title stringlengths 4 300 | selftext stringlengths 0 9.63k | answers.text stringlengths 55 11.4k | answers.score int64 2 32.7k | title_urls.url list | selftext_urls.url list | answers_urls.url list | sent_vec list |
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what would happen if you put separate ends of a "rope" into 2 different blackholes? | hypothetically, the rope is strong enough to not break. | break, rope, strong ====== the rope cannot be strong enough not to break. already in special relativity it is found that the concept of rigid body is impossible to realize, and anything must necessarily have some elasticity and be able to break. practically speaking, extended objects are made of interacting components.... | 45 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is there evidence of more supercontinents? | what's the evidence for there having been multiple supercontinents in the past? during the afaik only known one, pangaea, could there have been an ante-pangaea on the other side of the planet? what kind of evidence could there be of that if the tectonic plate itself had since been submerged or slid under another plate?... | supercontinents form roughly, million years, standing model ====== although it's not without debate, the standing model is that supercontinents form roughly every 500 million years. before pangaea there was [rodinia](_url_0_), and before that the columbia supercontinent, and a few more before those. the evidence isn't ... | 9 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodinia"
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when e-data is deleted, does the energy get discharged as heat? | i've seen a few articles discussing the mass of the internet, such as [here](_url_0_) and [here](_url_1_). the latter discusses how the mass of a kindle increases with each download (albeit an infinitesimally small amount), due to the addition of electrons carrying information that get stored. this has me wondering abo... | grounded, laptop, small amount lost ====== wherever they're grounded. on a laptop, back into the battery, or some small amount lost as heat over time. on a desktop, same deal, only to ground through the power. it's not really accurate to say that data increases electron mass. moving electrons from the battery to an "on... | 4 | [] | [
"http://discovermagazine.com/2007/jun/how-much-does-the-internet-weigh/article_view?b_start:int=0&-C=",
"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2057018/Internet-weighs-strawberry.html"
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if silly putty is hit forcefully, it keeps it shape and bounces back. however, if it is pressed slowly, it loses its shape easily. does that mean it's slightly non-newtonian? | shear rate, shear, fluid ====== by definition it is *completely* non-newtonian. in more technical terms, a newtonian fluid has a shear rate (flow) that is proportional to the shear stress (essentially an applied pressure) in the fluid. the relationship between shear rate and shear stress in a newtonian fluid is governe... | 12 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why and how do axolotls turn into salamanders? | [deleted] | matter, turning, considered perennibranchiate ====== axolotls are salamanders, so it’s not a matter of them turning into anything. they are considered perennibranchiate, which basically means they keep their gills. their retained gills are an example of neoteny: a juvenile trait retained even after sexual maturity. my ... | 2 | [] | [] | [
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does a pond of bullfrogs coordinate their croaking? | i was camping this weekend near bullfrog pond (appropriately named for sure). the croaking was very loud and continuous, but at one point all the frogs quieted down within a 15 second span. i heard them all, then a dozen, then one, then silence. about 20 seconds later, it started up again in reverse order with one frog... | face considerable acoustic, considerable acoustic problems, acoustic problems due ====== bullfrogs, indeed, all anurans (frogs and toads) which gather to breed in relatively high densities, face considerable acoustic problems due to the number of competing males. they need to time their calls so that they're not interf... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2000.00580.x/abstract",
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"http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z75-187#.WI_TVflkjDd",
"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-6203-7_11",
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about all those lonely trees falling in forests... | everything is observed due to every particle being gravitationally attracted to every other particle which makes every particle in the universe 'visible' to every other particle? ...which boils down to: there is always someone within earshot of a falling tree. does this sound about right? | tree falls, tree, gravitational pull ====== it seems like i need to explain this more clearly... i was talking about being within 'earshot' as in observing a gravitational pull. if a tree falls or a particle moves it will create a wave which will ripple through space-time. so if a tree falls and no one is around to hea... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how dangerous are waterspouts? | since they don't have the near level of debris within them as a tornado, how dangerous are they to a boat or swimmer? | dust devils, tornadic waterspouts, waterspouts ====== waterspouts, generally, are not as dangerous as tornadoes -- they are more akin to "dust devils" than tornadoes. during thunderstorms, there is quite a bit of tight rotation that cannot be seen under normal circumstances. when this rotation occurs over water, the co... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterspout"
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i had an mri recently and noticed during certain parts of the procedure i felt as if i were swaying from head to toe or from floor to ceiling. what could cause this sensation? | of course i wasn't actually moving but i'm still not sure how electromagnets could affect my sense of equilibrium in that way. edit: i guess i should specify that it was an open mri. | fucking magnets, experience odd sensations, fucking ====== as icp says: fucking magnets. but seriously, some people experience odd sensations (movement, dizziness, nausea) because of the magnetic field. humans can go into a 3t and mostly be ok. once you hit 7t, a larger number of people start to "feel weird". 14t is cu... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110607121523.htm"
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response time of t-cell lymphokines? | a query i had following a mantoux test recently.... how long is the response timescale for lymphokines in response to exposure to an antigen? i.e. assuming you have t-cells pre-sensitised to an antigen, what is the timescale for recruiting lymphokines to an infection site? i'm assuming that the concentration of lymphok... | cells, specific t cells, antigen ====== so [this image](_url_0_) shows t cell response to the antigen. the lymphokines aren't really a factor - lymphokines are molecules produced by lymphocytes that attract other lymphocytes and blood cells to the infection site, but the t cells should find the antigen relatively quick... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://d1yboe6750e2cu.cloudfront.net/i/b1588a570f4bb95cccab0c17f52e5fd5a62013bc"
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what scientists alive today will future generations learn about? | creating synthetic life, synthetic life, hope john venter ====== i hope john venter will be. sequencing the human genome and creating synthetic life. this man has contributed immensely to biology. i also hope knuth will be studied in the future. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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regarding voyager i and gravity slingshots... | currently, voyager i is the most distant man-made object out there. and currently, nothing is threatening its leading position. my question is: with optimal use of gravity sling-shots, how much can we add to the 'velocity-at-infinity' of such an object? does this depend on the velocity at which we launch the object fro... | pretty good job, massive object relative, gravity assist ====== [wikipedia does a pretty good job at explaining it in a simple manner.](_url_0_) the (unpowered) gravity assist can only reach a speed that is the sum of the original speed of the spacecraft plus the speed of the massive object relative to the sun. in othe... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_assist#Explanation"
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what happened to masers? at the beginning of 2012 they were "the next big thing" | in 2012 a few scientist created a room-temperature solid-state maser by putting in practice an old japanese paper. it was supposed to be revolutionary but a google search reveals nothing new since then. what happened to it? | scanned the paper, published in august, watched the video ====== i watched the video and scanned the paper, which was published in august 2012. a year is a quite short time for a scientific discovery to spread and be replicated by other groups. a google scholar search yields 7 citations. two of them are pseudoscience, ... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v488/n7411/full/nature11339.html",
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what's the difference between hyperplasia and dysplasia? | i found these definitions but they still sound alike to me. help! dysplasia: the enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type, as a developmental disorder or an early stage in the development of cancer hyperplascia: the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in th... | cells are disorganized, cells, typically dysplastic cells ====== hyperplasia is when cells are more numerous than they should be. dysplasia is when cells are disorganized. typically dysplastic cells are not fully differentiated, have different cellular structure, and have different architecture at the tissue level. edi... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how fast is rocky in 'rocky'? | i was re-watching 'rocky', and it suddenly struck me that sly appears to be sprinting ***reaaallly*** fing fast as he runs next the boat in the training montage. [here's the clip for reference](_url_0_) can anyone tell me what stallone's top speed is in this sequence? cheers in advance:). *sorry if this is the wrong su... | mast ship penn, ship penn landing., decently fast sprint ====== i'm not positive, somebody from philly should correct me, but i think that ship might be [the moshulu](_url_0_) (i googled 4 mast ship penn's landing.) it's about 100m long, and from the clip it looks like it takes him about 15 seconds to go bow to stern. ... | 19 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=DP3MFBzMH2o#t=98"
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshulu"
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half the time i say "centigrade"... why do i even know that word? and is it still an acceptable term? | steps and named, created a temperature, boiling water ====== _url_0_ celsius created a temperature scale with 100 steps and named it "centigrade" (although, dumbass, he put 0 for boiling water and 100 for freezing water). later the scale was flipped and renamed for mr. celsius. | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius"
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where do minnows come from way up in the mountains, above impassable waterfalls? | ive frequently wondered this. i've hiked a lot, climbing many tall mountains in maine. several times i'll be way up a mountain (~1500 feet above the base) and find vernal polls or a stream with a small pool of water. these pools are small, maybe 10-20 feet across, as shallow as 1 foot, as deep as about 8 feet. every on... | fish eggs adhering, inaccessible places, legs and feathers ====== fish eggs adhering to the legs and feathers of water birds is apparently the most common cause of introduction of fish to otherwise inaccessible places. | 14 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how closely related any two people on average? | common ancestor, genetic, share ====== you probably have no idea how complicated of a question you've just asked. so complicated that i've had a really hard time typing up the following response, and have typed things out and deleted them a number of times (i probably typed about twice as many words as you're seeing). ... | 1,601 | [] | [] | [
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is there any scientific consensus on the taxonomic placement of ediacaran biota now? | i'm very interested in incertae sedis organisms, particularity ones of especial peculiarity. the genus dendrogramma recently made headlines, and some were suggesting they were refuge populations of ediacaran biota (though these are heavily controversial). but most information i find on ediacaran biota predates 1990. is... | fossils, franceville fossils, today ====== i first heard about *dendrogramma* today, and i must say i'm charmed! it really looks to my eye like nothing we previously know about. i'm super curious about its ecology and behavior (does it swim? crawl? burrow through mud?) and i also can't wait until someone finds new live... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francevillian_biota",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placozoa"
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how to assume material wear? | hello! my question is - how to assume wear of the material over time? i.e.1 - i have a pipe. in time pipe's walls can get thinner due to wear. but how to approximate rate of the wear process over the years? i.e.2 - i have a steel bowl or funnel. i pour granules or flings of a softer metal (let's take copper as example)... | accelerated wear test, standard tests depending, wear test ====== the best way would probably be to a sample of the material and have a lab do some sort of [accelerated wear test](_url_0_). there are several different types of standard tests depending on the type of wear - dry abrasion, wet abrasion, metal-on-metal, hi... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.falex.com/testing.html"
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why do i regularly hear of a country's economy being crushed under debt while i never hear of the creditor country benefiting from successful repayments? | surely if these debts are so important that countries such as greece hold more weight on their shoulders than atlas, they must benefit the creditor substantially. | related issue, owed, related ====== related issue is that a nation can be both a debtor and a creditor. those of us in the us are constantly hearing about the federal debt, but never about money owed to us. seems that as of this article a few years ago that for every dollar the us owes to other countries ('bout half th... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/02/opinion/krugman-nobody-understands-debt.html"
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how does the iss thermoregulate? | the iss is hit by the sun and is not fully reflective, the machinery and astronauts on board all generate heat, so heat must build up. given that the space through which the iss moves doesn't have a lot of gas to pass its heat off to, the only way it would be able to get rid of it is through em radiation. what's going ... | heat, radiation, loops ====== yes, it's all em radiation. since this is a very inefficient method of transferring heat, the radiators are just huge. they are clearly visible as white plates in [this picture](_url_0_). it's actually more complex because they have a full heat collection and heat distribution system based... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg"
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what's the difference between autoimmunity and autoinflammation? | autoimmunity, immune response, inflammation ====== inflammation is part of an immune response. autoinflammation would be a symptom of autoimmunity. so if you have an autoimmune disorder, you're probably going to also have inflammation from it. autoimmunity, on the other hand, is when your immune system reacts to your o... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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which are the most important discoveries in psychology of the 21st century? | url, mental health conditions, psychology ====== edit: wrong century. but i already wrote this, so here are some important discoveries of the 20th century as a preview: **the twin study.** the twin study revolutionized psychology by allowing us to quantify how much of our psychology is explained by genetic factors. the... | 7 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15642626",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25985137",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712976/",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28987712",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3077049/",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2218526",
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iama m.s. in oceanography graduate that studied the effects of ocean warming on algae. i am currently working for an eye-care pharmaceuticals company. ama. | i have b.s. in biology and a b.s in marine science. i graduated recently with a m.s. degree in oceanography. my thesis investigated the effects of ocean temperature increase on marine diatoms (algae). although i did no new research on global warming, i conducted extensive reviews on old and new global warming research ... | commercial scientific organization, academic stem environment, scientific organization ====== how do you feel about the transition from an academic stem environment to a commercial scientific organization? how does it differ from the environment you worked in during your ms? what do you currently plan as your future fo... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how can orcas jump so high? | i remember seeing free willy and thinking it was absurd how high willy jumped, but then i saw [this picture](_url_0_) and i'm quite perplexed. that's way higher than a great white shark can jump, and they are powerful swimmers and much lighter to boot. so how does an orca pull it off? | buoyancy, water, jump ====== it's all about velocity, the faster you can approach the surface of the water, the higher you can jump. however it's not an issue of being better swimmers in general, sharks are neutral buoyancy, orcas are positive buoyancy. this means orcas store energy as they dive, and this gets converte... | 10 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/a/KlE5f"
] | [] | [
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can someone explain me the phenomenon of synchronization? | i have attached a link in this text so you guys can understand what i'm talking about ---- > _url_0_ | creating a dynamical, dynamical system, turn affects ====== the pendulums are collectively moving the surface on which they're all attached which is applying a force that in turn affects the pendulums, creating a dynamical system. for pendulums moving faster than the "group" speed, there is a force that causes them to ... | 6 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1TMZASCR-I"
] | [] | [
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do blood-thinners (such as curcumin) affect the permeability of the blood-brain barrier? | i've been searching high and low to no avail. does anyone know of any literature on this? specifically, would taking, say, turmeric or something else that induces blood thinning, make the bbb more permeable? | drug inhibits clotting, drug inhibits, blood ====== "blood thinner" is a term used to indicate that a drug inhibits clotting. blood clotting occurs all the time in your body, and it needs to, or else you'd bleed to death from tiny internal injuries. but too much clotting is bad, because a clot might block off your bloo... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what does askscience think of the e-cat? | the e-cat (energy catalyzer) is supposedly a low-energy nuclear reaction build by an italian inventor, rossi. it has gained some credibility this week by running three hours sustaining it self and generating an even amount of heat with no signs of decrease. description from [wikipedia](_url_1_): > the energy catalyzer ... | million times, trouble finding, ahead and summarize ====== i know we've discussed it a million times, but i'm having trouble finding old discussions on the matter, so i'll just go ahead and summarize my usual arguments here. 1. they don't have open-box demonstrations, so who the hell knows what they're doing. without r... | 7 | [] | [
"http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-10/06/e-cat-cold-fusion",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Catalyzer",
"http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3284823.ece"
] | [] | [
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so, what's is the origin of everything? | alright, a bit of a big one but i'll try and give some background. i'll start off right at the beginning by saying that i haven't yet found a theological explanation that tackles this better than current scientific theory, so i'll ignore spiritual explanation for this one cheers. at about the age of 6 or so, it hit me ... | big bang, subtle point, north pole ====== this is a subtle point: the answer is *not* nothing. the answer is that there's no answer. one cannot apply the concept "before" to the beginning of the universe. it simply has no meaning. the cliché is to stand at the north pole and face north. you can't. there is no north at ... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how come we know so little about denisovans? how much research is being done on them? | recall correctly, teeth and digits, correctly ====== because there is little more than teeth and digits of them if i recall correctly. the genome is sequenced and their relationships (genetically) to sapiens and neanderthals have been elucidated. the fact of the matter is, it is unlikely that we will ever learn more ab... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how does the body divert blood to specific areas, for example to the stomach after eating thanksgiving dinner? | i read that post-meal drowsiness is due mostly the fact that our body is diverting a large amount of blood to our digestive system after eating large amount of food. this got me to wonder how is our body able to discriminate where blood even goes? more blood goes to other areas such as muscles, brains, genitals, etc., ... | locally released, uneven distribution, url ====== different (locally released or otherwise) hormones can cause blood vessels in different parts of the body to dilate or constrict, giving a somewhat uneven distribution of blood where ever it may be needed. one example is adrenaline, which dilates blood vessels in the mu... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response#Physiology",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system"
] | [
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why are there 144hz monitor? where did that number come from | highest refresh rate, dual link dvi, refresh rate dual ====== it's the highest refresh rate dual link dvi (connection) can support at 1920x1080. dual link dvi can do 1920x1200 @ 120hz or 1920x1080 @ 144hz to get more bandwidth, you would have to use displayport 1.2 or 1.3, which i think would allow for 1080p @ 240hz in... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why the special embryological origin of anterior pituitary ? | i am preparing for usmle step 1. i have been wondering, what is so special about the anterior pituitary that it had to originate from the rathke's pouch, rather than the prosencephalon. it must be something to do with the hormones being produced... cant really figure it out... thanks in advance | epithelial cell origin, cell origin, epithelial cell ====== it is of epithelial cell origin. it may at one time simply have been a mucus secreting structure in the mouth. then it evolved to secrete hormones and migrated posteriorly to fuse with the neurohypophysis. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why did the launch of insight travel mostly south? | i just watched the launch of the latest nasa mars probe and it headed basically sse (looked like 150 - 160 degrees). the solar system and equator are are similar planes and the earths tilt is max 23 degrees so why head out in this direction? | earth, escape velocity, conic section ====== the orbital path of a satellite around a single body is a [conic section](_url_1_). if the orbital speed is below escape velocity, the path is a circle or ellipse; above escape velocity, it's a hyperbola; and exactly at escape velocity, it's a parabola. consider what happens... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbola#/media/File:Hyperbel-def-ass-e.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic_section",
"https://www.wired.com/story/why-is-nasas-insight-mars-mission-launching-from-california/"
] | [
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is there any way to count a second flawlessly? | thought about this while watching 'the cube' on tv today, one of the challenges required the contestents to count down from 10 to 0 and press a buzzer to pass (they were allowed 9 - 10 seconds) so it got me thinking is there a method of counting perfect seconds every time? | atomic clocks, specifically the caesium, clocks are pretty ====== atomic clocks are pretty much the most accurate way i think, specifically the caesium one at npl, with accuracy of ~ 2.3 × 10-16. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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do white/red dwarfs have a habitable zone? | if a planet for all intents and purposes identical to earth were to orbit around a white or red dwarf, would the "dead" star be able to supply enough energy to sustain life? if they can, where would the zone be, and how long could the star provide for it's hypothetical life-bearing planet? | small normal star, normal star, zone ====== first off, a white dwarf is a "dead" star, while a red dwarf is just a small normal star. what we call a habitable zone is just the zone in which water on the surface would be liquid on a planet with sufficient atmospheric pressure. because these dwarfs give off less energy t... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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bacteriophages are interesting! a little like pitting two enemies (viruses and bacteria) against one another. a few questions, though: | are phages harmful to intestinal bacteria? are they flexible? customizable? any chance of mutation when inside the body? how viable are they compared to the commonly used antibiotics? could phages be synthesized to attack other things like cancer cells? [wiki for those that are unfamiliar.](_url_0_) | infect intestinal fauna, intestinal fauna, phage ====== * in general, for every species of bacteria you can think of, there are phage that can infect it. so there are certainly phage that will infect intestinal fauna, perhaps someone else knows of cases where that's problematic. * not sure exactly what you mean by "fle... | 4 | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"
] | [
"http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v6/n11/abs/nrmicro2014.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR"
] | [
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is there a material that allows for absolutely no current to travel in it? | my teacher told me that even insulators like wood and rubber allow a slight flow of electrons through, but barely noticeable, so is there any material that doesn't allow any electron movement? | infinite resistance, resistance and infinite, infinite ====== short answer: no. for that to happen you would need infinite resistance and infinite don't appear in nature except in places where we really don't know what we're talking about. long answer: sort of. current is defined by the motion of charged particles thro... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what exactly is the bootes void and why is it empty? | [deleted] | million light years, roughly running, million light ====== it's a very large section of the universe, roughly 300 million light years across and sort of spherical, which has very little in it. a space that size would be expected contain 2,000 or so galaxies: so far, we have found only 60, all roughly running through th... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how do i ensure my body goes to science? | hoping this won't be relevant any time soon, but what are the logistics for donating my body after i die? (i'm already an organ donor.) | approach a university, university and arrange, medical schools ====== when you get older and are settled in one place you can approach a university and arrange through them. medical schools for example need bodies and are very grateful if you decide to donate your body. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is 'height loss'? how and why does it happen? | i came across this when i was going through some information about post menopausal osteoporosis. | height occurs due, occurs due, individual loss ====== most of an individual's loss of height occurs due to degeneration of the vertebral discs in our spine. our spine is made of bone, obviously, which are the individual vertebrae, but between every two vertebrae we have a disc which serves a number of functions that i ... | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how is the 'god effect' produced in ordinary situations? | [the god helmet](_url_0_) has the ability to make individuals perceive superstitious phenomena. because of this, paranormal occurrences á la out-of-body experiences or an oracles visions are often discredited as (hyper-?)stimulation of certain brain regions. however, if we need such an apparatus to help us experience t... | sufficiently demonstrated, important being lost, works ====== there's something very important being lost in other responses to this question. from op's wp link: why should we try to explain **why** something works, when it hasn't been sufficiently demonstrated **that** it works? | 21 | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_helmet"
] | [] | [
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how did we know what to expect when first venturing into space? | i couldn't think of a great way to title my question, so please allow me to elaborate. now we know that we need very sophisticated materials to keep from getting fried to a crisp while leaving the earths atmosphere and again when re-entering it. now we know of the extreme temperature differences in the void of space (f... | basic physical conditions, engineers knew roughly, scientists and engineers ====== scientists and engineers knew roughly what to expect because the very basic physical conditions could be predicted and designed around. they knew they couldn't rely on convection to remove waste heat, they knew approximately how much sol... | 10 | [] | [] | [] | [
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reddit, is it possible for two objects to impact each other and each be sliced? | for example: can two swords hit each other and both be sliced at the impact point? how about a wing of a plane hitting a tree, slicing the tree all the way through, but also being sliced all the way through? when two objects hit they exude the same force on each other, so if the two objects have the same amount of forc... | blades collide, collide, point of contact ====== consider what happens when the blades collide. each gets a nick at the point of contact, and assuming they are identical, the surface of the nick will be more or less flat, and they will stop slicing. so no, they can't. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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da vinci said "the function of muscle is to pull and not to push, except in the case of the genitals and the tongue." how much truth is there in that statement? | it's from ["dell' anatomia"](_url_0_). | rod-like protein filament, protein filament associations, long rod-like protein ====== when a muscle undergoes activity, it contracts due to the shortening of long rod-like protein filament associations called myofibrils, brought about by an increase in overlap of the protein filaments. as muscle activity is necessaril... | 43 | [] | [
"http://books.google.com/books?id=hXoM3F9tr5UC&pg=PA102&dq=%22function+of+muscle+is+to+pull+and+not+to+push,+except+in+the+case+of+the+genitals+and+the+tongue.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=B73QUajGHfGFyQGnn4H4Ag&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22function%20of%20muscle%20is%20to%20pull%20and%20not%20to%... | [] | [
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what are the a, b and c frequency weightings? | what are they exactly? where did they come from historically? which is best for what measurements and why? | representing sound pressure, equal loudness contours, human relevant ====== they are measurement curves for representing sound pressure levels in a "human relevant" way. historically, they are based loosely off of the [equal loudness contours](_url_0_) first measured by fletcher and munson. those curves show how, at di... | 7 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour"
] | [
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could you use gravity fluctuations to transmit information and how fast could you do it? | suppose i had an accelerometer on a very large asteroid, and the sensor was focused on a much smaller asteroid a long distance away so that it could detect its gravitational pull. if i were able to move the asteroid back and forth along the sensing axis and the sensor interpreted the perturbations as 1s and 0s, what wo... | wiggle heavy masses, generate gravitational waves, gravitational waves ====== yes - you can wiggle heavy masses around to generate gravitational waves. *however* 1) those waves travel at the speed of light. 2) it takes a lot more energy to wiggle heavy masses to generate gravitational waves than to wiggle electrons aro... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is there such a thing as maximum concentration ? | is there a maximum amount of salt we can dissolve in water? i have noticed that putting salt in a certain amount of water, the salt starts dissolving in the water, until i put "too much" salt , where i can still see the salt at the bottom, not being fully dissolved in the water . why does that happen ? | called saturated, solute, saturated salt solution ====== when a solvent has the most possible solute, it's called saturated. a saturated salt solution is about 26% salt by weight, and has a freezing temperature of zero fahrenheit. | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can someone please explain ideal despotic distribution? | i understand ideal free distribution but can't understand ideal despotic distribution. | theory that populations, populations will grow, piece of land ====== think of ideal distribution as the general theory that populations will grow towards some ideal amount that a given piece of land can support. again, ideal distribution is just the general trend. however, there are exceptions. despotic distribution is... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how would/does microgravity affect the function of an induction motor? | how does/would microgravity affect the function of an induction motor? if the stator was not anchored to anything would part of it's torque be transfer to itself resulting in the stator spinning counter directionally to the rotor and decreased rotational speed for the rotor relative to the initial position of the stato... | electromagnetic forces dominate, forces dominate, depend on gravity ====== it would mostly not affect it. in a running motor, the electromagnetic forces dominate, and do not depend on gravity. the momentum of the motor would of course have to go somewhere. if you start a motor with a stator that is free to rotate, the ... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the general opinion of the "energy catalyzer" aka "cold fusion generator" | here's a relevant article: _url_1_ also, the wikipedia article if you're still not sure what i'm talking about: _url_0_ i'm interested in knowing the scientific community's thoughts on this device. how the developers claim it works, theories on how it *actually* works, why it might not work, etc. | pretty good job, wiki article, good job ====== the wiki article already does a pretty good job of summarizing that. i don't think anyone puts much stock in rossi's own (vague) ideas of what (if anything) is going on. he's claiming nuclear stuff, but hasn't actually shown anything like neutron production, that'd be a te... | 5 | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Catalyzer",
"http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgibbs/2011/10/17/hello-cheap-energy-hello-brave-new-world/"
] | [] | [
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how does adhesion work? | i understand (to a certain extent) that glues work to make a chemical bond between two surfaces, but how do things like stickers and post-its work? | sticking-together of substances, water, charge ====== adhesion is the sticking-together of substances that are not alike. kind of like water sticking to the side of a cup or something. this is caused by non-covalent bonds between the molecules. water is a polar molecule, with a partially negative charge on the oxygen a... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why is alumium and boron in group 13 instead of group 3? | secondary groups, primary groups, main or primary ====== because between the 2nd and 3th main or primary groups are 10 secondary groups. so al is in the 3th main group or in the 13th group. it's a matter of how you look at it. you should ckeck out what is the difference between the 2 types of groups, something related ... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"
] | [
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how did people think pregnancy and impregnation work before modern medicine gave us so much insight? | like, what did people think semen did? what happened during pregnancy? i'm curious as to what the societal perception was. | birth control, purely european standpoint, effective birth control ====== not a scientist, but i am a historian. i can't speak for every culture out there; but from a purely european standpoint, people have understood pregnancy for a very long time. the first written records of effective birth control date back to egyp... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how would i go about testing a rock for its composition? | so me and my friends went camping, and found a large rock on the beach, it looks very out of place, much larger, smoother and less eroded than the other rocks around it, and it almost looks like someone has painted it. i know that its not paint because the rock is essentially in the middle of nowhere and the amount of ... | elemental composition, url, rock ====== if you actually wanted its elemental composition, yes, you would need to send it to a lab. for major rock forming elements (e.g. si, ti, al, na, ca, mn, mg, k, p, etc) and more abundant trace elements, we often use a [x-ray fluorescence spectrometer (xrf)](_url_0_). for trace ele... | 16 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence",
"https://geology.com/store/hand-lens/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_section",
"https://environment.wsu.edu/facilities/geoanalytical-lab/service/prices/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry"
] | [
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are there complimentary sounds? the same way there are complimentary colors? | take the [light spectrum](_url_0_) you can wrap it end to end, to make a [wheel](_url_1_) and find out the colors complements. red complements green, blue to orange, and so on. does the same thing apply to sound? is there such a thing as a complimentary sound? | create different harmonies, basic clean sound, distances between notes ====== kind of. in music, different intervals (distances between notes) are used to create different harmonies. for example, a perfect 5^th (5 whole tomes apart, such as a c and g played together) is a basic clean sound. a minor second (a semitone a... | 4 | [] | [
"http://www.thepurpletent.us/images/Spectrum.jpg",
"http://copiccreations.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/color-wheel-complementary-colors.gif?w=600"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)"
] | [
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do primates ever keep the tools they fashion? ie plan ahead? | i was just thinking of what the real differences are cognitively between humans and one of our closer cousin species. i know one thing that has now been very well documented is the use of rudimentary tools, ie chimpanzees stripping and fashioning a stick to be used to insert into termite mounds. however i was wondering... | managed to find, stone, keeping stone tools ====== okay i managed to find a source. i was reasonably sure i'd seen the keeping of tools in jane goodall books but i wanted to find something i could cite. here is a quote from an npr interview about chimps keeping stone tools used for nut breaking. [source](_url_0_). > wh... | 362 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.wbur.org/npr/150734375/following-the-lives-of-chimpanzees-on-screen?ft=3&f=150734375",
"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chimpanzee-plans-throws-stones-zoo/",
"https://www.wfs.org/futurist/january-february-2014-vol-48-no-1/planning-among-primates",
"http://www.radiolab.org/story/91939... | [
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why is my pee omni-directional somtimes | men generally ignore, seminal fluid, penises ====== most men only use their penises for two activities, which means that men generally ignore what their penises are doing the rest of the time. despite your best efforts (or possibly because of them) you will see or think of something sexually stimulating during your dai... | 23 | [] | [] | [] | [
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dоеs thе bоdу nаturаllу рrоduсе еnоugh рrоlіnе аnd glусіnе fоr hеаlіng sоft tіssuе іnјurіеs? | healthy diet, disrupt your metabolism, beginning single amino ====== if you have a healthy diet then yes. obviously consult your doctor before beginning single amino acid supplementation as it can disrupt your metabolism. | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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with so much subterranean work in new york city, how do engineers know the surface weight can be supported? | you see articles about subways, sewers, mining facilities and various underground structures being made all the time. this is all directly below 80+ story skyscrapers. that is a tremendous amount of weight. how can the engineers know the intervening space can support that colossal mass without buckling? | built, account, existing tunnels ====== when buildings are built, they have to take the existing tunnels into account. when new tunnels are built, they have to take the existing buildings into account. there are maps laying out everything. it also helps that new york is on some pretty solid bedrock that extends almost ... | 26 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.newyorknature.net/Geology.html"
] | [
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why would a thinner layer of compound mixture be better at the start of column chromatography? | i was told that it had something to do with the effective separation of the components in that mixture but i could not reason it out with myself. | layer of solvent, thick layer, head start ====== if you apply your compound in a thick layer of solvent, the compound at the bottom has a head start over the compound at the top. basically, you are spreading out your compounds before you even start running the column. so, you will end up with much thicker bands running... | 10 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is happening in this picture ? | a friend of mine took [this](_url_0_) picture from inside his car with a phone. why does it look like the rainbow is dividing the sky in two different colors ? | alexander dark band, dark band, url ====== oh cool, [alexander's dark band](_url_1_). this is a meteorological phenomenon, so i'll cede the floor to our experts in that field. your question may be worded too vaguely for the relevant panelists to find, however, and if that's the case we'll have you resubmit now that you... | 2 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/iFyDze2"
] | [
"http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/adband.htm",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_band"
] | [
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why aren't muons stopped in calorimeters? | the only answer i could find is that there is little interaction, but why is this interaction so small, is it that they are more energetic? | times more massive, small compared, interaction is small ====== the interaction is small compared to an electron because the muon is over 200 times more massive than the electron. because of this, the muon accelerates more slowly in response to its passage through matter (remember f=ma), and therefore radiates fewer ph... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why is lighting jagged instead of curvy? | i've always wondered why lightning isn't smoother. | large negative charge, positive charge, charge ====== "during a thunderstorm, the lower portion of a cloud contains a region that accumulates a large negative charge, and the upper portion becomes positively charged. also, a positive charge is induced on the surface of the earth, because the negative charge in the clou... | 43 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-are-lightning-bolts-j/"
] | [
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what is breaking when something breaks? | when something breaks--say, a metal bar--what is really breaking? atomic bonds? pieces of the material that are just wedged up against each other? at the two edges where the break occurs, what physically is being separated? | metal bars, metal atoms, perfect material ====== metal bars are not quite a perfect material; instead of it being one perfect lattice of metal atoms, there are 'grains' of material of various sizes. the grain boundaries are bonded to each other more weakly than the atoms within a grain lattice. while it is possible to ... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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are events remembered differently from facts? | i've noticed that i can remember trivia or information for school with hardly any effort, but ask me whether or not i locked the door on the way out, or if i did on homework yet, and i'll have to struggle to remember. is there any scientific basis for this, or is it confirmation bias or some other fallacy? | memory, semantic memory, encode ====== yes! for declarative memory there are two primary types. semantic memory, that is memory for facts, and episodic memory, memory for events. when we encode episodic memory we usually encode some sort of trigger for us to find it again. if the trigger is the same over and over again... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.human-memory.net/types_episodic.html"
] | [
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have we discovered anything from eco-spheres? | with the popularity and widespread availability of eco-spheres, and even a large one at the america museum of natural history, is there anything substantial that we have actually discovered, solidified to a theory or fact or learned from the use of eco-spheres, and if so, what was it? | external energy input, requires external energy, ecosphere requires external ====== the ecosphere requires external energy input, in the form of light, and as such is not the closed systems it claims to be. while a popular hobby and conversation piece, there appears to be little value research-wise. all scientific publ... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons/bottle_biology/"
] | [
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someone throws a pot of boiling water at your torso. you have two choices: normal 100% cotton t- shirt or no shirt. which is better? | i've always believed that it would be much better to have no shirt -- while it would hurt, you could immediately wick away the water with your hand, whereas a cotton shirt would absorb the hot water and keep it close to your skin. are there other factors? | high thermal energy, difficult to remove, increasing the time ====== i'd rather be sans shirt considering this is water and 100% cotton, it's going to make the cotton stick and thus make it more difficult to remove, increasing the time you're in contact with high thermal energy. i don't know if anyone can provide sourc... | 10 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.accuratebuilding.com/images/services/charts/hot_water_burn_scalding_lrg.gif"
] | [
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do humans really affect the environment all that much? | there are the same hurricanes, rainfall, temperatures, and wind currents each year that don't change all that much. i might be simplifying it. although i'd like to see some evidence that we are affecting our planet negatively. | url, intergovernmental panel, climate change ====== [intergovernmental panel on climate change](_url_1_) [national academies of sciences](_url_1_) [nasa](_url_0_) the above are reports on global warming. i can also provide many more on that topic, as well other anthropogenic disasters such as the holocene mass extincti... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://climate.nasa.gov/effects",
"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/materials-based-on-reports/booklets/warming_world_final.pdf",
"http://unimaps.com/aral-sea/aral-pic.gif",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_Sea"
] | [
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do people have easy knock out weak points? | so my dad has passed down some advice from his dad to me a few times (both seriously and in the context of a joke) about a “knockout button.” my recollection of what he said about it is a tad fuzzy but i’ll try to describe it best as i can. this “ko button,” according to him, is a nerve ending or some such weak point j... | brain, head, skull ====== is there some truth to this statement? yes, but not a lot. we don't know the exact mechanism for knockouts, for the obvious reason that it is hard to do experimentally, and that knowledge is of limited benefit to society. but we do know quite a lot about how the brain gets damaged by injury. e... | 13 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwTP7YvpTpM"
] | [
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what really went down 65 million years ago? | i've been fascinated with dinosaurs ever since i was a young boy and i've read several theories about asteroids, volcanic activity, ice ages, disease and even inability to adapt. is there any substantial proof to back up the asteroid theory? which claims the dust that got thrown in the air blocked out the sun and kille... | mass extinction, extinction, causal mechanism ====== in general, it's always difficult to determine what the causal mechanism for a mass extinction could have been. usually, the evidence for a causal mechanism is some combination of the particular selectivity in the extinction or lack thereof (e.g., mostly large land a... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Traps",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary"
] | [
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why does the blood flow in the brain have a different reynolds number than the aorta? | hi ! i was reading the wikipedia article on reynolds number and came across the fact that the typical reynolds number for blood flow for the brain is a factor of 10 smaller than the re for the aorta, could anyone give a short explanation of what it means and why exactly there's such a big difference? thank you in advan... | fluid mechanics, medical professional, mechanical engineer ====== not a medical professional or anything, but i'm a mechanical engineer that works in fluid mechanics. reynolds number is ρul/μ , where l is the characteristic length. approximating flow through a blood vessel as pipe flow, the characteristic length would ... | 21 | [] | [] | [] | [
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the lagrangeformalism is based on the principle of extremal action,are there any areas in physics where you use it to find the maximum action instead of the lowest? | action, maximum, inflection point ====== yes, there are cases where the action is indeed maximum. in fact, the lagrange formalism indicates that the action should be stationary, so strictly speaking, a solutions can be neither maximum nor minimum, it can be an inflection point, or it can be a saddle point. a concrete p... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"https://imgur.com/a/erUW9"
] | [
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could someone explain to me what a time lens is? | as referenced [here](_url_0_). i've tried doing some research, and after googling my 18th polysyllabic physics vocab word i think i'm officially insane. | temporal optical cloak, answer some questions, optical cloak ====== i tried to answer some questions on the temporal optical cloak [here](_url_0_), maybe that helps. i think your best chance of understanding this is as an analogue of the spatial lens, as shown in the figure in the article you reference. the spatial (ha... | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/01/05/boffin_time_cloak/"
] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/o3rb2/time_cloak_how_does_it_work/"
] | [
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what would it be like to move through a superfluid with zero viscosity? | let's say you drop a ball into liquid helium. let's assume that the ball is chilled to the same temperature as the helium so nothing like the leidenfrost effect happens (does that even apply to superfluids?). will there be no drag and no resistance? | phd thesis studying, experimental error, phd thesis ====== [here's a 1966 phd thesis studying exactly that.](_url_0_) experimental findings have shown that at low velocity, you do get 0 drag to within experimental error, and the flow looks identical to potential flow. weirder stuff starts happening as you accelerate th... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/2383/"
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breathing argon | how great of a percent of argon can you have to replace with nitrogen before it is deadly? i know that it is non-toxic, but wikipedia states that it can cause asphyxiation. so let me lay out the question: if you were to have oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases at the same ratio as normally present in air, but chang... | asphyxiation, oxygen, lack ====== asphyxiation has to do with lack of oxygen, not the presence of something else. 100% nitrogen will cause asphyxiation just as quickly as 100% argon. as long as there's enough oxygen, it's fine. you could fully replace n2 with ar and have no problems. the reason it causes asphyxiation i... | 17 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what exactly is the sloan great wall? is it something physical? what is 'on the other side?' | sloan great wall, density of galaxies, sloan great ====== the sloan great wall is a large region of space with an above-average density of galaxies. it's not really a boundary or anything, the space on the far side of it isn't substantially different from the space on this side. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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kindergarten teacher needs to tell kiddies how new discoveries get named | ancient greek word, static electricity, greek latin ====== things are named with bits and pieces of languages old and new (greek latin etc), or after people, places, or events which have some importance relavent to the discovery, or they are named _by_ the discoverer after themselves or something important to themselve... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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does electrical force cause some kind of distortion? | i don't really understand the concept of gravity being a space distortion instead of being a real force. so it makes me a little confused when i'm studying (highschool's level) electrical force. it seems soo close to gravity by it's formulas, so... is it a distortion of something too? what are the similarities and diff... | standard model, quantum field, quantum electrodynamics ====== no, the electromagnetic force is most accurately described by quantum electrodynamics, which is a quantum field theory and part of the standard model. it's an interaction of particles fields and meditated by a boson particle (photon), just like the strong an... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory"
] | [
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what is the average survival for patients with glioblastoma (gbm) without any treatment? (please note the text) | i'm writing a paper for the topic, and i've come across a very curious problem. many places cite 3 months, with a few citing 4 1/2 months, but i have not seen a single scholarly study to actually back up the claim. whenever i do find something that i think will finally end my search, i look into the source it cites to ... | url, therapy, find ====== [this](_url_0_) is the best i could find. looks like gbm has been treated with radiation since the 1920s. if you read the case reports you'll see many of them had little to no treatment prior to the novel radiotherapy. in one case it was 1 month from diagnosis, until the they got therapy and t... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/906755-ufEeu6/906755.pdf"
] | [
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what is turbulent dissipation and what is the difference between k epsilon and k omega models in fluid dyanamics? | i came across these terms in ansys ! | complete answers, url, specific question ====== you'll get more complete answers in /r/cfd as this is a very specific question. [turbulence dissipation, epsilon is the rate at which turbulence kinetic energy is converted into thermal internal energy.](_url_1_) that's the epsilon in k-epsilon. [omega is just the specifi... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.cfd-online.com/Forums/main/75554-use-k-epsilon-k-omega-models.html#post256749",
"http://www.cfd-online.com/Wiki/Turbulence_dissipation_rate",
"http://www.cfd-online.com/Wiki/Specific_turbulence_dissipation_rate"
] | [
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what are some scientifically accurate documentaries worth watching? | there are so many that fabricate, misinterpret or jump to outrageous conclusions. what are some worth watching that are scientifically accurate? thanks in advance. | top documentaries, conspiracy theories, similar note ====== on a similar note [top documentaries](_url_0_) provides loads of free docs on all subjects - history, politics, science, literature, language, conspiracy theories, health, mathematics... you name it. of course its up to you to determine if the source is reputa... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/"
] | [
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chemists of /r/askscience -- what are some chemicals / compounds that you simply refuse to work with? | i'm talking about stuff that will drop you dead in a heartbeat, will start fires impossible to put out, etc. what's the real nasty stuff out there? | gross smells, hate working, lot of sulfur ====== i hate working with a lot of sulfur compounds since they have very strong, gross smells. it's especially bad if there are undergrads/a busy undergrad lab involved since the chemical won't sit nicely in the fumehood, people are going to be taking it out and droppering it ... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Wetterhahn"
] | [
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what is the black spot that was on a cern diagram? is it just a blotch or dust particle that got picked up? | _url_0_ | beam dump, beam, beam dump monitoring ====== that is where the beam passed through a ceramic screen on its way to the beam dump. the beam dumps are long, water-cooled rods of carbon encased in steel, designed to absorb the energy of the beams when they get ejected out of the lhc. each beam can contain around 150 mj of ... | 8 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/hKhnISP"
] | [
"https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/d07/papers/tupb28.pdf",
"https://lhc-machine-outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc-machine-outreach/components/beam-dump.htm"
] | [
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orbital trajectories and error? | i first appreciated what a free return trajectory was when i watched [this video](_url_0_) where a science teacher uses a lycra sheet and weights to demonstrate gravity (free return is at the 6:20 mark). the trajectory makes sense to me and i guess you could say you "fall" all the way to the moon and fall all the way h... | unpractically precise, needed accuracy, accuracy at launch ====== it's simple: they don't have the needed accuracy at launch (for some trips you might need to be unpractically precise). you might know that in general, the error in the configuration of a mechanical system grows exponentially, so no matter how good you a... | 9 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTY1Kje0yLg"
] | [] | [
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i saw a meme about turning the sun down 20 degrees, and wondered what the actual affects of this would be. | [this is the post](_url_0_) but what got me going was wondering what would actually happen to us as a civilization if the sun were to drop 20 degrees (centigrade). would the world freeze over in anyway? perhaps bird migration and other sun related instincts could be thrown off? what do you make of this? | earths orbital position, degree reduction, earths orbital ====== the earths orbital position and rotational axis have more influence on the geographical temperature than a 20 degree reduction on the sun would. | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AdviceAnimals/comments/1222vy/its_october_and_still_85_degrees_outside/"
] | [] | [
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how do we determine what a "safe" or "acceptable" level of something is for humans? | things like radiation, or mercury, or iron... how do we figure out what levels are safe for consumption/exposure? is it just trial and error? expose tim to 10rad, record results, increase dose and try again? or is there another way of checking these things that doesn't result in loss of human life? | bacterium, mice, etc. ====== it's a combination of using human analogues (bacterium, mice, etc.), and case studies where these things actually happened to the person. | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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i have a few questions about temperature? | 1. does it take the same ammount of energy to heat something from 5°c to 6°c as it takes to heat that same thing from 1002°c to 1003°c? 2. as i understand it, atoms can turn their internal energy (temperature) into photons through blackbody radiation. is there a bottom cutoff at which temperature they dont do that anym... | bad approximation, broad distribution, gases close ====== in general: no. there are some cases where this isn't a bad approximation, however - gases close to ideal gases (helium for example). no. it is [a broad distribution](_url_0_). sunlight is an example. temperature is a macroscopic property, a single atom doesn't ... | 17 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck's_law",
"https://www.ohio.edu/mechanical/thermo/property_tables/air/air_cp_cv.html"
] | [
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is my thinking on this thought experiment right? (dry ice in a balloon) | if i put some dry ice in a balloon and put it on a balance what would you predict would happen to the reading on the balance as the dry ice sublimes and fills the balloon? initially i would think that the balance reading would stay the same as the same amount of stuff is on the balance. but then think that the balance ... | archimedes' principle applies, decrease, principle applies ====== actually, it would decrease. the mass does not change, but the it will have bigger volume and the archimedes' principle applies. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what are the differences between a regular möbius band and an open möbius band? | first of all, i think this is a math question but if it's more physics, just let me know. secondly, i'm researching möbius strips for personal reasons and am stuck on figuring out which, if any, differences between closed and open bands actually exist. the information i'm coming up with is so math-based that it seems c... | open mobius band, open, mobius band ====== the difference between an open and closed mobius band is the same as the difference between an open set and what mathematicians call the _closure_ of that set. let's talk about the difference between an open disk and a closed disk, first. a closed disk of radius 1 centered at ... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how are standards of measurement determined? | more specifically, how is the accuracy of an instrument determined? for example, i've heard that atomic clocks are much more accurate than regular clocks, but what were they compared to to determine this? and a question that is only slightly related, how are new digits of pi calculated? my apologies if this has been an... | constant physical quantities, universal sense, distance and time ====== most of the standards are defined in some universal sense - distance and time are both defined off of measurable, constant physical quantities; others, such as the kilogram, use a standard that is *defined* to be that. there's a chunk of pt-ir allo... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#Computer_era_and_iterative_algorithms",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram#Glossary",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#History",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_base_unit#The_seven_SI_base_units"
] | [
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how do brine pools persist despite an established solute gradient? | from what i understand of thermodynamics, [brine pools](_url_0_) shouldn't be permanent. i understand that brine is more dense than ocean water, but the brine/ocean interface is subject to the same thermal motion as any other molecules. so, why doesn't water from the normal ocean volume seep in and dissipate concentrat... | url, brine pools, earth science question ====== they are all transient. this isn't really just an earth science question, but brine pools need a continual supply of salt to remain for any useful amount of time. two major sources are [brinicles](_url_3_), where a stalactite of very salty water forms under sea ice which ... | 7 | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_pool"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%E2%80%93Taylor_instability",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_instability",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_seep",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinicle"
] | [
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i put liquid latex on a magnet, stuck it to a mirror, and before it dried pulled it off. the result was fractals? (pic included) | so, i got a marker board that has a square magnet on the back, and i wanted to stick it to a mirror. obviously mirrors are not magnetic, so i put it on with liquid latex (makeup artist here). i let go of the marker board before it dried all the way, and it fell off with the latex on the magnet looking like this: _url_0... | viscous fingering, fractal structure, produce a fractal ====== that looks a lot like the phenomenon of [viscous fingering](_url_0_), which can produce a fractal structure. it occurs when a low-viscosity fluid (i guess air in this case) infiltrates a high-viscosity fluid (latex). if that is the case then the magnetic fi... | 184 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/5y6H8.jpg"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscous_fingering",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion-limited_aggregation",
"https://i.minus.com/i9v8okHY3ZF6E.JPG",
"https://i.minus.com/ibieGENB9Gs0tB.JPG",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_grease",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZD1DRDgxN4&feature=g-upl"
] | [
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what is a "potential well', how does it relate to the lennard-jones potential, and is there a simpler expression that can be used to graph the function that is commonly shown in the lennard-jones potential? | also, is there anything called an equilibrium range related to any of this? any simple information on lennard-jones potential would also be appreciated. edit: this should probably be under chemistry, not physics, right? | potential, gravitational potential, local gravitational field ====== a potential well is a region in which some kind of potential (say, electric or gravitational) is lower (typically, more negative) than elsewhere. they occur when an object makes a significant contribution to the appropriate local field. for example, a... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png"
] | [
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why doesn't my digital multimeter detect the resistance between two points on the surface of my skin? | i know the resistance of the skin is fairly high but my meter reads up to 1mω. how come it doesn't show a reading? | points can exceed, dry skin, mohm ====== the resistance of dry skin between two points can exceed 1 mohm. a multimeter with 10m resistance range would almost certainly show a reading; slightly moistening your skin (e.g. with saliva) would give a reading on your existing meter (unless it or the probe cables are broken). | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what do scientists mean by "information?" | i've heard the term bandied about some. as in "information cannot be create nor destroyed" and "information is encoded into the event horizon of a black hole." but i've never heard it defined exactly what they mean in this context. edit: spelling. | describes or distinguishes, distinguishes one thing, url ====== anything that describes or distinguishes one thing from another. on the most fundamental level it's a physical systems quantum state. some links: _url_2_ _url_0_ _url_1_ | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_information",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state"
] | [
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how do lysosomes in phagocytes know only to attach to *food vacuoles*, and not simply affix themselves to the interior of the cell and eat that? | i assume the new vacuole is created with a phospholipid bilayer analogous (if not identical) to the cell membrane that was just used to eat whatever was engulfed. is it simply the hydrophobic nature of the outside of the vacuole that draws the lysosome over like some sexy hooker and is like "hey stud. you look like you... | multiple mechanisms, fairly specific, process of engulfing ====== there are multiple mechanisms, but one fairly specific one is that phagocytosis (the process of engulfing a pathogen) also brings in any antibodies that were attached to that pathogen. those antibodies then [signal to nearby lysosomes](_url_0_) to merge ... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.pnas.org/content/103/48/18226.full"
] | [
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say i'm in a supermassive black hole, i point my arms toward the singularity, can i point them back down again? | if i'm inside a supermassive black hole and point my arms toward the center, they are closer to the singularity yes? if i then try to point my arms back down...what happens? | supermassive black hole, general relativity, noticed anything special ====== according to the predictions of general relativity, if you have passed through the event horizon of a supermassive black hole you probably won't have noticed anything special. you would feel approximately like you were freely floating in space... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is a 'cyclonic wave break'? | my local weatherman tweeted that there was a cyclonic wave break near greenland. when i searched the phrase, all i found were scholarly articles that were over my head. can anyone explain what it is simply? thanks. | cyclonic wave break, wave, waves referred ====== the waves referred to are rossby waves which i think are explained well enough [here](_url_0_). while the term 'cyclonic wave break' looks a little intimidating it is really just a breaking wave, similar to the breaking of an ocean wave. the situation you are looking at ... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/whats-a-rossby-wave-17936"
] | [
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