title stringlengths 4 300 | selftext stringlengths 0 9.63k | answers.text stringlengths 55 11.4k | answers.score int64 2 32.7k | title_urls.url list | selftext_urls.url list | answers_urls.url list | sent_vec list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
is vasovagal syncope always chronic? | i was looking at it online and saw it said somewhere that it goes away in a week or so, so does that mean it's not always a permanent condition? | nutshell vasovagal syncope, vagus nerve transmitted, nerve transmitted reaction ====== in a nutshell vasovagal syncope just means that you have vagus nerve transmitted reaction that causes your bloodpressure to drop enough for you to go unconcious. vagal reflex is something that all people have and it can cause syncope... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why are antenna receivers orb-shaped? | hey, i'm watching some show called pine gap on netflix, but noticed that the receivers are full orbs, with hexagonal plates on it. what's the reason for this? wouldn't it be more beneficial if they're just large tray disks? | actual receivers, url, protective coverings ====== [those aren't the actual receivers](_url_1_), they're just protective coverings. underneath there is typically the [standard parabolic antenna you'd expect](_url_0_). the covering is called a [radome](_url_2_). they're usually plastic, maybe with a metal frame (which i... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"https://www2.l3t.com/essco/img/redesign/metalspaceframe_720x187.jpg",
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why is the following wrong? (tl;dr i get i(pi)=0) | we know, from euler's identity, that e^i(pi) =-1 if we take the natural log of both sides, we get i(pi)=ln(-1) doubling both sides gives 2i(pi)=2ln(-1) simplifying gives 2i(pi)=ln(1)=0 so, obviously incorrectly, 2i(pi)=0 so what has gone wrong here? is it the fact i took a logarithm of a negative, or is some of my reas... | complex plane, complex, log ====== logarithms are tricky in the complex plane. for instance, since we have 1 = e^(2pi i) = e^(4pi i) = e^(6pi i)=..., then taking logarithms would seem to suggest that 0 = 2pi i = 4pi i = 6pi i =... which obviously isn't the case. the problem arises because you are starting at 1, with lo... | 31 | [] | [] | [
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is it a valid linearization to say that tan(ϕ)=ϕ for small displacements against zero? | i've used sinus in the past to linearize equations like this, but is tangens good enough too? | higher order terms, remaining higher order, lim sinx ====== yes. see the power series of tan function in [_url_0_](_url_0_) . the first linear term for tan x is x, the remaining higher order terms go to zero faster than x in the limit as x- alternately, lim sinx = x as x- > 0 and lim cosx = 1 as x- > 0. tanx = sinx/cos... | 5 | [] | [] | [
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pitch is viscous and can be fractured. can other viscous substances (e. g., water, honey, etc.) be fractured? | newtonian fluid, url, fluid ====== what you are describing is a [non newtonian fluid](_url_0_). a common (and fun) example is cornstach mixed with water. under high stress and impact, the mixture will act like a solid, otherwise it will act like a liquid. if you scoop up a bunch of the goo and quickly try to pull to it... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid"
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"pbs special" explanation of how operating systems work? | i know my way around a computer, and i know what the os does in broad terms - task scheduling, memory management, hardware abstraction, etc. thus far, i've only been able to find very generalized explanations that give me no new information, or extremely in-depth ones that are mostly over my head. so, can anyone explai... | level, isa level, application level ====== edit, all that work for a 5 days old question. i sincerely hope someone reads this! let me dig into what i was taught my computer architecture class, which i passed last semester. imagine computing like a building. at the penthouse there's the user level. at the basement, ther... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the difference between a symptom and a sign? | my tutor just told us they are the same thing, but i didn't think this was the case. | tutor is incorrect, incorrect, tutor ====== unfortunately your tutor is incorrect. symptoms are subjective, signs are objective. in other words, a symptom is something reported by a patient whereas a sign is something that is observable by a physician. classic example: pain is the reportable symptom and tenderness is t... | 9 | [] | [] | [] | [
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i am a traditional photographer and have a solution of ferrous sulfate for development. if i dilute it, will its shelf-life be reduced? | for full disclosure, i know next to nothing about chemistry. i'm in a remedial course this semester, but most of it is going over my head. however, i'm using the wet-plate collodion process to make photographs, and a lot of the chemicals used in the process are strange and bizarre to me. i've looked over my notes, goog... | exposure to oxygen, oxygen will hurt, dissolved oxygen ====== any exposure to oxygen will hurt you here. obviously an airtight container is a must, but water itself has a substantial amount of dissolved oxygen (this is how fish breathe under water) so you are certainly going to reduce the shelf life by diluting it. per... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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psi vs. buoyancy? | i did some googling...didn't find the answer i was looking for. i have an inflatable paddleboard that can be inflated up to 20 psi. as i increase psi, does the buoyancy of the board also rise? example: will a board be able to support more weight if i increase psi from 15psi to 20psi? | paddle board, paddle, water ====== buoyancy is related to how much water you are displacing with your paddleboard. if the weight of the water that you displace weighs less than your paddle board and you, you will sink. once you fill your paddle board to a level where it is full, it will not gain anymore buoyancy. if yo... | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how does capillary action work? | a friend of mine was telling me the other day about capillary action. you stick a tube in water and water goes up the tube, he said it's how plants get water and nutrients around their bodies. however he didn't have a good explanation as to how it works, i thought askscience might be able to help! | water, polar, water is polar ====== water is polar. it has no net charge, but one side of it is a little bit positive, and the other side negative. this attraction is what drives capillary action... the water is attracted to either a positive or negative charge in the tube, and then more water is attracted to that wate... | 2 | [] | [] | [
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what is capillary action/motion? | nature reduces energy, nature reduces, capillary ====== capillary motion is just another way that nature reduces energy. here's an example to start things off: in space, why do water drops that are touching each other coalesce instead of staying separate? the answer is surface tension. basically, the water air interfac... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_asking_askscience",
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by what mechanism did mers jump from camels to humans, and what are the implications? | i know a little bit about viral mutation and that most mamal viruses are species specific, but if someone can explane how this exact virus (or other coronavirues) jumped from infecting animals to humans, that would be great! | interesting thing, undergone a substantial, substantial mutation ====== the interesting thing about mers is that it doesn't seem to have undergone a substantial mutation to be able to infect humans. while sars jumped from bats to humans once then spread from there, mers seems to be constantly infecting humans from came... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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120/240v appliances: is there any benefit to converting my saws to 240v? | dual voltage motor, coils, connected ====== if your saws have a dual voltage motor in them then all you are doing is changing how the windings in the motors are connected. essentially, there are a number of coils in the motors and for high voltage the coils are connected in series and for low voltage the coils are conn... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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askscience ama series- iama graduate student working with human papillomavirus (hpv) | hey r/askscience! i've worked with hpv the last 2 years and will be finishing up my msc thesis soon. hopefully we can spark some good discussion. high-risk hpv, such as type 16, are the primary cause of cervical cancers. hpv is also responsible for many other benign and malignant lesions (ano-genital cancers, warts, or... | virus cause cancer, cancer, host cell ====== how exactly does a virus cause cancer? does it insert some kind of anti-apoptosis gene in the host cell? can it infect and/or cancerize any other organs? | 16 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how do you explain this halo around the shadow in the image? | [the shadow of this plane](_url_0_) has a halo around it, the light looks diffracted and appears to only show the red and yellow... how do you explain the circular shape and diffraction of light around the shadow? | glory, water droplets, mist or clouds ====== it is a glory. it is caused by mie scattering from small water droplets in mist or clouds. here is a computer program that can calculate them: _url_0_ so these are not rainbows. those are caused be refraction and reflection in large water droplets. | 11 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/DjltVYD.jpg"
] | [
"http://www.atoptics.co.uk/droplets/iris.htm",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_(optical_phenomenon)"
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energy production area usage question | hello people of [/r/askscience](/r/askscience), i have been reading about different energy production methods and have become more and more interested in nuclear energy, the lftr especially makes me interested. and i started to think of space usage. obviously, wind and solar farms need to take up a lot of space. but ho... | david mackay, sustainable energy options, recommend watching ====== i would recommend watching the ted talk by david mackay, [tedxwarwick - david mackay - how the laws of physics constrain our sustainable energy options](_url_1_). he's the author of the book [sustainable energy - without the hot air](_url_0_), which is... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.withouthotair.com/",
"http://youtu.be/-5bVbfWuq-Q"
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why is bread so dangerous on the iss or space shuttle, because of crumbs and electronics, yet we always see videos of astronauts playing with water droplets floating around those same electronics? | blobs of water, big blobs, water ====== they are careful with the big blobs of water. any small droplets that get away will quickly evaporate, and the moisture will be caught by the air processors. crumbs and shavings on the other hand do not evaporate, and will stay wherever they get into. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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do concrete slabs have a biological or environmental "shadow"? | i was flying yesterday (in a plane, i'm not actually capable of flight). on the taxiway, pulling up to the gates, i noticed how incredibly large the footprint of the concrete slab was on the ground. what sort of effect does this have on the system underneath? is it a dead zone or just a very different ecosystem than th... | land area paved, area paved, runoff from precipitation ====== not sure if this is what you're looking for, but in terms of land area paved, this causes enormous problems with runoff from precipitation. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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floating droplet | ok so i was drinking my beer, a high gravity hurricane to be specific. for a few seconds, there was a droplet of beer/water floating on the surface. it didn't coalesce with the rest of the beer, and seemed stable. i should have grabbed a picture, but i decided to shake the beer a bit and then it finally coalesced into ... | beer has chemical, compounds like gluten, soap bubble ====== beer has chemical compounds like gluten, sugars, and more that can collect around a small droplet to form a "shell" similar to the surface of a soap bubble. this may have been the cause of the stability. qualification: homebrewer | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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do muscles act as light-armor for our bodies? | [deleted] | undergo some amount, internal organs, muscle tissue ====== both people will absorb the impact in their abdominal muscle, and undergo some amount of damage to that muscle tissue. in the sense that the muscles help to protect the internal organs, yes. a person with strong abs can absorb a stronger impact before incurring... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why do things look like cartoons under super magnification? | example _url_0_ | electron micrograph, electron, image captured ====== your example image is an electron micrograph (image captured by an electron microscope). these are usually black/white to which color is added to clarify the different features in the image. hence, the "cartoon-like" appearance. | 12 | [] | [
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how does multi-processing begin? | i am currently taking an operating systems class at university and we actually went through implementing a lot of the aspects to a threading library. however, the one function that was given to us was called boot, which activated a bunch of our 'cpu abstracted objects' which were the abstractions for processors and cou... | onward specifically discusses, process on intel., onward specifically ====== [an overview of the process on intel.](_url_0_) page 16 onward specifically discusses what happens in the case of multiple processors/cores. in short, after boot, there is a special interrupt (sipi) that lets you tell each core where to start ... | 9 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/intelligent-systems/intel-boot-loader-development-kit/minimal-intel-architecture-boot-loader-paper.html",
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should all uv-vis standard curves cross the origin? | so if most (if not all) uv-vis spectroscopy standard curves require measuring the known samples against a blank, logically they should cut the origin (0 conc, 0 abs) since the blank essentially has 0 conc and because of the way the spectrophotometer works all the abs values are zero-ed with the blank so it essentially ... | limit of detection, limit, limit of linearity ====== usually we exclude the blank as a proper data point because it is beyond the limit of detection. for each instrument and sample, there is a limit of detection and limit of linearity. the limit of detection is a low concentration point beyond which the results become ... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why do phase diagrams not include microstructures stable below room temperature? | i understand that some phase diagrams are only interesting between certain temperature ranges and compositions, like iron/carbon. however, i've never seen a phase diagram that includes temperatures near or below room temperature. is it just assumed that the microstructure at the lowest shown temperature for a particula... | clutter things, phase, phase diagram ====== phase diagrams might simply not show those parts of the phase diagram because they'd be too small to see or would clutter things. if you're showing temperatures up to a few hundred kelvin, some phase which only exists at 10^(-8) kelvin or below wouldn't really show up if the ... | 6 | [] | [] | [
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how/why is past life underneath the ground? | i don't get how bones, old buildings, etc. tend to get layered over and fossilized. where does the dirt come from, and is there a limit to how layered the earth's crust can be? | rock, sedimentary rock, pressure ====== generally it only occurs in depositional environments - places where more material is being deposited into, rather than being eroded from. these places are floodplains, swamps, estuaries, marine to name a few. here it is the water flow that carries and deposits the dirt, carried ... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.geologyclass.org/Igneou42.jpg",
"http://www.challengerindy.org/Lessons/Rocks%20and%20Minerals/Sedimentary.jpg",
"http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/geologic_story_of_yosemite/images/24-b.jpg"
] | [
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wat is the science behind flour products and altitude? | i was just told to add more water and use less flour in my recipes because i am above sea level. why? | relevant article, allrecipes, url ====== relevant article from [allrecipes](_url_0_). my understanding is that the gases released when baking (carbon dioxide with baking soda/powder and water vapour) are released more quickly at high altitude becuase of the lower air pressure (less force pushing against the gases). due... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://allrecipes.com/HowTo/high-altitude-cake-baking/detail.aspx"
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how seriously should we take the statement "we expect to lose everything west of the i-5"? | the recent spate of reports in the new yorker and elsewhere about the cascadian subduction zone earthquake that's apparently on the way have prominently quoted a fema official who stated "we expect to lose everything west of the i-5." the reports i'm seeing imply that this would be the work of a follow-on tsunami, rath... | threat is real, cascadia threat, west ====== not *too* seriously, but the cascadia threat is real. i'm not sure where that fema official gets his information, but most of the pacific nw is mountainous and foresty, both west of and east of i-5. the recent japan tsunami reached a height of 40 m. in comparison, most of th... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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do all moving object appear contracted? | in the derivation of lorentz contraction my prof considered a rod moving away from you with speed v. in this case the rod appears shrunk by a factor gamma. but now let's consider a rod moving towards you. light from farther end leaves before it does from the closer end; for the measurement to be simultaneous in your fr... | actual measurement performed, incoming light rays, measurement ====== do not confuse *what you see*, which is defined by incoming light rays from the object arriving to you simultaneously, with an actual measurement performed in your frame. if your professor has defined a measurement of length employing only light trav... | 43 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_synchronization",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell_rotation"
] | [
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is each and every one of us pulling the earth towards us with our gravitons? also do we emit gravitons like we emit emr? | *sips coffee* | real, things, gravitons ====== there are two things, one is a "virtual" and other is a "real" graviton. when you move around, you emit real gravitons, much like a moving electron emits light. but there are also gravitons that are not actually emitted, they are virtual and their only purpose is to serve as a mathematica... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what are differences between osteosarcoma and ewing's sarcoma? | bone tumors, osteosarcomas, bone ====== ewing-sarcomas are osteosarcomas but not every osteosarcoma is a ewing-sarcoma. & #x200b; about 10% of all malign bone-tumors are ewing-sarkomas. they are the second most common bone tumors. most common are osteosarcomas which are found in about 40% of malignant bone tumors. 80% ... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can someone explain this distinct line in southern wisconsin? | i just noticed this very distinct line from brodtville to fennimore to dodgeville to mt. horeb. there are hills and valleys above and significantly flatter land below: _url_1_ _url_0_ | southwest savanna, ecological landscapes, url ====== yep, good observation. that line you mention is the divide between the [western coulee and ridges](_url_0_) and the [southwest savanna](_url_4_) ecological landscapes. i need to look into the exact geological differences between those areas, but they're both part of ... | 8 | [] | [
"https://imgur.com/gallery/licGb",
"https://earth.google.com/web/@42.85165956,-90.30848388,327.46160972a,160065.66117106d,35y,0h,0t,0r"
] | [
"http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/landscapes/index.asp?mode=detail&Landscape=4",
"http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Lands/LowerWisconsin/geology.html",
"http://nationaltroutcenter.org/visit-ntc/driftless-area/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driftless_Area",
"http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/landscapes/index.asp?mode=detail&L... | [
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what's dehp? is my laundry bag going to kill me? | i just bought a laundry bag. then i noticed some text on the package ... "state of california proposition 65 warning: this product contains dehp, a phthalate chemical, lead and other chemicals known to the state of california to cause cancer, birth defects and other reproductive harm." so, is the manufacturer just cove... | dehp is potentially, potentially toxic, makes perfect sense ====== dehp is potentially toxic but you're safe if you don't eat the bag. it's commonly used as a low-cost plasticiser so for things like a laundry bag it makes perfect sense. it has very low solubility in water so it's unlikely to ever transfer to your cloth... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_65_(1986\\)"
] | [
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what's the purpose of delayed-release naproxen? | enteric coating, extended release tablets, stomach ====== the above answer is not truly correct, and more so described extended release tablets. delayed release tablets are similar to instant release tablets, except they have an enteric coating which delays drug release in the stomach. the enteric coating has several u... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045681/"
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why is the "sine wave" so prevalent in real-world objects? | water, objects bending, the sine wave is everywhere. is this pure coincidence? or is there some mathematical reason that things love to make this shape? | periodic motion, sin wave, fourier transform ====== anything that has any sort of periodic motion can be written as a sin wave. even if you have something that is extremely complex but still periodic, you can still express it using sin waves through a process called [fourier transform](_url_0_). | 21 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform",
"http://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/fdscontent/uscompanion/us/static/companion.websites/9780199922963/images/SineAnimation.gif",
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what is the smallest thing alive? | interesting question, smallest, question ====== this is an interesting question! it turns out the smallest known (undisputed) organism is a bacterium called *mycoplasma genitalium*. you may have noticed the specific name of that creature looks a lot like the word genitalia? it's actually a human sti! and it's around 20... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallest_organisms",
"http://www.independent.co.uk/migration_catalog/article6120588.ece/alternates/w620/Sphaerodactylus%20ariasae.jpeg"
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i've got a bunch of double-slit experiment questions. anyone care to tackle them? | 1. has anyone ever measured the duration of a photon's impact with the detector on the far side of the slits? is this currently possible? does the impact duration vary depending on whether there are secondary detectors on the near side of the slits? 2. what happens if the secondary detectors are placed nearer and neare... | detector, primary detector, kind of problem ====== 1. i'm not sure that duration of impact is a meaningful thing in this kind of problem, and i definitely don't know of any experiment measuring it. 2. if the slits are closer, then the primary detector will detect everything as being more closely clumped together, but t... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.uscibooks.com/Townsend_cover.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/EuQYn.jpg"
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do foreign objects travel behind the eye and stay there? | i just removed a tiny eyelash from between my eye and the soft tissue that surrounds. so i've always wondered: does stuff get stuck back there? (reposted, original post met with crickets last night) | hand at answering, body, generally ====== well, it's been 7 hours with no response, so i'll have my hand at answering this. apologizes for the lack of citations. the body is extremely good at dealing with foreign objects. it generally has one of three reactions when something enters the body 1) breaking the entity down... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the typical dimensions of a typical feature on a modern integrated circuit? | cannon lake, process, ice lake processors ====== intel's p1274 process is a 10nm process released in 2018 to limited use in a few chips (cannon lake, 2018). 10nm is also the process node for the upcoming 10th generation ice lake processors. it is a finfet process, so a "typical feature" could refer to the fin-like shap... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8268472"
] | [
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how does reproducibility happen in very expensive experiments? | i've been addicted to pbs space time and just got done with the "sterile neutrino" episode. the host mentions that several very large laboratory experiments disagree on the results. that made me wonder: what happens when a claim is made that's the result of a very unique/expensive test result? i'm thinking along the li... | experiment, url, cheap experiments ====== similar to cheap experiments. a few examples: the [lhc](_url_0_) has four big experiments. two of them are large general-purpose experiments, atlas and cms. they have the same physics goals, but a different design and they are run by independent collaborations. if one of them f... | 10 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle"
] | [
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askscience ama series: scientists are on board the r/v joides resolution for two months to drill approximately 1500 meters into the atlantis bank gabbroic massif. gabbro is an intrusive igneous rock that forms when magma is trapped beneath earth's surface and cools slowly. aua! | the international ocean discovery program (iodp) conducts scientific ocean drilling expeditions throughout the world’s oceans in search of clues to earth’s structure and past. the current expedition is expedition 360: indian ridge moho, aboard the u.s. vessel for scientific ocean drilling, the joides resolution ([www._... | sio tech here., sio tech, here. that thing ====== former sio tech here. that thing makes the r/v revelle look like a bathtub. do you have beer? unols took away our beer :( our one lousy stinkin beer a day. do you have a hottub? on the r/v melville the bosun built one out of plywood and banding straps and boat paint and... | 30 | [] | [
"joidesresolution.org",
"https://twitter.com/TheJR",
"http://www.joidesresolution.org",
"http://joidesresolution.org/node/4349",
"www.joidesresolution.org",
"https://www.facebook.com/joidesresolution",
"http://joidesresolution.org/"
] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fQiV4eYFyc"
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are there models of the body's advanced feedback systems? | i'm familiar with linear feedback systems and adaptive filtering. but these seem to fail to explain the body's ability to compensate for complex stimuli [like the effect of this video](_url_0_). the visual system must be compensating for the moving image in an attempt to filter it out, right? are there mathematical mod... | linear systems theory, beaten to death, modeled in detail ====== i'm not sure what the video you linked to is driving at, but both the [vor](_url_0_) and the [plr](_url_2_) have been modeled in detail (some might even say "beaten to death") using linear systems theory, just to give two examples. i believe david robinso... | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVgOLWVYytM"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibulo-ocular_reflex",
"http://www.montefiore.ulg.ac.be/systems/SYST002/Stark57.pdf",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupillary_light_reflex"
] | [
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frontal lobe and poor decision making in the evening? | frontal lobe is responsible for good judgement. is it true that in some, frontal lobe gets "tired" by evening, and that is when we make poorer decisions vs morning? and if so, is there a way to be in charge of this somewhat? | evening showing decrements, normal day, processes that require ====== indeed, some cognitive processes that require the frontal lobe are quite sensitive to sleep loss, evening showing decrements across a normal day. in particular, risk taking is greater and impulse control is decreased in the evening and night. i'm not... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what exactly is an ekg measuring? voltage or current? | for those with experience with electrocardiograms, you will probably know that the x-axis is in units of time (seconds), while the y-axis is in units of potential(millivolts). so, one would assume that ekgs measure potential differences between the two nodes on a lead. however, when you see a normal sinus rhythm on lea... | heart, muscle cells, potential ====== hey - you are not far off! you are right, the ekg will be relatively insensitive to the polarization of the muscle cells of the heart, per se. however, when muscle cells in different areas are changing polarization, there is a net current flow because cations are entering or leavin... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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i hear all the time about an actor gaining 40 pounds for one movie and then dropping 30 pounds for the next one (mark wahlberg recently did this and christian bale comes to mind). how healthy is this on their bodies? | it sounds like a short term eating disorder not too mention borderline obsession that could kill some of these actors and actresses. are their medical reasons they shouldn't do these roals? i am wondering why the screen actors guild allows actors to go to such extremes, but i am only asking this subreddit the scientifi... | rapid weight loss, controlled setting, kcal ====== honestly the effects of rapid weight loss / gain aren't especially deleterious in and of themselves if you're doing it in a controlled setting in consultation with professionals. the problems with rapid weight gain and loss tend to stem from the fact they're typically ... | 22 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22286727",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988070",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19592223"
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geologists & geology enthusiasts: what could this mineral be? | at my swimming hole in western newfoundland, i've been noticing a lot of a green mineral deposit. it's a kind of mint colored greenish blue, similar to a light colored jade. it's very beautiful, i'm hoping someone could tell me what it might be. photos here: _url_0_ | port peninsula, gros morne, port ====== before i say anything stupid, is there any chance you are located in the area of gros morne or perhaps port au port peninsula? cause that sure looks like a type of serpentinized peridotite such as you'd expect to find in the ophiolitic complex in that area. if so, it would tend t... | 9 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/a/ufi7O#fBjRd2e"
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do multi-cellular gametes exist? | [deleted] | fertilization step involves, actual fertilization step, plant reproduction involves ====== i suppose this depends on how exactly you define a gamete, but i would say that plant reproduction involves what comes close to the idea of "multicellular gametes". of course, the actual fertilization step involves the fertilizat... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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24 fps / 48 fps movies: what happens in the brain? | trying to get into the whole 24 fps / 48 fps argument over the hobbit movie. i found some identical clips filmed in both versions and my friends see a huge difference (as does the rest of the world apparently). i don't see it. no difference. what does this mean about my eyes/brain? | soap opera effect, versions, movie ====== you have links to both versions? normally, what people mean when they see this, is the 'soap opera effect', where what you see on tv looks like it's been filmed by a home camera. examples of this is any sporting broadcast, saved by the bell, and judge judy. a method to easily n... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why is the anterior pituitary stimulated via the hypophyseal portal system and not by axons directly? | is there a clear benefit or reason for this type of indirect stimulation? why not just directly stimulate the pituitary endocrine cells with excitatory motor neurons? wish me luck on my exam! | delivering hormone regulation, hormone regulation signaling, evolutionary standpoint ====== from an evolutionary standpoint, adenohypophysis (aka anterior pituitary) goes further back; the portal system way of delivering hormone regulation signaling from the brain to the gland came about first. there is no specific rea... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383957908"
] | [
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do cnidocytes "reload?" | if yes, how does this happen? if no, how does a jellyfish protect itself after executing a sting? | stinging cells, specialized stinging cells, cnidocytes ====== wow, i can't believe no one has taken this yet. cnidocytes, for anyone curious, are the specialized stinging cells that define the phylum cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, hydras, and corals). the overall cell is called a cnidocyte (or "nematocyte") and the har... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why are atomic subshells shaped the way they are? | looking at pictures, in a way, it looks like l represents the number of linear divisions, while n represents the number of radial divisions. is this true, and if so why? | atomic orbital pictures, textbooks are plots, atomic orbital ====== the atomic orbital pictures you see in textbooks are plots of the hydrogenic orbitals. these are the spatial wavefunctions for electrons in various orbitals of a hydrogen atom. they are exact for atoms with one electron (ignoring relativistic correctio... | 9 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_harmonics"
] | [
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what is the optimum amount of, and intensity of, activity in a day? | i'm fascinated with the national runners and walkers studys. _url_0_ i know there are recommendations for the ideal amount of *exercise*. but i would like to know the ideal ballpark amount of *total activity* in a day -- the number of "steps", or mets. thank you! | makes a difference, general rule, discussion of optimization ====== the general rule as it pertains to any discussion of optimization in biology is that you need to ask the question "for what purpose?" an athlete versus a non-athlete makes a difference. within athletes, there are sport-specific requirements -- are you ... | 2 | [] | [
"http://www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/fast-runners.html"
] | [] | [
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which country spends more? a cold one keeping warm, or a warm one cooling down? | cold weather engineering, gas, heat ====== know a little about cold weather engineering although it is not my area. i'll explain what i can. in most cases it is cheaper to heat than to cool. air conditioning compresses a gas like freon, or nowdays r-22 into a liquid, then when it goes through the phase change back to g... | 9 | [] | [] | [] | [
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are most human genes under hardy-weinberg equilibruim? | aside from the genes (and their surrounding loci) that are under selection, are most human genes in hwe? edit: it has been pointed out that no realistic population can be at hwe, so let me modify my question to this: if you perform a x^2 test on a random human neutral gene, how likely is it that it will result in no re... | frequencies remain constant, describes an idealized, idealized scenario ====== no, h-w describes an idealized scenario where allele frequencies remain constant over time. this is rarely the case. if the alleles confer different fitnesses, then their frequencies will change due to selection. if they are neutral, they wi... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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books for a 9 year old on space? | isaac asimov, century library, suggest the series ====== i suggest the series of books titled "isaac asimov's 21st century library of the universe." _url_0_ the listings on that page seem a bit overpriced, i bet you could find the set of books for much cheaper with some shopping around. i used to read these books on my... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.amazon.com/Isaac-Asimovs-Century-Library-Universe/lm/R9D8B3YIYJEY8"
] | [
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how would a springboard work on moon? | i've been wondering about this for quite a long time. none of my physics teachers could tell me how would be the effect. the gravity on the moon lets us to bounce 6 times higher, but reduced falling speed would reduce the pressure put on the trampoline surface by our body. so, how would it be? | ignore the fact, notoriously difficult, energy ====== first: ignore the fact that it's notoriously difficult to do acrobatics on the moon. and friction. to figure this out, we need to look at energy. when you jump, you add kinetic energy to yourself. this is converted into gravitational energy when you move up, slowing... | 18 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=x+%3D++5t+%2B+%28+-1*t%5E2%29+%2F+2%2C+x+%3D+5t+%2B+%28+-1%2F6*t%5E2%29+%2F+2"
] | [
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leakage of plasma due to vascular permeability in inflammation - only at venules? | i'm curious why the movement/leakage of plasma through the endothelium during acute inflammation only occurs at the post-capillary venules. why can't leakage also occur at the capillaries, which are similarly porous? one pathology textbook i've looked at states that the venules are the primary sight of plasma leakage, ... | albumin leakage, venule endothelium, albumin ====== i'd say it's mainly due to albumin leakage across the venule endothelium which becomes permeable during inflammation. the albumin basically has a suction force (oncotic pressure) that will pull fluid out if it winds up in a tissue. in capillaries, the endothelium is n... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how did these air vortices form beneath a wave? | _url_1_ _url_0_ after ten years making a living in and out of the water i thought i knew how waves work, but apparently not. help? | generates lots, lots of turbulence, turbulence which organizes ====== linked to a nice study the gist of which, as the wave breaks on itself it generates lots of turbulence which organizes itself as a vortex. the vortices get bent perpendicular to the breaking wave and stretched back round the breaking wave as it passe... | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/waterporn/comments/vxq88/vortices_form_beneath_a_wave_990x660/",
"http://i.imgur.com/IBiv6.jpg"
] | [
"http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/1425/1/JFM545.pdf"
] | [
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how are membrane proteins, e.g. receptors, ion channels, oriented in the correct direction? has it ever been observed for them to be "upside down" and what might cause this if so? | was thinking about the n- and c- terminals of gpcrs and got to wondering how they actually get oriented so the ligand binding domain is faced to the outside and the portion that interacts with g proteins, arrestins etc is faced towards the cytosol. | membrane crossing parts, trans-membrane domains, crossing parts ====== many have exactly seven trans-membrane domains (membrane crossing parts). so, by their very nature, they end up with certain parts outside and certain parts inside based on how they are loaded n-first into golgi body membranes that are transported t... | 9 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_recognition_particle",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylphosphatidylinositol",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topogenic_sequence"
] | [
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how does the hydraulic ram water pump work and why does it not violate conservation of energy? | [this](_url_0_) video is supposed to explain how the hydaulic ram water pump works, but i am still very confused. i thought, that due to conservation of energy, it is impossible to lift water higher than the original source without an external source of energy? why is the air in the pressure chamber not compressed in t... | water, maximum height, water velocity ====== in hydrostatics where the water velocity is zero or small pressure will be equal in the whole system and the maximum height of water will be the same in the whole system. looking at the water ram it takes a moving stream of water and suddenly stops it by closing the waste va... | 19 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWqDurunnK8"
] | [] | [
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do "larger" people have an advantage combating a viral or bacterial infection? | all else being equal, aside from height/weight (but the same bmi) would you expect someone shorter than average or taller than average to get over say, a viral infection, at a different pace than an average person? say you have: a 5'4", 127lb male ("smaller") a 5'10", 153lb male ("average") a 6'4", 180lb male ("larger"... | inherent advantage fighting, advantage fighting infection, stupid question ====== not a stupid question but the short answer is no. larger people do not have an inherent advantage fighting infection. the immune system runs off of a series of checkpoints, viral particles (which do not change size depending on host) have... | 11 | [] | [] | [] | [
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i'm struggling to grok big numbers. is 3^^5 > a googlplex? | are there any tips or tricks for understanding how big these numbers are? edit: i seem to be struggling to spell them, never mind compare them. | larger, logs, googolplex ====== yes. intuitively, a googolplex is less than 10\^\^4, so 3\^\^5 will be much larger. note that 3\^\^3 = 3\^(3\^3) = 3\^27 = 7.625x10^(12). so 3\^\^4 is going to be 3\^(7.625x10^(12)). you can then use logs to understand the size. note that 3 and 10 are close, so when you get to an obscene... | 13 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is there a danger in controlling and adjusting for too many variables? | kind of embarrassed to ask this, but i was reading a scientific study and they listed 14 different factors they controlled for in a recruited population of 2,564 -- with the group they were making inferences about making up 163 of those. is there a danger to this? can a statistical analysis become too "manipulated"? wh... | analysis is made, depends a bit, explain the variable ====== it depends a bit on what analysis is made, but usually people do some kind of linear model (that is they try to explain the variable y as a*x + b*z + ...). in such a model you have one unknown parameter (a,b) per factor (x,z) so the more factors you have the ... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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question for window engineers... | if i had a square glass window of dimensions 5x5 feet, and a diamond ring to help me break the window, what would be the optimal shape to carve into the window with the diamond in order to break the window with the least effort? what if you could only 'drag' the diamond for a distance of 5 feet? | common plot device, device in fiction, suction cup ====== it's a common plot device in fiction, to show someone scribing a circle in a glass window or door, and then popping out the circle with a suction cup, leaving a convenient hole. in real life, cutting a circle without breakage is one of the harder shapes. the opt... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can someone explain quantum wires, dots, wells, and how they function differently? | hi i'm currently reading about quantum wells, quantum dots, wires, and bulk semiconductors. i understand the basics behind the different energy states and how photons are emitted. the part i'm finding difficult is what it means by the differing dimensions in which the electrons can move. what difference does this make ... | energy levels, energy, url ====== the basic idea is that for a spatially confined semiconductor, the available energy levels will be determined by two factors 1) the composition and periodicity of the crystalline material itself and 2) the specific shape and size of the chunk of semiconducting material. the first part ... | 17 | [] | [] | [
"http://nau.edu/uploadedImages/Academic/CEFNS/Labs/Electron_Microprobe/_Media/Band_Origin.jpg",
"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hpxsvTTDR3I/TZUkR1QaIrI/AAAAAAAAAAM/6q278ePtVyc/s1600/energy%2Bband%2Bgaps.png",
"http://britneyspears.ac/physics/dos/images/Image441.gif",
"http://ecee.colorado.edu/~bart/book/book/chapt... | [
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what would effect balance more loss of sight or loss of sound? | severe meniere disease, eyes, meniere disease ====== as someone who has severe meniere's disease, it is sight. here's simple proof: stand on one leg with your eyes open, then do it with your eyes closed. it is a lot easier when your eyes are open, because your eyes receive visual information that works in conjunction w... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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from shark tank last night: harness earth's rotation to generate electricity, fresh water, and gold from seawater? | [background story](_url_0_). on the show, this man says that the device will suck in seawater, "use the earth's rotation" to create a contained "synthetic hurricane" that can be used to power electricity generators. the by-products of the process would be fresh water, manganese, and ***gold***. setting aside questions ... | pretty darned vague, darned vague, watch the show ====== the background story you posted is pretty darned vague, and i didn't watch the show, but my bullshitometer is pegged off the scale... | 5 | [] | [
"http://www.ksat.com/news/SA-inventor-appears-on-ABC-s-Shark-Tank/-/478452/10717578/-/5iedkxz/-/index.html",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_NrHkQps9k"
] | [
"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/gold.html"
] | [
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can someone explain what is happening in this picture and how it is happening? | what exactly is going on in this picture? _url_0_ | slow red burn, vesuvius fire, ammonium dichromate ====== [video.](_url_0_) so there are two reactions occurring here: the first thing you see is the decomposition of the ammonium dichromate: (nh4)2cr2o7 → cr2o3 + n2 + 4 h2o this is known in pyrotechnic circles as "vesuvius fire," where the heat from the combustion caus... | 5 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/yKT6zJD"
] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzjPva_MUAg"
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do our compass directions (never eat shredded wheat) apply in outer space? | how on earth do you navigate in space?! | coordinate system, navigation, coordinate ====== for navigation in space (and for astronomy) an appropriate coordinate system is used. so for navigation between the earth and the moon you might use an earth centric coordinate system. for navigation around the solar system you might use a sun centred coordinate system a... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_tracker#Star_tracker",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system"
] | [
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how long would a pilot have to fly before his watch was off by 1 minute due to time dilation? | special relativistic, general relativistic effects, relativistic ====== there are special relativistic and general relativistic effects. i'll speak of the special relativistic one, maybe someone can chime up about the size of the general relativistic one. for a pilot travelling at 800 km/hour, the [lorentz gamma factor... | 9 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factor"
] | [
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... | |
time cloak: how does it work? | i just saw this article (_url_0_) on the front page. in terms that someone who understands at least the basic principles of relativity, quantum mechanics, etc. can understand, how does this work? | fascinatingly simple idea, light pulse, simple idea ====== it's a fascinatingly simple idea. a light pulse has a certain bandwidth (i.e. it contains a bunch of different frequencies), which is larger the shorter the pulse is. in this time-cloaking experiment, they "pull apart" this light pulse by accelerating the blue ... | 18 | [] | [
"http://www.physorg.com/news/2012-01-pentagon-backed-cloak-clock.html"
] | [
"http://www.rockyhorror.com/participation/timewarp.php",
"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v481/n7379/carousel/nature10695-f2.2.jpg"
] | [
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why does cot(-x+(π/2)) have a hole at (0, 0)? | while i was messing around with phase shifts and graphing in my trig class, i decided to try to imitate the tangent graph, but with a cotangent graph instead. i graphed the above function, and all points were the exact same, except for (0, 0), which shows up as undefined on my graphing calculator. i get that cot(0) = u... | sin, defining cot, cot ====== there are two ways of defining cot(x), one is as 1/tan(x) (where tan(x)=sin(x)/cos(x)) and the other is as cos(x)/sin(x). the two definitions may seem to be totally identical but they're actually not and your example of pi/2 illustrates that. the issue is that cos(pi/2) = 0, which means ta... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is another yellowstone brewing in ethiopia? | i am by no means a geologist or anything, but ethiopia is rippling apart from what i've read. whats the time frame of something like this? is this an extinction level event? | east african rift, volcanic feature called, url ====== yellowstone is a specific type of volcanic feature called a [caldera](_url_1_). what you are referring to in ethiopia is a [rift](_url_0_), specifically the [east african rift](_url_4_). rifts are generally larger, elongate regions where two plates are moving apart... | 13 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/planetary_sciences/yellowstone",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menengai",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Rift"
] | [
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explanation of felix baumgartner's mach number? | earth atmosphere model, engineering toolbox., mach numbers ====== i'm getting mach numbers in the range of 1.16-1.18 using the earth atmosphere model from that nasa page you have and from [engineering toolbox.](_url_0_) for a perfect gas (which air is usually modeled as), the speed of sound is given by sqrt(krt), where... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/standard-atmosphere-d_604.html"
] | [
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are air pressure resistances commutative or non-commutative? | if you have a fan pushing air through two non-identical resistances, does the order in which those resistances are placed have an effect on the overall pressure drop? i.e. if the more restrictive object is placed nearest the fan, with the lesser one positioned after it, is the overall pressure drop (measured after both... | resistances make sense, linear resistances make, makes sense precisely ====== warning: i'm 90% sure the following is correct, but i'm not an expert. if your system is in the limit that linear resistances make sense, the order doesn't matter. this is kind of an empty statement though, because by construction the idea of... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what makes lihmds such a strong base? | why is it some 10^20 times stronger than hydroxide? | aqueous media, stronger a base, base than hydroxide ====== it would only be that much stronger a base than hydroxide in aqueous media. however, let's look at their pka's in dmso, which is a better approximation of situations when we would use lihmds. the pka of water in dmso is around 28, with lihmds around 36. so now ... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what does st. john's wort do to glutamate levels? | does it increase or decrease them, and how does it affect production and reuptake? | vesicle fusion, synaptic terminal, presynaptic neurons ====== it appears that sjw [inhibits glutamate activity](_url_0_) by interfering with vesicle fusion/exocytosis at the synaptic terminal, preventing glutamate from being released by presynaptic neurons. this mechanism is likely independent from production and reupt... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20193678"
] | [
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why is the clausius statement true? | states that a colder body won't give up heat to a warmer body spontaneously. is it true because is hasn't been demonstrated false? statistically there is some probability of this happening though, right? studying made me think. | observe the reverse, reverse happening, strong law ====== yes, it's not a "strong law" in that you could, theoretically, observe the reverse happening. however, the chance of heat flowing from cold to hot on human observable time scales is so *astronomically* low that in practice the law is never violated. if you look ... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Thermal-Physics-Daniel-Schroeder/dp/0201380277"
] | [
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i've got a very long and thin tube filled with stacked metal balls, and i push 1 more ball in so that a ball pops out of the other end. does the other ball pop out instantaneously as the new ball enters? | my intuition says it's not instantaneous, that that's not something that would be allowed in this universe, but i can't think of a reason why if all the balls start out in contact with each other? i guess, is there a speed at which force 'moves' from object to object? | intuition is correct, pressure wave, material ====== your intuition is correct! otherwise we'd have instantaneous phones and time travel. special relativity forbids such mechanics. the answer to this question is the same as for what happens if you push on the end of a very long rod, which you'll find in the [physics fa... | 19 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/faq",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Newtons_cradle_animation_new.gif"
] | [
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1... |
how come we get sick of great things after they are repeated for a long time? | great things, sick of great, things but simply ====== well in general we don't just get sick of great things but simply get used to most things. [habituation](_url_0_) is one way to describe this sort of phenomenon. with regard to rewards particularly though, there's a pretty large literature suggesting that we're not ... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habituation"
] | [
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if i want the most accurate reading, should i have my outdoor thermometer in the sun or in the shade? | shade will give, accurate reading, air temperature ====== the shade will give you the most accurate reading for the air temperature. if you put it in direct sunlight, it would head up via radiation, possibly beyond the temperature of the air. | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what burns during re-entry? | i know that when something re-enters the atmosphere there is burning, but i want to know what is burning. in the case of a meteor, is the meteor burning or is the air around it burning and the heat is breaking apart the meteor, same question applies to shuttles and other space craft re-entry. if the air is burning then... | burning from reentry, begins to vaporize, air becomes ionized ====== there is not burning from reentry, but heat to the point where the air becomes ionized and a plasma, and the material is red hot and begins to vaporize. what is occurring is shock heating, or heat due to change in pressure. it is known that when a gas... | 23 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry#Ablative",
"https://vintagespace.wordpress.com/2016/12/05/can-a-wood-heat-shield-really-work/"
] | [
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puncture in a skintight spacesuit | severe bruising, skintight spacesuit, potentially burn ====== puncture in a skintight spacesuit could cause severe bruising ( a hickey), and potentially burn and or frostbite depending on orientation to the sun and time exposed. i would suggest a slow spin to even out temperature differences. if the puncture was small ... | 28 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7966487"
] | [
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how exactly does a smart meter know the difference between tv usage, ac usage and other? | my utility bill shows me a chart of energy usage based on device (ac, refrigerator, always on and other). i'm curious how it can know what devices are using electricity and how accurate the information on my bill is. | collecting the data, searching for patterns, minutes ====== the utility is collecting the data every 15 seconds or 1 minute or so and is searching for patterns. if there is a regular pattern of 100w usage during 15 minutes every hour day/night then it is likely a fridge, 1500w during 2 minutes at 06:30 probably means y... | 16 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden\\_Markov\\_model",
"http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/9/3/29/pdf",
"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=192069"
] | [
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how is there economies of scale with both diminishing costs and returns? | if both marginal costs and returns go down as output increases, how can we have a lower marginal cost per unit of production? | area of study, main area, economies of scale ====== since you haven't yet gotten an answer, i'll respond even though this is outside my main area of study. economies of scale and diminishing costs happen in different regions of production quantity. for a very simplified model, [see here](_url_0_). increasing output fro... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Economies_of_scale.PNG"
] | [
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explain the function of a particular part of the sts orbiter at launch? | i've watched plenty of shuttle launch videos, but something in [this video](_url_1_) on wikipedia caught my attention. i can't seem to figure out what the function is. it reminds me of pressure blowout plates that tear at certain psis, but that doesn't make a ton of sense on the orbiter, my only other guess is that it'... | rcs thruster ports, rcs thruster, ports ====== these look to be covers for the rcs thruster ports. if you look "around the corner" from the ones you circled, there's another set. this diagram shows the thruster locations: _url_0_ as to why they get blown off at that point, i couldn't find a detailed-enough description ... | 5 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/tsS17O9.jpg",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-132_Liftoff_Space_Shuttle_Atlantis.ogv"
] | [
"http://www.columbiassacrifice.com/images/tech_overview/hi_res_images/AftRCSPod2000.htm"
] | [
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some times i hear fundamental particles have volume. sometimes i hear that they are just points. could someone elaborate? | are they both? do some have volumes and others don't? | fundamental particles, fundamental, particles ====== as far as we know, fundamental particles have no volume. this isn't to say that they don't have any, just that it's smaller than we can detect (if an electron has a radius it must be below 10^-22 meters or we would have detected it), and the models we use to describe... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110525/full/news.2011.321.html"
] | [
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what was the environmental impact of napalm's use in war? | near as i can tell, it scorched huge tracts of land, maybe even a majority of some portions of the countryside. was the effect similar to a forest fire, or did it have more lasting effects? | source, url, doses of herbicides ====== [source](_url_2_) [source](_url_3_) and heavy doses of herbicides (defoliants) in much the same manner as chemical weapons. some international organizations consider napalm, its trade name, to be a chemical weapon" [source](_url_1_) families, and civilians are similar to those ex... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553349/kingPamela.pdf?sequence=1",
"http://www.environet.eu/pub/pubwis/rura/00Chemical_and_biological_weapons.pdf",
"http://science.howstuffworks.com/napalm1.htm",
"http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/vietnamese-wildlife-still-paying-a-hig... | [
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did ligo get incredibly lucky with two black holes colliding or are these fairly frequent? | also, did we know this was going to happen beforehand? i understand how ligo detected the gravity waves but how did we detect the merger in the first place? | virgo collaboration, events occur, gravitational wave ====== we don't know. one of the things we will learn from the ligo/virgo collaboration is how often such events occur. edit:to answer the other part of the question, no, we didn't know this was going to happen. the detector is just left on and running (the observin... | 12 | [] | [] | [] | [
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are there any objects outside of the laniakea supercluster that are visible to the naked eye? | if not then what about outside the local group? i recently watched [this video](_url_0_) which talked about the expansion of the universe inevitably removing everything outside of our local group from view which made me wonder how much this would affect our existing starscape. | million light years, transiently, dark night ====== transiently. there are a few galaxies that one can see with the naked eye on a dark night, but these are within a few million light years (still the local group). it's possible that witnessing a supernova in a more distant galaxy may be possible, in this in fact has h... | 7 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZL4yYHdDSWs"
] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB_080319B"
] | [
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dinosaurs and the square/cube law: how'd it all work? | chicken, mass, times ====== the square/cube law applies to objects (or animals) that scale isometrically. in other words, the object exactly retains its shape and relative dimensions, it just scales in size. think of a scale-model matchbox car relative to a real car. you can imagine an isometrically scaled chicken as b... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law",
"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/dinosaurs/9312462/Dinosaurs-much-lighter-than-previously-thought.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allometry"
] | [
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is caltech's claim that astrophysical disks are governed by the schrödinger equation more than superficially similar to feynman's describing qed using the same math he developed to describe wobbling plates? | background: i just saw this article in my google news feed _url_0_ which claims that in trying to model the perturbations in astrophysical disks, konstantin batygin derived a version of the schrödinger equation. which strongly reminded me of how in *surely you must be joking mister feynman*, feynman says that for the f... | equations, differential equations, differential ====== similar differential equations show up all over the place in physics. the time-dependent schrodinger equation in configuration space is just a complex diffusion equation. the real diffusion equation describes things like diffusion of gas molecules and heat conducti... | 9 | [] | [
"http://www.caltech.edu/news/massive-astrophysical-objects-governed-subatomic-equation-81517"
] | [] | [
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0.518098... |
how come the skin of people that lift heavy objects with weird parts of their body doesn't rip out? | so i was watching [this](_url_0_) episode of gmm and i was wondering. how can you lift so much weight with your tongue \ eye lids? | question a bit, answer, bit ====== well, not that i know the answer, but to clarify your question a bit... 1. the tongue doesn't, as far as i'm aware, *have* skin. it's a muscle. 2. having watched the video not half an hour ago, i seem to recall the person lifting the weight using their eye *sockets*, not their eyelids... | 9 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJP8u9Asugg"
] | [] | [
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0.7709110975265503,
... |
do octopi recognize themselves in a mirror? (do they pass self-awareness tests?) | cuddle fish, similar note, intelligence as octopi ====== on a similar note, they did this with cuddle fish (who are viewed in a similar light of intelligence as octopi) and the cuddle fish would react to the mirror as if it was a conspecific but it would gradually learn that this was not another cuddlefish. let me find... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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0.0172682553... | |
what is the "pseudo-gap" and how does it relate to every day life? | not long ago, there was a news brief about the discovery of evidence that the pseudo-gap was real. the pseudo-gap sounded not like a fake clothing retailer, but was instead something responsible for blocking the conduction of electromagnetism. can someone explain a bit more about what the pseudo-gap really is and if it... | gap, pseudogap, states ====== the recent news said something rather different, actually - the pseudogap has been well-known to exist for quite some time. before we get to the pseudogap, i need to explain what a(n energy) gap is. in materials, electrons can occupy lots of different states with lots of different energies... | 20 | [] | [] | [] | [
-12.18860149383545,
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1.6534645557403564,
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-2.530111074447632,
11.663508... |
is the information about cholesterol in peter attia's series accurate | peter attia's series: [the straight dope on cholesterol](_url_0_). essentially the numbers we get from a standard lipid panel blood test are of no use in calculating heart disease risk. the most important predictor of risk is actually the particle count. | standard lipid panel, measure it directly, lipid panel ====== particle count is important but it's not clear that it's any use to measure it directly, because serum triglycerides are a good proxy for the ldl pattern, and tg is part of the standard lipid panel. [value of low-density lipoprotein particle number and size ... | 2 | [] | [
"http://eatingacademy.com/nutrition/the-straight-dope-on-cholesterol-part-i"
] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17276177"
] | [
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what are some organizations to donate to that support science? | [removed] | interesting question, british heart foundation, money ====== interesting question. most people donate to large, well-known charities (e.g., the british heart foundation). this money is typically put into a general pool, and then divvied up annually or biannually, based on whatever grant-applications they receive. as an... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.givewell.org/",
"www.effectivealtruism.org",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxStuUxaZxQ",
"https://support.scripps.edu/"
] | [
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... |
how is the carnot cycle related to a stirling cycle? | super specific question, but i'm a little confused on the mechanics of both of these cycles and how they relate to recoverable work/conservation of energy. | energy source, extract work, carnot cycle ====== both processes are attempting to do the same thing: extract work from an energy source. the carnot cycle is the "perfect" model, which can never actually be achieved, while the stirling cycle is a more realistic attempt to get the most work out of the energy source. the ... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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-... |
how does the clotting cascade work, and why is it so complicated. | here is what i think i know: there are two big starting points in clotting "intrinsic" and "extrinsic" (though i believe this is outdated language). "intrinsic" clotting is essentially a cascade of factors being activated which in turn activate other factors, down the line until tissue factor (from the "extrinsic" path... | called virchow triad, abnormal blood flow, blood flow ====== regarding dvt - the classic description of what predisposes to thrombus is called virchow's triad, and the components are stasis of blood flow, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability. stasis: yes, "slow blood" can clot, as can turbulent or otherwise abnor... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
-3.4421942234039307,
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1.513444185256958,
-3.215167284011841,
-1.0298889875411987,
-... |
help me work out this simple physics thought-experiment. i'm confounded. | suppose you have a friend with a helicopter and a very long length of rope, lets say 1000 meters. your friend takes the chopper into the air 1001 meters and hangs the rope out of the window, so that the end of it is almost touching the ground, but not quite. now your friend takes a knife and cuts the rope. of course, i... | top layer starts, rope is cut, holding the bottom ====== your mistake is that when the rope is cut there is nothing holding the bottom up. the bottom layer is being held up by the layer just above it, and so on back to the top. the top layer starts to fall, which allows the next layer to start to fall, and so on until ... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCMmmEEyOO0",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCMmmEEyOO0"
] | [
-0.10556069016456604,
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0.637127697467804,
1.2154598236083984,
-0.37383902072906494,
-0.3835398256778717,
0.5153921246528625,
... |
shape and color personality test. what's its history, who invented it, and where are the scientific papers, if any? | i stumbled upon [this test](_url_2_). basically, based on which image you like more, your personality is explained. > shape 1. introspective > sensitive > reflective > you come to grips more frequently and thoroughly with yourself and your environment than do most people. you detest superficiality; you'd rather be alon... | barnum effect, link provided, exemplify something called ====== the descriptions in the link provided seem to exemplify something called the [barnum effect](_url_0_). note how very few of the descriptions will contradict each other; every description can apply to every person with a fair amount of accuracy. within the ... | 3 | [] | [
"http://www.davidpbrown.co.uk/psychology/personality-test.html",
"http://www.shapetest.com/",
"http://imgur.com/7hFP3Tt"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forer_effect",
"https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/rec.roller-coaster/g9T-0Lk_oCQ/K-A4sBbHmEgJ"
] | [
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0.11769270896911621,
0.028560355305671692,
0.47715118527412415,
0.385304719209671,
... |
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