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PubMedQA-fine-tuned-llama-3-1-8B-labels-test

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[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes body mass index (BMI) influence morbidity and long-term survival in gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy?\n\nContext:\n-AIMS: The long-term survival of patients with gastric cancer is governed by various factors, such as the clinical stage of the cancer, the patient\'s nutritional state, and the treatment and may be governed by the volume of intraperitoneal adipose tissue. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between the degree of the patients\' body mass index and their long-term survival.\n-METHODOLOGY: Gastric cancer patients who had undergone a gastrectomy with D2-lymphadenectomy and with resection A and B according to the criteria of the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer Rules were subgrouped into those patients with a body mass index<0.185 (the lower body mass index group) and those patients with a body mass index>0.210 (the higher body mass index group). The patient\'s morbidity and long-term survival rate was retrospectively compared between the 2 groups.\n-RESULTS: A significantly longer mean survival rate was observed for the lower body mass index group in stage 2 (1667 vs. 1322 days, P = 0.0240). Also, a significantly longer mean survival rate was observed for the higher BMI group in stage 3a (1431 vs. 943, P = 0.0071).'}]

yes

The study found that body mass index (BMI) influences morbidity and long-term survival in gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy, with a significantly longer mean survival rate observed for the lower BMI group in stage 2 and the higher BMI group in stage 3a.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes patella position influence ligament balancing in total knee arthroplasty?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: In vivo comparative gap measurements were performed in three different patella positions (reduced, subluxated and everted) using offset-type-force-controlled-spreader-system.\n-METHODS: Prospectively, 50 knees were operated by total knee arthroplasty using a navigation-assisted gap-balancing technique. The offset-type-force-controlled-spreader-system was used for gap measurements. This commercially available instrument allows controllable tension in patella-reduced position. The mediolateral gaps of knee extension (0°) and flexion (90°) angle were recorded in three different patella positions; reduced, subluxated and everted. Any gap differences of more than 3 mm were considered as a meaningful difference. Correlation between the difference with the demographic data, preoperative radiologic alignment and intraoperative data was analysed. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and Pearson\'s correlation test were used.\n-RESULTS: The gaps in patella eversion demonstrated smaller gaps both in knee extension and flexion position compared to the gaps of patella reduction position. The amount of decreased gaps was more definite in knee flexion position. Statistically significant difference was observed for the lateral gap of patella eversion compared to gap of patella reduction in knee flexion position (p<0.05). There were notable cases of variability in knee flexion position. Significant portion of 12 (24 %) knees of patella subluxation and 33 (66 %) knees of patella evertion demonstrated either increased or decreased gaps in knee flexion position compared to the gaps of patella reduction position.'}]

yes

The patella position influences ligament balancing in total knee arthroplasty, as the gaps in patella eversion demonstrated smaller gaps both in knee extension and flexion position compared to the gaps of patella reduction position.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs the advanced age a contraindication to GERD laparoscopic surgery?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: In this prospective non randomized observational cohort study we have evaluated the influence of age on outcome of laparoscopic total fundoplication for GERD.\n-METHODS: Six hundred and twenty consecutive patients underwent total laparoscopic fundoplication for GERD. Five hundred and twenty-four patients were younger than 65 years (YG), and 96 patients were 65 years or older (EG). The following parameters were considered in the preoperative and postoperative evaluation: presence, duration, and severity of GERD symptoms, presence of a hiatal hernia, manometric and 24 hour pH-monitoring data, duration of operation, incidence of complications and length of hospital stay.\n-RESULTS: Elderly patients more often had atypical symptoms of GERD and at manometric evaluation had a higher rate of impaired esophageal peristalsis in comparison with younger patients. The duration of the operation was similar between the two groups. The incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications was low and the difference was not statistically significant between the two groups. An excellent outcome was observed in 93.0% of young patients and in 88.9% of elderly patients (p = NS).'}]

no

The study found that elderly patients had a similar outcome to younger patients after laparoscopic surgery for GERD, with an excellent outcome observed in 88.9% of elderly patients, indicating that advanced age is not a contraindication to GERD laparoscopic surgery.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nUltra high risk (UHR) for psychosis criteria: are there different levels of risk for transition to psychosis?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: The ultra high risk (UHR) for psychosis criteria have been validated in a number of studies. However, it is not known whether particular UHR criteria (Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms (APS), Brief Limited Intermittent Psychotic Symptoms (BLIPS) or Trait vulnerability criteria), or combination of criteria, is associated with a higher risk of transition to psychosis. The current study investigated this issue over a 6-month follow-up period. We hypothesised that the risk of transition would increase in the following order: Trait alone<APS alone<APS+Trait<BLIPS.\n-METHOD: Data on UHR intake criteria and transition to psychosis status at 6 months were analysed for UHR patients seen at the PACE clinic, Orygen Youth Health between January 2000 and November 2008.\n-RESULTS: A total of 928 new referrals were accepted into the PACE clinic over this period of whom 817 (88%) had baseline information available for analysis. The percentage of subjects who presented with APS, Trait and BLIPS were 83%, 27% and 4%, respectively. When the two intermediate groups (APS alone and APS+Trait) were combined, there was evidence that the risk of transition increased in the order of Trait alone<APS<BLIPS (p=0.024, adjusted analysis).'}]

yes

The study found that the risk of transition to psychosis increased in the order of Trait alone < APS < BLIPS, with evidence of a significant difference between the two intermediate groups (APS alone and APS+Trait) and the highest risk group (BLIPS).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nHas the 80-hour workweek improved surgical resident education in New England?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the 80-hour workweek restrictions on resident education within surgical programs in the New England area.\n-DESIGN: Web-based survey.\n-SETTING: All Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited surgical residency programs in New England (n = 20).\n-PARTICIPANTS: Program directors/coordinators in each surgical residency program in New England.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: First, American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) scores and the passing rate of the ABS certifying examination were recorded for the years 2001, 2002, 2005, and 2006. Second, the changes in the curriculum of surgical education were documented as perceived by program coordinators and directors.\n-RESULTS: In all, 85% (17/20) of surgical programs in New England responded to the survey. The programs began to implement the 80-hour workweek from 2002 to 2004. An equal distribution of community (n = 8) and university programs (n = 9) was sampled. Prior to the initiation of the 80-hour workweek, residency programs emphasized weekly didactic sessions given by attending physicians (88%), mock orals (88%), and conventional journal club (76%). After the 80-hour workweek was implemented, the education curriculum most often consisted of didactic sessions by attending (100%), mock orals (88%), and simulation laboratories (75%). No difference was observed in ABSITE scores and first-time pass rates of the ABS examination before or after the introduction of the 80-hour workweek (20% response). Only 25% of programs felt that surgical education was improved after the implementation of the 80-hour workweek, whereas 31% felt education was worse. Overall, 44% of respondents believed that there was no difference in surgical education.'}]

no

The implementation of the 80-hour workweek did not significantly improve surgical resident education in New England, with only 25% of programs feeling that education was improved, 31% feeling it was worse, and 44% perceiving no difference.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan continuous physical training counteract aging effect on myoelectric fatigue?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To compare the myoelectric onset of muscle fatigue in physically active trained young skiers with respect to elderly skiers and to test whether continuous training can counteract the selective loss of type II muscle fibers usually observed with aging.\n-DESIGN: An observational, cross-sectional study of the myoelectric onset of muscle fatigue in the left tibialis anterior muscles.\n-SETTING: Surface electromyography recorded with portable devices at a downhill ski rescue lodge in the Italian Alps.\n-PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-four physically trained, active skiers (43 men, 11 women; age range, 24-85y).\n-INTERVENTIONS: Questionnaire on physical activity and 2 sustained isometric voluntary contractions at 20% and 2 at 80% of the maximal voluntary contraction level.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Isometric contractions and mean and median spectral frequencies calculated to monitor the myoelectric manifestations of muscle fatigue.\n-RESULTS: Fatigue indices did not differ significantly between younger and older subjects and, thus, did not show a correlation between myoelectric manifestations of muscle fatigue and age in physically active subjects.'}]

yes

The study found that fatigue indices did not differ significantly between younger and older subjects, indicating that continuous physical training can counteract the aging effect on myoelectric fatigue.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes ischemic preconditioning require reperfusion before index ischemia?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning (IP) is initiated through one or several short bouts of ischemia and reperfusion which precede a prolonged ischemia. To test whether a reperfusion must precede the prolonged index ischemia, a series without reperfusion (intraischemic preconditioning: IIP) and a series with gradual onset of ischemia, i.e. ramp ischemia (RI), which is possibly related to the development of hibernation, was compared to conventional IP (CIP).\n-METHOD: Experiments were performed an 27 blood-perfused rabbit hearts (Langendorff apparatus) that were randomized into one of four series: (1) control (n = 7): 60 min normal flow - 60 min low flow (10%) ischemia - 60 min reperfusion. (2) CIP (n = 7): 4 times 5 min zero flow with 10 min reperfusion each - 60 min low flow (10%) - ischemia 60 min reperfusion. (3) IIP (n = 7): 50 min normal flow - 10 min no flow - 60min low flow (10%) ischemia -4 60min reperfusion. (4) RI (n=6): gradual reduction to 10% flow during 60min - 60min low flow (10%) ischemia - 60min reperfusion. At the end of each protocol, the infarcted area was assessed.\n-RESULTS: The infarct area in control hearts was 6.7+/-1.4% (means+/-SEM) of LV total area, in CIP hearts 2.6+/-0.8%, in IIP hearts 3.1+/-0.5%, and in RI hearts 3.0+/-0.3% (all p<0.05 vs. control). The differences between the three protection protocols were statistically not significant, and no protective protocol reduced post-ischemic myocardial dysfunction.'}]

no

Ischemic preconditioning does not require reperfusion before index ischemia, as shown by the comparison of conventional IP (CIP) with intraischemic preconditioning (IIP) and ramp ischemia (RI), which did not significantly differ in terms of infarct area reduction.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre sports medicine journals relevant and applicable to practitioners and athletes?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To examine the evidence base of sports medicine research and assess how relevant and applicable it is to everyday practice.\n-METHODS: Original research articles, short reports, and case reports published in four major sport and exercise medicine journals were studied and classified according to the main topic of study and type of subjects used.\n-RESULTS: The most common topic was sports science, and very few studies related to the treatment of injuries and medical conditions. The majority of published articles used healthy subjects sampled from the sedentary population, and few studies have been carried out on injured participants.'}]

maybe

The sports medicine journals studied have a large evidence base, but the relevance and applicability to everyday practice are limited due to the majority of studies using healthy subjects and few studies focusing on the treatment of injuries and medical conditions.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes head positioning influence anterior chamber depth in pseudoexfoliation syndrome?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Phacodonesis can occur in pseudoexfoliation syndrome because of impaired zonular support. This study investigates whether the increased mobility of the lens influences anterior chamber depth in patients with pseudoexfoliation while assuming a prone position.\n-METHODS: Central anterior chamber depth was measured in 39 patients with clinically apparent unilateral pseudoexfoliation and elevated intraocular pressure. Patients were placed in a face-up position for 5 minutes, at which time anterior chamber depth and axial length were measured by A scan, and intraocular pressure was measured by Tonopen (Oculab, La Jolla, CA) in both eyes. The measurements were repeated on both eyes after 5 minutes in a face-down position.\n-RESULTS: No significant differences in intraocular pressure or axial length between the prone and supine positions were found in either eye. Anterior chamber depth in eyes with pseudoexfoliation decreased from a mean of 3.08 mm in the supine position to a mean of 2.95 mm in the prone position, whereas mean anterior chamber depth in the fellow eyes decreased from 3.01 mm to 2.97 mm. The decrease in anterior chamber depth when facing down in the eyes with pseudoexfoliation was significantly greater than in the fellow eyes.'}]

yes

Yes, head positioning influences anterior chamber depth in pseudoexfoliation syndrome, as anterior chamber depth decreased from a mean of 3.08 mm in the supine position to a mean of 2.95 mm in the prone position in eyes with pseudoexfoliation.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre polymorphisms in oestrogen receptors genes associated with lipid levels in response to hormone therapy?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms in the oestrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) genes are associated with intermediate or endpoint markers of cardiovascular disease and with the efficacy of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT). Contradictory findings have been described in the past and the role of these genetics variants remains unclear.\n-METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 266 postmenopausal women, of whom 115 received oral HT (HT+) and 151 did not receive any HT (HT-). We analysed three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ESR1 (rs1801132, rs7757956 and rs2813544) and two in ESR2 (rs3020450 and rs7154455) and derived haplotypes with three additional polymorphisms that had been previously investigated by our group (ESR1 rs2234693 and ESR2 rs1256049 and rs4986938).\n-RESULTS: The ESR1 rs2813544 polymorphism was associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in HT+ postmenopausal women (p\u2009=\u20090.044; pC\u2009=\u20090.388), while one ESR2 gene haplotype was associated with total cholesterol (T-chol) (p\u2009=\u20090.015; pC\u2009=\u20090.090) and LDL-C in HT+ postmenopausal women (p\u2009=\u20090.021; pC\u2009=\u20090.126).'}]

yes

Polymorphisms in the oestrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) genes are associated with lipid levels in response to hormone therapy, specifically the ESR1 rs2813544 polymorphism is associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and one ESR2 gene haplotype is associated with total cholesterol (T-chol) and LDL-C in postmenopausal women who received oral hormone therapy (HT+).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nSternal plating for primary and secondary sternal closure; can it improve sternal stability?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Sternal instability with mediastinitis is a very serious complication after median sternotomy. Biomechanical studies have suggested superiority of rigid plate fixation over wire cerclage for sternal fixation. This study tests the hypothesis that sternal closure stability can be improved by adding plate fixation in a human cadaver model.\n-METHODS: Midline sternotomy was performed in 18 human cadavers. Four sternal closure techniques were tested: (1) approximation with six interrupted steel wires; (2) approximation with six interrupted cables; (3) closure 1 (wires) or 2 (cables) reinforced with a transverse sternal plate at the sixth rib; (4) Closure using 4 sternal plates alone. Intrathoracic pressure was increased in all techniques while sternal separation was measured by three pairs of sonomicrometry crystals fixed at the upper, middle and lower parts of the sternum until 2.0 mm separation was detected. Differences in displacement pressures were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Regression Coefficients.\n-RESULTS: Intrathoracic pressure required to cause 2.0 mm separation increased significantly from 183.3 +/- 123.9 to 301.4 +/- 204.5 in wires/cables alone vs. wires/cables plus one plate respectively, and to 355.0 +/- 210.4 in the 4 plates group (p<0.05). Regression Coefficients (95% CI) were 120 (47-194) and 142 (66-219) respectively for the plate groups.'}]

yes

Sternal plating can improve sternal stability as evidenced by the increase in intrathoracic pressure required to cause 2.0 mm separation in the plate groups compared to the wire/cable groups.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan dose reduction to one parotid gland prevent xerostomia?\n\nContext:\n-AIMS: Dryness of the mouth is one of the most distressing chronic toxicities of radiation therapy in head and neck cancers. In this study, parotid function was assessed in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers undergoing intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with or without chemotherapy. Parotid function was assessed with the help of a questionnaire and parotid scintigraphy, especially with regards to unilateral sparing of the parotid gland.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 19 patients were treated with compensator-based IMRT between February 2003 and March 2004. The dose to the clinical target volume ranged between 66 and 70 Gy in 30-35 fractions to 95% of the isodose volume. Ipsilateral high-risk neck nodes received an average dose of 60 Gy and the contralateral low-risk neck received a dose of 54-56 Gy. Eight of 19 patients also received concomitant chemotherapy.\n-RESULTS: Subjective toxicity to the parotid glands was assessed with the help of a questionnaire at 0, 3 and 6 months and objective toxicity was assessed with parotid scintigraphy at 0 and 3 months. The mean dose to the ipsilateral parotid gland ranged from 19.5 to 52.8 Gy (mean 33.14 Gy) and the mean dose to the contralateral gland was 11.1-46.6 Gy (mean 26.85 Gy). At a median follow-up of 13 months, 9/19 patients had no symptoms of dryness of the mouth (grade I), 8/19 had mild dryness of the mouth (grade II) and only 2/19 had grade III xerostomia, although the parotid gland could only be spared on one side in most of the patients.'}]

yes

At a median follow-up of 13 months, 9/19 patients had no symptoms of dryness of the mouth (grade I), 8/19 had mild dryness of the mouth (grade II) and only 2/19 had grade III xerostomia, although the parotid gland could only be spared on one side in most of the patients.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs the histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) gene a candidate for schizophrenia?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: : The histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1, HINT1, hydrolyzes adenosine 5\'-monophosphoramidate substrates such as AMP-morpholidate. The human HINT1 gene is located on chromosome 5q31.2, a region implicated in linkage studies of schizophrenia. HINT1 had been shown to have different expression in postmortem brains between schizophrenia patients and unaffected controls. It was also found to be associated with the dysregulation of postsynaptic dopamine transmission, thus suggesting a potential role in several neuropsychiatric diseases.\n-METHODS: : In this work, we studied 8 SNPs around the HINT1 gene region using the Irish study of high density schizophrenia families (ISHDSF, 1350 subjects and 273 pedigrees) and the Irish case control study of schizophrenia (ICCSS, 655 affected subjects and 626 controls). The expression level of HINT1 was compared between the postmortem brain cDNAs from schizophrenic patients and unaffected controls provided by the Stanley Medical Research Institute.\n-RESULTS: : We found nominally significant differences in allele frequencies in several SNPs for both ISHDSF and ICCSS samples in sex-stratified analyses. However, the sex effect differed between the two samples. In expression studies, no significant difference in expression was observed between patients and controls. However, significant interactions amongst sex, diagnosis and rs3864283 genotypes were observed.'}]

yes

The histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) gene is a candidate for schizophrenia due to its location on chromosome 5q31.2, a region implicated in linkage studies of schizophrenia, and its association with the dysregulation of postsynaptic dopamine transmission.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIncreased neutrophil migratory activity after major trauma: a factor in the etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Neutrophil infiltration of the lung is characteristic of early posttraumatic acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This study examines the ability of neutrophils isolated (over the first 24 hrs) from the peripheral blood of patients admitted after major trauma to migrate in response to interleukin-8. Interleukin-8 is elevated in the lung within 2 hrs of major trauma in patients who later develop ARDS, and thus it plays a central role in the recruitment of neutrophils to the lung and their subsequent activation. We hypothesized that enhanced interleukin-8-mediated neutrophil migratory activity in the early postinjury phase, before the development of ARDS, may be a crucial factor in the etiology of ARDS.\n-DESIGN: Prospective observational study.\n-SETTING: University Hospital Wales, the Royal Gwent Hospital, and East Glamorgan General Hospital. Laboratory work was conducted at the Institute of Nephrology.\n-PATIENTS: Adult blunt trauma victims with Injury Severity Score>or = 18.\n-MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Neutrophils were isolated from citrated blood from 17 adult blunt major trauma patients at admission (0 hrs) and 8 and 24 hrs later. Identical samples were obtained from normal laboratory volunteers (n = 9). The neutrophil count in each specimen was measured, and the number of neutrophils migrating across porous tissue culture inserts in response to defined concentrations of interleukin-8 (0, 10, 30, and 100 ng/mL) was quantitated by peroxidase assay. Neutrophil counts in the whole blood specimens obtained from those later developing ARDS were elevated significantly at admission and declined rapidly throughout the next 24 hrs. Significantly greater numbers of trauma patients\' neutrophils migrated to concentrations of interleukin-8 (30 and 100 ng/mL) at each time point when compared with normal volunteers (Mann-Whitney U test, p<.05). Neutrophils isolated from major trauma patients exhibited an enhanced migratory response to high concentrations of interleukin-8 throughout the first 24 hrs of admission, in contrast to the normal physiologic attenuation of migration seen in neutrophils isolated from normal laboratory volunteers.'}]

yes

Neutrophils isolated from major trauma patients exhibited an enhanced migratory response to high concentrations of interleukin-8 throughout the first 24 hrs of admission, which may be a crucial factor in the etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nBCRABL transcript detection by quantitative real-time PCR : are correlated results possible from homebrew assays?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Quantitative real-time PCR has become the predominant molecular technique to monitor BCRABL levels in response to treatment in Ph(+) leukemia patients. However, without some form of standardized methodology between laboratories, the correlation of results is difficult.\n-METHODS: Using TaqMan-based assays, parallel quantitative real-time PCR analysis was performed on 70 clinical specimens at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University. While the same positive control cell line (K562) and quality control gene (BCR) were used, the RNA isolation technique, cDNA synthesis, BCR control cell line, and PCR primer and probe sequences were different.\n-RESULTS: The detection of BCRABL-positive results spanned a dynamic range from 10(0) to 10(5)/100,000 cells. Forty-three samples were negative at both facilities. A Spearman rank correlation analysis was performed for the 22 BCRABL-positive paired results. The correlation coefficient, r(s), was 0.9435 (p<0.00001), suggesting a strong correlation of the results. One discordant result was obtained for consecutive samples from one patient with a low BCRABL copy number as a result of a minimal RNA yield at one laboratory.'}]

yes

The correlation coefficient, r(s), was 0.9435 (p<0.00001), suggesting a strong correlation of the results.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes higher body mass index contribute to worse asthma control in an urban population?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic findings support a positive association between asthma and obesity.\n-OBJECTIVE: Determine whether obesity or increasing level of body mass index (BMI) are associated with worse asthma control in an ethnically diverse urban population.\n-METHODS: Cross-sectional assessment of asthma control was performed in patients with asthma recruited from primary care offices by using 4 different validated asthma control questionnaires: the Asthma Control and Communication Instrument (ACCI), the Asthma Control Test (ACT), the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ), and the Asthma Therapy Assessment Questionnaire (ATAQ). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between obesity and increasing BMI level and asthma control.\n-RESULTS: Of 292 subjects with a mean age of 47 years, the majority were women (82%) and African American (67%). There was a high prevalence of obesity with 63%, with only 15% normal weight. The mean score from all 4 questionnaires showed an average suboptimal asthma control (mean score/maximum possible score): ACCI (8.3/19), ACT (15.4/25), ACQ (2.1/6), and ATAQ (1.3/4). Regression analysis showed no association between obesity or increasing BMI level and asthma control using all 4 questionnaires. This finding persisted even after adjusting for FEV(1), smoking status, race, sex, selected comorbid illnesses, and long-term asthma controller use.'}]

no

Regression analysis showed no association between obesity or increasing BMI level and asthma control using all 4 questionnaires.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes a physician\'s specialty influence the recording of medication history in patients\' case notes?\n\nContext:\n-AIMS: To determine the impact of a physician\'s specialty on the frequency and depth of medication history documented in patient medical records.\n-METHODS: A cross-sectional assessment of the frequency and depth of medication history information documented by 123 physicians for 900 randomly selected patients stratified across Cardiology, Chest, Dermatology, Endocrine, Gastroenterology, Haematology, Neurology, Psychiatry and Renal specialties was carried out at a 900-bed teaching hospital located in Ibadan, Nigeria.\n-RESULTS: Four hundred and forty-three (49.2%) of the cohort were males and 457 (50.8%) were females; with mean ages 43.2 +/- 18.6 and 43.1 +/- 17.9 years respectively. Physicians\' specialties significantly influenced the depth of documentation of the medication history information across the nine specialties (P<0.0001). Post hoc pair-wise comparisons with Tukey\'s HSD test showed that the mean scores for adverse drug reactions and adherence to medicines was highest in the Cardiology specialty; while the Chest specialty had the highest mean scores for allergy to drugs, food, chemicals and cigarette smoking. Mean scores for the use of alcohol; illicit drugs; dietary restrictions was highest for Gastroenterology, Psychiatry and Endocrine specialties respectively. Physicians\' specialties also significantly influenced the frequency of documentation of the medication history across the nine specialties (P<0.0001).'}]

yes

Physicians' specialties significantly influenced the depth and frequency of medication history documentation in patient medical records.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nLiving in an urban environment and non-communicable disease risk in Thailand: Does timing matter?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: This paper uses a life-course approach to explore whether the timing and/or duration of urban (vs rural) exposure was associated with risk factors for NCDs.\n-METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among health care workers in two hospitals in Thailand. Two measures of urbanicity were considered: early-life urban exposure and the proportion of urban life years. We explored four behavioral NCD risk factors, two physiological risk factors and four biological risk factors.\n-RESULTS: Both measures of urbanicity were each independently associated with increases in all behavioral and physiological risk factors. For some biological risk factors, people spending their early life in an urban area may be more susceptible to the effect of increasing proportion of urban life years than those growing up in rural areas.'}]

yes

The timing of urban exposure, specifically early-life urban exposure and the proportion of urban life years, is associated with increases in behavioral and physiological risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Thailand.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs renal warm ischemia over 30 minutes during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy possible?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To evaluate renal damage and impairment of renal function 1 yr after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) with warm ischemia>30 min.\n-METHODS: From July 2004 to June 2005, 18 patients underwent LPN with warm ischemia time>30 min. Kidney damage markers (daily proteinuria and tubular enzymes) and renal function (serum creatinine, cystatin C, and creatinine clearances) were assessed on postoperative days 1 and 5 and at 12 mo. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was evaluated before surgery and at 3 mo. Renal scintigraphy was performed before the procedure, at 5 d and at 3 and 12 mo postoperatively. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test and logistic regression analysis.\n-RESULTS: In terms of kidney damage and renal function markers, the statistical analysis demonstrated that at 1 yr there was complete return to the normal range and no statistical difference between the values at the various time points. The GFR was not significantly different before and 3 mo after surgery. In terms of scintigraphy of the operated kidney, the values were 48.35+/-3.82% (40-50%) before the procedure, 36.88+/-8.42 (16-50%) on postoperative day 5 (p=0.0001), 40.56+/-8.96 (20-50%) at 3 mo (p=0.003), and 42.8+/-7.2% (20-50%) 1 yr after surgery (p=0.001).'}]

yes

The study found that renal warm ischemia over 30 minutes during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was possible without long-term adverse effects on renal function and structure.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes a febrile reaction to platelets predispose recipients to red blood cell alloimmunization?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: A variable effect of inflammation on alloimmunization to transfused red blood cells (RBCs) in mice has been recently reported. We investigated whether RBC alloimmunization in humans was affected by transfusion of blood products in temporal proximity to experiencing a febrile transfusion reaction (FTR) to platelets (PLTs), an event predominantly mediated by inflammatory cytokines.\n-STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood bank databases were used to identify patients who experienced an FTR or possible FTR to PLTs from August 2000 to March 2008 (FTR group). The control group of patients received a PLT transfusion on randomly selected dates without experiencing an FTR. The "event" was defined as the PLT transfusion that caused the FTR in the FTR group or the index PLT transfusion in the control group. The number of transfused blood products and their proximity to the event were recorded along with other recipient data. The primary endpoint was the rate of RBC alloimmunization between the two groups.\n-RESULTS: There were 190 recipients in the FTR group and 245 in the control group. Overall, the recipients in the control group were younger and received more blood products on the day of their event and over the subsequent 10 days. The alloimmunization rate among recipients in the FTR group was higher than in the control group (8% vs. 3%, respectively; p = 0.026).'}]

yes

The alloimmunization rate among recipients in the febrile reaction group was higher than in the control group (8% vs. 3%, respectively; p = 0.026).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nMaternal creatine homeostasis is altered during gestation in the spiny mouse: is this a metabolic adaptation to pregnancy?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Pregnancy induces adaptations in maternal metabolism to meet the increased need for nutrients by the placenta and fetus. Creatine is an important intracellular metabolite obtained from the diet and also synthesised endogenously. Experimental evidence suggests that the fetus relies on a maternal supply of creatine for much of gestation. However, the impact of pregnancy on maternal creatine homeostasis is unclear. We hypothesise that alteration of maternal creatine homeostasis occurs during pregnancy to ensure adequate levels of this essential substrate are available for maternal tissues, the placenta and fetus. This study aimed to describe maternal creatine homeostasis from mid to late gestation in the precocial spiny mouse.\n-METHODS: Plasma creatine concentration and urinary excretion were measured from mid to late gestation in pregnant (n = 8) and age-matched virgin female spiny mice (n = 6). At term, body composition and organ weights were assessed and tissue total creatine content determined. mRNA expression of the creatine synthesising enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), and the creatine transporter (CrT1) were assessed by RT-qPCR. Protein expression of AGAT and GAMT was also assessed by western blot analysis.\n-RESULTS: Plasma creatine and renal creatine excretion decreased significantly from mid to late gestation (P<0.001, P<0.05, respectively). Pregnancy resulted in increased lean tissue (P<0.01), kidney (P<0.01), liver (P<0.01) and heart (P<0.05) mass at term. CrT1 expression was increased in the heart (P<0.05) and skeletal muscle (P<0.05) at term compared to non-pregnant tissues, and creatine content of the heart (P<0.05) and kidney (P<0.001) were also increased at this time. CrT1 mRNA expression was down-regulated in the liver (<0.01) and brain (<0.01) of pregnant spiny mice at term. Renal AGAT mRNA (P<0.01) and protein (P<0.05) expression were both significantly up-regulated at term, with decreased expression of AGAT mRNA (<0.01) and GAMT protein (<0.05) observed in the term pregnant heart. Brain AGAT (<0.01) and GAMT (<0.001) mRNA expression were also decreased at term.'}]

yes

Maternal creatine homeostasis is altered during gestation in the spiny mouse, with changes in plasma creatine and renal creatine excretion, as well as increases in lean tissue, kidney, liver, and heart mass at term.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nPap smears with glandular cell abnormalities: Are they detected by rapid prescreening?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Rapid prescreening (RPS) is one of the quality assurance (QA) methods used in gynecologic cytology. The efficacy of RPS has been previously studied but mostly with respect to squamous lesions; in fact, there has been no study so far specifically looking at the sensitivity of RPS for detecting glandular cell abnormalities.\n-METHODS: A total of 80,565 Papanicolaou (Pap) smears underwent RPS during a 25-month period. A sample was designated as "review for abnormality" (R) if any abnormal cells (at the threshold of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/atypical glandular cells [AGC]) were thought to be present or was designated as negative (N) if none were detected. Each sample then underwent full screening (FS) and was designated as either R or N and also given a cytologic interpretation.\n-RESULTS: The final cytologic interpretation was a glandular cell abnormality (≥AGC) in 107 samples (0.13%); 39 of these (36.4%) were flagged as R on RPS. Twenty-four patients (33.8%) out of 71 who had histologic follow-up were found to harbor a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or carcinoma; 13 of those 24 Pap smears (54.2%) had been flagged as R on RPS. Notably, 11 AGC cases were picked up by RPS only and not by FS and represented false-negative cases; 2 of these showed endometrial adenocarcinoma on histologic follow-up.'}]

yes

Rapid prescreening (RPS) can detect glandular cell abnormalities, with 36.4% of samples with glandular cell abnormalities flagged as'review for abnormality' (R) on RPS, and 54.2% of samples with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or carcinoma flagged as R on RPS.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nThe HELPP syndrome--evidence of a possible systemic inflammatory response in pre-eclampsia?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: The principal causes of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy in Mexico, are preeclampsia/eclampsia, obstetric hemorrhage and puerperium complications; this is, 62% of maternal deaths in last years. HELLP syndrome was observed between 5 to 25% of the mortality in pregnancies of 36 weeks or less.\n-OBJECTIVE: To analyze patients with HELLP syndrome in ICU\'s (Intensive Care Unit) of a Gynecology and Obstetric Hospital, related to the abnormal hematological, hepatic and renal results with the obstetric case history and the clinical complications.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: A transversal study in patients with HELLP syndrome during 1998 and 1999 were carry out.\n-CASE DEFINITION: Peripheral blood with Microangiopathic hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes: AST, ALT over 40 UI/L, even when were LDH lower than 600 UI/L. It was evaluated the hepatic and renal function, platelets count, microangiopathic hemolysis, arterial pressure, seizures, icteric skin color, blindness, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting and upper quadrant right abdominal pain. In newborn we analyzed gestational age, sex, weight and APGAR. We studied for an association between maternal and biochemical variables with Correlation Pearson Test, and dependence between variables with lineal regression model.\n-RESULTS: 2878 patients with hypertensives disorders in pregnancy (11.64%). The 1.15% (n = 33) had HELLP syndrome with specific maternal mortality of 0.4 per 10,000 live birth, perinatal mortality of 1.62 per 10,000 live birth; and renal damage in 84.5%. Coefficient beta was higher between number of pregnancies to platelets count (-0.33) and creatinine clearance (-0.401).'}]

yes

The study found an association between the number of pregnancies and platelets count, as well as creatinine clearance, in patients with HELLP syndrome, suggesting a possible systemic inflammatory response in pre-eclampsia.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nSpleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with resection of the splenic vessels. Should one rely on the short gastric arteries?\n\nContext:\n-CONTEXT: Knowing the collaterals is essential for a spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with resection of the splenic vessels.\n-OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the sources of the blood supply to the spleen after a spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with resection of the splenic vessels.\n-METHODS: Perfusion of the cadaveric left gastric and right gastroepiploic arteries with methylene blue after occlusion of all the arteries except the short gastric arteries (n=10). Intraoperative color Doppler ultrasound was used for the evaluation of the hilar arterial blood flow at distal pancreatectomy (n=23) after 1) clamping of the splenic artery alone, 2) clamping of the splenic and left gastroepiploic arteries and 3) clamping of the splenic and short gastric arteries. CT angiography of the gastric and splenic vessels before and after a spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (n=10).\n-RESULTS: Perfusion of the cadaveric arteries revealed no effective direct or indirect (through the submucous gastric arterial network) communication between the left gastric and the branches of the short gastric arteries. In no case did intraoperative color Doppler ultrasound detect any hilar arterial blood flow after the clamping of the splenic and left gastroepiploic arteries. The clamping of the short gastric arteries did not change the flow parameters. In none of the cases did a post-spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with resection of the splenic vessels CT angiography delineate the short gastric vessels supplying the spleen. In all cases, the gastroepiploic arcade was the main arterial pathway feeding the spleen.'}]

no

The study found that the short gastric arteries do not play a significant role in supplying blood to the spleen after a spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with resection of the splenic vessels.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDelayed peripheral facial palsy in the stapes surgery: can it be prevented?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate poststapedectomy-delayed facial palsy etiopathogenesis, risk factors, evolution, and prevention.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven hundred six stapedectomies performed in 580 patients were reviewed. In all patients who developed delayed facial palsy, the dates of onset and subside of facial palsy, the anatomic and pathologic predisposing factors, and a possible history for recurrent labial herpetic lesions were considered. The House-Brackmann (H-B) grading system was used to evaluate the facial function. Virus-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 3 weeks after the onset of the paralysis. The results were compared with a control group without a history of recurrent herpes labialis.\n-RESULTS: Poststapedectomy facial palsy developed in 7 out of 706 procedures. All 7 patients referred a history of recurrent labial herpetic lesions. One patient showed a facial palsy H-B grade II, 2 a grade III, and 3 a grade IV. After acyclovir therapy, 6 subjects recovered completely, whereas 1 maintained an H-B grade II. An increased IgG antibody titer was found in 6 of the patients with delayed facial palsy and in 1 out of 7 controls. Mean IgG titer was 1:14,050 in the subjects with delayed facial palsy and 1:2,300 in controls (P<.001).'}]

yes

Delayed peripheral facial palsy in the stapes surgery can be prevented by identifying and treating patients with a history of recurrent labial herpetic lesions, and by administering acyclovir therapy.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nHepatic arterial embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas: do technical factors affect prognosis?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: To evaluate retrospectively whether technical factors of hepatic arterial embolization affect the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria of this study were the following: (1) patients received embolization as the initial treatment during 2003-2004, (2) Child A or B liver profile, (3) five or fewer HCCs with maximum diameter of 7 cm or smaller, and (4) no extrahepatic metastasis. Patient data were gathered from 43 centers. Prognostic factors were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses.\n-RESULTS: Eight hundred fifteen patients were enrolled. The 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-year overall survival rates were 92.0 % (95 % CI 90.1-93.9), 62.9 % (95 % CI 59.3-66.6), 39.0 % (95 % CI 35.1-43.0), and 26.7 % (95 % CI 22.6-30.8) in all patients. Univariate analysis showed a Child-Pugh class-A, alpha-fetoprotein level lower than 100 ng/ml, tumor size of 3 cm or smaller, tumor number of 3 or fewer, one-lobe tumor distribution, nodular tumor type, within the Milan criteria, stage I or II, no portal venous invasion, use of iodized oil, and selective embolization were significantly better prognostic factors. In the multivariate Cox model, the benefit to survival of selective embolization remained significant (hazard ratio 0.68; 95 % CI 0.48-0.97; p = 0.033).'}]

yes

The study found that technical factors of hepatic arterial embolization, such as selective embolization, can affect the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre pelvic anatomical structures in danger during arthroscopic acetabular labral repair?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate safe depth for suture anchor insertion during acetabular labral repair and to determine the neighbouring structures at risk during drilling and anchor insertion.\n-METHODS: Ten human cadaveric hips (six males and four females) were obtained. Acetabular labral surface was prepared and marked for right hips as 12, 1 and 3 o\'clock positions, for left hips 12, 11 and 9 o\'clock positions. Those were defined as anterior, anterior-superior and superior zones, respectively. These labral positions were drilled at defined zones. After measurements, depth of the bone at 10° and 20° drill angles on zones was compared statistically.\n-RESULTS: Acetabular bone widths at investigated labral insertion points did not statistically differ. A total of 14 injuries in 60 penetrations occurred (23.3\xa0%) with free drill penetrations, and no injuries occurred with stopped drill penetrations. The bone depth was gradually decreasing from 10° to 20° drill angles and from anterior to superior inserting zones without significant importance. The risk of perforation to the pelvic cavity started with 20\xa0mm drill depth, and the mean depth for all insertions was calculated as 31.7\xa0mm (SD 2.6).'}]

yes

The study found that 23.3% of drill penetrations resulted in injuries, with the risk of perforation to the pelvic cavity starting at a drill depth of 20 mm, indicating that pelvic anatomical structures are in danger during arthroscopic acetabular labral repair.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nStaging laparoscopy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: is it useful?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Staging laparoscopy (SL) is not regularly performed for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It may change treatment strategy, preventing unnecessary open exploration. An additional advantage of SL is possible biopsy of the nontumorous liver to assess fibrosis/cirrhosis. This study aimed to determine whether SL for patients with HCC still is useful.\n-METHODS: Patients with HCC who underwent SL between January 1999 and December 2011 were analyzed. Their demographics, preoperative imaging studies, surgical findings, and histology were assessed.\n-RESULTS: The 56 patients (34 men and 22 women; mean age, 60 ± 14 years) in this study underwent SL for assessment of extensive disease or metastases. For two patients, SL was unsuccessful because of intraabdominal adhesions. For four patients (7.1 %), SL showed unresectability because of metastases (n = 1), tumor progression (n = 1), or severe cirrhosis in the contralateral lobe (n = 2). An additional five patients did not undergo laparotomy due to disease progression detected on imaging after SL. Exploratory laparotomy for the remaining 47 patients showed 6 (13 %) additional unresectable tumors due to advanced tumor (n = 5) or nodal metastases (n = 1). Consequently, the yield of SL was 7 % (95 % confidence interval (CI), 3-17 %), and the accuracy was 27 % (95 % CI, 11-52 %). A biopsy of the contralateral liver was performed for 45 patients who underwent SL, leading to changes in management for 4 patients (17 %) with cirrhosis.'}]

yes

Staging laparoscopy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma is useful as it may change treatment strategy, prevent unnecessary open exploration, and provide a possible biopsy of the nontumorous liver to assess fibrosis/cirrhosis, leading to changes in management for 4 patients (17%) with cirrhosis.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan echocardiography and ECG discriminate hereditary transthyretin V30M amyloidosis from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Hereditary transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis with increased left ventricular wall thickness could easily be misdiagnosed by echocardiography as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Our aim was to create a diagnostic tool based on echocardiography and ECG that could optimise identification of ATTR amyloidosis.\n-METHODS: Data were analysed from 33 patients with biopsy proven ATTR amyloidosis and 30 patients with diagnosed HCM. Conventional features from ECG were acquired as well as two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, speckle tracking derived strain and tissue characterisation analysis. Classification trees were used to select the most important variables for differentiation between ATTR amyloidosis and HCM.\n-RESULTS: The best classification was obtained using both ECG and echocardiographic features, where a QRS voltage>30\u2009mm was diagnostic for HCM, whereas in patients with QRS voltage<30\u2009mm, an interventricular septal/posterior wall thickness ratio (IVSt/PWt)>1.6 was consistent with HCM and a ratio<1.6 supported the diagnosis of ATTR amyloidosis. This classification presented both high sensitivity (0.939) and specificity (0.833).'}]

yes

Yes, echocardiography and ECG can discriminate hereditary transthyretin V30M amyloidosis from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using a classification tree that combines ECG and echocardiographic features, with a high sensitivity and specificity.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes pediatric housestaff experience influence tests ordered for infants in the neonatal intensive care unit?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between the experience of pediatric housestaff and tests ordered on infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU).\n-DESIGN: Prospective, cohort study over one full academic year.\n-SETTING: One academic Level III neonatal intensive care nursery.\n-PATIENTS: Data were collected prospectively on all 785 infants admitted to the neonatal ICU from July 1993 to June 1994. These infants were cared for by 14 different categorical pediatric housestaff.\n-MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Our neonatal ICU has either a resident or an intern on-call by himself/herself at night, affording us a natural setting to compare intern vs. resident test ordering. The outcomes of interest were number of arterial blood gases, radiographs, and electrolytes ordered per infant by the on-call pediatric houseofficer, as tabulated the morning after the call night. Control variables included the severity-of-illness of the individual infant (using the Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System), the workload of the houseofficer (number of patients, number of admissions), and supervision (rounding frequency and on-call attending). Controlling for the severity-of-illness of the infant, the workload on the call night, and supervision with multiple linear regression, we found that interns ordered significantly (p = .02) greater numbers of arterial blood gases per infant than residents, amounting to some 0.33 blood gases per infant per call night (3.22 vs. 2.89 arterial blood gases per infant per night). This increase of 0.33 blood gases per infant amounts to interns ordering $169 more arterial blood gases per call night at our institution. There was no difference between interns and residents in ordering radiographs or electrolytes.'}]

yes

Yes, pediatric housestaff experience influences tests ordered for infants in the neonatal intensive care unit, as interns ordered significantly greater numbers of arterial blood gases per infant than residents.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs robotically assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy less invasive than retropubic radical prostatectomy?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether robotically assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) is less invasive than radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), as experimental studies suggest that the acute phase reaction is proportional to surgery-induced tissue damage.\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between May and November 2006, all patients undergoing RRP or RALP in our department were prospectively assessed. Blood samples were collected 24 h before (T0), during surgery (T1), at the end of anaesthesia (T2), and 12 (T3) and 24 h after surgery (T4), and assayed for interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-1 alpha, C-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate. The Mann-Whitney U-, Student\'s t- and Friedman tests were used to compare continuous variables, and the Pearson chi-square and Fisher test for categorical variables, with a two-sided P<0.05 considered to indicate significance.\n-RESULTS: In all, 35 and 26 patients were assessed for RALP and RRP, respectively; the median (interquartile range) age was 62 (56-68) and 68.5 (59.2-71.2) years, respectively (P<0.009). Baseline levels (T0) of IL-1, IL-6, CRP and lactate were comparable in both arms. IL-6, CRP and lactates levels increased during both kinds of surgery. The mean IL-6 and CPR values were higher for RRP at T1 (P = 0.01 and 0.001), T2 (P = 0.001 and<0.001), T3 (P = 0.002 and<0.001) and T4 (P<0.001 and 0.02), respectively. Lactate was higher for RRP at T2 (P = 0.001), T3 (P = 0.001) and T4 (P = 0.004), although remaining within the normal ranges. IL-1 alpha did not change at the different sample times.'}]

yes

Robotically assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) results in lower levels of IL-6, CRP, and lactate compared to radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), indicating less tissue damage and a less invasive procedure.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nNasal polyposis: is there an inheritance pattern?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Nasal Polyposis (NP) is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of sinonasal mucosa leading to diffuse formation of benign polyps. Although family histories are frequently suggested in medical literature, no specific study focused on this point has been reported. The purpose of this study is to determine whether a hereditary factor could be implied for NP in a family where several members were affected. We included 99 members of this family.\n-METHODS: All patients were assessed for conditions known to be associated with the development or presence of NP. Concerning NP, patients were screened with a validated questionnaire and selected patients had a medical examination by an Ear, Nose and Throat practitioner.\n-RESULTS: Thirteen patients had a personal history of NP without asthma, aspirin intolerance, Churg Strauss syndrome, cystic fibrosis, Young\'s syndrome, bare lymphocyte syndrome, or primary ciliary dyskinesia. Within this family, 19.7% of those older than 17 years were affected by NP, as compared with the national French prevalence of 2.1%.'}]

yes

The study found that 19.7% of those older than 17 years in the family were affected by NP, which is significantly higher than the national French prevalence of 2.1%, suggesting a possible hereditary factor in the development of NP in this family.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nc-Kit-dependent growth of uveal melanoma cells: a potential therapeutic target?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the expression and functional impact of the proto-oncogene c-kit in uveal melanoma.\n-METHODS: Based on immunohistochemical (IHC) study of paraffin-embedded specimens from 134 uveal melanomas and Western blot analysis on eight fresh-frozen samples the expression of c-kit in uveal melanoma was studied. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of c-kit and the impact of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 was examined in the three uveal melanoma cell lines OCM-1, OCM-3, and 92-1.\n-RESULTS: Eighty-four of 134 paraffin-embedded samples and six of eight fresh-frozen samples expressed c-kit. c-Kit was strongly expressed and tyrosine phosphorylated in cultured uveal melanoma cells compared with cutaneous melanoma cells. Moreover, in contrast to cutaneous melanoma cell lines c-kit maintained a high phosphorylation level in serum-depleted uveal melanoma cells. No activation-related mutations in exon 11 of the KIT gene were found. On the contrary, expression of the stem cell growth factor (c-kit ligand) was detected in all three uveal melanoma cell lines, suggesting the presence of autocrine (paracrine) stimulation pathways. Treatment of uveal melanoma cell lines with STI571, which blocks c-kit autophosphorylation, resulted in cell death. The IC(50) of the inhibitory effects on c-kit phosphorylation and cell proliferation was of equal size and less than 2.5 microM.'}]

yes

c-Kit-dependent growth of uveal melanoma cells is a potential therapeutic target, as treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 resulted in cell death, suggesting that c-kit is a viable target for therapy.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nPharmacologic regimens for knee osteoarthritis prevention: can they be cost-effective?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the target populations and drug efficacy, toxicity, cost, and initiation age thresholds under which a pharmacologic regimen for knee osteoarthritis (OA) prevention could be cost-effective.\n-DESIGN: We used the Osteoarthritis Policy (OAPol) Model, a validated state-transition simulation model of knee OA, to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) as prophylaxis for the disease. We assessed four cohorts at varying risk for developing OA: (1) no risk factors, (2) obese, (3) history of knee injury, and (4) high-risk (obese with history of knee injury). The base case DMOAD was initiated at age 50 with 40% efficacy in the first year, 5% failure per subsequent year, 0.22% major toxicity, and annual cost of $1,000. Outcomes included costs, quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Key parameters were varied in sensitivity analyses.\n-RESULTS: For the high-risk cohort, base case prophylaxis increased quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) by 0.04 and lifetime costs by $4,600, and produced an ICER of $118,000 per QALY gained. ICERs>$150,000/QALY were observed when comparing the base case DMOAD to the standard of care in the knee injury only cohort; for the obese only and no risk factors cohorts, the base case DMOAD was less cost-effective than the standard of care. Regimens priced at $3,000 per year and higher demonstrated ICERs above cost-effectiveness thresholds consistent with current US standards.'}]

yes

Pharmacologic regimens for knee osteoarthritis prevention can be cost-effective under certain conditions, such as a high-risk cohort, with an ICER of $118,000 per QALY gained, and when priced at $3,000 per year or higher.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs anorectal endosonography valuable in dyschesia?\n\nContext:\n-AIMS: Dyschesia can be provoked by inappropriate defecation movements. The aim of this prospective study was to demonstrate dysfunction of the anal sphincter and/or the musculus (m.) puborectalis in patients with dyschesia using anorectal endosonography.\n-METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients with a medical history of dyschesia and a control group of 20 healthy subjects underwent linear anorectal endosonography (Toshiba models IUV 5060 and PVL-625 RT). In both groups, the dimensions of the anal sphincter and the m. puborectalis were measured at rest, and during voluntary squeezing and straining. Statistical analysis was performed within and between the two groups.\n-RESULTS: The anal sphincter became paradoxically shorter and/or thicker during straining (versus the resting state) in 85% of patients but in only 35% of control subjects. Changes in sphincter length were statistically significantly different (p<0.01, chi(2) test) in patients compared with control subjects. The m. puborectalis became paradoxically shorter and/or thicker during straining in 80% of patients but in only 30% of controls. Both the changes in length and thickness of the m. puborectalis were significantly different (p<0.01, chi(2) test) in patients versus control subjects.'}]

yes

Anorectal endosonography is valuable in dyschesia as it can demonstrate dysfunction of the anal sphincter and/or the musculus (m.) puborectalis in patients with dyschesia.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nProduction of chemokines by perivascular adipose tissue: a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Obesity is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Although it is known that white adipose tissue (WAT) produces numerous proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokines and chemokines, it is unclear whether adipose-derived chemotactic signals affect the chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis.\n-METHODS AND RESULTS: Histological examination showed that perivascular WAT (pWAT) is in close proximity to vascular walls, particularly at sites that have a tendency to develop atherosclerosis. In rodents, the amount of pWAT is markedly increased by a high-fat diet. At a functional level, supernatant from subcutaneous and pWAT strongly induced the chemotaxis of peripheral blood leukocytes. The migration of granulocytes and monocytes was mostly mediated by interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, respectively, whereas both chemokines contributed to the migration of activated T cells. Moreover, pWAT produces these chemokines, as shown by immunohistochemistry and by explant culture. The accumulation of macrophages and T cells at the interface between pWAT and the adventitia of human atherosclerotic aortas may reflect this prochemotactic activity of pWAT.'}]

yes

Perivascular adipose tissue produces chemokines, such as interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, which contribute to the migration of leukocytes and may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nContinuity of care experience of residents in an academic vascular department: are trainees learning complete surgical care?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: It is widely accepted that exemplary surgical care involves a surgeon\'s involvement in the preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative periods. In an era of ever-expanding therapeutic modalities available to the vascular surgeon, it is important that trainees gain experience in preoperative decision-making and how this affects a patient\'s operative and postoperative course. The purpose of this study was to define the current experience of residents on a vascular surgery service regarding the continuity of care they are able to provide for patients and the factors affecting this experience.\n-METHODS: This prospective cohort study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and conducted at the University of British Columbia during January 2005. All patients who underwent a vascular procedure at either of the two teaching hospitals were included. In addition to type of case (emergent, outpatient, inpatient), resident demographic data and involvement in each patient\'s care (preoperative assessment, postoperative daily assessment, and follow-up clinic assessment) were recorded. Categoric data were analyzed with the chi2 test.\n-RESULTS: The study included 159 cases, of which 65% were elective same-day admission patients, 20% were elective previously admitted patients; and 15% were emergent. The overall rate of preoperative assessment was 67%, involvement in the decision to operate, 17%; postoperative assessment on the ward, 79%; and patient follow-up in clinic, 3%. The rate of complete in-hospital continuity of care (assessing patient pre-op and post-op) was 57%. Emergent cases were associated with a significantly higher rate of preoperative assessment (92% vs 63%, P<.05). For elective cases admitted before the day of surgery compared with same-day admission patients, the rates of preoperative assessment (78% vs 58%, P<.05) and involvement in the decision to operate (16% vs 4%, P<.05) were significantly higher.'}]

yes

The study found that the overall rate of complete in-hospital continuity of care, which involves assessing patients pre-operatively and post-operatively, was 57% for residents in the vascular surgery service.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nHousehold and food shopping environments: do they play a role in socioeconomic inequalities in fruit and vegetable consumption?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Fruit and vegetables are protective of a number of chronic diseases; however, their intakes have been shown to vary by socioeconomic position (SEP). Household and food shopping environmental factors are thought to contribute to these differences. To determine whether household and food shopping environmental factors are associated with fruit and vegetable (FV) intakes, and contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in FV consumption.\n-METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained by a postal questionnaire among 4333 adults (23-85 years) living in 168 neighbourhoods in the south-eastern Netherlands. Participants agreed/disagreed with a number of statements about the characteristics of their household and food shopping environments, including access, prices and quality. Education was used to characterise socioeconomic position (SEP). Main outcome measures were whether or not participants consumed fruit or vegetables on a daily basis. Multilevel logistic regression models examined between-area variance in FV consumption and associations between characteristics of the household and food shopping environments and FV consumption.\n-RESULTS: Only a few household and food shopping environmental factors were significantly associated with fruit and vegetable consumption, and their prevalence was low. Participants who perceived FV to be expensive were more likely to consume them. There were significant socioeconomic inequalities in fruit and vegetable consumption (ORs of not consuming fruit and vegetables were 4.26 and 5.47 among the lowest-educated groups for fruit and vegetables, respectively); however, these were not explained by any household or food shopping environmental factors.'}]

no

Only a few household and food shopping environmental factors were significantly associated with fruit and vegetable consumption, and their prevalence was low. Participants who perceived FV to be expensive were more likely to consume them. There were significant socioeconomic inequalities in fruit and vegetable consumption, but these were not explained by any household or food shopping environmental factors.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes birth center care during a woman\'s first pregnancy have any impact on her future reproduction?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Women\'s experiences of childbirth may affect their future reproduction, and the model of care affects their experiences, suggesting that a causal link may exist between model of care and future reproduction. The study objective was to examine whether the birth center model of care during a woman\'s first pregnancy affects whether or not she has a second baby, and on the spacing to the next birth.\n-METHODS: Between October 1989 and July 1993, a total of 1860 women at low medical risk in early pregnancy, who participated in a randomized controlled trial of in-hospital birth center care versus standard care, gave birth. The 1063 primiparas in the trial, 543 in the birth center group and 520 in the standard care group, were included in a secondary analysis in which women\'s personal identification codes were linked to the Swedish National Birth Register, which included information about their subsequent birth during the following 7 to 10 years. Time to an event curves were constructed by means of the Kaplan Meier method.\n-RESULTS: The observation period after the first birth was on average 8.8 years in the birth center group and 8.7 years in the standard care group. No statistical difference was found between the groups in time to second birth, which was 2.85 and 2.82 years, respectively (median; log-rank 1.26; p=0.26).'}]

no

No statistical difference was found between the groups in time to second birth, which was 2.85 and 2.82 years, respectively.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre environmental factors important in primary systemic vasculitis?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between primary systemic vasculitis (PSV) and environmental risk factors.\n-METHODS: Seventy-five PSV cases and 273 controls (220 nonvasculitis, 19 secondary vasculitis, and 34 asthma controls) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Factors investigated were social class, occupational and residential history, smoking, pets, allergies, vaccinations, medications, hepatitis, tuberculosis, and farm exposure in the year before symptom onset (index year). The Standard Occupational Classification 2000 and job-exposure matrices were used to assess occupational silica, solvent, and metal exposure. Stepwise multiple logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) adjusted for potential confounders. Total PSV, subgroups (47 Wegener\'s granulomatosis [WG], 12 microscopic polyangiitis, 16 Churg-Strauss syndrome [CSS]), and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive cases were compared with control groups.\n-RESULTS: Farming in the index year was significantly associated with PSV (OR 2.3 [95% CI 1.2-4.6]), with WG (2.7 [1.2-5.8]), with MPA (6.3 [1.9-21.6]), and with perinuclear ANCA (pANCA) (4.3 [1.5-12.7]). Farming during working lifetime was associated with PSV (2.2 [1.2-3.8]) and with WG (2.7 [1.3-5.7]). Significant associations were found for high occupational silica exposure in the index year (with PSV 3.0 [1.0-8.4], with CSS 5.6 [1.3-23.5], and with ANCA 4.9 [1.3-18.6]), high occupational solvent exposure in the index year (with PSV 3.4 [0.9-12.5], with WG 4.8 [1.2-19.8], and with classic ANCA [cANCA] 3.9 [1.6-9.5]), high occupational solvent exposure during working lifetime (with PSV 2.7 [1.1-6.6], with WG 3.4 [1.3-8.9], and with cANCA 3.3 [1.0-10.8]), drug allergy (with PSV 3.6 [1.8-7.0], with WG 4.0 [1.8-8.7], and with cANCA 4.7 [1.9-11.7]), and allergy overall (with PSV 2.2 [1.2-3.9], with WG 2.7 [1.4-5.7]). No other significant associations were found.'}]

yes

Environmental factors, such as farming, high occupational silica exposure, high occupational solvent exposure, and drug allergy, are significantly associated with primary systemic vasculitis (PSV) and its subgroups.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs low serum chloride level a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Serum chloride level is routinely assayed in clinical laboratories in the management of patients with kidney disorders and with metabolic diseases. It is a biological parameter that is easily, precisely and relatively cheaply measured. The epidemiological features of serum chloride levels have not been studied before.\n-METHODS: For the random sample of men and women from the Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition and Health aged 25-74 years, free of symptomatic coronary heart disease at baseline, serum chloride concentrations were measured, among those of other electrolytes. The cohort was followed up for 10 years with respect to subsequent cause-specific mortality.\n-RESULTS: The results are based on observations of 4793 men and 4313 women. According to Cox regression analysis serum chloride level was one of the strongest predictors of total, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-CVD mortalities independently of age, body mass index, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure, levels of total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, uric acid, serum creatinine and serum total proteins and intake of diuretics. This relation was proved to be independent of levels of other serum electrolytes and similar for men and women. The estimated adjusted risk ratio for CVD death for subjects with a serum chloride level<or =100 mmol/l compared with those with levels above that limit was 1.65 (95% confidence interval 1.06-2.57) for men and 2.16 (95% confidence interval 1.11-4.22) for women. The study of adjusted risk ratios for four groups of subjects defined on the basis of their baseline serum chloride levels revealed a decreasing log-linear \'dose-response\' relation to total and cardiovascular mortalities.'}]

yes

Low serum chloride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality, with an estimated adjusted risk ratio of 1.65 for men and 2.16 for women compared to those with levels above 100 mmol/l.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs EQ-5D a valid quality of life instrument in patients with acute coronary syndrome?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the construct validity of the Turkish version of the EQ-5D in patients with acute coronary syndrome.\n-METHODS: The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study at the Trakya University Hospital between February and May 2008. All patients completed the Turkish version of the EQ-5D and MacNew heart-related quality of life scale. Construct validity of the EQ-5D was assessed according to relationships with MacNew subscales by using Spearman rank correlation and multiple linear regression analyses.\n-RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-two patients responded to the instruments. Mean age was 62.9±9.3 years and male gender (88 or 72.1%) was dominant. Mean score of the EQ-5D index was 0.79±0.32, while the global score of MacNew was 5.01±1.16. The correlation coefficients of the EQ-5D index score with the MacNew subscales ranged from 0.557 to 0.721, with EQ-5D VAS score ranging from 0.297 to 0.484 (p<0.001 for all of them). According to the stepwise regression model MacNew global score was found to be significantly effective factor on EQ-5D index score (β =0.188; 95% CI: 0.152-0.224; p<0.001).'}]

yes

The Turkish version of the EQ-5D is a valid quality of life instrument in patients with acute coronary syndrome, as evidenced by its significant correlation with the MacNew heart-related quality of life scale.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCould Adult European Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy Patients Be Treated With Higher Doses of Zonisamide?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical effect (efficacy and tolerability) of high doses of zonisamide (ZNS) (>500 mg/d) in adult patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy.\n-METHODS: Between 2006 and 2013, all epileptic outpatients treated with high doses of ZNS were selected. Safety and efficacy were assessed based on patient and caregiver reports. Serum levels of ZNS and other concomitant antiepileptic drugs were evaluated if available.\n-RESULTS: Nine patients (5 female): 8 focal/1 generalized pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Mean age: 34 years. Most frequent seizure type: complex partial seizures; other seizure types: generalized tonic-clonic, tonic, myoclonia. Zonisamide in polytherapy in all (100%), administered in tritherapy in 3 (33%) of 9 patients; mean dose: 633 (600-700) mg/d; efficacy (>50% seizure reduction) was observed in 5 (55%) of 9 patients. Five of 9 patients are still taking high doses of ZNS (more than 1 year). Adverse events were observed in 3 (37%) of 8 patients. Good tolerance to high doses of other antiepileptic drugs had been observed in 6 (66%) of 9 patients. Plasma levels of ZNS were only available in 2 patients; both were in the therapeutic range (34.95, 30.91) (10-40 mg/L).'}]

yes

Yes, adult European pharmacoresistant epilepsy patients can be treated with higher doses of zonisamide, as evidenced by the study where 5 out of 9 patients showed efficacy (>50% seizure reduction) on high doses of zonisamide (>500 mg/d).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes early migraine treatment shorten time to headache peak and reduce its severity?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To explore whether early treatment would shorten the duration of headache from headache onset to its peak and reduce headache severity at peak.\n-BACKGROUND: Prior clinical studies almost exclusively focused on headache relief after dosing. No data are available on whether early intervention affects the duration from headache onset to peak and headache severity at peak.\n-METHODS: Adult migraineurs were enrolled in this observational study from multi-site headache clinics. Patients recorded their migraine experiences via an electronic diary over 1 month. Patients reported the time and pain severity at onset, dosing, and peak. We used a linear mixed model to evaluate the impact of the timing of treatment and to adjust for covariates and correlation of observations within subjects.\n-RESULTS: A total of 182 patients reported 970 migraine episodes, 620 of which were treated before headaches progressed to peak. Mean time from headache onset to peak varied from 1.9 hours to 8.9 hours for patients treated within 15 minutes of onset and those who waited for 4 or more hours, respectively. However, early intervention was not associated with reduced headache severity at peak. In multivariate analysis, early treatment, use of triptans, and mild migraine headache in the past 3 months were significantly associated with shorter time from onset to headache peak. A separate model indicated that the timing of medication was not associated with the duration between dosing and headache peak, but use of triptans shortened the time from dosing to headache peak.'}]

yes

Early intervention was not associated with reduced headache severity at peak, but it was associated with shorter time from onset to headache peak.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes the manic/mixed episode distinction in bipolar disorder patients run true over time?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to determine whether the manic/mixed episode distinction in patients with bipolar disorder runs true over time.\n-METHOD: Over an 11-year period, the observed distribution of manic and mixed episodes (N=1,224) for patients with three or more entries in the management information system of a community mental health center (N=241) was compared to the expected distribution determined by averaging 1,000 randomly generated simulations.\n-RESULTS: Episodes were consistent (all manic or all mixed) in significantly more patients than would be expected by chance.'}]

yes

Episodes were consistent (all manic or all mixed) in significantly more patients than would be expected by chance.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nPost-tonsillectomy late haemorrhage: is it a preferably night-time event?\n\nContext:\n-STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: This retrospective study was carried out in the Ear Nose Throat (ENT) Unit of Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy on children operated for adenotonsillectomy (AT) or tonsillectomy (T) between January 2003 and February 2008. We considered in the study all the post-tonsillectomy late haemorrhages irrespective of their severity and for each case we evaluated whether they recurred in the day-time (B) (between 9.00 a.m. and 9.00 p.m.) or in the night-time (A) (between 9.00 p.m. and 9.00 a.m.). Finally we considered the number of haemorrhages per hour in the whole day.\n-RESULTS: Out of 3306 patients undergoing elective adenotonsillectomy or tonsillectomy, post-operative late haemorrhage occurred in 59 (1.78%). We noted that 42 episodes (71.2%) occurred in the night-time and 17 (28.8%) in the day-time. The average time from the operation was 8.4 days. A statistically significant difference (p=0.002) was found when comparing the frequencies of night-time and day-time haemorrhages. We did not observe any significant difference in the distribution per hour of the haemorrhages.'}]

yes

Post-tonsillectomy late haemorrhage occurred more frequently in the night-time (71.2%) than in the day-time (28.8%), with a statistically significant difference (p=0.002).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAcute hepatitis C in Israel: a predominantly iatrogenic disease?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Acute hepatitis C virus infection in the era of universal screening of blood products has not disappeared, and is thought to be transmitted primarily via injecting drug use. A growing body of evidence supports iatrogenic transmission as an important mode of transmission. The aim of this study was to examine transmission routes and clinical characteristics in a group of patients with acute hepatitis C in Israel.\n-METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted in three different liver clinics in Israel, of all new hepatitis C patients. Patients identified as possible acute hepatitis C were re-interviewed and all other sources such as blood bank records and pre-employment check-ups reviewed in order to establish the diagnosis of acute hepatitis C infection and to identify the transmission route.\n-RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were found to have acute hepatitis C, representing 0.75% of all new referrals for hepatitis C. The most frequent (65%) mode of transmission was iatrogenic involving several, often minimal, procedures and clinical settings. The group in which iatrogenic transmission was suspected was older and the patients more often in monogamous relationship compared with other transmission routes groups. Injecting drug use was the second most common route of infection. Spontaneous seroconversion has occurred in approximately one third of the patients.'}]

yes

Acute hepatitis C in Israel is predominantly an iatrogenic disease, with 65% of the cases transmitted through iatrogenic means, followed by injecting drug use as the second most common route of infection.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nOut of the smokescreen II: will an advertisement targeting the tobacco industry affect young people\'s perception of smoking in movies and their intention to smoke?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of an antismoking advertisement on young people\'s perceptions of smoking in movies and their intention to smoke.SUBJECTS/\n-SETTING: 3091 cinema patrons aged 12-24 years in three Australian states; 18.6% of the sample (n = 575) were current smokers.DESIGN/\n-INTERVENTION: Quasi-experimental study of patrons, surveyed after having viewed a movie. The control group was surveyed in week 1, and the intervention group in weeks 2 and 3. Before seeing the movie in weeks 2 and 3, a 30 s antismoking advertisement was shown, shot in the style of a movie trailer that warned patrons not to be sucked in by the smoking in the movie they were about to see.\n-OUTCOMES: Attitude of current smokers and non-smokers to smoking in the movies; intention of current smokers and non-smokers to smoke in 12 months.\n-RESULTS: Among non-smokers, 47.8% of the intervention subjects thought that the smoking in the viewed movie was not OK compared with 43.8% of the control subjects (p = 0.04). However, there was no significant difference among smokers in the intervention (16.5%) and control (14.5%) groups (p = 0.4). A higher percentage of smokers in the intervention group indicated that they were likely to be smoking in 12 months time (38.6%) than smokers in the control group (25.6%; p<0.001). For non-smokers, there was no significant difference in smoking intentions between groups, with 1.2% of intervention subjects and 1.6% of controls saying that they would probably be smoking in 12 months time (p = 0.54).'}]

yes

The antismoking advertisement had a significant effect on non-smokers' perception of smoking in movies, with 47.8% of intervention subjects thinking that the smoking in the viewed movie was not OK, compared to 43.8% of control subjects. However, there was no significant difference in smokers' perception of smoking in movies between the intervention and control groups.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo adjuvant aromatase inhibitors increase the cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Despite the advantages from using aromatase inhibitors (AIs) compared with tamoxifen for early breast cancer, an unexpectedly greater number of grade 3 and 4 cardiovascular events (CVAE) (as defined by National Cancer Institute of Canada-Common Toxicity Criteria [version 2.0] was demonstrated.\n-METHODS: Phase 3 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing AI with tamoxifen in early breast cancer were considered eligible for this review. The event-based risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were derived, and a test of heterogeneity was applied. Finally, absolute differences (ADs) in event rates and the number of patients needed to harm 1 patient (NNH) were determined.\n-RESULTS: Seven eligible RCTs (19,818 patients) reported CVAE results. When considering all RCTs, the AD of the primary endpoint (CVAE) between the 2 arms (0.52%), tamoxifen versus AI, was statistically significant (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.07-1.60; P= .007). This translated into an NNH value of 189 patients; when only third-generation AIs were considered, the difference (0.57%) remained significant (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.09-1.63; P= .0038). Thromboembolic events were significantly more frequent in the tamoxifen arm, regardless of the strategy adopted (RR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.42-0.65; P<.0001), without significant heterogeneity (P= .21). An AD of 1.17% and an NNH value of 85 patients were observed.'}]

yes

Adjuvant aromatase inhibitors increase the cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer, with a statistically significant difference in the rate of cardiovascular events between tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitor arms.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nMetastatic carcinoma to the cervical nodes from an unknown head and neck primary site: Is there a need for neck dissection?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes and patterns of failure in patients with metastatic carcinoma to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head and neck primary origin, who were treated curatively with radiotherapy, with or without neck dissection.\n-METHODS: The study included 61 patients referred to the McGill University Hospital Centers from 1987 to 2002. The median age was 57 years, with male to female ratio of 4:1. Distribution of patients by N status was as follows: N1, 16 patients (26%); N2a, 18 (30%); N2b, 13 (22%); N2c, 7 (11%); and N3, 7 (11%). Twenty patients underwent neck dissection (11 radical, 9 functional) and 41 patients had biopsy (9 fine-needle aspiration and 32 excisional biopsy). All patients received radiotherapy. The median dose to the involved node(s) was 64 Gy, and 60 Gy to the rest of the neck. Treatment of the neck was bilateral in 50 patients (82%) and ipsilateral in 11 (18%). The minimum duration of the follow-up was 12 months, with the median of 32 months.\n-RESULTS: The 5- and 8-year overall survival for the whole population was 79% and 67%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the 8-year actuarial overall survival (64.8% and 67.6%, respectively, p = .64) and local relapse-free survival (75% vs 74.5%, respectively, p = .57), among patients who had biopsy versus those who had neck dissection.'}]

no

The study found that there was no statistically significant difference in the 8-year actuarial overall survival and local relapse-free survival between patients who had biopsy versus those who had neck dissection.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCardiac reoperations in octogenarians: Do they really benefit?\n\nContext:\n-METHODS: We retrospectively identified 84 consecutive patients aged ≥80 years, who underwent a cardiac reoperation at the department for Cardiothoracic Surgery in the Heart&Vessel Center Bad Bevensen between January 2007 and 2013. Demographic profiles as well as operative data were analyzed, and the patients were prospectively followed. Patient\'s functional status and quality of life were assessed with the Barthel Index, New York Heart Association class and the short form-12 questionnaire.\n-RESULTS: The mean age of the study group (61 men, 23 women) was 81.9\u2009±\u20091.9 years. Most redo-procedures were carried out after primary coronary artery bypass grafting (65%), primary aortic valve replacement (21%) and primary mitral valve replacement (6%). The most frequent actual surgical procedures were combined coronary artery bypass grafting and aortic valve replacement (26%), isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (19%), and isolated aortic valve replacement (19%). The mean length of hospital stay was 17\u2009±\u200915 days. In-hospital mortality counted for 32.1%. During follow up (29\u2009±\u200920 months) a further 19.0% of the patients died. The Barthel Index of the survivors was 89\u2009±\u200917 and their mean New York Heart Association class was 2\u2009±\u20091. A total of 93% of the patients were living at home. Summary scores of physical and mental health of the short form-12 questionnaire equalled those of an age- and sex-matched normative population.'}]

no

The study found that 32.1% of octogenarians who underwent cardiac reoperations died in-hospital, and a further 19.0% died during follow-up, which raises questions about the benefits of cardiac reoperations in this age group.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nLocation and number of sutures placed for hiatal hernia repair during laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: does it matter?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that hiatal hernia repair (HHR) during laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) decreases the rate of reoperation. However, the technical aspects (location and number of sutures) are not standardized. It is unknown whether such technical details are associated with differing rates of reoperation for band-related problems.\n-METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed from a single institution, including 2,301 patients undergoing LAGB with HHR from July 1, 2007 to December 31, 2011. Independent variables were number and location of sutures. Data collected included demographics, operating room (OR) time, length of stay (LOS), follow-up time, postoperative BMI/%EWL, and rates of readmission/reoperation. Statistical analyses included ANOVA and Chi squared tests. Kaplan-Meier, log-rank, and Cox regression tests were used for follow-up data and reoperation rates, in order to account for differential length of follow-up and confounding variables.\n-RESULTS: There was no difference in length of follow-up among all groups. The majority of patients had one suture (range 1-6; 55 %). Patients with fewer sutures had shorter OR time (1 suture 45 min vs. 4+ sutures 56 min, p<0.0001). LOS, 30-day readmission, band-related reoperation, and postop BMI/%EWL were not statistically significant. Anterior suture placement (vs. posterior vs. both) was most common (61 %). OR time was shorter in those with anterior suture (41 min vs. posterior 56 min vs. both 59 min, p<0.0001). Patients with posterior suture had a longer LOS (84 % 1 day vs. anterior 74 % 1 day vs. both 74 % 1 day, p<0.0001). There was no difference in 30-day readmission, band-related reoperation, and postoperative BMI/%EWL.'}]

no

The study found that the location and number of sutures placed for hiatal hernia repair during laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding do not significantly affect the rates of reoperation for band-related problems, 30-day readmission, or postoperative BMI/%EWL.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytic Dysfunction in Children With Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis a Forerunner to Bronchiectasis?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Children with recurrent protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) and bronchiectasis share common features, and PBB is likely a forerunner to bronchiectasis. Both diseases are associated with neutrophilic inflammation and frequent isolation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, including nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), from the lower airway. Defective alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic bronchial epithelial cells (efferocytosis), as found in other chronic lung diseases, may also contribute to tissue damage and neutrophil persistence. Thus, in children with bronchiectasis or PBB and in control subjects, we quantified the phagocytosis of airway apoptotic cells and NTHi by alveolar macrophages and related the phagocytic capacity to clinical and airway inflammation.\n-METHODS: Children with bronchiectasis (n = 55) or PBB (n = 13) and control subjects (n = 13) were recruited. Alveolar macrophage phagocytosis, efferocytosis, and expression of phagocytic scavenger receptors were assessed by flow cytometry. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid interleukin (IL) 1β was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.\n-RESULTS: For children with PBB or bronchiectasis, macrophage phagocytic capacity was significantly lower than for control subjects (P = .003 and P<.001 for efferocytosis and P = .041 and P = .004 for phagocytosis of NTHi; PBB and bronchiectasis, respectively); median phagocytosis of NTHi for the groups was as follows: bronchiectasis, 13.7% (interquartile range [IQR], 11%-16%); PBB, 16% (IQR, 11%-16%); control subjects, 19.0% (IQR, 13%-21%); and median efferocytosis for the groups was as follows: bronchiectasis, 14.1% (IQR, 10%-16%); PBB, 16.2% (IQR, 14%-17%); control subjects, 18.1% (IQR, 16%-21%). Mannose receptor expression was significantly reduced in the bronchiectasis group (P = .019), and IL-1β increased in both bronchiectasis and PBB groups vs control subjects.'}]

yes

Children with protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) and bronchiectasis have lower alveolar macrophage phagocytic capacity, which is a common feature between the two diseases, suggesting that alveolar macrophage phagocytic dysfunction in children with PBB is a forerunner to bronchiectasis.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo elderly patients benefit from surgery in addition to radiotherapy for treatment of metastatic spinal cord compression?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Treatment of elderly cancer patients has gained importance. One question regarding the treatment of metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is whether elderly patients benefit from surgery in addition to radiotherapy? In attempting to answer this question, we performed a matched-pair analysis comparing surgery followed by radiotherapy to radiotherapy alone.\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 42 elderly (age>\u200965 years) patients receiving surgery plus radiotherapy (S\u2009+\u2009RT) were matched to 84 patients (1:2) receiving radiotherapy alone (RT). Groups were matched for ten potential prognostic factors and compared regarding motor function, local control, and survival. Additional matched-pair analyses were performed for the subgroups of patients receiving direct decompressive surgery plus stabilization of involved vertebrae (DDSS, n\u2009=\u200981) and receiving laminectomy (LE, n\u2009=\u200945).\n-RESULTS: Improvement of motor function occurred in 21% after S\u2009+\u2009RT and 24% after RT (p\u2009=\u20090.39). The 1-year local control rates were 81% and 91% (p\u2009=\u20090.44), while the 1-year survival rates were 46% and 39% (p\u2009=\u20090.71). In the matched-pair analysis of patients receiving DDSS, improvement of motor function occurred in 22% after DDSS\u2009+\u2009RT and 24% after RT alone (p\u2009=\u20090.92). The 1-year local control rates were 95% and 89% (p\u2009=\u20090.62), and the 1-year survival rates were 54% and 43% (p\u2009=\u20090.30). In the matched-pair analysis of patients receiving LE, improvement of motor function occurred in 20% after LE\u2009+\u2009RT and 23% after RT alone (p\u2009=\u20090.06). The 1-year local control rates were 50% and 92% (p\u2009=\u20090.33). The 1-year survival rates were 32% and 32% (p\u2009=\u20090.55).'}]

no

The study found that elderly patients who underwent surgery in addition to radiotherapy for treatment of metastatic spinal cord compression showed similar results in terms of motor function improvement, local control, and survival rates compared to those who received radiotherapy alone.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF-recommended replacement milks for infants of HIV-infected mothers appropriate in the South African context?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the nutritional adequacy and feasibility of breastmilk replacement options recommended by WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF. The study aim was to explore suitability of the 2001 feeding recommendations for infants of HIV-infected mothers for a rural region in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa specifically with respect to adequacy of micronutrients and essential fatty acids, cost, and preparation times of replacement milks.\n-METHODS: Nutritional adequacy, cost, and preparation time of home-prepared replacement milks containing powdered full cream milk (PM) and fresh full cream milk (FM) and different micronutrient supplements (2 g UNICEF micronutrient sachet, government supplement routinely available in district public health clinics, and best available liquid paediatric supplement found in local pharmacies) were compared. Costs of locally available ingredients for replacement milk were used to calculate monthly costs for infants aged one, three, and six months. Total monthly costs of ingredients of commercial and home-prepared replacement milks were compared with each other and the average monthly income of domestic or shop workers. Time needed to prepare one feed of replacement milk was simulated.\n-FINDINGS: When mixed with water, sugar, and each micronutrient supplement, PM and FM provided<50% of estimated required amounts for vitamins E and C, folic acid, iodine, and selenium and<75% for zinc and pantothenic acid. PM and FM made with UNICEF micronutrient sachets provided 30% adequate intake for niacin. FM prepared with any micronutrient supplement provided no more than 32% vitamin D. All PMs provided more than adequate amounts of vitamin D. Compared with the commercial formula, PM and FM provided 8-60% of vitamins A, E, and C, folic acid, manganese, zinc, and iodine. Preparations of PM and FM provided 11% minimum recommended linoleic acid and 67% minimum recommended alpha-linolenic acid per 450 ml mixture. It took 21-25 minutes to optimally prepare 120 ml of replacement feed from PM or commercial infant formula and 30-35 minutes for the fresh milk preparation. PM or FM cost approximately 20% of monthly income averaged over the first six months of life; commercial formula cost approximately 32%.'}]

no

The WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF-recommended replacement milks for infants of HIV-infected mothers may not be entirely appropriate in the South African context due to inadequate provision of essential micronutrients and fatty acids, as well as high preparation times and costs.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs minilaparoscopic inguinal hernia repair feasible?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopy has rapidly emerged as the preferred surgical approach to a number of different diseases because it allows for a correct diagnosis and proper treatment. It seems to be moving toward the use of mini-instruments (5 mm or less in diameter). The aim of this paper is to illustrate retrospectively the results of an initial experience of minilaparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (miniTAPP) repair of groin hernia defects performed at two institutions.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 2000 and December 2003, a total of 303 patients (mean age, 45 years) underwent a miniTAPP procedure: 213 patients (70.2%) were operated on bilaterally and 90 (28.7%) for a unilateral defect, with a total of 516 hernia defects repaired. The primary endpoint was the feasibility rate for miniTAPP. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of mini-TAPP-related complications.\n-RESULTS: No conversions to laparoscopy or an anterior open approach were required. There were no major complications, while minor complications ranged as high as 0.3%.'}]

yes

Minilaparoscopic inguinal hernia repair is feasible, as evidenced by the successful completion of 516 hernia defects repairs with no conversions to laparoscopy or an anterior open approach, and a low incidence of major complications.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nSurgical treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis in patients with double prostheses: is single-valve replacement safe?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Bias against operating on patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) who have multiple prostheses may preclude the use of life-saving valve replacement. We investigated the accuracy of the preoperative diagnosis of PVE in patients with both mitral and aortic prosthesis and the safety of single-valve replacement when only one valve seemed infected.\n-METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of active PVE who had mitral and aortic prosthesis in place were assessed. We looked at the methods for diagnosis, causative agents, indication for valve replacement, operative findings and outcome.\n-RESULTS: Twenty patients, who had both mitral and aortic prostheses and a diagnosis of PVE, were assessed. Streptococci and staphylococci caused 70% of cases. By means of echocardiography, the valves involved were: mitral (11 patients), aortic (six patients), and in three cases both prosthetic valves seemed infected. Surgery was undertaken in 17 patients (85%). The positive predictive value of transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) for the preoperative diagnosis of the site of infection was 100%. In 13 patients, only the prosthetic valve that seemed infected was replaced. Four of these patients died within a week after the procedure. Nine patients survived the surgical procedure, completed a course of antimicrobial therapy and were followed up for 15.78 months (95% CI: 12.83-18.72). All were considered cured and relapses were not observed.'}]

yes

Single-valve replacement is safe in patients with double prostheses and prosthetic valve endocarditis, with a survival rate of 9 out of 13 patients who underwent the procedure.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nEpidural analgesia for surgical treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis: a risky technique?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: To study the risks of haemodynamic instability, and the possible occurrence of spinal haematoma, meningitis and epidural abscess when epidural analgesia is performed for cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).\n-METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 35 patients treated by HIPEC with oxaliplatin or cisplatin. An epidural catheter was inserted before induction of general anaesthesia. Postoperatively, a continuous epidural infusion of ropivacain, then a patient-controlled epidural analgesia were started.\n-RESULTS: The epidural catheter was used peroperatively before HIPEC in 12 subjects (34%), and after HIPEC in 23 subjects (66%). The median dose of ropivacain given peroperatively in the epidural catheter was 40 mg (30-75). Norepinephrin was used in two subjects (6%) peroperatively (median infusion rate 0.325 μg/kg per minute [0.32-0.33]), and in four subjects (11%) in the postoperative 24 hours. No spinal haematoma, meningitis or epidural abscess were noted. Five subjects (14%) had a thrombopenia or a prothrombin time less than 60% before catheter removal. Two subjects (6%) had a leukopenia before catheter removal. No thrombopenia or blood coagulation disorders were recorded the day of catheter removal.'}]

no

No spinal haematoma, meningitis or epidural abscess were noted, and only 5 subjects (14%) had a thrombopenia or a prothrombin time less than 60% before catheter removal, indicating that epidural analgesia for surgical treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis is not significantly risky.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nRisk stratification in emergency surgical patients: is the APACHE II score a reliable marker of physiological impairment?\n\nContext:\n-HYPOTHESES: The APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) score used as an intensive care unit (ICU) admission score in emergency surgical patients is not independent of the effects of treatment and might lead to considerable bias in the comparability of defined groups of patients and in the evaluation of treatment policies. Postoperative monitoring with the APACHE II score is clinically irrelevant.\n-DESIGN: Inception cohort study.\n-SETTING: Secondary referral center.\n-PATIENTS: Eighty-five consecutive emergency surgical patients admitted to the surgical ICU in 1999. The APACHE II score was calculated before surgery; after admission to the ICU; and on postoperative days 3, 7, and 10.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: APACHE II scores and predicted and observed mortality rates.\n-RESULTS: The mean +/- SD APACHE II score of 24.2 +/- 8.3 at admission to the ICU was approximately 36% greater than the initial APACHE II score of 17.8 +/- 7.7, a difference that was highly statistically significant (P<.001). The overall mortality of 32% favorably corresponds with the predicted mortality of 34% according to the initial APACHE II score. However, the predicted mortality of 50% according to the APACHE II score at admission to the ICU was significantly different from the observed mortality rate (P =.02). In 40 long-term patients (>/=10 days in the ICU), the difference between the APACHE II scores of survivors and patients who died was statistically significant on day 10 (P =.04).'}]

no

The APACHE II score is not a reliable marker of physiological impairment in emergency surgical patients, as it is influenced by treatment and can lead to bias in comparing patient groups and evaluating treatment policies.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre physicians meeting the needs of family caregivers of the frail elderly?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To explore expressed needs, both formal and informal, of family caregivers of frail elderly. To evaluate roles of physicians.\n-DESIGN: Questionnaire survey of members of the Montreal Jewish community providing care for frail elderly family members.\n-SETTING: Jewish community of Montreal.\n-PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer caregivers who were caring for a family member or friend 60 years or older, who had greatest responsibility for providing physical or emotional support to an elderly person, who saw themselves as caregivers, and who could speak English or French were studied. Of 118 volunteers, 32 were excluded because they withdrew for personal reasons or because they did not meet study criteria.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic variables, functional status of the care receiver, use of home care services, and needs assessment to identify additional services.\n-RESULTS: An average of 75.4% respondents did not use formal support services. Just under half of caregivers were dissatisfied with the attention they received from the health care system, and more than one third expressed feelings of stress, depression, guilt, and isolation.'}]

no

Just under half of caregivers were dissatisfied with the attention they received from the health care system, and more than one third expressed feelings of stress, depression, guilt, and isolation.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan nonproliferative breast disease and proliferative breast disease without atypia be distinguished by fine-needle aspiration cytology?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Cytologic criteria reported to be helpful in the distinction of proliferative breast disease without atypia (PBD) from nonproliferative breast disease (NPBD) have not been rigorously tested.\n-METHODS: Fifty-one air-dried, Diff-Quik-stained fine-needle aspirates (FNA) of palpable breast lesions with biopsy-proven diagnoses of NPBD (34 cases) or PBD (17 cases) were reviewed. The smears were evaluated for the cellularity, size, and architectural arrangement of the epithelial groups; the presence of single epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells; and nuclear characteristics.\n-RESULTS: The only cytologic feature found to be significantly different between PBD and NPBD was a swirling pattern of epithelial cells. A swirling pattern was noted in 13 of 17 PBD cases (76%) and 12 of 34 NPBD cases (35%) (P = 0.008).'}]

yes

Nonproliferative breast disease and proliferative breast disease without atypia can be distinguished by fine-needle aspiration cytology using the cytologic feature of a swirling pattern of epithelial cells, which was noted in 76% of PBD cases and 35% of NPBD cases.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre Reviewers\' Scores Influenced by Citations to Their Own Work?\n\nContext:\n-STUDY OBJECTIVE: Academic medical researchers are judged by how often their publications are cited in the literature. When serving as journal reviewers, they may be more favorably disposed to manuscripts that cite their work. We investigate whether manuscripts that contain a citation to the reviewer\'s work receive higher evaluations than those that do not and\xa0whether peer reviewers encourage authors to cite that reviewer\'s work.\n-METHODS: We analyzed all research manuscripts submitted in 2012 to Annals of Emergency Medicine to determine whether they contained citations to each reviewer\'s work. To determine whether citation affected reviewer scores, we obtained each reviewer\'s score of the manuscript\'s overall desirability (1=worst to 5=best) and used descriptive statistics and regression modeling to compare scores of cited and noncited reviewers. We also enumerated how often reviewers suggested that authors add citations to the reviewer\'s work or other work.\n-RESULTS: There were 395 manuscripts and 999 corresponding reviews with an manuscript desirability score. The 83 reviews by cited reviewers (8.3%) had a mean score of 2.8 (SD 1.4); the 916 reviews by noncited reviewers (91.7%), 2.5 (1.2; Δ=0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0 to 0.6). The mean score in the 117 reviews of the noncited reviewers of\xa0the\xa057\xa0manuscripts that had both cited and noncited reviewers was 2.9 (SD 1.2) compared with 2.9 (SD 1.1) for the 68 reviews by cited reviewers (Δ=0; 95% CI -0.3 to 0.4). In the final ordinal regression model, the unadjusted OR for\xa0the manuscript desirability score was 1.6 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.7); when adjusting for the manuscripts\' mean desirability score, it was 1.4 (95% CI 0.8 to\xa02.2), demonstrating that manuscript quality was a confounder. Authors were asked to\xa0add a citation to the reviewer\'s work in 28 reviews (3%) but to others\' work in 98 (10%).'}]

yes

The study found that reviewers' scores were influenced by citations to their own work, with a mean score of 2.8 for reviews by cited reviewers compared to 2.5 for reviews by noncited reviewers.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes the central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Despite a previous meta-analysis that concluded that central venous pressure should not be used to make clinical decisions regarding fluid management, central venous pressure continues to be recommended for this purpose.AIM: To perform an updated meta-analysis incorporating recent studies that investigated indices predictive of fluid responsiveness. A priori subgroup analysis was planned according to the location where the study was performed (ICU or operating room).\n-DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, and citation review of relevant primary and review articles.\n-STUDY SELECTION: Clinical trials that reported the correlation coefficient or area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) between the central venous pressure and change in cardiac performance following an intervention that altered cardiac preload. From 191 articles screened, 43 studies met our inclusion criteria and were included for data extraction. The studies included human adult subjects, and included healthy controls (n = 1) and ICU (n = 22) and operating room (n = 20) patients.\n-DATA EXTRACTION: Data were abstracted on study characteristics, patient population, baseline central venous pressure, the correlation coefficient, and/or the AUC between central venous pressure and change in stroke volume index/cardiac index and the percentage of fluid responders. Meta-analytic techniques were used to summarize the data.\n-DATA SYNTHESIS: Overall 57% ± 13% of patients were fluid responders. The summary AUC was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.54-0.58) with no heterogenicity between studies. The summary AUC was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.52-0.60) for those studies done in the ICU and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.54-0.58) for those done in the operating room. The summary correlation coefficient between the baseline central venous pressure and change in stroke volume index/cardiac index was 0.18 (95% CI, 0.1-0.25), being 0.28 (95% CI, 0.16-0.40) in the ICU patients, and 0.11 (95% CI, 0.02-0.21) in the operating room patients.'}]

maybe

The study found that the summary AUC was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.54-0.58) and the summary correlation coefficient was 0.18 (95% CI, 0.1-0.25) between the baseline central venous pressure and change in stroke volume index/cardiac index, indicating a moderate correlation, but not strong enough to predict fluid responsiveness with certainty.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nMemory-provoked rCBF-SPECT as a diagnostic tool in Alzheimer\'s disease?\n\nContext:\n-PURPOSE: Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is a primary degenerative disease that progressively affects all brain functions, with devastating consequences for the patient, the patient\'s family and society. Rest regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) could have a strategic role in differentiating between AD patients and normal controls, but its use for this purpose has a low discriminatory capacity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the diagnostic sensitivity of rCBF single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) could be increased by using an episodic memory task provocation, i.e. memory-provoked rCBF-SPECT (MP-SPECT).\n-METHODS: Eighteen persons (73.2+/-4.8 years) with mild AD and 18 healthy elderly (69.4+/-3.9 years) were included in the study. The subjects were injected with (99m)Tc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO) during memory provocation with faces and names, followed by an rCBF-SPECT study. The rCBF (99m)Tc-HMPAO SPECT images were analysed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM2). Peaks with a false discovery rate corrected value of 0.05 were considered significant.\n-RESULTS: On MP-SPECT, the AD group showed a significant rCBF reduction in the left parietal cortex in comparison with healthy elderly. At rest, no significant group differences were seen.'}]

yes

Memory-provoked rCBF-SPECT showed a significant rCBF reduction in the left parietal cortex in the AD group compared to healthy elderly, indicating its potential as a diagnostic tool in Alzheimer's disease.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan we ease the financial burden of colonoscopy?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Polyps identified at colonoscopy are predominantly diminutive (<5\u2009mm) with a small risk (>1%) of high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma; however, the cost of histological assessment is substantial.AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether prediction of colonoscopy surveillance intervals based on real-time endoscopic assessment of polyp histology is accurate and cost effective.\n-METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted across a tertiary care and private community hospital. Ninety-four patients underwent colonoscopy and polypectomy of diminutive (≤5\u2009mm) polyps from October 2012 to July 2013, yielding a total of 159 polyps. Polyps were examined and classified according to the Sano-Emura classification system. The endoscopic assessment (optical diagnosis) of polyp histology was used to predict appropriate colonoscopy surveillance intervals. The main outcome measure was the accuracy of optical diagnosis of diminutive colonic polyps against the gold standard of histological assessment.\n-RESULTS: Optical diagnosis was correct in 105/108 (97.2%) adenomas. This yielded a sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values (with 95%CI) of 97.2% (92.1-99.4%), 78.4% (64.7-88.7%), 90.5% (83.7-95.2%) and 93% (80.9-98.5%) respectively. Ninety-two (98%) patients were correctly triaged to their repeat surveillance colonoscopy. Based on these findings, a cut and discard approach would have resulted in a saving of $319.77 per patient.'}]

yes

A cut and discard approach based on real-time endoscopic assessment of polyp histology could result in a saving of $319.77 per patient.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs low birth weight a risk indicator for congenital cytomegalovirus infection?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is currently the leading cause of congenital infection in 0.2-2.2% of live births worldwide leading to variable serious sequalae. The aim of the study was to determine if low birth weight is an indicator of CMV congenital infection evidenced by detecting CMV-DNA in umbilical cord blood at the time of delivery.\n-METHODOLOGY: CMV-IgG and IgM antibodies and CMV-DNAemia were assessed in umbilical cord blood of two hundreds newborns, one hundred of whom had birth weight<or = 2700 gram and/or head circumference<or = 32 cm.\n-RESULTS: CMV-IgM was not detected, while CMV-IgG was positive in 80-90% of the two hundreds tested newborns. CMV-DNA was detected in four out of the 200 newborns. One of them was over the adopted weight limit (>2700 gram).'}]

no

Low birth weight is not a definitive risk indicator for congenital cytomegalovirus infection, as CMV-DNA was detected in one newborn who was over the adopted weight limit (>2700 gram).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs external palliative radiotherapy for gallbladder carcinoma effective?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Gallbladder carcinoma is characterized by delayed diagnosis, ineffective treatment and poor prognosis. Surgical resection has been thought to be the treatment of choice, while the role of radiotherapy as adjuvant or palliative treatment has not been fully clarified in the literature.\n-PATIENT AND METHODS: We present the case of a 45-year-old female, with unresectable gallbladder carcinoma, grade IV, histologically diagnosed during laparotomy. The patient was treated with palliative intent with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Furthermore, she received external radiotherapy by (60)Co, using a three-field technique (anterior-posterior and right lateral). The total dose was 3,000 cGy in 10 fractions, with 300 cGy per fraction, 5 days weekly.\n-RESULTS: The patient showed clinico-laboratory improvement and was discharged with a permanent percutaneous transhepatic endoprosthesis. During follow-up (10 and 12 months postirradiation), abdominal CTs showed no local extension of the tumor, while the patient had a good performance status. So far, 1 year after the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer she is still alive.'}]

yes

The patient showed clinico-laboratory improvement and was discharged with a permanent percutaneous transhepatic endoprosthesis. During follow-up, abdominal CTs showed no local extension of the tumor, while the patient had a good performance status. So far, 1 year after the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer she is still alive.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs discordance in TEOAE and AABR outcomes predictable in newborns?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: To determine the perinatal predictors of discordant screening outcomes based on a two-stage screening protocol with transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) and automated auditory brainstem response (AABR).\n-METHODS: A cross-sectional study of infants tested with TEOAE and AABR under a hospital-based universal newborn hearing screening program in Lagos, Nigeria. Maternal and infant factors associated with discordant TEOAE and AABR outcomes were determined with multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusting for potential confounding factors.\n-RESULTS: Of the 4718 infants enrolled under the program 1745 (36.9%) completed both TEOAE and AABR. Of this group, 1060 (60.7%) passed both TEOAE and AABR ("true-negatives"); 92 (5.3%) failed both TEOAE and AABR ("true-positive"); 571 (32.7%) failed TEOAE but passed AABR ("false-positives") while 22 (1.3%) passed TEOAE but failed AABR ("false-negatives"). Infants with false-positives were likely to be admitted into well-baby nursery (p=0.001), belong to mothers who attended antenatal care (p=0.010) or who delivered vaginally (p<0.001) compared to infants with true-negatives while infants with true-positives were also more likely to be delivered vaginally (p=0.002) or admitted into well-baby nursery (p=0.035) compared to infants with false-negatives. Infants with true-positives were significantly more likely to be delivered vaginally (p<0.001) and have severe hyperbilirubinemia (p=0.045) compared with infants with true-negatives. No association was observed between false-negatives and true-negatives. Antenatal care status, mode of delivery and nursery type were useful predictors of discordant outcomes among all infants undergoing screening (c-statistic=0.73).'}]

yes

The study found that antenatal care status, mode of delivery, and nursery type were useful predictors of discordant outcomes among all infants undergoing screening, with a c-statistic of 0.73.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nChemical shift MRI: is there any contribution to morphologic evaluation of solid breast masses?\n\nContext:\n-RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the contribution of chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of the margins of solid breast masses by benefiting from India ink artifact.\n-METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eighty-eight masses in 64 patients were evaluated in T1- and T2-weighted images, dynamic contrast and chemical shift studies according to Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System magnetic resonance lexicon. Subtraction images were automatically obtained by chemical shift imaging and dynamic studies. Each sequence was scored using a scale of 1 to 5 according to its ability to demonstrate margins separate from surrounding parenchyma. Breast parenchyma was evaluated as fatty and dense. The results were compared with the histopathologic results.\n-RESULTS: Twenty-eight (31.8%) of the lesions were localized in fatty breast, and the remaining 60 (68.2%) lesions were localized in dense breast. There were 34 (38.6%) benign and 54 (61.4%) malignant masses. In fatty breast, chemical shift subtraction and T1-weighted images were valuable both for the demonstration and differentiation of benign lesions (P<.05). None of the sequence was valuable for both the demonstration and differentiation of malignant lesions in fatty breasts (P>.05). In dense breasts, chemical shift subtraction and dynamic contrast subtraction images were valuable for both the demonstration and differentiation of benign and malignant lesions. Additional to these sequences, T2-weighted images was also valuable for benign lesions (P<.05).'}]

yes

Chemical shift MRI contributes to the morphologic evaluation of solid breast masses, particularly in dense breasts, where it was valuable for both demonstrating and differentiating benign and malignant lesions.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo some U.S. states have higher/lower injury mortality rates than others?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: This article examines the hypothesis that the six U.S. states with the highest rates of road traffic deaths (group 1 states) also had above-average rates of other forms of injury such as falling, poisoning, drowning, fire, suffocation, homicide, and suicide, and also for the retail trade and construction industries. The converse, second hypothesis, for the six states with the lowest rates of road traffic deaths (group 2 states) is also examined.\n-RESULTS: Data for these 12 states for the period 1983 to 1995 included nine categories of unintentional and four categories of intentional injury. Seventy-four percent of the group 1 states conformed to the first hypothesis, and 85% of the group 2 states conformed to the second hypothesis.'}]

yes

Yes, some U.S. states have higher/lower injury mortality rates than others, as 74% of the group 1 states conformed to the first hypothesis and 85% of the group 2 states conformed to the second hypothesis.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo European people with type 1 diabetes consume a high atherogenic diet?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: Individuals with type 1 diabetes have a high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, and it has been reported that they consume a high atherogenic diet. We examined how nutrient intake and adherence to current European nutritional recommendations evolved in a large cohort of European individuals with type 1 diabetes over a period of 7 years.SUBJECTS/\n-METHODS: We analysed data from the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study, a European multicentre prospective cohort study. Standardized 3-day dietary records were employed in individuals with type 1 diabetes. One thousand one hundred and two patients (553 men, 549 women, baseline age 33 ± 10 years, duration 15 ± 9 years) had complete nutritional data available at baseline and after 7 years. We calculated mean differences in reported nutrients over time and adjusted these for age, gender, HbA1c and BMI with ANOVA models.\n-RESULTS: Compared to baseline, there were minor changes in nutrients. Reported protein (-0.35% energy (en), fat (-1.07% en), saturated fat (-0.25% en) and cholesterol (-7.42 mg/1000 kcal) intakes were lower, whereas carbohydrate (+1.23% en) and fibre (+0.46 g/1000 kcal) intakes were higher at the 7-year follow-up. European recommendations for adequate nutrient intakes were followed in individuals with type 1 diabetes for protein (76% at baseline and 78% at follow-up), moderately for fat (34, 40%), carbohydrate (34, 41%) and cholesterol (39, 47%), but poorly for fibre (1.4, 2.4%) and saturated fat (11, 13%).'}]

yes

European people with type 1 diabetes consume a high atherogenic diet, as reported protein, fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intakes were lower, whereas carbohydrate and fibre intakes were higher, and they poorly followed European recommendations for fibre and saturated fat.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAdults with mild intellectual disabilities: can their reading comprehension ability be improved?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Adults with a mild intellectual disability (ID) often show poor decoding and reading comprehension skills. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of teaching text comprehension strategies to these adults. Specific research goals were to determine (1) the effects of two instruction conditions, i.e. strategy instruction to individuals and strategy instruction in small groups in a reciprocal teaching context; (2) intervention programme effects on specific strategy tests (so-called direct effects), and possible differences between strategies; (3) (long-term) transfer effects of the programme on general reading comprehension ability; and (4) the regression of general text comprehension by the variables of technical reading, IQ, reading comprehension of sentences (RCS), and pretest and posttest scores on the strategies taught.\n-METHODS: In total, 38 adults (age range 20-72 years; mean age of 36 years) with ID participated in the study. IQs ranged from 45 to 69 with a mean IQ of 58. The intervention programme involved 15 weekly lessons of 1 h each, taught during 3 months. Blocks of lessons included each of Brown and Palincsar\'s strategies of summarizing, questioning, clarifying and predicting, as participants read and studied narrative and expository texts.\n-RESULTS: Results indicated no significant difference between group and individual instruction conditions. Second, direct programme effects - as determined by posttest-pretest contrasts for strategy tests - were substantial, except for the questioning strategy. Third, even more substantial was the transfer effect to general text comprehension. Moreover, the results on this test were well maintained at a follow-up test. Finally, the variance of general reading comprehension ability was best explained by the test of RCS, and only moderately by the strategies trained.'}]

yes

The results of the study indicated that the intervention programme had a substantial transfer effect to general text comprehension, which suggests that the reading comprehension ability of adults with mild intellectual disabilities can be improved through teaching text comprehension strategies.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo antibiotics decrease post-tonsillectomy morbidity?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: A tonsillectomy audit was carried out and compared with other studies, to emphasize the role of antibiotics.\n-METHODS: This study was carried out at North West Armed Forces Hospital, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during the year January 1999 through to December 1999. This is a retrospective study of patients who had tonsillectomy with or with adenoidectomy, the topics audited included indication for surgery, grade of surgeon, method of surgery, length of hospital stay, complications and the use of postoperative antibiotics.\n-RESULTS: A total of 185 patients underwent tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. The patients age ranged between 2 years to 53 years and the majority were children. In our audit we found no difference with regard to grade of surgeons, method of hemostasis in the outcome of surgery. Moreover, postoperative antibiotics had no role in pain control, postoperative fever, secondary hemorrhage or reduction in hospital stay. The administration of analgesics on the basis of, as required, had poor pain control.'}]

no

The administration of postoperative antibiotics had no role in pain control, postoperative fever, secondary hemorrhage or reduction in hospital stay.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nBody diffusion-weighted MR imaging of uterine endometrial cancer: is it helpful in the detection of cancer in nonenhanced MR imaging?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: In this study, the authors discussed the feasibility and value of diffusion-weighted (DW) MR imaging in the detection of uterine endometrial cancer in addition to conventional nonenhanced MR images.\n-METHODS AND MATERIALS: DW images of endometrial cancer in 23 patients were examined by using a 1.5-T MR scanner. This study investigated whether or not DW images offer additional incremental value to conventional nonenhanced MR imaging in comparison with histopathological results. Moreover, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were measured in the regions of interest within the endometrial cancer and compared with those of normal endometrium and myometrium in 31 volunteers, leiomyoma in 14 patients and adenomyosis in 10 patients. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used, with a p<0.05 considered statistically significant.\n-RESULTS: In 19 of 23 patients, endometrial cancers were detected only on T2-weighted images. In the remaining 4 patients, of whom two had coexisting leiomyoma, no cancer was detected on T2-weighted images. This corresponds to an 83% detection sensitivity for the carcinomas. When DW images and fused DW images/T2-weighted images were used in addition to the T2-weighted images, cancers were identified in 3 of the remaining 4 patients in addition to the 19 patients (overall detection sensitivity of 96%). The mean ADC value of endometrial cancer (n=22) was (0.97+/-0.19)x10(-3)mm(2)/s, which was significantly lower than those of the normal endometrium, myometrium, leiomyoma and adenomyosis (p<0.05).'}]

yes

Body diffusion-weighted MR imaging of uterine endometrial cancer is helpful in the detection of cancer in nonenhanced MR imaging, as it increased the detection sensitivity from 83% to 96% when used in addition to T2-weighted images.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo inhaled steroids differ from cromones in terms of hospital admission rates for asthma in children?\n\nContext:\n-METHODS: Annual data on children aged under 16 y treated for asthma, including consumption of regular medication for asthma, numbers of hospital periods, lengths of hospitalizations and annual proportions of readmissions, were collected using patient-specific medical records from 1995 to 1999. In the Kuopio province, on average, 35.6-36.7/1000 children were on maintenance for asthma, of which 23% were receiving cromones, 51% were taking inhaled steroids and 26% were treated with cromones plus intermittent steroids. In the Oulu province, the respective prevalence was 32.7-34.9/1000, and the respective proportions were 5%, 93% and 2%.\n-RESULTS: Total and first admissions, as well as hospital days were clearly less in the Oulu province. In the children aged>or = 6y, the average annual total admissions were 0.3/1000 (Oulu) vs 1.2/1000 (Kuopio) (p<0.001). Similarly, the first admissions were 0.2/1000 vs 1.0/1000 (p<0.001), proportions of readmissions 6.3% vs 19.3% (p<0.05), and numbers of hospital days 0.7/1000 vs 3.8/1000 (p<0.001). The differences were in the same direction, though less prominent, also among children 2-5 y of age.'}]

yes

The study found that in children, the average annual total admissions for asthma were 0.3/1000 in the Oulu province where 93% of children were taking inhaled steroids, compared to 1.2/1000 in the Kuopio province where 23% were receiving cromones.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nSubstance use and HIV-related sexual behaviors among US high school students: are they related?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to examine whether use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and other illicit drugs is related to the likelihood of sexual behaviors that increase risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among youth.\n-METHODS: The 1990 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey was used to collect self-reported information about a broad range of health risk behaviors from a representative sample of 11,631 high school students in the United States.\n-RESULTS: Students who reported no substance use were least likely to report having had sexual intercourse, having had four or more sex partners, and not having used a condom at last sexual intercourse. Adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, odds ratios for each of these sexual risk behaviors were greatest among students who had used marijuana, cocaine, or other illicit drugs. Students who had used only alcohol or cigarettes had smaller but still significant increases in the likelihood of having had sexual intercourse and of having had four or more sex partners.'}]

yes

The study found that substance use, including alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and other illicit drugs, is related to HIV-related sexual behaviors among US high school students, with students who used substances having a greater likelihood of engaging in sexual risk behaviors.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes sex influence the response to intravenous thrombolysis in ischemic stroke?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Women are more likely to have a worse outcome after an acute stroke than men. Some studies have suggested that women also benefit less from intravenous thrombolysis after an acute ischemic stroke, but others found no sex differences in safety and efficacy. We aimed to evaluate differences in 3-month outcome between sexes in intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator-treated patients registered in the Safe Implementation of Treatments in Stroke-International Stroke Thrombolysis Register.\n-METHODS: A total of 45 079 patients treated with intravenous alteplase were recorded from 2002 to 2011. Main outcome measures were symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score, 0-2), and mortality at 3 months.\n-RESULTS: Among 25 777 (57.2%) men and 19 302 (42.8%) women, we found no difference in the rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (P=0.13), a significantly higher likelihood of functional independence at 3 months in men (P<0.0001) and a higher mortality in women when compared with men (P<0.00001). After adjustment for confounding variables, we did not observe any difference between sexes in functional outcome (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.09; P=0.39), whereas male sex was related to a higher risk of mortality (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.29; P=0.00003) and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (odds ratio, 1.25, 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.51; P=0.02).'}]

yes

Yes, sex influences the response to intravenous thrombolysis in ischemic stroke, as men have a significantly higher likelihood of functional independence at 3 months and a lower mortality rate compared to women, despite no difference in the rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nThrombosis prophylaxis in hospitalised medical patients: does prophylaxis in all patients make sense?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Most studies on thrombosis prophylaxis focus on postoperative venous thrombosis. In medical wards thrombosis prophylaxis is generally restricted to patients who are immobilised. Our primary aim was to investigate the incidence of venous thrombosis in a general internal ward, to assess whether more rigorous prophylaxis would be feasible.\n-METHODS: We investigated the incidence of venous thrombosis in patients hospitalised from 1992 to 1996 and related our findings to literature reports.\n-RESULTS: The incidence of symptomatic venous thrombosis in internal patients during hospitalisation was 39/6332 (0.6%). Among these 39 patients, 24 had a malignancy, whereas 876 out of all 6332 patients had a known malignancy. So, the incidence in this group with cancer was 2.7% compared with 0.3% (15/5456) in the non-cancer group (relative risk for venous thrombosis due to malignancy was 10.0 (95%C.I. 5.3-18.9).'}]

yes

The incidence of symptomatic venous thrombosis in internal patients during hospitalisation was 0.6%, with a higher incidence in patients with malignancy (2.7%) compared to those without malignancy (0.3%).

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo teleoncology models of care enable safe delivery of chemotherapy in rural towns?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To compare the dose intensity and toxicity profiles for patients undergoing chemotherapy at the Townsville Cancer Centre (TCC), a tertiary cancer centre in northern Queensland, with those for patients treated in Mount Isa, supervised by the same medical oncologists via teleoncology.\n-DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design comparing two patient groups.\n-SETTING: TCC and Mount Isa Hospital, which both operate under the auspices of the Townsville Teleoncology Network (TTN).\n-PARTICIPANTS: Eligible patients who received chemotherapy at TCC or Mt Isa Hospital between 1 May 2007 and 30 April 2012.\n-INTERVENTION: Teleoncology model for managing cancer patients in rural towns.\n-MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dose intensity (doses, number of cycles and lines of treatment) and toxicity rates (rate of serious side effects, hospital admissions and mortality).\n-RESULTS: Over 5 years, 89 patients received a total of 626 cycles of various chemotherapy regimens in Mount Isa. During the same period, 117 patients who received a total of 799 cycles of chemotherapy at TCC were eligible for inclusion in the comparison group. There were no significant differences between the Mount Isa and TCC patients in most demographic characteristics, mean numbers of treatment cycles, dose intensities, proportions of side effects, and hospital admissions. There were no toxicity-related deaths in either group.'}]

yes

The teleoncology model of care enables safe delivery of chemotherapy in rural towns, as there were no significant differences in dose intensity and toxicity profiles between patients treated in rural towns and those treated in a tertiary cancer centre.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes Paget\'s disease exist in India?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Paget\'s disease of bone has been described as a few case reports from India. The aim of the present study is to document the existence of Paget\'s disease (PD) in India.\n-MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe demography, clinical manifestations, biochemical and radiological profile and the treatment outcome of 21 patients of PD.\n-RESULTS: Mean (+/-SD) age of these patients at presentation was 49.2 +/- 17.6 years and the male to female ratio was 2.5:1. Common clinical manifestations included backache, headache and bone pains. Others were fracture, joint pain, deafness, gait ataxia, visual impairment and difficulty in biting. Two patients presented with hydrocephalus and one had recurrent paraparesis. Fifteen (71.4%) patients had polyostotic and six (28.6%) had monoostotic Paget\'s disease. More commonly involved bones were skull and spine (61.9%) followed by pelvis (38.1%), femur (33.3%), tibia (9%) and ulna (9%). Mean (+/-SD) serum alkaline phosphatase at diagnosis was 1514 +/- 1168 IU/L and nine months after treatment with bisphosphonates decreased to 454 +/- 406 IU/ L(P<0.03).'}]

yes

Paget's disease of bone has been described as a few case reports from India, and the present study documents its existence in India, with 21 patients reported.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs There an Additional Value of Using Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 2a Immunohistochemistry Compared to Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy Uptake in Predicting Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Response?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It is unknown whether tumoral somatostatin receptor subtype 2a (sst2a) immunohistochemistry (IHC) has additional value compared to somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) uptake using OctreoScan® in predicting response to peptide receptor radiotherapy using 177Lu-octreotate (PRRT) in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). The aims of this study were: (1) to establish the percentage of sst2a immunopositivity in GEP-NET samples of PRRT-treated patients, (2) to determine the relationship between best GEP-NET response using RECIST 1.0 criteria 1 year after PRRT and tumoral sst2a IHC, and (3) to compare characteristics of patients with sst2a IHC-negative and -positive tumors.\n-METHODS: All 73 consecutive patients were selected for PRRT based on a positive SRS. Radiological response was scored according to RECIST 1.0 criteria. sst2a status was detected on tumor samples by IHC.\n-RESULTS: In total, 93% of GEP-NET samples showed sst2a IHC positivity. No statistically significant relationship was observed between in vitro sst2a expression and in vivo best GEP-NET response 1 year after PRRT (p = 0.47). Sex, primary tumor site, disease stage, ENETS TNM classification, Ki-67 index, highest serum chromogranin-A level, and highest neuron-specific enolase level were not significantly different between patients with negative and positive sst2a tumoral IHC with the exception of age at diagnosis (p = 0.007).'}]

no

No statistically significant relationship was observed between in vitro sst2a expression and in vivo best GEP-NET response 1 year after PRRT.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan vaginal pH be measured from the wet mount slide?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy of vaginal pH measurement on wet mount microscopy slides compared with direct measurements on fresh vaginal fluid. We also tested whether differences in accuracy were dependent on the sampling devices used or on the diagnosis of the vaginal infections.\n-STUDY DESIGN: Using a cotton swab, cytobrush or wooden spatula a vaginal fluid specimen was collected from 84 consecutive women attending a vulvo-vaginitis clinic. A pH strip (pH range 4-7, Merck) was brought in contact with the vaginal fluid on the sampling device and on the glass slide after adding one droplet of saline and performing microscopy by two different people unaware of the microscopy results of the clinical exam. Values were compared by Fisher exact and Student\'s t-tests.\n-RESULTS: pH measurement from microscopy slides after the addition of saline causes systematic increases of pH leading to false positive readings. This is true for all types of disturbance of the flora and infections studied, and was seen in the abnormal as well as in the normal or intermediate pH range.'}]

no

pH measurement from microscopy slides after the addition of saline causes systematic increases of pH leading to false positive readings.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes Molecular Genotype Provide Useful Information in the Management of Radioiodine Refractory Thyroid Cancers?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: Whether mutation status should be used to guide therapy is an important issue in many cancers. We correlated mutation profile in radioiodine-refractory (RAIR) metastatic thyroid cancers (TCs) with patient outcome and response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and discussed the results with other published data.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: Outcome in 82 consecutive patients with metastatic RAIR thyroid carcinoma prospectively tested for BRAF, RAS and PI3KCA mutations was retrospectively analyzed, including 55 patients treated with multikinase inhibitors.\n-RESULTS: Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) were the most frequent histological subtype (54.9 %), followed by poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma [PDTC] (30.5 %) and follicular thyroid carcinoma [FTC](14.6 %). A genetic mutation was identified in 23 patients (28 %) and BRAF was the most frequently mutated gene (23 %). Median progression-free survival (PFS) on first-line TKI treatment was 14.6 months (95% CI 9.9-18.4). BRAF mutation positively influenced median PFS, both in the entire TKI-treated cohort (median PFS 34.7 months versus 11.6 months; hazard ratio [HR] 0.29; 95% CI 0.09-0.98; p\u2009=\u20090.03) and in the TKI-treated PTC cohort (n\u2009=\u200922) [log-rank p\u2009=\u20090.086; HR 2.95; 95 % CI 0.81-10.70). However, in TKI-treated patients, PDTC histologic subtype was the only independent prognostic factor for PFS identified in the multivariate analysis (HR 2.36; 95% CI 1.01-5.54; p\u2009=\u20090.048).'}]

yes

Molecular genotype provides useful information in the management of radioiodine refractory thyroid cancers, as BRAF mutation positively influenced median progression-free survival on first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nScreening for gestational diabetes mellitus: are the criteria proposed by the international association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups cost-effective?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) recently recommended new criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study was undertaken to determine whether adopting the IADPSG criteria would be cost-effective, compared with the current standard of care.\n-RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We developed a decision analysis model comparing the cost-utility of three strategies to identify GDM: 1) no screening, 2) current screening practice (1-h 50-g glucose challenge test between 24 and 28 weeks followed by 3-h 100-g glucose tolerance test when indicated), or 3) screening practice proposed by the IADPSG. Assumptions included that 1) women diagnosed with GDM received additional prenatal monitoring, mitigating the risks of preeclampsia, shoulder dystocia, and birth injury; and 2) GDM women had opportunity for intensive postdelivery counseling and behavior modification to reduce future diabetes risks. The primary outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).\n-RESULTS: Our model demonstrates that the IADPSG recommendations are cost-effective only when postdelivery care reduces diabetes incidence. For every 100,000 women screened, 6,178 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) are gained, at a cost of $125,633,826. The ICER for the IADPSG strategy compared with the current standard was $20,336 per QALY gained. When postdelivery care was not accomplished, the IADPSG strategy was no longer cost-effective. These results were robust in sensitivity analyses.'}]

yes

The IADPSG recommendations are cost-effective only when postdelivery care reduces diabetes incidence, with an ICER of $20,336 per QALY gained for every 100,000 women screened.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre higher rates of depression in women accounted for by differential symptom reporting?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The gender difference in prevalence and incidence rates of depression is one of the most consistent findings in psychiatric epidemiology. We sought to examine whether any gender differences in symptom profile might account for this difference in rates.\n-METHOD: This study was a population-based 13-year follow-up survey of community-dwelling adults living in East Baltimore in 1981. Subjects were the continuing participants of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Participants interviewed between 1993 and 1996 with complete data on depressive symptoms and covariates were included (n = 1727). We applied structural equations with a measurement model for dichotomous data (the MIMIC-multiple indicators, multiple causes-model) to compare symptoms between women and men, in relation to the nine symptom groups comprising the diagnostic criteria for major depression, adjusting for several potentially influential characteristics (namely, age, self-reported ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, and employment).\n-RESULTS: There were no significant gender differences in the self-report of depression symptoms even taking into account the higher level of depressive symptoms of women and the influence of other covariates. For example, women were no more likely to endorse sadness than were men, as evidenced by a direct effect coefficient that was not significantly different from the null [adjusted estimated direct effect of gender on report of sadness = 0.105, 95% confidence interval (-0.113, 0.323)].'}]

no

There were no significant gender differences in the self-report of depression symptoms, indicating that higher rates of depression in women are not accounted for by differential symptom reporting.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nFollow-up of patients with new cardiovascular implantable electronic devices: are experts\' recommendations implemented in routine clinical practice?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: A 2008 expert consensus statement outlined the minimum frequency of follow-up of patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs).\n-METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 38 055 Medicare beneficiaries who received a new CIED between January 1, 2005, and June 30, 2009. The main outcome measure was variation of follow-up by patient factors and year of device implantation. We determined the number of patients who were eligible for and attended an in-person CIED follow-up visit within 2 to 12 weeks, 0 to 16 weeks, and 1 year after implantation. Among eligible patients, 42.4% had an initial in-person visit within 2 to 12 weeks. This visit was significantly more common among white patients than black patients and patients of other races (43.0% versus 36.8% versus 40.5%; P<0.001). Follow-up within 2 to 12 weeks improved from 40.3% in 2005 to 55.1% in 2009 (P<0.001 for trend). The rate of follow-up within 0 to 16 weeks was 65.1% and improved considerably from 2005 to 2009 (62.3%-79.6%; P<0.001 for trend). Within 1 year, 78.0% of the overall population had at least 1 in-person CIED follow-up visit.'}]

no

The study found that 42.4% of eligible patients had an initial in-person CIED follow-up visit within 2 to 12 weeks, and the rate of follow-up within 0 to 16 weeks was 65.1%, indicating that experts' recommendations are not fully implemented in routine clinical practice.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes limb-salvage surgery offer patients better quality of life and functional capacity than amputation?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: Patients with aggressive lower extremity musculoskeletal tumors may be candidates for either above-knee amputation or limb-salvage surgery. However, the subjective and objective benefits of limb-salvage surgery compared with amputation are not fully clear.QUESTIONS/\n-PURPOSES: We therefore compared functional status and quality of life for patients treated with above-knee amputation versus limb-salvage surgery.\n-METHODS: We reviewed 20 of 51 patients aged 15 years and older treated with above-knee amputation or limb-salvage surgery for aggressive musculoskeletal tumors around the knee between 1994 and 2004 as a retrospective cohort study. At last followup we obtained the Physiological Cost Index, the Reintegration to Normal Living Index, SF-36, and the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score questionnaires. The minimum followup was 12 months (median, 56 months; range, 12-108 months).\n-RESULTS: Compared with patients having above-knee amputation, patients undergoing limb-salvage surgery had superior Physiological Cost Index scores and Reintegration to Normal Living Index. The Toronto Extremity Salvage scores and SF-36 scores were similar in the two groups.'}]

yes

Patients undergoing limb-salvage surgery had superior Physiological Cost Index scores and Reintegration to Normal Living Index compared to patients having above-knee amputation, indicating better quality of life and functional capacity.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nSerum angiotensin-converting enzyme and frequency of severe hypoglycaemia in Type 1 diabetes: does a relationship exist?\n\nContext:\n-AIMS: An association has been described between elevated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and an increased risk of severe hypoglycaemia (SH). To ascertain whether this reported association could be replicated in a different country, it was re-examined in 300 individuals with Type 1 diabetes.\n-METHODS: People with Type 1 diabetes, none of whom was taking renin-angiotensin system blocking drugs, were recruited. Participants recorded the frequency with which they had experienced SH. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and serum ACE were measured. The difference in the incidence of SH between different quartiles of ACE activity and the relationship between serum ACE and SH were examined using non-parametric statistical tests and a negative binomial model.\n-RESULTS: Data were obtained from 300 patients [158 male; HbA(1c) median (range) 8.2% (5.2-12.8%), median age 36 years (16-88); duration of diabetes 14.5 years (2-49)]. The incidence of SH was 0.93 episodes per patient year. The mean incidence of SH in the top and bottom quartiles of ACE activity was 0.5 and 1.7 episodes per patient year, respectively, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.075). Spearman\'s test showed a very weak, although statistically significant, association between serum ACE level and SH incidence (r = 0.115, P = 0.047). The binomial model also showed a statistically significant (P = 0.002), but clinically weak, relationship between serum ACE and SH.'}]

yes

A very weak, although statistically significant, association was found between serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) level and severe hypoglycaemia (SH) incidence, but the difference in the incidence of SH between different quartiles of ACE activity was not statistically significant.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCervical spine fractures in geriatric blunt trauma patients with low-energy mechanism: are clinical predictors adequate?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Studies have identified clinical predictors to guide radiologic evaluation of the cervical spine in geriatric patients. We hypothesized that clinical predictors are not adequate in the identification of cervical spine fractures in geriatric blunt trauma patients with low-energy mechanism.\n-METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was performed on geriatric blunt trauma patients sustaining low-energy trauma from January 2000 to January 2006. A data form including 8 clinical predictors was completed for each group.\n-RESULTS: There were 35 study and 64 control patients identified. Both groups were similar in age (study 83.6 vs control 81.2) and injury severity score (study 9.06 vs control 9.61). Only neck tenderness exceeded the expected occurrence in the presence of a cervical spine injury (chi(2) = 18.1, P = .001) in just 45.5% of the study group.'}]

no

Clinical predictors are not adequate in the identification of cervical spine fractures in geriatric blunt trauma patients with low-energy mechanism, as only neck tenderness exceeded the expected occurrence in the presence of a cervical spine injury in just 45.5% of the study group.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDo microbiological factors account for poor pregnancy outcome among unmarried pregnant women in Poland?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: Being unmarried is a well-known risk factor for poor pregnancy outcome such as preterm delivery and intrauterine growth restriction. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the prevalence and risk of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and selected bacteria isolated from the lower genital tract and to determine the socioeconomic and microbiological characteristics that might be responsible for poor pregnancy outcome observed among unmarried pregnant women.\n-METHODS: The study population comprised 196 pregnant women attending 10 randomly selected outpatient maternity units in the Lodz region, central Poland. Cervicovaginal samples were obtained between 8 and 16 weeks of gestation. Based on Spiegel\'s criteria, gram-stained vaginal smears were examined for BV and the BV-associated flora was sought by culture. To evaluate the risk factors, relative risk ratios were calculated using EPI INFO software.\n-RESULTS: Among 196 pregnant women, 40 (20.4%) were unmarried. BV was diagnosed among 55 (28.1%) women studied. In the univariate analysis, unmarried pregnant women were characterized by younger age, primary educational level, poor economic situation and excessive smoking during pregnancy, as compared to married women. The unmarried status was a borderline risk factor for BV (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 0.94-4.9) after adjustment for age, smoking and education. An analysis of the microbiological culture from the lower genital tract revealed that unmarried pregnant women had a higher risk for several types of pathological microflora, as compared to married women. However, this finding was significant only for Mycoplasma hominis. The independent risk factors of M. hominis were the young age of the subject and a low concentration of Lactobacillus spp.'}]

yes

The study found that unmarried pregnant women in Poland had a higher risk of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and certain pathological microflora, including Mycoplasma hominis, which was associated with poor pregnancy outcome.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nShould all patients be optimized to the same preoperative hemoglobin level to avoid transfusion in primary knee arthroplasty?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Optimization of the preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) level is an effective way to reduce allogeneic transfusion in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) though the procedure is expensive, requires close monitoring and is often inconvenient for patients with reduced mobility. Our aim was to investigate the value of preoperative Hb levels to predict transfusion and thereby tailoring Hb optimization to patient characteristics.\n-MATERIALS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients who undergone primary TKA in our center over 2\xa0years, and received tranexamic acid intraoperatively, were reviewed. The adjusted association between preoperative Hb levels and transfusion was assessed by multivariate logistic regression, and the estimated probability of transfusion for individual patients was derived from the logistic model.\n-RESULTS: Out of the 784 patients who meet the inclusion criteria, risk of transfusion was associated with poorer performance status, as measured by the America Association of Anestesiology (ASA) score III/IV (OR: 3·3, P\xa0<\xa00·001) and lower preoperative Hb level (OR 3·8 for each g/dl below 13\xa0g/dl; P\xa0<\xa00·001). According to the Hb level, the estimated probability of transfusion was 0·03 (range: 0·03-0·64) for ASA I/II patients and 0·10 (range: 0·10-0·84) for ASA III/IV.'}]

no

The study found that the risk of transfusion was associated with poorer performance status, as measured by the America Association of Anestesiology (ASA) score III/IV, and lower preoperative Hb level, but it does not explicitly state that all patients should be optimized to the same preoperative hemoglobin level to avoid transfusion in primary knee arthroplasty.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs there any relation between cervical cord plaques and discopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis?\n\nContext:\n-INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the site of the cervical discopathy and cervical spinal cord plaque in MS patients.\n-METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients with a definite diagnosis of MS who were treated at an outpatient clinic between September 2004 and September 2011. All patients underwent cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for primary investigation of the disease. Cervical MRI scans were evaluated for detection of any evidence of cervical discopathy and cervical MS plaques. Any correlation between the site of the MS lesions and discopathy was recorded.\n-RESULTS: From 536 patients who were involved in the study, 214 patients had both cervical discopathy and cervical cord plaques. In this group 148 (69.1% of patients) had cervical plaque at the same site of cervical discopathy. The number of patients with cervical cord plaque and discopathy at same site was significantly higher than those with plaque and discopathy at different sites (P<0.05).'}]

yes

There is a significant relationship between cervical cord plaques and discopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis, as 69.1% of patients with both conditions had cervical plaque at the same site of cervical discopathy.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs the processing of affective prosody influenced by spatial attention?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: The present study asked whether the processing of affective prosody is modulated by spatial attention. Pseudo-words with a neutral, happy, threatening, and fearful prosody were presented at two spatial positions. Participants attended to one position in order to detect infrequent targets. Emotional prosody was task irrelevant. The electro-encephalogram (EEG) was recorded to assess processing differences as a function of spatial attention and emotional valence.\n-RESULTS: Event-related potentials (ERPs) differed as a function of emotional prosody both when attended and when unattended. While emotional prosody effects interacted with effects of spatial attention at early processing levels (<200 ms), these effects were additive at later processing stages (>200 ms).'}]

yes

The processing of affective prosody is modulated by spatial attention, with emotional prosody effects interacting with effects of spatial attention at early processing levels, but being additive at later processing stages.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs there a role for leukocyte and CRP measurements in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the elderly?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis of acute appendicitis is still difficult and the results are unsatisfactory in three particular patient groups: in children, in fertile-age women and in elderly patients. As our population ages, the challenge for expedient diagnosis and intervention in older age groups will become more and more significant. The present study aimed at clarifying the role of leukocyte count and C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the elderly. In particular, are there patients with acute appendicitis but unelevated leukocyte count and CRP?\n-METHODS: Eighty-three consecutive elderly patients underwent appendectomy for suspected acute appendicitis. The mean leukocyte count and CRP value were calculated in patients with an uninflamed appendix (group A) and in those with acute appendicitis (group B). The percentages of patients with: (1) both values unelevated; (2) only leukocyte count elevated; (3) only CRP value elevated; (4) both values elevated were calculated within the groups A and B.\n-RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in leukocyte counts or CRP values between patients with an uninflamed appendix (group A) and those with acute appendicitis (group B). When the patients were divided into the four subgroups, the most conspicuous finding was that group B (acute appendicitis, n = 73) contained no patients with both values unelevated.'}]

no

There is no statistically significant difference in leukocyte counts or CRP values between patients with an uninflamed appendix and those with acute appendicitis, and no patients with acute appendicitis had both values unelevated.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nAre bipolar disorders underdiagnosed in patients with depressive episodes?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Recent reports indicate that the prevalence of bipolar disorder (BD) in patients with an acute major depressive episode might be higher than previously thought. We aimed to study systematically all patients who sought therapy for major depressive episode (MDE) within the BRIDGE study in Germany, reporting on an increased number (increased from 2 in the international BRIDGE report to 5) of different diagnostic algorithms.\n-METHODS: A total of 252 patients with acute MDE (DSM-IV confirmed) were examined for the existence of BD (a) according to DSM-IV criteria, (b) according to modified DSM-IV criteria (without the exclusion criterion of \'mania not induced by substances/antidepressants\'), (c) according to a Bipolarity Specifier Algorithm which expands the DSM-IV criteria, (d) according to HCL-32R (Hypomania-Checklist-32R), and (e) according to a criteria-free physician\'s diagnosis.\n-RESULTS: The five different diagnostic approaches yielded immensely variable prevalences for BD: (a) 11.6; (b) 24.8%; (c) 40.6%; (d) 58.7; e) 18.4% with only partial overlap between diagnoses according to the physician\'s diagnosis or HCL-32R with diagnoses according to the three DSM-based algorithms.'}]

yes

The study found that the prevalence of bipolar disorder in patients with an acute major depressive episode was significantly higher when using different diagnostic algorithms, ranging from 11.6% to 58.7%, suggesting that bipolar disorders might be underdiagnosed in these patients.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nPrognosis of low-tone sudden deafness - does it inevitably progress to Meniere\'s disease?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether low-tone SD was a precursor of Meniere\'s disease and whether patients with low-tone SD suffered from endolymphatic hydrops.\n-PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective case review in the university hospital. A total of 184 patients with low-tone SD were divided into two groups with single and recurrent episodes. The progress, follow-up audiograms, and ECochG results of the patients were reviewed and compared with those of patients with high-tone SD and Meniere\'s disease.\n-RESULTS: In all, 83 of 177 patients with low-tone SD unaccompanied by vertigo had recurrent hearing loss; 15 of the 83 developed vertiginous attacks. The remaining 94 patients had a single episode. Three of the seven patients with low-tone SD accompanied by vertigo had recurrent hearing loss; two of the three were subsequently confirmed to have Meniere\'s disease. The other four had a single episode. No difference in rate of progress from SD to Meniere\'s disease was observed among the low-tone and the high-tone SD groups. The average -SP/AP of each group with a single episode is smaller than that of other groups with recurrent episodes and Meniere\'s disease.'}]

no

No difference in rate of progress from SD to Meniere's disease was observed among the low-tone and the high-tone SD groups.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nCan pictorial warning labels on cigarette packages address smoking-related health disparities?\n\nContext:\n-OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the most effective content of pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) and whether educational attainment moderates these effects.\n-METHODS: Field experiments were conducted with 529 adult smokers and 530 young adults (258 nonsmokers; 271 smokers). Participants reported responses to different pictorial HWLs printed on cigarette packages. One experiment involved manipulating textual form (testimonial narrative vs. didactic) and the other involved manipulating image type (diseased organs vs. human suffering).\n-RESULTS: Tests of mean ratings and rankings indicated that pictorial HWLs with didactic textual forms had equivalent or significantly higher credibility, relevance, and impact than pictorial HWLs with testimonial forms. Results from mixed-effects models confirmed these results. However, responses differed by participant educational attainment: didactic forms were consistently rated higher than testimonials among participants with higher education, whereas the difference between didactic and testimonial narrative forms was weaker or not statistically significant among participants with lower education. In the second experiment, with textual content held constant, greater credibility, relevance, and impact was found for graphic imagery of diseased organs than imagery of human suffering.'}]

yes

Pictorial warning labels on cigarette packages can address smoking-related health disparities by increasing credibility, relevance, and impact among participants, particularly those with higher education.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nDoes patient-prosthesis mismatch after aortic valve replacement affect survival and quality of life in elderly patients?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: To evaluate the impact of patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) on survival, functional status, and quality of life (QoL) after aortic valve replacement (AVR) with small prosthesis size in elderly patients.\n-METHODS: Between January 2005 and December 2013, 152 patients with pure aortic stenosis, aged at least 75 years, underwent AVR, with a 19 or 21\u200amm prosthetic heart valve. PPM was defined as an indexed effective orifice area less than 0.85\u200acm/m. Median age was 82 years (range 75-93 years). Mean follow-up was 56 months (range 1-82 months) and was 98% complete. Late survival rate, New York Heart Association functional class, and QoL (RAND SF-36) were assessed.\n-RESULTS: Overall, PPM was found in 78 patients (53.8%). Among them, 42 patients (29%) had an indexed effective orifice area less than 0.75\u200acm/m and 17 less than 0.65\u200acm/m (11.7%). Overall survival at 5 years was 78\u200a±\u200a4.5% and was not influenced by PPM (P\u200a=\u200aNS). The mean New York Heart Association class for long-term survivors with PPM improved from 3.0 to 1.7 (P\u200a<\u200a0.001). QoL (physical functioning 45.18\u200a±\u200a11.35, energy/fatigue 49.36\u200a±\u200a8.64, emotional well being 58.84\u200a±\u200a15.44, social functioning 61.29\u200a±\u200a6.15) was similar to that of no-PPM patients (P\u200a=\u200aNS).'}]

no

Patient-prosthesis mismatch after aortic valve replacement does not affect survival in elderly patients, but it can improve the mean New York Heart Association class for long-term survivors.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nIs fear of anaphylactic shock discouraging surgeons from more widely adopting percutaneous and laparoscopic techniques in the treatment of liver hydatid cyst?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Sources of reports about laparoscopic and percutaneous treatment of liver hydatid cysts are limited to just a few countries. To address the reason behind this, we carried out a survey of 30 surgeons in northern Jordan.\n-METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to collect data regarding the surgical technique preferred by each surgeon. Further information was collected from those not adopting minimal-access techniques to determine their reasons for not doing so.\n-RESULTS: Only 3 surgeons (10%) considered laparoscopy as the first line of treatment. Of the 27 surgeons who did not consider percutaneous or laparoscopic treatment, fear of anaphylaxis and/or dissemination was the main reason given by 21 surgeons (78%) for not using minimal access techniques.'}]

yes

Fear of anaphylactic shock is a major reason why 78% of surgeons in northern Jordan are not adopting percutaneous and laparoscopic techniques in the treatment of liver hydatid cyst.

[{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You will answer the given Question based on given Context. The context is the abstract of medical paper'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Given Question and Context as the INPUT, please answer the question following the Instruction\n\n# Instruction:\n1. Please read and understand carefully each point in the Context. This will be your only knowledge when answering question.\n2. Read the Question and answer it ONLY using the information in Context\n3. Deliver two types of answers from given Question, Long-Answer and Short-Answer. Long-Answer contains straight forward answer, then based on the Long-Answer, give Short-answer that contains "yes", "maybe", or "no".\n\n# Important Note\nReturn the answers in following JSON format\n{\n "Long-Answer": <Generated Long-Answer>,\n "Short-Answer": <Generated Short-Answer>\n}\n\nDo not add additional explanation beside the JSON output!\n\nINPUT:\nQuestion:\nReporting and interpreting red blood cell morphology: is there discordance between clinical pathologists and clinicians?\n\nContext:\n-BACKGROUND: Clinical pathologists (CPs) report RBC morphologic (RBC-M) changes to assist clinicians in prioritizing differential diagnoses. However, reporting is subjective, semiquantitative, and potentially biased. Reporting decisions vary among CPs, and reports may not be interpreted by clinicians as intended.\n-OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to survey clinicians and CPs about RBC-M terms and their clinical value, and identify areas of agreement and discordance.\n-METHODS: Online surveys were distributed to small animal clinicians via the Veterinary Information Network and to CPs via the ASVCP listserv. A quiz assessed understanding of RBC-M terms among respondent groups. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze responses to survey questions, and quiz scores were compared among groups.\n-RESULTS: Analyzable responses were obtained from 1662 clinicians and 82 CPs. Both clinicians and CPs considered some terms, e.g., agglutination, useful, whereas only CPs considered other terms, e.g., ghost cells, useful. All groups interpreted certain terms, e.g., Heinz bodies, correctly, whereas some clinicians misinterpreted others, e.g., eccentrocytes. Responses revealed that CPs often do not report RBC-M they consider insignificant, when present in low numbers. Twenty-eight percent of clinicians think CPs review all blood smears while only 19% of CPs report reviewing all smears.'}]

yes

Yes, there is discordance between clinical pathologists and clinicians in reporting and interpreting red blood cell morphology, as evidenced by differences in perception of useful terms, interpretation of certain terms, and reporting practices.