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PubMedQA-fine-tuned-llama-3-1-8B-labels-test

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[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nShould ascitis volume and anthropometric measurements be estimated in hospitalized alcoholic cirrotics?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: Ascitis and undernutrition are frequent complications of cirrhosis, however ascitis volume and anthropometric assessment are not routinely documented or considered in prognostic evaluation. In a homogeneous cohort followed during two years these variables were scrutinized, aiming to ascertain relevance for longterm outcome.\n-METHODS: Population (N = 25, all males with alcoholic cirrhosis) was recruited among patients hospitalized for uncomplicated ascitis. Exclusion criteria were refractory or tense ascitis, cancer, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, bleeding varices and critical illness. Measurements included ultrasonographically estimated ascitis volume, dry body mass index/BMI , upper arm anthropometrics, hematologic counts and liver function tests.\n-RESULTS: Population (age 48.3 ± 11.3 years, BMI 21.1 ± 3.5 kg/m², serum albumin 2.5 ± 0.8 g/dL) was mostly in the Child-Pugh C category (77.8%) but clinically stable. During the follow-up period of 22.6 ± 3.8 months, additional hospitalizations numbered 1.7 ± 1.0 and more than one quarter succumbed. Admission ascitis volume corresponded to 7.1 ± 3.6 L and dry BMI to 18.3 ± 3.5 kg/m². Child Pugh index was relevant for both mortality and rehospitalization. Nevertheless, similar matches for mortality were documented with ascitis volume and dry BMI, and arm circumference below the 5th percentile was highly significantly associated with rehospitalization.'}]

yes

Yes, ascitis volume and anthropometric measurements should be estimated in hospitalized alcoholic cirrotics as they are relevant for long-term outcome and associated with mortality and rehospitalization.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nThe use of audit to identify maternal mortality in different settings: is it just a difference between the rich and the poor?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To illustrate how maternal mortality audit identifies different causes of and contributing factors to maternal deaths in different settings in low- and high-income countries and how this can lead to local solutions in reducing maternal deaths.\n-DESIGN: Descriptive study of maternal mortality from different settings and review of data on the history of reducing maternal mortality in what are now high-income countries.\n-SETTINGS: Kalabo district in Zambia, Farafenni division in The Gambia, Onandjokwe district in Namibia, and the Netherlands.\n-POPULATION: Population of rural areas in Zambia and The Gambia, peri-urban population in Namibia and nationwide data from The Netherlands.\n-METHODS: Data from facility-based maternal mortality audits from three African hospitals and data from the latest confidential enquiry in The Netherlands.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal mortality ratio (MMR), causes (direct and indirect) and characteristics.\n-RESULTS: MMR ranged from 10 per 100,000 (the Netherlands) to 1540 per 100,000 (The Gambia). Differences in causes of deaths were characterized by HIV/AIDS in Namibia, sepsis and HIV/AIDS in Zambia, (pre-)eclampsia in the Netherlands and obstructed labour in The Gambia.'}]

yes

The use of audit to identify maternal mortality in different settings reveals distinct causes of and contributing factors to maternal deaths in low- and high-income countries, highlighting the need for local solutions to reduce maternal deaths.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCould the extent of lymphadenectomy be modified by neoadjuvant chemotherapy in cervical cancer?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) on topographical distribution patterns of lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer was unknown.\n-METHODS: Patients with FIGO stage IB1-IIB who underwent radical surgery with or without NACT were enrolled (3527 patients). A matched-case comparison design was used to compare the effects of NACT on lymph node metastasis.\n-RESULTS: We analyzed groups of 167 and 140 patients who were diagnosed with lymph node metastasis in the matched primary surgery group and NACT group, respectively, and no significant difference was observed (p = 0.081). The incidence of lymph node metastasis was significantly decreased in the NACT-responsive group compared to the non-responsive group (18.4% vs. 38.6%, P<0.001). The metastatic rates for every lymph node group also declined in the NACT-responsive group except for the deep inguinal and the para-aortic lymph node groups. Clinical response, deep stromal, parametrial and lymph vascular invasions were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis in the NACT group. Furthermore, deep stromal invasion and lymph vascular invasion, but not the response to NACT, were independently associated with upper LNM. The number of lymph nodes involved, response to NACT, tumor histology and a positive vaginal margin were independent prognostic factors affecting DFS or OS rates in node-positive patients treated with NACT plus radical surgery.'}]

yes

The extent of lymphadenectomy could be modified by neoadjuvant chemotherapy in cervical cancer, as the incidence of lymph node metastasis was significantly decreased in the NACT-responsive group compared to the non-responsive group.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo Wound Cultures Give Information About the Microbiology of Blood Cultures in Severe Burn Patients?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Blood stream infection (BSI) and the subsequent development of sepsis are among the most common infection complications occurring in severe burn patients. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between the burn wound flora and BSI pathogens.\n-METHODS: Documentation of all bacterial and fungal wound and blood isolates from severe burn patients hospitalized in the burn unit and intensive care unit was obtained from medical records retrieved retrospectively from a computerized, hospital-wide database over a 13-year period. All data were recorded in relation to the Ryan score.\n-RESULTS: Of 195 severe burn patients, 88 had at least 1 BSI episode. Transmission of the same pathogen from wound to blood was documented in 30% of the patients, with a rising BSI frequency as the Ryan score increased. There were a total of 263 bacteremic episodes in 88 study patients, 44% of blood isolates were documented previously in wound cultures, and transmission of the same pathogen from wound to blood was noted in 65% of bacteremic patients.'}]

yes

Wound cultures can provide information about the microbiology of blood cultures in severe burn patients, as 30% of patients had the same pathogen transmitted from wound to blood, and 65% of bacteremic patients had the same pathogen previously documented in wound cultures.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre behavioural risk factors to be blamed for the conversion from optimal blood pressure to hypertensive status in Black South Africans?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Longitudinal cohort studies in sub-Saharan Africa are urgently needed to understand cardiovascular disease development. We, therefore, explored health behaviours and conventional risk factors of African individuals with optimal blood pressure (BP) (≤ 120/80 mm Hg), and their 5-year prediction for the development of hypertension.\n-METHODS: The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study in the North West Province, South Africa, started in 2005 and included African volunteers (n = 1994; aged>30 years) from a sample of 6000 randomly selected households in rural and urban areas.\n-RESULTS: At baseline, 48% of the participants were hypertensive (≥ 140/90 mmHg). Those with optimal BP (n = 478) were followed at a success rate of 70% for 5 years (213 normotensive, 68 hypertensive, 57 deceased). Africans that became hypertensive smoked more than the normotensive individuals (68.2% vs 49.8%), and they also had a greater waist circumference [ratio of geometric means of 0.94 cm (95% CI: 0.86-0.99)] and greater amount of γ-glutamyltransferase [0.74 U/l (95% CI: 0.62-0.88)]at baseline. The 5-year change in BP was independently explained by baseline γ-glutamyltransferase [R(2) = 0.23, β = 0.13 U/l (95% CI: 0.01-0.19)]. Alcohol intake also predicted central systolic BP and carotid cross-sectional wall area (CSWA) at follow-up. Waist circumference was another predictor of BP changes [β = 0.18 cm (95% CI: 0.05-0.24)]and CSWA. HIV infection was inversely associated with increased BP.'}]

yes

Behavioural risk factors, such as smoking, waist circumference, and alcohol intake, are independently associated with the conversion from optimal blood pressure to hypertensive status in Black South Africans.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nSystematic use of patient-rated depression severity monitoring: is it helpful and feasible in clinical psychiatry?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The gap between evidence-based treatments and routine care has been well established. Findings from the Sequenced Treatments Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) emphasized the importance of measurement-based care for the treatment of depression as a key ingredient for achieving response and remission; yet measurement-based care approaches are not commonly used in clinical practice.\n-METHODS: The Nine-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for monitoring depression severity was introduced in 19 diverse psychiatric practices. During the one-year course of the project the helpfulness and feasibility of implementation of PHQ-9 in these psychiatric practices were studied. The project was modeled after the Institute for Healthcare Improvement Breakthrough Series. Two of the 19 practices dropped out during the course of the project.\n-RESULTS: By the conclusion of the study, all remaining 17 practices had adopted PHQ-9 as a routine part of depression care in their practice. On the basis of responses from 17 psychiatrists from those practices, PHQ-9 scores influenced clinical decision making for 93% of 6,096 patient contacts. With the additional information gained from the PHQ-9 score, one or more treatment changes occurred during 40% of these clinical contacts. Changing the dosage of antidepressant medication and adding another medication were the most common treatment changes recorded by psychiatrists, followed by starting or increasing psychotherapy and by switching or initiating antidepressants. In 3% of the patient contacts, using the PHQ-9 led to additional suicide risk assessment.'}]

yes

The systematic use of patient-rated depression severity monitoring, specifically the Nine-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), is helpful and feasible in clinical psychiatry, as it influenced clinical decision making for 93% of patient contacts and led to one or more treatment changes in 40% of these contacts.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nTreadmill training post stroke: are there any secondary benefits?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To explore the secondary benefits of treadmill training for people in the chronic stage of recovery from stroke.\n-DESIGN: Modified random assignment, matched-pair control group design with repeated measures.\n-SETTING: Outpatient stroke centre.\n-PARTICIPANTS: Twenty individuals post first stroke who acknowledged walking slower than pre stroke. Participants matched by side of hemiparesis and motor impairment.\n-INTERVENTIONS: Twelve 20-minute sessions of walking on a treadmill or weekly phone call.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Depression (Beck Depression Index), mobility and social participation (Stroke Impact Scale 3.0 subscales) were assessed initially, at the end of 12 treatments (four weeks) and six weeks later.\n-RESULTS: No significant difference was found between groups for any dependent measure. The ANOVA to investigate main effects in each group found no significant findings in the control group; however in the treatment group significant improvements over time for depression (P = 0.005, P<0.001), mobility (P = 0.008) and social participation (P = 0.004) were demonstrated.'}]

yes

Treadmill training post stroke resulted in significant improvements over time for depression, mobility, and social participation, but not for any secondary benefits.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes lunar position influence the time of delivery?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between lunar position and the day of delivery; to investigate the synodic distribution of spontaneous deliveries, especially in relation to the presence of a full moon.\n-STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 1248 spontaneous full-term deliveries in three-year period (36 lunar months), setted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Civil Hospital, Fano (Marche, Italy), using circular statistics techniques.\n-RESULTS: A connection between the distribution of spontaneous full-term deliveries and the lunar month was found. The effect of the phases of the moon seems to be particularly relevant in multiparae and plurigravidae; in these cases, the mean day of delivery corresponds to the first or second day after the full moon.'}]

yes

A connection between the distribution of spontaneous full-term deliveries and the lunar month was found, with the effect of the phases of the moon being particularly relevant in multiparae and plurigravidae.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs oral endotracheal intubation efficacy impaired in the helicopter environment?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: Patients transported by helicopter often require advanced airway management. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the in-flight environment of air medical transport in a BO-105 helicopter impairs the ability of flight nurses to perform oral endotracheal intubation.\n-SETTING: The study was conducted in an MBB BO-105 helicopter.\n-METHODS: Flight nurses performed three manikin intubations in each of the two study environments: on an emergency department stretcher and in-flight in the BO-105 helicopter.\n-RESULTS: The mean time required for in-flight intubation (25.9 +/- 10.9 seconds) was significantly longer than the corresponding time (13.2 +/- 2.8 seconds) required for intubation in the control setting (ANOVA, F = 38.7, p<.001). All intubations performed in the control setting were placed correctly in the trachea; there were two (6.7%) esophageal intubations in the in-flight setting. The difference in appropriate endotracheal intubation between the two settings was not significant (chi 2 = 0.3; p>0.05).'}]

maybe

The mean time required for in-flight intubation was significantly longer than the corresponding time required for intubation in the control setting, but the difference in appropriate endotracheal intubation between the two settings was not significant.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nProstatic syndrome and pleural effusion: are they different diseases?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To report an uncommon association of prostate and lung cancer.\n-METHODS: The characteristics of both tumors, their association with tumors in other sites and the time of presentation are analyzed.\n-RESULTS: Both tumors were in the advanced stages. Metastatic carcinoma of the prostate was discarded due to the form of presentation.'}]

maybe

The context does not explicitly state that prostatic syndrome and pleural effusion are different diseases, but it does report an uncommon association of prostate and lung cancer, suggesting that they may be related in some way.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nTelemedicine and type 1 diabetes: is technology per se sufficient to improve glycaemic control?\n\nContext:\n-METHODS: Each patient received a smartphone with an insulin dose advisor (IDA) and with (G3 group) or without (G2 group) the telemonitoring/teleconsultation function. Patients were classified as "high users" if the proportion of "informed" meals using the IDA exceeded 67% (median) and as "low users" if not. Also analyzed was the respective impact of the IDA function and teleconsultations on the final HbA1c levels.\n-RESULTS: Among the high users, the proportion of informed meals remained stable from baseline to the end of the study 6months later (from 78.1±21.5% to 73.8±25.1%; P=0.107), but decreased in the low users (from 36.6±29.4% to 26.7±28.4%; P=0.005). As expected, HbA1c improved in high users from 8.7% [range: 8.3-9.2%] to 8.2% [range: 7.8-8.7%]in patients with (n=26) vs without (n=30) the benefit of telemonitoring/teleconsultation (-0.49±0.60% vs -0.52±0.73%, respectively; P=0.879). However, although HbA1c also improved in low users from 9.0% [8.5-10.1] to 8.5% [7.9-9.6], those receiving support via teleconsultation tended to show greater improvement than the others (-0.93±0.97 vs -0.46±1.05, respectively; P=0.084).'}]

yes

The study found that the use of a smartphone with an insulin dose advisor (IDA) and telemonitoring/teleconsultation function improved glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes, but the extent of improvement was greater in patients who were classified as 'high users' of the IDA function.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs controlled ovarian stimulation in intrauterine insemination an acceptable therapy in couples with unexplained non-conception in the perspective of multiple pregnancies?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) with intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a common treatment in couples with unexplained non-conception. Induction of multifollicular growth is considered to improve pregnancy outcome, but it contains an increased risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. In this study the impact of the number of follicles (>14 mm) on the ongoing pregnancy rate (PR) and multiple PR was evaluated in the first four treatment cycles.\n-METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed in all couples with unexplained non-conception undergoing COS-IUI in the Academic Hospital of Maastricht. The main outcome measure was ongoing PR. Secondary outcomes were ongoing multiple PR, number of follicles of>or=14 mm, and order of treatment cycle.\n-RESULTS: Three hundred couples were included. No significant difference was found in ongoing PR between women with one, two, three or four follicles respectively (P=0.54), but in women with two or more follicles 12/73 pregnancies were multiples. Ongoing PR was highest in the first treatment cycle and declined significantly with increasing cycle order (P=0.006), while multiple PR did not change.'}]

maybe

Controlled ovarian stimulation in intrauterine insemination is not entirely acceptable in couples with unexplained non-conception due to the increased risk of multiple pregnancies, as 12 out of 73 pregnancies were multiples in women with two or more follicles.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs half-dose contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography sufficient for the abdominal aorta and pelvis?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of half-dose contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography for depicting the abdominal aorta and its major branches.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 72 consecutive patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups that underwent MR angiography after receiving different concentrations (original or diluted to 50%) and total amounts (single or half-dose) of gadolinium chelate injected at different rates (1 or 0.5 mL/second). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the abdominal aorta and of the common and external iliac arteries were calculated, and two blinded readers rated the respective image qualities.\n-RESULTS: The SNR and CNR of the abdominal aorta and the common iliac artery in the 0.5 mL/second groups were statistically significantly lower than those in the 1 mL/second groups. The differences in overall image quality across the four groups were not statistically significant.'}]

maybe

The study found that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the abdominal aorta and the common iliac artery in the half-dose group were statistically significantly lower than those in the full-dose group, but the differences in overall image quality across the four groups were not statistically significant.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDigital Tomosynthesis: A Viable Alternative to Noncontrast Computed Tomography for the Follow-Up of Nephrolithiasis?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Digital tomosynthesis (DT) is a new X-ray-based imaging technique that allows image enhancement with minimal increase in radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to compare DT with noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) and to evaluate its potential role for the follow-up of patients with nephrolithiasis in a nonemergent setting.\n-METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with nephrolithiasis at our institution that underwent NCCT and DT from July 2012 to September 2013 was performed. Renal units (RUs) that did not undergo treatment or stone passage were randomly assigned to two blinded readers, who recorded stone count, size area (mm(2)), maximum stone length (mm), and location, for both DT and NCCT. Mean differences per RU were compared. Potential variables affecting stone detection rate, including stone size and body mass index (BMI), were evaluated. Interobserver agreement was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient to measure the consistency of measurements made by the readers.\n-RESULTS: DT and NCCT demonstrated similar stone detection rates in terms of stone counts and stone area mm(2). Of the 79 RUs assessed, 41 RUs showed exact stone counts on DT and NCCT. The mean difference in stone area was 16.5\u2009mm(2) (-4.6 to 38.5), p\u2009=\u20090.121. The mean size of the largest stone on NCCT and DT was 9.27 and 8.87\u2009mm, respectively. Stone size and BMI did not cause a significant difference in stone detection rates. Interobserver agreement showed a strong correlation between readers and adequate reproducibility.'}]

yes

Digital Tomosynthesis (DT) is a viable alternative to Noncontrast Computed Tomography (NCCT) for the follow-up of nephrolithiasis, as it demonstrated similar stone detection rates in terms of stone counts and stone area mm(2).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nHigh cumulative insulin exposure: a risk factor of atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Since insulin therapy might have an atherogenic effect, we studied the relationship between cumulative insulin dose and atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes. We have focused on patients with type 1 diabetes instead of type 2 diabetes to minimise the effect of insulin resistance as a potential confounder.\n-METHODS: An observational study was performed in 215 subjects with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple insulin injection therapy. Atherosclerosis was assessed by measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT).\n-RESULTS: The cumulative dose of regular insulin showed a positive and significant relation with CIMT: increase of 21 microm in CIMT per S.D. of insulin use (95% CI: 8-35 adjusted for gender and age), which remained unchanged after adjustment for duration of diabetes, HbA1c, BMI, pulse pressure, physical activity and carotid lumen diameter. A similar relation was found for intermediate-acting insulin: 15.5 microm per S.D. (2-29), which was no longer present after further adjustment.'}]

yes

The cumulative dose of regular insulin showed a positive and significant relation with carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), indicating a risk factor of atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre hepatitis G virus and TT virus involved in cryptogenic chronic liver disease?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Hepatitis G virus can cause chronic infection in man but the role of this agent in chronic liver disease is poorly understood. Little is known about the relation of another newly discovered agent, the TT virus, with chronic liver disease.AIM: To investigate the rate of infection with hepatitis G virus and TT virus in patients with cryptogenic chronic liver disease.\n-PATIENTS: A total of 23 subjects with chronically raised alanine transaminase and a liver biopsy in whom all known causes of liver disease had been excluded, and 40 subjects with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease.\n-METHODS: Evaluation of anti-hepatitis G virus by enzyme immunoassay. Hepatitis G virus-RNA by polymerase chain reaction with primers from the 5\' NC and NS5a regions. TT virus-DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction with primers from the ORF1 region. Results. Hepatitis G virus-RNA was detected in 4 out of 23 patients with cryptogenic chronic hepatitis and in 6 out of 40 with hepatitis C virus chronic hepatitis (17.4% vs 15% p=ns). At least one marker of hepatitis G virus infection (hepatitis G virus-RNA and/or anti-hepatitis G virus, mostly mutually exclusive) was present in 6 out of 23 patients with cryptogenic hepatitis and 16 out of 40 with hepatitis C virus liver disease (26. 1% vs 40% p=ns). T virus-DNA was present in serum in 3 subjects, 1 with cryptogenic and 2 with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Demographic and clinical features, including stage and grade of liver histology, were comparable between hepatitis G virus-infected and uninfected subjects. Severe liver damage [chronic hepatitis with fibrosis or cirrhosis) were significantly more frequent in subjects with hepatitis C virus liver disease.'}]

yes

Hepatitis G virus-RNA was detected in 4 out of 23 patients with cryptogenic chronic hepatitis and T virus-DNA was present in serum in 3 subjects, 1 with cryptogenic and 2 with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo older patients who refuse to participate in a self-management intervention in the Netherlands differ from older patients who agree to participate?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Refusal of patients to participate in intervention programs is an important problem in clinical trials but, in general, researchers devote relatively little attention to it. In this article, a comparison is made between patients who, after having been invited, agreed to participate in a self-management intervention (participants) and those who refused (refusers). Compared with other studies of refusers, relatively more information could be gathered with regard to both their characteristics and reasons for refusing, because all potential participants were invited personally.\n-METHODS: Older patients from a Dutch outpatient clinic were invited to participate in a self-management intervention, and their characteristics were assessed. Demographic data were collected, as well as data on physical functioning and lack of emotional support. People who refused to participate were asked to give their reasons for refusing.\n-RESULTS: Of the 361 patients invited, 267 (74%) refused participation. These refusers were more restricted in their mobility, lived further away from the location of the intervention, and had a partner more often than did the participants. No differences were found in level of education, age or gender. The main reasons given by respondents for refusing to participate were lack of time, travel distance, and transport problems.'}]

yes

Yes, older patients who refuse to participate in a self-management intervention in the Netherlands differ from older patients who agree to participate. Refusers were more restricted in their mobility, lived further away from the location of the intervention, and had a partner more often than did the participants.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nPreoperative locoregional staging of gastric cancer: is there a place for magnetic resonance imaging?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to prospectively compare the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the preoperative locoregional staging of gastric cancer.\n-METHODS: This study had Institutional Review Board approval, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. Fifty-two patients with biopsy-proven gastric cancer underwent preoperative 1.5-T MRI, 64-channel MDCT and EUS. All images were analysed blind, and the results were compared with histopathological findings according to the seventh edition of the TNM classification. After the population had been divided on the basis of the local invasion (T1-3 vs T4a-b) and nodal involvement (N0 vs N+), sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated and diagnostic performance measures were assessed using the McNemar test.\n-RESULTS: For T staging, EUS showed higher sensitivity (94%) than MDCT and MRI (65 and 76%; p = 0.02 and p = 0.08). MDCT and MRI had significantly higher specificity (91 and 89%) than EUS (60%) (p = 0.0009 and p = 0.003). Adding MRI to MDCT or EUS did not result in significant differences for sensitivity. For N staging, EUS showed higher sensitivity (92%) than MRI and MDCT (69 and 73%; p = 0.01 and p = 0.02). MDCT showed better specificity (81%) than EUS and MRI (58 and 73%; p = 0.03 and p = 0.15).'}]

yes

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a place in the preoperative locoregional staging of gastric cancer, as it showed higher specificity than endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for T staging and comparable accuracy to EUS for N staging.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo familiar teammates request and accept more backup?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated factors that explain when and why different groups of teammates are more likely to request and accept backup from one another when needed in an environment characterized by extreme time pressure and severe consequences of error: commercial air traffic control (ATC).\n-BACKGROUND: Transactive memory theory states that teammates develop consensus regarding the distribution of their relative expertise as well as confidence in that expertise over time and that this facilitates coordination processes. The present study investigated whether this theory could help to explain between-team differences in requesting and accepting backup when needed.\n-METHOD: The present study used cross-sectional data collected from 51 commercial ATC teams. Hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis.\n-RESULTS: Teammates with greater experience working together requested and accepted backup from one another more than those with lesser experience working together. Teammate knowledge consensus and perceived team efficacy appear to have mediated this relationship.'}]

yes

Teammates with greater experience working together requested and accepted backup from one another more than those with lesser experience working together.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nTranssphenoidal pituitary surgery in Cushing\'s disease: can we predict outcome?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in patients with Cushing\'s disease over a period of 18 years, and to determine if there are factors which will predict the outcome.\n-PATIENTS: Sixty-nine sequential patients treated surgically by a single surgeon in Newcastle upon Tyne between 1980 and 1997 were identified and data from 61 of these have been analysed.\n-DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of outcome measures.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients were divided into three groups (remission, failure and relapse) depending on the late outcome of their treatment as determined at the time of analysis, i.e. 88 months (median) years after surgery. Remission is defined as biochemical reversal of hypercortisolism with re-emergence of diurnal circadian rhythm, resolution of clinical features and adequate suppression on low-dose dexamethasone testing. Failure is defined as the absence of any of these features. Relapse is defined as the re-emergence of Cushing\'s disease more than one year after operation. Clinical features such as weight, sex, hypertension, associated endocrine disorders and smoking, biochemical studies including preoperative and postoperative serum cortisol, urine free cortisol, serum ACTH, radiological, histological and surgical findings were assessed in relation to these three groups to determine whether any factors could reliably predict failure or relapse after treatment.\n-RESULTS: Of the 61 patients included in this study, 48 (78.7%) achieved initial remission and 13 (21.3%) failed treatment. Seven patients suffered subsequent relapse (range 22-158 months) in their condition after apparent remission, leaving a final group of 41 patients (67.2%) in the remission group. Tumour was identified at surgery in 52 patients, of whom 38 achieved remission. In comparison, only 3 of 9 patients in whom no tumour was identified achieved remission. This difference was significant (P = 0.048). When both radiological and histological findings were positive, the likelihood of achieving remission was significantly higher than if both modalities were negative (P = 0.038). There were significant differences between remission and failure groups when 2- and 6-week postoperative serum cortisol levels (P = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively) and 6-week postoperative urine free cortisol levels (P = 0.026) were compared. This allowed identification of patients who failed surgical treatment in the early postoperative period. Complications of surgery included transitory DI in 13, transitory CSF leak in 8 and transitory nasal discharge and cacosmia in 3. Twelve of 41 patients required some form of hormonal replacement therapy despite achieving long-term remission. Thirteen patients underwent a second operation, of whom 5 achieved remission.'}]

yes

Yes, we can predict outcome in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in Cushing's disease based on factors such as the presence of a tumour at surgery, radiological and histological findings, and 2- and 6-week postoperative serum cortisol levels and 6-week postoperative urine free cortisol levels.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan bedside assessment reliably exclude aspiration following acute stroke?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ability of a bedside swallowing assessment to reliably exclude aspiration following acute stroke.\n-SUBJECTS: Consecutive patients admitted within 24 h of stroke onset to two hospitals.\n-METHODS: A prospective study. Where possible, all patients had their ability to swallow assessed on the day of admission by both a doctor and a speech and language therapist using a standardized proforma. A videofluoroscopy examination was conducted within 3 days of admission.\n-RESULTS: 94 patients underwent videofluoroscopy; 20 (21%) were seen to be aspirating, although this was not detected at the bedside in 10. In 18 (22%) of the patients the speech and language therapist considered the swallow to be unsafe. In the medical assessment, 39 patients (41%) had an unsafe swallow. Bedside assessment by a speech and language therapist gave a sensitivity of 47%, a specificity of 86%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 50% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 85% for the presence of aspiration. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify the optimum elements of the bedside assessments for predicting the presence of aspiration. A weak voluntary cough and any alteration in conscious level gave a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 72%, PPV of 41% and NPV of 91% for aspiration.'}]

no

Bedside assessment by a speech and language therapist gave a sensitivity of 47%, a specificity of 86%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 50% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 85% for the presence of aspiration, indicating that it cannot reliably exclude aspiration following acute stroke.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre UK radiologists satisfied with the training and support received in suspected child abuse?\n\nContext:\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: A list of telephone numbers of UK hospitals with a radiology department was obtained from the Royal College of Radiologists. One hundred hospitals were then randomly selected for inclusion in the survey. An 18-item questionnaire was successfully administered to consultant radiologists from 84 departments.\n-RESULTS: Sixty-one percent of departments had a named radiologist to report their skeletal surveys, 16% assigned surveys to a random radiologist, and 23% referred them elsewhere. Only 52% of departments had a dedicated paediatric radiologist, thus in a significant proportion of departments (25%) initial reports on skeletal surveys for physical abuse were provided by non-paediatric radiologists. Fifteen percent did not have ready access to a paediatric radiology opinion. Sixty-one percent thought that the service could be improved. Expert evidence was provided by 5% of respondents. Seventy-three percent would never consider providing expert evidence, even if given adequate radiology and/or legal training.'}]

no

Only 52% of departments had a dedicated paediatric radiologist, and 61% thought that the service could be improved, indicating that many UK radiologists are not satisfied with the training and support received in suspected child abuse.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nArtefacts in 24-h pharyngeal and oesophageal pH monitoring: is simplification of pH data analysis feasible?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Ambulatory 24-h dual-channel pharyngeal and oesophageal pH monitoring is the standard test for measuring gastro-oesophageal and gastropharyngeal reflux. Artefacts caused by the intake of food may result in falsely positive gastropharyngeal reflux, which necessitates a manual review of 24-h pH data. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of meals and whether leaving out meals affected the reliability of the test.\n-METHODS: Patients referred for otolaryngological complaints, suspected to have been caused by gastro-oesophageal reflux, underwent 24-h dual-channel pH monitoring. The raw unprocessed pH data were corrected by visual inspection of the 24-h tracings (corrected data), by leaving out meals or meals plus a 2-h postprandrial period.\n-RESULTS: The raw pH data were substantially influenced by artefacts of food intake and pseudoreflux. Data obtained by leaving out meals agreed best with manually corrected data. Many of the falsely positive reflux episodes could be removed, thereby inducing a 9%-18% chance of undetected reflux. When examining the fraction of time supine, manually corrected data and data leaving out meals were fully concordant and detected 79% of patients with gastropharyngeal reflux. However, leaving out meals plus a 2-h postprandrial period resulted in 21%-50% falsely negative tests.'}]

yes

Simplification of pH data analysis by leaving out meals is feasible, as it can remove many falsely positive reflux episodes and induce a 9%-18% chance of undetected reflux.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan the condition of the cell microenvironment of mediastinal lymph nodes help predict the risk of metastases in non-small cell lung cancer?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the properties of the immune cell microenvironment of regional lymph nodes (LNs) positive for lung cancer.\n-METHODS: Twenty-four patients operated on for stages T1 and T2 of the NSCLC, were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood and LN tissue were obtained from different lymph node sites and levels. As a control, LN tissue was taken from patients diagnosed with emphysema or pneumothorax. The cells from randomly chosen LN were tested by multi-color flow cytometry. Separate portions of LN were snap-frozen and examined for the presence of cytokeratin positive cells (CK). Propensity for apoptosis, level of TCR zeta chain expression of T cells and the number and maturation status of dendritic cells were confronted with the presence of CK-positive cells.\n-RESULTS: The presence of metastases correlated with the downregulation of TCR zeta, especially CD8(+) T cells. The most striking feature was the reduction in the number of myeloid CD11c(+) dendritic cells in the LN of patients with LN metastases. This could be a reflection of the immunodeficient state observed in lung cancer patients. Even in the absence of metastases in the regional LN, the same type of changes in the LN microenvironment were observed in those LN located nearer the primary tumor.'}]

yes

The condition of the cell microenvironment of mediastinal lymph nodes, specifically the downregulation of TCR zeta, especially CD8(+) T cells, and the reduction in the number of myeloid CD11c(+) dendritic cells, can help predict the risk of metastases in non-small cell lung cancer.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre wandering and physically nonaggressive agitation equivalent?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The authors examined equivalence of wandering and physically nonaggressive agitation (PNA) as concepts.\n-DESIGN: A cross-sectional correlational design was used.\n-SETTING: Participants were recruited from 22 nursing homes and 6 assisted living facilities in two states.\n-PARTICIPANTS: Ambulatory residents meeting DSM-IV criteria for dementia (N = 181) were studied.\n-MEASUREMENTS: Video-tapes for up to twelve 20-minute observations per participant were coded for wandering using an empirically derived taxonomy of ambulation patterns. Separate raters coded the same tapes for six PNA behaviors on the agitation behavior mapping instrument.\n-RESULTS: Most participants (73.5%) wandered; all showed PNA behaviors. Factor analyses yielded an one-factor solution for wandering (explained variance = 43.66%) and a two-factor solution for PNA (explained variance = 53.45%). Overall wandering correlated significantly with PNA Factor 1 (df =179, r = 0.68, p<0.001) and Factor 2, but at a lower value (df = 179, r = 0.26, p<0.01).'}]

yes

The study found that most participants (73.5%) wandered and all showed physically nonaggressive agitation (PNA) behaviors, and the factor analyses yielded a significant correlation between wandering and PNA, suggesting that they are related concepts.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs size-reducing ascending aortoplasty with external reinforcement an option in modern aortic surgery?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Enlargement of the ascending aorta is often combined with valvular, coronary, or other cardiac diseases. Reduction aortoplasty can be an optional therapy; however, indications regarding the diameter of aorta, the history of dilatation (poststenosis, bicuspid aortic valve), or the intraoperative management (wall excision, reduction suture, external reinforcement) are not established.\n-METHODS: In a retrospective study between 1997 and 2005, we investigated 531 patients operated for aneurysm or ectasia of the ascending aorta (diameter: 45-76mm). Of these, in 50 patients, size-reducing ascending aortoplasty was performed. External reinforcement with a non-coated dacron prosthesis was added in order to stabilize the aortic wall.\n-RESULTS: Aortoplasty was associated with aortic valve replacement in 47 cases (35 mechanical vs 12 biological), subvalvular myectomy in 29 cases, and CABG in 13 cases. The procedure was performed with low hospital mortality (2%) and a low postoperative morbidity. Computertomographic and echocardiographic diameters were significantly smaller after reduction (55.8+/-9mm down to 40.51+/-6.2mm (CT), p<0.002; 54.1+/-6.7mm preoperatively down to 38.7+/-7.1mm (echocardiography), p<0.002), with stable performance in long-term follow-up (mean follow-up time: 70 months).'}]

yes

Size-reducing ascending aortoplasty with external reinforcement is a viable option in modern aortic surgery, as it is associated with low hospital mortality and postoperative morbidity, and results in significant reduction of aortic diameter with stable performance in long-term follow-up.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes depression diagnosis and antidepressant prescribing vary by location?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Studies have linked ethnic differences in depression rates with neighbourhood ethnic density although results have not been conclusive. We looked at this using a novel approach analysing whole population data covering just over one million GP patients in four London boroughs.\n-METHOD: Using a dataset of GP records for all patients registered in Lambeth, Hackney, Tower Hamlets and Newham in 2013 we investigated new diagnoses of depression and antidepressant use for: Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, black Caribbean and black African patients. Neighbourhood effects were assessed independently of GP practice using a cross-classified multilevel model.\n-RESULTS: Black and minority ethnic groups are up to four times less likely to be newly diagnosed with depression or prescribed antidepressants compared to white British patients. We found an inverse relationship between neighbourhood ethnic density and new depression diagnosis for some groups, where an increase of 10% own-ethnic density was associated with a statistically significant (p<0.05) reduced odds of depression for Pakistani [odds ratio (OR) 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-0.93], Indian (OR 0.88, CI 0.81-0.95), African (OR 0.88, CI 0.78-0.99) and Bangladeshi (OR 0.94, CI 0.90-0.99) patients. Black Caribbean patients, however, showed the opposite effect (OR 1.26, CI 1.09-1.46). The results for antidepressant use were very similar although the corresponding effect for black Caribbeans was no longer statistically significant (p = 0.07).'}]

yes

The study found that depression diagnosis and antidepressant prescribing vary by location, with black and minority ethnic groups being up to four times less likely to be newly diagnosed with depression or prescribed antidepressants compared to white British patients. Additionally, the study found an inverse relationship between neighbourhood ethnic density and new depression diagnosis for some groups, but a different effect for black Caribbean patients.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan routinely collected ambulance data about assaults contribute to reduction in community violence?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The \'law of spatiotemporal concentrations of events\' introduced major preventative shifts in policing communities. \'Hotspots\' are at the forefront of these developments yet somewhat understudied in emergency medicine. Furthermore, little is known about interagency \'data-crossover\', despite some developments through the Cardiff Model. Can police-ED interagency data-sharing be used to reduce community-violence using a hotspots methodology?\n-METHODS: 12-month (2012) descriptive study and analysis of spatiotemporal clusters of police and emergency calls for service using hotspots methodology and assessing the degree of incident overlap. 3775 violent crime incidents and 775 assault incidents analysed using spatiotemporal clustering with k-means++ algorithm and Spearman\'s rho.\n-RESULTS: Spatiotemporal location of calls for services to the police and the ambulance service are equally highly concentrated in a small number of geographical areas, primarily within intra-agency hotspots (33% and 53%, respectively) but across agencies\' hotspots as well (25% and 15%, respectively). Datasets are statistically correlated with one another at the 0.57 and 0.34 levels, with 50% overlap when adjusted for the number of hotspots. At least one in every two police hotspots does not have an ambulance hotspot overlapping with it, suggesting half of assault spatiotemporal concentrations are unknown to the police. Data further suggest that more severely injured patients, as estimated by transfer to hospital, tend to be injured in the places with the highest number of police-recorded crimes.'}]

yes

Routinely collected ambulance data about assaults can contribute to the reduction in community violence by identifying high-concentration areas of assaults and overlapping hotspots with police data, allowing for targeted interventions and data-driven policing strategies.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nVolume change of uterine myomas during pregnancy: do myomas really grow?\n\nContext:\n-STUDY OBJECTIVE: To estimate changes in uterine myoma volume during pregnancy.\n-DESIGN: Review of departmental electronic perinatal database and medical records. Canadian Task Force Classification II-3.\n-SETTING: Obstetrical ultrasound unit in an academic tertiary care center.\n-PATIENTS: One hundred-seven patients diagnosed with uterine myomas during pregnancy and who had two or more obstetrical ultrasounds in different periods of pregnancy.\n-INTERVENTIONS: We analyzed the change in volume of uterine myomas between the first half of pregnancy (up until 19 weeks), third quarter (20-30 weeks), and last quarter (31 weeks to term). The volume of largest uterine myoma was calculated using the formula Volume (mm3)=Pi/6x(length mm)x(width mm)x(height mm).\n-MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The mean age of the population was 31+/-6 years. Between the first and the second study periods, the percentage of uterine myomas that decreased in size was 55.1% (95% CI: 43-66), with a mean decrease in volume of 35%+/-4%; while the percentage of uterine myomas that enlarged was 44.9% (95% CI: 34-56), with a mean increase in volume of 69%+/-11%. Between the second and the third study periods, 75% (95% CI: 56-87) became smaller, with a mean decrease in volume of 30%+/-3%; while 25% (95% CI: 13-43) enlarged, with a mean increase in volume of 102%+/-62%.'}]

yes

The study found that 55.1% of uterine myomas decreased in size, with a mean decrease in volume of 35%+/-4%, while 44.9% enlarged, with a mean increase in volume of 69%+/-11% between the first and second study periods. Between the second and third study periods, 75% became smaller, with a mean decrease in volume of 30%+/-3%, while 25% enlarged, with a mean increase in volume of 102%+/-62%.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs laparoscopic adrenalectomy safe and effective for adrenal masses larger than 7 cm?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) has become the gold standard treatment for small (less than 6 cm) adrenal masses. However, the role of LA for large-volume (more than 6 cm) masses has not been well defined. Our aim was to evaluate, retrospectively, the outcome of LA for adrenal lesions larger than 7 cm.\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: 18 consecutive laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed from 1996 to 2005 on patients with adrenal lesions larger than 7 cm.\n-RESULTS: The mean tumor size was 8.3 cm (range 7-13 cm), the mean operative time was 137 min, the mean blood loss was 182 mL (range 100-550 mL), the rate of intraoperative complications was 16%, and in three cases we switched from laparoscopic procedure to open surgery.'}]

yes

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is safe and effective for adrenal masses larger than 7 cm, with a mean operative time of 137 min, a mean blood loss of 182 mL, and a rate of intraoperative complications of 16%.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nUpstream solutions: does the supplemental security income program reduce disability in the elderly?\n\nContext:\n-CONTEXT: The robust relationship between socioeconomic factors and health suggests that social and economic policies might substantially affect health, while other evidence suggests that medical care, the main focus of current health policy, may not be the primary determinant of population health. Income support policies are one promising avenue to improve population health. This study examines whether the federal cash transfer program to poor elderly, the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, affects old-age disability.\n-METHODS: This study uses the 1990 and 2000 censuses, employing state and year fixed-effect models, to test whether within-state changes in maximum SSI benefits over time lead to changes in disability among people aged sixty-five and older.\n-FINDINGS: Higher benefits are linked to lower disability rates. Among all single elderly individuals, 30 percent have mobility limitations, and an increase of $100 per month in the maximum SSI benefit caused the rate of mobility limitations to fall by 0.46 percentage points. The findings were robust to sensitivity analyses. First, analyses limited to those most likely to receive SSI produced larger effects, but analyses limited to those least likely to receive SSI produced no measurable effect. Second, varying the disability measure did not meaningfully alter the findings. Third, excluding the institutionalized, immigrants, individuals living in states with exceptionally large benefit changes, and individuals living in states with no SSI supplements did not change the substantive conclusions. Fourth, Medicaid did not confound the effects. Finally, these results were robust for married individuals.'}]

yes

Higher benefits under the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program are linked to lower disability rates among elderly individuals, with a $100 per month increase in maximum SSI benefit causing a 0.46 percentage point decrease in mobility limitations.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nProfiling quality of care: Is there a role for peer review?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: We sought to develop a more reliable structured implicit chart review instrument for use in assessing the quality of care for chronic disease and to examine if ratings are more reliable for conditions in which the evidence base for practice is more developed.\n-METHODS: We conducted a reliability study in a cohort with patient records including both outpatient and inpatient care as the objects of measurement. We developed a structured implicit review instrument to assess the quality of care over one year of treatment. 12 reviewers conducted a total of 496 reviews of 70 patient records selected from 26 VA clinical sites in two regions of the country. Each patient had between one and four conditions specified as having a highly developed evidence base (diabetes and hypertension) or a less developed evidence base (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or a collection of acute conditions). Multilevel analysis that accounts for the nested and cross-classified structure of the data was used to estimate the signal and noise components of the measurement of quality and the reliability of implicit review.\n-RESULTS: For COPD and a collection of acute conditions the reliability of a single physician review was quite low (intra-class correlation = 0.16-0.26) but comparable to most previously published estimates for the use of this method in inpatient settings. However, for diabetes and hypertension the reliability is significantly higher at 0.46. The higher reliability is a result of the reviewers collectively being able to distinguish more differences in the quality of care between patients (p<0.007) and not due to less random noise or individual reviewer bias in the measurement. For these conditions the level of true quality (i.e. the rating of quality of care that would result from the full population of physician reviewers reviewing a record) varied from poor to good across patients.'}]

yes

The study found that the reliability of implicit chart review is higher for conditions with a more developed evidence base, such as diabetes and hypertension, compared to conditions with a less developed evidence base, such as COPD and acute conditions.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nEyelid-parotid metastasis: do we screen for coexisting masses?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To report three cases illustrating that it is not unusual for a primary eyelid tumour to metastasise to the parotid gland and vice versa.\n-CASE REPORTS: Two patients with malignant parotid tumours underwent radical parotidectomy and presented subsequently with eyelid lesions. Biopsy showed that both eyelid lesions were histologically similar to the primary parotid tumour. A third patient was noted to have ipsilateral upper eyelid and parotid gland tumours. Histology and immunocytochemistry were used to differentiate the primary tumour and the metastasis.'}]

yes

The study reports three cases where primary eyelid tumours metastasised to the parotid gland and vice versa, highlighting the importance of screening for coexisting masses.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nWill CT ordering practices change if we educate residents about the potential effects of radiation exposure?\n\nContext:\n-RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine if educating residents about the potential effects of radiation exposure from computed tomographic (CT) imaging alters ordering patterns. This study also explored whether referring physicians are interested in radiation education and was an initial effort to address their CT ordering behavior.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two to four months after a radiologist\'s lecture on the potential effects of radiation exposure related to CT scans, urology and orthopedic residents were surveyed regarding the number and types of CT scans they ordered, the use of alternative imaging modalities, and whether they used the lecture information to educate patients.\n-RESULTS: Twenty-one resident lecture attendants completed the survey. The number of CT scans ordered after the lecture stayed constant for 90% (19 of 21) and decreased for 10% (two of 21). The types of CT scans ordered changed after the lecture for 14% (three of 21). Thirty-three percent (seven of 21) reported increases in alternative imaging after the lecture, including 24% (five of 21) reporting increases in magnetic resonance imaging and 19% (four of 21) reporting increases in ultrasound. Patients directed questions about radiation exposure to 57% (12 of 21); 38% (eight of 21) used the lecture information to educate patients. Referring physicians were interested in the topic, and afterward, other physician groups requested radiation education lectures.'}]

no

The study found that educating residents about the potential effects of radiation exposure from CT imaging did not significantly change their CT ordering practices, with 90% of residents reporting no change in the number of CT scans ordered and 10% reporting a decrease.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes context matter for the relationship between deprivation and all-cause mortality?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: A growing body of research emphasizes the importance of contextual factors on health outcomes. Using postcode sector data for Scotland (UK), this study tests the hypothesis of spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between area-level deprivation and mortality to determine if contextual differences in the West vs. the rest of Scotland influence this relationship. Research into health inequalities frequently fails to recognise spatial heterogeneity in the deprivation-health relationship, assuming that global relationships apply uniformly across geographical areas. In this study, exploratory spatial data analysis methods are used to assess local patterns in deprivation and mortality. Spatial regression models are then implemented to examine the relationship between deprivation and mortality more formally.\n-RESULTS: The initial exploratory spatial data analysis reveals concentrations of high standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and deprivation (hotspots) in the West of Scotland and concentrations of low values (coldspots) for both variables in the rest of the country. The main spatial regression result is that deprivation is the only variable that is highly significantly correlated with all-cause mortality in all models. However, in contrast to the expected spatial heterogeneity in the deprivation-mortality relationship, this relation does not vary between regions in any of the models. This result is robust to a number of specifications, including weighting for population size, controlling for spatial autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity, assuming a non-linear relationship between mortality and socio-economic deprivation, separating the dependent variable into male and female SMRs, and distinguishing between West, North and Southeast regions. The rejection of the hypothesis of spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between socio-economic deprivation and mortality complements prior research on the stability of the deprivation-mortality relationship over time.'}]

no

The study found that deprivation is highly significantly correlated with all-cause mortality in all models, but the relationship does not vary between regions, rejecting the hypothesis of spatial heterogeneity.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes stress increase imitation of drinking behavior?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: That alcohol consumption is strongly influenced by the drinking behavior of social company has been demonstrated in observational research. However, not everyone is equally vulnerable to other people\'s drinking, and it is important to unravel which factors underlie these individual differences. This study focuses on the role of psychosocial stress in attempting to explain individual differences in the propensity to imitate alcohol consumption.\n-METHODS: With a 2 (confederate\'s drinking condition: alcohol vs. soda) × 2 (participant\'s stress condition: stress vs. no stress) experimental design, we tested whether the tendency to imitate other people\'s drinking was related to participants\' induced stress levels. The young male adults (N = 106) were randomly assigned to each of the conditions. In each session, directly after the stress or no-stress period, confederates and participants entered a bar laboratory where we observed their drinking behavior. Prior to entering the session, confederates were instructed to drink alcohol or soda.\n-RESULTS: Participants in both stress and no-stress conditions consumed substantially more alcohol when confederates drank alcohol than when they drank soda. There was no difference in alcohol consumed between stress and no-stress conditions. No moderating effect of stress on the tendency to drink along with peers was found.'}]

no

No moderating effect of stress on the tendency to drink along with peers was found.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nSchool food policy at Dutch primary schools: room for improvement?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Schools can play an important role in the prevention of obesity, e.g. by providing an environment that stimulates healthy eating habits and by developing a food policy to provide such an environment. The effectiveness of a school food policy is affected by the content of the policy, its implementation and its support by parents, teachers and principals. The aim of this study is to detect opportunities to improve the school food policy and/or implementation at Dutch primary schools. Therefore, this study explores the school food policy and investigates schools\' (teachers and principals) and parents\' opinion on the school food policy.\n-METHODS: Data on the schools\' perspective of the food policy was collected from principals and teachers by means of semi-structured interviews. In total 74 principals and 72 teachers from 83 Dutch primary schools were interviewed. Data on parental perceptions about the school food policy were based on a cross-sectional survey among 1,429 parents from the same schools.\n-RESULTS: Most principals (87.1%) reported that their school had a written food policy; however in most cases the rules were not clearly defined. Most of the principals (87.8%) believed that their school paid sufficient attention to nutrition and health. Teachers and principals felt that parents were primarily responsible to encourage healthy eating habits among children, while 49.8% of the parents believed that it is also a responsibility of the school to foster healthy eating habits among children. Most parents reported that they appreciated the school food policy and comply with the food rules. Parents\' opinion on the enforcement of the school food policy varied: 28.1% believed that the school should enforce the policy more strongly, 32.1% was satisfied, and 39.8% had no opinion on this topic.'}]

yes

The school food policy at Dutch primary schools has room for improvement, as most principals reported that their school had a written food policy, but the rules were not clearly defined, and parents' opinion on the enforcement of the policy varied.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs the atopy patch test with house dust mites specific for atopic dermatitis?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The atopy patch test (APT), namely the patch test with aeroallergens, is regarded as specific for patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), but small numbers of positive APT were reported in the past also in atopic subjects without dermatitis and in healthy persons.\n-OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the response to the APT with house dust mites (HDM) in subjects nonaffected by AD and to compare the outcomes observed in these cases with those pointed out in AD patients, evaluating also the differences between two allergen extracts manufactured at different purifications and concentrations.\n-METHODS: Forty-seven atopic subjects without eczema (AWE), 33 nonatopic (NA) subjects and 77 adult AD patients were patch tested with an extract of purified bodies of HDM at 20% and with another extract of whole bodies of HDM at 30%, the latter corresponding to 300 microg/g of Der p 1. The reproducibility of APT was also tested in 8 AD patients, in 37 AWE subjects and in 19 NA subjects.\n-RESULTS: Positive responses with extract at 20% were observed in 29 (37.7%) AD, in 5 (10.6%) AWE and in 4 (12.1%) NA subjects. The APT with HDM at 30% was positive in 32 (41.6%) AD, 9 (19.1%) AWE and 4 (12.1%) NA persons. The rates of positivity and the intensity scores of responses were significantly different between AD and non-AD subjects (p<0.01). The reproducibility of the APT in the three groups was satisfactory.'}]

no

The atopy patch test with house dust mites is not entirely specific for atopic dermatitis, as positive responses were observed in both atopic subjects without eczema and nonatopic subjects.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nJuvenile osteochondritis dissecans: is it a growth disturbance of the secondary physis of the epiphysis?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The primary physis is responsible for longitudinal bone growth. Similarly, epiphysial growth relies on endochondral ossification from the circumferential secondary physeal [corrected]. injury can result in disruption of normal ossification. The cause of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) remains elusive. We hypothesized that juvenile OCD results from an insult affecting endochondral ossification from the secondary physis. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the MRI appearance of the distal femoral epiphysis-particularly the secondary physis-of children with juvenile OCD and to compare these findings with the MRI findings of unaffected children.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Knee MRI examinations of 30 children (age range, 8 years 8 months to 13 years 4 months) with OCD and 30 matched control patients were evaluated for skeletal maturity; location of the OCD lesion, if present; secondary physeal [corrected] continuity; overlying chondroepiphysial integrity, contour, and width; signal intensity of subchondral bone; and secondary physeal [corrected]conspicuity. Variables were compared using chi-square tests.\n-RESULTS: All children were skeletally immature. Condylar lesions were medial in 24 knees and lateral in six knees. All were in the middle one third, posterior one third, or middle and posterior thirds in the sagittal plane. The majority of lesions spanned the intercondylar and middle one third of the femoral condyle in the coronal plane (73%). There was a significant difference between secondary physeal [corrected] disruption in juvenile OCD condyles compared with unaffected condyles (p<0.001) and control condyles (p<0.001). Compared with unaffected and control condyles, the OCD group showed chondroepiphysial widening (p<0.001) and subchondral bone edema (p<0.001) on MRI. Neither chondroepiphysial integrity nor chondroepiphysial contour was significantly different between groups (p = 0.21, p = 0.31, respectively).'}]

yes

Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans results from an insult affecting endochondral ossification from the secondary physis, as evidenced by the significant difference in secondary physeal disruption between juvenile OCD condyles and unaffected condyles.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo preoperative statins reduce atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have demonstrated that statins have pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory effects and atrial fibrillation (AF) preventive effects. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of preoperative statin therapy in preventing AF after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).\n-METHODS: 221 patients underwent CABG in our hospital from 2004 to 2007. 14 patients with preoperative AF and 4 patients with concomitant valve surgery were excluded from this study. Patients were divided into two groups to examine the influence of statins: those with preoperative statin therapy (Statin group, n = 77) and those without it (Non-statin group, n = 126). In addition, patients were divided into two groups to determine the independent predictors for postoperative AF: those with postoperative AF (AF group, n = 54) and those without it (Non-AF group, n = 149). Patient data were collected and analyzed retrospectively.\n-RESULTS: The overall incidence of postoperative AF was 26%. Postoperative AF was significantly lower in the Statin group compared with the Non-statin group (16% versus 33%, p = 0.005). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that independent predictors of AF development after CABG were preoperative statin therapy (odds ratio [OR]0.327, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.107 to 0.998, p = 0.05) and age (OR 1.058, 95% CI 1.004 to 1.116, p = 0.035).'}]

yes

Preoperative statin therapy is associated with a lower incidence of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting, with a significant difference in the incidence of postoperative AF between the Statin group and the Non-statin group (16% versus 33%, p = 0.005).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs there a uniform basal endometrial gene expression profile during the implantation window in women who became pregnant in a subsequent ICSI cycle?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: To understand which genes are really involved in the implantation process, we planned to study the gene basal expression profile during the window of implantation (WOI) of patients who became pregnant in a subsequent ICSI cycle.\n-METHODS: Women attending their first ICSI cycle at ANDROS Day Surgery for severe male factor infertility were included in the study. An endometrial biopsy was performed during the WOI, in one of the last two cycles before the ICSI cycle. Forty-seven selected gene profiles were analyzed using Low Density Array technology. Only biopsies from women who subsequently became pregnant were evaluated, to exclude any bias regarding embryo viability and embryo transfer difficulties.\n-RESULTS: Fifteen patients were included in the analysis as they became pregnant after ICSI procedure. Four of 47 selected genes were excluded from the analysis. Of the 43 genes analyzed, only 6 genes (VEGFA, PLA2G2A, ALPL, LIF, NNMT and STC1) showed a statistically uniform expression among patients who subsequently became pregnant. For all the other genes analyzed there were considerable differences in their expression levels amongst women who subsequently became pregnant.'}]

yes

There is a uniform basal endometrial gene expression profile during the implantation window in women who became pregnant in a subsequent ICSI cycle, as 6 genes (VEGFA, PLA2G2A, ALPL, LIF, NNMT, and STC1) showed a statistically uniform expression among patients who subsequently became pregnant.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan decisional algorithms replace global introspection in the individual causality assessment of spontaneously reported ADRs?\n\nContext:\n-METHOD: In this study, an expert panel assessed causality of adverse reports by using the WHO global introspection (GI) method. The same reports were independently assessed using 15 published algorithms. The causality assessment level \'possible\' was considered the lower limit for a report to be considered to be drug related. For a given algorithm, sensitivity was determined by the proportion of reports simultaneously classified as drug related by the algorithm and the GI method. Specificity was measured as the proportion of reports simultaneously considered non-drug related. The analysis was performed for the total sample and within serious or unexpected events.\n-RESULTS: Five hundred adverse reports were studied. Algorithms presented high rates of sensitivity (average of 93%, positive predictive value of 89%) and low rates of specificity (average of 7%, negative predictive value of 31%).'}]

yes

Decisional algorithms can replace global introspection in the individual causality assessment of spontaneously reported ADRs, as they presented high rates of sensitivity and low rates of specificity.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan we rely on arterial line sampling in performing activated plasma thromboplastin time after cardiac surgery?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Arterial catheters are routinely used to sample blood for clotting studies in most cardiothoracic intensive care units. The clotting profile in surgical bleeding after cardiac surgery influences further management. Aspiration and discard of a certain amount of blood from the line, prior to sampling, are assumed to clear heparin contamination. We have investigated this assumption through analysis of the clotting profile by simultaneous arterial line and peripheral venous samples.\n-METHODS: The morning following cardiac surgery, simultaneous arterial line and peripheral venous blood samples were taken for activated plasma thromboplastin time (APTT) ratio and international normalized ratio (INR) in 49 randomly selected patients. Also, a thromboelastogram analysis (TEG) (n = 7) was made. A survey of 22 UK cardiothoracic intensive care units was carried out to determine the practice for the withdrawal of blood for clotting studies.\n-RESULTS: The median arterial APTT ratio value was 1.32 +/- 0.52 as compared to the median peripheral APTT ratio value which was 1.1 +/- 0.24 (P<0.001). INR values were statistically similar by both routes. Heparin contamination was confirmed by TEG which revealed that the R-value for arterial catheter blood samples without heparinase in the cup was higher (406.00 +/- 64.44 s) compared with the value for arterial samples with heparinase in the cup (318.28 +/- 47.26s, P<0.05). The survey of 22 UK cardiothoracic intensive care units showed that heparinized arterial lines were by far the commonest ports used for blood withdrawal for the measurement of APTT ratio results.'}]

no

The study found that arterial line sampling for activated plasma thromboplastin time (APTT) after cardiac surgery is not reliable due to heparin contamination, as evidenced by higher APTT ratio values and R-values in arterial catheter blood samples without heparinase.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes timing of initial surfactant treatment make a difference in rates of chronic lung disease or mortality in premature infants?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To compare two treatment strategies in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome: early surfactant administration (within one hour of birth) versus late surfactant administration, in a geographically defined population.\n-OUTCOME: The primary outcome was chronic lung disease (CLD) and mortality before/at 36 weeks. Secondary outcomes included: duration of mechanical ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), post-natal steroids for CLD and major neonatal morbidities.\n-SUBJECTS: Premature infants born at 22-32 weeks\' gestation between January 2006 and December 2009.\n-SETTING: Ten neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in New South Wales (NSW) and Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia.\n-DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from the regional NICU database in NSW and ACT.\n-RESULTS: Of the 2170 infants who received surfactant, 1182 (54.5%) and 988 (45.5%) received early and late surfactant, respectively. The early surfactant group was less mature (27.1\u2009±\u20092.1 versus 29.4\u2009±\u20092.1 weeks) and had more CLD and mortality (40.2% versus 20.0%). The multivariable analysis showed early surfactant to be associated with less duration of ventilation, longer duration of CPAP and longer hospital stay but had little or no impact on CLD/mortality.'}]

no

The multivariable analysis showed early surfactant to be associated with less duration of ventilation, longer duration of CPAP and longer hospital stay but had little or no impact on CLD/mortality.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nClinician assessment for acute chest syndrome in febrile patients with sickle cell disease: is it accurate enough?\n\nContext:\n-STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the use of empiric chest radiography (CXR) is of significant value in detecting clinically unsuspected acute chest syndrome (ACS) in febrile patients with sickle cell disease (SCD).\n-METHODS: Patients with SCD presenting to the emergency department and hematology clinic with temperature greater than or equal to 38 degrees C were prospectively evaluated using a physician-completed questionnaire. The questionnaire included inquiries into the patient\'s physical signs and symptoms and the physician\'s clinical impression for the presence of ACS. The questionnaire was completed before obtaining CXR results in all patients.\n-RESULTS: Seventy-three patients with SCD with 96 febrile events were evaluated over a 1-year period. Twenty-four percent (23/96) of the patients had CXR evidence of ACS. On the basis of the questionnaire data, 61% (14/23) of ACS cases were not clinically suspected by the evaluating physician before obtaining CXR. Comparing the patients with and without ACS revealed that, with the exception of splinting (4/23 [17%] versus 0/73 [0%]), no symptom or physical examination finding helped to identify which patients had ACS. Fifty-seven percent of patients with ACS had completely normal findings on physical examination. The presentation of patients with clinically detected versus clinically unsuspected ACS also did not differ significantly. Length of hospitalization, oxygen use, and need for transfusion were the same in both the unsuspected and detected ACS groups. Overall physician sensitivity for predicting ACS was only 39%, and diagnostic accuracy did not improve significantly with increasing levels of pediatric training.'}]

no

The clinician assessment for acute chest syndrome in febrile patients with sickle cell disease is not accurate enough, with a sensitivity of only 39% and no symptom or physical examination finding helping to identify which patients had ACS.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nOutcome Feedback within Emergency Medicine Training Programs: An Opportunity to Apply the Theory of Deliberate Practice?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: Outcome feedback is the process of learning patient outcomes after their care within the emergency department. We conducted a national survey of Canadian Royal College emergency medicine (EM) residents and program directors to determine the extent to which active outcome feedback and follow-up occurred. We also compared the perceived educational value of outcome feedback between residents and program directors.\n-METHODS: We distributed surveys to all Royal College-accredited adult and pediatric EM training programs using a modified Dillman method. We analyzed the data using student\'s t-test for continuous variables and Fisher\'s exact test for categorical variables.\n-RESULTS: We received 210 completed surveys from 260 eligible residents (80.8%) and 21 of 24 program directors (87.5%) (overall 81.3%). Mandatory active outcome feedback was not present in any EM training program for admitted or discharged patients (0/21). Follow-up was performed electively by 89.4% of residents for patients admitted to the hospital, and by 44.2% of residents for patients discharged home. A majority of residents (76.9%) believed that patient follow-up should be mandatory compared to 42.9% of program directors (p=0.002). The perceived educational value of outcome feedback was 5.8/7 for residents and 5.1/7 for program directors (difference 0.7; p=0.002) based on a seven-point Likert scale (1=not important; 7=very important).'}]

yes

The study found that mandatory active outcome feedback was not present in any EM training program, but follow-up was performed electively by a majority of residents, and most residents believed that patient follow-up should be mandatory.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan multiple SNP testing in BRCA2 and BRCA1 female carriers be used to improve risk prediction models in conjunction with clinical assessment?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at different loci have been associated with breast cancer susceptibility, accounting for around 10% of the familial component. Recent studies have found direct associations between specific SNPs and breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Our aim was to determine whether validated susceptibility SNP scores improve the predictive ability of risk models in comparison/conjunction to other clinical/demographic information.\n-METHODS: Female BRCA1/2 carriers were identified from the Manchester genetic database, and included in the study regardless of breast cancer status or age. DNA was extracted from blood samples provided by these women and used for gene and SNP profiling. Estimates of survival were examined with Kaplan-Meier curves. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were fit in the separate BRCA datasets and in menopausal stages screening different combinations of clinical/demographic/genetic variables. Nonlinear random survival forests were also fit to identify relevant interactions. Models were compared using Harrell\'s concordance index (1 - c-index).\n-RESULTS: 548 female BRCA1 mutation carriers and 523 BRCA2 carriers were identified from the database. Median Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival was 46.0 years (44.9-48.1) for BRCA1 carriers and 48.9 (47.3-50.4) for BRCA2. By fitting Cox models and random survival forests, including both a genetic SNP score and clinical/demographic variables, average 1 - c-index values were 0.221 (st.dev. 0.019) for BRCA1 carriers and 0.215 (st.dev. 0.018) for BRCA2 carriers.'}]

yes

Multiple SNP testing in BRCA2 and BRCA1 female carriers can be used to improve risk prediction models in conjunction with clinical assessment, as shown by the average 1 - c-index values of 0.221 for BRCA1 carriers and 0.215 for BRCA2 carriers when including both genetic SNP scores and clinical/demographic variables.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes a special interest in laparoscopy affect the treatment of acute cholecystitis?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: We tested the hypothesis that the treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) would be improved under the care of laparoscopic specialists.\n-METHODS: The records of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for AC from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 1998 were reviewed retrospectively. Of 170 patients, 48 were cared for by three laparoscopic specialists (LS group), whereas 122 were treated by nine general surgeons who perform only laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) (GS group). The rates of successful LC, complications, and length of hospital stay were compared. Multivariate analysis was used to control for baseline differences.\n-RESULTS: The patients in the GS group were older (median age, 63 vs 53 years; p = 0.01). In all, 31 LS patients (65%), as compared with 44 GS patients (36%), had successful laparoscopic treatment (p = 0.001). The operating time was the same (median, 70 min). The proportion of patients with postoperative complications was similar in the two groups (37% in the GS vs 31% in the LS group; p = 0.6). The median postoperative hospital stay (3 vs 5 days; p<0.01) was shorter in the LS group. On logistic regression analysis, significant predictors of a successful laparoscopic operation included LS group (p<0.01) and age (p = 0). Predictors of prolonged length of hospital stay were age (p<0.01) and comorbidity score (p<0.01), with LS group status not a significant factor (p = 0.21).'}]

yes

A special interest in laparoscopy, as indicated by the care of patients with acute cholecystitis by laparoscopic specialists, affects the treatment of acute cholecystitis, with a higher rate of successful laparoscopic treatment and shorter median postoperative hospital stay in the laparoscopic specialists group.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan progression of valvar aortic stenosis be predicted accurately?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: It was the aim of the present study to elaborate criteria for the assessment of rapid hemodynamic progression of valvar aortic stenosis. These criteria are of special importance when cardiac surgery is indicated for other reasons but the established criteria for aortic valve replacement are not yet fulfilled. Such aspects of therapeutic planing were mostly disregarded in the past so that patients had to undergo cardiac reoperation within a few years.\n-METHODS: Hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and clinical data of 169 men and 88 women with aortic stenosis, aged 55.2 +/- 15.7 years at their first and 63.4 +/- 15.6 years at their second cardiac catheterization, were analyzed.\n-RESULTS: The progression rate of aortic valve obstruction was found to be dependent on the degree of valvar calcification ([VC] scoring 0 to III) and to be exponentially correlated with the aortic valve opening area (AVA) at initial catheterization. Neither age nor sex of the patient nor etiology of the valvar obstruction significantly influence the progression of aortic stenosis. If AVA decreases below 0.75 cm(2) with a present degree of VC = 0, or AVA of 0.8 with VC of I, AVA of 0.9 with VC of II, or AVA of 1.0 with VC of III, it is probable that aortic stenosis will have to be operated upon in the following years.'}]

yes

The progression rate of aortic valve obstruction is dependent on the degree of valvar calcification and the aortic valve opening area, and can be predicted accurately using these factors.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes automatic transmission improve driving behavior in older drivers?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Most older drivers continue to drive as they age. To maintain safe and independent transport, mobility is important for all individuals, but especially for older drivers.\n-OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate whether automatic transmission, compared with manual transmission, may improve the driving behavior of older drivers.\n-METHOD: In total, 31 older drivers (mean age 75.2 years) and 32 younger drivers - used as a control group (mean age 39.2 years) - were assessed twice on the same fixed route; once in a car with manual transmission and once in a car with automatic transmission. The cars were otherwise identical. The driving behavior was assessed with the Ryd On-Road Assessment driving protocol. Time to completion of left turns (right-hand side driving) and the impact of a distraction task were measured.\n-RESULTS: The older group had more driving errors than the younger group, in both the manual and the automatic transmission car. However, and contrary to the younger drivers, automatic transmission improved the older participants\' driving behavior as demonstrated by safer speed adjustment in urban areas, greater maneuvering skills, safer lane position and driving in accordance with the speed regulations.'}]

yes

Automatic transmission improved the older participants' driving behavior as demonstrated by safer speed adjustment in urban areas, greater maneuvering skills, safer lane position and driving in accordance with the speed regulations.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nBirth characteristics and risk of low intellectual performance in early adulthood: are the associations confounded by socioeconomic factors in adolescence or familial effects?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: In this study we investigated whether the association between measures of fetal growth restriction and intellectual performance was mediated by socioeconomic or familial factors.\n-METHODS: This was a population-based cohort study of 357,768 Swedish males born as singletons without congenital malformations between 1973 and 1981. The main outcome measure was intellectual performance at military conscription.\n-RESULTS: Compared with men born with appropriate birth weight for gestational age, men born light for gestational age suffered an increased risk of low intellectual performance after adjustment for maternal and socioeconomic factors. The increase in risk of low intellectual performance related to a decrease in birth weight for gestational age was similar between families and within families. Men born short or with a small head circumference for gestational age were also at increased risk of low intellectual performance, both when adjusting for maternal and socioeconomic factors and within families.'}]

no

The associations between birth characteristics and risk of low intellectual performance in early adulthood are not confounded by socioeconomic factors in adolescence or familial effects, as the increase in risk of low intellectual performance related to a decrease in birth weight for gestational age was similar between families and within families.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs scintigraphy a guideline method in determining amputation levels in diabetic foot?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential use of a 3-phase bone scintigraphy method to determine the level of amputation on treatment cost, morbidity and mortality, reamputation rates, and the duration of hospitalization in diabetic foot.\n-METHODS: Thirty patients who were admitted to our clinic between September 2008 and July 2009, with diabetic foot were included. All patients were evaluated according to age, gender, diabetes duration, 3-phase bone scintigraphy, Doppler ultrasound, amputation/reamputation levels, and hospitalization periods. Patients underwent 3-phase bone scintigraphy using technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate, and the most distal site of the region displaying perfusion during the perfusion and early blood flow phase was marked as the amputation level. Amputation level was determined by 3-phase bone scintigraphy, Doppler ultrasound, and inspection of the infection-free clear region during surgery.\n-RESULTS: The amputation levels of the patients were as follows: finger in six (20%), ray amputation in five (16.6%), transmetatarsal in one (3.3%), Lisfranc in two (6.6%), Chopart in seven (23.3%), Syme in one (3.3%), below-the-knee in six (20%), above the knee in one (3.3%), knee disarticulation in one (3.3%), and two patients underwent amputation at other centers. After primary amputation, reamputation was performed on seven patients, and one patient was treated with debridement for wound site problems. No mortality was encountered during study.'}]

yes

The 3-phase bone scintigraphy method is used to determine the level of amputation in diabetic foot, and the most distal site of the region displaying perfusion during the perfusion and early blood flow phase was marked as the amputation level.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs determination between complete and incomplete traumatic spinal cord injury clinically relevant?\n\nContext:\n-STUDY DESIGN: Prospective multicenter longitudinal cohort study.\n-OBJECTIVE: To validate the prognostic value of the acute phase sacral sparing measurements with regard to chronic phase-independent ambulation in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI).\n-SETTING: European Multicenter Study of Human Spinal Cord Injury (EM-SCI).\n-METHODS: In 432 patients, acute phase (0-15 days) American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA)/International Spinal Cord Society neurological standard scale (AIS) grades, ASIA sacral sparing measurements, which are S4-5 light touch (LT), S4-5 pin prick (PP), anal sensation and voluntary anal contraction; and chronic phase (6 or 12 months) indoor mobility Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) measurements were analyzed. Calculations of positive and negative predictive values (PPV/NPV) as well as univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed in all four sacral sparing criteria. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) ratios of all regression equations was calculated.\n-RESULTS: To achieve independent ambulation 1-year post injury, a normal S4-5 PP score showed the best PPV (96.5%, P<0.001, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 87.9-99.6). Best NPV was reported in the S4-5 LT score (91.7%, P<0.001, 95% CI: 81.6-97.2). The use of the combination of only voluntary anal contraction and the S4-5 LT and PP sensory scores (AUC: 0.906, P<0.001, 95% CI: 0.871-0.941) showed significantly better (P<0.001, 95% CI: 0.038-0.128) discriminating results in prognosticating 1-year independent ambulation than with the use of currently used distinction between complete and incomplete SCI (AUC: 0.823, P<0.001, 95% CI: 0.781-0.864).'}]

yes

The use of the combination of only voluntary anal contraction and the S4-5 LT and PP sensory scores showed significantly better discriminating results in prognosticating 1-year independent ambulation than with the use of currently used distinction between complete and incomplete SCI.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nImprovements in survival of gynaecological cancer in the Anglia region of England: are these an effect of centralisation of care and use of multidisciplinary management?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Our hypothesis is that the adoption of Department of Health (DH) guidance has led to an improvement in outcome in gynaecological cancer survival.\n-SETTING: In 1999 the DH in England introduced the Improving Outcomes in Gynaecological Cancer guidance, advising case management by multidisciplinary teams with surgical concentration in specialist hospitals. This guidance was rapidly adopted in the East of England, with a population of 2.5 million.\n-POPULATION: The population of the Anglia Cancer Network was approximately 2.3 million.\n-METHODS: From 1996 to 2003, details of 3406 cases of gynaecological cancer were identified in the Anglia region of England. Survival analysis was performed by Cox proportional hazards regression, relative to cases diagnosed in 1996.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Primary endpoint was survival.\n-RESULTS: The survival rates for cases diagnosed between 1996 and 1999 were broadly the same across the time period, with a marked improvement taking place in 2000, and continuing to 2003 (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.64-0.79, comparing 2000-03 with 1996-99 diagnoses), for all gynaecological sites combined. Adjustment for treatments or method of case follow-up did not attenuate these improvements. There was a concurrent change towards major surgery being performed in specialist centres from 2000.'}]

yes

The survival rates for cases diagnosed between 1996 and 1999 were broadly the same across the time period, with a marked improvement taking place in 2000, and continuing to 2003.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo symptoms matter when considering patients for phase I clinical trials?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Older adults (OA) with advanced cancer (AC) undergoing phase I clinical trials (PICT) have poor prognosis. There are no studies which describe symptoms experienced by OA.\n-METHODS: Retrospective chart review of PICT participants>60 years. OA were compared by age (>65 vs 60-65) and by number of symptoms (>3 vs ≤3).\n-RESULTS: N = 56. Mean age = 67.09; 48.21% female. Median life-expectancy = 5 months (interquartile range = 2-9 months); 80.36% had pain; of those 64% without pain scale. Most did not have interdisciplinary professionals or hospice referrals. Older adults with>3 symptoms had more admissions (37.5% vs 14.29%; P = .0335), complications (46.43% vs 16.07%; P = .0026), and greater decline in functional status (24 participants>3 symptoms vs 8; P = .0173). There were no significant differences comparing OA by age.'}]

yes

Yes, symptoms matter when considering patients for phase I clinical trials, as patients with more than 3 symptoms had more admissions, complications, and greater decline in functional status compared to those with 3 or fewer symptoms.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency related to the development of osteochondritis dissecans?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: The aetiology of osteochondritis dissecans is still unclear. The aim of this prospective pilot study was to analyse whether vitamin D insufficiency, or deficiency, might be a contributing etiological factor in the development of an OCD lesion.\n-METHODS: The serum level of vitamin D3 in 23 consecutive patients (12 male and 11 female) suffering from a stage III, or stages III and IV, OCD lesion (mostly stage III) admitted for surgery was measured.\n-RESULTS: The patients\' mean age was 31.3\xa0years and most of them already exhibited closed epiphyseal plates. In the majority of patients (18/23), a distinct vitamin D3 deficiency was found, two patients were vitamin D3-insufficient and, in three patients, the vitamin D3 level reached the lowest normal value.'}]

yes

A distinct vitamin D3 deficiency was found in the majority of patients (18/23) suffering from osteochondritis dissecans, and two patients were vitamin D3-insufficient, which suggests a possible relationship between vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency and the development of osteochondritis dissecans.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo episodic migraineurs selectively attend to headache-related visual stimuli?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To assess pain-related attentional biases among individuals with episodic migraine.\n-BACKGROUND: Prior studies have examined whether chronic pain patients selectively attend to pain-related stimuli in the environment, but these studies have produced largely mixed findings and focused primarily on patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Limited research has implicated attentional biases among chronic headache patients, but no studies have been conducted among episodic migraineurs, who comprise the overwhelming majority of the migraine population.\n-METHODS: This was a case-control, experimental study. Three hundred and eight participants (mean age\u2009=\u200919.2 years [standard deviation\u2009=\u20093.3]; 69.5% female; 36.4% minority), consisting of 84 episodic migraineurs, diagnosed in accordance with International Classification of Headache Disorders (2(nd) edition) criteria using a structured diagnostic interview, and 224 non-migraine controls completed a computerized dot probe task to assess attentional bias toward headache-related pictorial stimuli. The task consisted of 192 trials and utilized 2 emotional-neutral stimulus pairing conditions (headache-neutral and happy-neutral).\n-RESULTS: No within-group differences for reaction time latencies to headache vs happy conditions were found among those with episodic migraine or among the non-migraine controls. Migraine status was unrelated to attentional bias indices for both headache (F [1,306]\u2009=\u20090.56, P\u2009=\u2009.45) and happy facial stimuli (F [1,306]\u2009=\u20090.37, P\u2009=\u2009.54), indicating a lack of between-group differences. Lack of within- and between-group differences was confirmed with repeated measures analysis of variance.'}]

no

No within-group differences for reaction time latencies to headache vs happy conditions were found among those with episodic migraine or among the non-migraine controls, and migraine status was unrelated to attentional bias indices for both headache and happy facial stimuli.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nMitral replacement or repair for functional mitral regurgitation in dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy: is it really the same?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: This was a study to compare the results of mitral valve (MV) repair and MV replacement for the treatment of functional mitral regurgitation (MR) in advanced dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy (DCM).\n-METHODS: One-hundred and thirty-two patients with severe functional MR and systolic dysfunction (mean ejection fraction 0.32 ± 0.078) underwent mitral surgery in the same time frame. The decision to replace rather than repair the MV was taken when 1 or more echocardiographic predictors of repair failure were identified at the preoperative echocardiogram. Eighty-five patients (64.4%) received MV repair and 47 patients (35.6%) received MV replacement. Preoperative characteristics were comparable between the 2 groups. Only ejection fraction was significantly lower in the MV repair group (0.308 ± 0.077 vs 0.336 ± 0.076, p = 0.04).\n-RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 2.3% for MV repair and 12.5% for MV replacement (p = 0.03). Actuarial survival at 2.5 years was 92 ± 3.2% for MV repair and 73 ± 7.9% for MV replacement (p = 0.02). At a mean follow-up of 2.3 years (median, 1.6 years), in the MV repair group LVEF significantly increased (from 0.308 ± 0.077 to 0.382 ± 0.095, p<0.0001) and LV dimensions significantly decreased (p = 0.0001). On the other hand, in the MV replacement group LVEF did not significantly change (from 0.336 ± 0.076 to 0.31 ± 0.11, p = 0.56) and the reduction of LV dimensions was not significant. Mitral valve replacement was identified as the only predictor of hospital (odds ratio, 6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 31; p = 0.03) and overall mortality (hazard ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 8.9; p = 0.02).'}]

no

The study compares the results of mitral valve repair and replacement for functional mitral regurgitation in advanced dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy, and finds that mitral valve replacement is associated with higher hospital mortality and lower actuarial survival at 2.5 years compared to mitral valve repair.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo nontriploid partial hydatidiform moles exist?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To study whether nontriploid partial hydatidiform moles truly exist.\n-STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a reevaluation of pathology and ploidy in 19 putative nontriploid partial hydatidiform moles using standardized histologic diagnostic criteria and repeat flow cytometric testing by the Hedley technique.\n-RESULTS: On review of the 19 moles, 53% (10/19) were diploid nonpartial moles (initially pathologically misclassified), and 37% (7/19) were triploid partial moles (initial ploidy misclassifications). One additional case (5%) was a diploid early complete mole (initially pathologically misclassified).'}]

no

Nontriploid partial hydatidiform moles do not exist, as 37% of the studied cases were triploid partial moles, and the remaining cases were either diploid nonpartial moles or a diploid early complete mole.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs cholecystectomy really an indication for concomitant splenectomy in mild hereditary spherocytosis?\n\nContext:\n-METHODS: Children referred with symptomatic gallstones complicating HS between April 1999 and April 2009 were prospectively identified and reviewed retrospectively. During this period, the policy was to undertake concomitant splenectomy only if indicated for haematological reasons and not simply because of planned cholecystectomy.\n-RESULTS: A total of 16 patients (mean age 10.4, range 3.7 to 16 years, 11 women) with HS and symptomatic gallstones underwent cholecystectomy. Three patients subsequently required a splenectomy for haematological reasons 0.8-2.5 years after cholecystectomy; all three splenectomies were performed laparoscopically. There were no postoperative complications in the 16 patients; postoperative hospital stay was 1-3 days after either cholecystectomy or splenectomy. The 13 children with a retained spleen remain under regular review by a haematologist (median follow-up 4.6, range 0.5 to 10.6 years) and are well and transfusion independent.'}]

no

No, cholecystectomy is not an indication for concomitant splenectomy in mild hereditary spherocytosis, as only three patients required a splenectomy for haematological reasons after cholecystectomy, and the policy was to undertake concomitant splenectomy only if indicated for haematological reasons.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes surgery or radiation therapy impact survival for patients with extrapulmonary small cell cancers?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas (EPSCC) are rare tumors where therapy remains poorly defined. We sought to determine the impact of surgical extirpation and radiation therapy for outcomes of EPSCC.\n-METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for patients with EPSCC which were further categorized by site and evaluated for survival by specific treatment strategy.\n-RESULTS: We identified 94,173 patients with small cell carcinoma of which 88,605 (94.1%) and 5,568 (5.9%) had pulmonary small cell carcinoma and EPSCC, respectively. EPSCC patients were subdivided by site with the following proportions: genitourinary (24.1%), gastrointestinal (22.1%), head and neck (7.1%), breast (4%), and miscellaneous (42.7%). Overall EPSSC and specifically gastrointestinal disease had significantly improved median, 5- and 10-year survival with surgery and/or radiation for all stages and sizes. For all EPSCCs multivariate analysis revealed age (>50), gender (female), stage (regional, distant), radiation, and surgery to be independent predictors of survival.'}]

yes

Surgery and/or radiation therapy has significantly improved median, 5- and 10-year survival for patients with extrapulmonary small cell cancers, including gastrointestinal disease, for all stages and sizes.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nMR Diagnosis of Bone Metastases at 1.5 T and 3 T: Can STIR Imaging Be Omitted?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To date, no prospective comparative study of the diagnostic value of STIR versus T1-weighted (T1w) sequences at both 1.5 T and 3 T has been performed with special focus on the detectability of bone metastases.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: 212 oncological patients had a whole-body MRI at 1.5 T and/or at 3 T. The standard protocol comprised STIR and T1w sequences. All patients who showed typical signs of bone metastases were included in the study. Evaluation of the images was performed by the calculation of the number of metastases by three independent readers and by visual assessment on a 4-point scale.\n-RESULTS: 86 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The total number of metastases was significantly higher on T1w than on STIR images at both field strengths (p<0.05). T1w revealed a sensitivity of 99.72% (3 T) and 100.00% (1.5 T) versus STIR with 70.99 % (3 T) and 79.34 % (1.5 T). In 53% (38/72) of all patients, STIR detected fewer bone metastases in comparison with T1w at 3\u200aT. At 1.5 T, STIR showed inferior results in 37.5 % (18/48) of all patients. Qualitative analysis indicated a significantly better lesion conspicuity, lesion delineation and an improved image quality on T1w compared to STIR imaging at both field strengths (p<0.05) with similar results for T1w at 1.5 T and 3 T, but inferior results for STIR especially at 3 T.'}]

no

The study found that T1-weighted sequences revealed a significantly higher number of metastases compared to STIR images at both 1.5 T and 3 T, with higher sensitivity on T1w images.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nHistologic evaluation of the testicular remnant associated with the vanishing testes syndrome: is surgical management necessary?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: There is controversy surrounding the optimal management of the testicular remnant associated with the vanishing testes syndrome. Some urologists advocate the need for surgical exploration, whereas others believe this is unnecessary. These differing opinions are based on the variable reports of viable germ cell elements found within the testicular remnants. To better understand the pathology associated with this syndrome and the need for surgical management, we reviewed our experience regarding the incidence of viable germ cell elements within the testicular remnant.\n-METHODS: An institutional review board-approved, retrospective review was performed of all consecutive patients undergoing exploration for a nonpalpable testis at Eastern Virginia Medical School and Geisinger Medical Center between 1994 and 2006. Patients who were found to have spermatic vessels and a vas deferens exiting a closed internal inguinal ring were included in this analysis.\n-RESULTS: Fifty-six patients underwent removal of the testicular remnant. Patient age ranged from 11 to 216 months. In 8 of the specimens (14%), we identified viable germ cell elements. In an additional 4 patients (7%), we identified seminiferous tubules without germ cell elements.'}]

yes

The study found viable germ cell elements in 14% of the testicular remnants, and seminiferous tubules without germ cell elements in 7% of the patients, suggesting that surgical management may be necessary in some cases.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes pain intensity predict a poor opioid response in cancer patients?\n\nContext:\n-METHODS: A secondary analysis of one-hundred-sixty-seven patients referred for treatment of cancer-related pain was conducted. Pain intensity at admission was recorded and patients were divided in three categories of pain intensity: mild, moderate and severe. Patients were offered a treatment with opioid dose titration, according to department policy. Data regarding opioid doses and pain intensity were collected after dose titration was completed. Four levels of opioid response were considered: (a) good pain control, with minimal opioid escalation and without relevant adverse effects; (b) good pain control requiring more aggressive opioid escalation, for example doubling the doses in four days; (c) adequate pain control associated with the occurrence of adverse effects; (d) poor pain control with adverse effects.\n-RESULTS: Seventy-six, forty-four, forty-one and six patients showed a response a, b, c, and d, respectively. No correlation between baseline pain intensity categories and opioid response was found. Patients with response \'b\' and \'d\' showed higher values of OEImg.'}]

no

No correlation between baseline pain intensity categories and opioid response was found.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo prerecorded lecture VODcasts affect lecture attendance of first-yearpre-clinical Graduate Entry to Medicine students?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: There is increasing concern amongst educators that the provision of recorded lectures may reduce student attendance of live lectures. We therefore sought to determine if the provision of prerecorded lecture video podcasts (VODcasts) to first-year Graduate Entry to Medicine (GEM) students, affected attendance at 21 Physiology lectures within three separate pre-clinical modules.\n-METHODS: Data on lecture attendance, utilization of VODcasts, and whether VODcasts should replace live lectures were drawn from three surveys conducted in academic years 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 on all first-year GEM students in two first-year pre-clinical modules where prerecorded Physiology VODcasts were available for viewing or downloading prior to scheduled live lectures.\n-RESULTS: A total of 191/214 (89%) students responded to the three surveys, with 84.3% of students attending all 21 lectures in the study. Only 4% of students missed more than one lecture in each of the three lecture series, with 79% indicating that VODcasts should not replace lectures.'}]

no

The provision of prerecorded lecture video podcasts (VODcasts) to first-year Graduate Entry to Medicine (GEM) students did not affect attendance at 21 Physiology lectures within three separate pre-clinical modules, with 84.3% of students attending all 21 lectures in the study.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs there an intrauterine influence on obesity?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that increasing obesity levels in young women lead to intrauterine environments that, in turn, stimulate increased obesity among their offspring, generating an intergenerational acceleration of obesity levels. If this mechanism is important, the association of maternal body mass index (BMI) with offspring BMI should be stronger than the association of paternal with offspring BMI.\n-OBJECTIVE: To compare the relative strengths of association of maternal and paternal BMI with offspring BMI at age 7.5, taking into account the possible effect of non-paternity.\n-METHODS: We compared strength of association for maternal-offspring and paternal-offspring BMI for 4654 complete parent-offspring trios in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), using unstandardised and standardised regression analysis. We carried out a sensitivity analysis to investigate the influence of non-paternity on these associations.\n-RESULTS: The strength of association between parental BMI and offspring BMI at age 7.5 was similar for both parents. Taking into account correlations between maternal and paternal BMI, performing standardised rather than unstandardised regression and carrying out a sensitivity analysis for non-paternity emphasised the robustness of the general similarity of the associations. The associations between high parental BMI (top decile) and offspring BMI are also similar for both parents.'}]

no

The study found that the strength of association between parental BMI and offspring BMI at age 7.5 was similar for both parents, indicating no strong evidence of an intrauterine influence on obesity.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAssessing Patient Reported Outcomes Measures via Phone Interviews Versus Patient Self-Survey in the Clinic: Are We Measuring the Same Thing?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Longitudinally following patients requires a full-time employee (FTE)-dependent data inflow infrastructure. There are efforts to capture patient-reported outcomes (PROs) by the use of non-FTE-dependent methodologies. In this study, we set out to assess the reliability of PRO data captured via FTE-dependent compared with non-FTE-dependent methodologies.\n-METHODS: A total of 119 adult patients (65 men) who underwent 1-and 2-level lumbar fusions at Duke University Medical Center were enrolled in this prospective study. Enrollment criteria included available demographic, clinical, and PRO data. All patients completed 2 sets of questionnaires--the first a phone interviews and the second a self-survey. There was at least a 2-week period between the phone interviews and self-survey. Questionnaires included the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), the visual analog scale for back pain (VAS-BP), and the visual analog scale for leg pain (VAS-LP). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the reliability of baseline PRO data captured.\n-RESULTS: A total of 39.49% of patients were smokers, 21.00% had diabetes, and 11.76% had coronary artery disease; 26.89% reported history of anxiety disorder, and 28.57% reported history of depression. A total of 97.47% of patients had a high-school diploma or General Education Development, and 49.57% attained a 4-year college degree or postgraduate degree. We observed a high correlation between baseline PRO data captured between FTE-dependent versus non-FTE dependent methodologies (ODI: r = -0.89, VAS-BP: r = 0.74, VAS-LP: r = 0.70). There was no difference in PROs of baseline pain and functional disability between FTE-dependent and non-FTE-dependent methodologies: baseline ODI (FTE-dependent: 47.73 ± 16.77 [mean ± SD] vs. non-FTE-dependent: 45.81 ± 12.11, P = 0.39), VAS-LP (FTE-dependent: 6.13 ± 2.78 vs. non-FTE-dependent: 6.46 ± 2.79, P = 0.36) and VAS-BP (FTE-dependent: 6.33 ± 2.90 vs. non-FTE-dependent: 6.53 ± 2.48, P = 0.57).'}]

yes

The study found a high correlation between baseline patient-reported outcomes (PRO) data captured through phone interviews and self-survey in the clinic, indicating that both methods are measuring similar things.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs cytokeratin immunoreactivity useful in the diagnosis of short-segment Barrett\'s oesophagus in Korea?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Cytokeratin 7/20 staining has been reported to be helpful in diagnosing Barrett\'s oesophagus and gastric intestinal metaplasia. However, this is still a matter of some controversy.\n-OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic usefulness of cytokeratin 7/20 immunostaining for short-segment Barrett\'s oesophagus in Korea.\n-METHODS: In patients with Barrett\'s oesophagus, diagnosed endoscopically, at least two biopsy specimens were taken from just below the squamocolumnar junction. If goblet cells were found histologically with alcian blue staining, cytokeratin 7/20 immunohistochemical stains were performed. Intestinal metaplasia at the cardia was diagnosed whenever biopsy specimens taken from within 2 cm below the oesophagogastric junction revealed intestinal metaplasia. Barrett\'s cytokeratin 7/20 pattern was defined as cytokeratin 20 positivity in only the superficial gland, combined with cytokeratin 7 positivity in both the superficial and deep glands.\n-RESULTS: Barrett\'s cytokeratin 7/20 pattern was observed in 28 out of 36 cases (77.8%) with short-segment Barrett\'s oesophagus, 11 out of 28 cases (39.3%) with intestinal metaplasia at the cardia, and nine out of 61 cases (14.8%) with gastric intestinal metaplasia. The sensitivity and specificity of Barrett\'s cytokeratin 7/20 pattern were 77.8 and 77.5%, respectively.'}]

yes

Cytokeratin immunoreactivity, specifically the Barrett's cytokeratin 7/20 pattern, is useful in the diagnosis of short-segment Barrett's oesophagus in Korea, with a sensitivity and specificity of 77.8 and 77.5%, respectively.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs routine dissection of the station 9 lymph nodes really necessary for primary lung cancer?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: Mediastinal lymph node dissection is an essential component of lung cancer surgery; however, choosing mediastinal lymph nodes stations to be dissected is subjective. We carried out this research to investigate the need for dissection of station 9 lymph nodes during lung cancer surgery.\n-METHODS: Patients with primary lung cancer who underwent radical surgery between 2010 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical, pathologic, and prognosis data were obtained and analyzed.\n-RESULTS: A total number of 1397 patients were included in this research. The metastasis rate of station 9 was 3.45%, which was significantly lower than other mediastinal stations. This metastasis rate was significantly correlated with pT stage, the lobe where the tumor was located, metastasis status of intrapulmonary lymph nodes, pTNM stage, and most of the other mediastinal lymph node stations. In males or ground glass opacity (GGO) patients, the metastasis of station 9 nodes was more unlikely to occur, even though there was no statistical significance. The staging results of most patients (99.63%) would not be impaired, even if station 9 nodes were not dissected, and the prognostic analysis showed that the metastasis status of station 9 had no significant influence on survival.'}]

no

The metastasis rate of station 9 was 3.45%, which was significantly lower than other mediastinal stations, and the staging results of most patients (99.63%) would not be impaired, even if station 9 nodes were not dissected.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCutaneous melanoma in a multiethnic population: is this a different disease?\n\nContext:\n-HYPOTHESIS: Cutaneous melanoma in nonwhite persons has a manifestation and a prognosis that are different than those of cutaneous melanoma in white persons.\n-DESIGN: Case series.\n-SETTING: Tertiary care university-affiliated community medical center located in a multiethnic state in which white persons are a minority of the population.\n-PATIENTS: Consecutive series of 357 patients with melanoma seen between January 1994 and August 2003.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ethnicity, age, sex, primary site, tumor thickness, nodal status, stage at diagnosis, and survival.\n-RESULTS: There were 208 men and 149 women who ranged in age from 15 to 93 years (mean, 58 years). Twenty-two patients initially had unknown primary sites. Of these 357 patients, 67 (18.7%) were nonwhite. There was no statistically significant difference in the age (P =.10) or sex (P =.57) distribution of these 2 populations. Nonwhite patients at initial diagnosis had thicker tumors (P =.002), more frequently had ulcerated primary tumors (P<.001), more frequently had positive nodes (P =.004), and were at a more advanced stage (P =.002) than their white counterparts. The anatomic distribution between the 2 populations was significantly different (P<.001), with a high incidence of melanoma on the sole and subungual locations and a substantially less frequent occurrence on the head and neck, trunk, and extremities in the nonwhite population when compared with the white population. The overall survival rate of the nonwhite patients was significantly worse than that of the white patients, but when stratified by stage at initial diagnosis, there was no difference in outcome.'}]

yes

Cutaneous melanoma in nonwhite persons has a different manifestation and prognosis compared to white persons, with thicker tumors, more advanced stage, and worse overall survival rate, but no difference in outcome when stratified by stage at initial diagnosis.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nMarital status, living arrangement and mortality: does the association vary by gender?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Men appear to benefit more from being married than women with respect to mortality in middle age. However, there is some uncertainty about gender differences in mortality risks in older individuals, widowed, divorced and single individuals and about the impact of living arrangements.\n-METHODS: Longitudinal data with 1990 census records being linked to mortality data up to 2005 were used (Swiss National Cohort). The sample comprised all residents over age 44 years in Switzerland (n=2,440,242). All-cause mortality HRs for marital status and living arrangements were estimated by Cox regression for men and women and different age groups with adjustment for education and socio-professional category.\n-RESULTS: The benefit of being married was stronger for men than for women; however, mortality patterns were similar, with higher mortality in divorced and single individuals compared with widowed individuals (<80 years). After adjustment for living arrangements, the gender difference by marital status disappeared. Stratification by living arrangement revealed that mortality risks were highest for 45-64-year-old divorced (HR 1.72 (95% CI 1.67 to 1.76)) and single men (HR 1.67 (95% CI 1.63 to 1.71)) who lived alone. In women of the same age, the highest mortality risk was observed for those who were single and living with a partner (HR 1.70 (95% CI 1.58 to 1.82)). In older age groups, the impact of marital status decreased.'}]

yes

The association between marital status, living arrangement, and mortality varies by gender, with the benefit of being married being stronger for men than for women, but after adjustment for living arrangements, the gender difference by marital status disappeared.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes somatostatin confer insulinostatic effects of neuromedin u in the rat pancreas?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: Neuromedin U (NmU) is a neuropeptide with anorexigenic activity. Two receptor subtypes (NmUR1 and NmUR2) confer the effects of NmU on target cells. We have recently demonstrated that NmU reduces insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets. Aim of our current study is to investigate the role of somatostatin at mediating the effects of NmU on insulin secretion.\n-METHODS: Expression of NmU in the pancreas was detected by immunohistochemistry. Insulin and somatostatin secretion from in situ perfused rat pancreas and isolated pancreatic islets was measured by radioimmunoassay. The paracrine effects of somatostatin within pancreatic islets were blocked by cyclosomatostatin, a somatostatin receptor antagonist.\n-RESULTS: Receptor subtype NmUR1, but not NmUR2, was expressed in the endocrine pancreas, predominantly in the periphery. Neuromedin U reduced insulin secretion from in situ perfused rat pancreas and stimulated somatostatin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets. Neuromedin U stimulated somatostatin secretion at both physiological and supraphysiological glucose concentrations. Cyclosomatostatin increased insulin secretion and reduced NmU-induced inhibition of insulin secretion.'}]

yes

Neuromedin U reduced insulin secretion from in situ perfused rat pancreas and stimulated somatostatin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets, and somatostatin secretion was blocked by cyclosomatostatin, a somatostatin receptor antagonist, which increased insulin secretion and reduced NmU-induced inhibition of insulin secretion.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nKell alloimmunization in pregnancy: associated with fetal thrombocytopenia?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Kell haemolytic disease in pregnancies has been suggested to be associated with decreased fetal platelet counts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical significance of fetal thrombocytopenia in pregnancies complicated by Kell alloimmunization.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, fetal platelet counts were performed in 42 pregnancies with severe Kell alloimmunization prior to the first intrauterine blood transfusion. Platelet counts from 318 first intrauterine transfusions in RhD alloimmunized pregnancies were used as controls.\n-RESULTS: Fetal thrombocytopenia (platelet count<150 x 10(9)/l) was found in 4/42 (10%) in the Kell group and in 84/318 (26%) in the RhD group. None of the fetuses in the Kell alloimmunized pregnancies, including 15 with severe hydrops, had a clinically significant thrombocytopenia defined as a platelet count<50 x 10(9)/l. In the RhD alloimmunized pregnancies, 2/230 (1%) of the non-hydropic fetuses and 7/30 (23%) of the severely hydropic fetuses had a clinically significant thrombocytopenia.'}]

no

Fetal thrombocytopenia was found in 4/42 (10%) of pregnancies with severe Kell alloimmunization, but none of the fetuses had a clinically significant thrombocytopenia defined as a platelet count<50 x 10(9)/l.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nApplication of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) in MR-mammography (MRM): do we really need whole lesion time curve distribution analysis?\n\nContext:\n-RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The identification of the most suspect enhancing part of a lesion is regarded as a major diagnostic criterion in dynamic magnetic resonance mammography. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) software allows the semi-automatic analysis of the kinetic characteristics of complete enhancing lesions, providing additional information about lesion vasculature. The diagnostic value of this information has not yet been quantified.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients from routine diagnostic studies (1.5 T, 0.1 mmol gadopentetate dimeglumine, dynamic gradient-echo sequences at 1-minute intervals) were analyzed prospectively using CAD. Dynamic sequences were processed and reduced to a parametric map. Curve types were classified by initial signal increase (not significant, intermediate, and strong) and the delayed time course of signal intensity (continuous, plateau, and washout). Lesion enhancement was measured using CAD. The most suspect curve, the curve-type distribution percentage, and combined dynamic data were compared. Statistical analysis included logistic regression analysis and receiver-operating characteristic analysis.\n-RESULTS: Fifty-one patients with 46 malignant and 44 benign lesions were enrolled. On receiver-operating characteristic analysis, the most suspect curve showed diagnostic accuracy of 76.7 +/- 5%. In comparison, the curve-type distribution percentage demonstrated accuracy of 80.2 +/- 4.9%. Combined dynamic data had the highest diagnostic accuracy (84.3 +/- 4.2%). These differences did not achieve statistical significance. With appropriate cutoff values, sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were found to be 80.4% and 72.7% for the most suspect curve, 76.1% and 83.6% for the curve-type distribution percentage, and 78.3% and 84.5% for both parameters.'}]

maybe

The study found that the curve-type distribution percentage demonstrated accuracy of 80.2 +/- 4.9%, which is slightly higher than the most suspect curve's accuracy of 76.7 +/- 5%, but the differences did not achieve statistical significance.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nVaccine protection in the elderly: are Austrian seniors adequately protected by vaccinations?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate, if elderly persons are sufficiently protected against infectious diseases by vaccination.\n-PROBANDS AND METHODS: 300 elderly (>60 years) and 300 young (<35 years) persons from five Austrian cities were recruited according to the criteria of a field study. Antibody concentrations against tetanus, diphtheria, tickborne encephalitis and influenza were assessed by ELISA or by haemagglutination inhibition test. Disease and vaccination histories were recorded.\n-RESULTS: The results of the study demonstrate that protection against infectious diseases was frequently insufficient in the elderly. This was partly due to the fact that old persons were not vaccinated according to recommended strategies. However, low antibody concentration and a short duration of protective humoral immunity were also observed in many elderly persons in spite of regular vaccination. This was not only the case in frail, but also in healthy elderlies.'}]

no

The results of the study demonstrate that protection against infectious diseases was frequently insufficient in the elderly, partly due to not being vaccinated according to recommended strategies, and also due to low antibody concentration and a short duration of protective humoral immunity in many elderly persons in spite of regular vaccination.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nVitamin D supplementation and regulatory T cells in apparently healthy subjects: vitamin D treatment for autoimmune diseases?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data show significant associations of vitamin D deficiency and autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D may prevent autoimmunity by stimulating naturally occurring regulatory T cells.\n-OBJECTIVES: To elucidate whether vitamin D supplementation increases Tregs frequency (%Tregs) within circulating CD4+ T cells.\n-METHODS: We performed an uncontrolled vitamin D supplementation trial among 50 apparently healthy subjects including supplementation of 140,000 IU at baseline and after 4 weeks (visit 1). The final follow-up visit was performed 8 weeks after the baseline examination (visit 2). Blood was drawn at each study visit to determine 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and %Tregs. Tregs were characterized as CD4+CD25++ T cells with expression of the transcription factor forkhead box P3 and low or absent expression of CD127.\n-RESULTS: Forty-six study participants (65% females, mean age +/- SD 31 +/- 8 years) completed the trial. 25(OH)D levels increased from 23.9 +/- 12.9 ng/ml at baseline to 45.9 +/- 14.0 ng/ml at visit 1 and 58.0 +/- 15.1 ng/ml at visit 2. %Tregs at baseline were 4.8 +/- 1.4. Compared to baseline levels we noticed a significant increase of %Tregs at study visit 1 (5.9 +/- 1.7, P<0.001) and 2 (5.6 +/- 1.6, P<0.001).'}]

yes

Vitamin D supplementation increases the frequency of regulatory T cells (%Tregs) within circulating CD4+ T cells in apparently healthy subjects.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nGynecological cancer alarm symptoms: is contact with specialist care associated with lifestyle and socioeconomic status?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of patients who were referred to specialist care after reporting gynecological cancer alarm symptoms to their general practitioner. We sought to investigate whether contact with specialist care was associated with lifestyle factors or socioeconomic status.\n-MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nationwide population-based prospective cohort study in Denmark, based on a random sample of 51 090 women aged 20 years or older from the general population. A web-based questionnaire regarding gynecological alarm symptoms and lifestyle was distributed to the invited individuals. Data about contact with specialist care were obtained from the National Patient Register and the National Health Insurance Service Registry, whereas information about socioeconomic status was collected from Statistics Denmark. Main outcome measures were percentages of patients having contact with specialist care and odds ratios (ORs) for associations between specialist care contact, lifestyle factors and socioeconomic status.\n-RESULTS: The study included 25 866 nonpregnant women; 2957 reported the onset of at least one gynecological cancer alarm symptom, and 683 of these (23.1%) reported symptoms to their general practitioner. The proportion of individuals having contact with specialist care ranged from 39.3% (pain during intercourse) to 47.8% (bleeding during intercourse). Individuals with higher educational level had significantly higher odds of contact with a specialist (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.17-2.95).'}]

yes

The study found that individuals with higher educational level had significantly higher odds of contact with a specialist, indicating an association between socioeconomic status and contact with specialist care.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes elective re-siting of intravenous cannulae decrease peripheral thrombophlebitis?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Peripheral venous thrombophlebitis (PVT) is a common complication of intravenous cannulation, occurring in about 30% of patients. We evaluated the effect of elective re-siting of intravenous cannulae every 48 hours on the incidence and severity of PVT in patients receiving intravenous fluids/drugs.\n-METHODS: We randomized 42 patients who were admitted for major abdominal surgery to either the control or study group (n = 21 in either group). Informed consent was obtained from all of them. Cannulae in the control group were removed only if the site became painful, the cannula got dislodged or there were signs and symptoms suggestive of PVT, namely pain, erythema, swelling, excessive warmth or a palpable venous cord. Cannulae in the study group were changed and re-sited electively every 48 hours. All the patients were examined every 24 hours for signs and symptoms of PVT at the current and previous sites of infusion.\n-RESULTS: The incidence of PVT was 100% (21/21) in the control group and only 9.5% (2/21) in the study group (p<0.0001). The severity of PVT was also less in the study group compared with that in the control group. Day-wise correlation of the incidence of PVT showed that 82.6% of the episodes of PVT occurred on day 3.'}]

yes

The incidence of peripheral thrombophlebitis (PVT) was significantly lower in the group where elective re-siting of intravenous cannulae was performed every 48 hours, with only 9.5% of patients experiencing PVT compared to 100% in the control group.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan third trimester ultrasound predict the presentation of the first twin at delivery?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of early sonogram to predict the presentation of twin A at birth.\n-METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on all twin pregnancies evaluated at our Fetal Evaluation Unit from 2007 to 2009. Sonogram records were reviewed for the presentation of twin A at seven gestational age intervals and inpatient medical records were reviewed for the presentation of twin A at delivery. The positive predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity of presentation as determined by ultrasound, at each gestational age interval, for the same presentation at delivery were calculated.\n-RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-eight twin pregnancies met inclusion criteria. A total of 896 ultrasounds were reviewed. The positive predictive value of cephalic presentation of twin A as determined by ultrasound for the persistence of cephalic presentation at delivery reached 95% after 28 weeks gestation. The positive predictive value for noncephalic presentation as established by sonogram for noncephalic at delivery was>90% after 32 weeks gestation.'}]

yes

The positive predictive value of cephalic presentation of twin A as determined by ultrasound for the persistence of cephalic presentation at delivery reached 95% after 28 weeks gestation, and the positive predictive value for noncephalic presentation as established by sonogram for noncephalic at delivery was >90% after 32 weeks gestation.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nRisk factors for major depression during midlife among a community sample of women with and without prior major depression: are they the same or different?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Women\'s vulnerability for a first lifetime-onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) during midlife is substantial. It is unclear whether risk factors differ for first lifetime-onset and recurrent MDD. Identifying these risk factors can provide more focused depression screening and earlier intervention. This study aims to evaluate whether lifetime psychiatric and health histories, personality traits, menopausal status and factors that vary over time, e.g. symptoms, are independent risk factors for first-onset or recurrent MDD across 13 annual follow-ups.\n-METHOD: Four hundred and forty-three women, aged 42-52 years, enrolled in the Study of Women\'s Health Across the Nation in Pittsburgh and participated in the Mental Health Study. Psychiatric interviews obtained information on lifetime psychiatric disorders at baseline and on occurrences of MDD episodes annually. Psychosocial and health-related data were collected annually. Cox multivariable analyses were conducted separately for women with and without a MDD history at baseline.\n-RESULTS: Women without lifetime MDD at baseline had a lower risk of developing MDD during midlife than those with a prior MDD history (28% v. 59%) and their risk profiles differed. Health conditions prior to baseline and during follow-ups perception of functioning (ps<0.05) and vasomotor symptoms (VMS) (p = 0.08) were risk factors for first lifetime-onset MDD. Being peri- and post-menopausal, psychological symptoms and a prior anxiety disorder were predominant risk factors for MDD recurrence.'}]

no

The risk factors for major depression during midlife among a community sample of women with and without prior major depression are not the same. Women without a prior MDD history had a lower risk of developing MDD during midlife, and their risk profiles differed from those with a prior MDD history.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nTotally implantable venous access device placement by interventional radiologists: are prophylactic antibiotics necessary?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: To determine the rate of early infection for totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) placed without antibiotic prophylaxis.\n-MATERIAL AND METHODS: A list of patients who underwent TIVAD placement in 2009 was obtained from the patient archiving and communication system (PACS). This list was cross-referenced to all patients who underwent TIVAD removal from January 1, 2009, through January 30, 2010, to identify TIVADs that were removed within 30 days of placement. Retrospective chart review was performed to record patient demographics, including age, sex, cancer diagnosis, and indication for removal. Concurrent antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy, and laboratory data before and within 30 days of placement were recorded. Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) were identified using U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria.\n-RESULTS: There were 1,183 ports placed and 13 removed. CLABSIs occurred in seven (0.6%) patients within 30 days of placement. At the time of TIVAD placement, 81 (7%) patients were receiving antibiotics incidental to the procedure. One patient who received an antibiotic the day of implantation developed a CLABSI. Chemotherapy was administered to 148 (13%) patients on the day of placement.'}]

no

The study found that only one patient who received an antibiotic on the day of implantation developed a CLABSI, and the overall rate of early infection was 0.6%.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nStarting insulin in type 2 diabetes: continue oral hypoglycemic agents?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of insulin 30/70 twice daily or bedtime isophane (NPH) insulin plus continued sulfonylurea and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care.\n-STUDY DESIGN: Open-label, randomized trial.\n-POPULATION: Persons younger than 76 years with type 2 diabetes whose disease had not been controlled with oral hypoglycemic agents alone. A total of 64 insulin-naive patients treated with maximal feasible dosages of sulfonylurea and metformin (baseline glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c]=8.5%) were randomly assigned to insulin monotherapy (IM group; n=31) or insulin in addition to unchanged oral hypoglycemic medication (IC group; n=33) for 12 months. Insulin doses were adjusted to obtain fasting glucose<7.0 mmol/L and postprandial glucose<10.0 mmol/L.\n-OUTCOMES MEASURED: Outcome measures included HbA1c, treatment failure, weight, hypoglycemic events and symptoms, satisfaction with treatment, general well-being, and fear of injecting insulin and testing.\n-RESULTS: HbA1c improved from 8.3% to 7.6% in the IC group, and from 8.8% to 7.6% in the IM group (P=NS). The IC group had 24% treatment failures, compared with 2% in the IM group (P=.09). Patients in the IC group had less weight gain than those in the IM group (1.3 vs 4.2 kg; P=.01), and they reported fewer hypoglycemic events (2.7 vs 4.3; P=.02). Increased satisfaction with treatment was equal in the 2 groups, and general well-being improved by 3.0 points more in the IC group (P=.05). Fear of self-injecting and self-testing did not differ.'}]

yes

The study found that continuing oral hypoglycemic agents alongside insulin therapy resulted in similar improvements in HbA1c levels compared to insulin monotherapy, with additional benefits including less weight gain and fewer hypoglycemic events.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nClinical identifiers for early-stage primary/idiopathic adhesive capsulitis: are we seeing the real picture?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Adhesive capsulitis is often difficult to diagnose in its early stage and to differentiate from other common shoulder disorders.\n-OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to validate any or all of the 8 clinical identifiers of early-stage primary/idiopathic adhesive capsulitis established in an earlier Delphi study.\n-DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study.\n-METHODS: Sixty-four patients diagnosed with early-stage adhesive capsulitis by a physical therapist or medical practitioner were included in the study. Eight active and 8 passive shoulder movements and visual analog scale pain scores for each movement were recorded prior to and immediately following an intra-articular injection of corticosteroid and local anesthetic. Using the local anesthetic as the reference standard, pain relief of ≥70% for passive external rotation was deemed a positive anesthetic response (PAR).\n-RESULTS: Sixteen participants (25%) demonstrated a PAR. Univariate logistic regression identified that of the proposed identifiers, global loss of passive range of movement (odds ratio [OR]=0.26, P=.03), pain at the end of range of all measured active movements (OR=0.06, P=.02), and global loss of passive glenohumeral movements (OR=0.23, P=.02) were associated with a PAR. Following stepwise removal of the variables, pain at the end of range of all measured active movements remained the only identifier but was associated with reduced odds of a PAR.\n-LIMITATIONS: The lack of a recognized reference standard for diagnosing early-stage adhesive capsulitis remains problematic in all related research.'}]

no

The study found that only 25% of participants demonstrated a positive anesthetic response, and among the proposed clinical identifiers, pain at the end of range of all measured active movements was the only one that remained associated with a positive anesthetic response after stepwise removal of variables.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes delaying surgery in immature adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with progressive curve, lead to addition of fusion levels?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: To analyze the changes in the curve extent, pattern and the fusion level in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients who undergo delayed surgery instead of early surgery.\n-METHODS: Thirty-five immature AIS patients whose radiographs demonstrated an initial primary curve of more than 40° with a subsequent increase of 10° before attaining skeletal maturity with brace were enrolled. The initial and the final radiographs taken before surgery were compared to assess the changes in curve extent, pattern and the fusion levels as recommended by King\'s, Lenke\'s and Suk\'s guidelines.\n-RESULTS: The average age of 35 AIS patients was 12.7 ± 1.6 years. The time interval between initial and final radiography was 39.3 ± 20.2 months and the degree of progress of the primary curve was 13 ± 9.7°. Fusion levels changed in 33 (94.2%), 33 (94.2%) and 32 (91.4%) patients according to King\'s, Lenke\'s and Suk\'s guidelines, respectively. Curve pattern was changed in 2 (5.7%), 12 (34.3%) and 10 (28.6) patients by King\'s, Lenke\'s and Suk\'s guidelines. The mean number of levels requiring fusion increased from 9.4 ± 2.1 at initial visit to 11.1 ± 1.8 at the final follow-up using King\'s guidelines, 9.7 ± 2.2-11.6 ± 2.0 as per Lenke\'s guidelines and 9.1 ± 2.0-11.5 ± 2.3 when fusion was planned using Suk\'s guidelines (p<0.001 in all guidelines).'}]

yes

Delaying surgery in immature adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with progressive curve leads to an increase in the mean number of levels requiring fusion, according to King's, Lenke's, and Suk's guidelines.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nBactericidal activity of 3 cutaneous/mucosal antiseptic solutions in the presence of interfering substances: Improvement of the NF EN 13727 European Standard?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: There is no standard protocol for the evaluation of antiseptics used for skin and mucous membranes in the presence of interfering substances. Our objective was to suggest trial conditions adapted from the NF EN 13727 standard, for the evaluation of antiseptics used in gynecology and dermatology.\n-METHODS: Three antiseptic solutions were tested in vitro: a chlorhexidine-benzalkonium (CB) combination, a hexamidine-chlorhexidine-chlorocresol (HCC) combination, and povidone iodine (P). The adaptation of trial conditions to the standard involved choosing dilutions, solvent, and interfering substances. The activity of solutions was assessed on the recommended strains at concentrations of 97% (pure solution), 50%, and 10% (diluted solution), and 1%. A logarithmic reduction ≥ 5 was expected after 60seconds of contact, to meet requirements of bactericidal activity.\n-RESULTS: HCC did not present any bactericidal activity except on P. aeruginosa at a concentration of 97%. P was not bactericidal on E. hirae at any concentration and on S. aureus at 97%. CB had the most homogeneous bactericidal activity with a reduction>5 log on the 4 bacterial strains at concentrations of 97%, 50% and 10%.'}]

yes

The study suggests that the NF EN 13727 European Standard may need improvement, as the tested antiseptic solutions showed varying bactericidal activity in the presence of interfering substances.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nEmpiric treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection with fluoroquinolones in older women in Israel: another lost treatment option?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in women recommend empiric therapy with antibiotics for which local resistance rates do not exceed 10-20%. We hypothesized that resistance rates of Escherichia coli to fluoroquinolones may have surpassed this level in older women in the Israeli community setting.\n-OBJECTIVES: To identify age groups of women in which fluoroquinolones may no longer be appropriate for empiric treatment of UTI.\n-METHODS: Resistance rates for ofloxacin were calculated for all cases of uncomplicated UTI diagnosed during the first 5 months of 2005 in a managed care organization (MCO) in Israel, in community-dwelling women aged 41-75 years. The women were without risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance. Uncomplicated UTI was diagnosed with a urine culture positive for E. coli. The data set was stratified for age, using 5 year intervals, and stratum-specific resistance rates (% and 95% CI) were calculated. These data were analyzed to identify age groups in which resistance rates have surpassed 10%.\n-RESULTS: The data from 1291 urine cultures were included. The crude resistance rate to ofloxacin was 8.7% (95% CI 7.4 to 10.2). Resistance was lowest among the youngest (aged 41-50 y) women (3.2%; 95% CI 1.11 to 5.18), approached 10% in women aged 51-55 years (7.1%; 95% CI 3.4 to 10.9), and reached 19.86% (95% CI 13.2 to 26.5) among the oldest women (aged 56-75 y).'}]

yes

The empiric treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection with fluoroquinolones in older women in Israel may no longer be appropriate due to high resistance rates of Escherichia coli to fluoroquinolones, particularly among women aged 56-75 years.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo risk calculators accurately predict surgical site\xa0occurrences?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: Current risk assessment models for surgical site occurrence (SSO) and surgical site infection (SSI) after open ventral hernia repair (VHR) have limited external validation. Our aim was to determine (1) whether existing models stratify patients into groups by risk and (2) which model best predicts the rate of SSO and SSI.\n-METHODS: Patients who underwent open VHR and were followed for at least 1\xa0mo were included. Using two data sets-a retrospective multicenter database (Ventral Hernia Outcomes Collaborative) and a single-center prospective database (Prospective)-each patient was assigned a predicted risk with each of the following models: Ventral Hernia Risk Score (VHRS), Ventral Hernia Working Group (VHWG), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wound Class, and Hernia Wound Risk Assessment Tool (HW-RAT). Patients in the Prospective database were also assigned a predicted risk from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve [AUC]) were compared to assess the predictive accuracy of the models for SSO and SSI. Pearson\'s chi-square was used to determine which models were able to risk-stratify patients into groups with significantly differing rates of actual SSO and SSI.\n-RESULTS: The Ventral Hernia Outcomes Collaborative database (n\xa0=\xa0795) had an overall SSO and SSI rate of 23% and 17%, respectively. The AUCs were low for SSO (0.56, 0.54, 0.52, and 0.60) and SSI (0.55, 0.53, 0.50, and 0.58). The VHRS (P\xa0=\xa00.01) and HW-RAT (P\xa0<\xa00.01) significantly stratified patients into tiers for SSO, whereas the VHWG (P\xa0<\xa00.05) and HW-RAT (P\xa0<\xa00.05) stratified for SSI. In the Prospective database (n\xa0=\xa088), 14% and 8% developed an SSO and SSI, respectively. The AUCs were low for SSO (0.63, 0.54, 0.50, 0.57, and 0.69) and modest for SSI (0.81, 0.64, 0.55, 0.62, and 0.73). The ACS-NSQIP (P\xa0<\xa00.01) stratified for SSO, whereas the VHRS (P\xa0<\xa00.01) and ACS-NSQIP (P\xa0<\xa00.05) stratified for SSI. In both databases, VHRS, VHWG, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention overestimated risk of SSO and SSI, whereas HW-RAT and ACS-NSQIP underestimated risk for all groups.'}]

no

The risk calculators, including Ventral Hernia Risk Score (VHRS), Ventral Hernia Working Group (VHWG), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wound Class, and Hernia Wound Risk Assessment Tool (HW-RAT), did not accurately predict surgical site occurrences (SSO) and surgical site infections (SSI) after open ventral hernia repair (VHR), as evidenced by low areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan EMS Providers Provide Appropriate Tidal Volumes in a Simulated Adult-sized Patient with a Pediatric-sized Bag-Valve-Mask?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: In the prehospital setting, Emergency Medical Services (EMS) professionals rely on providing positive pressure ventilation with a bag-valve-mask (BVM). Multiple emergency medicine and critical care studies have shown that lung-protective ventilation protocols reduce morbidity and mortality. Our primary objective was to determine if a group of EMS professionals could provide ventilations with a smaller BVM that would be sufficient to ventilate patients. Secondary objectives included 1) if the pediatric bag provided volumes similar to lung-protective ventilation in the hospital setting and 2) compare volumes provided to the patient depending on the type of airway (mask, King tube, and intubation).\n-METHODS: Using a patient simulator of a head and thorax that was able to record respiratory rate, tidal volume, peak pressure, and minute volume via a laptop computer, participants were asked to ventilate the simulator during six 1-minute ventilation tests. The first scenario was BVM ventilation with an oropharyngeal airway in place ventilating with both an adult- and pediatric-sized BVM, the second scenario had a supraglottic airway and both bags, and the third scenario had an endotracheal tube and both bags. Participants were enrolled in convenience manner while they were on-duty and the research staff was able to travel to their stations. Prior to enrolling, participants were not given any additional training on ventilation skills.\n-RESULTS: We enrolled 50 providers from a large, busy, urban fire-based EMS agency with 14.96 (SD = 9.92) mean years of experience. Only 1.5% of all breaths delivered with the pediatric BVM during the ventilation scenarios were below the recommended tidal volume. A greater percentage of breaths delivered in the recommended range occurred when the pediatric BVM was used (17.5% vs 5.1%, p<0.001). Median volumes for each scenario were 570.5mL, 664.0mL, 663.0mL for the pediatric BMV and 796.0mL, 994.5mL, 981.5mL for the adult BVM. In all three categories of airway devices, the pediatric BVM provided lower median tidal volumes (p<0.001).'}]

yes

Yes, EMS providers can provide appropriate tidal volumes in a simulated adult-sized patient with a pediatric-sized bag-valve-mask, as only 1.5% of all breaths delivered with the pediatric BVM during the ventilation scenarios were below the recommended tidal volume.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan students\' scores on preclerkship clinical performance examinations predict that they will fail a senior clinical performance examination?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine whether preclerkship performance examinations could accurately identify medical students at risk for failing a senior clinical performance examination (CPE).\n-METHOD: This study used a retrospective case-control, multiyear design, with contingency table analyses, to examine the performance of 412 students in the classes of 2005 to 2010 at a midwestern medical school. During their second year, these students took four CPEs that each used three standardized patient (SP) cases, for a total of 12 cases. The authors correlated each student\'s average year 2 case score with the student\'s average case score on a senior (year 4) CPE. Contingency table analysis was carried out using performance on the year 2 CPEs and passing/failing the senior CPE. Similar analyses using each student\'s United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 scores were also performed. Sensitivity, specificity, odds ratio, and relative risk were calculated for two year 2 performance standards.\n-RESULTS: Students\' low performances relative to their class on the year 2 CPEs were a strong predictor that they would fail the senior CPE. Their USMLE Step 1 scores also correlated with their performance on the senior CPE, although the predictive values for these scores were considerably weaker.'}]

yes

Students' low performances relative to their class on the year 2 CPEs were a strong predictor that they would fail the senior CPE.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nRecovery Outcome Measures: Is There a Place for Culture, Attitudes, and Faith?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Utilization of the Recovery Knowledge Inventory (RKI) and Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire (RAQ) in southeastern Australia raised questions about the RAQ, including links between attitudes, faith, and culture in supporting the recovery journey. These questions are particularly important when considered in the context of people with mental illness who live in secular multicultural societies.'}]

yes

The Recovery Knowledge Inventory (RKI) and Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire (RAQ) suggest that culture, attitudes, and faith may play a role in supporting the recovery journey for people with mental illness.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan surgeon familiarization with current evidence lead to a change in practice?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Despite evidence against its utility, many surgeons continue to employ prophylactic nasogastric decompression in elective colonic resection. This study aimed to establish whether an easy and practical intervention, mailing out a summary of current evidence to surgeons, can change surgeons practice to bring it more in line with current evidence.\n-METHODS: The use of prophylactic nasogastric (NG) decompression in elective colonic resections was documented for the 2 consecutive months of October and November, 2004 at the Royal Alexandra Hospital (RAH). A one page summary of recent evidence concerning this practice was then mailed to all general surgeons at that institution. A similar second review was carried out for the months of January and February, 2005. The two periods were compared with regards to prophylactic NG use.\n-RESULTS: Twenty two patients underwent elective colonic resections during the months of October and November, 2004. Twenty one patients underwent such procedures in January and February, 2005. Seven out of the 22 cases in the first group (the pre-intervention block) received prophylactic NG decompression. Five out of the 21 cases in the second group (the post-intervention block) received prophylactic NG decompression. The difference in prophylactic NG use between the two groups was not statistically significant.'}]

no

The study found that mailing out a summary of current evidence to surgeons did not lead to a statistically significant change in practice, as the use of prophylactic nasogastric decompression did not decrease significantly after the intervention.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAdvanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma in Thai women: should we continue to offer second-look laparotomy?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To determine survival among patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) who underwent a second-look laparotomy (SLL) and those refusing the procedure. Also to analyze factor(s) influencing the survival of the patients.\n-METHOD AND MATERIAL: Medical records were reviewed of patients with advanced EOC who were clinically free of disease after primary surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1998. All of them were offered SLL. Measurement outcomes include patient survival and disease-free survival.\n-RESULTS: There were 50 patients with clinically complete remission after chemotherapy. Sixteen patients underwent SLL, and thirty-four patients refused the procedure (NSLL). Seven patients (43.8%) were reported to have positive SLL. After the median follow-up time of 35 months, 12 patients had died, and 5 patients were lost to follow-up. The median survival time for patients with SLL was about 60 months. Five-year survival rates of patients in the SLL, and NSLL groups were 37 per cent (95%CI = 7%-69%), and 88 per cent (95%CI = 65%-96%) respectively (P<0.001). The median time to relapse was about 25 months for patients with negative SLL. Five-year disease-free survival rates of patients in the negative SLL, and NSLL groups were 28 per cent (95%CI = 4%-59%), and 54 per cent (95%CI = 34%-70%) respectively (P=0.251). By Cox regression analysis, tumor grade was the only significant prognostic factor influencing patients\' survival (HR = 6, 95%CI of HR = 1.2-34.2).'}]

yes

The study found that the five-year survival rates of patients who underwent second-look laparotomy (SLL) and those who refused the procedure (NSLL) were 37% and 88% respectively, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.001).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs high-sensitivity C-reactive protein associated with carotid atherosclerosis in healthy Koreans?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: There is a positive association between chronic inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular disease, but whether there is an association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and carotid atherosclerosis is controversial. We investigated the relationship between high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) levels and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in healthy Koreans.\n-DESIGN: We measured hsCRP levels, the carotid IMT, and conventional cardiovascular risk factors including obesity parameters, blood pressure, lipid profiles, insulin resistance, and smoking habits in 820 volunteers (35-79 years old) in a cross-sectional study.\n-RESULTS: Higher hsCRP quartile groups had higher mean IMTs, as compared with the lowest quartile (P<0.001 for the trend across quartiles). However, after adjustment for age, the relationship between hsCRP level and IMT was substantially weaker (P = 0.018). After additional adjustments for conventional cardiovascular risk factors, no significant association was observed (P = 0.548). The unadjusted risk for a high carotid IMT value (>or = 1.0 mm) was also positively related to hsCRP quartile, but this relationship was not significant after adjustment for age and other cardiovascular risk factors.'}]

maybe

Higher hsCRP quartile groups had higher mean IMTs, but after adjustment for age and conventional cardiovascular risk factors, no significant association was observed.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nValidation of the 2009 TNM version in a large multi-institutional cohort of patients treated for renal cell carcinoma: are further improvements needed?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: A new edition of the TNM was recently released that includes modifications for the staging system of kidney cancers. Specifically, T2 cancers were subclassified into T2a and T2b (<or =10 cm vs>10 cm), tumors with renal vein involvement or perinephric fat involvement were classified as T3a cancers, and those with adrenal involvement were classified as T4 cancers.\n-OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to validate the recently released edition of the TNM staging system for primary tumor classification in kidney cancer.\n-DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Our multicenter retrospective study consisted of 5339 patients treated in 16 academic Italian centers.\n-INTERVENTION: Patients underwent either radical or partial nephrectomy.\n-MEASUREMENTS: Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models addressed cancer-specific survival (CSS) after surgery.\n-RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: In the study, 1897 patients (35.5%) were classified as pT1a, 1453 (27%) as pT1b, 437 (8%) as pT2a, 153 (3%) as pT2b, 1059 (20%) as pT3a, 117 (2%) as pT3b, 26 (0.5%) as pT3c, and 197 (4%) as pT4. At a median follow-up of 42 mo, 786 (15%) had died of disease. In univariable analysis, patients with pT2b and pT3a tumors had similar CSS, as did patients with pT3c and pT4 tumors. Moreover, both pT3a and pT3b stages included patients with heterogeneous outcomes. In multivariable analysis, the novel classification of the primary tumor was a powerful independent predictor of CSS (p for trend<0.0001). However, the substratification of pT1 tumors did not retain an independent predictive role. The major limitations of the study are retrospective design, lack of central pathologic review, and the small number of patients included in some substages.'}]

yes

The 2009 TNM version was validated in a large multi-institutional cohort of patients treated for renal cell carcinoma, but further improvements are needed as the substratification of pT1 tumors did not retain an independent predictive role and some substages had heterogeneous outcomes.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre interstitial fluid concentrations of meropenem equivalent to plasma concentrations in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To describe the interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma pharmacokinetics of meropenem in patients on continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF).\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational pharmacokinetic study. Meropenem (500 mg) was administered every 8 h. CVVHDF was targeted as a 2-3 L/h exchange using a polyacrylonitrile filter with a surface area of 1.05 m2 and a blood flow rate of 200 mL/min. Serial blood (pre- and post-filter), filtrate/dialysate and ISF concentrations were measured on 2 days of treatment (Profiles A and B). Subcutaneous tissue ISF concentrations were determined using microdialysis.\n-RESULTS: A total of 384 samples were collected. During Profile A, the comparative median (IQR) ISF and plasma peak concentrations were 13.6 (12.0-16.8) and 40.7 (36.6-45.6) mg/L and the trough concentrations were 2.6 (2.4-3.4) and 4.9 (3.5-5.0) mg/L, respectively. During Profile B, the ISF trough concentrations increased by ∼40%. Meropenem ISF penetration was estimated at 63% (60%-69%) and 69% (65%-74%) for Profiles A and B, respectively, using comparative plasma and ISF AUCs. For Profile A, the plasma elimination t1/2 was 3.7 (3.3-4.0) h, the volume of distribution was 0.35 (0.25-0.46) L/kg, the total clearance was 4.1 (4.1-4.8) L/h and the CVVHDF clearance was 2.9 (2.7-3.1) L/h.'}]

yes

Meropenem interstitial fluid concentrations are equivalent to plasma concentrations in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy, with an estimated penetration of 63% and 69% for Profiles A and B, respectively.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes Sensation Return to the Nasal Tip After Microfat Grafting?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Patients usually complain about numbness in the nasal tip after microfat injections. The present study evaluated the severity of the numbness in the nasal tip after the procedure.\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: To address the research question, a prospective study of young women was designed and performed at the Beijing Anzhen Hospital. Time was the primary predictor variable. The nasal tip sensation, which was evaluated using objective and subjective assessments, was used as the primary outcome variable. The McNemar-Bowker test (time vs nasal tip sensation) was used to detect statistical significance.\n-RESULTS: A total of 30 young women (age 20.04 ± 3.63 years) were recruited for the present study. The preoperative mean touch threshold value was 3.60 units. One week after the injection, the women experienced a decrease in the touch threshold value by 2.50 units. However, the sensation recovered gradually during the follow-up period (1.51 units at week 2, 2.39 units at week 4, 3.01 units at week 8, and 3.35 units at week 12). Significant differences were detected between multiple different measurement points (P<.05). The percentage of those experiencing paresthesia after the microfat injections also gradually diminished to none.'}]

yes

The sensation in the nasal tip recovered gradually after microfat grafting, with a significant decrease in the touch threshold value one week after the injection, and a gradual recovery of sensation during the follow-up period.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo older men benefit from curative therapy of localized prostate cancer?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Prior decision-analytic models are based on outdated or suboptimal efficacy, patient preference, and comorbidity data. We estimated life expectancy (LE) and quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) associated with available treatments for localized prostate cancer in men aged>/= 65 years, adjusting for Gleason score, patient preferences, and comorbidity.\n-METHODS: We evaluated three treatments, using a decision-analytic Markov model: radical prostatectomy (RP), external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), and watchful waiting (WW). Rates of treatment complications and pretreatment incontinence and impotence were derived from published studies. We estimated treatment efficacy using three data sources: cancer registry cohort data, pooled case series, and modern radiotherapy studies. Utilities were obtained from 141 prostate cancer patients and from published studies.\n-RESULTS: For men with well-differentiated tumors and few comorbidities, potentially curative therapy (RP or EBRT) prolonged LE up to age 75 years but did not improve QALE at any age. For moderately differentiated cancers, potentially curative therapy resulted in LE and QALE gains up to age 75 years. For poorly differentiated disease, potentially curative therapy resulted in LE and QALE gains up to age 80 years. Benefits of potentially curative therapy were restricted to men with no worse than mild comorbidity. When cohort and pooled case series data were used, RP was preferred over EBRT in all groups but was comparable to modern radiotherapy.'}]

yes

For men with well-differentiated tumors and few comorbidities, potentially curative therapy (RP or EBRT) prolonged LE up to age 75 years but did not improve QALE at any age. For moderately differentiated cancers, potentially curative therapy resulted in LE and QALE gains up to age 75 years. For poorly differentiated disease, potentially curative therapy resulted in LE and QALE gains up to age 80 years.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nPituitary apoplexy: do histological features influence the clinical presentation and outcome?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECT: A retrospective analysis of a contemporary series of patients with pituitary apoplexy was performed to ascertain whether the histopathological features influence the clinical presentation or the outcome.\n-METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 59 patients treated for pituitary apoplexy at the University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, or Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa. The patients were divided into two groups according to the histological features of their disease: one group with infarction alone, comprising 22 patients; and the other with hemorrhagic infarction and/or frank hemorrhage, comprising 37 patients. The presenting symptoms, clinical features, endocrinological status, and outcome were compared between the two groups.'}]

no

The study found that the histological features of pituitary apoplexy, specifically infarction alone versus hemorrhagic infarction and/or frank hemorrhage, do not significantly influence the clinical presentation or outcome in patients with pituitary apoplexy.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo African American women require fewer calories to maintain weight?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of obesity in African American (AA) women may result, in part, from a lower resting metabolic rate (RMR) than non-AA women. If true, AA women should require fewer calories than non-AA women to maintain weight. Our objective was to determine in the setting of a controlled feeding study, if AA women required fewer calories than non-AA women to maintain weight.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: This analysis includes 206 women (73% AA), aged 22-75 years, who participated in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial-a multicenter, randomized, controlled, feeding study comparing the effects of 3 dietary patterns on blood pressure in individuals with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension. After a 3-week run-in, participants were randomized to 1 of 3 dietary patterns for 8 weeks. Calorie intake was adjusted during feeding to maintain stable weight. The primary outcome of this analysis was average daily calorie (kcal) intake during feeding.\n-RESULTS: AA women had higher baseline weight and body mass index than non-AA women (78.4 vs 72.4 kg, P<.01; 29.0 vs 27.6 kg/m(2), P<.05, respectively). During intervention feeding, mean (SD) kcal was 2168 (293) in AA women and 2073 (284) in non-AA women. Mean intake was 94.7 kcal higher in AA women than in non-AA women (P<.05). After adjustment for potential confounders, there was no difference in caloric intake between AA and non-AA women (Δ = -2.8 kcal, P = .95).'}]

no

After adjustment for potential confounders, there was no difference in caloric intake between African American and non-African American women.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nEmergency double-balloon enteroscopy combined with real-time viewing of capsule endoscopy: a feasible combined approach in acute overt-obscure gastrointestinal bleeding?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND AIM: There are few data concerning emergency double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and its usefulness in the management of severe acute obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate emergency DBE and capsule endoscopy (CE) in patients with overt OGIB, analyzing the feasibility of this combined approach.\n-METHODS: Emergency DBE in patients with overt OGIB was defined as performance within 24\u2009h of symptom onset. We reported 27 patients (16 men, mean age: 64.6\u2009±\u200917.9 years) with overt severe bleeding who underwent 29 emergency DBE (22 anterograde, 7 retrograde). Of 27 patients, 16 (59.3%) underwent CE with real time (RT) viewing.\n-RESULTS: Patients were diagnosed with the following: Dieulafoy\'s lesion (DL; n\u2009=\u200911, 40.7%), angioectasia (n\u2009=\u20097, 25.9%), tumors (n\u2009=\u20094, 14.8%), diverticulum (n\u2009=\u20093, 11.1%), ulcers (n\u2009=\u20092, 7.4%). We diagnosed 23 lesions amenable to endoscopic hemostasis and successfully treated 21 of them (77.8%). DL detection rate was statistically higher in the emergency DBE group than in OGIB patients with DBE done 24\u2009h after symptom onset (40.7% vs 0.9%, respectively, P\u2009<\u20090.001). Combined approach with RT viewing by CE correctly modified DBE management in four patients (25%).'}]

yes

Emergency double-balloon enteroscopy combined with real-time viewing of capsule endoscopy is a feasible combined approach in acute overt-obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, as it correctly modified DBE management in four patients and successfully treated 21 of 23 diagnosed lesions.