called
+
+141
+00:11:35,050 --> 00:11:41,430
+interpolated adjective we
+
+142
+00:11:41,430 --> 00:11:46,210
+have number five so interpolated adjectives are
+
+143
+00:11:46,210 --> 00:11:50,110
+number four Okay, we spoke about proper
+
+144
+00:11:50,110 --> 00:11:56,290
+adjectives, spoke about attributive, predicative,
+
+145
+00:11:56,890 --> 00:12:00,630
+then interpolated, and now we are speaking about
+
+146
+00:12:00,630 --> 00:12:03,910
+the adjectival phrases and clauses in the
+
+147
+00:12:03,910 --> 00:12:11,090
+sentence. Yes. Interpolated. Yes. We can move the
+
+148
+00:12:11,090 --> 00:12:14,630
+same adjective in the same sentence in the
+
+149
+00:12:14,630 --> 00:12:18,640
+beginning Yes, it depends on the meaning you need
+
+150
+00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:21,760
+to convey to the listener, to the receiver.
+
+151
+00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:30,520
+It's up to you to use it wherever you like. For
+
+152
+00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:34,660
+example, the happy and excited child ran along the
+
+153
+00:12:34,660 --> 00:12:39,100
+beach. This is normal sentence. Okay. We can say
+
+154
+00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:43,100
+the child happy and excited. We speak about his
+
+155
+00:12:43,100 --> 00:12:47,870
+condition, his status. We focus only on, not on
+
+156
+00:12:47,870 --> 00:12:55,230
+the child, but on his condition. Okay? So this is
+
+157
+00:12:55,230 --> 00:12:59,530
+called interpolated. You move it wherever you
+
+158
+00:12:59,530 --> 00:13:04,990
+like, but you change the meaning. Okay? Here, we
+
+159
+00:13:04,990 --> 00:13:07,950
+have a difference between a happy and excited
+
+160
+00:13:07,950 --> 00:13:08,590
+child.
+
+161
+00:13:18,970 --> 00:13:23,010
+And we have a difference between the happy and
+
+162
+00:13:23,010 --> 00:13:26,930
+excited child and the child happy and excited.
+
+163
+00:13:28,390 --> 00:13:32,370
+Okay? So the focus is on the adjective in the
+
+164
+00:13:32,370 --> 00:13:35,070
+second sentence. However, the first sentence is
+
+165
+00:13:35,070 --> 00:13:37,270
+normal. The focus is on the child himself.
+
+166
+00:13:38,470 --> 00:13:46,570
+Startled, the focus is on the condition. Okay? The
+
+167
+00:13:46,570 --> 00:13:49,870
+adjective, small yellow bird stopped singing.
+
+168
+00:13:51,350 --> 00:13:55,190
+Okay? So we, the listener, now the speaker draws
+
+169
+00:13:55,190 --> 00:14:00,030
+the attention of the listener on the status of the
+
+170
+00:14:00,030 --> 00:14:03,710
+bird started. The next sentence, as you see, we
+
+171
+00:14:03,710 --> 00:14:07,010
+can say the small yellow started bird stopped
+
+172
+00:14:07,010 --> 00:14:12,770
+singing. Okay? Tense, expectant and alert. These
+
+173
+00:14:12,770 --> 00:14:18,580
+are modifiers for the noun phrase or the pronoun,
+
+174
+00:14:19,080 --> 00:14:25,200
+we. Okay? So they come at the beginning of the
+
+175
+00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:30,700
+sentence before the subject just for focus on the
+
+176
+00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:35,840
+condition of the subject. You see?
+
+177
+00:14:40,900 --> 00:14:43,760
+We have adjectives, phrases and clauses number
+
+178
+00:14:43,760 --> 00:14:49,010
+five as you see. The one on the desk is mine. You
+
+179
+00:14:49,010 --> 00:14:55,890
+see the one, this one is mine. We speak about the
+
+180
+00:14:55,890 --> 00:15:01,250
+adverbial clause. It can be preposition phrase,
+
+181
+00:15:02,050 --> 00:15:06,610
+can be a noun phrase, can have different form, the
+
+182
+00:15:06,610 --> 00:15:10,330
+adverbial clause or phrase. So the one on the desk
+
+183
+00:15:10,330 --> 00:15:16,130
+is mine. On the desk, represents semantically an
+
+184
+00:15:16,130 --> 00:15:20,590
+adjective. The chair which was placed in front of
+
+185
+00:15:20,590 --> 00:15:29,790
+the window was a higher loom. Okay? So, we have
+
+186
+00:15:29,790 --> 00:15:35,270
+long adjectival phrase, adjectival clause, which
+
+187
+00:15:35,270 --> 00:15:38,850
+was placed in front of the window. The chair which
+
+188
+00:15:38,850 --> 00:15:43,700
+was placed in front of the window was a higherwas
+
+189
+00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:49,180
+an heirloom, okay? موروث يعني. Those who decide to
+
+190
+00:15:49,180 --> 00:15:54,020
+come will not be disappointed. Those who decide to
+
+191
+00:15:54,020 --> 00:15:59,320
+come will not be disappointed. Okay? Who decide to
+
+192
+00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:00,580
+come adjectives are closed.
+
+193
+00:16:04,120 --> 00:16:08,460
+We have present participle number six standing as
+
+194
+00:16:08,460 --> 00:16:13,900
+an adjective. The falling star. The barking dog.
+
+195
+00:16:14,980 --> 00:16:18,940
+Falling. Barking. This is present participle.
+
+196
+00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:21,940
+Standing here as adjective.
+
+197
+00:16:27,420 --> 00:16:31,520
+So, for the order of adjectives, we speak about
+
+198
+00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:36,400
+six types of adjectives. These can be ordered in
+
+199
+00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:40,440
+the sentence in this form. We start with the
+
+200
+00:16:40,440 --> 00:16:46,460
+terminal. The terminals are adjectives, then size,
+
+201
+00:16:47,060 --> 00:16:53,560
+shape, age, color, origin, material, qualifier.
+
+202
+00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:05,880
+We have adjectives coming in the form of past
+
+203
+00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:13,230
+participle. The scattered leaves. The broken drum.
+
+204
+00:17:15,270 --> 00:17:18,510
+The stolen ring.
+
+205
+00:17:21,670 --> 00:17:24,590
+The readable sheet.
+
+206
+00:17:27,470 --> 00:17:32,610
+Okay? The readable is different. Okay? We spoke
+
+207
+00:17:32,610 --> 00:17:37,050
+about stolen. This is past participle. Scattered.
+
+208
+00:17:37,290 --> 00:17:41,310
+This is past participle. Okay? The read article.
+
+209
+00:17:42,750 --> 00:17:48,190
+Red is an adjective, past participle, okay? But
+
+210
+00:17:48,190 --> 00:17:53,310
+not readable. We have what is called dangling
+
+211
+00:17:53,310 --> 00:17:54,490
+participles.
+
+212
+00:17:56,670 --> 00:18:04,190
+Okay? These adjectives are used as predicative and
+
+213
+00:18:04,190 --> 00:18:05,670
+attributive adjectives.
+
+214
+00:18:09,050 --> 00:18:12,880
+Once used in the beginning of the sentence, I mean
+
+215
+00:18:12,880 --> 00:18:17,120
+the present participle or the past participle. The
+
+216
+00:18:17,120 --> 00:18:19,620
+adjectives which come in the form of present
+
+217
+00:18:19,620 --> 00:18:23,260
+participle or past participle, once coming at the
+
+218
+00:18:23,260 --> 00:18:25,160
+beginning of the sentence, they are called
+
+219
+00:18:25,160 --> 00:18:29,740
+dangling participles. Feeling hungry, the child
+
+220
+00:18:29,740 --> 00:18:34,960
+ate an apple. Disconcerted by the news, we headed
+
+221
+00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:39,800
+for the nearest farmhouse. Okay?
+
+222
+00:18:45,750 --> 00:18:48,730
+Here, once you say feeling hangry, what does this
+
+223
+00:18:48,730 --> 00:18:50,910
+adjective modify?
+
+224
+00:18:52,450 --> 00:18:59,350
+The child. And this concerted by the news, we hid
+
+225
+00:18:59,350 --> 00:19:08,170
+it for the nearest farmhouse. We is the noun which
+
+226
+00:19:08,170 --> 00:19:13,610
+is pre-modified by this dangling participle
+
+227
+00:19:13,610 --> 00:19:14,230
+adjective.
+
+228
+00:19:18,510 --> 00:19:24,050
+Okay? As we mentioned, the description in the
+
+229
+00:19:24,050 --> 00:19:26,830
+order of the adjective comes before the
+
+230
+00:19:26,830 --> 00:19:33,930
+classification. An old political idea. An old
+
+231
+00:19:33,930 --> 00:19:36,630
+political idea. Once we say old, this is
+
+232
+00:19:36,630 --> 00:19:41,110
+description. Political idea, geographical idea.
+
+233
+00:19:41,970 --> 00:19:47,290
+economical idea okay these are classifications so
+
+234
+00:19:47,290 --> 00:19:56,630
+the description comes before classification we
+
+235
+00:19:56,630 --> 00:20:02,490
+have description classification noun as an old
+
+236
+00:20:02,490 --> 00:20:06,690
+political idea not political old idea it's wrong
+
+237
+00:20:06,690 --> 00:20:12,850
+to say political old idea okay It's, you have to
+
+238
+00:20:12,850 --> 00:20:18,710
+start with description, then classification. The
+
+239
+00:20:18,710 --> 00:20:23,770
+latest educational reform. Educational
+
+240
+00:20:23,770 --> 00:20:30,630
+descriptive. Sorry, latest. Latest description.
+
+241
+00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:35,410
+Educational classification. Okay? So we cannot say
+
+242
+00:20:35,410 --> 00:20:38,110
+the educational latest. We have to say latest
+
+243
+00:20:38,110 --> 00:20:44,950
+educational. A green wine bottle. A green, while,
+
+244
+00:20:45,370 --> 00:20:48,670
+wine bottle. So green again, it is description.
+
+245
+00:20:49,370 --> 00:20:52,290
+It's color, but it refers here to description.
+
+246
+00:20:53,010 --> 00:20:56,210
+Wine, this is classification.
+
+247
+00:20:57,250 --> 00:21:01,370
+Not of wine, sorry. It's wrong to say wine, green
+
+248
+00:21:01,370 --> 00:21:07,590
+bottle. Leather dancing shoes. Leather, this is
+
+249
+00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:11,420
+Description then classification dancing not
+
+250
+00:21:11,420 --> 00:21:16,540
+dancing leather shoes We have opinion before
+
+251
+00:21:16,540 --> 00:21:22,080
+description a wonderful a wonderful old house
+
+252
+00:21:22,080 --> 00:21:25,160
+Wonderful
+
+253
+00:21:25,160 --> 00:21:34,540
+old house wonderful is opinion Okay How about the
+
+254
+00:21:34,540 --> 00:21:39,960
+weather today I say it's fantastic Okay? It's
+
+255
+00:21:39,960 --> 00:21:44,000
+cool. It's hot. It's fine. So this is my opinion.
+
+256
+00:21:45,060 --> 00:21:49,940
+Okay? So we have opinion adjectives and
+
+257
+00:21:49,940 --> 00:21:53,040
+description adjectives. The opinion comes before
+
+258
+00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:54,320
+the description.
+
+259
+00:21:57,240 --> 00:22:01,640
+So we have words which refer to opinion like
+
+260
+00:22:01,640 --> 00:22:05,480
+lovely, definite, pure, absolute, extreme,
+
+261
+00:22:05,860 --> 00:22:11,660
+perfect, wonderful, silly. A lovely, cool drink. A
+
+262
+00:22:11,660 --> 00:22:16,960
+lovely, this is opinion, cool description.
+
+263
+00:22:18,580 --> 00:22:21,440
+So we cannot say a cool, lovely drink.
+
+264
+00:22:30,420 --> 00:22:33,860
+Now, the order of descriptive words is not
+
+265
+00:22:33,860 --> 00:22:39,390
+completely fixed. We have words for origin and
+
+266
+00:22:39,390 --> 00:22:43,330
+material usually come last. The words referring to
+
+267
+00:22:43,330 --> 00:22:47,730
+origin or material come last if you have a number
+
+268
+00:22:47,730 --> 00:22:51,530
+of adjectives modifying one noun. For example,
+
+269
+00:22:52,710 --> 00:22:57,410
+size, age, shape, color, origin, material. These
+
+270
+00:22:57,410 --> 00:23:02,550
+are adjectives pre-modifying one noun. So we call
+
+271
+00:23:02,550 --> 00:23:05,520
+them predicative or attributive. Attributive.
+
+272
+00:23:06,060 --> 00:23:10,840
+Attributive. A fat old horse.
+
+273
+00:23:13,840 --> 00:23:18,740
+Okay. A big new grey Italian woolen sweater boots.
+
+274
+00:23:19,560 --> 00:23:20,240
+Sorry, boots.
+
+275
+00:23:23,060 --> 00:23:27,840
+A big new grey Italian woolen sweater boots.
+
+276
+00:23:31,460 --> 00:23:37,440
+So they are classified as size, age, shape, color,
+
+277
+00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:41,660
+origin, material, which they describe one now,
+
+278
+00:23:41,880 --> 00:23:45,860
+boots. Okay? You have numbers.
+
+279
+00:23:48,940 --> 00:23:52,980
+The number can stand, as I mentioned previously,
+
+280
+00:23:53,060 --> 00:23:57,800
+as an adjective. Okay? At that sense, it must
+
+281
+00:23:57,800 --> 00:24:04,030
+precede the adjective itself. So, we have six
+
+282
+00:24:04,030 --> 00:24:08,210
+large eggs. We cannot say large six eggs. The
+
+283
+00:24:08,210 --> 00:24:12,550
+second big shock. You cannot say the big second
+
+284
+00:24:12,550 --> 00:24:16,710
+shock. Okay? So, if you have adjectives, you
+
+285
+00:24:16,710 --> 00:24:21,090
+start, always the number comes first. The first
+
+286
+00:24:21,090 --> 00:24:28,190
+three days. So, we have first three days. It is
+
+287
+00:24:28,190 --> 00:24:32,510
+more common than the three first days. So we start
+
+288
+00:24:32,510 --> 00:24:34,970
+with cardinal or ordinal number? Cardinal.
+
+289
+00:24:34,990 --> 00:24:38,450
+Cardinal number first, then ordinal number, which
+
+290
+00:24:38,450 --> 00:24:42,950
+they stand, both stand as adjectives. So if you
+
+291
+00:24:42,950 --> 00:24:45,850
+have two numbers, one cardinal and the second
+
+292
+00:24:45,850 --> 00:24:49,270
+ordinal, then we start with cardinal numbers,
+
+293
+00:24:49,550 --> 00:24:54,830
+which they appear as adjectives. Okay. My last two
+
+294
+00:24:54,830 --> 00:24:55,170
+jobs.
+
+295
+00:25:04,130 --> 00:25:08,230
+Now we come after explaining six types of
+
+296
+00:25:08,230 --> 00:25:11,870
+adjectives in English, we come to the adjectives
+
+297
+00:25:11,870 --> 00:25:16,270
+of Arabic. We've seen the order of adjectives that
+
+298
+00:25:16,270 --> 00:25:22,690
+is rule-based. We have systematic classification
+
+299
+00:25:22,690 --> 00:25:27,440
+for the adjectives in English. You see? So it is
+
+300
+00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:32,200
+rule-based system. Yani it is bound to rules, to
+
+301
+00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:35,980
+grammatical rules. You have to follow. Okay?
+
+302
+00:25:36,700 --> 00:25:41,440
+English? This is English. However, in Arabic, it
+
+303
+00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:44,420
+depends. There is no rule for the adjective in
+
+304
+00:25:44,420 --> 00:25:50,300
+Arabic. What we have is semantic rule relying on
+
+305
+00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:57,520
+the importance of the adjective. Okay? So
+
+306
+00:25:57,520 --> 00:26:00,960
+according to the, I mean, the adjectives here are
+
+307
+00:26:00,960 --> 00:26:05,060
+semantically and contextually ordered according to
+
+308
+00:26:05,060 --> 00:26:08,560
+their importance in the sentence. He is strong and
+
+309
+00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:09,000
+honest.
+
+310
+00:26:12,980 --> 00:26:17,000
+So the
+
+311
+00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:22,480
+most important description is القوي. Then it
+
+312
+00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:27,020
+comes, Al-Ameen. So we start with the most
+
+313
+00:26:27,020 --> 00:26:33,920
+important. It depends on the speaker. Okay? In
+
+314
+00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:39,100
+praising,
+
+315
+00:26:40,580 --> 00:26:48,120
+the adjectives start with those which denote
+
+316
+00:26:48,120 --> 00:26:48,720
+ethics.
+
+317
+00:26:55,340 --> 00:26:59,600
+We speak about praising. So this means that we
+
+318
+00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:03,660
+have to speak about or to describe things by using
+
+319
+00:27:03,660 --> 00:27:07,340
+ethical adjectives or adjectives denoting ethics.
+
+320
+00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:12,180
+So we start with these ethics or these adjectives
+
+321
+00:27:12,180 --> 00:27:14,380
+denoting ethics. Okay?
+
+322
+00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:22,860
+The ethical adjectives also rely on their
+
+323
+00:27:22,860 --> 00:27:28,180
+importance. So we either start with the first
+
+324
+00:27:28,180 --> 00:27:32,120
+ethical adjective or the second, the third. It
+
+325
+00:27:32,120 --> 00:27:36,300
+depends on the importance of the ethical
+
+326
+00:27:36,300 --> 00:27:36,880
+adjective.
+
+327
+00:27:40,740 --> 00:27:45,420
+Okay? He's a worshipper or paying, trustful and
+
+328
+00:27:45,420 --> 00:27:45,840
+charitable.
+
+329
+00:27:49,500 --> 00:28:02,080
+عبد مطيع صادق أمين متصدق So the most important
+
+330
+00:28:02,080 --> 00:28:07,600
+adjective is worshiper عابد مدامه عابد يقول أنا
+
+331
+00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:13,510
+بتوقع أنه يكون أمين يكون صادق يكون متصدق So this
+
+332
+00:28:13,510 --> 00:28:17,150
+is the most important. Then we have the other
+
+333
+00:28:17,150 --> 00:28:21,770
+ethical adjectives following one after another
+
+334
+00:28:21,770 --> 00:28:25,950
+according to their importance. This is what
+
+335
+00:28:25,950 --> 00:28:27,510
+appears in Arabic.
+
+336
+00:28:30,890 --> 00:28:36,670
+So in the Holy Quran, Surah At-Tawbah,
+
+337
+00:28:39,490 --> 00:28:44,150
+التائبون العابدون الحامدون السائحون الراقعون
+
+338
+00:28:44,150 --> 00:28:48,870
+الساجدون الآمرون بالمعروف وانهون عن المنكر
+
+339
+00:28:48,870 --> 00:28:55,110
+والحافظون لحدود الله وبشر المؤمنين how many types
+
+340
+00:28:55,110 --> 00:28:58,850
+of adjectives or how many adjectives appear in
+
+341
+00:28:58,850 --> 00:29:01,410
+this verse that describes only one noun we speak
+
+342
+00:29:01,410 --> 00:29:07,280
+about التائبون the repentants okay We have nine
+
+343
+00:29:07,280 --> 00:29:10,740
+adjectives starting with العبدون. The worship.
+
+344
+00:29:11,780 --> 00:29:16,400
+Yes, we start with التائبون. Yes. Okay, this is an
+
+345
+00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:25,940
+adjective. Then عبد, then حامد. Okay, then follows
+
+346
+00:29:25,940 --> 00:29:30,640
+the other adjectives. Okay, so we start Now we
+
+347
+00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:35,740
+have two choices for the order of adjectives in
+
+348
+00:29:35,740 --> 00:29:40,680
+Arabic. If you have a number of adjectives, it
+
+349
+00:29:40,680 --> 00:29:46,140
+depends on their importance. We speak about normal
+
+350
+00:29:46,140 --> 00:29:49,760
+adjectives. However, if you have adjectives
+
+351
+00:29:49,760 --> 00:29:55,000
+denoting ethics, manners, then we start with the
+
+352
+00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:59,310
+most important characteristic. followed by the
+
+353
+00:29:59,310 --> 00:30:03,590
+next important characteristic and end with the
+
+354
+00:30:03,590 --> 00:30:07,390
+least important characteristic. Okay? So, we have
+
+355
+00:30:07,390 --> 00:30:10,190
+what is called importance. According to the
+
+356
+00:30:10,190 --> 00:30:14,530
+importance of the adjective, we classify it in the
+
+357
+00:30:14,530 --> 00:30:18,530
+sentence. This is Arabic. However, in English, we
+
+358
+00:30:18,530 --> 00:30:24,600
+met with specific rules as we've seen. Okay? Yes.
+
+359
+00:30:26,780 --> 00:30:35,960
+You start with
+
+360
+00:30:35,960 --> 00:30:39,740
+the most generic adjective, then the most
+
+361
+00:30:39,740 --> 00:30:42,660
+specific. No, all of them are specific. They
+
+362
+00:30:42,660 --> 00:30:47,760
+modify one noun, okay? But the most important one
+
+363
+00:30:47,760 --> 00:30:51,960
+comes first. The most important for this guy is to
+
+364
+00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:58,060
+be repentant first. How it could be worshipper
+
+365
+00:30:58,060 --> 00:30:59,420
+without being repentant?
+
+366
+00:31:08,750 --> 00:31:14,190
+These are specific adjectives
+
+367
+00:31:14,190 --> 00:31:18,790
+denoting or describing one noun. All of them
+
+368
+00:31:18,790 --> 00:31:22,830
+modifying one noun. They are most important. They
+
+369
+00:31:22,830 --> 00:31:29,050
+are all specific. They modify the same person. But
+
+370
+00:31:29,050 --> 00:31:31,650
+we just classify them according to their
+
+371
+00:31:31,650 --> 00:31:36,190
+importance. So all of them are specific, not
+
+372
+00:31:36,190 --> 00:31:36,490
+generic.
+
+373
+00:31:43,190 --> 00:31:48,830
+It depends on the speaker. You decide. You as a
+
+374
+00:31:48,830 --> 00:31:51,390
+speaker, once you describe things, you start with
+
+375
+00:31:51,390 --> 00:31:55,070
+the most important thing from your own viewpoint.
+
+376
+00:31:56,630 --> 00:32:02,030
+You see? So, we have the speaker himself or the
+
+377
+00:32:02,030 --> 00:32:05,370
+subject himself or the doer of the action himself
+
+378
+00:32:05,370 --> 00:32:09,590
+who can decide. Okay, you are free to decide what
+
+379
+00:32:09,590 --> 00:32:13,450
+about the importance of the adjective or the
+
+380
+00:32:13,450 --> 00:32:16,670
+modifier. However, in English, you don't have any
+
+381
+00:32:16,670 --> 00:32:19,870
+rule. The language decides. We have rules to
+
+382
+00:32:19,870 --> 00:32:25,550
+follow. So English is rule-based system. It is a
+
+383
+00:32:25,550 --> 00:32:29,410
+rule-based system. It differs from Arabic. So once
+
+384
+00:32:29,410 --> 00:32:32,270
+you translate from Arabic to English, you have to
+
+385
+00:32:32,270 --> 00:32:35,710
+consider, you have to be very familiar with the
+
+386
+00:32:35,710 --> 00:32:40,410
+order of adjectives. Otherwise, you commit serious
+
+387
+00:32:40,410 --> 00:32:44,870
+errors resulting from Negative interference
+
+388
+00:32:44,870 --> 00:32:48,430
+because you are free in Arabic. Arabic is liberal
+
+389
+00:32:48,430 --> 00:32:51,670
+language. It's more liberal than English in the
+
+390
+00:32:51,670 --> 00:32:55,930
+field of the adjective order, okay? So you put the
+
+391
+00:32:55,930 --> 00:32:58,270
+adjective in English wherever you like and that
+
+392
+00:32:58,270 --> 00:33:03,710
+sense you commit a mistake resulting from Arabic.
+
+393
+00:33:04,290 --> 00:33:06,510
+So is it called interlingual error or
+
+394
+00:33:06,510 --> 00:33:14,630
+interlingual? Interlingual. Okay, you see? So
+
+395
+00:33:14,630 --> 00:33:20,490
+that's it for the chapter of adjectives. We now
+
+396
+00:33:20,490 --> 00:33:23,910
+would like to see some questions or some
+
+397
+00:33:23,910 --> 00:33:29,490
+presentations from you about teaching adjectives.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/Qj60Fd-7CrA_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1588 @@
+1
+00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:17,420
+Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today we are going to
+
+2
+00:00:17,420 --> 00:00:23,540
+continue with adjectives in English and Arabic We
+
+3
+00:00:23,540 --> 00:00:26,540
+spoke last time about the definition of adjectives
+
+4
+00:00:27,370 --> 00:00:31,450
+And we mentioned that they modify nouns and
+
+5
+00:00:31,450 --> 00:00:36,590
+pronouns. Okay? They can be predicative or
+
+6
+00:00:36,590 --> 00:00:40,270
+attributive. In case of being predicative, they
+
+7
+00:00:40,270 --> 00:00:44,810
+post-modify the noun or the pronoun. Say, the noun
+
+8
+00:00:44,810 --> 00:00:50,730
+phrase. In case of being attributive, they pre
+
+9
+00:00:50,730 --> 00:00:56,060
+-modify the noun phrase. Okay? And we cited
+
+10
+00:00:56,060 --> 00:01:01,260
+examples as those which you see just now in the
+
+11
+00:01:01,260 --> 00:01:07,400
+slide. We have different types of adjectives,
+
+12
+00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:12,520
+different morphological types, either we have
+
+13
+00:01:12,520 --> 00:01:17,720
+solid compounds or hyphenated compounds as you
+
+14
+00:01:17,720 --> 00:01:23,980
+see, hyphenated adjectives or solid adjectives or
+
+15
+00:01:26,110 --> 00:01:30,730
+one-word adjective. So morphologically, we have
+
+16
+00:01:30,730 --> 00:01:34,790
+different types. Syntactically, we have adjectives
+
+17
+00:01:34,790 --> 00:01:41,910
+in the form of a word, a noun, or adjective, or
+
+18
+00:01:41,910 --> 00:01:45,270
+pronoun, either universal pronoun, or partitive
+
+19
+00:01:45,270 --> 00:01:49,410
+pronoun, or possessive pronoun, or even numeral,
+
+20
+00:01:49,970 --> 00:01:53,930
+number. As we've seen last time,
+
+21
+00:01:56,740 --> 00:01:59,600
+For the position of the adjective, we mentioned
+
+22
+00:01:59,600 --> 00:02:04,540
+that they can pre-modify, they precede the noun or
+
+23
+00:02:04,540 --> 00:02:07,560
+they follow the noun. At that case, they are
+
+24
+00:02:07,560 --> 00:02:14,520
+called predicative adjectives. In this regard, we
+
+25
+00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:17,300
+mentioned just two adjectives as I said,
+
+26
+00:02:17,700 --> 00:02:20,660
+attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives.
+
+27
+00:02:22,410 --> 00:02:24,970
+We mentioned that we have some sort of exceptions
+
+28
+00:02:24,970 --> 00:02:31,110
+for some adjectives which they always stand as
+
+29
+00:02:31,110 --> 00:02:35,770
+predicative adjectives, such as general, secretary
+
+30
+00:02:35,770 --> 00:02:38,570
+general, president-elect,
+
+31
+00:02:41,310 --> 00:02:47,270
+court-martial, god-almighty, poet laureate,
+
+32
+00:02:48,090 --> 00:02:50,690
+attorney general, director general,
+
+33
+00:02:55,660 --> 00:02:59,860
+okay these partitive pronouns or universal
+
+34
+00:02:59,860 --> 00:03:02,380
+pronouns that means something partitive pronoun
+
+35
+00:03:02,380 --> 00:03:08,200
+everything this is universal pronoun okay plus
+
+36
+00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:13,660
+other pronouns they stand as adjectives as we
+
+37
+00:03:13,660 --> 00:03:20,480
+mentioned last time okay
+
+38
+00:03:22,330 --> 00:03:24,670
+Regarding the types of adjectives, we mentioned
+
+39
+00:03:24,670 --> 00:03:28,190
+the proper adjectives, I mean the nouns, the
+
+40
+00:03:28,190 --> 00:03:31,550
+adjectives which are derived from nouns.
+
+41
+00:03:32,130 --> 00:03:37,810
+Palestine, Palestinians. Norway, Norwegian.
+
+42
+00:03:38,850 --> 00:03:47,170
+America, American. Iraq, Iraqi. Islam, Islamic.
+
+43
+00:03:48,150 --> 00:03:51,360
+Okay? We also mentioned what is called the
+
+44
+00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:53,600
+attributive adjective, number two.
+
+45
+00:03:56,840 --> 00:04:00,780
+Then the predicative adjectives, and every one of
+
+46
+00:04:00,780 --> 00:04:06,920
+these has its own types, okay?
+
+47
+00:04:11,990 --> 00:04:14,770
+So these are the types of the attributive
+
+48
+00:04:14,770 --> 00:04:18,010
+adjectives. For the order of adjectives also, we
+
+49
+00:04:18,010 --> 00:04:21,750
+mentioned that we have specific system for the
+
+50
+00:04:21,750 --> 00:04:25,450
+adjectives. They cannot be written spontaneously
+
+51
+00:04:25,450 --> 00:04:29,870
+in the sentence. Here we have a point of
+
+52
+00:04:29,870 --> 00:04:33,310
+difference between English and Arabic adjectives.
+
+53
+00:04:33,990 --> 00:04:37,590
+In English, as you see, we have systematic order
+
+54
+00:04:37,590 --> 00:04:44,070
+of adjectives starting with determiner then size
+
+55
+00:04:44,070 --> 00:04:52,410
+etc however in Arabic we have yes
+
+56
+00:04:52,410 --> 00:04:56,470
+the Arabic language the Arabic language doesn't
+
+57
+00:04:56,470 --> 00:05:00,250
+have systematic system for the order of adjectives
+
+58
+00:05:00,250 --> 00:05:04,250
+it depends on their importance in the sentence so
+
+59
+00:05:04,250 --> 00:05:07,930
+we start with the most important adjective
+
+60
+00:05:07,930 --> 00:05:12,990
+followed by the less important ones. Okay.
+
+61
+00:05:20,750 --> 00:05:26,270
+As you see, we have the
+
+62
+00:05:26,270 --> 00:05:29,690
+package is small and light. The weather is clear,
+
+63
+00:05:29,890 --> 00:05:35,130
+cold and dry. Okay. The foot, the footstool is
+
+64
+00:05:35,130 --> 00:05:38,440
+round and black. we have systematic system
+
+65
+00:05:38,440 --> 00:05:41,920
+morphologically or syntactically we have to
+
+66
+00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:44,340
+differentiate or to separate between these
+
+67
+00:05:44,340 --> 00:05:48,720
+adjectives by using punctuation mark mainly the
+
+68
+00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:52,220
+comma okay if you have two adjectives then we have
+
+69
+00:05:52,220 --> 00:05:56,000
+to separate between them by using a comma if you
+
+70
+00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:58,840
+have three then you use a comma between the first
+
+71
+00:05:58,840 --> 00:06:02,800
+two then the conjunctions or the coordinator and
+
+72
+00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:03,740
+okay
+
+73
+00:06:07,590 --> 00:06:10,070
+It's for the predicative adjective. And this is
+
+74
+00:06:10,070 --> 00:06:14,030
+also for... is applicable or it corresponds to
+
+75
+00:06:14,030 --> 00:06:17,710
+what is called predicative adjective. However, if
+
+76
+00:06:17,710 --> 00:06:21,530
+you have two adjectives standing as both modifiers
+
+77
+00:06:21,530 --> 00:06:25,010
+of the noun, then we connect between them by using
+
+78
+00:06:25,010 --> 00:06:28,750
+the connector and. The footstool is round and
+
+79
+00:06:28,750 --> 00:06:32,730
+black. Teacher. Yes. What do you mean by order of
+
+80
+00:06:32,730 --> 00:06:36,700
+adjectives exactly? The classification of the
+
+81
+00:06:36,700 --> 00:06:39,660
+adjectives in the sentence. Sometimes you have
+
+82
+00:06:39,660 --> 00:06:43,600
+three adjectives modifying one noun. How could you
+
+83
+00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:48,000
+classify them? You classify them according to
+
+84
+00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:52,620
+their semantic types. Okay? We have an adjective
+
+85
+00:06:52,620 --> 00:06:56,920
+denoting size, another adjective denoting color,
+
+86
+00:06:57,740 --> 00:07:04,870
+the third adjective denoting shape. Age, quantity
+
+87
+00:07:04,870 --> 00:07:08,710
+for example, frequency, temperature, humidity,
+
+88
+00:07:09,070 --> 00:07:12,850
+etc. So they are classified systematically.
+
+89
+00:07:17,890 --> 00:07:20,850
+We have some adjectives that stand as predicative,
+
+90
+00:07:21,090 --> 00:07:24,130
+as we mentioned last time, like afloat, asleep,
+
+91
+00:07:24,550 --> 00:07:30,230
+alone, alive, afraid, aglow. Okay? These are
+
+92
+00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:33,170
+always predicative. Okay?
+
+93
+00:07:38,850 --> 00:07:44,570
+Okay? Now, once you have the predicative and
+
+94
+00:07:44,570 --> 00:07:49,190
+attributive adjectives in the sentence, Okay? You
+
+95
+00:07:49,190 --> 00:07:56,050
+have certain order for each one. Some nouns can be
+
+96
+00:07:56,050 --> 00:08:01,750
+both modified and pre-modified by adjectives. Some
+
+97
+00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:05,450
+nouns accept both predicative adjectives and
+
+98
+00:08:05,450 --> 00:08:10,470
+attributive adjectives. But here, the position of
+
+99
+00:08:10,470 --> 00:08:13,330
+the adjective changes the meaning of the sentence.
+
+100
+00:08:13,730 --> 00:08:17,730
+The treasurer was present. The prison treasurer.
+
+101
+00:08:18,290 --> 00:08:22,930
+So, we have different meanings in the two
+
+102
+00:08:22,930 --> 00:08:26,670
+sentences. As we mentioned last time, Robin Harris
+
+103
+00:08:26,670 --> 00:08:31,250
+was late. The late Robin Harris. Robin Harris كان
+
+104
+00:08:31,250 --> 00:08:34,770
+متأخرا. The late Robin Harris. Robin Harris
+
+105
+00:08:34,770 --> 00:08:43,650
+الراحل. Okay? So, yes. My friend is poor. صديقي
+
+106
+00:08:43,650 --> 00:08:52,850
+فقير my poor friend صديقي مسكين okay so
+
+107
+00:08:52,850 --> 00:08:55,490
+as you see the meaning changes according to the
+
+108
+00:08:55,490 --> 00:08:59,890
+position of the adjective we terminated last time
+
+109
+00:08:59,890 --> 00:09:04,230
+on what is called interpolated adjectives these
+
+110
+00:09:04,230 --> 00:09:07,590
+adjectives which are stated or placed in the
+
+111
+00:09:07,590 --> 00:09:10,970
+sentence spontaneously okay
+
+112
+00:09:15,070 --> 00:09:17,730
+We don't check at last line picture this. Sorry?
+
+113
+00:09:18,050 --> 00:09:20,790
+We don't check this thing. Yes. Yes. We are going
+
+114
+00:09:20,790 --> 00:09:26,310
+to explain this just now. Okay? So we have
+
+115
+00:09:26,310 --> 00:09:31,310
+adjectives denoting or indicating color. These can
+
+116
+00:09:31,310 --> 00:09:34,590
+be placed elsewhere in a sentence. It cannot be
+
+117
+00:09:34,590 --> 00:09:44,240
+put just after size or age. The child, happy and
+
+118
+00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:49,640
+excited, ran along the beach. You can say the
+
+119
+00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:53,920
+happy and excited child ran along the beach. Okay?
+
+120
+00:09:54,320 --> 00:09:56,920
+The child, happy and excited. This is called
+
+121
+00:09:56,920 --> 00:10:00,780
+interpolated adjectives. Yeah, you can put it
+
+122
+00:10:00,780 --> 00:10:04,620
+wherever you like in the sentence. Okay? For the
+
+123
+00:10:04,620 --> 00:10:11,380
+sake of focus or emphasis. Startled. This is at
+
+124
+00:10:11,380 --> 00:10:14,060
+the beginning. We've seen it in the middle of the
+
+125
+00:10:14,060 --> 00:10:18,340
+sentence, happy and excited. Then we see it in the
+
+126
+00:10:18,340 --> 00:10:20,820
+beginning of the sentence, initial position,
+
+127
+00:10:21,620 --> 00:10:26,720
+startle the small yellow bird, stop singing. Okay?
+
+128
+00:10:27,500 --> 00:10:30,600
+So this is called focus. We focus on the
+
+129
+00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:35,520
+adjective, the quality of the bird itself.
+
+130
+00:10:39,510 --> 00:10:43,330
+Yes, it is an adjective. It's past participle
+
+131
+00:10:43,330 --> 00:10:49,670
+form. Tense, expectant and alert, we waited to see
+
+132
+00:10:49,670 --> 00:10:57,130
+what would happen. So, we focus on the status of
+
+133
+00:10:57,130 --> 00:11:02,620
+the noun or of the person. tense, expectant and
+
+134
+00:11:02,620 --> 00:11:07,520
+alert. We waited. Who are tense, expectant and
+
+135
+00:11:07,520 --> 00:11:12,500
+alert? This is we. Okay? So, we put them in the
+
+136
+00:11:12,500 --> 00:11:15,940
+beginning of the sentence. This is called focus.
+
+137
+00:11:16,540 --> 00:11:21,320
+Okay? It's for emphasis. So, you have the quality
+
+138
+00:11:21,320 --> 00:11:25,240
+of moving the adjective wherever.
+
+139
+00:11:27,150 --> 00:11:31,190
+available in the sentence okay just for emphasis
+
+140
+00:11:31,190 --> 00:11:35,050
+or say focus okay in that sense it is called
+
+141
+00:11:35,050 --> 00:11:41,430
+interpolated adjective we
+
+142
+00:11:41,430 --> 00:11:46,210
+have number five so interpolated adjectives are
+
+143
+00:11:46,210 --> 00:11:50,110
+number four Okay, we spoke about proper
+
+144
+00:11:50,110 --> 00:11:56,290
+adjectives, spoke about attributive, predicative,
+
+145
+00:11:56,890 --> 00:12:00,630
+then interpolated, and now we are speaking about
+
+146
+00:12:00,630 --> 00:12:03,910
+the adjectival phrases and clauses in the
+
+147
+00:12:03,910 --> 00:12:11,090
+sentence. Yes. Interpolated. Yes. We can move the
+
+148
+00:12:11,090 --> 00:12:14,630
+same adjective in the same sentence in the
+
+149
+00:12:14,630 --> 00:12:18,640
+beginning Yes, it depends on the meaning you need
+
+150
+00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:21,760
+to convey to the listener, to the receiver.
+
+151
+00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:30,520
+It's up to you to use it wherever you like. For
+
+152
+00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:34,660
+example, the happy and excited child ran along the
+
+153
+00:12:34,660 --> 00:12:39,100
+beach. This is normal sentence. Okay. We can say
+
+154
+00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:43,100
+the child happy and excited. We speak about his
+
+155
+00:12:43,100 --> 00:12:47,870
+condition, his status. We focus only on, not on
+
+156
+00:12:47,870 --> 00:12:55,230
+the child, but on his condition. Okay? So this is
+
+157
+00:12:55,230 --> 00:12:59,530
+called interpolated. You move it wherever you
+
+158
+00:12:59,530 --> 00:13:04,990
+like, but you change the meaning. Okay? Here, we
+
+159
+00:13:04,990 --> 00:13:07,950
+have a difference between a happy and excited
+
+160
+00:13:07,950 --> 00:13:08,590
+child.
+
+161
+00:13:18,970 --> 00:13:23,010
+And we have a difference between the happy and
+
+162
+00:13:23,010 --> 00:13:26,930
+excited child and the child happy and excited.
+
+163
+00:13:28,390 --> 00:13:32,370
+Okay? So the focus is on the adjective in the
+
+164
+00:13:32,370 --> 00:13:35,070
+second sentence. However, the first sentence is
+
+165
+00:13:35,070 --> 00:13:37,270
+normal. The focus is on the child himself.
+
+166
+00:13:38,470 --> 00:13:46,570
+Startled, the focus is on the condition. Okay? The
+
+167
+00:13:46,570 --> 00:13:49,870
+adjective, small yellow bird stopped singing.
+
+168
+00:13:51,350 --> 00:13:55,190
+Okay? So we, the listener, now the speaker draws
+
+169
+00:13:55,190 --> 00:14:00,030
+the attention of the listener on the status of the
+
+170
+00:14:00,030 --> 00:14:03,710
+bird started. The next sentence, as you see, we
+
+171
+00:14:03,710 --> 00:14:07,010
+can say the small yellow started bird stopped
+
+172
+00:14:07,010 --> 00:14:12,770
+singing. Okay? Tense, expectant and alert. These
+
+173
+00:14:12,770 --> 00:14:18,580
+are modifiers for the noun phrase or the pronoun,
+
+174
+00:14:19,080 --> 00:14:25,200
+we. Okay? So they come at the beginning of the
+
+175
+00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:30,700
+sentence before the subject just for focus on the
+
+176
+00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:35,840
+condition of the subject. You see?
+
+177
+00:14:40,900 --> 00:14:43,760
+We have adjectives, phrases and clauses number
+
+178
+00:14:43,760 --> 00:14:49,010
+five as you see. The one on the desk is mine. You
+
+179
+00:14:49,010 --> 00:14:55,890
+see the one, this one is mine. We speak about the
+
+180
+00:14:55,890 --> 00:15:01,250
+adverbial clause. It can be preposition phrase,
+
+181
+00:15:02,050 --> 00:15:06,610
+can be a noun phrase, can have different form, the
+
+182
+00:15:06,610 --> 00:15:10,330
+adverbial clause or phrase. So the one on the desk
+
+183
+00:15:10,330 --> 00:15:16,130
+is mine. On the desk, represents semantically an
+
+184
+00:15:16,130 --> 00:15:20,590
+adjective. The chair which was placed in front of
+
+185
+00:15:20,590 --> 00:15:29,790
+the window was a higher loom. Okay? So, we have
+
+186
+00:15:29,790 --> 00:15:35,270
+long adjectival phrase, adjectival clause, which
+
+187
+00:15:35,270 --> 00:15:38,850
+was placed in front of the window. The chair which
+
+188
+00:15:38,850 --> 00:15:43,700
+was placed in front of the window was a higherwas
+
+189
+00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:49,180
+an heirloom, okay? موروث يعني. Those who decide to
+
+190
+00:15:49,180 --> 00:15:54,020
+come will not be disappointed. Those who decide to
+
+191
+00:15:54,020 --> 00:15:59,320
+come will not be disappointed. Okay? Who decide to
+
+192
+00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:00,580
+come adjectives are closed.
+
+193
+00:16:04,120 --> 00:16:08,460
+We have present participle number six standing as
+
+194
+00:16:08,460 --> 00:16:13,900
+an adjective. The falling star. The barking dog.
+
+195
+00:16:14,980 --> 00:16:18,940
+Falling. Barking. This is present participle.
+
+196
+00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:21,940
+Standing here as adjective.
+
+197
+00:16:27,420 --> 00:16:31,520
+So, for the order of adjectives, we speak about
+
+198
+00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:36,400
+six types of adjectives. These can be ordered in
+
+199
+00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:40,440
+the sentence in this form. We start with the
+
+200
+00:16:40,440 --> 00:16:46,460
+terminal. The terminals are adjectives, then size,
+
+201
+00:16:47,060 --> 00:16:53,560
+shape, age, color, origin, material, qualifier.
+
+202
+00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:05,880
+We have adjectives coming in the form of past
+
+203
+00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:13,230
+participle. The scattered leaves. The broken drum.
+
+204
+00:17:15,270 --> 00:17:18,510
+The stolen ring.
+
+205
+00:17:21,670 --> 00:17:24,590
+The readable sheet.
+
+206
+00:17:27,470 --> 00:17:32,610
+Okay? The readable is different. Okay? We spoke
+
+207
+00:17:32,610 --> 00:17:37,050
+about stolen. This is past participle. Scattered.
+
+208
+00:17:37,290 --> 00:17:41,310
+This is past participle. Okay? The read article.
+
+209
+00:17:42,750 --> 00:17:48,190
+Red is an adjective, past participle, okay? But
+
+210
+00:17:48,190 --> 00:17:53,310
+not readable. We have what is called dangling
+
+211
+00:17:53,310 --> 00:17:54,490
+participles.
+
+212
+00:17:56,670 --> 00:18:04,190
+Okay? These adjectives are used as predicative and
+
+213
+00:18:04,190 --> 00:18:05,670
+attributive adjectives.
+
+214
+00:18:09,050 --> 00:18:12,880
+Once used in the beginning of the sentence, I mean
+
+215
+00:18:12,880 --> 00:18:17,120
+the present participle or the past participle. The
+
+216
+00:18:17,120 --> 00:18:19,620
+adjectives which come in the form of present
+
+217
+00:18:19,620 --> 00:18:23,260
+participle or past participle, once coming at the
+
+218
+00:18:23,260 --> 00:18:25,160
+beginning of the sentence, they are called
+
+219
+00:18:25,160 --> 00:18:29,740
+dangling participles. Feeling hungry, the child
+
+220
+00:18:29,740 --> 00:18:34,960
+ate an apple. Disconcerted by the news, we headed
+
+221
+00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:39,800
+for the nearest farmhouse. Okay?
+
+222
+00:18:45,750 --> 00:18:48,730
+Here, once you say feeling hangry, what does this
+
+223
+00:18:48,730 --> 00:18:50,910
+adjective modify?
+
+224
+00:18:52,450 --> 00:18:59,350
+The child. And this concerted by the news, we hid
+
+225
+00:18:59,350 --> 00:19:08,170
+it for the nearest farmhouse. We is the noun which
+
+226
+00:19:08,170 --> 00:19:13,610
+is pre-modified by this dangling participle
+
+227
+00:19:13,610 --> 00:19:14,230
+adjective.
+
+228
+00:19:18,510 --> 00:19:24,050
+Okay? As we mentioned, the description in the
+
+229
+00:19:24,050 --> 00:19:26,830
+order of the adjective comes before the
+
+230
+00:19:26,830 --> 00:19:33,930
+classification. An old political idea. An old
+
+231
+00:19:33,930 --> 00:19:36,630
+political idea. Once we say old, this is
+
+232
+00:19:36,630 --> 00:19:41,110
+description. Political idea, geographical idea.
+
+233
+00:19:41,970 --> 00:19:47,290
+economical idea okay these are classifications so
+
+234
+00:19:47,290 --> 00:19:56,630
+the description comes before classification we
+
+235
+00:19:56,630 --> 00:20:02,490
+have description classification noun as an old
+
+236
+00:20:02,490 --> 00:20:06,690
+political idea not political old idea it's wrong
+
+237
+00:20:06,690 --> 00:20:12,850
+to say political old idea okay It's, you have to
+
+238
+00:20:12,850 --> 00:20:18,710
+start with description, then classification. The
+
+239
+00:20:18,710 --> 00:20:23,770
+latest educational reform. Educational
+
+240
+00:20:23,770 --> 00:20:30,630
+descriptive. Sorry, latest. Latest description.
+
+241
+00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:35,410
+Educational classification. Okay? So we cannot say
+
+242
+00:20:35,410 --> 00:20:38,110
+the educational latest. We have to say latest
+
+243
+00:20:38,110 --> 00:20:44,950
+educational. A green wine bottle. A green, while,
+
+244
+00:20:45,370 --> 00:20:48,670
+wine bottle. So green again, it is description.
+
+245
+00:20:49,370 --> 00:20:52,290
+It's color, but it refers here to description.
+
+246
+00:20:53,010 --> 00:20:56,210
+Wine, this is classification.
+
+247
+00:20:57,250 --> 00:21:01,370
+Not of wine, sorry. It's wrong to say wine, green
+
+248
+00:21:01,370 --> 00:21:07,590
+bottle. Leather dancing shoes. Leather, this is
+
+249
+00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:11,420
+Description then classification dancing not
+
+250
+00:21:11,420 --> 00:21:16,540
+dancing leather shoes We have opinion before
+
+251
+00:21:16,540 --> 00:21:22,080
+description a wonderful a wonderful old house
+
+252
+00:21:22,080 --> 00:21:25,160
+Wonderful
+
+253
+00:21:25,160 --> 00:21:34,540
+old house wonderful is opinion Okay How about the
+
+254
+00:21:34,540 --> 00:21:39,960
+weather today I say it's fantastic Okay? It's
+
+255
+00:21:39,960 --> 00:21:44,000
+cool. It's hot. It's fine. So this is my opinion.
+
+256
+00:21:45,060 --> 00:21:49,940
+Okay? So we have opinion adjectives and
+
+257
+00:21:49,940 --> 00:21:53,040
+description adjectives. The opinion comes before
+
+258
+00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:54,320
+the description.
+
+259
+00:21:57,240 --> 00:22:01,640
+So we have words which refer to opinion like
+
+260
+00:22:01,640 --> 00:22:05,480
+lovely, definite, pure, absolute, extreme,
+
+261
+00:22:05,860 --> 00:22:11,660
+perfect, wonderful, silly. A lovely, cool drink. A
+
+262
+00:22:11,660 --> 00:22:16,960
+lovely, this is opinion, cool description.
+
+263
+00:22:18,580 --> 00:22:21,440
+So we cannot say a cool, lovely drink.
+
+264
+00:22:30,420 --> 00:22:33,860
+Now, the order of descriptive words is not
+
+265
+00:22:33,860 --> 00:22:39,390
+completely fixed. We have words for origin and
+
+266
+00:22:39,390 --> 00:22:43,330
+material usually come last. The words referring to
+
+267
+00:22:43,330 --> 00:22:47,730
+origin or material come last if you have a number
+
+268
+00:22:47,730 --> 00:22:51,530
+of adjectives modifying one noun. For example,
+
+269
+00:22:52,710 --> 00:22:57,410
+size, age, shape, color, origin, material. These
+
+270
+00:22:57,410 --> 00:23:02,550
+are adjectives pre-modifying one noun. So we call
+
+271
+00:23:02,550 --> 00:23:05,520
+them predicative or attributive. Attributive.
+
+272
+00:23:06,060 --> 00:23:10,840
+Attributive. A fat old horse.
+
+273
+00:23:13,840 --> 00:23:18,740
+Okay. A big new grey Italian woolen sweater boots.
+
+274
+00:23:19,560 --> 00:23:20,240
+Sorry, boots.
+
+275
+00:23:23,060 --> 00:23:27,840
+A big new grey Italian woolen sweater boots.
+
+276
+00:23:31,460 --> 00:23:37,440
+So they are classified as size, age, shape, color,
+
+277
+00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:41,660
+origin, material, which they describe one now,
+
+278
+00:23:41,880 --> 00:23:45,860
+boots. Okay? You have numbers.
+
+279
+00:23:48,940 --> 00:23:52,980
+The number can stand, as I mentioned previously,
+
+280
+00:23:53,060 --> 00:23:57,800
+as an adjective. Okay? At that sense, it must
+
+281
+00:23:57,800 --> 00:24:04,030
+precede the adjective itself. So, we have six
+
+282
+00:24:04,030 --> 00:24:08,210
+large eggs. We cannot say large six eggs. The
+
+283
+00:24:08,210 --> 00:24:12,550
+second big shock. You cannot say the big second
+
+284
+00:24:12,550 --> 00:24:16,710
+shock. Okay? So, if you have adjectives, you
+
+285
+00:24:16,710 --> 00:24:21,090
+start, always the number comes first. The first
+
+286
+00:24:21,090 --> 00:24:28,190
+three days. So, we have first three days. It is
+
+287
+00:24:28,190 --> 00:24:32,510
+more common than the three first days. So we start
+
+288
+00:24:32,510 --> 00:24:34,970
+with cardinal or ordinal number? Cardinal.
+
+289
+00:24:34,990 --> 00:24:38,450
+Cardinal number first, then ordinal number, which
+
+290
+00:24:38,450 --> 00:24:42,950
+they stand, both stand as adjectives. So if you
+
+291
+00:24:42,950 --> 00:24:45,850
+have two numbers, one cardinal and the second
+
+292
+00:24:45,850 --> 00:24:49,270
+ordinal, then we start with cardinal numbers,
+
+293
+00:24:49,550 --> 00:24:54,830
+which they appear as adjectives. Okay. My last two
+
+294
+00:24:54,830 --> 00:24:55,170
+jobs.
+
+295
+00:25:04,130 --> 00:25:08,230
+Now we come after explaining six types of
+
+296
+00:25:08,230 --> 00:25:11,870
+adjectives in English, we come to the adjectives
+
+297
+00:25:11,870 --> 00:25:16,270
+of Arabic. We've seen the order of adjectives that
+
+298
+00:25:16,270 --> 00:25:22,690
+is rule-based. We have systematic classification
+
+299
+00:25:22,690 --> 00:25:27,440
+for the adjectives in English. You see? So it is
+
+300
+00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:32,200
+rule-based system. Yani it is bound to rules, to
+
+301
+00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:35,980
+grammatical rules. You have to follow. Okay?
+
+302
+00:25:36,700 --> 00:25:41,440
+English? This is English. However, in Arabic, it
+
+303
+00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:44,420
+depends. There is no rule for the adjective in
+
+304
+00:25:44,420 --> 00:25:50,300
+Arabic. What we have is semantic rule relying on
+
+305
+00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:57,520
+the importance of the adjective. Okay? So
+
+306
+00:25:57,520 --> 00:26:00,960
+according to the, I mean, the adjectives here are
+
+307
+00:26:00,960 --> 00:26:05,060
+semantically and contextually ordered according to
+
+308
+00:26:05,060 --> 00:26:08,560
+their importance in the sentence. He is strong and
+
+309
+00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:09,000
+honest.
+
+310
+00:26:12,980 --> 00:26:17,000
+So the
+
+311
+00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:22,480
+most important description is القوي. Then it
+
+312
+00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:27,020
+comes, Al-Ameen. So we start with the most
+
+313
+00:26:27,020 --> 00:26:33,920
+important. It depends on the speaker. Okay? In
+
+314
+00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:39,100
+praising,
+
+315
+00:26:40,580 --> 00:26:48,120
+the adjectives start with those which denote
+
+316
+00:26:48,120 --> 00:26:48,720
+ethics.
+
+317
+00:26:55,340 --> 00:26:59,600
+We speak about praising. So this means that we
+
+318
+00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:03,660
+have to speak about or to describe things by using
+
+319
+00:27:03,660 --> 00:27:07,340
+ethical adjectives or adjectives denoting ethics.
+
+320
+00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:12,180
+So we start with these ethics or these adjectives
+
+321
+00:27:12,180 --> 00:27:14,380
+denoting ethics. Okay?
+
+322
+00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:22,860
+The ethical adjectives also rely on their
+
+323
+00:27:22,860 --> 00:27:28,180
+importance. So we either start with the first
+
+324
+00:27:28,180 --> 00:27:32,120
+ethical adjective or the second, the third. It
+
+325
+00:27:32,120 --> 00:27:36,300
+depends on the importance of the ethical
+
+326
+00:27:36,300 --> 00:27:36,880
+adjective.
+
+327
+00:27:40,740 --> 00:27:45,420
+Okay? He's a worshipper or paying, trustful and
+
+328
+00:27:45,420 --> 00:27:45,840
+charitable.
+
+329
+00:27:49,500 --> 00:28:02,080
+عبد مطيع صادق أمين متصدق So the most important
+
+330
+00:28:02,080 --> 00:28:07,600
+adjective is worshiper عابد مدامه عابد يقول أنا
+
+331
+00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:13,510
+بتوقع أنه يكون أمين يكون صادق يكون متصدق So this
+
+332
+00:28:13,510 --> 00:28:17,150
+is the most important. Then we have the other
+
+333
+00:28:17,150 --> 00:28:21,770
+ethical adjectives following one after another
+
+334
+00:28:21,770 --> 00:28:25,950
+according to their importance. This is what
+
+335
+00:28:25,950 --> 00:28:27,510
+appears in Arabic.
+
+336
+00:28:30,890 --> 00:28:36,670
+So in the Holy Quran, Surah At-Tawbah,
+
+337
+00:28:39,490 --> 00:28:44,150
+التائبون العابدون الحامدون السائحون الراقعون
+
+338
+00:28:44,150 --> 00:28:48,870
+الساجدون الآمرون بالمعروف وانهون عن المنكر
+
+339
+00:28:48,870 --> 00:28:55,110
+والحافظون لحدود الله وبشر المؤمنين how many types
+
+340
+00:28:55,110 --> 00:28:58,850
+of adjectives or how many adjectives appear in
+
+341
+00:28:58,850 --> 00:29:01,410
+this verse that describes only one noun we speak
+
+342
+00:29:01,410 --> 00:29:07,280
+about التائبون the repentants okay We have nine
+
+343
+00:29:07,280 --> 00:29:10,740
+adjectives starting with العبدون. The worship.
+
+344
+00:29:11,780 --> 00:29:16,400
+Yes, we start with التائبون. Yes. Okay, this is an
+
+345
+00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:25,940
+adjective. Then عبد, then حامد. Okay, then follows
+
+346
+00:29:25,940 --> 00:29:30,640
+the other adjectives. Okay, so we start Now we
+
+347
+00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:35,740
+have two choices for the order of adjectives in
+
+348
+00:29:35,740 --> 00:29:40,680
+Arabic. If you have a number of adjectives, it
+
+349
+00:29:40,680 --> 00:29:46,140
+depends on their importance. We speak about normal
+
+350
+00:29:46,140 --> 00:29:49,760
+adjectives. However, if you have adjectives
+
+351
+00:29:49,760 --> 00:29:55,000
+denoting ethics, manners, then we start with the
+
+352
+00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:59,310
+most important characteristic. followed by the
+
+353
+00:29:59,310 --> 00:30:03,590
+next important characteristic and end with the
+
+354
+00:30:03,590 --> 00:30:07,390
+least important characteristic. Okay? So, we have
+
+355
+00:30:07,390 --> 00:30:10,190
+what is called importance. According to the
+
+356
+00:30:10,190 --> 00:30:14,530
+importance of the adjective, we classify it in the
+
+357
+00:30:14,530 --> 00:30:18,530
+sentence. This is Arabic. However, in English, we
+
+358
+00:30:18,530 --> 00:30:24,600
+met with specific rules as we've seen. Okay? Yes.
+
+359
+00:30:26,780 --> 00:30:35,960
+You start with
+
+360
+00:30:35,960 --> 00:30:39,740
+the most generic adjective, then the most
+
+361
+00:30:39,740 --> 00:30:42,660
+specific. No, all of them are specific. They
+
+362
+00:30:42,660 --> 00:30:47,760
+modify one noun, okay? But the most important one
+
+363
+00:30:47,760 --> 00:30:51,960
+comes first. The most important for this guy is to
+
+364
+00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:58,060
+be repentant first. How it could be worshipper
+
+365
+00:30:58,060 --> 00:30:59,420
+without being repentant?
+
+366
+00:31:08,750 --> 00:31:14,190
+These are specific adjectives
+
+367
+00:31:14,190 --> 00:31:18,790
+denoting or describing one noun. All of them
+
+368
+00:31:18,790 --> 00:31:22,830
+modifying one noun. They are most important. They
+
+369
+00:31:22,830 --> 00:31:29,050
+are all specific. They modify the same person. But
+
+370
+00:31:29,050 --> 00:31:31,650
+we just classify them according to their
+
+371
+00:31:31,650 --> 00:31:36,190
+importance. So all of them are specific, not
+
+372
+00:31:36,190 --> 00:31:36,490
+generic.
+
+373
+00:31:43,190 --> 00:31:48,830
+It depends on the speaker. You decide. You as a
+
+374
+00:31:48,830 --> 00:31:51,390
+speaker, once you describe things, you start with
+
+375
+00:31:51,390 --> 00:31:55,070
+the most important thing from your own viewpoint.
+
+376
+00:31:56,630 --> 00:32:02,030
+You see? So, we have the speaker himself or the
+
+377
+00:32:02,030 --> 00:32:05,370
+subject himself or the doer of the action himself
+
+378
+00:32:05,370 --> 00:32:09,590
+who can decide. Okay, you are free to decide what
+
+379
+00:32:09,590 --> 00:32:13,450
+about the importance of the adjective or the
+
+380
+00:32:13,450 --> 00:32:16,670
+modifier. However, in English, you don't have any
+
+381
+00:32:16,670 --> 00:32:19,870
+rule. The language decides. We have rules to
+
+382
+00:32:19,870 --> 00:32:25,550
+follow. So English is rule-based system. It is a
+
+383
+00:32:25,550 --> 00:32:29,410
+rule-based system. It differs from Arabic. So once
+
+384
+00:32:29,410 --> 00:32:32,270
+you translate from Arabic to English, you have to
+
+385
+00:32:32,270 --> 00:32:35,710
+consider, you have to be very familiar with the
+
+386
+00:32:35,710 --> 00:32:40,410
+order of adjectives. Otherwise, you commit serious
+
+387
+00:32:40,410 --> 00:32:44,870
+errors resulting from Negative interference
+
+388
+00:32:44,870 --> 00:32:48,430
+because you are free in Arabic. Arabic is liberal
+
+389
+00:32:48,430 --> 00:32:51,670
+language. It's more liberal than English in the
+
+390
+00:32:51,670 --> 00:32:55,930
+field of the adjective order, okay? So you put the
+
+391
+00:32:55,930 --> 00:32:58,270
+adjective in English wherever you like and that
+
+392
+00:32:58,270 --> 00:33:03,710
+sense you commit a mistake resulting from Arabic.
+
+393
+00:33:04,290 --> 00:33:06,510
+So is it called interlingual error or
+
+394
+00:33:06,510 --> 00:33:14,630
+interlingual? Interlingual. Okay, you see? So
+
+395
+00:33:14,630 --> 00:33:20,490
+that's it for the chapter of adjectives. We now
+
+396
+00:33:20,490 --> 00:33:23,910
+would like to see some questions or some
+
+397
+00:33:23,910 --> 00:33:29,490
+presentations from you about teaching adjectives.
+