title stringlengths 4 300 | selftext stringlengths 0 9.63k | answers.text stringlengths 55 11.4k | answers.score int64 2 32.7k | title_urls.url list | selftext_urls.url list | answers_urls.url list | sent_vec list |
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is the ligo experiment using the same design/layout with michaelson's and morley's experiment? | **from what i have understood** in both the ligo and the michaelson and morley experiments a light beam is splitted and let run across some km. then it is combined through the same prism and the energy change is measured through symbolometry. this energy change is caused because one of the two beams runs quickier. the ... | interferometer, power recycling mirror, mirror ====== there are a few differences that make the ligo detectors a [*modified* michelson interferometer](_url_0_). as /u/iorgfeflkd mentioned, the most notable difference are the addition of two extra mirrors (called the input test masses or itms) in the interferometer's ar... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"https://inspirehep.net/record/812397/files/images_aligo2.png",
"http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1411/1411.4547.pdf"
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what are these weird circles and bumps on these rocks? | recently took a trip to the valley of fire in the nevada desert, and [found these really interesting rocks.](_url_0_) what are the circles and bumps on the rocks? they look like they could be fossils, but of what? trees? carrots? can anybody tell me what these are? | concretions, sandstone, organic matter ====== those look like concretions in sandstone. i cannot conclusively identify what their specific chemistry is just from eyeballing the pix (which are quite good btw), but i'll provide one common example of how such features may develop. there are others. picture a river deposit... | 6 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/a/z2qlj"
] | [
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002532279390154N",
"http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2004/02feb/0175/IMAGES/04_0175.PDF",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485175/",
"https://www.google.com/search?q=iron+nodule+sandstone+valley+of+fire,+NV&espv=2&biw=1396&... | [
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what are the smallest parallax angles that can be measured and why? | esa gaia spacecraft, measure parallax angles, parallax angles ====== the most sensitive out there right now to measure parallax angles is the esa's gaia spacecraft. it can measure down to 7 microarcseconds -- this is a very small number, equivalent to the diameter of a human hair in chicago as measured in nyc. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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am i misunderstanding food calculations, or is taco bell engaging in some trickery here? | _url_0_ xxl steak nachos 503 grams (1.09lbs) and 1160 calories with 550 calories from fat. 1160-550 = 610 calories not from fat. 610/4(calories per gram) = 152.5 grams. 550/9(calories per gram fat) = 61.1. 61.1 grams + 152.5 grams = 213 grams (or .4709 lbs). what's going on? over half a pound of magic calorie free food... | water, meat, veggies ====== water doesn't provide calories. meat, veggies, and sauces are mostly water by weight. so there's your answer. fiber doesn't provide (many) calories either, but at 16 g per serving it's a minor component of the "magic" remainder here. | 4 | [] | [
"http://www.tacobell.com/nutrition/information"
] | [] | [
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what is the current state of the bicep 2 results? are they still believed to be strong enough to support inflation theory? | one of the original articles: _url_0_ an article around the time of "doubt: _url_1_ | move pretty slow, foreground data, data ====== the thing about large experiments like this is that things usually move pretty slow. no major flaws have been found in the bicep 2 team's data or their analysis of their data. there are still, as there have always been, some concerns about the foreground model they used. g... | 3 | [] | [
"http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2014-05",
"http://news.sciencemag.org/physics/2014/05/blockbuster-big-bang-result-may-fizzle-rumor-suggests"
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(heart physiology) conduction system fibers moving during heart contraction? your response is highly appreciated! | it is known that conduction system cells of heart are **mobile**, so that they are **moving** during contraction of heart. (as we know conduction system cells consist of:sa node, av node, av bundle, bundle branch, purkinje fibers) i was watching [this video](_url_0_), which shows purkinje fibers(and all other conductio... | heart, type cardiomyocyte cell, heart cardiomyocytes started ====== just to clear up some misinformation here. purkinje fibers are not nerves and are not "wiring". they are a type of muscle cell, in fact a special type cardiomyocyte cell that conducts an electrical action potential at a faster rate then other cardiomyo... | 2 | [] | [
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could someone explain the light curve of delta cephei? | i recently got interested in variable stars/cepheids and have been trying to read up on delta cephei. i thought i had understood why the the star pulsated after watching the khan academy video on the subject. however, i later learned that delta cephei is not one star, but a binary star system, which makes me really con... | delta cephei, binary star system, star system ====== while delta cephei *is* a binary star system, it is not an *eclipsing* binary. it's variability is indeed due to pulsation from temperature/pressure instability. **edit** for an eclipsing binary to happen, there has to be an alignment among the two stars and the obse... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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help explain miscellaneous concepts like particle physics to a high school junior. | background (warning: may contain blog material)- alright, as the title entails, i’m a 17 year old who’s beating his head against a wall trying to understand atomic, sub atomic theory, whichever my queries fall under, i do not know. ever since i read “how things work” in 2nd grade i’ve attempted to decipher the inner me... | particle, higgs, time ====== okay, there is a lot of stuff here...but i'll do my best to sort through some of it by going piece-wise... **q1** no, it is due to their opposing charge (perhaps this is what you are trying to get at...). they actually don't have an opposing force between them, but they do have an attractiv... | 8 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ioay1/if_you_could_theoretically_go_faster_than_the/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere#Telomere_shortening"
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how does antidiuretic hormone increase the permeability of the collecting ducts? | how does it act on the membranes of the ducts? what are its active sites? | collecting ducts, distal tubule, adh ====== antidiuretic hormone (adh, vasopressin) acts on both the collecting ducts and distal tubule. in the collecting duct, it facilitates the insertion of aquaporin channels on the apical side of the duct. aquaporin-2 allows the absorption of water into these cells, which results i... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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verbal reasoning: choose the most appropriate option to complete the following statement: 'ac is to vj, as ro is to (??)' [answer known, explanation needed] | [removed] | ====== a - 5 = v c + 7 = j so r - 5 = m and o + 7 = v. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how does getting poached effect elephants tusks evolution so quickly apparently? | so i am referring to this article i just read _url_0_ i don't understand how "evolution" could be the answer in such a small span on time, this isn't over millions or thousands of years but decades. but my real q is how does getting hunted/poached result in babies not having tusks? like, what "signal" does the environm... | large tusks, genes for large, large ====== elephants with genes for large tusks are being shot and therefore cannot breed. this means the genes for large tusks are not passed on to offspring. this is closer to artificial selection, i would say, as it is a consistent human-made selective pressure acting on the elephants... | 10 | [] | [
"https://www.businessinsider.com/african-elephants-are-evolving-to-not-grow-tusks-because-of-poachers-2018-11"
] | [] | [
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how likely is a message in a bottle actually being read by someone? | i was (i'm not proud to say) watching the video for lovefool, and in it, a castaway on an island puts a message in a bottle and sends it out to sea. my question is two-fold, how far out would you have to get the bottle before currents wouldn't just bring it back into shore, and also what are the odds of it actually get... | traditional small island, swept past, small island ====== in most cases in some traditional small island in a large ocean, currents would wash the bottles away very easily; unless you fling the bottle directly into the incoming tide, it'll just be swept past the island and disappear. chances are winds or other currents... | 8 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_Floatees"
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can somebody explain to me the mechanism by which digoxin shortens the qt interval? | by inhibiting the na/k atpase pump, it would seem, superficially at least, that the increased concentration of extracellular k would slow the rate of phase 3 k efflux, thereby lengthening the interval, much like a potassium channel blocker (e.g. amiodarone). where am i going wrong in this analysis? | thinking is correct, line of thinking, dig therapeutic activities ====== your line of thinking is correct. however, the increased icf na+ also leads to inhibition of the na/ca/exchanger, which is how we get dig's therapeutic activities. this increases the amount of ca++ in the icf, and causes increased ca++ storage in ... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why do people need a tetanus shot every 10 years, but don't need other shots (mumps, tb, etc)? | i understand that a flu shot is needed every year because the virus mutates. why do you need more than one tetanus shot? i know it's a bacteria, not a virus, is that why? does the bacteria change? why don't other vaccinations require a 'booster"? | tetanus, immune, ooh ====== ooh! tetanus is a fun one. turns out, tetanus toxin kills you before you mount an immune response. that is: fatal concentrations of tetanus toxin are sub-immunogenic. so that tetanus shot you're getting can't provide permanent immunity as with other vaccines. what you're doing is boosting th... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19933727",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qaf6d/why_do_different_vaccines_last_different_amounts/",
"http://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/t/tuberculosis?tab=Common%20questions"
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is going in a circle at the same pace turning at the same rate, still considered an inertial frame of reference? | i had been given an experiment in which i held a ball tied to a string and walked in a circle at a constant pace. there was no acceleration. i was supposed to drop the ball after walking on the circle for 5 revolutions, then i would observe what happens to the ball and someone else who was stationary observes what happ... | rotating reference frame, rotation is constant, angular speed ====== a rotating reference frame is not inertial, even if the angular speed of the rotation is constant. this is correct if you switch 1 and 2. the rest frame of the person moving in the circle is non-inertial, and the rest frame of the stationary observer ... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is there a tangible way to understand the strength of a cell membrane? | could a cell membrane break apart from an eyelash dropping on it? could i pop it between my fingers? | video shows microscopic, shows microscopic manipulation, specifically the injection ====== one example of direct interaction with a membrane would be ivf: _url_0_ the video shows microscopic manipulation of an egg, specifically the injection of a needle through the cell membrane. | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQRrmdrgZv8"
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can anyone explain these strange shadow effects? | i noticed a strange effect today, which i am at a loss to explain. an object (actually my head, but i don't suppose that makes a difference) was illuminated from behind by the sun, and casting its shadow onto a wall. the sunlight was coming in through a window, so the window frame was also casting a shadow. as i moved ... | shadow blister effect, blister effect, url ====== it's called the [shadow blister effect](_url_0_), and is caused by the fact that the light source isn't a point source which blurs the edges of shadows. you can find more info in [this /r/science post](_url_1_) and [this /r/askscience post](_url_2_) | 9 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/a/1r56X#0"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_blister_effect",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/f3a04/reddit_science_can_you_answer_this_my_grandpa/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2fd7bc/if_two_objects_are_extremely_close_but_still/",
"http://i.imgur.com/eBTw1VF.jpg"
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what is the proper derivation of wien's approximation? | i haven't seen anywhere on the internet a proper derivation of the [wien approximation](_url_0_), all of them try to derive it from planck's law. anyone can give me a detailed derivation, preferable also showing the law as it appears in planck's paper ( u(lambda,t)=t^5*f(lambda*t) )? | wavelength, maximize, respect ====== just maximize i with respect to the wavelength. then you'll get a transcendental equation which can only be solved numerically. you can do a taylor series expansion to get wien's law. [here](_url_0_) is it. | 8 | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien_approximation"
] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien's_displacement_law#Derivation_from_Planck.27s_Law"
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can you make a waterproof shear-thickening fluid? | ok, as many of you are probably aware, the military uses a shear thickening fluid on kevlar to create pierce-proof body armor. they use silica nanopowder (or calcium carbonate nanopowder) dissolved in polyethylene glycol, then they dilute it with ethanol, and soak the kevlar in it. then they bake the kevlar to make the... | exploratory question, asksciencediscussion, url ====== you might want to try asking this question at [r/asksciencediscussion](_url_0_) instead, since it's more of an exploratory question. i doubt anyone can tell you the answer to this simply because nobody's tried it before! with that being said, a few things to consid... | 4 | [] | [] | [
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are there better odds if the person switches the case at the end of deal or no deal? | wouldn't it be the same s the monty hall paradox or is it different because the person chose the cases and not the host? here is what i mean. _url_0_ | monty hall problem, hall problem, monty hall ====== deal or no deal is fundamentally different from the monty hall problem, because in dond the player decides which cases are opened and therefore the cases are opened without any knowledge of the contents. by the time there are only 2 cases left, the only information th... | 28 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9CQscwXBt0&lc=z13jcbwaewvkwz1i504cc11rtvnjjjdrixg0k.1487888698718059"
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what is special about aqua regia that it's constituents can't do on their own, and what is the physical/chemical explanation? | 1/3rd nitric acid and 2/3rds hydrochloric acid, aqua regia is known for its ability to dissolve relatively stable elements like gold and platinum. can nitric acid, or hydrochloric acid on their own not do so? if not, what physically and or chemically changes to make this possible? if so, why make aqua regia at all? | processes simultaneously, simultaneously that bypass, bypass the individual ====== according to the [description here ](_url_0_), it's a matter of the combination of the two acids using different processes simultaneously that bypass the individual limitations of each. nitric acid can react with metallic gold, but becau... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_regia#Dissolving_gold"
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will friction eventually stop a domino line? | when you knock over the first domino in a line you are essentially putting energy into that system. so since friction takes away energy and makes it unusable will a line of dominoes eventually stop when friction takes enough of the usable energy away, or will the line go on indefinitely? | energy, potential energy, kinetic energy ====== no, because there's energy being added with every piece that falls over. putting a domino piece upright increases its potential energy compared to it laying flat on the ground. when a piece is tipped over, that potential energy is converted into kinetic energy by the forc... | 49 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hPIobthvHg"
] | [
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how pronounced is the "classical casimir effect" experienced by ships that are docked close to each other? | also, for large ships is it overwhelmed by the gravitational attraction between them? i find it interesting that forces that engineers wouldn't usually take into account can be so easily observed on these scales. | urban legend, url, nature ====== according to [nature](_url_1_) it's mostly just an urban legend. [this article](_url_0_) may go into greater detail but i ~~can't access it right now~~ haven't read it yet. | 4 | [] | [] | [
"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_l63udk3l1AJ:homedirs.wtamu.edu/~dcraig/PHYS4310/2008/Casimir_Maritime_1996.pdf+casimir+maritime&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgyO0OZhyoPqW1GYNTNOKrvbz9f-b9aXTqw61AeCWbiacH31q75N1BYbmwiou5OC8j1eDyJ1ocdxA2AW0CeN3ONkydHgGV5ON0OHOScE9sfKmRYLPqZ10HZhaqwG2... | [
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is it fair to state that the vomeronasal organ is actually an auxiliary olfactory sense organ? | i am not a scientist by any means, and am really looking for helpful information on this subject. i am curious as to why jacobson's organ is specified as an auxiliary olfactory sense organ and am worried that it may be an anthropomorphic statement. i do know that it uses similar (maybe the same) portions of the brain t... | jacobson organ, organ, jacobson ====== since no one else has answered yet, i give this a shot. there are three reasons supporting the idea that jacobson's organ is an auxiliary organ that provides stimuli comparable to smell/olfaction. 1. jacobson's organ develops from the olfactory placode during embryonic development... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is there a name for sine-like waves that are generated from shapes other than a circle? | _url_0_ | polygonal trigonometric functions, url, polygonal trigonometric ====== i don't know of any special name for these functions, but the creator (/u/lucasvb) of the .gif you have linked tends to call them "polygonal trigonometric functions". it's a bit of a misnomer since trigonometric already means "having to do with a ri... | 9 | [] | [
"https://33.media.tumblr.com/1789b63316899d072a23db31f6aec0c4/tumblr_mi301zN7vJ1s5nl47o1_500.gif"
] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:LucasVB/Gallery",
"http://1ucasvb.tumblr.com/",
"http://1ucasvb.tumblr.com/post/43274278347/experimenting-with-sound-the-polygonal",
"http://25.media.tumblr.com/a0a274042635dbf575f1c2e6326d6293/tumblr_mi8guuZHN71s5nl47o1_500.gif",
"http://24.media.tumblr.com/1f887fc91ef35... | [
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can someone explain the science behind the metal melting inside a coil in this gif? | _url_0_ | magnetic field, eventually melt, creating a radio-frequency ====== the coil is creating a radio-frequency energy. that is absorbed by the metal, which causes it to heat up and eventually melt. to get into more details, a current in the coil generates a magnetic field. but "nature" doesn't like for the magnetic field pa... | 5 | [] | [
"http://31.media.tumblr.com/b522c72b8e9ca2f1b8a50fe79d7e6039/tumblr_n2z3jzeGvp1qzt7d8o1_400.gif"
] | [] | [
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what "thing" [artificially created only] has the fastest rotation? | from wikipedia, only thing i could find that is mentionable: > modern ultrasonic dental drills can rotate at up to 800,000 rpm can we go deeper? | million rpm, url, sheet of graphene ====== not sure if it is the fastest, but a sheet of graphene was rotated at 60 million rpm. (sources: [[1](_url_2_)], [[2](_url_0_)]). edit: [original paper](_url_1_). | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19514-levitating-graphene-is-fastestspinning-object-ever.html",
"http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v82/i11/e115441",
"http://www.physorg.com/news205090265.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy#Basic_NMR_techniques"
] | [
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can anyone explain haplobiontic and diplobiontic life cycles? | doing some revision for my plant biology module but i have conflicting information about haplobiontic and diplobiontic life cycles.. i'm not sure if my lecturer has mixed his terms up or something. my notes say that in haplobiontic life cycles, the diploid sporophyte is completely suppressed and in the diplobiontic lif... | life cycle, haplobiontic life cycle, organism ====== i'm not a botanist/biologist so hopefully somebody can give you a better response than mine. but, from my understanding in a haplobiontic life cycle the organism never switches between multicellular haploid and diploid phases and there is no alternation from one gene... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why is the ligation and dpn digest step important in site directed mutagenesis? | digestion is crucial, crucial to remove, remove template plasmid ====== dpn*i* digestion is crucial to remove template plasmid from your reaction. dpn*i* cuts the specific sequence gatc only when the adenine is methylated. in a sdm reaction, the template dna is isolated from an *e. coli* strain which **methylates its d... | 9 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is the total amount of information limited? | as i understood, the total amount of energy in our universe is limited (conservation of energy law). what about information? is the information limited? i mean information in general, not how many tb we store on our hard drives. edit: let's put it this way: the information, that was not created by humans (like the time... | cool question, question, entropy ====== that's a really cool question. the entropy of a certain area is limited by the entropy of a black-hole with that size. this is called the bekenstein bound: _url_0_ | 36 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekenstein_bound"
] | [
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what are the current realistic theories/explanations for the bootes void? | standard model, url, lambda-cdm ====== the bootes void is consistent with [lambda-cdm](_url_1_), the `standard model' for cosmology. quantum fluctuations in the early universe result in overdensities and underdensities, that are magnified by [inflation](_url_0_). after this, gravity makes overdensities become more over... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model"
] | [
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would a function that outputs a series of half circles, with alternating sign (above or below the x axis), when differentiated, produce the tan() function? | here is a picture of what i mean: _url_0_ if so, would the integral of the tan() function then be this function? | piecewise constant curvature., tangent vector rotates, rate with respect ====== no. one way to see this is that your curve has piecewise constant curvature. that is, if you travel along the curve at a constant speed, the tangent vector rotates at a constant rate with respect to *arc-length* (distance along the curve). ... | 11 | [] | [
"https://imgur.com/r02dCSb"
] | [] | [
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what are the limitations standing in the way of a portable fmri machine? | it seems like we could learn a lot about psycology and neurology if there was, like, a hat that had the same functionality as an fmri. why can't we build one that is smaller and lighter? | strong magnetic fields, mri technology requires, magnetic fields ====== mri technology requires very, very strong magnetic fields, which needs a lot of power. a typical building wouldn't be wired to pump out that power to the mri hat and be a huge obstacle to portability. mri scans also have a lot of noise and while th... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is universal indicator? | universal indicator can seemingly be put into any solution without worry of a violent reaction, why? how does it change color based on ph level? | extremely low, universal indicator, mixture are extremely ====== you don't have to worry about a violent reaction with universal indicator because the concentrations of the different ph sensitive dyes that make up the mixture are extremely low. the dyes themselves have incredible intense absorptions in the visible spec... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is it possible to determine the energy required to cut through an object? | i was cutting through a steel bolt and wanted to know what how much energy would be required to cut through it. also, what about things makes them harder or easier to cut through? is it because their atoms are more tightly packed or bonded to one another more strongly? edit: for poor grammar. | increasingly complex depending, things in science, increasingly complex ====== as with most things in science, the answer to this question gets increasingly complex depending on how many assumptions you want to make about the physical/chemical processes that happen when you cut something. short answer: most of the ener... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what causes these abnormal growths on this cow? [pic inside] | i was browsing around imgur last night and found this picture of a cow. i've never seen such a thing, and i wanted to know if these were common, what caused them, and if there was a name. _url_0_ i'm referring to both the hump and the lump. | bos primigenius indicus, bos primigenius, primigenius taurus ====== this is a specific type of cow, from the subspecies *bos primigenius indicus*, or humped cattle as opposed to the more common "taurine" cattle subspecies in the west *bos primigenius taurus*. those humps are not abnormal growths, but are natural areas ... | 3 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/dxa7J.jpg"
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what's the biggest living form ? | and is there such a thing as a size limit for a living form ? | mushroom colony found, couple thousand acres, found in oregon ====== it depends on where you draw the line for what a single "organism" is. i believe the largest organism on record that is generally accepted as a single unit is a [mushroom colony found in oregon](_url_0_) that spanned a couple thousand acres and weighe... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_organisms#Fungi"
] | [
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"the cavitation theory of matter"- is there any credence to this theory? | the theory is explained in this video: _url_0_ they make some interesting points it seems, but i'm only a second year undergrad physics student, and a bit of it is over my head. how does this theory stack up against the more popular ones? | particles, picture, theory ====== where is charge in this picture? why do antiparticles exist? what is spin and why is it integer? why do specific particles exist, shouldn't there be a continuous range of particles with continuously increasing surface area? why don't particles just merge? what is a photon? it has no ma... | 3 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yeJhuZK-Bow&feature=share"
] | [
"http://www.dcgeorge.com/TheMeaningOfMatter.html"
] | [
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what is the difference between an ammeter and an ohmmeter? | simple terms, low resistance shunt, current ====== not much really, in very simple terms. an ammeter "typically" uses a low resistance shunt and measures the voltage drop across the shunt which is proportional to the current flowing through it. _url_0_ an ohmmeter uses a battery and a higher resistance in series with t... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.circuit-fantasia.com/circuit_stories/inventing_circuits/i-to-v_converter/i-to-v_ammeter_1000.jpg",
"http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/NEETS-Modules/images/clip_image331003.gif"
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if you dropped a blow dryer into a pool would you kill everyone it it? | how about if you dropped it into a lake, how far would the 'sphere of death' around it be? can fish survive it? | blow dryer, tricky question, blow ====== this is a really tricky question because it depends entirely on the pool. figuring out how much current someone in the vicinity would experience isn't a simple task. it wouldn't be a 'sphere of death' so much as a 'path of death' as the current flows towards the nearest groundin... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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could learning the times tables have an effect on my ability to do complex maths problems? | this post is going to just be full of embarrassment. i'm 19 years old and from ireland. when i was in primary (elementary) school i never learned my times tables (which might be called something else outside of the uk & ireland). so as a result, if you asked me what 4x7 is, i'd be reaching for my calculator. i can't ev... | knowing elementary math, elementary math makes, skip a lot ====== i find that knowing elementary math makes everything else go quicker, because you can skip a lot of steps in your head. "complex math" is a broad term though... if you are doing something extremely abstract, knowing the times tables might not help. if yo... | 10 | [] | [] | [
"khanacademy.org",
"khanacademy.org"
] | [
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why is scoliosis so hard to cure? | the primary thing i do not understand is surgery. wouldn't it be easier put someone to sleep with some type of muscle relaxers and stretch out the spine to a more proper angle? | type, spine, scoliosis ====== unfortunately it is not that simple. scoliosis is characterized by a curving of the spine from one side to the other, but its causes vary, so there is not one treatment for it. in functional-type scoliosis, the curve in the spine is caused by an abnormality elsewhere in the body, such as o... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how do levers and fulcrums make doing work easier, while still following the law of conservation of mass? where does the "extra" energy come from? | small added factor, lever, arm ====== all other answers are right, but there is a small added factor. if you can use a lever to change the direction of your force. to lift something up by pushing down on a lever, then you get some help from gravity. the weight of your arm. when you lift something you are also lifting y... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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a biology/chemistry question | i know that ions such as k+(potassium) and na+(sodium) are necessary to send signals throughout the nervous system. they also eventually get flushed out of the body by the renal system. do the ions chemically change or become ineffective and get flushed or do they just float around the body and leave that way. also i k... | bad, consumption, excretion ====== ions never "go bad". the only thing our body does is make sure that we maintain the correct concentration of each ion, either by changing our ion consumption/excretion or our water consumption/excretion. the body can't distinguish between "new" and "old" ions. edit: repeated myself | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how likely are you to succeed in preforming a field tracheostomy? | a friend of mine always complains when in movies a doctor or similar preforms tracheostomy outside of a hospital environment, without surgical tools. he claims it's basically impossible not to mess up, and the chances of actually saving someone this way are extremely close to zero. can you actually save someone by maki... | complicated procedure, procedure, complicated ====== if you know what you are doing, it's not a complicated procedure. the biggest things you have to worry about at the time of the procedure are bleeding and the inability to secure the airway. [here's an article looking at success rates](_url_0_) the high rate of death... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064405820451"
] | [
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is there a way to allow a portion of an em field to pass through a material that would then prevent it from escaping? | i am doing an experiment but i was trying to out if there is a material that would allow em field pass through only in one direction? the idea is a isolation portions of the energy so a faraday cage would not work as the field would be more or less absorbed by the cage. ideally i would like to find something that works... | faraday isolator, url, isolator ====== [a faraday isolator] (_url_0_) is an example of a device that only allows a spectrum through in one direction. it is often used in fiber optics and lasers to prevent feedback. | 7 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_isolator#Polarization_dependent_isolator",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamaterial_cloaking"
] | [
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why does any system/particles/electrons/atoms tend to be on the position with the lowest energy state? | i understand that the way electrons "fit" around the nucleus is such that they are in the lowest energy state possible. i'm also told that this is also the reason why atoms and various compounds/molecules are formed but why is this so? is there any specific reason? also how does the electron/atom "know" that it's in th... | lowest energy state, lowest energy, energy state ====== it doesn't go to the lowest energy state unless it has somewhere to dump its energy. our everyday world is at a relatively low temperature, so that's pretty easy to do. in a closed system, the energy would tend to distribute itself evenly among the available atoms... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmer_series#Overview",
"http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=1eV+%2F+\\(Boltzman+constant\\)+in+Kelvin",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_minimum_energy"
] | [
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advanced science question: what is the autocorrelation function and what does it mean? | i read the wikipedia article but am still having trouble understanding what it actually is. it measures the correlation of two temporally-spaced values and the time lag between them... but what does that mean? can somebody provide me a good example to learn off of? thanks!!! | functions, line, functions line ====== the *meaning* of an autocorrelation function is this: let's say i have a function f(t), and another copy of the same function but shifted by some amount t, eg. f(t-t). if i look at those two functions plotted together they will either line up or not depending how the value of t. i... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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which is safer - etbr or sybrsafe? | blue light, safe, cutting bands ====== the "safe" part about sybrsafe is that it also fluoresces under blue light. therefore, if you're cutting bands out of a gel, for example, you can illuminate with blue light instead of uv, which is safer for the dna in the gel (cutting bands under uv illumination can degrade dna qu... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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should aubrey de grey's approach be taken seriously or is it folly to believe that we have the tools to extend life considerably in the next 20 years? | for reference [here is](_url_0_) aubrey's recent tedtalk. | aging, technology is faster., general credulity ====== of course. aging is slow. technology is faster. that regenerative medicine will have all facets of aging covered is not certain, but the notion should not test one's general credulity. | 5 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qVMdvsvXuk"
] | [] | [
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will we ever reach a point where it must become necessary for people to specialize their entire lives? | like will a soft cap, where research has gone so far that it takes a lifetime to catch up, ever occur? will we avoid this by specializing kids after they have learned all they need to research? because eventually, it will take an immense amount of time to learn what you need to know to research, right? | understand, single, abstractions ====== no. because specializations and abstractions. if single specialization would become too big for single person to learn, it will begin split into multiple sub-specializations. this is slow, but natural process. as part of this process, abstractions happen between those sub-special... | 37 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why is the caloric theory obsolete? | some 18th century scientists described heat as a weightless elastic fluid composed of particles that repel each other and are attracted by all other bodies. what kind of phenomena does this theory fail to explain? | caloric theory, original caloric theory, theory ====== it depends what you mean by the caloric theory. the original caloric theory was disproven by the famous count rumford cannon boring experiment: _url_0_ however, if you simply mean caloric theory as another name for kinetic theory then it fails in situations where i... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_theory#Later_developments"
] | [
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i have long qt syndrome. how does it work? | started passing out when i was 12, which led to a series of ekg's and other tests in arkansas children's hospital where i saw a heart specialist. i was diagnosed with long qt and being 12 i pretty much blew it off and i never sought information about it. i just avoided the medicines that i was supposed to (and i still ... | common forms, syndrome are caused, caused by abnormalities ====== i am not sure which form you have specifically, but the most common forms of congenital prolonged qt syndrome are caused by abnormalities in a potassium channel in the heart. potassium is important during the cardiac action potential (the electrical sign... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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help me understand why my speed of light loophole is probably wrong. | if gravitational attraction leads to constant acceleration, why can't two objects with mass be placed far enough apart in a sufficiently empty universe to accelerate towards each other and eventually reach the speed of light. i'm sure the distance needed could be calculated based on the mass of the objects and the math... | speed, speed of light, body ====== because the acceleration becomes less and less, the closer you get to the speed of light. you may or may not be aware of this, but in the theory of special relativity, when you add velocities, the relationship is **not** linear. in classical mechanics, you have a very simple relations... | 19 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity-addition_formula",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factor"
] | [
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how did the human butt become an object of sexual interest? | primates, mammals, heat ====== among primates, and many other mammals, the rump is used to indicate when a female is in heat. the "female shape" indicates a sexually nature, well nourished individual. | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_buttocks"
] | [
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is there any scientific evidence hiit (high intensity interval training) is an effective and safe weight loss program? | regular cardio, effective for fat, fat loss ====== there have been some studies which showed it be more effective for fat loss than regular cardio. just google "tabatta training" and you will get a whole lot of results which discuss the studies involving hiit. also ask over at r/fitness, there is a lot of good knowledg... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how does the gee-haw whammy diddle work?? | i was looking at old toys and i came across the gee haw whammy diddle. it looks terribly confusing and i'm baffled by how it works- can someone explain? | causing rotation, pin moves, simplified explanation ====== **simplified explanation:** the hole in the propeller is larger than the pin that holds it, and as you run the driving stick along the notches, the pin moves in a way that hits one side of the hole more than the other, causing rotation. **longer explanation:** ... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gee-haw_whammy_diddle"
] | [
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discharging capacitors as a weapon | discharge in series, spark gaps, charge in parallel ====== not sure what you mean, but if the idea is to charge in parallel and then discharge in series, that is pretty easy to do with spark gaps. it is called 'marx generator' _url_0_ you can also look for it on youtube. | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_generator"
] | [
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how do lagrange points l4 and l5 work? are they always at a 60° between two bodies? | l1, l2, and l3 are all pretty easy to imagine, with addition and negation of gravitational forces and all that, but how exactly to l4 and l5 work, and what makes them exist at the end of an equilateral triangle? | massive bodies, restricted circular, test particle ====== lagrange points come from the restricted circular 3-body problem (hereafter 'rc3bp'; two massive bodies with one massless 'test particle', restricted - from [wikipedia: lagrangian point](_url_0_): > the reason these points are in balance is that, at l4 and l5, t... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point"
] | [
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how do centipedes/millipedes control all of their legs? is there some kind of simple pattern they use, or does it take a lot of brainpower? | i always assumed creepy-crawlies were simpler organisms, so controlling that many organs at once can't be easy. how do they do it? edit: typed insects without even thinking. changed to bugs. edit 2: you guys are too hard to satisfy. | distributed control system, control system, system ====== it's a distributed control system. each segment has a ganglion that acts as a small "brain" to control its pair of legs. the centipede brain sends a go signal and the ganglion handles the motion, coordinating its timing with signals from the segments ahead and b... | 4,112 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pattern_generator"
] | [
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how much energy will the iter produce if successful--in layman's terms? | i was reading [this article](_url_0_) which states that the iter will produce 500mw of power out of an input of 50mw. the efficiency itself is very exciting, but what does it actually mean? how many homes can you run on that, and for how long? and will it produce 500mw a day, 500mw an hour...? bonus: assuming iter work... | commercial power, iter, power ====== iter is not intended to be used for commercial power. it’s for fusion research, and proving that we can in fact reach ignition using magnetic confinement fusion reactors. | 32 | [] | [
"https://financialtribune.com/articles/energy/71728/researchers-announce-nuclear-fusion-breakthrough"
] | [] | [
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what is the actual theoretical energy output of the iter? | in their website they have mentioned the experimental reactor will produce 10 times the energy it is given. now the energy given i assume is the energy for heating the plasma. then what about the whole reactor energy consumption. considering that, what will be actual output power with respect to the power consumed by t... | power, produce electricity, power output ====== iter won't produce electricity, so you could say it has zero power output. the total power consumption of iter will vary a lot. heating is planned to be 50 mw, fusion power is planned to be 500 mw - both only while the reactor is running. cooling the coils and running all... | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
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a question about treeline elivations in the western us. | i was part of a discussion in /r/hiking about the treeline on mt hood in oregon and why it is so low as compared to the treeline in the rocky mountains at the same latitude (5k feet vs 10k feet respectively). one redditor suggested that it was due to costal winds but i pointed out that the treeline in southern californ... | wide variety, grow, variety of factors ====== treeline is affected by a wide variety of factors, any number of which could influence this. the trees will grow until they can't, which is determined by how "hard" it is for them. the main ones we focus on are: -temperature: generally colder is worse, its colder higher up.... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can something be in a superposition between existing and not existing? | i know that with quantum superposition that something can exist in two different places at the same time, but can something be in a super position between existing and not existing? and how would that work? | bigger system, surely happen, superposition ====== that can surely happen, but the correct way to phrase it is that there is a bigger system which has states where your object does not exist and states where it does, and this bigger system is in a superposition of two states from these classes. for example, the (quantu... | 20 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is so special about 1/360th of a circle that makes it a unit a measurement? | highly composite numbers, typically favored, highly composite ====== it's divisible by lots of numbers, so you can divide up the circle in lots of different ways with it. number like 12, 24, 36, 60, 120, 360 are called [highly composite numbers](_url_0_), they have more divisors than any smaller number and were typical... | 31 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_composite_number"
] | [
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trying to understand euler's identity. why is 23.14 ^i is -1 ? | you all know euler's formula, e^(pi*i) = -1 . i am trying to understand it, intuitively, it is hard i must admit and almost no online explanation is helping because all of them are just repeating formulas with forced meanings. anyway, now in this step, i want to solve a part of this equation, i-part. e^pi =~23.14 .so w... | number, exp, power ====== if you want to look at numbers which have complex (or imaginary) exponents, you would really do well to get comfortable with the number e. forget about 23.14 for a second. how should we make sense of any number raised to the i^(th) power? what should 1^i be? what about 2^i ? the definitions we... | 14 | [] | [] | [] | [
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when a circular membrane - a drum - is struck, how many modes become excited? | i've been searching quite extensively for an answer to this question but i cannot find anything definitive. the most i can see is that "one or several" modes become excited, but this is never parameterized by any relevant factors. i imagine it depends on the location of the strike and the force applied. i do not need a... | making some simplifying, simplifying assumptions, string ====== making some simplifying assumptions (eg friction doesn't exist)... yes, all of them become excited. this is true for 1d strings too, not just for circular membranes. to illustrate, let's model a "pluck" of a string as meaning that at t=0, the string at res... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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if 3-phase is more efficient, why isn't everything 3-phase? | i was reading on the difference between 3-phase and 1-phase power, and i got that 3-phase has 3 wires + neutral, and 1-phase has 1 wire + neutral. some sites i was reading on that 3-phase is more efficient and uses less conducting material, but it's primarily used for industrial purposes. residences stick to 1-phase. i... | single phase, phase, single ====== 3-phase is only more efficient if you have a balanced 3-phase load. it does then require less conductor area than the same power delivered over single phase. but every piece of equipment would need to be 3 phase to achieve this. for large industrial equipment it is worth investing in ... | 21 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what exactly do we use some of the obscure micronutrients, like selenium, for? | i'm talking about things like copper, selenium, chromium, molybdenum, etc. are they all enzyme cofactors? what do we use them for? | metals you listed, essential elements, source ====== all of the metals you listed do indeed function as enzyme cofactors, as do most trace, essential elements of the human body. i'll go over each and some of their basic functions: **copper** has the most different functions of the metals you listed. it is extremely imp... | 34 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25077263",
"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Chromium-HealthProfessional/",
"http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/copper",
"http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/molybdenum",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9891606",
"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
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what are the chances of touching the same water molecules in two different locations during two different parts of your life? | high school chemistry, common high school, caesar dying breath ====== very high. a common high school chemistry/physics problem is to compute the odds that one of the molecules you inhale next would have been part of caesar's dying breath. depending on your assumptions, it usually works to 90-95%. when you consider tha... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why is the term 1/2xy^2 so common in physichs? | i've noticed that many formulae appears this "term", for example in bernoulli's equation, kinetic energy formulae, etc. | kinetic energy, simplest functions, equation ====== because it's a common integral for the simplest functions of a single variable. if you choose perhaps the simplest possible equation ... f(x) = x dx ... and integrate over it, then ... ∫ f(x) = 1/2 x^(2) + c so the basic form of the equation, with the one-half and the... | 37 | [] | [] | [] | [
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please help me explain to someone why negatively charged ions on your feet won't detox your body. (link inside to scam product) | _url_0_ i don't know where to begin but this person is going to buy this item and i think it's a scam. here is the product's description: > what is a detox foot bath? > a negative ion is an atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons causing it to become negatively charged. this negative ion is smaller than a mo... | ions, negative ions, negative ====== i am going to answer in the same way as upvoter222, but hopefully clear a few more things up. 1. negative ions are atoms *or molecules* that have a negative electric charge, meaning they either have added electrons or possibly more often have lost a proton (e.g., conjugate bases of ... | 4 | [] | [
"http://chirocity.com/detoxfootbatherchoniaebpro-ionicfootbath.aspx"
] | [
"http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Bonding/IonSize/halogen_radii.jpg"
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is the creationist vapor/water canopy theory even possible? | hey askscience, i went to a private christian school for the entirety of my kindergarten through high school education. the education offered to me was very biased and most of the time wasn't backed by any scientific facts. i was taught that the earth was "created" with a vapor/water canopy surrounding it which effecti... | scientist, religion, god ====== i mean, maybe? here's the thing about religion. if a scientist were to say, "well, this wouldn't be possible because this and this and this" someone could just as easily say "well, then god must've done it this way." and then if a scientist says "well, that's impossible" the religious pe... | 6 | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_geology#Vapor.2Fwater_canopy"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability"
] | [
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generating matrixes | hello! i need to find some comfirmation to this idea i have. given a set of 2 vectors which elements have gaussianly distributed values, is there a way to use them to generate a matrix which also its values are gaussianly distributed? thanks for all the input you can give me and also any refference and directions on wh... | random variables, random, variables ====== well, if you have random variables x_1 ... x_n and y_1 ... y_m, and you let a_ij = x_i + y_j, then all the a_ij 's will be normally (a more common term for gaussianly) distributed. that's one way to do the thing that you want. however, the a_ij 's will not be independent, whic... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what exactly is a “brittle” diabetic? | [deleted] | runs high blood, high blood sugars, runs high ====== a diabetic who runs high blood sugars that drop precipitously when given normal amounts of insulin. it can be because the pancreas is so damaged that the gland loses the ability to make glucagon in addition to not making insulin. the result is that the normal physiol... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is there a scientific explanation for people with high libidos and low libidos? | after digging through /r/deadbedrooms and /r/lowlibidocommunity, it seems apparent that people with low libidos are missing some neurochemical component. they don't feel happy or relaxed or loved after having sex. and they don't feel frustrated, unloved, or depressed when they don't have sex. is there a scientific expl... | incredibly more complex, serotonin, selective serotonin reuptake ====== although this is probably incredibly more complex, you can start by looking at serotonin. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can have a side affect of lowering someones libido. therefore you can draw the conclusion that an increase in serotoni... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/769813",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9292833"
] | [
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scientists of reddit is there a catalyst for aerobic respiration? | multiple chemical reactions, energy to start, chemical energy ====== yes, there is since there would not be enough chemical energy to start the multiple chemical reactions of respiration without enzymes. there are, however, multiple enzymes involved, since there are multiple different steps (glycolysis, chemical groomi... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why is there an epipen (and generic alternatives) shortage? | i have read that they are having difficulty manufacturing them, but what difficulties and why? | medical devices, medical, line ====== epipens are a medical device. medical devices don't really have a "generic" regulatory option so any company that decides to sell a epipen knock-off needs to do all the testing over again except less testing for the drug. moreover, some companies decide to file patents around the d... | 18 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can anyone explain to me how is this light effect possible? | the reflective pannel is a tv screen, the light is coming from a lamp facing it. sorry for potato quality green-red beams are much brighter in rl [imgur](_url_0_) | diffraction spikes, diffraction, spikes ====== what you're seeing here are diffraction spikes. your screen is made up of a grid of tiny pixels. this grid diffracts light into a diffraction pattern much in the same way a diffraction grating or mesh would. since you are illuminating the grid pattern with white light, eac... | 4 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/3VR9dlL.jpg"
] | [] | [
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is the speed at which your body processes a medication/drug affected by activity (exercise, sleep, eating) or environment (time of day, warm/cold)? | if a drug, like aspirin, says to take it every 4-6 hours, does the length it works for change for the same person under different conditions? or do our bodies process drugs at pretty much the same speed regardless of what we do? | drug prescribing info, inactive state, aspirin is subject ====== yes, aspirin is subject to what we call first pass metabolism where the liver has to process the drug and often change the structure from an inactive state to an active state, and the drug prescribing info. for drugs give good estimates on averages based ... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1727307/"
] | [
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can someone expand on this "apparent superluminal motion" (from an article in til) please | [here's the article.](_url_0_) the part i am curious about is this: > yet it does seem to be moving – and fast: its apparent sideways velocity is four times the speed of light. such apparent "superluminal" motion has been seen before in high-speed jets of material squirted out by some black holes. the stuff in these je... | light falls, light, emitted ====== basically, as the light is emitted, the gas particle that emitted the light falls behind, but only very slowly. the next photon that is emitted is still behind the first photon, but since the particle traveled at nearly the speed of light (in roughly the same direction) the second pho... | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18775-mysterious-radio-waves-emitted-from-nearby-galaxy.html"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superluminal_motion"
] | [
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how to understand vacuum electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability? | i understand that c is the speed limit of everything in the universe, not just light. so c is an extremely fundamental constant. the speed of light in a vacuum is defined as (electrical permittivity * magnetic permeability)^-0.5, which happens to be c in a vacuum. these constants only apply to e & m, and are therefore ... | permittivity are linked, speed of light, vacuum permeability ====== the vacuum permeability and vacuum permittivity are linked through the speed of light which is a fundamental constant of nature. think μ = 1/(εc²) that's really just one constant, not two. the other can be derived from the first one. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how in the world do karotypes like xxxy come about? | i read about kleinfelter's syndrome (xxy) and the triple-x syndrome (xxx), and was wondering how is this even possible. heck, there are even xxxxx! | major in biology, studying genetics, biology and studying ====== major in biology and studying genetics... when sperm and egg undergo mieosis nondisjunction can cause extra x or y sex chromosome to be present in an egg or sperm so, there is theoretically the possibility that a nondisjunctioned egg with two x chromosome... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how far back in time would you have to go before the people of that era find a modern person 'strange-looking'? | assuming a modern day resident of europe, asia, or africa starts going backwards in time, attempting to fit in with the people of each era, how long can they go before they look too different to escape notice? | tall, unusually tall, fit ====== how tall are you? if you are over 5'9" you would start being unusually tall some time before 1900 but would fit in around 1000 at least in europe. if you have no tattoos or piercings and are not very tall or fat you could probably fit in all the way back to the neanderthal era 50,000 ye... | 9 | [] | [] | [] | [
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does an electromagnet draw more current under load? | for example would an electromagnet that is holding the weight of a car draw more current than if it was only holding a couple of screws? | current, magnet, electromagnet ====== yes. while a permanent magnet does not require an input of energy to move objects, an electromagnet does. the reason for this is a little complex, but has to do with the fact that moving current creates a magnetic field and a moving magnet creates a current. a permanent magnet is l... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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physics and chemistry experts: there's a product that's supposed to reduce limescale in water with magnets. i say it's bunk, others swear by it - what's the truth? | there's a product many people use in my area (south hessen, germany) because of our notoriously hard water: it's called the sialex ring. here's the website's [description](_url_0_) and [explanation](_url_1_) as to how it works. now, i'm calling total bs on this but i'm neither a chemist nor physicist - it just seems li... | complete bunk, bunk, inside ====== it's complete bunk, yes. magnetism has an incredibly tiny effect on chemistry; to the extent that you can put in a whole human, with tens of thousands of delicately-balanced life-sustaining reactions going on, inside some of the most powerful magnets ever created, inside an mri machin... | 18 | [] | [
"http://www.sialexring.com/products-and-solutions/sialex-concept",
"http://www.sialexring.com/products-and-solutions/sialex-process"
] | [
"http://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/567404-bQ4DwB/webviewable/567404.pdf",
"http://www.sialexring.com/our-customers/casestudies"
] | [
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what does "effect size of 0.30" mean? | this paper has in the lead: > as of now, antidepressant clinical trials have an effect size of 0.30, which, although similar to the effects of treatments for many other chronic illnesses, such as hypertension, asthma and diabetes, is less than impressive. what is an effect size? what does it mean for an effect size to ... | effect size, effect, size ====== not clear here. *effect size* is an estimate of *how much* groups differ, rather than whether their difference is "statistically significant" or not. it's important to know an effect size because even treatments which achieve very low p values (p < < 0.05), and are *significantly differ... | 3 | [] | [
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wps.20241/abstract",
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wps.20241/epdf"
] | [
"http://psychology.okstate.edu/faculty/jgrice/psyc5314/AnEffectSizePrimer_2009.pdf"
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is add a real thing? is that disorder questionable? why do so many laymen roll their eyes about add? | i've honestly never been sure if add is a real thing or not. i can't tell if it's just a pop-psychology fad, or a real problem needing treatment and medication that a lot of people have. i'm sorry if this question is vague. what's the current scientific consensus on add/adhd? is it a legitimate disorder? | problems, child behavioral problems, auditory processing problems ====== yes. it's probably overdiagnosed due to the difficulty of differentiating child behavioral problems (often related to family problems), childhood onset bipolar disorder, and adhd, as well as a whole slew of other learning disorders like auditory p... | 13 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is it possible to stop a reaction midway to study an intermediate? | for example, in a synthesis of an inorganic compound (so enzymes will not necessarily be involved), is there a practical means of halting the progress of a reaction to study intermediates? | time in chemistry, final product, quickly reacts ====== most of the time in chemistry if we refer to an intermediate we are usually talking about an unstable species that once formed very quickly reacts to form either the next intermediate or final product. in cases like these, it is not possible to stop the reaction o... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is there a difference in anyway of a problem that is unknown versus one that hasn't happened? | so for example let's say i have a die. i want you to write out what you think the first 10 rolls will be. (this has nothing to do with psychic powers don't worry) method 1: you write down your answers first and then i roll the dice. method 2: i roll the dice and then you write down your answers. (this has nothing to do... | quantum mechanics, thinking method, methods ====== i think there's two ways of looking at this: 1. in both methods, you're already right or wrong despite *when* you wrote down what you expected to happen because the laws of classical physics are sternly defined and are never deviated from so, even though you haven't ro... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how do i explain/apply equations to the oscillation of a metal needle due to an electromagnet? (images in description) | i recently did some experiments with an electromagnet and a magnetic(?)*(it is affected by magnets)* needle, [like so \(images\)](_url_0_) the experiment was simple: i put a metal rod through a spool(coil?) creating an electromagnet and sat a rotating needle next to it. i made sure the rod was un-magnetic(?) before sta... | magnetic field, needle dipole moment, small magnetic dipole ====== you can consider the needle as a small magnetic dipole of magnetic moment µ, think of it as a vector on the needle from south to north pole. the magnetic field b due to the rod exerts a torque on the needle (that makes it rotate) of magnitude µb sinθ wh... | 14 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/a/w9TF8",
"http://imgur.com/lnrm2pK"
] | [] | [
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... |
could someone explain these filters to me? | hey there, i'm a computer engineering student who kinda has a lack of knowledge of electronics. for some course i have to know how these two filters work(_url_0_), but i just can't seem to understand them. why does the highpass filter block low frequencies? and when you swap the capacitor with the resistor, why does it... | voltage, frequencies, resistor ====== if you did ac circuit analysis in high school, then... damn. anyway, we know that the current through a capacitor is c\*dv/dt. the voltage source is sinusoidal, so we'll say it's v*_0_*sin(wt) or something. since the cap's current depends on the derivative of the voltage, the frequ... | 3 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/o6xVteV"
] | [] | [
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how much good does a layman do by using popular live saving methodes (cpr, heimlich maneuver...)? | are there any accepted guidlines that tell what to do when one gets in a situation, where such a method could help? is it better to do what one can, with limited medical knowledge, or does one end up doing more harm than good? | heart has stopped, call an ambulance, cpr ====== if someone's heart has stopped then you should do cpr and call an ambulance. the worst thing the cpr can do is break a rib or two. you might get sued for this in the us, but if you save the person's life, i dont think it will happen. if someone is choking on something, t... | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
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... |
why do epithelial cells line the outsides of organs that never experience external stimuli? | why are some cells called endothelial and some epithelial? i read that epithelial cells are cell that cover outsides of the organs and body. lot of organs never experience the external stimuli yet they have epithelial tissue. is my understanding of epithelial tissue wrong or is there more to it? | endothelial cells line, blood vessels, line the interior ====== endothelial cells line the interior surface of blood vessels. epithelial cells are called that because of the layer of the blastoderm that they are derived from, iirc. you may be mixing up epithelial and epidermal. | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how accurate is this article on sedentary lifestyles? it seems very sensationalist, but am i going to die much sooner because i spend so much time on my ass? | _url_0_ i sit down *a lot*. probably 12+ hours a day. so even if i do exercise, i'm going to die much sooner anyway? how much of this is actually true? terrified. | problem discussed, put much stock, article i read ====== i wouldn't put much stock into any article i read on a subject when the website sells something that professes to be the answer to the problem discussed. | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.builtlean.com/2011/10/03/is-a-sedentary-job-ruining-your-health/"
] | [] | [
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what is the connection between energy and information in a system? | i mean in very general terms what is the relationship between these two properties of a system/process. it seems we can describe process more completely with both together rather than either form alone. | information, entropy, lots ====== to establish such a relationship for a given system, you should consider how information relates to entropy, which you should do carefully. [here is a nice description of information](_url_1_) where a low probability of a state implies lots of information. so, small entropy, large info... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equations#Thermodynamic_potentials",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantities_of_information#Self-information"
] | [
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how does plan b work on the molecular level? can it prevent the implantation of an already fertilized blastula? | i am aware that the primary mechanism by which plan b works is through preventing fertilization in the first place, mainly by preventing ovulation. however, i have read that in the even that the egg \*is\* fertilized, plan b can prevent it from implanting in the uterus. i am curious by what mechanism the drug actually ... | evidence is conflicting, fertilized egg, prevent implantation ====== jury's still out on whether levonorgestrel (plan b) does indeed prevent implantation of a fertilized egg, the evidence is conflicting. pharma had to remove their claims that it prevents implantation in the eu, for instance. since it's virtually imposs... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17241840",
"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep08487"
] | [
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how do computers allocate resources? | if a computer is doing something in the background, say rendering video, and something in the foreground, say browsing the web, and the web browsing is lagging, why doesn't it automatically redirect resources to ensure that the foreground task is smooth, and devote only the excess resources to the background task? or d... | cpu time, cpu, time ====== ressource allocation and management is the primary job of the operating system. what you're talking about is specifically cpu time, which is handled by the so called scheduler. there are different algorithms to determine which task gets cpu time next. linux, for example, uses the [cfs](_url_0... | 10 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt"
] | [
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guy with no background in math gets head injury during mugging. suddenly develops amazing math and art talents. is this likely a legit story, bs, or something in between? | _url_0_ this article came up on my twitter feed, the whole "i'm magically a mathematical genius who sees the pythagorean theorem everywhere" and john nash comparisons ring my bs alarm, but is something like this (getting much better at a talent after a brain injury) possible? has it happened before? | sort, mathematical ability, neuropsychologist ====== i'm not a neuropsychologist or anything of the sort. however, i am a mathematician, and i see no evidence here that this guy has acquired any mathematical ability. he draws some pretty pictures, name-drops a theorem everyone sees in high school, and that's it. his "d... | 9 | [] | [
"http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/health/2012/04/27/real-beautiful-mind-accidental-genius-draws-complex-math-formulas-photos/"
] | [] | [
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how to power enough lights for my proposal? | [removed] | incandescent chrismas lights, chrismas lights, extension cord ====== 800 incandescent chrismas lights would be about 350 watts. not alot... maybe 3amps. you generally cannot daisy chain more than 500 minilights together. so you would need to run 1 long extension cord, then a splitter, and plug in 2 runs of 500/300, or ... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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