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en	other	N/A	Gregorian - Greatest Hits (2 CD) (2008) (FLAC) » Tonitop.org Chapter, Professional, Multilingual, Between, BluRay, Resident, Beauty, Creating, Portable, KORSUB, ElasticSearch, STUTTERSHIT, Wallpaper, PowerShell, Manning, LogStash, Hidden, Rebels, Figures, Street, Cmdlets, Desktop, Pictures, Willow, MkvCage, GECKOS, Access, Kibana, Wallpapers, Projects, Incomedia, Create, Studio, Website, Interview, Advanced, Wallpapers, Windows, DVDRip, MasterShow all tags Master Android 7 App Development (2017)Ultimate Instagram Course 2017: Beginner to AdvancedThe Marvelous Mrs Maisel S01E01 WEB-DL x264-VVSeth Meyers 2017.03.23 Jake Gyllenhaal 720p HDTV x264-BRISKETForced to Kill (2016) 1080p WEB-DL AAC2.0 H264-FGTBokeh (2017) HDRip XviD AC3-EVOWe Dont Belong Here (2017) DVDRip XviD AC3-EVOBitter Harvest (2017) BRRip XviD AC3-EVOLinux Under the Hood 2017John Wick Chapter 2 (2017) HD-TS x264-uTsXviD Category: Music Gregorian - Greatest Hits (2 CD) (2008) (FLAC)Released: 2008 \| Track: 34 \| Country: Germany \| FLAC \| Time: 02:36:24 \| Label: Star Mark \| 3% Recovery Added \| 1.02 GBGenre: New AgeTracklistCD 101. Hymn02. Moment Of Peace03. Close My Eyes Forever04. Boulevard Of Broken Dreams05. Brothers In Arms06. Fields Of Gold07. Losing My Religion08. In The Air Tonight09. Tears In Heaven10. The Gift11. Lady In Black12. In The Shadows13. Ordinary World14. The Sound Of Silence15. Blasphemous Rumours16. Where The Wild Roses Grow17. AngelsCD 201. The End02. Heroes03. Imagine04. Don't Give Up05. Wish You Were Here06. Join Me07. Nothing Else Matters08. Clocks09. Comfortably Numb10. Wicked Game11. Hurt12. Still I'm Sad13. Sacrifice14. Heaven Is A Place On Earth15. Still Haven'r Found What I'm Looking For16. Only You17. Child In TimeNitroFlarehttp://nitroflare.com/view/E1E9A184A993AA9/gregorian.part1.rarhttp://nitroflare.com/view/719756B0767D1E9/gregorian.part2.rarUploadedhttp://uploaded.net/file/61xunnco/gregorian.part1.rarhttp://uploaded.net/file/izkjpjfv/gregorian.part2.rar Mirror LinksGregorian_Greatest_Hits_2_CD_2008_FLAC.part01.zipGregorian_Greatest_Hits_2_CD_2008_FLAC.part02.zip Tags: Gregorian, Greatest
hu	wikipedia	N/A	Jövő Népe – félhavi folyóirat Marosvásárhelyen. Első száma 1919. szeptember 15-én jelent meg, az utolsó 1920. június 1-jén. Története Önképzőköri lapnak indult, a helybeli Református Kollégium és Katolikus Gimnázium érettségi előtt álló növendékeinek összefogásával, elsősorban Rajka Tibor (főszerkesztő), Deák Sándor, Bicsak Tibor és Radó Imre szerkesztésében és terjesztésében. Az impresszumon olvasható: "A hatóság előtt Molter Károly, a nyilvánosság előtt az illető rovatvezetők felelnek." A diákok kapcsolatba kerültek a helyi Munkásotthon értelmiségi köreivel s az SZDP vezetőivel, így folyóiratukban a szépirodalom mellett marxista történelemfelfogást, darwinizmust propagáló cikkek is helyet kaptak. A lap közölte Kacsó Sándor első verseit és novelláját, 1920. március 15-én külön Ady-számot adott ki; úttörőnek számított a maga korában, hogy Ady eszméit céltudatosan vállalta. Leggyakoribb cikkírók: Rajka Tibor, Radó Imre, Barna Bálint, Algya Zoltán, Szentiványi Sándor, Ringler Géza, Esze Tamás. Cikkeztek benne a kortárs marosvásárhelyi tanárok, így Csergő Tamás, Nagy Endre s mellettük Osvát Kálmán is. Források További információk Marosi Ildikó: Új csapáson, új eszközökkel. A Hét, 1979/39. A romániai magyarság sajtótermékei
en	caselaw	US	COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIRST DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT HOUSTON ORDER Appellate case name: Jesus Martinez v. The State of Texas Appellate case number: 01-15-00993-CR Trial court case number: 1442094 Trial court: 178th District Court of Harris County On March 1, 2016, this case was abated and remanded to the trial court to conduct a hearing within 30 days of that order to determine whether, inter alia, the reporter’s record was lost or destroyed. On March 1, 2016, the reporter filed an extension request, in this Court, seeking until March 15, 2016, to file the reporter’s record. On March 4, 2016, and March 7, 2016, the reporter’s record for the pre-sentence investigation report hearing and the motion to withdraw plea/sentencing hearing were filed in this Court. Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES as moot the reporter’s extension request and sua sponte directs the Clerk of this Court to REINSTATE this case on the Court’s active docket and to withdraw the Order of Abatement. Appellant’s brief is ORDERED to be filed within 30 days of the date of this order. See TEX. R. APP. P. 2, 38.6(a)(2). The State’s brief, if any, is ORDERED to be filed within 30 days of the date of the filing of appellant’s brief. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.6(b). It is so ORDERED. Judge’s signature: /s/ Laura Carter Higley  Acting individually Date: March 10, 2016
fr	other	N/A	I 538/00 (25.10.2000) Arr�t du 25 octobre 2000 que par d�cision du 6 d�cembre 1999, l'Office de l'assurance-invalidit� du canton de Vaud a accord� � M.________ un quart de rente d'invalidit� d�s le 1er mars 1997, fond� sur un degr� d'invalidit� de 40 pour cent; que l'assur� a recouru contre cette d�cision devant le Tribunal des assurances du canton de Vaud; qu'entre temps, par une nouvelle d�cision, du 24 janvier 2000, l'office de l'assurance-invalidit� a allou� � l'assur� une demi-rente pour cas p�nible; que par jugement du 20 juin 2000, le tribunal des assurances a rejet� le recours port� devant lui; que M.________ interjette un recours de droit administratif en contestant le taux d'invalidit�, selon lui trop faible, retenu par l'administration; que selon l'art. 28 al. 1 LAI, l'assur� a droit � un quart de rente s'il est invalide � 40 pour cent au moins, � une demi-rente s'il est invalide � 50 pour cent au moins et � une rente enti�re s'il est invalide � 66 2/3 pour cent au moins; que dans les cas p�nibles, une invalidit� de 40 pour cent au moins ouvre le droit � une demi-rente (art. 28 al. 1bis LAI); que dans la mesure o� le recourant est au b�n�fice d'une demi-rente pour cas p�nible, il n'a en l'occurrence pas d'int�r�t digne de protection � faire constater que son taux d'invalidit� serait de 50 pour cent au moins mais inf�rieur � 66 2/3 pour cent et qu'il aurait ainsi droit au versement d'une demi-rente ind�pendamment de l'existence d'un cas p�nible (ATF 115 V 417 consid. 3b/aa, 106 V 91; arr�t non publi� B. du 28 septembre 1998 [I 164/98]); qu'il y a donc lieu d'examiner uniquement si le recourant pr�sente un degr� d'invalidit� suffisant (66 2/3 pour cent au moins) pour �tre mis au b�n�fice d'une rente enti�re; que selon un rapport d'expertise de la Policlinique m�dicale universitaire de Lausanne, Centre d'observation m�dicale de l'assurance-invalidit� (COMAI), du 23 f�vrier 1999, le recourant souffre d'un �tat d�pressif moyen sans syndrome somatique, d'un syndrome somatoforme douloureux persistant, de furonculose cutan�e r�cidivante et d'hypertension art�rielle trait�e; que ces atteintes � la sant� ne permettent pas au recourant d'exercer une activit� impliquant le port de charges par des mouvements d'�l�vation-ant�pulsion du bras r�p�titifs au del� de 90 degr�s, ainsi que des travaux lourds; que les experts �valuent � 60 pour cent sa capacit� r�siduelle de travail dans une activit� de tapissier-d�corateur ou dans tout autre emploi adapt�; que par ailleurs le recourant a travaill� de 1987 � 1994 comme tapissier-d�corateur ind�pendant, activit� dans laquelle il r�alisait, selon ses dires, une salaire mensuel de 4000 fr. environ; qu'il a ensuite travaill�, du 5 avril 1994 au 3 octobre 1994, en qualit� de chauffeur-livreur, selon un taux d'occupation de 60 pour cent et pour un salaire de 2600 fr. que si l'on part d'un revenu de 4000 fr. par mois, r�alis� par le recourant � une �poque o� il ne subissait pas encore d'incapacit� de travail notable (rapport d'expertise, p. 14) et qu'on adapte ce montant � l'�volution des salaires nominaux jusqu'en 1999, soit des variations de 1,3 pour cent (pour chacune des ann�es 1995 et 1996), de 0,5 pour cent pour 1997, de 0,7 pour cent pour 1998 et de 0, 3 pour cent pour 1999 (La Vie �conomique 1999/12 annexe p. 28, Tableau B10. 2), on obtient un montant mensuel de 4170 fr. (montant arrondi), qui peut en l'occurrence �tre retenu comme revenu r�alisable sans invalidit�; qu'on est fond� � consid�rer que le recourant serait encore � m�me, que ce soit dans sa profession de tapissier-d�corateur ou dans une autre activit� l�g�re, de r�aliser en tout cas plus du tiers du montant pr�cit� de 4170 fr., soit au moins 1400 fr. par mois environ; que pour l'essentiel le recourant conteste les conclusions de l'expertise du COMAI en leur opposant l'avis de son m�decin traitant; que les experts du COMAI, qui ne sont pas engag�s par l'assurance-invalidit� mais par des institutions dont ils rel�vent, pr�sentent toutefois � l'�gard de l'administration toutes les garanties d'ind�pendance et d'impartialit� n�cessaires � l'ex�cution de leurs mandats (ATF 123 V 179 consid. 4b et les r�f�rences); que par ailleurs l'expertise en cause r�pond en tous points aux crit�res formels pos�s par la jurisprudence pour lui accorder une pleine valeur probante (cf. ATF 125 V 352 consid. 3a et les r�f�rences); que dans ces conditions on ne voit pas de motif de s'�carter des constatations et conclusions de l'expertise; que c'est d�s lors � bon droit que les premiers juges ont d�ni� au recourant le droit � une rente enti�re d'invalidit�; que le recourant fait certes valoir que son �tat d�pressif s'est "concr�tis�" � fin 1999, mais qu'on ne peut toutefois pas retenir, sur la base de cette simple affirmation, que son �tat s'est aggrav� entre le moment de l'�tablissement de l'expertise et la date - d�terminante en l'occurrence (voir ATF 121 V 366 consid. 1b et les arr�ts cit�s) - o� la d�cision litigieuse a �t� rendue; que le recours appara�t d�s lors manifestement infond� et qu'il doit ainsi �tre liquid� selon la proc�dure simplifi�e de l'art. 36a OJ,
es	wikipedia	N/A	Borja Martínez Giner, conocido como Borja Martínez o simplemente Borja (Alicante, 2 de marzo de 1994), es un futbolista español. Juega como delantero centro en la Unión Deportiva San Sebastián de los Reyes de la Primera Federación. Trayectoria Borja Martínez Giner es un extremo formado en el Hércules CF, con el que llegó a debutar en Segunda División en la temporada 2012-13 a las órdenes de Quique Hernández y más tarde, abandonaría el conjunto alicantino para jugar en el filial del Espanyol. Durante una temporada estuvo cedido en la Cultural Leonesa. Más tarde, en la temporada 2016-17 llegaría al Lorca FC con el que ascendería a la Segunda División de España. En la temporada 2017-18, jugaría en las filas del CD Ebro donde disputó 35 partidos y anotó 4 goles. En la temporada 2018-19, llega al Elche CF para reforzar al conjunto ilicitano en su regreso a la Liga 123. En la temporada 2019-20, regresa al Hércules CF de la Segunda División B de España para firmar durante dos temporadas. El 23 de enero de 2020, el extremo es cedido a la Unión Deportiva Ibiza de la Segunda División B de España. En la temporada 2020-21, volvería al Hércules CF de la Segunda División B de España, para cumplir su segundo año de contrato. En la temporada 2021-22, firma por la UD Sanse de la Primera División RFEF. El 30 de junio de 2022, firma por el Real Murcia Club de Fútbol de la Primera División RFEF. Mes y medio después, el jugador es rescindido por el conjunto murciano alegando problemas médicos. El 19 de agosto de 2022, regresa a la Unión Deportiva San Sebastián de los Reyes de la Primera Federación. Clubes Referencias Enlaces externos Ficha en Transfermarkt Futbolistas de la provincia de Alicante Futbolistas del Real Club Deportivo Espanyol "B" Futbolistas del Fútbol Club Barcelona Atlètic Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Ebro Futbolistas del Lorca Fútbol Club (2003) Futbolistas del Elche Club de Fútbol en los años 2010 Futbolistas del Hércules Club de Fútbol en los años 2010 Futbolistas de la Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa en los años 2010 Futbolistas del Hércules Club de Fútbol en los años 2020 Futbolistas de la Unión Deportiva Ibiza Futbolistas del Real Murcia Club de Fútbol en los años 2020 Nacidos en Alicante
cs	other	N/A	LENET trading s.r.o. Karlovy Vary IČO 27963004 kontakty (19.01.2020) \| Finance.cz LENET trading s.r.o. Karlovy Vary IČO: 27963004 Tato stránka obsahuje výpis dat z různých rejstříků pro firmu LENET trading s.r.o., která sídlí v obci Karlovy Vary a bylo jí přiděleno IČO 27963004. Firma s názvem LENET trading s.r.o. se sídlem v obci Karlovy Vary byla založena v roce 2006. Společnost je stále aktivní. V jejím vedení se dosud vystřídalo 1 osob. Společnost podniká v oboru Výroba, obchod a služby neuvedené v přílohách 1 až 3 živnostenského zákona , Silniční motorová doprava - osobní provozovaná vozidly určenými pro přepravu nejvýše 9 osob včetně řidiče, - nákladní provozovaná vozidly nebo jízdními soupravami o největší povolené hmotnosti nepřesahující 3,5 tuny, jsou-li určeny k přepravě zvířat nebo , Reklamní činnost a marketing a další. Základní údaje o LENET trading s.r.o. IČO: 27963004 Krajský soud v Plzni 30.9.2006 C 18871 27963004 Společnost s ručením omezeným 30.9.2006 Aktuální kontaktní údaje LENET trading s.r.o. Kontakty na LENET trading s.r.o. IČO: 27963004 Karlovy Vary, Jahodová 280/1, PSČ 36007 30.9.2006 Obory činností LENET trading s.r.o. IČO: 27963004 Silniční motorová doprava - osobní provozovaná vozidly určenými pro přepravu více než 9 osob včetně řidiče, - osobní provozovaná vozidly určenými pro přepravu nejvýše 9 osob včetně řidiče, - nákladní provozovaná vozidly nebo jízdními soupravami o největší povolené hmotnosti nepřesahující 3,5 tuny, jsou-li určeny k přepravě zvířat nebo věcí 2.6.2015 Silniční motorová doprava - osobní provozovaná vozidly určenými pro přepravu více než 9 osob včetně řidiče, - osobní provozovaná vozidly určenými pro přepravu nejvýše 9 osob včetně řidiče 1.7.2014 - 2.6.2015 silniční motorová doprava osobní 30.5.2008 - 1.7.2014 provozování cestovní agentury 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 ubytovací služby 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 realitní činnost 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 správa aúdržba nemovitostí 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 činnost podnikatelských, finančních, organizačních aekonomických poradců 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 překladatelská atlumočnická činnost 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 zprostředkování obchodu aslužeb 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 pronájem apůjčování věcí movitých 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 reklamní činnost amarketing 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 grafické práce akresličské práce 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 specializované stavební činnosti 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 přípravné práce pro stavby 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 dokončovací stavební práce 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 organizování sportovních soutěží 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 Živnost č. 2 Silniční motorová doprava - osobní provozovaná vozidly určenými pro přepravu nejvýše 9 osob včetně řidiče, - nákladní provozovaná vozidly nebo jízdními soupravami o největší povolené hmotnosti nepřesahující 3,5 tuny, jsou-li určeny k přepravě zvířat nebo Vedení firmy LENET trading s.r.o. IČO: 27963004 Jan Kronika 1.7.2014 Jan Kronika 30.9.2006 - 1.7.2014 Karlovy Vary, Jahodová 280/1, PSČ 36007 Vlastníci firmy LENET trading s.r.o. IČO: 27963004 zakladni 200 000 Kč - 30.9.2006 Sbírka Listin LENET trading s.r.o. IČO: 27963004 C 18871/SL 8 notářský zápis [Nz 225/2015] rozhodnutí Krajský soud v Plzni 27.5.2015 28.5.2015 30.6.2015 2 C 18871/SL 7 notářský zápis Nz 300/2014-rozhodnutí Krajský soud v Plzni 25.6.2014 25.6.2014 1.7.2014 4 C 18871/SL 6 účetní závěrka 2011 Krajský soud v Plzni 1.7.2012 21.8.2012 22.8.2012 4 C 18871/SL 5 účetní závěrka 2009 Krajský soud v Plzni 26.2.2011 28.2.2011 4 C 18871/SL 4 účetní závěrka 2007 Krajský soud v Plzni 17.3.2008 1.4.2010 2.4.2010 9 C 18871/SL 3 účetní závěrka 2006 Krajský soud v Plzni 14.2.2007 18.2.2008 27.2.2008 4 C 18871/SL 2 podpisové vzory Krajský soud v Plzni 20.6.2006 6.9.2006 7.9.2006 1 C 18871/SL 1 notářský zápis Nz 160/2006 + zakl. listina Krajský soud v Plzni 20.6.2006 6.9.2006 7.9.2006 6 Hodnocení LENET trading s.r.o. Výpis dat pro firmu LENET trading s.r.o. obsahuje pouze taková data, která lze dle zákona č. 101/2000 Sb., o ochraně osobních údajů, zveřejňovat i bez souhlasu subjektu těchto údajů. výpis firmy LENET trading s.r.o., 27963004 na obchodním rejstříku výpis firmy LENET trading s.r.o., 27963004 na živnostenském rejstříku
en	legislation	US	CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS Title 3 The President Revised as of January 1, 2020 2019 Compilation and Parts 100-102 Published by the Office of the Federal Register National Archives and Records Administration as a Special Edition of the Federal Register U.S. GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL EDITION NOTICE Legal Status and Use of Seals and Logos archives.ai The seal of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) authenticates the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) as the official codification of Federal regulations established under the Federal Register Act. Under the provisions of 44 U.S.C. 1507, the contents of the CFR, a special edition of the Federal Register, shall be judicially noticed. The CFR is prima facie evidence of the original documents published in the Federal Register (44 U.S.C. 1510). It is prohibited to use NARA's official seal and the stylized Code of Federal Regulations logo on any republication of this material without the express, written permission of the Archivist of the United States or the Archivist's designee. Any person using NARA's official seals and logos in a manner inconsistent with the provisions of 36 CFR part 1200 is subject to the penalties specified in 18 U.S.C. 506, 701, and 1017. Use of ISBN Prefix This is the Official U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identified to certify its authenticity. Use of the 0--16 ISBN prefix is for U.S. Government Publishing Office Official Editions only. The Superintendent of Documents of the U.S. Government Publishing Office requests that any reprinted edition clearly be labeled as a copy of the authentic work with a new ISBN. e:\seals\gpologo2.eps U . S . G O V E R N M E N T P U B L I S H I N G O F F I C E U.S. Superintendent of Documents • Washington, DC 20402-0001 http://bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll-free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Table of Contents Page List of Title 3 Compilations iv Explanation of the Code of Federal Regulations vi Explanation of This Title ix How To Cite This Title xi Title 3 xiii 2019 Compilation—Presidential Documents 1 Chapter I—Executive Office of the President 487 Title 3 Finding Aids 497 Tables 499 List of CFR Sections Affected 521 Index 523 CFR Finding Aids 531 Table of CFR Titles and Chapters 533 Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR 553 Title 3 Compilations Title 3 Compilations Proclamations Executive Orders 1936-1938 2161-2286 7316-7905 1938-1943 2287-2587 7906-9347 1943-1948 2588-2823 9348-10025 1949-1953 2824-3041 10026-10510 1954-1958 3042-3265 10511-10797 1959-1963 3266-3565 10798-11134 1964-1965 3566-3694 11135-11263 1966-1970 3695-4025 11264-11574 1971-1975 4026-4411 11575-11893 1976 4412-4480 11894-11949 1977 4481-4543 11950-12032 1978 4544-4631 12033-12110 1979 4632-4709 12111-12187 1980 4710-4812 12188-12260 1981 4813-4889 12261-12336 1982 4890-5008 12337-12399 1983 5009-5142 12400-12456 1984 5143-5291 12457-12497 1985 5292-5424 12498-12542 1986 5425-5595 12543-12579 1987 5596-5759 12580-12622 1988 5760-5928 12623-12662 1989 5929-6084 12663-12698 1990 6085-6240 12699-12741 1991 6241-6398 12742-12787 1992 6399-6520 12788-12827 1993 6521-6643 12828-12890 1994 6644-6763 12891-12944 1995 6764-6859 12945-12987 1996 6860-6965 12988-13033 1997 6966-7061 13034-13071 1998 7062-7161 13072-13109 1999 7162-7262 13110-13144 2000 7263-7389 13145-13185 2001 7263-7516 13145-13251 2002 7517-7635 13252-13282 2003 7636-7748 13283-13323 2004 7749-7858 13324-13368 2005 7859-7972 13369-13394 2006 7873-8098 13395-13421 2007 8099-8214 13422-13453 2008 8215-8334 13454-13483 2009 8335-8469 13484-13527 2010 8470-8621 13528-13562 2011 8622-8772 13563-13596 2012 8773-8925 13597-13635 2013 8926-9075 13636-13655 2014 9076-9226 13656-13686 2015 9227-9387 13687-13715 2016 9388-9562 13716-13757 2017 9563-9688 13758-13819 2018 9689-9835 13820-13856 2019 9836-9975 13857-13901 Beginning with 1976, Title 3 compilations also include regulationscontained in Chapter I, Executive Office of the President. Supplementary publications include: Presidential documents of the Hoover Administration (two volumes), Proclamations 1870-2037 and Executive Orders 5076-6070; Consolidated Indexes for 1936-1965; and Consolidated Tables for 1936-1965. Explanation The Code of Federal Regulations is a codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Code is divided into 50 titles which represent broad areas subject to Federal regulation. Each title is divided into chapters which usually bear the name of the issuing agency. Each chapter is further subdivided into parts covering specific regulatory areas. Each volume of the Code is revised at least once each calendar year and issued on a quarterly basis approximately as follows: Title 1 through Title 16 as of January 1 Title 17 through Title 27 as of April 1 Title 28 through Title 41 as of July 1 Title 42 through Title 50 as of October 1 The appropriate revision date is printed on the cover of each volume. LEGAL STATUS The contents of the Federal Register are required to be judicially noticed (44 U.S.C. 1507). The Code of Federal Regulations is prima facie evidence of the text of the original documents (44 U.S.C. 1510). HOW TO USE THE CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS The Code of Federal Regulations is kept up to date by the individual issues of the Federal Register. These two publications must be used together to determine the latest version of any given rule. 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Signature date rather than publication date is the criterion for inclusion. With each annual volume, the Presidential documents signed in the previous year become the new compilation. Chapter I contains regulations issued by the Executive Office of the President. This section is a true codification like other CFR volumes, in that its contents are organized by subject or regulatory area and are updated by individual issues of the Federal Register. Presidential documents in this volume may be cited ``3 CFR, 2019 Comp.'' Thus, the preferred abbreviated citation for Proclamation 9836 appearing on page 1 of this book, is ``3 CFR, 2019 Comp., p. 1.'' Chapter I entries may be cited ``3 CFR.'' Thus, the preferred abbreviated citation for section 100.1, appearing in chapter I of this book, is ``3 CFR 100.1.'' 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Cite Presidential documents in this volume 3 CFR, 2019 Comp. thus: 3 CFR, 2019 Comp., p. 1 Cite chapter I entries in this volume 3 CFR thus: 3 CFR 100.1 Title 3—The President Page 2019 Compilation—Presidential Documents: Proclamations 1 Executive Orders 251 Other Presidential Documents 411 Chapter I—Executive Office of the President: Part 100 488 Part 101 488 Part 102 488 Finding Aids: Table 1—Proclamations 499 Table 2—Executive Orders 503 Table 3—Other Presidential Documents 507 Table 4—Presidential Documents Affected During 2019 511 Table 5—Statutes Cited as Authority for Presidential Documents 517 List of CFR Sections Affected 521 Index 523 CFR Finding Aids: Table of CFR Titles and Chapters 533 Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR 553 Title 3—The President Proclamations 2019 Compilation—Presidential Documents PROCLAMATIONS Proclamation 9836 of January 15, 2019 Proc. 9836 Religious Freedom Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Religious Freedom Day, we celebrate our Nation's long-standing commitment to freedom of conscience and the freedom to profess one's own faith. The right to religious freedom is innate to the dignity of every human person and is foundational to the pursuit of truth. The Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth shared an experience common to many of America's first settlers: they had fled their home countries to escape religious persecution. Aware of this history, our Nation's Founding Fathers readily understood that a just government must respect the deep yearning for truth and openness to the transcendent that are part of the human spirit. For this reason, from the beginning, our constitutional republic has endeavored to protect a robust understanding of religious freedom. On January 16, 1786, Virginia enacted the Statute for Religious Freedom to protect the right of individual conscience and religious exercise and to prohibit the compulsory support of any church. Authored by Thomas Jefferson, the statute set forth the principle that religious liberty is an inherent right and not a gift of the state. Jefferson's statute served as the inspiration and model for the legal architecture of the conscience protections in the First Amendment, drafted by James Madison just a few years later. Unfortunately, the fundamental human right to religious freedom is under attack. Efforts to circumscribe religious freedom—or to separate it from adjoining civil liberties, like property rights or free speech—are on the rise. Over time, legislative and political attacks on religious freedom have given way to actual violence. Last October, we witnessed a horrific attack on the Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—the deadliest attack on the Jewish community in our Nation's history. Tragically, attacks on people of faith and their houses of worship have increased in frequency in recent years. My Administration is taking action to protect religious liberty and to seek justice against those who seek to abridge it. The Department of Justice is aggressively prosecuting those who use violence or threats to interfere with the religious freedom of their fellow Americans. In January of 2018, the Justice Department announced a religious liberty update to the Justice Manual, raising the profile of religious liberty cases. Also in January of 2018, the Department of Health and Human Services undertook major policy changes to protect religious freedom, including forming a new Conscience and Religious Freedom Division within the Department's Office for Civil Rights and proposing a comprehensive new conscience protection regulation to reinvigorate enforcement of religious freedom laws within existing health care programs. Around the globe today, people are being persecuted for their faith by authoritarian dictatorships, terrorist groups, and other intolerant individuals. To address this tragic reality, last July, at my request, the Secretary of State convened the first-ever Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom. We are listening to the voices of those risking their lives for their religious beliefs, and we are listening to the families of people who have died fighting for their fundamental right of conscience. Our Nation was founded on the premise that a just government abides by the ``Laws of Nature and of Nature's God.'' As the Founders recognized, the Constitution protects religious freedom to secure the rights endowed to man by his very nature. On this day, we recognize this history and affirm our commitment to the preservation of religious freedom. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim January 16, 2019, as Religious Freedom Day. I call on all Americans to commemorate this day with events and activities that remind us of our shared heritage of religious liberty and that teach us how to secure this blessing both at home and around the world. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9837 of January 18, 2019 Proc. 9837 National School Choice Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation A great education provides students with a foundation to pursue the American Dream of a hopeful and prosperous future. During National School Choice Week, we reaffirm our commitment to enable all students to pursue the education that will best equip them for success in work and life. Every child deserves the chance to flourish in an educational environment that best leverages their unique learning style, cultivates their talent, and develops the skills needed to succeed in an ever-changing world. Likewise, teachers deserve the chance to innovate in the classroom and do their best work. Yet, today's system often falls short of what students and teachers need and deserve, and often makes it too hard for families and educators to create the best learning experience for each child. The results tell the unfortunate story: recent international surveys ranked the United States 24th in reading, 25th in science, and 40th in math. These results were not the result of incapable children; they were the consequence of the limitations imposed by a largely one-size-fits-all approach to education. Education should inspire wonder, stimulate curiosity, and spark a lifelong desire in our children to learn and grow. Increased educational options—including through out-of-zone public schools, public charter schools, magnet schools, sectarian and secular private schools, home schools, and online education programs—have expanded opportunities for students regardless of background or economic status. We should all work to ensure all children receive great educations, regardless of where they live, how much their family makes, or how they best learn. My Administration knows that choice in education plays a vital role in the success of our children and our country. The number of students receiving a D.C. Opportunity Scholarship has increased by nearly 50 percent under my Administration. In last year's enactment of the historic Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, we improved 529 plans so that they may cover elementary and secondary school tuition. Family demand for public charter schools has continued to grow. And, importantly, we have encouraged States, local communities, and families to refocus education policy where it belongs—on what is best for each child. We commend our Nation's families, teachers, school leaders, and all those who nobly dedicate their lives to educating the next generation. My Administration will continue to stand with students and their families in the fight for the best educational opportunities for their children. As our Nation celebrates National School Choice Week, I encourage families to explore new educational opportunities; I urge educators to develop imaginative and innovative pathways to learning; and I challenge students to passionately pursue their goals and dreams with discipline, integrity, and unyielding determination. Lastly, I urge lawmakers in Congress and in the States to embrace and expand education choice, which will strengthen our students, families, educators, communities, and ultimately, our great Nation. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim January 20 to January 26, 2019, as National School Choice Week. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9838 of January 18, 2019 Proc. 9838 National Sanctity of Human Life Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Today marks the 46th year since the United States Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade. On this day, National Sanctity of Human Life Sunday, we mourn the lives cut short, and the tremendous promise lost, as a result of abortion. As a Nation, we must resolve to protect innocent human life at every stage. As President, I am committed to defending the Right to Life. During my first week in office, I reinstated the Mexico City Policy, which prevents foreign aid from being used to fund or support the global abortion industry. We are also working to end the abhorrent practice of elective late-term abortion, a practice allowed in only seven countries around the world. At home, we have issued a proposed regulation to implement the Title X prohibition on funding programs that include abortion as a method of family planning. I am supporting the effort in the United States Senate to make permanent the Hyde Amendment, which has been added year after year to spending bills and prevents taxpayer funding for abortion. And I have explicitly informed the Congress that I will veto any legislation that weakens existing Federal protections for human life. My Administration has repeatedly demonstrated its respect for human life and conscience at all stages. We have finalized conscience exemptions from the contraceptive mandate to protect employers like Little Sisters of the Poor from being forced to choose between violating their religious beliefs and shutting their doors. We also increased the child tax credit, making it financially easier for mothers to care for their children after birth, while supporting the loving choices of adoption and foster care. As the opioid crisis severely affects our country, especially women and babies, we are redoubling our efforts to help children born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. And we must do everything within our power to protect the sanctity of life for the most vulnerable and defenseless among us, including people with disabilities. Americans with disabilities like Down syndrome are an inspiration, and their example of joy and perseverance enriches our lives. Our Constitution and our laws contain many protections for innocent life, and I have worked hard for the confirmation and appointment of judges—including two outstanding Supreme Court justices—committed to the rule of law. We commend the pro-life movement for the tremendous efforts it has made to prevent the deaths of innocent unborn children, including through the annual March for Life. For more than 46 years, courageous and faithful citizens, many from college campuses and high schools across our country, have extended big hearts and hands of compassion to young women experiencing unexpected pregnancies. For decades, they have prayed passionately and stood tirelessly for the sanctity of life, speaking up for those who cannot speak for themselves. We honor, too, the many men and women who share the precious gifts of life and family by adopting babies and children, welcoming them into their homes and hearts. Today, we recommit ourselves to protecting innocent life every day and at every stage. We must continue to be a country that shows respect for the dignity and worth of every person at every stage of life. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim January 20, 2019, as National Sanctity of Human Life Day. Today I call on the Congress to join me in protecting and defending the dignity of every human life, including those not yet born. I call on the American people to continue to care for women in unexpected pregnancies and to support adoption and foster care in a more meaningful way, so every child can have a loving home. And finally, I ask every citizen of this great Nation to listen to the sound of silence caused by a generation lost to us, and then to raise their voices for all those affected by abortion, both seen and unseen. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9839 of January 18, 2019 Proc. 9839 Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation One hundred years after President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, the great Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., took to the steps of the Lincoln Memorial and shared his vision of an America lifted from the ``quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.'' His extraordinary message that momentous day in August of 1963 stirred to action Americans of every race and creed, and it continues to reverberate in the hearts and minds of patriotic citizens across our great land. Today, as we pause to mark the life and legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., we recommit ourselves to the advancement of equality and justice for all Americans, and to the full realization of his worthy dream. In the United States of America, every citizen should have the opportunity to build a better and brighter future, and, as President, I am committed to expanding opportunity for all Americans. We have added more than 5 million new jobs to the economy over the past 2 years and unemployment rates for African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and Americans without a high school degree have reached record lows. Importantly, we have also worked tirelessly to reform our Nation's criminal justice system, so that those who have been incarcerated and paid their debt to society are given a second chance at life. Last year, I was proud to sign into law the First Step Act, which will prepare inmates to successfully rejoin society and effect commonsense reforms to make our justice system fairer for all Americans. Through recidivism reduction programs that provide vocational training, education, and mental healthcare, non-violent offenders can have a chance at redemption and an opportunity to fulfill a better destiny. We have also made great strides as a Nation, but we acknowledge that more work must be done for, in the words of Dr. King, ``justice to roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.'' United as one American family, we will not rest—and we will never be satisfied—until the promise of this great Nation is accessible to each American in each new generation. More than half a century after Dr. King's March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, our Nation is mindful of its past, and we look forward to the future with unwavering optimism, inspired by the legacy of Dr. King and informed by his wisdom and vision. May the memory of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the efforts we have made to fully effectuate his dream, remind us that faith and love unite us together as one great American family. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim January 21, 2019, as the Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday. On this day, I encourage all Americans to recommit themselves to Dr. King's dream by engaging in acts of service to others, to their community, and to our Nation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9840 of January 31, 2019 Proc. 9840 American Heart Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Heart disease is America's most prolific killer, responsible for one in four deaths in the United States each year. American Heart Month is an opportunity to remember the loved ones lost to this deadly disease, raise awareness of the warning signs and symptoms of heart disease and heart attacks, and commit to a lifestyle that improves overall heart health. Although heart disease has persisted as the leading cause of death among Americans for nearly a century, we are steadily eroding its grip on our health. Heart disease claims a smaller and smaller percentage of our loved ones than it did at its height in the 1960s. Through technological advancements and decades of scientific research, we have learned a tremendous amount about the causes of heart disease. We now know that smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, lack of physical activity, obesity, diabetes, and prediabetes are some of the leading factors that can contribute to our risk for heart disease. Most importantly, we have learned that it is never too late or too early to improve your heart health. Small changes—undertaken at any time—such as committing to a healthy diet and regular exercise can make a big difference. Last November, the Department of Health and Human Services released the second edition of ``Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans,'' which outlines the importance of physical exercise and provides information on how adults and children can live more active lives and improve their cardiovascular health. Nearly 80 percent of adult Americans, however, fail to meet the key guidelines for both aerobic and muscle strengthening activity. The guidelines recommend that adults get at least two and a half hours per week of moderate aerobic physical activity and muscle-strengthening activities over two or more days each week. Children ages 6 through 17 should get 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day. As the risk for heart disease increases with age, it is vital to deter this deadly disease by taking steps to stay physically active throughout life, maintain a healthy body weight, and promote overall heart health, including by eating a well-balanced diet and abstaining from tobacco products. This month, I encourage all Americans to prioritize their health and educate themselves about heart disease. Through our continued efforts as a Nation and as individuals, we can work to reduce the chance of heart disease and ensure both present and future generations of Americans live healthier and fuller lives. In acknowledgement of the importance of the ongoing fight against heart disease, the Congress, by Joint Resolution approved on December 30, 1963, as amended (36 U.S.C. 101), has requested that the President issue an annual proclamation designating February as American Heart Month. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim February 2019 as American Heart Month. The First Lady and I encourage all Americans to participate in National Wear Red Day on February 1, 2019, to raise awareness and reaffirm our commitment to fighting heart disease. I also invite the Governors of the States, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, officials of other areas subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and the American people to join me in recognizing and reaffirming our commitment to fighting heart disease. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of January, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9841 of January 31, 2019 Proc. 9841 National African American History Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation In the year 1619, a Dutch trading ship sailed into the Chesapeake Bay and dropped anchor at Point Comfort, Virginia. The vessel's arrival marked the beginning of the unscrupulous slave trade in the American colonies. It was from this immoral origin—and through inhuman conditions, discrimination, and prolonged hardship—that emerged the vibrant culture, singular accomplishments, and groundbreaking triumphs that we honor and celebrate during National African American History Month. National African American History Month is an occasion to rediscover the enduring stories of African Americans and the gifts of freedom, purpose, and opportunity they have bestowed on future generations. It is also a time to commemorate the countless contributions of African Americans, many of whom lived through and surmounted the scourge of segregation, racial prejudice, and discrimination to enrich every fiber of American life. Their examples of heroism, patriotism, and enterprise have given people of all backgrounds confidence, courage, and faith to pursue their own dreams. This year's theme, ``Black Migrations,'' highlights the challenges and successes of African Americans as they moved from farms in the agricultural South to centers of industry in the North, Midwest, and West—especially the migrations that occurred in the twentieth century. Through these migrations, millions of African Americans reshaped the demographic landscape of America, starting new lives in cities such as Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, and New York City. In that time of great change, inspirational leaders, such as Annie Turnbo Malone, charted a new path for many African American men and women. Annie Malone, the daughter of former slaves, became one of the most successful entrepreneurs in America at the turn of the century, and provided opportunities for African Americans to pursue meaningful careers. Through mentorship and education, she empowered others to start their own businesses. She is one of many inspirational African Americans in an era that also produced luminaries such as Mary McLeod Bethune and Booker T. Washington, both of whom encouraged and emboldened disenfranchised black students to push through obstacles and realize their God-given potential. American history brims with the stories of African Americans who forever changed their communities and our country. We will, for example, never forget the legendary ``Queen of Soul,'' Aretha Franklin, whose unforgettable voice transcended genre and left music transformed, and whose broad appeal in an era of deep division helped to bridge racial divides. Another trailblazer, baseball legend Jackie Robinson, known ubiquitously in Major League Baseball as ``42,'' shattered institutional racism in American athletics when he became the first African-American player to appear in a big league game. Over his career, his exceptional talent and noble character in the face of racial hatred undermined the twin false ideologies of segregation and racial inequality. The spirit and determination of these and other African American heroes make our Nation proud and define what it means to be American. National African American History Month is a call to each and every citizen of our great land to reflect on the cultural, scientific, political, and economic contributions of African Americans, which are woven throughout American society. We remember, learn from, and build on the past, so that, together, we can build a better and more prosperous future for all Americans. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim February 2019 as National African American History Month. I call upon public officials, educators, librarians, and all the people of the United States to observe this month with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of January, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9842 of February 7, 2019 Proc. 9842 Addressing Mass Migration Through the Southern Border of the United StatesBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation In Proclamation 9822 of November 9, 2018 (Addressing Mass Migration Through the Southern Border of the United States), I found that our immigration and asylum system is in crisis as a consequence of the mass migration of aliens across the border between the United States and Mexico (southern border). Accordingly, pursuant to sections 212(f) and 215(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (8 U.S.C. 1182(f) and 1185(a), respectively), I found that the unlawful entry of aliens through that border is detrimental to the interests of the United States and suspended and limited entry of such aliens. I exempted from the scope of Proclamation 9822 any alien who entered the United States at a port of entry and properly presented for inspection, as well as any lawful permanent resident of the United States. Section 2(d) of Proclamation 9822 directed the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Homeland Security jointly to submit to me a recommendation on whether an extension or renewal of the suspension and limitation on entry in Proclamation 9822 is in the interests of the United States. Those officials have now jointly recommended extending the suspension and limitation for an additional 90 days. As that recommendation reflects, the problem of large numbers of aliens traveling through Mexico to enter our country unlawfully or without proper documentation has not materially improved, and indeed in several respects has worsened, since November 9, 2018. An average of approximately 2,000 inadmissible aliens continue to enter the United States each day at our southern border. And large, organized groups of aliens continue to travel through Mexico towards the United States with the reported intention to enter the United States unlawfully or without proper documentation. The ability of the United States to address those problems has also been hampered by a nationwide injunction issued by a United States District Judge in the Northern District of California. That injunction currently prevents the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security from implementing an interim final rule that would render any alien who enters the country in contravention of a proclamation limiting or suspending entry at the southern border, including Proclamation 9822, ineligible to be granted asylum. The United States is appealing that injunction. Should the injunction be lifted, aliens who enter the United States unlawfully through the southern border in contravention of this proclamation will be ineligible to be granted asylum under that interim final rule. As President, I must act to protect the national interest, and to maintain an effectively functioning asylum system for legitimate asylum seekers who demonstrate that they have fled persecution and warrant the many special benefits associated with being granted asylum. In view of the foregoing circumstances, and the joint recommendation from the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Homeland Security, I have determined to extend the suspension and limitation, as set forth below, on entry into the United States through the southern border established by Proclamation 9822. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including sections 212(f) and 215(a) of the INA, hereby find that, absent the measures set forth in this proclamation, the entry into the United States of persons described in section 1 of this proclamation would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and that their entry should be subject to certain restrictions, limitations, and exceptions. I therefore hereby proclaim the following: Section 1. Suspension and Limitation on Entry. The entry of any alien into the United States across the international boundary between the United States and Mexico is hereby suspended and limited, subject to section 2 of this proclamation. That suspension and limitation shall expire 90 days after the date of this proclamation or the date on which an agreement permits the United States to remove aliens to Mexico in compliance with the terms of section 208(a)(2)(A) of the INA (8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(A)), whichever is earlier. Sec. 2. Scope and Implementation of Suspension and Limitation on Entry. (a) The suspension and limitation on entry pursuant to section 1 of this proclamation shall apply only to aliens who enter the United States after the date of this proclamation. (b) The suspension and limitation on entry pursuant to section 1 of this proclamation shall not apply to any alien who enters the United States at a port of entry and properly presents for inspection, or to any lawful permanent resident of the United States. (c) Nothing in this proclamation shall limit an alien entering the United States from being considered for withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the INA (8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3)) or protection pursuant to the regulations promulgated under the authority of the implementing legislation regarding the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, or limit the statutory processes afforded to unaccompanied alien children upon entering the United States under section 279 of title 6, United States Code, and section 1232 of title 8, United States Code. (d) No later than 75 days after the date of this proclamation, the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall jointly submit to the President, through the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, a recommendation on whether an extension or renewal of the suspension or limitation on entry in section 1 of this proclamation is in the interests of the United States. Sec. 3. Interdiction. The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall continue to consult with the Government of Mexico regarding appropriate steps—consistent with applicable law and the foreign policy, national security, and public-safety interests of the United States—to address the approach of large groups of aliens traveling through Mexico with the intent of entering the United States unlawfully, including efforts to deter, dissuade, and return such aliens before they physically enter United States territory through the southern border. Sec. 4. Severability. It is the policy of the United States to enforce this proclamation to the maximum extent possible to advance the interests of the United States. Accordingly: (a) if any provision of this proclamation, or the application of any provision to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid, the remainder of this proclamation and the application of its other provisions to any other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby; and (b) if any provision of this proclamation, or the application of any provision to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid because of the failure to follow certain procedures, the relevant executive branch officials shall implement those procedural requirements to conform with existing law and with any applicable court orders. Sec. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this proclamation shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This proclamation shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This proclamation is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of February, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9843 of February 8, 2019 Proc. 9843 Death of John David Dingell, Jr.By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation As a mark of respect for the memory and longstanding service of former Representative John David Dingell, Jr., of Michigan—the longest-serving Member of Congress in our Nation's history—I hereby order, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, that the flag of the United States shall be flown at half-staff at the White House and upon all public buildings and grounds, at all military posts and naval stations, and on all naval vessels of the Federal Government in the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its Territories and possessions until sunset, February 9, 2019. I also direct that the flag shall be flown at half-staff for the same period at all United States embassies, legations, consular offices, and other facilities abroad, including all military facilities and naval vessels and stations. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighth day of February, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9844 of February 15, 2019 Proc. 9844 Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United StatesBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The current situation at the southern border presents a border security and humanitarian crisis that threatens core national security interests and constitutes a national emergency. The southern border is a major entry point for criminals, gang members, and illicit narcotics. The problem of large-scale unlawful migration through the southern border is long-standing, and despite the executive branch's exercise of existing statutory authorities, the situation has worsened in certain respects in recent years. In particular, recent years have seen sharp increases in the number of family units entering and seeking entry to the United States and an inability to provide detention space for many of these aliens while their removal proceedings are pending. If not detained, such aliens are often released into the country and are often difficult to remove from the United States because they fail to appear for hearings, do not comply with orders of removal, or are otherwise difficult to locate. In response to the directive in my April 4, 2018, memorandum and subsequent requests for support by the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Department of Defense has provided support and resources to the Department of Homeland Security at the southern border. Because of the gravity of the current emergency situation, it is necessary for the Armed Forces to provide additional support to address the crisis. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including sections 201 and 301 of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), hereby declare that a national emergency exists at the southern border of the United States, and that section 12302 of title 10, United States Code, is invoked and made available, according to its terms, to the Secretaries of the military departments concerned, subject to the direction of the Secretary of Defense in the case of the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. To provide additional authority to the Department of Defense to support the Federal Government's response to the emergency at the southern border, I hereby declare that this emergency requires use of the Armed Forces and, in accordance with section 301 of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1631), that the construction authority provided in section 2808 of title 10, United States Code, is invoked and made available, according to its terms, to the Secretary of Defense and, at the discretion of the Secretary of Defense, to the Secretaries of the military departments. I hereby direct as follows: Section 1. The Secretary of Defense, or the Secretary of each relevant military department, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, shall order as many units or members of the Ready Reserve to active duty as the Secretary concerned, in the Secretary's discretion, determines to be appropriate to assist and support the activities of the Secretary of Homeland Security at the southern border. Sec. 2. The Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and, subject to the discretion of the Secretary of Defense, the Secretaries of the military departments, shall take all appropriate actions, consistent with applicable law, to use or support the use of the authorities herein invoked, including, if necessary, the transfer and acceptance of jurisdiction over border lands. Sec. 3. This proclamation is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9845 of March 1, 2019 Proc. 9845 American Red Cross Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Guided by her passionate devotion to humanity, Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 as a charitable organization to provide services to people in need. After 138 years, her historic legacy of selfless service still inspires hundreds of thousands of Americans to give their time, resources, and energy to help people in the United States and around the world, aiding those facing natural disasters, donating and supplying blood, and serving our military families. During American Red Cross Month, we recognize and honor the lifesaving work of the dedicated employees and volunteers of the American Red Cross, as well as the remarkable kindness of the American people who give so generously to this organization. Each year, the American Red Cross provides care, relief, and comfort to Americans who are suffering from natural disasters. Just last year, massive wildfires and major hurricanes caused catastrophic damage, taking numerous lives and leaving communities scarred and families forever changed. In California alone, residents faced some of the most destructive wildfires in their State's history. Through all of these, thousands of American Red Cross volunteers mobilized to provide around-the-clock shelter for victims, work with government and community partners to serve millions of meals and snacks, and distribute other emergency supplies and relief items. The American Red Cross also maintains a strong presence throughout the world. As part of the world's largest humanitarian network, the organization helps people in some of the most at-risk communities. Last year, the American Red Cross deployed emergency responders to disaster zones in 7 countries and sent humanitarian aid, including financial assistance and lifesaving supplies, to more than 18 countries. In the wake of emergencies and disasters, American Red Cross volunteers work tirelessly to ensure that those affected are able to receive the best possible help during the most challenging of times. As the single largest supplier of blood products in the country, the American Red Cross is critical in processing, distributing, and ensuring the safety of our Nation's blood supply. Through its collection of more than 4.7 million blood donations and more than 900,000 platelet donations each year, the organization helps accident and burn victims, heart surgery patients, and those receiving cancer treatments. In the aftermath of the tragic shootings that occurred last year in Parkland, Florida; Santa Fe, Texas; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Thousand Oaks, California, the American Red Cross provided blood and blood products to the injured and wounded. Every year, nearly 2.7 million compassionate volunteer donors give blood and platelet donations that make these lifesaving services possible. For more than a century, the American Red Cross has maintained a strong partnership with the brave men and women of our Armed Forces. Each day, the American Red Cross serves military personnel and veterans by providing 24/7 global emergency communication services and support in healthcare facilities across the country and around the globe. Since 2001, the American Red Cross has served more than one million military families, helping them cope with the challenges of deployment and supporting combat veterans as they return and transition back into civilian life. President Herbert Hoover said: ``The greater glory of the Red Cross belongs to the people themselves. It is a living embodiment of their heart and soul.'' This month, we acknowledge the indispensable value of the American Red Cross, the numerous ways in which the organization's endeavors enhance the well-being of Americans and others worldwide, and the generosity of all those who support its important mission. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America and Honorary Chairman of the American Red Cross, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim March 2019 as American Red Cross Month. I encourage all Americans to observe this month with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities, and to support the work of the American Red Cross and their local chapters. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this first day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9846 of March 1, 2019 Proc. 9846 Irish-American Heritage Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During Irish-American Heritage Month, we celebrate the indispensable contributions Irish Americans have made to every chapter of our Nation's history. Generations of Irish immigrants have carried to our shores character, culture, and values that continue to play pivotal roles in the strength and success of America. Irish Americans helped define and defend our great Nation in its earliest days. The Continental Congress appointed more than 20 generals of Irish descent to lead the Continental Army through the Revolutionary War. The courage of these Irish generals on the battlefield was as inspiring as it was fierce. The Pennsylvania Line, the backbone of George Washington's Army and one of its largest and hardest-hitting units, consisted of so many soldiers of Irish descent that it was often called the ``Line of Ireland.'' After they fought for our Independence, Irish Americans helped enshrine the visionary principles of self-government outlined in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Many Irish Americans immigrated to the United States during the terrible years of Ireland's Great Famine in the middle of the 19th century. Despite facing discrimination and poverty, Irish Americans persevered thanks to their industry, leadership, and integral involvement in society. In 1868, Irish-American businessman Edmund McIlhenny grew his first commercial crop of peppers in Avery Island, Louisiana, and created ``Tabasco'' hot sauce. Andrew Mellon, the grandson of Irish immigrants, built a thriving business empire before becoming the Secretary of the Treasury, during which time he advocated for economic policies that sparked the tremendous prosperity of the 1920s. In 1937, he funded the construction of the National Gallery of Art and donated his extensive art collection to the museum. Today, more than 31 million Americans look back with pride on their Irish heritage and the legacy of their ancestors. The faith, perseverance, and spirit of Irish Americans across our country is indelibly woven into the tapestry of the American story. As we spend this month honoring the incredible history of Irish Americans, especially on St. Patrick's Day, we look forward to a bright future of continued friendship and cooperation between the United States and Ireland. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim March 2019 as Irish-American Heritage Month. I call upon all Americans to celebrate the achievements of Irish Americans and their contributions to our Nation with appropriate ceremonies, activities, and programs. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this first day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9847 of March 1, 2019 Proc. 9847 Women's History Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During Women's History Month, we celebrate the countless women whose courage and resolve have contributed to the character and success of our Nation and the entire world. The equal opportunity of women in every facet of daily life is an essential feature of a free and prosperous society. This month, we honor women who have fought for equality and against the status quo, and who have broken the bonds of discrimination, partiality, and injustice for the benefit of all. These women created a legacy that continues to inspire generations of women to live with confidence, to have a positive impact on their communities, and to improve our Nation every single day. Throughout our history, women have dedicated their lives to achieving equal rights for all Americans. They envisioned a society where women could pursue a formal education, start a business, serve in the military, or run for elected office. The example of each of these women motivates successive generations to aspire to greatness and to stand tall in the face of adversity. We remember all the American women, past and present, who have inspired and empowered today's women to advocate for their beliefs and pursue their dreams without hesitation. Catherine Brewer, who in 1840 became the first woman to earn a bachelor's degree, and Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, who graduated from medical school to become America's first recognized female physician, are in the pantheon of great American women. Both pursued their passion to learn and to achieve advanced degrees in an unprecedented way. Their achievement marked the beginning of our society's move toward equality among men and women in education. They would be proud to know that, today, female students constitute the majority of undergraduates in our colleges and universities. Women also have a rich history of civilian and military leadership, service, and sacrifice. The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP), for example, were remarkable pioneers in military aviation. Founded by Nancy Love and Jacqueline Cochran in 1942, WASP grew to a fleet of 1,102 women pilots who flew every type of World War II military aircraft for non-combat missions domestically. These women were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for their service, and they paved the way for women pilots like Captain Rosemary Mariner, the Navy's first female fighter pilot and first woman to command a naval aviation squadron. Over the course of her 24 years of honorable service, Captain Mariner broke many barriers for women in the military. When she passed away on January 24, 2019, the Navy conducted an all-female flyover in her honor, a first in the history of the Armed Forces and a fitting honor for a woman of her stature. Leaders of our Nation also stand on the shoulders of women like Jeannette Rankin, who became the first woman to hold Federal office in 1916. She predicted: ``I may be the first woman member of Congress, but I won't be the last.'' This year, a century after the Congress passed the 19th Amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote, more women are serving in the Congress than at any time in our history. My Administration continues to empower women by creating unprecedented opportunities for them. The United States economy is booming like never before. An all-time record number of women are employed, and, just last year, women filled 58 percent of new jobs. Our economic agenda, including the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the elimination of unnecessary and burdensome regulations, has driven women's unemployment to the lowest level in 65 years. My Administration fought to provide tax relief to parents by doubling the child tax credit and preserving the child and dependent care credit. To help women thrive in the labor force and provide for their families, we developed a tax credit for employers who offer paid family and medical leave, and I have called on the Congress to pass a nationwide paid family leave program. Prioritizing the economic empowerment of women has also helped to boost our Nation's economy and security. My Administration is committed to working with States to reform occupational licensing laws, which disproportionately affect women. States and licensing boards can and must do more to eliminate unnecessary barriers to career opportunities and improve license portability to facilitate career continuity. Promoting women's economic empowerment abroad enables developing countries to increase their global financial stability. When women are fully empowered to reach their economic potential, they invest back into their families and communities, which helps their countries thrive. That is why I signed a National Security Presidential Memorandum to launch the Women's Global Development and Prosperity Initiative (W-GDP), which is the first-ever whole-of-government approach to advancing global women's economic empowerment. The W-GDP Initiative aims to benefit 50 million women across the developing world by 2025. It will help women prosper in the workforce by improving their access to quality education and skills training, funding and supporting women's entrepreneurship and access to capital, and working to address legal, regulatory, and cultural barriers that hinder women from fully and freely participating in the economy. This month, we express our gratitude for all American women who continue to strengthen our families, communities, and workforce. Our future is brighter because of their contributions. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim March 2019 as Women's History Month. I call upon all Americans to observe this month and to celebrate International Women's Day on March 8, 2019, with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this first day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9848 of March 1, 2019 Proc. 9848 National Consumer Protection Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Consumer Protection Week, we redouble our efforts to prepare Americans to successfully navigate our dynamic market economy. Fraudulent and deceptive financial practices impede our economic success by depriving consumers of access to the best, most accurate information to guide their choices among competing goods and services. We live in an age of rapidly evolving technology, in which more Americans conduct their personal and professional business on the internet and other mobile platforms. While these technological innovations provide convenience to consumers, they also create opportunities for scammers, hackers, and identity thieves to commit cybercrimes. Each year, fraudulent and deceptive practices cost Americans billions of dollars and generate hours of stress and hardship. Whether managing bank accounts, paying bills, handling medical records, or engaging in e-commerce, basic consumer knowledge is critical to financial wellbeing. This includes being vigilant when providing personal information—such as social security and bank account numbers—online, over the phone, or by mail. Consumers should keep their software—including operating systems, web browsers, and applications—up to date. They should never provide personal or sensitive information to anyone who directly or unexpectedly contacts them. By taking these steps and sharing them with family and friends, especially children and older Americans, we can help protect against schemes to line the pockets of unscrupulous actors. My Administration is strongly committed to protecting consumers from those who would defraud them. Last year, I signed into law the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, which strengthens protections against identity theft by allowing consumers to contact each of the three major credit reporting agencies and freeze their credit reports for free. I also established the Task Force on Market Integrity and Consumer Fraud within the Department of Justice (DOJ) to provide recommendations on regulatory and legislative changes needed to improve the investigation and prosecution of fraud and other financial crimes that harm Americans. My Administration is also working to counter the growing threat of fraud committed against older Americans and has taken action to combat cyber fraud. In February 2018, the DOJ announced the largest coordinated sweep of elder fraud cases in history, as well as the indictment of 36 cyber criminals in one of the largest cyber fraud enterprise prosecutions ever. National Consumer Protection Week is an opportunity to come together as government, industry, community groups, and organizations in support of a shared mission—protecting our Nation's consumers. This week, and throughout the year, I encourage Americans across our country to take advantage of resources that will help them better safeguard their personal and financial information so that they can continue to drive our dynamic economy for decades to come. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim March 3 through March 9, 2019, as National Consumer Protection Week. I encourage individuals, businesses, organizations, government agencies, and community groups to take advantage of the broad array of online resources offered by the Federal Trade Commission and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and to share this information through consumer education activities in communities across the country. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this first day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9849 of March 13, 2019 Proc. 9849 National Agriculture Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On National Agriculture Day, we acknowledge the immeasurable value farmers, ranchers, growers, producers, and foresters contribute to our Nation. America's agriculture families and communities lead the world in producing food, feed, fuel, and fiber. Today, we pay tribute to the men and women who expand opportunities for prosperity, economic development, and food security by cultivating the land across our country. American agriculture strengthens our economy. Valued at more than $141 billion, our country's agriculture exports are critical to our Nation's job market, with every $1 billion in exports supporting approximately 8,400 American jobs. Counting for approximately 5.5 percent of our gross domestic product, our agriculture, food, and related industries are vital to our Nation's global economic success. Accordingly, my Administration is working to modernize and improve trade agreements to remove barriers and open foreign markets to goods grown and produced here in the United States. Last year, I made good on my promise to renegotiate the outdated and unbalanced North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the signing of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Once approved by the Congress, the USMCA will help farmers, especially dairy producers, have improved access to markets for their products by lifting unfair restrictions by Canada on American dairy, wheat, and wine producers. We must continue to streamline our regulatory environment so that agricultural innovation can flourish and help our farmers, ranchers, and foresters meet the world's growing demand for food. My Administration, therefore, is streamlining regulatory policy for biotechnology, removing the red tape that is slowing down the approval of powerful new agriculture products. We are also committed to training and supporting the next generation of farmers and agriculture professionals through technical assistance programs so that they have the knowhow to harness the full potential of our Nation's abundant technological and national resources. To help ensure the continued success, stability, and prosperity of our Nation's farmers, ranchers, and producers, I signed into law the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018. This legislation bolsters farm safety-net programs, supports expanded markets for America's agricultural production, promotes active management of natural resources, and maintains strong rural development and research initiatives. In addition, a key provision in the law requires the Federal Communications Commission to work with the Department of Agriculture to boost broadband deployment and adoption in rural areas. This initiative will provide more farmers, ranchers, and rural communities access to next-generation digital technologies that enhance profitability and sustainability, greatly improving quality of life for all Americans. The American farmer embodies the timeless virtues of our Nation: hard work, self-reliance, and dedication to family. On this National Agriculture Day, we express our gratitude to those who feed and clothe us, fuel our economy, and inspire us with their determination and perseverance. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim March 14, 2019, as National Agriculture Day. I encourage all Americans to observe this day by recognizing the preeminent role that agriculture plays in our daily lives, acknowledging agriculture's continuing importance to rural America and our country's economy, and expressing our deep appreciation of farmers, growers, ranchers, producers, national forest system stewards, private agricultural stewards, and those who work in the agriculture sector across the Nation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9850 of March 15, 2019 Proc. 9850 National Poison Prevention Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Poison Prevention Week, we raise awareness about the reality of unintentional poisoning in America, and we recommit to educating all Americans about how best to prevent tragedy from striking our loved ones and our communities. More than 90 percent of accidental poisonings occur in the home, and children are particularly vulnerable. Each year, an average of 85,000 children visit emergency rooms across our Nation to receive care after exposure to poison. We all share a responsibility to keep harmful items, including dangerous medications, cosmetics, household cleaning supplies, laundry detergent, pesticides, and batteries, out of sight and out of the reach of children. ``Take Back Day'' events, which encourage Americans to dispose of potentially harmful medications, among other substances, are also great opportunities for Americans to participate in the broader effort to reduce the number of accidental poisonings in our country. Tragically, our Nation's opioid epidemic has only added to the number of unintentional poisoning deaths. To address this growing crisis, I announced my Initiative to Stop Opioid Abuse, which is aimed at reducing the demand for drugs through education, awareness, and preventing over-prescription. My Administration has also worked with the Congress to secure more than $6 billion in funding to help combat the drug abuse and opioid epidemic through prevention, treatment and recovery services, interdiction, and law enforcement efforts. Additionally, I signed into law the SUPPORT Act, the largest legislative effort in history to address a single drug crisis. This legislation enhances patient access to non-opioid treatment options, increases access to drug disposal, and provides support for those caring for babies prenatally exposed to drugs. Data from the Monitoring the Future study and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health indicate that the misuse of opioid medications among youth has declined in recent years. These encouraging findings are a sign that real progress is being made to educate our young people on the dangers of prescription drug misuse. Much work remains to be done, however, to address the misuse of prescription opioids and the use of illegal drugs in our communities. All Americans, both young and old, should familiarize themselves with safe practices for prescription drug use and should apply these important practices to their daily routines. This week, and always, I implore all Americans to remain vigilant in protecting themselves and their families from unintended exposure to poisons, and to take the steps necessary to reduce the availability of potentially harmful substances. By making prevention a priority, we can help avoid the devastating consequences often caused by unintentional poisonings and drug overdoses. To encourage Americans to learn more about the dangers of unintentional poisonings and to take appropriate preventative measures, on September 26, 1961, the Congress, by joint resolution (75 Stat. 681), authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation designating the third week of March each year as ``National Poison Prevention Week.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim March 17, 2019, through March 23, 2019, to be National Poison Prevention Week. I call upon all Americans to observe this week by taking actions to safeguard their families from poisonous products, chemicals, medicines, and drugs found in their homes, and to raise awareness about these dangers in order to prevent accidental injuries and deaths. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9851 of March 18, 2019 Proc. 9851 Greek Independence Day: A National Day of Celebration of Greek and American Democracy, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On the 198th anniversary of Greek Independence Day, we celebrate the rich history and enduring bond between the United States and Greece. Our strong alliance and unwavering friendship are rooted in mutual respect and a shared commitment to freedom, justice, and democracy. The common bond between the United States and Greece is rooted in thousands of years of tradition, stretching back to ancient Greece. The lessons of ancient Greek democracies are among the greatest and most enduring ever taught. From them the world came to know and understand the foundational principles of human liberty, self-government, and the rule of law—the very principles that fueled America's own drive for independence and shaped our Republic. Decades after securing our independence, American citizens expressed their appreciation by supporting the people of Greece in their fight for their own freedom. Today, our Greek-American partnership is robust and gaining momentum. The inaugural United States-Greece Strategic Dialogue, held last December, and the United States-Greece Commercial Dialogue, held last September, highlighted the strength of the bilateral relationship and bolstered confidence in Greece as a regional leader. We applaud the historic 2019 decision of the Greek Parliament to ratify the Prespa Agreement, which resolved the long-standing naming dispute with North Macedonia. This ratification confirmed Greece's role as a partner with an abiding commitment to advancing stability, security, and prosperity in the region. Additionally, the 2018 Thessaloniki International Fair forged opportunities for enhanced collaboration in technology, enterprise, and innovation. Our common vision for a peaceful and prosperous region is particularly evident in our ongoing defense relationship. The rotation of NATO aircraft and equipment through Thessaloniki and Alexandroupoli, the complex bilateral training events, and the availability of Souda Bay for the naval forces of the United States reflect mutually beneficial cooperation to ensure our mutual strength and security. Our bilateral relationship has also afforded many opportunities to support partnerships and initiatives that address the areas of defense and security, law enforcement and counterterrorism, and energy security and diversification. The strong people-to-people ties that undergird our friendship also serve to fortify our alliance. We continue to identify opportunities to increase student and professional exchanges and English language programs. These programs make tremendous contributions to the economic, cultural, and political power of our two great democracies. This summer, we will launch the Future Leaders Exchange (FLEX) Program with Greece to develop the next generation of leaders who will sustain and enhance our strong partnership. On this day, we honor the shared values that bind our two countries as faithful allies and friends, and we recognize the profound impact Greek-Americans have had on every aspect of our culture. Together, recalling the spirit of the ancient Greeks, we reaffirm our abiding belief that democratic institutions offer the greatest opportunity to safeguard human rights, dignity, and freedom for all. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim March 25, 2019, as Greek Independence Day: A National Day of Celebration of Greek and American Democracy. I call upon the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9852 of March 25, 2019 Proc. 9852 Recognizing the Golan Heights as Part of the State of IsraelBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The State of Israel took control of the Golan Heights in 1967 to safeguard its security from external threats. Today, aggressive acts by Iran and terrorist groups, including Hizballah, in southern Syria continue to make the Golan Heights a potential launching ground for attacks on Israel. Any possible future peace agreement in the region must account for Israel's need to protect itself from Syria and other regional threats. Based on these unique circumstances, it is therefore appropriate to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim that, the United States recognizes that the Golan Heights are part of the State of Israel. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-fifth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9853 of March 29, 2019 Proc. 9853 Cancer Control Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During Cancer Control Month, we recognize the fearless spirit of millions of Americans who are battling cancer and celebrate the nearly 17 million cancer survivors who are alive today. We also solemnly remember and honor the memory of those beloved family members, friends, and neighbors who have been taken from us by this terrible disease. As I have said many times, our Nation will never give up our search for effective and innovative medical procedures to treat and prevent all forms of cancer. Last year, more than 1.7 million Americans were diagnosed with some form of cancer and over 600,000 lost their lives to this disease—the second leading cause of death in the United States. There are, however, many hopeful signs of progress. The combined rate of death from all cancers continues to decline among both men and women, and death rates for many of the most common types of cancer—including lung, colon, and breast—are trending downward. These encouraging statistics reflect the outstanding work of our Nation's dedicated healthcare professionals to diagnose cancers at earlier stages and to improve prevention and treatment. Americans can take important steps to decrease their risk of developing cancer. Maintaining a normal weight, practicing healthy eating habits, and engaging in regular physical activity are critical to preventing kidney, endometrial, esophageal, colon, and other forms of cancer. Avoiding the use of tobacco and excessive consumption of alcohol can also help the body prevent and fight cancers. Americans should also discuss their family health histories with their doctors and get recommended cancer screenings, which can lead to early diagnosis and help increase the odds of beating the disease. My Administration is committed to supporting cutting-edge research and groundbreaking medical advances and treatments that better help cancer patients. Researchers at the National Institutes of Health are actively pursuing new approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, with special emphasis in the developing fields of genomics, precision medicine, and immunotherapy. Last year, I signed into law the Childhood Cancer Survivorship, Treatment, Access, and Research Act of 2018 to advance research on childhood cancers and effective treatments, support survivors, and better identify and track pediatric cancer rates. I also signed into law ``Right to Try'' legislation, which provides people diagnosed with terminal illnesses expanded options for care and treatment. And I am working with the Congress to invest $500 million over the next decade in cancer-related research to enable our Nation's best scientists and doctors to learn from every child with cancer, creating new opportunities to understand the unique causes of and find the best cures for childhood cancer. We will control and defeat cancer, which has inflicted devastating suffering on too many American families. I have complete confidence in our Nation's innovators and scientists to overcome every challenge as they work day in and day out to rid us of this disease. Together, we will find the long-sought cure and eradicate the pain and death caused by the scourge of cancer. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 2019 as Cancer Control Month. I call upon the people of the United States to speak with their doctors and healthcare providers to learn more about preventative measures that can save lives. I encourage citizens, government agencies, private businesses, nonprofit organizations, and other interested groups to join in activities that will increase awareness of what Americans can do to prevent and control cancer. I also invite the Governors of the States and Territories and officials of other areas subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to join me in recognizing Cancer Control Month. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-ninth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9854 of March 29, 2019 Proc. 9854 National Child Abuse Prevention Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Every child deserves the security of a stable, loving, and nurturing home. During National Child Abuse Prevention Month, we recognize the importance of all Americans working together each day in defense of the most vulnerable among us—our children. We must make every effort to ensure that they are treated with dignity and respect, and have the opportunity to pursue their dreams in secure and healthy environments. The relationships that children have with parents, family members, teachers, and other caregivers profoundly shape their lives. When they are subjected to abuse and neglect, they are exposed to toxic stress that can disrupt early brain development and increase the risk of depression, suicide, substance abuse, developmental disabilities, future violence, juvenile delinquency, and other unhealthy behaviors. These and other devastating effects of child abuse can last a lifetime, and can even affect future generations. As a Nation, we must do everything within our power to stop child abuse and neglect before they occur. The best defense against these menaces is a strong family led by loving and caring parents. My Administration has a broad vision for strengthening families, which includes raising awareness, focusing on prevention, and working to help parents and children thrive. For this reason, I signed into law the Family First Prevention Services Act—an important step in helping move child welfare to a more prevention-based system. This legislation increases the support available to at-risk families through services such as mental health and substance abuse treatment and parenting skill-based programs, so that more children may remain safely in their homes and communities. We cannot lose sight of the importance of the entire community in preventing child abuse and neglect. It is critically important for our children to have parents who care for their physical, intellectual, and emotional needs. But we also must acknowledge the friends, neighbors, educators, and faith leaders who help in promoting the well-being of children. We are especially grateful for foster and adoptive parents who graciously open their homes and lives to children in need of love and support. And we extend our deepest respect and gratitude to the professionals, volunteers, and organizations who work tirelessly to protect at-risk children and to care for those who have tragically experienced the traumas of abuse or neglect. We pray for all those who have suffered from the terrors of child abuse and neglect and who continue to suffer from its devastating psychological and physical impacts. We honor the courageous survivors of abuse and neglect and hold in our hearts those cruelly taken from us. We strengthen our resolve to eradicate abuse and neglect from our homes and communities, and we pledge our unwavering commitment to preserving the innocence and safety of our Nation's children. Let us all strive each day to build a brighter future for them and for our country. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 2019 as National Child Abuse Prevention Month. I call upon all Americans to invest in the lives of our Nation's children, to be aware of their safety and well-being, and to support efforts that promote their psychological, physical, and emotional development. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-ninth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9855 of March 29, 2019 Proc. 9855 National Donate Life Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Donate Life Month, we recognize the courageous men and women who make the selfless decision to give the gift of life to their fellow Americans. Through the generosity of organ and tissue donors, thousands of people have the chance to live longer and fuller lives. 2018 marked the sixth consecutive record-setting year for transplants in the United States. More than 36,500 organs were transplanted, an increase of 5 percent over the previous year. These generous donations help fulfill a need for lifesaving organs that remains staggeringly high. Currently, there are nearly 114,000 people on the national transplant waiting list, and, tragically, 20 people die each day waiting for a needed organ. We can close the gap between the availability of organs and people in need of organs: Just 1 donor can save up to 8 lives through organ donation and enhance up to 50 lives through tissue donation. In addition to those in need of organ donations, approximately 17,500 people in America are diagnosed each year with illnesses for which a bone marrow transplant is their best treatment option. In about 70 percent of these cases, a person's family member will not be an appropriate match, requiring a volunteer donor. Unfortunately, many patients cannot find a suitable match in time for the potentially lifesaving medical procedure among the 30 million adults who have offered to be donors. In 2018, for example, there were only 5,000 blood stem cell transplants performed in the United States—significantly fewer than the number of people who could benefit from such a procedure. This month, we express our gratitude to the compassionate Americans who join organ and tissue registries and to the healthcare and science professionals who make the gift of life possible through these transplants. We also remember all those who have died waiting for matches. To honor their lives and provide hope for the thousands of Americans on waiting lists across the country, I encourage all those who are capable to consider becoming organ or tissue donors. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 2019 as National Donate Life Month. I call upon health professionals, volunteers, educators, government agencies, faith-based and community groups, and private organizations to help raise awareness of the urgent need for organ and tissue donors throughout our Nation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-ninth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9856 of March 29, 2019 Proc. 9856 National Sexual Assault Awareness and Prevention Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Sexual assault has shattered and scarred the lives of millions of women, men, and children. During National Sexual Assault Awareness and Prevention Month, we reaffirm our commitment to eliminating sexual violence, empowering survivors and their families, and providing justice to the victims of this devastating crime. While our Nation has made significant progress in sexual assault prosecution and prevention, and in providing compassionate care for survivors dealing with physical and emotional trauma, the battle to eradicate violence and heal lives is ongoing. My Administration supports innovative strategies to combat the many forms of sexual assault and to provide counseling, treatment, and advocacy for survivors nationwide. For example, to care for victims in rural communities who may lack proximity to clinics and trained forensic examiners, the Department of Justice's Office for Victims of Crime is increasing access to exams through 24-hour telemedicine administered by trained healthcare examiners. The Department of Justice's Office on Violence Against Women has created an updated sexual assault forensic examinations virtual practicum, which employs cutting-edge technology and interactive training to prepare forensic professionals to collect evidence and treat survivors of sexual assault. And the Department of Transportation has formed the National In-Flight Sexual Misconduct Task Force to assess how airlines respond to and report sexual misconduct allegations by passengers on commercial aircraft. My Administration is also focused on eradicating sex trafficking, a form of sexual assault that amounts to modern-day slavery. Because many victims are trafficked online—sometimes by intimate partners, spouses, parents, or other family members—I signed into law the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017. This law makes it easier to take legal action against individuals who use websites to facilitate sex trafficking and helps victims seek justice against the websites that profit from their exploitation. It also clarifies that those who benefit from knowingly assisting, supporting, or facilitating an act of sex trafficking are in violation of Federal law. Thanks to the dedication of professionals, volunteers, and concerned citizens, we are continuing to make strides in the fight against sexual assault. Young people are learning healthy dating and intimate relationship skills as a way to prevent sexual violence, and law enforcement officers and prosecutors are leading unprecedented efforts to fight sex trafficking. Victim centered services are also supporting survivors to get the critical help they deserve. By working together, we can prevent and end the sexual abuse and violence that devastate so many lives. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 2019 as National Sexual Assault Awareness and Prevention Month. I urge all Americans, families, law enforcement personnel, healthcare providers, and community and faith-based organizations to support survivors of sexual assault and work together to prevent these crimes in their communities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-ninth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9857 of March 29, 2019 Proc. 9857 Second Chance Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Americans have always believed in the power of redemption—that those who have fallen can work toward brighter days ahead. Almost all of the more than two million people in America's prisons will one day return to their communities. In each case, they will have served their sentence and earned the chance to take their places back in society. During Second Chance Month, we draw attention to the challenges that former inmates face and the steps we can take to ensure they have the opportunity to become contributing members of society. Inmates are often eager to leave behind the challenges presented by incarceration. Too often, however, they find the transition to life outside of prison to be daunting. If they are not able to find jobs and housing and rebuild relationships with family and friends, they may find it harder to escape the cycle of reoffending. Sadly, 5 out of 6 State prisoners are rearrested within 9 years of their release, and more than a third of former Federal prisoners will be rearrested within 5 years of their release. In addition to the harm caused to the victims of crime, these high recidivism rates place a significant financial burden on taxpayers, deprive our labor force of productive workers, and leave families without spouses, children, and parents. My Administration is committed to helping former prisoners reenter society as productive, law-abiding citizens. For this reason, I signed into law the bipartisan FIRST STEP Act. This new legislation makes several positive reforms to increase the likelihood of successful prisoner reentry. The legislation provides improved opportunities for inmates to engage in educational coursework and vocational training, and establishes pilot mentorship programs. It also allows prisoners who successfully complete evidence-based recidivism reduction programs to earn time credits to apply toward prerelease custody or supervised release, reducing their time in prison. Because maintaining family and community ties is key to a successful reentry into society, the bill includes provisions that allow inmates to be placed in facilities closer to their home communities, facilitating family visitation during their time of incarceration. Finally, the law makes adjustments to sentencing rules that will make our criminal justice system more fair, reducing penalties for certain drug offenders. This month, we celebrate those who have exited the prison system and successfully reentered society and renew our commitment to providing support and resources that former inmates need to meet their responsibilities, rediscover their self-worth, and benefit from the gift of a second chance. We also express our sincere gratitude to all those who play a significant role in helping reduce recidivism, including faith-based and community organizations and employers willing to hire workers notwithstanding a criminal history. By reducing recidivism and putting former inmates on the path to success, we can reduce crime and enhance the safety of our communities. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 2019 as Second Chance Month. I call on all Americans to commemorate this month with events and activities that raise public awareness about preventing crime and providing those who have completed their sentences an opportunity for an honest second chance. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-ninth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9858 of April 1, 2019 Proc. 9858 World Autism Awareness Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On World Autism Awareness Day, we honor the millions of Americans living with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who, in spite of the challenges they may face, continue to make extraordinary contributions to their families, their communities, our Nation, and the world. We also express our sincere appreciation to the families, friends, medical professionals, and caregivers who help Americans with ASD pursue the American Dream. As a Nation, we must continue to support Americans with ASD. My Administration has worked to fund cutting-edge research, optimize health systems, and enhance available resources and treatments that will benefit people with ASD. Ongoing Federal research efforts to understand the health and development of children with ASD have recently expanded to include adolescents and young adults, thereby advancing our knowledge of ASD beyond childhood. Additionally, our economic policies have created the lowest unemployment rate in history for Americans with disabilities, and recent Federal investments in apprenticeship programs for individuals with ASD will help provide more pathways to stable employment. Ensuring the safety of all Americans with ASD is a priority of my Administration. Last year, I was pleased to sign into law Kevin and Avonte's Law, which expands the existing Federal emergency alert program to include people with ASD and other cognitive disorders who may wander from safety. This legislation also authorizes funding for tracking technologies and specialized training for caregivers to help prevent and respond to instances of wandering. These investments will help put concerned families at ease, reduce the risk of tragedies, and improve the quality of life for individuals with ASD, their families, and caregivers. Today, we celebrate the tremendous accomplishments of Americans with ASD and reaffirm our commitment to work together to ensure that every member of our society is afforded equal opportunities to reach their full potential. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 2, 2019, as World Autism Awareness Day. I call upon all Americans to learn more about the signs of autism to improve early diagnosis, understand the challenges faced by individuals with autism, and find ways to support those with autism and their families. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this first day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9859 of April 5, 2019 Proc. 9859 National Crime Victims' Rights Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Ensuring the safety and security of all Americans is my foremost obligation as President. Criminals must be held accountable for the abuse they inflict on others and for the trauma they cause our communities. Thanks in large part to the dedication and hard work of our Nation's law enforcement officials, violent crime rates have decreased over the last 2 years. Millions of crimes, however, are still committed against Americans every year. These crimes affect the physical, mental, financial, and emotional well-being of victims, causing loss from which they may never fully recover. During National Crime Victims' Rights Week, we renew our commitment to supporting victims as they heal from suffering and rebuild their lives. We also express our gratitude to all those who support victims and who hold offenders accountable. My Administration will always stand with law enforcement to protect our families from all forms of crime and abuse, and it is our core responsibility to enforce the laws of our Nation. We must continue to support our law enforcement partners to stop those who seek to do harm to our communities. Paying a heavy price as a result of those who violate our laws, many families have been shattered by criminals, terrorists, and traffickers who abuse our immigration system and enter our country illegally. Our Angel Families have endured unfathomable pain and, to prevent more American families from enduring the tragic death of a loved one at the hands of a criminal illegal alien, my Administration created a new office within the Department of Homeland Security—the Victims of Immigrant Crime Engagement, or ``VOICE.'' VOICE has already assisted thousands of families by providing them crucial services, such as grief counseling and information about perpetrators. Victims of crime—including women who are survivors of crime—need safe environments conducive to disclosing to authorities information about their abuse and offender. That is one reason why my Administration is making robust funding available for domestic violence shelters, rape crisis centers, homicide support groups, and other programs that help empower victims and survivors. We are supporting more than 7,000 local programs nationwide, and this investment is giving a greater number of victims than at any time in our history access to critical victims' assistance services. We are also employing innovative methods to aid sexual assault victims in rural areas who otherwise would not have access to these important services. My Administration continues to prioritize the protection of our most precious resource—our children. In December 2018, I signed into law the Amy, Vicky, and Andy Child Pornography Victim Assistance Act of 2018, which creates a compensation fund that child pornography victims can use to obtain financial support for their recovery and loss. In addition, health and public safety professionals are implementing innovative programs to help children, affected by sexual abuse and the opioid crisis, put their lives on better trajectories despite the despair they have witnessed and the suffering they have endured in their homes and communities. It is critical that we help victims get the justice, assistance, and support they need to recover and rebuild their lives—whether through restitution, compensation, counseling, transitional housing, civil legal aid, or their day in court. All victims of crime deserve our respect, and my Administration will continue to work to ensure a safer and more secure Nation. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 7 through April 13, 2019, as National Crime Victims' Rights Week. I urge all Americans, families, law enforcement, community and faith-based organizations, and private organizations to work together to support victims of crime and protect their rights. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9860 of April 5, 2019 Proc. 9860 National Volunteer Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Volunteer Week, we acknowledge the many Americans who generously give their time and talents to help improve the lives of others. Their acts of kindness help build a better and brighter future, and remind us that we all have a role to play in making our communities safer, healthier, and stronger. America's strength has always come from the acts of ordinary citizens. From the earliest days of our Nation, volunteers have stepped forward to serve, helping us survive our greatest challenges and achieve our greatest triumphs. Every day, through their volunteerism, millions of our citizens renew this ethic of service, which is fundamental to our Nation's character and exemplifies the resolve of the American people. In 2017, the number of Americans volunteering hit a record high, and their contributions were worth an estimated $167 billion in economic value. These outstanding individuals keep students on track to graduate, care for seniors, aid our veterans, and help those affected by natural disasters, war, and disease overseas. Last year, we again witnessed the servant leadership of thousands of Americans who volunteered to help their fellow citizens following natural disasters around the country. After devastating hurricanes, flooding, tornadoes, and wildfires, countless Americans answered the call to help others rebuild and recover. Even in times of great uncertainty and despair, their compassion helped renew the hope of so many in need. Americans' commitment to serving others has always contributed to the success and prosperity of our Nation. This week, we pay tribute to our country's volunteers and recognize every American who takes time to help others. We celebrate the spirit and generosity that drive our citizens to care for others and serve a cause greater than self. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 7 through April 13, 2019, as National Volunteer Week. I call upon all Americans to observe this week by volunteering in service projects across our country and pledging to make service a part of their daily lives. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9861 of April 8, 2019 Proc. 9861 National Former Prisoner of War Recognition Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On National Former Prisoner of War Recognition Day, we honor the Americans captured and imprisoned by foreign powers while carrying out their duties to defend this great Nation. Throughout our history, hundreds of thousands of American service members have been held as prisoners of war (POWs), enduring harsh treatment, unforgiving conditions, and the anguish of being separated from their families. These brave Americans are true patriots, and their inspiring legacy of selfless courage is a testament to their fierce spirit, unshakeable loyalty, and enduring resilience. The life of World War II hero Lieutenant Louis Zamperini is a shining example of the extraordinary devotion that POWs maintain for their brothers in arms, to our country, and to the cause of freedom. After surviving an airplane crash and 47 terrifying days adrift in the Pacific Ocean, through which he witnessed the deaths of 9 of his fellow crewmembers, Lieutenant Zamperini was captured by the Japanese and placed in a prison camp. Even though he was imprisoned and subjected to daily torture for 2 painstaking years, Lieutenant Zamperini never let his oppressors destroy his identity or allegiance to America. As much as they tried, he could not be broken. Indeed, after he regained his freedom, he inspired the world with his authentic and powerful message of faith and forgiveness, shaking the hands of his ruthless camp guards while visiting them in a Japanese prison. As a Nation, we must never forget or take for granted the traumatic ordeals of our former POWs. With honor and valor, they served to keep our country safe, and they stayed the course—despite conditions that were often harsh and agonizing. We must also remember that freedom from captivity does not guarantee a smooth transition back into civilian life. For example, upon returning home, Lieutenant Zamperini first struggled deeply with the aftereffects of his POW experience. He was eventually able to find peace, however, through the care of his family, the support of community, and his faith. Over time, he triumphed over his suffering and became a permanent example of forgiveness and hope. The Nation has a solemn duty to ensure that all former POWs are able to flourish upon returning home. We are grateful for the many Americans—including many former POWs—who have devoted their time, talent, and resources to fulfilling that obligation. Today, and every day, we renew our strong and abiding commitment to America's former POWs and honor the tremendous debt of gratitude we owe to them for their courageous service and incredible sacrifices. We also remember all those POWs who died while in captivity, selflessly giving their very lives for the sacred cause of liberty. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 9, 2019, as National Former Prisoner of War Recognition Day. I call upon Americans to observe this day by honoring the service and sacrifice of all our former prisoners of war and to express our Nation's eternal gratitude for their sacrifice. I also call upon Federal, State, and local government officials and organizations to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9862 of April 12, 2019 Proc. 9862 Pan American Day and Pan American Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation In October 1889, the nations of the Americas convened in Washington, D.C., at the First International Conference of the American States, to strengthen the bonds of friendship among the countries of the Western Hemisphere and to consider opportunities for improved cooperation. This conference set the foundation for the Organization of American States, which was eventually established in 1948 and today serves as the primary international forum for the countries of the Western Hemisphere. As we celebrate this Pan American Day and Pan American Week, nearly 130 years after the First International Conference, the United States proudly continues to stand in solidarity with the nations of the Americas. Together, we commemorate the progress we have made toward our shared goal of a hemisphere united in democracy, prosperity, and security. The people of the Americas are bound together by much more than geographic proximity. From the earliest days of the inter-American system, we have shared a deep respect for liberty. Enshrined in the Charter of the Organization of American States is a declaration that ``representative democracy is an indispensable condition for the stability, peace, and development of the region'' and that ``the historic mission of America is to offer to man a land of liberty.'' We remain committed to freedom and a strong and interconnected Western Hemisphere in the face of current challenges. Together, the nations of America must continue to confront oppression and advocate for freedom—both in the region and around the globe. Sadly, the people of Cuba, Venezuela, and Nicaragua continue to live under tyranny and authoritarianism. The brutality and corruption of the illegitimate former regime in Venezuela has crippled the country and brought it to ruin. We must not forget that the struggle is one between dictatorship and democracy, between oppression and freedom, and between continued suffering for millions of Venezuelans and an opportunity for a renewed future of freedom and prosperity. The community of democracies in our Western Hemisphere must continue to support the people of Venezuela, Cuba, and Nicaragua as they fight for the restoration of democracy and liberty. Despite such challenges, the countries of the Americas have made substantive progress on issues such as trafficking and crime, poverty reduction, and safety. The United States has worked with its partners to disrupt transnational criminal networks, stem drug and human trafficking, enhance citizen security, and strengthen border security. We will continue working cooperatively in the Americas and throughout the world to promote the rule of law and give the people of our countries every opportunity to thrive. On Pan American Day and during Pan American Week, the nations of the Americas renew our common mission of advancing freedom in our hemisphere. Through unmatched levels of trade and investment, steady cooperation, and investment in the well-being of people from all walks of life, we are helping to secure prosperity and security for future generations. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 14, 2019, as Pan American Day and April 14 through April 20, 2019, as Pan American Week. I urge the Governors of the 50 States, the Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the officials of the other areas under the flag of the United States of America to honor these observances with appropriate ceremonies and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twelfth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9863 of April 15, 2019 Proc. 9863 Education and Sharing Day, U.S.A., 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation A strong republic requires a people abounding in knowledge, which forges the character of the citizenry and its chosen representatives. Through study of the thoughts and discoveries of others, citizens enhance their shared understanding of who they are and who they want to be. Education and Sharing Day affords an important opportunity to reaffirm our belief that educational freedom is essential to our society and to the growth of individuals. On this day, we recognize Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, whose very name signifies a spirit of comfort and compassion and a commitment to the betterment of America and the world. In the face of unspeakable tragedy, Rabbi Schneerson championed the teaching of principles of scholarship, justice, charity, and unity, launching an international movement that continues to contribute to the progress of humanity. The Rebbe believed that education is not only about the transmission of knowledge but that it is also integral to the formation of character. He sought to expand freedom in education while finding common ground with those of differing beliefs and backgrounds. His unfailing example offered those around him an opportunity to deepen their understanding of the inherent connections between knowledge, character, and freedom. We must encourage institutions of higher learning to resist calls to stifle the open debate that is crucial to fostering freedom and social understanding. Genuine education depends on the free sharing of thought. That is why I recently signed an Executive Order to improve free inquiry, transparency, and accountability at colleges and universities. Today, we honor the Rebbe's legacy by recommitting ourselves to embracing lifelong learning, defending freedom of expression, and upholding virtue. As Americans, let us strive to listen to each other's perspectives, learn from one another's experiences, and gain a deeper appreciation for the exchange of competing views to develop our character as citizens of a great republic. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 16, 2019, as ``Education and Sharing Day, U.S.A.'' I call upon government officials, educators, volunteers, and all the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9864 of April 19, 2019 Proc. 9864 National Park Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Our National Parks System is a stunning tribute to our country's history, traditions, and heritage. Since the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872 by an Act of Congress, countless Americans have experienced the majesty, the wonder, the adventure, and the history of our national parks. Many leave with a deepened appreciation for the beauty of nature, the history of our country, and their place in the universe. During National Park Week, we celebrate our national parks and marvel with appreciation at the splendor of our Nation's landscapes and landmarks. From sea to shining sea, America offers a vast array of national parks and monuments for the public to enjoy. The National Parks System includes 419 areas that cover more than 85 million acres. Each location is unique, offering a window into a particular chapter of the Nation's history, a lofty view from a mountaintop, or a fleeting glimpse of rarely seen wildlife. From the gorges of Yosemite to the fountains of the World War II Memorial, these sites provide millions of visitors each year with places of remembrance, reflection, and recreation. There is a park for each of our Nation's adventurers, no matter their age or interests. We must give our parks special care and attention to preserve them and the special natural and cultural sites they contain. In recent years, however, many roads, buildings, utility systems, and other infrastructure systems in our national parks have not received important repairs or maintenance, creating a backlog of postponed work projects that totals nearly $12 billion. My Administration is committed to working with the Congress to significantly reduce this backlog, including through the establishment of a Public Lands Infrastructure Fund. In addition, through public-private partnerships, we are bringing together leaders from across the country to improve the management of our public lands. By working across government and with the private sector, we can preserve our parks for generations to come, and provide Americans with more opportunities to experience our country's exhilarating mountain peaks, calming valleys, scenic vistas, sprawling forests, and compelling historic cultural sites. Laying the cornerstone for the gateway to Yellowstone National Park in 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt observed: ``The essential feature in the present management of Yellowstone Park, as in all similar places, is its essential democracy—it is the preservation of the scenery, of the forests, of the wilderness life and the wilderness game for the people as a whole.'' A century later, Teddy's vision for our national parks endures. As we observe National Park Week, I encourage Americans to take advantage of the accessibility of our national parks and to get outside and experience these magnificent natural and historic treasures. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 20 through April 28, 2019, as National Park Week. I encourage all Americans to celebrate by visiting our national parks and learning more about the natural, cultural, and historical heritage that belongs to each and every citizen of the United States of America. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this nineteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9865 of April 25, 2019 Proc. 9865 World Intellectual Property Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On World Intellectual Property Day, we celebrate the essential role of innovation in the strength and expansion of our economy. Our free market continues to unleash the imagination of our Nation's talented creators, inventors, and entrepreneurs, enabling them to develop products that improve and elevate lives across our country and around the world. To maintain and reinforce our economic competitiveness, we must protect intellectual property and related technologies so that new industries and innovations can flourish. Since the founding, our Nation's incredible intellectual property system has empowered Americans to make discoveries that have helped us live healthy, prosperous, and enjoyable lives. My Administration is determined to build on our country's strong tradition of protecting intellectual property. Last year, I signed the Orrin G. Hatch-Bob Goodlatte Music Modernization Act, which will improve our protection of the creative genius of America's extraordinary musicians. This groundbreaking legislation modernizes our outdated copyright laws so that artists and songwriters are justly compensated for the online use of their music. Additionally, my Administration negotiated the new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), modernizing the North American Free Trade Agreement into a 21st century, high-standard agreement. The USMCA includes the strongest and most comprehensive intellectual property standards of any prior free trade agreement. Once approved by the Congress, the USMCA will deliver comprehensive protections against misappropriation of trade secrets, robust border enforcement, and enhanced trademark, copyright, and patent provisions that are critical to driving innovation, creating economic growth, and supporting American jobs. Earlier this month, I also issued a memorandum directing my Cabinet to combat trafficking in counterfeit and pirated goods in online marketplaces. We must stop those actors who engage in unfair and unscrupulous practices, including nation states that sponsor the theft of American intellectual property. To protect our economic and national security, my Administration is taking aggressive action to enforce both our laws and a fair and reciprocal trade policy. For example, a critical part of our ongoing negotiations with China includes putting an end to the hundreds of billions of dollars of intellectual property we lose to China each year. Protecting the innovations, creations, and inventions that power our country are vital to our economic prosperity and national security. The theme of this year's World Intellectual Property Day is intellectual property in sports. Intellectual property is critical to advancing the ability of our athletes to compete and increasing the enjoyment of sports for fans. We celebrate the innovations of those working behind the scenes to create new sports equipment, enhance safety, improve branding, and broadcast sporting events. From new materials that preserve athlete health and promote performance to game-changing technological advances in robotics and artificial intelligence, intellectual property underpins the sports industry. Today, we recognize that the success of nearly every industry, from entertainment and sports to agriculture and technology, depends on a framework that protects intellectual property. A brighter and more hopeful future is dawning because of the increased attention nations are paying to innovation, creativity, and intellectual property. As the human mind continues to transcend limitations, we will work to empower the creative spirit of today's innovators by protecting their hard work. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 26, 2019, as World Intellectual Property Day. I encourage Americans to observe this day with events and educational programs that celebrate the benefits of intellectual property to our economy and our country. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-fifth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9866 of April 26, 2019 Proc. 9866 Days of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Yom HaShoah, Holocaust Remembrance Day, and during this week of solemn remembrance, we honor the six million Jewish men, women, and children who were brutally murdered by the Nazi regime. We also remember the Roma and Sinti, persons with disabilities, Poles and Slavic ethnic groups, Soviet prisoners of war, Jehovah's Witnesses, and persons who were targeted based on their sexual orientation, all of whom were targeted and killed by the Nazis and their collaborators. The Holocaust will forever haunt the conscience of humanity. Unchecked evil and hatred led to unprecedented depravity and destruction. The Nazi regime sought to exterminate entire populations of those they deemed undesirable. Millions of Jewish people were forced into ghettoes and slave-labor camps in which starvation, widespread disease, and senseless brutality took a devastating toll. Many of those who survived were sent to concentration and death camps, in which millions of Jews were murdered in gas chambers and other facilities built for daily human massacre. In Hebrew, the day commemorating victims of the Holocaust is called ``Yom HaShoah Ve-Hagevurah,'' which means the ``Day of (Remembrance of) the Holocaust and the Heroism.'' As we honor the victims of the Holocaust, we also celebrate the survivors and daring rescuers who overcame horrific injustices, endless nights of darkness, and daunting odds. Survivors of the Holocaust endured firsthand hatred and evil that sought to extinguish human life, dignity, and freedom. When the heroic American and Allied forces liberated them, the survivors had every right to sorrow and bitterness, but instead, they inspired all of humanity with their unbreakable spirit and the prevailing power of hope and forgiveness over horror and hatred. Simon Wiesenthal, a Jewish-Austrian Holocaust survivor who endured five different labor and concentration camps to live to the age of 96, spent his life showing the world the depravity of the Nazis so that the haunting truths of the Holocaust would never fade. In his memoirs, he recounted being told by a Nazi guard that it was worthless to tell the story of the Holocaust because no one would ever believe such things were possible. On Yom HaShoah, and during this week of remembrance, we join Simon Wiesenthal in refuting his captor and strongly reaffirm our everlasting commitment to honor the victims and survivors of the Holocaust, who through their courageous testimony, fulfill the righteous duty never to forget. We vow never to remain silent or indifferent in the face of evil. With absolute devotion, we will continue to advance human rights, combat anti-Semitism, and dispel all forms of hatred in every part of the world. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby ask the people of the United States to observe the Days of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust, April 28 through May 5, 2019, and the solemn anniversary of the liberation of Nazi death camps, with appropriate study, prayers and commemoration, and to honor the memory of the victims of the Holocaust and Nazi persecution by remembering the lessons of this atrocity so that it is never repeated. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-sixth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9867 of April 30, 2019 Proc. 9867 Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The contributions of Americans of Asian and Pacific Islander descent are firmly woven into the diverse fabric of our Nation. During Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, we celebrate the remarkable accomplishments of Americans of Asian and Pacific Islander heritage that have enriched our great country and helped define our history. These Americans bolster our economy as entrepreneurs, business owners, and employees who initiate and expand opportunities for their families, communities, and country. Their languages, art, cuisine, and other cultural elements have enriched the American experience, and many have fearlessly answered the call of duty to defend our freedom as members of our Armed Forces. Japanese American Ellison Onizuka embodied the pioneering spirit of America. Colonel Onizuka served as a flight test engineer and pilot in the United States Air Force, and in 1978, he was chosen for the NASA astronaut program. His first mission took place aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, where he completed 74 hours in space and 48 orbits around the Earth—becoming the first Asian American to enter space. Tragically, his next assignment was as a crewmember onboard the Space Shuttle Challenger. He, along with six other brave Americans, perished in the horrific accident that ended the mission. Colonel Onizuka was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor for his achievements and sacrifice for our country. The son of Chinese immigrants, Hiram Fong was yet another of the many great Americans of Asian and Pacific Islander descent who have made profound contributions to the American enterprise. As a military veteran, lawyer, and businessman from Hawaii, he was the first ever American of Asian ancestry elected to the United States Senate. His legacy of public service and entrepreneurship continues to be an encouragement for others to achieve the American Dream. This month, we honor the more than 20 million Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders who call America home, and we express our sincere gratitude to all those who are selflessly serving in the Armed Forces. We recognize the achievements of Americans of Asian American and Pacific Islander heritage in education, business, science, the arts, government, and the Armed Forces, which have strengthened our Nation. We celebrate their story as a unique part of the American story. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 2019 as Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month. The Congress, by Public Law 102-450, as amended, has also designated the month of May each year as ``Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month.'' I encourage all Americans to learn more about those of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander heritage and to observe this month with appropriate programs and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9868 of April 30, 2019 Proc. 9868 Jewish American Heritage Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation As we observe Jewish American Heritage Month, our Nation celebrates nearly 4,000 years of Jewish history and honors the numerous contributions of Jewish Americans to our country and the world. Rabbi Akiva, a great Jewish scholar, declared that a central principle of the Torah is to ``love thy neighbor as thyself.'' Jewish Americans have repeatedly demonstrated their dedication to this commandment, helping the downtrodden and pursue justice, sanctifying the name of God, and embodying the best of America. During a Jewish wedding ceremony, it is customary for the newlywed couple to shatter a glass. This longstanding tradition commemorates the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and symbolizes that even during times of heightened joy, one should remember the painful losses Jews suffered throughout history. In the same way, all Americans bear a moral responsibility to stand alongside our Jewish communities and learn the lessons of tolerance that run through the tragedies that have befallen the Jewish people—both long ago and, sadly, in recent times. Reflecting on these events steels our resolve that they never happen again. Unconscionably, rates of anti-Semitic hate crimes have risen globally, and Jewish institutions have been vandalized and violently attacked. This past October, we mourned alongside our Jewish brothers and sisters following the attack at the Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in which 11 worshippers were killed, making it the deadliest attack against Jews in American history. Then, on the sixth-month anniversary of that horrific attack and on the last day of Passover, we grieved as the Chabad of Poway Synagogue was the target of yet another act of anti-Semitic violence, in which one worshipper lost her life and three others were wounded. As Americans, we unequivocally condemn the pernicious, baseless hatred that is anti-Semitism. Our American tradition compels us to reject the source of anti-Semitism. Following the Revolutionary War, the Jewish community of Newport, Rhode Island, was unsure if the new American Government would grant them equal rights, given the persecution and expulsion the Jewish people had faced in so many times and in so many places. In response, George Washington penned his famous 1790 letter to the members of Newport's Touro Synagogue, reassuring American Jews that, in the United States, their religious liberty would be protected. He further invoked the prophet Micah, hoping that the ``Children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other Inhabitants; while everyone shall sit in safety under his own vine and fig tree, and there shall be none to make him afraid.'' Since then, the unique American promise of religious liberty for people of all faiths has remained a proud hallmark of our Republic. Today, we recognize the resilience of the Jewish community in the face of great adversity and celebrate the countless ways Jewish Americans have strengthened our Nation. We echo the words of President Washington and Rabbi Akiva and stand in solidarity with our American Jewish neighbors as we reaffirm our commitment to combat all forms of hate and anti-Semitism. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 2019 as Jewish American Heritage Month. I call upon Americans to celebrate the heritage and contributions of American Jews and to observe this month with appropriate programs, activities, and ceremonies. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9869 of April 30, 2019 Proc. 9869 National Foster Care Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The future of our Nation rests with our children. We must invest in their futures, instill in them the values of family, faith, and country, and ensure they have every opportunity to realize their full potential. The development of our children begins at home, and my Administration is fully committed to strengthening American families. This month, we recognize that there are children in our towns and communities who may not have a family, or whose families may be experiencing great difficulty and hardship. In America, we believe in standing beside these children, walking with them through their trials, and finding permanent and safe families for each of them. Kindhearted citizens across our land embody this belief, dedicating their time and efforts in doing so. In fiscal year 2017 alone, American families opened their doors to 443,000 young people in foster care—a number that has increased each of the last 5 years. During National Foster Care Month, we honor these patriots, who open their hearts to children who need a home, and who care for the most vulnerable among us. We also acknowledge the profound contributions of the individuals and organizations supporting foster and kinship caregivers, and those of the community providers and professionals who are helping children in foster care find safe and stable families. We must strive to keep families united, wherever possible, and my Administration is working to reduce the removal of at-risk children from their homes and familiar surroundings. Last year, I signed into law the Family First Prevention Services Act, which is working to bolster families and keep children safely in their homes, when possible. This legislation gives States access to funding for evidence-based prevention and early intervention services such as mental health therapy, family counseling, substance use and addiction treatment, and parenting classes. By allowing States to address factors, such as the opioid crisis, America's sons and daughters are more likely to experience improved outcomes and hope for a brighter future. When it becomes necessary to move children out of their homes in order to provide more safety, stability, and opportunity, placement with relatives who can provide that environment is the first option. Children often experience less trauma when in kinship care, which is why the Federal Government is funding programs that provide family caregivers the services and support they need and requiring States to demonstrate how their foster care licensing standards promote family-friendly options. Children deserve stable family environments, and foster care provides a wonderful opportunity for selfless and compassionate men and women to nurture children while we work to ensure that they have a forever family. This month, and always, we express our gratitude to all of the families who generously open their doors to children in need and provide them with love and support. We recommit to looking for opportunities to invest in the lives of our vulnerable young people, and we celebrate those who tirelessly serve our Nation's children in foster care. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 2019 as National Foster Care Month. I call upon all Americans to observe this month by taking time to help children and youth in foster care, and to recognize the commitment of those who touch their lives, particularly celebrating their foster parents and other caregivers. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9870 of April 30, 2019 Proc. 9870 National Physical Fitness and Sports Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation National Physical Fitness and Sports Month highlights the important role of physical fitness and sports in uniting us as Americans and enabling us to live more active and healthy lives. The countless benefits of routine exercise and participation in sports extend beyond physical health and help improve overall mental health, teach valuable life skills, and build camaraderie and friendship. Each day across our country, thousands of coaches, parents, and teachers work to break down barriers to youth participation in sports to help young people improve their lives and empower them to reach their full potential. Sports and physical activity help children and adolescents improve cardiorespiratory fitness, build strong bones and muscles, lower the likelihood of obesity, reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, and reduce the risk of developing chronic health conditions. In addition, organized sports help our youth discover the importance of teamwork, social skills, hard work, determination, and the ability to overcome adversity. Students who participate in sports have up to 40 percent higher test scores and are 15 percent more likely to attend college. Unfortunately, despite the numerous benefits, youth sports participation has been decreasing. In 2016, only 37 percent of youth played team sports on a regular basis, down from 45 percent 11 years ago. This decline is even more apparent among students from low-income families. To address this issue, I have directed the President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition (the Council) to work with the White House and the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to develop a national strategy to increase youth sports participation. Through this strategy, we are increasing awareness of the benefits of participation in sports and regular physical activity and of the importance of good nutrition. We are also working to recruit people devoted to encouraging and supporting youth participation in sports and regular physical activity through coaching, mentoring, teaching, and offering athletic and nutritional programs. The strategy includes a focus on accessible, inclusive physical activity for Americans of all abilities. Girls, youth with disabilities, and those from economically distressed areas have lower rates of regular physical activity and face significant barriers in their pursuit of sports participation compared to their peers. Both the Council's Presidential Active Lifestyle Award and the HHS I Can Do It! (ICDI) program model will support the need for increased access to inclusive program models for American youth of all backgrounds and abilities. When children of all abilities play, practice, and compete together, we can build a more inclusive Nation. This month, we celebrate and promote the countless benefits of both competitive and recreational sports, including better health, the opportunity to forge lifelong friendships, and the satisfaction of leaving it all on the field. Most importantly, we want our youth to learn the valuable lessons sports teach in order to create opportunities in the future for themselves, their families, and their communities. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 2019 as National Physical Fitness and Sports Month. I call upon the people of the United States to make physical activity and sports participation a priority in their lives. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9871 of April 30, 2019 Proc. 9871 Older Americans Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Older Americans are treasured members of our communities. They have poured their lives into our country in ways seen and unseen—often at great personal sacrifice. To current generations and to those of the future, they have given a country whose greatness is unparalleled and which is only growing stronger. During Older Americans Month, we honor these Americans, we remember their countless contributions, and we proudly renew our abiding commitment to their well-being. Older Americans enrich our lives in innumerable ways. Their diverse experiences and time-tested wisdom guide younger generations, connect them with our country's history, and empower them with the confidence to face the future. Older Americans devote themselves to their families. They lend their experience in the work place. They volunteer for religious and community organizations. In every context, they deepen our appreciation for country, they model selfless service to others, and they remain vibrant and contributing participants in the American experience. My Administration is working to improve quality of life for our Nation's seniors. The Department of Justice is taking action to counter the growing threat of fraud against older Americans. In addition, we are working to lower the price of prescription drugs, which declined in 2018 for the first time in nearly half a century. We are building on that progress by implementing my American Patients First blueprint, which lays out strategies for drug pricing reform, including through improved competition and better price negotiation. Many companies give European countries a better deal on drug prices than they give to the United States. This has to stop. We will make sure that our great seniors on Medicare share in the discounts these companies have given to patients in other countries. I have also signed into law legislation that will help provide patients with more information to save on their prescription drugs and reduce out-of-pocket costs. With each action my Administration takes, it will protect both Medicare and Social Security for our seniors, who have paid into these programs for many decades and have earned the benefits they provide. More than ever before, older Americans are taking charge, striving for wellness, focusing on independence, and advocating for themselves and others. This month, as we celebrate the central role that our elders play in vitalizing our families, neighborhoods, businesses, and lives, we also recommit to listening to their voices and meeting their needs. They deserve our honor, our sincere gratitude, and our respect for all that they have done to build and sustain our great Nation. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 2019 as Older Americans Month. I call upon all Americans to honor our elders, acknowledge their contributions, care for those in need, and reaffirm our country's commitment to older Americans this month and throughout the year. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9872 of April 30, 2019 Proc. 9872 Law Day, U.S.A., 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Law Day, we renew our commitment to the rule of law and our Constitution. The rule of law requires that no one be above the obligations of the law or beneath its protections, and it stands as a bulwark against the arbitrary use of government power. Our Founding Fathers knew that to secure liberty our Government must be one of laws and not the whims of officeholders. ``The true idea of a republic,'' wrote John Adams, ``is an empire of laws, and not of men.'' The Constitution, therefore, granted only limited power to the Federal Government, leaving the remainder to the States, and divided the Federal powers between three separate, co-equal branches. This separation of powers has helped guarantee the rule of law and preserve liberty for generations. Each branch of the Federal Government takes an oath to uphold the Constitution and laws of the United States and thus is duty bound to the rule of law. That is why my Administration continues to fight the issuance of improper injunctions by Federal district courts, which enable a single district court judge to dictate law to the entire country and undermine the separation of powers. We are also eliminating unnecessary and burdensome regulations to help limit the intrusion of unaccountable regulators into the lives of American citizens. Additionally, I have taken action to ensure that public universities are fulfilling their obligation to uphold the First Amendment. In March, I signed an Executive Order that directs Federal agencies to ensure that public universities receiving Federal research or education grants are promoting free inquiry and not stifling open debate. On this Law Day, I encourage all Americans to take time to express appreciation for how the rule of law helps protect our rights, including the freedoms of religion, speech, and the press. Today, we reflect on the many sacrifices our American forebearers made to secure and defend these rights for their posterity, and we aspire to be equally as dedicated to preserving them for future Americans. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, in accordance with Public Law 87-20, as amended, do hereby proclaim May 1, 2019, as Law Day, U.S.A. I urge all Americans, including government officials, to observe this day by reflecting upon the importance of the rule of law in our Nation and displaying the flag of the United States in support of this national observance; and I especially urge the legal profession, the press, and the radio, television, and media industries to promote and to participate in the observance of this day. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9873 of April 30, 2019 Proc. 9873 Loyalty Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Loyalty Day, we express our dedication to our Nation and our Constitution as the greatest means to ``secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity.'' As Americans, we recommit to preserving our liberty and the framework of limited government that safeguards it from abuse. On May 1, 1955, President Eisenhower issued the first Loyalty Day proclamation, calling on people to recognize the heritage of American freedom and reaffirm our commitment to the principles that make our country great. On this day, we renew this call and our pledge to defend the Constitution and rule of law. We also remember those who have protected our values, and we renew our resolve that America will never be a socialist country—our Republic was conceived in freedom and will remain free. Other nations are founded on some common lineage, shared language, or other convenience. Ours alone is founded on a set of shared ideas. The Founding Fathers established a republic, in which the power of government derives from the consent of the governed. This new republic would exist to secure the right of the people to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Declaration of Independence proclaimed this revolutionary philosophy to the world, and it was later enshrined in our Constitution. By virtue of our devotion to the rule of law and other founding principles, we have stood united both in times of prosperity and in times of strife. As I said during my Inaugural Address, ``through our loyalty to our country, we will rediscover our loyalty to each other''—and through loyalty to each other we will restore our great country. Every day, we must remember our incredible history, be grateful for the country we inherited, and protect our rights and our sovereignty. Today, we especially honor the exceptional men and women who have served in the United States Armed Forces and who have given so much for our freedom and peace around the world. By risking their lives to protect their fellow Americans and our precious liberty, service members and veterans exemplify loyalty and love of country. Their sacrifice reminds us that we must always be ready to defend our rights from those who seek to destroy our way of life. To express our country's loyalty to individual liberty, to limited government, and to the inherent dignity of every human being, the Congress, by Public Law 85-529, as amended, has designated May 1 of each year as ``Loyalty Day.'' On this day, we honor the United States of America and its values, as well as those who have fought and continue to fight for our freedom. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 1, 2019, as Loyalty Day. I call on Americans to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies in our schools and other public places, including the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America. I also call upon all Government officials to display the flag of the United States on all Government buildings and grounds on that day. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9874 of April 30, 2019 Proc. 9874 National Day of Prayer, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Americans have always found power and unity through prayer. In 1988, the Congress, by Public Law 100-307, called on the President to issue each year a proclamation designating the first Thursday in May as a ``National Day of Prayer.'' Today, on this National Day of Prayer, we once again come together to give thanks to Almighty God for the bountiful blessings He has bestowed on our great Nation and to ask for His unfailing counsel. We also acknowledge our dependence on God's love to guide our families, communities, and our country away from harm and toward abundance and peace. Our Nation acknowledges that religious liberty is a natural right, given to us by our Creator, not a courtesy that government extends to us. The First Amendment recognizes the freedom of religion and safeguards this right against government infringement. The United States' steadfast commitment to upholding religious freedom has ensured that people of different faiths can pray together and live in peace as fellow American citizens. We have no tolerance for those who disrupt this peace, and we condemn all hate and violence, particularly in our places of worship. Throughout our Nation's history, Americans have consistently turned to God for guidance at pivotal moments. In 1775, the Continental Congress first declared a day of prayer, asking American patriots throughout the colonies to pray in earnest for divine help in forming our Republic. Seventy-five years ago this June, President Franklin D. Roosevelt led the Nation in prayer as courageous Americans stormed the beaches of Normandy on D-Day. He prayed: ``Almighty God: Our sons, pride of our Nation, this day have set upon a mighty endeavor . . . Lead them straight and true; give strength to their arms, stoutness to their hearts, steadfastness in their faith.'' Today, we also pray for strength for our Nation and our Armed Forces as we face new challenges at home and abroad. Our Nation's honored tradition of prayer has sustained us and strengthened our trust that God will continue to watch over and accompany us through the best of times and the darkest hours. May we as Americans never forget the power of prayer and the greatness of our Creator. On this National Day of Prayer, let each of us, according to our own faiths, call upon God for His guidance and express our gratitude for the love and grace He bestows on us and our country. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 2, 2019, as a National Day of Prayer. I invite the citizens of our Nation to pray, in accordance with their own faiths and consciences, in thanksgiving for the freedoms and blessings we have received, and for God's guidance and continued protection as we meet the challenges before us. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of April, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9875 of May 1, 2019 Proc. 9875 National Mental Health Awareness Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Mental Health Awareness Month, we recognize the vital role mental health plays in the well-being of individuals and our Nation. We also reaffirm our commitment to facilitating research and education, dispelling stigma around mental illnesses, and reassuring every individual suffering from mental illnesses that they are not alone. My Administration has made mental and behavioral health a primary focus of our public health efforts, particularly opioid addiction and serious mental illness. This includes connecting agencies from across the Government to address issues ranging from housing to workforce opportunity, bringing a whole person approach to bear upon this issue. Mental illnesses can impair mental health in many ways, through a wide range of conditions that affect mood, thinking, and behavior. While we have made great strides in addressing mental illnesses, millions of Americans still grapple with various forms of it. Nearly 47 million American adults are living with a mental illness. Twenty-four percent of these individuals are living with a serious mental illness, and approximately 3.1 million adults have both a mental illness and a substance use disorder. Additionally, the effects of mental illnesses on our country's youth and young adults is tragically becoming more apparent. In just 1 year, rates of major depression, reports of suicidal thoughts and attempts, and instances of serious mental illness have all increased for our youth and young adults, with more than one in 10 young adults seriously considering suicide in 2017. My Administration is continuing our efforts to improve mental health by tackling mental illness and supplying people who are suffering with the resources they need. We are working to expand our partnership with States to help individuals with the most serious mental illnesses. My fiscal year 2020 budget request to the Congress maintains funding for the Community Mental Health Services Block Grants, which provide money to every State for services to adults with serious mental illness and children with serious emotional disturbances. States are using this funding to identify mental illnesses at early stages in order to reduce the likelihood of the types of long-term disability that people with serious mental illnesses often experience. Last fall, I signed into law H.R. 6, the ``SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act.'' This bipartisan law expands access to inpatient treatment and other evidence-based options, for those with mental illness. Additionally, last November, the Department of Health and Human Services announced an opportunity for States to use Medicaid demonstration authority to support short-term inpatient treatment options for adults with serious mental illnesses and children with serious emotional disturbances. My Administration has approved applications from more than 20 States to expand access to treatment for substance use disorder through these inpatient facilities. Further, my Administration has provided unprecedented levels of training and education to healthcare practitioners across the country regarding mental health, mental illnesses, and substance use issues. This training is designed to enable Federal efforts to accommodate the varying needs of communities across the country. My Administration is also committed to meeting the mental health needs of our brave service members and veterans. Tragically, an average of 20 service members and veterans die by suicide each day. Of those, nearly 70 percent were not engaged with the Department of Veterans Affairs for their healthcare. To help address this issue, I signed an Executive Order that launched the President's Roadmap to Empower Veterans and End a National Tragedy of Suicide (PREVENTS) Initiative and establishes a task force that includes the Secretaries of Veterans Affairs, Defense, Health and Human Services, and Homeland Security charged with developing a comprehensive public health roadmap to help end the national tragedy of veteran suicide. This plan will include a national research strategy for engaging public- and private-sector stakeholders to better understand the underlying factors of suicide and means to enhance early identification. Instead of a passive system that activates when veterans in need reach out, it will propose grants to empower veteran communities to create national and local support networks that actively engage with all veterans. This month, and throughout the year, let us work together to understand the importance of mental health. Let us recommit to making every effort to provide Americans suffering from mental illnesses with the care they need. Mental health is not just an individual issue, but a national issue. The mental health of our citizens is critical to our Nation's prosperity. Together, by focusing on and understanding these issues, we can reduce the effects of mental illnesses on our communities and enable all Americans to live healthy and productive lives. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States do hereby proclaim May 2019 as National Mental Health Awareness Month. I call upon all Americans to support citizens suffering from mental illnesses, raise awareness of mental health conditions through appropriate programs and activities, and commit our Nation to innovative prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this first day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9876 of May 3, 2019 Proc. 9876 National Hurricane Preparedness Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Hurricane Preparedness Week, I encourage all Americans living in hurricane-prone areas to take the measures necessary to safeguard their families, homes, and businesses. As a Nation, we are sadly too familiar with the destructive force of hurricanes. To help prevent and mitigate hurricane-related harm, it is critically important that we prepare for the upcoming hurricane season, which starts next month. This September marks the 30th anniversary of Hurricane Hugo, one of the strongest and most costly hurricanes to hit the United States from the Atlantic Ocean. That destructive storm devastated the Caribbean Islands of Guadeloupe, St. Croix, and Puerto Rico before making final landfall in South Carolina. The storm surge it generated also caused tremendous damage. Hugo's destructive storm surge serves as a reminder of how dangerous that aspect of a storm can be. Over the last three decades, more people have died from storm surges and inland flooding than from hurricane winds. More than 50 people died last year after Hurricane Florence shattered all-time rain and flood records in the Carolinas. To address this deadly hazard, the National Weather Service (NWS) recently implemented alerts for impending storm surges on the gulf and east coasts, where low-lying areas and coastal communities are especially vulnerable. Our ability to track hurricanes for more timely and reliable forecasts has vastly improved. Last year, Hurricane Michael, a Category 5 hurricane and the strongest storm ever to hit the Florida Panhandle, destroyed neighborhoods, wrecked property, and altered countless lives. In the lead-up to Hurricane Michael, the NWS provided expert forecasting. In addition, the NWS has activated services to warn citizens of dangerous wind conditions when the eyewall of a hurricane is moving onshore. The Extreme Wind Warning signals when exceptionally strong winds are imminent, alerting families to take immediate life-saving actions, such as moving away from windows and finding shelter in far-interior locations. My Administration is continuing its efforts to enhance storm tracking and intensity predictions to help save lives and livelihoods by giving communities adequate time to prepare. We are committed to ensuring that the United States will produce the best weather forecasting model in the world. In 2017, I signed into law the first major standalone weather-related bill in decades, the bipartisan Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act. For the past year, we have built on the success of this legislation, especially through the Earth Prediction Innovation Center, strongly supported by the Congress and communities nationwide. This Center will advance our knowledge of severe weather, such as hurricanes, and increase our prediction and forecasting abilities with new modeling capabilities and forecast products that can protect life and property. Additionally, my Administration continues to prioritize and invest in the mitigation actions that are crucial for saving money, property, and, most importantly, lives when severe storms hit. We are working with communities across our country to implement plans to reduce the damage caused by hurricanes and to make them more resilient when they rebuild after disasters strike. It is crucial that we enhance our ability as a Nation to anticipate and adapt to natural and manmade disasters, disruptions, and emergencies. We must reduce the effects of disaster events and the rising cost of recovery. This week is an opportunity for everyone in areas that are susceptible to hurricane-related harm to prepare for these deadly storms. The Ready Campaign led by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is available online and can help you develop preparedness plans for your family and business, gather supplies for your emergency kit, and plan for communicating with loved ones when power is out and cell towers are down. By taking collective responsibility to prepare for hurricanes, we help make our communities and our Nation safer and more resilient. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 5 through May 11, 2019, as National Hurricane Preparedness Week. I call upon everyone to take action this week by making use of the online resources provided by the National Weather Service and FEMA to safeguard your families, homes, and businesses from the dangers of hurricanes and severe storms. I also call upon Federal, State, local, tribal, and territorial emergency management officials to help inform our communities about hurricane preparedness and response in order to prevent storm damage and save lives. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this third day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9877 of May 3, 2019 Proc. 9877 National Small Business Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Small Business Week, we honor America's entrepreneurs who take a risk on an idea, invest in their neighborhoods, and create jobs for others. Small business owners exemplify the American spirit by developing new ways to provide goods and services to consumers. As a Nation, we reaffirm our commitment to the free market so that American small businesses continue to thrive. America's 30 million small businesses are central to our economy and our communities. Their courageous innovation makes our cities and towns vibrant places to live, work, and raise families. Small businesses employ almost 59 million workers, more than one-third of our country's labor force. These companies foster environments that reward problem solving and accountability, enabling workers to develop skills and valuable hands-on experience that propel their careers. The success of our small businesses depends on leadership and vision from all perspectives and backgrounds. Approximately 10 million American small businesses are women-owned; 29 percent are minority-owned; and nearly 10 percent are veteran-owned. As our Nation continues to enjoy record low unemployment, with African-American, Hispanic-American, and Asian-American unemployment all having achieved historic lows, we recognize that much of this success is due to small businesses creating two out of every three net new jobs in our booming economy. My Administration is a strong ally and advocate of small businesses and their ability to help America reach its full economic potential. Most small businesses are now able to deduct 20 percent from their taxable business income due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. This historic legislation and other pro-growth policies of my Administration, including the elimination of unnecessary and burdensome regulations, have enabled small business owners to reinvest their profits into their businesses. Additionally, we are investing in infrastructure and cybersecurity to ensure America's entrepreneurs have the tools and technologies they need to compete in a global economy. New initiatives are making it easier for small businesses to offer healthcare coverage options that until now have been largely unaffordable. Moreover, once approved by the Congress, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) will better serve the interests of American workers and businesses, including through strong intellectual property protections that secure innovation and trade secrets. The USMCA is the first trade agreement in our Nation's history to include a chapter specifically focusing on small and medium-sized enterprises. All of these efforts to create a more friendly business environment have enabled business owners to pay bonuses, increase wages, and increase benefits—putting more money in the pockets of their workers. This week, we celebrate the pioneering spirit, creativity, and determination upon which America has always been built. This undaunted conviction drives our entrepreneurs and small business owners, whose hard work and perseverance give our Nation economic strength. Their initiative, combined with the greatest workforce in the world, is enabling us to convert the unlimited potential of America into great wealth and prosperity. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 5 through May 11, 2019, as National Small Business Week. I call upon all Americans to recognize the critical contributions of America's entrepreneurs and small business owners as they grow our Nation's economy. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this third day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9878 of May 3, 2019 Proc. 9878 Public Service Recognition Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During Public Service Recognition Week, we express our gratitude to our Nation's civil servants for their dedication to mission, service, and stewardship. These members of our Federal, State, and local government workforces deliver results for the American people, often without acclaim. Each day, millions of government employees serve their fellow citizens, and we as a Nation recognize the valuable role they play in our communities. From the law enforcement officers and border patrol agents who keep our country safe and secure to those who work in education, healthcare, transportation, and other public service careers, civil servants ensure government works for the American people. Our country's brave men and women in uniform make up the greatest Armed Forces in the world. They are able to defend our freedom because civilian employees at the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs work faithfully each day to fulfill President Abraham Lincoln's charge to ``care for him who shall have borne the battle.'' In often difficult circumstances, our civil servants respond to natural disasters, search for cures for diseases, protect information networks, and improve quality of life for their fellow Americans. They remain focused on their mission of serving and protecting. My Administration understands that it is critical for Federal employees to provide high-quality service and to be good stewards of taxpayer dollars. To maintain these high standards, we are continuing to implement policies that create a more efficient and productive Federal Government. By removing unnecessary regulations and streamlining internal agency processes, we have helped eliminate barriers that stand in the way of Federal employees' efforts to do their jobs. We have also made it easier for the Federal Government to hire more military spouses, and we are giving a second chance to those with a criminal history. This week, we pause to give tribute to the many civil servants who paid the ultimate price in service to our Nation. We will never forget their sacrifice, and we are proud to add their names to the Wall of Honor in the Theodore Roosevelt Federal Office Building, a tradition which began in 2013 to honor Federal civilian employees who died in the line of duty. My Administration also is pleased to launch the Gears of Government President's Award. This award program reinforces the President's Management Agenda by recognizing individuals and teams across the Federal workforce who support exceptional delivery of key mission, service, and stewardship outcomes for the American people. During Public Service Recognition Week, we acknowledge the work our civil servants do for the American people on a daily basis, and we appreciate their willingness to dedicate their experience and expertise, and sometimes even their lives, to serving their fellow citizens. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 5 through May 11, 2019, as Public Service Recognition Week. I call upon Americans and all Federal, State, tribal, and local government agencies to recognize the dedication of our Nation's public servants and to observe this week through appropriate programs and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this third day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9879 of May 3, 2019 Proc. 9879 Missing and Murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives Awareness Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Missing and Murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives Awareness Day, we draw attention to the horrible acts of violence committed against American Indian and Alaska Native people, particularly women and children. Too many American Indians and Alaska Natives are the victims of abuse, sexual exploitation, or murder—or are missing from their communities. Some of those missing may be victims of human trafficking. We must work together as a Nation to correct these injustices and ensure the safety of all Americans, particularly our most vulnerable populations. American Indian and Alaska Native people face alarming levels of violence. Data from the National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicate that more than 1.5 million American Indian and Alaska Native women have experienced violence, including sexual violence, in their lifetimes. American Indian and Alaska Native children attempt and commit suicide at rates far higher than those in any other demographic in our Nation, and often endure disproportionately high rates of endemic drug abuse, violence, and crime. Ending the violence that disproportionately affects American Indian and Alaska Native communities is imperative. Under my Administration, Federal agencies are working more comprehensively and more collaboratively to address violent crime in Indian country, to recover the American Indian and Alaska Native women and children who have gone missing, and to find justice for those who have been murdered. As a result of these ongoing efforts, we are improving public safety, we are expanding funding and training opportunities for law enforcement in Indian country, and we are better equipping them with tools like access to criminal databases. We have also established improved protocols based on our government-to-government relationships with the tribes, and have become more transparent and accountable in our efforts. Currently, every United States Attorney's Office with Indian country jurisdiction has developed sexual assault response and multidisciplinary teams to combat sexual assault and abuse of American Indian and Alaska Native women and children. In addition, the Attorney General has developed a working group dedicated to addressing violent crime in Indian country. This working group has made the development of law enforcement strategies for Missing and Murdered Indigenous People (MMIP) a priority, improving human trafficking training and creating law enforcement initiatives for United States Attorneys. To help address the significant challenges in collecting data regarding missing and murdered American Indian and Alaska Native people, the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and the Department of Justice (DOJ) partnered together to capture tribal data through new data fields in the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. DOJ has also expanded the Tribal Access Program (TAP) and Amber Alert in Indian country to make law enforcement more aware of missing persons and to enhance their ability to be responsive to missing persons reports and Sexual Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA) registrants in the area. TAP also enables tribal law enforcement to have access to national law enforcement databases and to immediately and directly enter missing persons reports into them. In addition, BIA's Tribal Justice Support Directorate funds the training of tribal attorneys in prosecuting domestic violence and partner abuse crimes as part of implementing the Violence Against Women Act. In Fiscal Years 2018 and 2019, DOJ allocated historic amounts of funding to combat violent crime in Indian country, including to the MMIP efforts of the Office on Violence Against Women (OVW). DOJ set aside close to $300 million from the Crime Victim Fund over two years to assist victims of crime in Indian country. It also expanded the Tribal Special Assistant United States Attorney program, which is aimed at reducing violent crime, including violence against women, in Indian country and building important partnerships between Federal and tribal agencies. In addition, DOJ funds the National Indian Country Training Initiative (NICTI), which continues to provide training at the National Advocacy Center and in the field for Federal, State, and tribal criminal justice and social service professionals. My Administration will continue working to root out injustice and protect each and every person in America. On Missing and Murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives Awareness Day, we pause to raise awareness of unacceptable acts of violence that profoundly harm American Indian and Alaska Native communities. As a Nation, we honor the lives of all missing and murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives, and we reaffirm our commitment to ensuring that violence against these vulnerable Americans shall not be overlooked or tolerated. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 5, 2019, as Missing and Murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives Awareness Day. I call upon Americans and all Federal, State, tribal, and local governments to increase awareness of the crisis of missing and murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives through appropriate programs and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this third day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9880 of May 8, 2019 Proc. 9880 Addressing Mass Migration Through the Southern Border of the United StatesBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation In Proclamation 9822 of November 9, 2018 (Addressing Mass Migration Through the Southern Border of the United States), I found that our immigration and asylum system is in crisis as a consequence of the mass migration of aliens across the border between the United States and Mexico (southern border). Accordingly, pursuant to sections 212(f) and 215(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (8 U.S.C. 1182(f) and 1185(a), respectively), I found that the unlawful entry of aliens through that border is detrimental to the interests of the United States and suspended and limited entry of such aliens. I exempted from the scope of Proclamation 9822 any alien who entered the United States at a port of entry and properly presented for inspection, as well as any lawful permanent resident of the United States. In Proclamation 9842 of February 7, 2019 (Addressing Mass Migration Through the Southern Border of the United States), I extended Proclamation 9822 for 90 days because I found that ``the problem of large numbers of aliens traveling through Mexico to enter our country unlawfully or without proper documentation has not materially improved, and indeed in several respects has worsened, since November 9, 2018.'' Section 2(d) of Proclamation 9842 directed the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Homeland Security jointly to submit to me a recommendation on whether a further extension or renewal of the suspension or limitation on entry in Proclamation 9822 is in the interests of the United States. Those officials have jointly recommended extending the suspension and limitation for an additional 90 days beyond the date when the United States obtains relief from the preliminary injunction of the interim final rule titled ``Aliens Subject to a Bar on Entry Under Certain Presidential Proclamations; Procedures for Protection Claims'' that was promulgated by the Departments of Justice and Homeland Security on November 9, 2018. As that recommendation reflects, the situation along the southern border has continued to deteriorate. In November 2018, a daily average of approximately 2,000 inadmissible aliens attempted entry into the United States. Today that average has risen to approximately 3,900. United States Border Patrol (USBP) apprehensions, which occur between ports of entry, have more than doubled from January to April of this year. From January through April, USBP apprehensions at the southern border are projected to reach approximately 460,000, a 4-month total that exceeds the totals from 8 of the last 10 fiscal years. The high percentage of children and families among these apprehensions places additional strain on the resources devoted to defense of the southern border. Moreover, large, organized groups of aliens continue to travel through Mexico toward the United States with the reported intention to enter the United States unlawfully or without proper documentation. The ability of the United States to address these problems continues to be hampered by a nationwide injunction issued by a United States District Court judge in the Northern District of California. That injunction currently prevents the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security from implementing an interim final rule that would render any alien who enters the country in contravention of a proclamation limiting or suspending entry at the southern border, including Proclamation 9822, ineligible to be granted asylum. The United States is appealing that injunction. Should the injunction be lifted, aliens who enter the United States unlawfully through the southern border in contravention of this proclamation will be ineligible to be granted asylum under that interim final rule. As President, I must act to protect the national interest and to maintain an effectively functioning asylum system for legitimate asylum seekers who demonstrate that they have fled persecution and warrant the many special benefits associated with being granted asylum. In view of the foregoing circumstances, and the joint recommendation from the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Homeland Security, I have determined to extend the suspension and limitation, as set forth below, on entry into the United States through the southern border established by Proclamation 9822 and extended by Proclamation 9842. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including sections 212(f) and 215(a) of the INA, hereby find that, absent the measures set forth in this proclamation, the entry into the United States of persons described in section 1 of this proclamation would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and that their entry should be subject to certain restrictions, limitations, and exceptions. I therefore hereby proclaim the following: Section 1. Suspension and Limitation on Entry. The entry of any alien into the United States across the international boundary between the United States and Mexico is hereby suspended and limited, subject to section 2 of this proclamation. That suspension and limitation shall expire 90 days after the date on which the United States obtains relief from all injunctions that prevent full implementation of the interim final rule promulgated by the Departments of Justice and Homeland Security on November 9, 2018, or the date on which an agreement permits the United States to remove aliens to Mexico in compliance with the terms of section 208(a)(2)(A) of the INA (8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(A)), whichever is earlier. Sec. 2. Scope and Implementation of Suspension and Limitation on Entry. (a) The suspension and limitation on entry pursuant to section 1 of this proclamation shall apply only to aliens who enter the United States after the date of this proclamation. (b) The suspension and limitation on entry pursuant to section 1 of this proclamation shall not apply to any alien who enters the United States at a port of entry and properly presents for inspection, or to any lawful permanent resident of the United States. (c) Nothing in this proclamation shall limit an alien entering the United States from being considered for withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the INA (8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3)) or protection pursuant to the regulations promulgated under the authority of the implementing legislation regarding the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, or limit the statutory processes afforded to unaccompanied alien children upon entering the United States under section 279 of title 6, United States Code, and section 1232 of title 8, United States Code. (d) No later than 75 days after the date when the United States obtains relief from all injunctions that prevent full implementation of the interim final rule promulgated by the Departments of Justice and Homeland Security on November 9, 2018, the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall jointly submit to the President, through the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, a recommendation on whether the suspension or limitation on entry in section 1 of this proclamation continues to be in the interests of the United States. If, at the time that all injunctions are lifted, the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Homeland Security are of the view that circumstances no longer warrant the suspension or limitation on entry, they shall so advise me. Sec. 3. Interdiction. The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall continue to consult with the Government of Mexico regarding appropriate steps—consistent with applicable law and the foreign policy, national security, and public-safety interests of the United States—to address the approach of large groups of aliens traveling through Mexico with the intent of entering the United States unlawfully, including efforts to deter, dissuade, and return such aliens before they physically enter United States territory through the southern border. Sec. 4. Severability. It is the policy of the United States to enforce this proclamation to the maximum extent possible to advance the interests of the United States. Accordingly: (a) if any provision of this proclamation, or the application of any provision to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid, the remainder of this proclamation and the application of its other provisions to any other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby; and (b) if any provision of this proclamation, or the application of any provision to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid because of the failure to follow certain procedures, the relevant executive branch officials shall implement those procedural requirements to conform with existing law and with any applicable court orders. Sec. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this proclamation shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This proclamation shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This proclamation is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9881 of May 9, 2019 Proc. 9881 Military Spouse Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Military spouses share an admirable legacy of unwavering devotion to their loved ones in uniform and to the cause of freedom. Wives and husbands stand faithfully beside their beloved service members and play a critical role in their ability to safeguard our country. They shoulder tremendous burdens and responsibilities and face demands that most families will never endure. Military spouses earn no rank or compensation, yet their contributions to our military might are invaluable. On Military Spouse Day, we honor our Nation's military spouses and express our deep appreciation for all that they do. The nomadic nature of military life places tremendous pressure on military families. Frequent relocations, which require leaving behind the familiar—home, school, work, church, and friends—are commonplace. Military spouses nevertheless find ways to improve their communities, on and off the base, and to thrive in spite of the numerous hardships. Military spouses also demonstrate sacrificial love and provide essential support and encouragement to their service members during deployments. They comfort fearful and anxious children, balance work and school demands, and keep things going on the home front with uncommon grace and resourcefulness, despite the loneliness and anxiety that often accompany an extended absence. Frequent relocation also imposes substantial economic costs on our military families. For example, it results in unemployment and underemployment of military spouses. My Administration, therefore, is committed to enhancing opportunities for our Nation's military spouses. Last year, I was pleased to sign an Executive Order requiring Federal agencies to promote the use of existing military spouse noncompetitive hiring authority to the greatest extent possible, providing significantly greater opportunity for military spouses to be considered for Government positions. The Department of Defense's Military Spouse Employment Partnership has brought together more than 390 companies and organizations committed to recruiting, hiring, promoting, and retaining military spouses. Since the initiative's inception in 2011, these devoted partners have hired more than 130,000 military spouses. Employers who hire these spouses benefit from the tremendous talent, breadth of experience, and determination these men and women have learned from navigating the demands of military life. I encourage all who enjoy the blessings of freedom—preserved and defended by our Nation's military and their families—to find ways to support our incredible military spouses. I applaud local government officials who have helped advance workforce freedom and mobility for military families. I encourage States and occupational licensing boards to build on these efforts and do more to improve license portability, removing barriers to military spouses remaining in the workforce following a change in duty station. Community leaders can also raise awareness about programs like Military OneSource, a one-stop resource for information, support, and referrals on every aspect of military life. And in neighborhoods nationwide, families can reach out, in word and deed, to spouses who are working to meet the unique challenges of military life. Military spouses are among our country's unsung heroes and are at the heart of our Armed Forces. They embody strength and resilience, and represent the best of American patriotism, courage, character, and pride. As a Nation, we must ensure our military spouses receive the unparalleled and unwavering support they deserve. On this Military Spouse Day, Melania and I salute the extraordinary women and men who serve as military spouses and offer our prayers, respect, and gratitude on behalf of a grateful Nation. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 10, 2019, as Military Spouse Day. I call upon the people of the United States to honor military spouses with appropriate ceremonies and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this ninth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9882 of May 10, 2019 Proc. 9882 National Charter Schools Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Charter Schools Week, we recognize the important contributions public charter schools make by providing American families with the freedom to choose high-quality education options that meet their children's needs. For more than a quarter century, charter schools—tuition-free public schools of choice—have been incubators of educational innovations, while being accountable for student achievement and outcomes. Today, what began as a grassroots movement now flourishes in 44 States, the District of Columbia, Guam, and Puerto Rico, with more than 7,000 schools serving approximately 3.2 million students. Charter schools empower families to pursue the right educational fit for their children, helping ensure that there are paths to the American Dream that match the needs of students striving to achieve it. The unique needs of students, rather than address or family income, should determine where they learn. My Administration is committed to reducing the outsized Federal footprint in education and to empowering families, as well as State and local policymakers and educators, with the flexibility to adapt to student needs. Public charter schools work for students, teachers, and communities. The Center for Research on Education Outcomes found that charter schools better serve low-income students, minority students, and students learning English than neighboring public schools. The success of our Nation's public charter schools in helping students of all backgrounds thrive and in addressing the needs of local education confirms what Americans have always known: those who are closest to students know best how to prepare them to reach their full potential. Nothing better proves the value of and need for charter schools than the ever-growing demand from students and families. Although charter school enrollment has increased at least sevenfold in the past 18 years, more than one million students remain on charter school waiting lists today. A recent survey found that 59 percent of parents would prefer to send their child to a different type of school than the one to which they have been assigned. Because of the success of and demand for public charter schools, each year since taking office, I have proposed to increase and improve funding for them as a key part of my Administration's ambitious efforts to expand every family's access to all types of high-quality education opportunities. In my fiscal year 2020 budget request, I called on the Congress to increase funding for the Federal Charter Schools Program to $500 million, an increase of $60 million over the current level. No matter where they live or how much their parents earn, all children deserve access to education that enriches their minds. This week, we celebrate all the students, families, teachers, administrators, and community leaders who support public charter schools and education freedom. We reaffirm our commitment to expanding every family's access to high-quality education opportunities and to supporting educational excellence and innovation for the benefit of every student and for the continued prosperity of our great Nation. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 12 through May 18, 2019, as National Charter Schools Week. I commend our Nation's successful public charter schools, teachers, and administrators, and I call on States and communities to help students and empower parents and families by supporting high-quality charter schools as an important school choice option. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this tenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9883 of May 10, 2019 Proc. 9883 National Defense Transportation Day and National Transportation Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The capability to move and travel freely and efficiently by land, air, and sea is critical to our economic strength, vital to our national defense, and essential to the American way of life. On National Defense Transportation Day and during National Transportation Week, we recognize the dedicated professionals who ensure our transportation infrastructure system is safe, convenient, reliable, and fully prepared to support our national defense. America's infrastructure systems help sustain our competitive edge and military readiness. After many decades of constant and increasing use, much of our Nation's infrastructure has fallen into disrepair. More than 25 percent of our Nation's bridges are structurally deficient; more than 20 percent of our roads are in poor condition; and drivers lose nearly $160 billion annually because of congestion and delays. If left unaddressed by 2025, our Nation's deteriorating infrastructure will drain our economy of nearly 2.5 million jobs and $4 trillion in gross domestic product. As a Nation, we cannot afford to wait additional decades to address these critical issues and fix our transportation system. Our country forged its path to global economic dominance through an efficient and hard-nosed determination to build. In 1933, we summoned our most gifted engineers and workers to construct the Golden Gate Bridge; they finished it in 4 years. Three years earlier, in 1930, construction began on the Empire State Building; it took about 1 year to complete. Decades of bureaucratic and regulatory roadblocks have sapped us of that zeal to build. These self-imposed obstacles regularly stall and delay even the most important of infrastructure projects. The environmental review process for some improvement projects can take more than 20 years to complete. Improving our infrastructure will enhance quality of life, productivity, and the competitiveness of American workers and families. For this reason, I have called on the Congress to pass legislation that provides the funding required to rebuild our roads and bridges. These funds will catalyze new State and local investments in infrastructure, and focus resources on rural communities. By repairing our existing infrastructure and by building bold new projects, we will reduce traffic congestion, improve road conditions, and boost commerce throughout our country. We cannot fully tackle our infrastructure needs until we commit to meaningful regulatory reform. Last year, we made important strides by establishing a coordinated and timely environmental review process through the One Federal Decision Memorandum of Understanding. This policy sets a Government-wide goal of completing Federal environmental reviews for major infrastructure projects in 2 years—not 10 or 20. We will move more quickly, ensuring sound environmental, community, and economic outcomes in the process. Finally, maintaining and improving our infrastructure is a matter of economic and national security. It is central to our ability to manufacture and export goods, execute emergency responses, achieve energy independence, and secure our Nation. It sustains our military readiness and capabilities, facilitating the safe and expeditious movement of our troops and the transport of their supplies and equipment to locations in America and around the world. Our men and women in uniform deserve to be safe and well-stocked as they put their lives on the line to defend our freedoms and way of life. To recognize the men and women who work in the transportation industry and who contribute to our Nation's well-being and defense, the Congress, by joint resolution approved May 16, 1957, as amended (36 U.S.C. 120), has designated the third Friday in May of each year as ``National Defense Transportation Day,'' and, by joint resolution approved May 14, 1962, as amended (36 U.S.C. 133), has declared that the week during which that Friday falls be designated as ``National Transportation Week.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim Friday, May 17, 2019, as National Defense Transportation Day and May 12 through May 18, 2019, as National Transportation Week. I encourage all Americans to celebrate these observances with appropriate ceremonies and activities to learn more about how our transportation system contributes to the security of our citizens and the prosperity of our Nation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this tenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9884 of May 10, 2019 Proc. 9884 Peace Officers Memorial Day and Police Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Peace Officers Memorial Day and throughout Police Week, we express our unending gratitude to our Nation's law enforcement officers. Those brave men and women selflessly confront danger to protect our families and defend our communities. We also honor those in blue who have been killed or disabled in the line of duty. We are especially mindful of the tremendous sacrifices of the 106 heroes who laid down their lives last year while protecting their communities. My Administration is working on several fronts to enhance the health and safety of our Nation's law enforcement officers. The Department of Justice (DOJ) continues to promote initiatives that provide funding for bulletproof vests, active shooter training, the National Blue Alert System, and other programs that bolster the physical and mental health of those who protect us. We are making surplus military equipment available to law enforcement agencies. We are implementing the Law Enforcement Mental Health and Wellness Act, which I signed into law last year, to improve the delivery of and access to mental health and wellness services. And when tragedy does strike, DOJ's Public Safety Officers' Benefits Program stands ready and able to assist the families of the fallen and catastrophically injured. The best way we can support law enforcement is to reduce violent crime. My Administration has secured $50 million in funding for one of the most effective crime prevention strategies in America, the Project Safe Neighborhoods initiative. This results-based and data-proven initiative is reducing violent crime nationwide by leveraging local law enforcement and community partnerships, along with strategic enforcement efforts, to arrest the most violent criminals in the most violent locations. Through the combined efforts of all levels of law enforcement, violent crime in our country is falling. Our Nation's law enforcement officers serve with courage, dedication, and strength. They fearlessly enforce our laws, even at the risk of personal peril, safeguarding our property, our liberty, and our lives. We owe them, and their families, our full and enduring support. By a joint resolution approved October 1, 1962, as amended (76 Stat. 676), and by Public Law 103-322, as amended (36 U.S.C. 136-137), the President has been authorized and requested to designate May 15 of each year as ``Peace Officers Memorial Day'' and the week in which it falls as ``Police Week.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 15, 2019, as Peace Officers Memorial Day and May 12 through May 18, 2019, as Police Week. In humble appreciation of our hardworking law enforcement officers, Melania and I will light the White House in blue on May 15. I call upon all Americans to observe Peace Officers Memorial Day and Police Week with appropriate ceremonies and activities. I also call on the Governors of the States and Territories and officials of other areas subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, to direct that the flag be flown at half-staff on Peace Officers Memorial Day. I further encourage all Americans to display the flag from their homes and businesses on that day. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this tenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9885 of May 10, 2019 Proc. 9885 Mother's Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation For more than a century, Americans have set aside the second Sunday in May to honor, celebrate, and thank the inspirational mothers in our lives. In 1914, the Congress, by joint resolution (38 Stat. 770), designated this day as Mother's Day and requested the President to call for its appropriate observance. Today, we recognize mothers everywhere who inspire us to dream big and to never give up. Mothers have always played an integral role in shaping our great Nation. Even before our country was founded, mothers inspired sons and daughters to patriotism and devotion to the ideal of freedom for all. After First Lady Abigail Adams died in 1818, her son, President John Quincy Adams, wrote: ``She had been, during the war of our Revolution, an ardent patriot, and the earliest lesson of unbounded devotion to the cause of their country that her children received was from her.'' Inspirational mothers across America continue to pass on this same lesson, encouraging their children to become leaders in their own families and great citizens in their communities and this Nation. Even in our lowest moments, mothers see the best in their children. Through their guidance and unwavering love, they prepare us for the challenges of adulthood and provide us with the confidence we need to reach our full potential. They are some of the best examples of everyday heroes, and their consistent devotion to family and grace under pressure too often go overlooked. At any stage in life, we find comfort in knowing that we can call on our mothers and grandmothers or reflect on our wonderful memories of them to find wisdom and strength. On this Mother's Day, we pay tribute to our mothers, whether we are their children by birth, adoption, or foster care, for their devotion to seeing us lead happy and successful lives. Today, and every day, let us ensure that our mothers know and feel our deep gratitude for the gift of life and for their unmatched sacrifices to strengthen our families and our Nation. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 12, 2019, as Mother's Day. I encourage all Americans to express their love and respect for their mothers or beloved mother figures, whether with us in person or in spirit, and to reflect on the importance of motherhood to the prosperity of our families, communities, and Nation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this tenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9886 of May 16, 2019 Proc. 9886 Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United StatesBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation 1. On January 11, 2018, the Secretary of Commerce (Secretary) transmitted to me a report on his investigation into the effect of imports of steel articles on the national security of the United States under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1862). The Secretary found and advised me of his opinion that steel articles are being imported into the United States in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security of the United States. 2. In Proclamation 9705 of March 8, 2018 (Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States), I concurred in the Secretary's finding that steel articles, as defined in clause 1 of Proclamation 9705, as amended by clause 8 of Proclamation 9711 of March 22, 2018 (Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States), are being imported into the United States in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security of the United States, and decided to adjust the imports of these steel articles by imposing a 25 percent ad valorem tariff on such articles imported from most countries. 3. In Proclamation 9705, I also directed the Secretary to monitor imports of steel articles and inform me of any circumstances that in the Secretary's opinion might indicate the need for further action under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, with respect to such imports. 4. In August 2018, the Secretary informed me that while capacity utilization in the domestic steel industry had improved, it was still below the target capacity utilization level recommended by the Secretary in his report. Although imports of steel articles had declined since the imposition of the tariff, I was advised that they were still several percentage points greater than the level of imports that would allow domestic capacity utilization to reach the target level. Given that imports had not declined as much as anticipated and capacity utilization had not increased to that target level, I concluded that it was necessary and appropriate in light of our national security interests to adjust the tariff imposed by previous proclamations. 5. In the Secretary's January 2018 report, the Secretary recommended that I consider applying a higher tariff to a list of specific countries should I determine that all countries should not be subject to the same tariff. One of the countries on that list was the Republic of Turkey (Turkey). As the Secretary explained in that report, Turkey was among the major exporters of steel to the United States for domestic consumption. To further reduce imports of steel articles and increase domestic capacity utilization, I determined in Proclamation 9772 of August 10, 2018 (Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States), that it was necessary and appropriate to impose a 50 percent ad valorem tariff on steel articles imported from Turkey, beginning on August 13, 2018. The Secretary advised me that this adjustment would be a significant step toward ensuring the viability of the domestic steel industry. 6. The Secretary has now advised me that, since the implementation of the higher tariff under Proclamation 9772, imports of steel articles have declined by 12 percent in 2018 compared to 2017 and imports of steel articles from Turkey have declined by 48 percent in 2018, with the result that the domestic industry's capacity utilization has improved at this point to approximately the target level recommended in the Secretary's report. This target level, if maintained for an appropriate period, will improve the financial viability of the domestic steel industry over the long term. 7. Given these improvements, I have determined that it is necessary and appropriate to remove the higher tariff on steel imports from Turkey imposed by Proclamation 9772, and to instead impose a 25 percent ad valorem tariff on steel imports from Turkey, commensurate with the tariff imposed on such articles imported from most countries. Maintaining the existing 25 percent ad valorem tariff on most countries is necessary and appropriate at this time to address the threatened impairment of the national security that the Secretary found in the January 2018 report. 8. Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, authorizes the President to adjust the imports of an article and its derivatives that are being imported into the United States in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security. 9. Section 604 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2483), authorizes the President to embody in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) the substance of statutes affecting import treatment, and actions thereunder, including the removal, modification, continuance, or imposition of any rate of duty or other import restriction. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, section 301 of title 3, United States Code, and section 604 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, do hereby proclaim as follows: (1) Clause 2 of Proclamation 9705, as amended, is revised to read as follows: ``(2)(a) In order to establish certain modifications to the duty rate on imports of steel articles, subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS is modified as provided in the Annex to this proclamation and any subsequent proclamations regarding such steel articles. (b) Except as otherwise provided in this proclamation, or in notices published pursuant to clause 3 of this proclamation, all steel articles imports covered by heading 9903.80.01, in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, shall be subject to an additional 25 percent ad valorem rate of duty with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, as follows: (i) on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on March 23, 2018, from all countries except Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, and the member countries of the European Union; (ii) on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on June 1, 2018, from all countries except Argentina, Australia, Brazil, and South Korea; (iii) on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on August 13, 2018, from all countries except Argentina, Australia, Brazil, South Korea, and Turkey; and (iv) on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 21, 2019, from all countries except Argentina, Australia, Brazil, and South Korea. Further, except as otherwise provided in notices published pursuant to clause 3 of this proclamation, all steel articles imports from Turkey covered by heading 9903.80.02, in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, shall be subject to a 50 percent ad valorem rate of duty with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on August 13, 2018 and prior to 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 21, 2019. All steel articles imports covered by heading 9903.80.61, in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, shall be subject to the additional 25 percent ad valorem rate of duty established herein with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on the date specified in a determination by the Secretary granting relief. These rates of duty, which are in addition to any other duties, fees, exactions, and charges applicable to such imported steel articles, shall apply to imports of steel articles from each country as specified in the preceding three sentences.''. (2) The text of U.S. note 16(a)(i) to subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS is amended by deleting ``Except as provided in U.S. note 16(a)(ii), which applies to products of Turkey that are provided for in heading 9903.80.02, heading 9903.80.01 provides'' and inserting the following in lieu thereof: ``Heading 9903.80.01 provides''. (3) Heading 9903.80.02, in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, and its accompanying material, and U.S. note 16(a)(ii) to subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, are deleted. (4) Paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of U.S. note 16 to subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS are each amended by replacing ``headings 9903.80.01 and 9903.80.02'' with ``heading 9903.80.01''. (5) The ``Article description'' for heading 9903.80.01 in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS is amended by replacing ``of Brazil, of Turkey'' with ``of Brazil''. (6) The modifications to the HTSUS made by clauses 1 through 5 of this proclamation shall be effective with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 21, 2019 and shall continue in effect, unless such actions are expressly reduced, modified, or terminated. (7) Any steel articles imports from Turkey that were admitted into a United States foreign trade zone under ``privileged foreign status'' as defined in 19 CFR 146.41, prior to 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 21, 2019, shall be subject upon entry for consumption on or after such time and date to the ad valorem rate of duty in heading 9903.80.01 in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS. (8) Any provision of previous proclamations and Executive Orders that is inconsistent with the actions taken in this proclamation is superseded to the extent of such inconsistency. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9887 of May 16, 2019 Proc. 9887 To Modify the List of Beneficiary Developing Countries Under the Trade Act of 1974By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation 1. In Executive Order 11888 of November 24, 1975, the President designated Turkey as a beneficiary developing country for purposes of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) (19 U.S.C. 2461 et seq.). 2. Pursuant to section 502(d)(1) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (the ``1974 Act'') (19 U.S.C. 2462(d)(1)), the President may withdraw, suspend, or limit the application of the duty-free treatment accorded under the GSP with respect to any beneficiary developing country. In taking any action under section 502(d)(1) of the 1974 Act, the President shall consider the factors set forth in sections 501 and 502(c) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2461 and 2462(c)). 3. Section 502(c)(2) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2462(c)(2)) provides that, in determining whether to designate any country as a beneficiary developing country, the President shall take into account, among other factors, the level of economic development of such country, including its per capita gross national product, the living standards of its inhabitants, and any other economic factors that the President deems appropriate. 4. Consistent with section 502(d)(1) of the 1974 Act, and having considered the factors set forth in sections 501 and 502(c), I have determined that, based on its level of economic development, it is appropriate to terminate Turkey's designation as a beneficiary developing country effective May 17, 2019. 5. Section 502(f)(2) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2462(f)(2)) requires the President to notify the Congress and the affected beneficiary developing country, at least 60 days before termination, of the President's intention to terminate the affected country's designation as a beneficiary developing country, together with the considerations entering into such decision. I notified the Congress and Turkey on March 4, 2019, of my intent to terminate Turkey's designation, together with the considerations entering into my decision. 6. Pursuant to section 203 of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2253), and after receiving a report from the International Trade Commission prepared under section 202 of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2252), the President may implement a measure in the form of a safeguard to address increased imports of articles that are a substantial cause of serious injury to a domestic industry producing like or directly competitive products. When acting pursuant to section 203 of the 1974 Act, the President shall take action that he determines will facilitate efforts of the domestic industry to make a positive adjustment to import competition and provide greater economic and social benefits than costs. 7. In Proclamation 9693 of January 23, 2018, I, pursuant to section 203 of the 1974 Act, implemented a safeguard measure on imports of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic (CSPV) cells, whether or not partially or fully assembled into other products (including, but not limited to, modules, laminates, panels, and building-integrated materials) (``CSPV products''). In Proclamation 9694 of January 23, 2018, I, pursuant to section 203 of the 1974 Act, implemented a safeguard measure on imports of large residential washers. 8. The safeguard measures implemented by Proclamations 9693 and 9694 exempt imports of covered products from developing countries that are Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), including Turkey, if such a country's individual share of total imports of the product does not exceed 3 percent and if imports of all such countries with less than 3 percent import share do not collectively account for more than 9 percent of total imports of the product. 9. Consistent with my determination that it is appropriate to terminate the designation of Turkey as a beneficiary developing country under the GSP, effective May 17, 2019, I have determined to remove it from the list of developing country WTO Members exempt from application of the safeguard measures on CSPV products and large residential washers. To reflect Turkey's removal from the list, I have determined that it is appropriate to revise subdivision (b)(2) of U.S. note 17 and subdivision (b) of U.S. note 18 to subchapter III of chapter 99 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) to delete the references to Turkey. 10. Section 604 of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2483) authorizes the President to embody in the HTS the substance of the relevant provisions of the 1974 Act, and of other Acts affecting import treatment, and actions thereunder, including removal, modification, continuance, or imposition of any rate of duty or other import restriction. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, acting under the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including title V and sections 203 and 604 of the 1974 Act, do hereby proclaim that: (1) The designation of Turkey as a beneficiary developing country is terminated, effective May 17, 2019. (2) To reflect this termination, general notes 4(a) and 4(d) and pertinent subheadings of the HTS are modified as set forth in Annex A to this proclamation. (3) Any provisions of previous proclamations and Executive Orders that are inconsistent with the actions taken in this proclamation are superseded to the extent of such inconsistency. (4) The exemption for Turkey from application of the safeguard measures on CSPV products and large residential washers is removed, effective May 17, 2019. (5) To reflect this revision, subdivision (b)(2) of U.S. note 17 and subdivision (b) of U.S. note 18 to subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTS are each modified as set forth in Annex B to this proclamation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP ED21MY19.010 ED21MY19.011 Proclamation 9888 of May 17, 2019 Proc. 9888 Adjusting Imports of Automobiles and Automobile Parts Into the United StatesBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation 1. On February 17, 2019, the Secretary of Commerce (Secretary) transmitted to me a report on his investigation into the effects of imports of passenger vehicles (sedans, sport utility vehicles, crossover utility vehicles, minivans, and cargo vans) and light trucks (collectively ``automobiles'') and certain automobile parts (engines and engine parts, transmissions and powertrain parts, and electrical components) on the national security of the United States under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1862). 2. The report found that automotive research and development (R&D) is critical to national security. The rapid application of commercial breakthroughs in automobile technology is necessary for the United States to retain competitive military advantage and meet new defense requirements. Important innovations are occurring in the areas of engine and powertrain technology, electrification, lightweighting, advanced connectivity, and autonomous driving. The United States defense industrial base depends on the American-owned automotive sector for the development of technologies that are essential to maintaining our military superiority. 3. Thus, the Secretary found that American-owned automotive R&D and manufacturing are vital to national security. Yet, increases in imports of automobiles and automobile parts, combined with other circumstances, have over the past three decades given foreign-owned producers a competitive advantage over American-owned producers. 4. American-owned producers' share of the domestic automobile market has contracted sharply, declining from 67 percent (10.5 million units produced and sold in the United States) in 1985 to 22 percent (3.7 million units produced and sold in the United States) in 2017. During the same time period, the volume of imports nearly doubled, from 4.6 million units to 8.3 million units. In 2017, the United States imported over 191 billion dollars' worth of automobiles. 5. Furthermore, one circumstance exacerbating the effects of such imports is that protected foreign markets, like those in the European Union and Japan, impose significant barriers to automotive imports from the United States, severely disadvantaging American-owned producers and preventing them from developing alternative sources of revenue for R&D in the face of declining domestic sales. American-owned producers' share of the global automobile market fell from 36 percent in 1995 to just 12 percent in 2017, reducing American-owned producers' ability to fund necessary R&D. 6. Because ``[d]efense purchases alone are not sufficient to support . . . R&D in key automotive technologies,'' the Secretary found that ``American-owned automobile and automobile parts manufacturers must have a robust presence in the U.S. commercial market'' and that American innovation capacity ``is now at serious risk as imports continue to displace American-owned production.'' Sales revenue enables R&D expenditures that are necessary for long-term automotive technological superiority, and automotive technological superiority is essential for the national defense. The lag in R&D expenditures by American-owned producers is weakening innovation and, accordingly, threatening to impair our national security. 7. In light of all of these factors, domestic conditions of competition must be improved by reducing imports. American-owned producers must be able to increase R&D expenditures to ensure technological leadership that can meet national defense requirements. 8. The Secretary found and advised me of his opinion that automobiles and certain automobile parts are being imported into the United States in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security of the United States. The Secretary found that these imports are ``weakening our internal economy'' and that ``[t]he contraction of the American-owned automotive industry, if continued, will significantly impede the United States' ability to develop technologically advanced products that are essential to our ability to maintain technological superiority to meet defense requirements and cost effective global power projection.'' 9. The Secretary therefore concluded that the present quantities and circumstances of automobile and certain automobile parts imports threaten to impair the national security as defined in section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended. 10. In reaching this conclusion, the Secretary considered the extent to which import penetration has displaced American-owned production, the close relationship between economic welfare and national security, see 19 U.S.C. 1862(d), the expected effect of the recently negotiated United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), and what would happen should the United States experience another economic downturn comparable to the 2009 recession. 11. In light of the report's findings, the Secretary recommended actions to adjust automotive imports so that they will not threaten to impair the national security. One recommendation was to pursue negotiations to obtain agreements that address the threatened impairment of national security. In the Secretary's judgment, successful negotiations could allow American-owned automobile producers to achieve long-term economic viability and increase R&D spending to develop cutting-edge technologies that are critical to the defense industry. 12. I concur in the Secretary's finding that automobiles and certain automobile parts are being imported into the United States in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security of the United States, and I have considered his recommendations. 13. I have also considered the renegotiated United States-Korea Agreement and the recently signed USMCA, which, when implemented, could help to address the threatened impairment of national security found by the Secretary. 14. Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, authorizes the President to take action to adjust the imports of an article and its derivatives that are being imported into the United States in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security. If that action is the negotiation of an agreement contemplated in 19 U.S.C. 1862(c)(3)(A)(i), and such an agreement is not entered into within 180 days of the proclamation or is not being carried out or is ineffective, then the statute authorizes the President to take other actions he deems necessary to adjust imports and eliminate the threat that the imported article poses to national security. See 19 U.S.C. 1862(c)(3)(A). 15. I have decided to direct the United States Trade Representative (Trade Representative) to pursue negotiation of agreements contemplated in 19 U.S.C. 1862(c)(3)(A)(i) to address the threatened impairment of the national security with respect to imported automobiles and certain automobile parts from the European Union, Japan, and any other country the Trade Representative deems appropriate, and to update me on the progress of such negotiations within 180 days. Under current circumstances, this action is necessary and appropriate to remove the threatened impairment of the national security. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, and section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, do hereby proclaim as follows: (1) The Trade Representative, in consultation with the Secretary, the Secretary of the Treasury, and any other senior executive branch officials the Trade Representative deems appropriate, shall pursue negotiation of agreements contemplated in 19 U.S.C. 1862(c)(3)(A)(i) to address the threatened impairment of the national security with respect to imported automobiles and certain automobile parts from the European Union, Japan, and any other country the Trade Representative deems appropriate. (2) Within 180 days of the date of this proclamation, the Trade Representative shall update me on the outcome of the negotiations directed under clause (1) of this proclamation. (3) The Secretary shall continue to monitor imports of automobiles and certain automobile parts and shall, from time to time, in consultation with any senior executive branch officials the Secretary deems appropriate, review the status of such imports with respect to the national security. The Secretary shall inform the President of any circumstances that in the Secretary's opinion might indicate the need for further action by the President under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended. (4) Any provision of previous proclamations and Executive Orders that is inconsistent with the actions taken in this proclamation is superseded to the extent of such inconsistency. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventeenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9889 of May 17, 2019 Proc. 9889 National Safe Boating Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation As we near the summer season, tens of millions of Americans will take to our Nation's waters to spend time with family and friends. As we enjoy our activities on the water, we must act responsibly to follow safety procedures when boating. During National Safe Boating Week, I urge all Americans to familiarize themselves with the best practices for a safe boating experience. Regrettably, tragedy on the water can often strike when you least expect it. Indeed, the majority of boating fatalities happen in calm waters and good weather conditions. We must take the necessary steps to ensure our boats are inspected thoroughly and operated safely. When it comes to safety on the water, it is critical to be a conscientious, aware, and responsible boat operator and ensure your boat is properly vetted and operational. A great way to start this upcoming season is to undergo a free vessel safety check offered through the United States Coast Guard. New boaters are also encouraged to participate in a boating safety course that teaches on-water skills. Further, you should never operate a boat while intoxicated and should always ensure that passengers enjoying alcohol do so in moderation to avoid potential injuries or accidental drowning. Additionally, the United States Coast Guard requires that a boat have an approved life jacket for each person onboard. Everyone should be able to access easily a life jacket that fits properly for size and weight, and the best practice is always to wear your life jacket while the boat is underway. This week, we are reminded that by taking just a few extra precautions, we can dramatically reduce the likelihood of accidents occurring on the water. By acquainting yourself, your children, and your friends with safe boating practices before operating or boarding a boat, we can all enjoy the beauty of our Nation's waters safely and responsibly. In recognition of the importance of safe boating practices, the Congress, by joint resolution approved June 4, 1958 (36 U.S.C. 131), as amended, has authorized and requested the President to proclaim annually the 7-day period before Memorial Day weekend as ``National Safe Boating Week.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 18 through May 24, 2019, as National Safe Boating Week. I encourage all Americans who participate in boating activities to observe this occasion by learning more about safe boating practices and taking advantage of boating safety education opportunities. I also encourage the Governors of the States and Territories, and appropriate officials of all units of government, to join me in encouraging boating safety through events and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventeenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9890 of May 17, 2019 Proc. 9890 Emergency Medical Services Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During Emergency Medical Services Week, we pay tribute to our Nation's Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers, whose selfless dedication and extraordinary efforts help save countless lives each day. As the first link to emergency medical care, EMS personnel are a critical component of our healthcare system. Day or night, faithful EMS first responders—many of whom are volunteers—intensively prepare for and stand at the ready to help their fellow Americans through chaotic and distressing situations. In the last year, our Nation has experienced some of the largest and most destructive wildfires, hurricanes, tornadoes, and mudslides in recent history. In places like California, Florida, Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and other parts of our country, EMS providers have selflessly performed their duties under challenging and hazardous conditions. At the risk of their own safety and well-being, EMS personnel acted quickly to deliver critical assistance. They moved residents who were homebound, hospitalized, or in nursing homes out of harm's way before and during natural disasters, and provided medical care for thousands of displaced citizens for weeks after the disasters. As President, I will never lose sight of the vital contributions that our country's emergency responders make to their fellow citizens. My Administration remains committed to working with State and local partners to ensure that EMS personnel are fully trained and prepared to meet the needs of their communities. Many rural EMS agencies, in particular, face unique challenges in delivering quality care. Last year, I signed into law the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018, which reauthorizes funding for EMS agencies in rural areas of our country to access the training and equipment they need to perform their duties safely, effectively, and efficiently. To allow EMS providers additional flexibility, the Department of Health and Human Services recently announced the Emergency Triage, Treat, and Transport model for care delivery. This model is designed to allow ambulatory care providers to be compensated in innovative ways through Medicare when responding to emergency medical calls from beneficiaries. First responders also continue to be at the forefront of dealing with the terrible effects of the opioid crisis, routinely responding to situations where someone has fallen victim to an opioid overdose. The Office of National Drug Control Policy has released extensive guidance on how emergency providers can stay safe when tending to opioid-related events. Additionally, my Administration has taken steps to expand the supply of life-saving naloxone to first responders nationwide. We must ensure that our EMS personnel have the necessary training and resources to help those who tragically end up in dire need due to opioid overdoses. In every circumstance, and in crises where every second counts, EMS providers demonstrate courage and devotion to saving lives. They protect the health and safety of others with unmatched skill and extraordinary resolve. This month, and always, we express our endless gratitude and respect to the fine men and women of our country's EMS agencies for their continued commitment to excellence in emergency care. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 19 through May 25, 2019, as Emergency Medical Services Week. I encourage all Americans to observe this occasion by showing their support for local EMS professionals through appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventeenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9891 of May 17, 2019 Proc. 9891 World Trade Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Free, fair, and reciprocal trade is essential to American and global prosperity. During World Trade Week, we reaffirm our unwavering commitment to ensuring that our Nation's farmers, ranchers, manufacturers, and entrepreneurs are able to sell their goods and services in the global market on a level playing field. We also celebrate mutually beneficial and balanced trade between nations and pledge to continue pressing those countries that persist with one-sided trade polices to abandon them. Our Nation is benefiting from a booming economy that is improving the lives of hardworking Americans and their families. Since my election, we have witnessed the creation of more than 5.8 million new jobs, including approximately 500,000 new manufacturing jobs. American gross domestic product grew at nearly 3 percent last year, and at a rate of 3.2 percent in the first quarter of this year. As a result, wages are rising at the fastest pace in a decade. This economic success is a testament to the effectiveness of my Administration's tax, regulatory, and tariff and trade policies. With a level playing field, American workers and producers can compete with any nation in the world. In recent years, however, our prosperity has been hampered by the growing economic aggression and unfair trading practices of other countries. Nations that do not share our free market values have used dumping and industrial subsidies, discriminatory non-tariff barriers, forced technology transfers, excess capacity, cyber and hacking attacks, and other forms of economic aggression to gain unfair competitive advantages over American workers and producers. My Administration is using every available tool to confront these burdensome, market-distorting trade practices. We are aggressively enforcing the well-established trade laws of the United States, and we are negotiating new trade agreements to address unfair trade practices and remove barriers to the export of our goods and services. My Administration's leadership in strongly pursuing fair trade is enabling our Nation's firms to compete on a more level, fair playing field. We are working to modernize and improve our agreements, negotiating new trade deals that protect our national security and are based on fairness and reciprocity. For example, we revised one of our most significant trade deals, the United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS), to make it far more beneficial to American workers. In addition, with the signing of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), I delivered on my promise to renegotiate the outdated and unbalanced North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Once approved by the Congress, the USMCA will help address longstanding trade imbalances by granting American businesses across all sectors of our economy greater freedom to sell their goods and services throughout North America. The successful conclusion of both KORUS and USMCA shows that new trade deals that work for all Americans—and not just some—are possible. My Administration is also actively engaged in negotiations with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Japan to secure broader market access for American products and services. The United States and our trading partners benefit greatly from free, fair, balanced, and reciprocal trade. This week, we renew our commitment to addressing persistent trade imbalances, breaking down trade barriers, and providing Americans new opportunities to increase exports. Greater transparency in global trade and predictable business climates in economies that adhere to high standards for trade and investment will bring greater prosperity to our Nation and the world. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 19 through May 25, 2019, as World Trade Week. I encourage Americans to observe this week with events, trade shows, and educational programs that celebrate the benefits of trade to our country. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventeenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9892 of May 17, 2019 Proc. 9892 Armed Forces Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation From Normandy and Iwo Jima through Operations Desert Storm and Inherent Resolve, our Nation's Armed Forces have consistently made us proud by defeating our enemies and defending the freedoms we cherish. Their bravery, love of country, and devotion to duty are unmatched, and we are eternally grateful for the sacrifices they make for all American citizens. On Armed Forces Day, we honor all of the Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who make up the finest military in the world. Every day, tens of thousands of American troops risk their lives and sacrifice time with their families and friends to protect our national security and keep us safe. Through their strength and dedication to our country, they protect our freedoms, interests, and way of life at duty stations all around the world. We thank them for their incredible service, and we recognize that our Nation has a sacred obligation to ensure that our Armed Forces remain ready and fully equipped to face any threat. As President, I am committed to empowering America's warriors with every advantage they need to fulfill their missions. During the last 2 years, our Armed Forces have had one victory after another against ISIS, culminating in March with the liberation of 100 percent of the territory once held by ISIS in Syria and Iraq. We are encouraged by this tremendous success, and it is important that our military remains the strongest in the world. This is one of my Administration's highest priorities, and I have called on the Congress to increase funding for our national defense by $34 billion over last year's level. These additional resources are vital to enhancing our capabilities at sea, on the ground, in the air, and in space and guaranteeing that America's military never falls behind. I also continue to advocate for our service members to receive increased support, which they deserve for bearing the burden of defending our freedoms. Last year, I signed into law the largest pay raise for our troops in 9 years, and, for 2020, I have called on the Congress to provide a 3.1 percent pay raise. This 3.1 percent raise would be the largest pay raise for our troops in 10 years and would further demonstrate our Nation's gratitude to the more than 2.1 million active duty and reserve military men and women. Our courageous and vigilant Armed Forces safeguard the blessings of liberty for us and for future generations by selflessly answering the call of duty. Today, and every day, we acknowledge and celebrate all who proudly wear our Nation's uniforms and the family members who face unique challenges as they tirelessly support them. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, continuing the tradition of my predecessors in office, do hereby proclaim the third Saturday of each May as Armed Forces Day. I invite the Governors of the States and Territories and other areas subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to provide for the observance of Armed Forces Day within their jurisdiction each year in an appropriate manner designed to increase public understanding and appreciation of the Armed Forces of the United States. I also invite veterans, civic, and other organizations to join in the observance of Armed Forces Day each year. Finally, I call upon all Americans to display the flag of the United States at their homes and businesses on Armed Forces Day, and I urge citizens to learn more about military service by attending and participating in the local observances of the day. Proclamation 9753 of May 18, 2018, is hereby superseded. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventeenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9893 of May 19, 2019 Proc. 9893 Adjusting Imports of Aluminum Into the United StatesBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation 1. On January 19, 2018, the Secretary of Commerce (Secretary) transmitted to me a report on his investigation into the effect of imports of aluminum articles on the national security of the United States under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1862). The Secretary found and advised me of his opinion that aluminum articles were being imported into the United States in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security of the United States. 2. In Proclamation 9704 of March 8, 2018 (Adjusting Imports of Aluminum Into the United States), I concurred in the Secretary's finding that aluminum articles were being imported into the United States in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security of the United States, and decided to adjust the imports of aluminum articles, as defined in clause 1 of Proclamation 9704, by imposing a 10 percent ad valorem tariff on such articles imported from most countries. 3. In Proclamation 9704, I further stated that any country with which we have a security relationship is welcome to discuss with the United States alternative ways to address the threatened impairment of the national security caused by imports from that country, and noted that, should the United States and any such country arrive at a satisfactory alternative means to address the threat to the national security such that I determine that imports from that country no longer threaten to impair the national security, I may remove or modify the restriction on aluminum articles imports from that country and, if necessary, adjust the tariff as it applies to other countries, as the national security interests of the United States require. 4. The United States has successfully concluded discussions with Canada and Mexico on satisfactory alternative means to address the threatened impairment of the national security posed by aluminum imports from Canada and Mexico. The United States has agreed on a range of measures with Canada and Mexico to prevent the importation of aluminum that is unfairly subsidized or sold at dumped prices, to prevent the transshipment of aluminum, and to monitor for and avoid import surges. These measures are expected to allow imports of aluminum from Canada and Mexico to remain stable at historical levels without meaningful increases, thus permitting the domestic capacity utilization to remain reasonably commensurate with the target level recommended in the Secretary's report. In my judgment, these measures will provide effective, long-term alternative means to address the contribution of these countries' imports to the threatened impairment of the national security. 5. In light of these agreements, I have determined that, under the framework in the agreements, imports of aluminum from Canada and Mexico will no longer threaten to impair the national security, and thus I have decided to exclude Canada and Mexico from the tariff proclaimed in Proclamation 9704, as amended. The United States will monitor the implementation and effectiveness of these measures in addressing our national security needs, and I may revisit this determination as appropriate. 6. In light of my determination to exclude, on a long-term basis, these countries from the tariff proclaimed in Proclamation 9704, as amended, I have considered whether it is necessary and appropriate in light of our national security interests to make any corresponding adjustments to such tariff as it applies to other countries. I have determined that, in light of the agreed-upon measures with Canada and Mexico, it is necessary and appropriate, at this time, to maintain the current tariff level as it applies to other countries. 7. Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, authorizes the President to adjust the imports of an article and its derivatives that are being imported into the United States in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security. 8. Section 604 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2483), authorizes the President to embody in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) the substance of statutes affecting import treatment, and actions thereunder, including the removal, modification, continuance, or imposition of any rate of duty or other import restriction. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, section 301 of title 3, United States Code, and section 604 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, do hereby proclaim as follows: (1) Clause 2 of Proclamation 9704, as amended, is further amended in the second sentence by deleting the ``and'' before ``(c)'' and inserting before the period at the end: ``, and (d) on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 20, 2019, from all countries except Argentina, Australia, Canada, and Mexico''. (2) The ``Article description'' for heading 9903.85.01, in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, is amended by replacing ``of Australia'' with ``of Australia, of Canada, of Mexico''. (3) The modifications made by clauses 1 and 2 of this proclamation shall be effective with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 20, 2019, and shall continue in effect, unless such actions are expressly reduced, modified, or terminated. (4) Any imports of aluminum articles from Canada and Mexico that were admitted into a U.S. foreign trade zone under ``privileged foreign status'' as defined in 19 CFR 146.41, prior to 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 20, 2019, shall not be subject upon entry for consumption made after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 20, 2019, to the additional 10 percent ad valorem rate of duty imposed by Proclamation 9704, as amended. (5) Any provision of previous proclamations and Executive Orders that is inconsistent with the actions taken in this proclamation is superseded to the extent of such inconsistency. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this nineteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9894 of May 19, 2019 Proc. 9894 Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United StatesBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation 1. On January 11, 2018, the Secretary of Commerce (Secretary) transmitted to me a report on his investigation into the effect of imports of steel articles on the national security of the United States under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1862). The Secretary found and advised me of his opinion that steel articles were being imported into the United States in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security of the United States. 2. In Proclamation 9705 of March 8, 2018 (Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States), I concurred in the Secretary's finding that steel articles, as defined in clause 1 of Proclamation 9705, as amended by clause 8 of Proclamation 9711 of March 22, 2018 (Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States), were being imported into the United States in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security of the United States, and decided to adjust the imports of these steel articles by imposing a 25 percent ad valorem tariff on such articles imported from most countries. 3. As stated in the Proclamation dated May 16, 2019 (Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States), the Secretary has now advised me that the domestic industry's capacity utilization has improved to approximately the target level recommended in the Secretary's report. This target level, if maintained for an appropriate period, will improve the financial viability of the domestic steel industry over the long term. 4. In Proclamation 9705, I further stated that any country with which we have a security relationship is welcome to discuss with the United States alternative ways to address the threatened impairment of the national security caused by imports from that country, and noted that, should the United States and any such country arrive at a satisfactory alternative means to address the threat to the national security such that I determine that imports from that country no longer threaten to impair the national security, I may remove or modify the restriction on steel articles imports from that country and, if necessary, adjust the tariff as it applies to other countries, as the national security interests of the United States require. 5. The United States has successfully concluded discussions with Canada and Mexico on satisfactory alternative means to address the threatened impairment of the national security posed by steel articles imports from Canada and Mexico. The United States has agreed on a range of measures with Canada and Mexico to prevent the importation of steel articles that are unfairly subsidized or sold at dumped prices, to prevent the transshipment of steel articles, and to monitor for and avoid import surges. These measures are expected to allow imports of steel articles from Canada and Mexico to remain stable at historical levels without meaningful increases, thus permitting the domestic industry's capacity utilization to continue at approximately the target level recommended in the Secretary's report. In my judgment, these measures will provide effective, long-term alternative means to address the contribution of these countries' imports to the threatened impairment of the national security. 6. In light of these agreements, I have determined that, under the framework in the agreements, imports of steel articles from Canada and Mexico will no longer threaten to impair the national security, and thus I have decided to exclude Canada and Mexico from the tariff proclaimed in Proclamation 9705, as amended. The United States will monitor the implementation and effectiveness of these measures in addressing our national security needs, and I may revisit this determination as appropriate. 7. In light of my determination to exclude, on a long-term basis, Canada and Mexico from the tariff proclaimed in Proclamation 9705, as amended, I have considered whether it is necessary and appropriate in light of our national security interests to make any corresponding adjustments to such tariff as it applies to other countries. I have determined that, in light of the agreed-upon measures with Canada and Mexico, it is necessary and appropriate, at this time, to maintain the current tariff level as it applies to other countries. 8. Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, authorizes the President to adjust the imports of an article and its derivatives that are being imported into the United States in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security. 9. Section 604 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2483), authorizes the President to embody in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) the substance of statutes affecting import treatment, and actions thereunder, including the removal, modification, continuance, or imposition of any rate of duty or other import restriction. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, section 301 of title 3, United States Code, and section 604 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, do hereby proclaim as follows: (1) Proclamation 9705, as amended, is further amended by revising clause 2 to read as follows: ``(2)(a) In order to establish certain modifications to the duty rate on imports of steel articles, subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS is modified as provided in the Annex to this proclamation and any subsequent proclamations regarding such steel articles. (b) Except as otherwise provided in this proclamation, or in notices published pursuant to clause 3 of this proclamation, all steel articles imports covered by heading 9903.80.01, in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, shall be subject to an additional 25 percent ad valorem rate of duty with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, as follows: (i) on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on March 23, 2018, from all countries except Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, and the member countries of the European Union; (ii) on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on June 1, 2018, from all countries except Argentina, Australia, Brazil, and South Korea; (iii) on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on August 13, 2018, from all countries except Argentina, Australia, Brazil, South Korea, and Turkey; (iv) on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 20, 2019, from all countries except Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, and Turkey; and (v) on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 21, 2019, from all countries except Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and South Korea. Further, except as otherwise provided in notices published pursuant to clause 3 of this proclamation, all steel articles imports from Turkey covered by heading 9903.80.02, in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, shall be subject to a 50 percent ad valorem rate of duty with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on August 13, 2018, and prior to 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 21, 2019. All steel articles imports covered by heading 9903.80.61, in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, shall be subject to the additional 25 percent ad valorem rate of duty established herein with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on the date specified in a determination by the Secretary granting relief. These rates of duty, which are in addition to any other duties, fees, exactions, and charges applicable to such imported steel articles, shall apply to imports of steel articles from each country as specified in the preceding three sentences.'' (2) The ``Article description'' for heading 9903.80.01, in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, is amended by deleting ``of South Korea, of Brazil, of Turkey'' and inserting ``of Brazil, of Canada, of Mexico, of South Korea, of Turkey''. (3) The modifications made by clauses 1 and 2 of this proclamation shall be effective with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 20, 2019, and shall continue in effect, unless such actions are expressly reduced, modified, or terminated. (4) The Proclamation dated May 16, 2019 (Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States), is amended by revising clause 5 to read as follows: ``The `Article description' for heading 9903.80.01 in subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTSUS is amended by replacing `of South Korea, of Turkey' with `of South Korea'.''. (5) Any imports of steel articles from Canada and Mexico that were admitted into a U.S. foreign trade zone under ``privileged foreign status'' as defined in 19 CFR 146.41, prior to 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 20, 2019, shall not be subject upon entry for consumption made after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 20, 2019, to the additional 25 percent ad valorem rate of duty as imposed by Proclamation 9705, as amended. (6) Any provision of previous proclamations and Executive Orders that is inconsistent with the actions taken in this proclamation is superseded to the extent of such inconsistency. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this nineteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9895 of May 20, 2019 Proc. 9895 National Maritime Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On National Maritime Day, we honor the men and women who, throughout our history, have served with professionalism, dedication, and patriotism in the United States Merchant Marine. We recognize these seafaring merchant mariners for helping to fuel our economy, maintain our sea power, and support our national security. Merchant mariners extend goodwill into all parts of the world, serving as a peaceful United States presence on international waterways. Today, American mariners facilitate the import and export of billions of dollars of goods, including fuel, agricultural products, and raw materials through the Marine Transportation System. They are also among the first to respond to help their fellow citizens in the wake of national disasters. During times of war, merchant mariners courageously sail into combat zones to provide sealift for the Department of Defense, carrying weapons and supplies to America's fighting forces. In every conflict, United States citizen mariners have answered the call to duty and risked their lives. Some have sadly made the ultimate sacrifice for their country. Because the United States Merchant Marine plays a central role in bringing American goods to market and in bolstering our military readiness abroad, we must encourage more people to pursue career opportunities on America's waterways and the oceans of the world. For this reason, I recently signed an Executive Order to help veterans of the Armed Forces transition seamlessly into civilian careers in the United States Merchant Marine by allowing them to apply relevant military training and experience toward becoming credentialed merchant mariners. This will help support a robust, well-equipped, and safe merchant fleet crewed by well-trained mariners. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 20, 1933, has designated May 22 of each year as ``National Maritime Day'' to commemorate the first transoceanic voyage by a steamship in 1819 by the S.S. Savannah. By this resolution, the Congress has authorized and requested the President to issue annually a proclamation calling for its appropriate observance. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim May 22, 2019, as National Maritime Day. I call upon the people of the United States to mark this observance and to display the flag of the United States at their homes and in their communities. I also request that all ships sailing under the American flag dress ship on that day. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twentieth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9896 of May 24, 2019 Proc. 9896 Prayer for Peace, Memorial Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Whether on the battlefields of Bunker Hill, on the beaches of Normandy, in the jungles of Vietnam, or in the mountains and deserts of the Middle East, brave Americans of every generation have given their last full measure of devotion in defense of our country, our liberty, and our founding ideals. On Memorial Day, we humbly honor these incredible patriots and firmly renew our abiding commitment to uphold the principles for which they laid down their lives. As a free people, we have a sacred duty to remember the courageous warriors who have made the ultimate sacrifice to ensure that our great country would endure. It is our responsibility to strive to ensure that their noble acts of dedication to our country and the cause of freedom were not in vain and to comfort the families they have left behind, who bear the heartbreak of their loss. We must ensure that the light of our Republic, and all for which these most honorable Americans willingly died, continues to shine forth brightly into the world. As President Lincoln said in 1863 during the dedication of the Gettysburg National Military Cemetery: ``It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.'' As we approach the 75th anniversary of D-Day, we proudly commemorate those heroic and honorable patriots who gave their all for the cause of freedom during some of history's darkest hours. Thousands of selfless members of our Armed Forces perished on the beaches of Normandy. They bravely gave their lives to pave the way for the Allied liberation of Europe and ultimately victory over the forces of evil. Their historic sacrifices and achievements secured the future of humanity and proved America's strength in defending freedom and defeating the enemies of civilization. Those who rest in the hallowed grounds of our country's national cemeteries laid their lives upon the altar of freedom. Today, as we unite in eternal gratitude for the sacrifices of these extraordinary Americans, let us also offer a prayer for lasting peace. Let us renew our steadfast resolve to work toward a peaceful future, in which the horrors of war are a distant memory and our families, our communities, and our Nation need no longer confront the sorrow and pain of losing our beloved sons and daughters. In honor and recognition of all of our fallen heroes, the Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 11, 1950, as amended (36 U.S.C. 116), has requested the President issue a proclamation calling on the people of the United States to observe each Memorial Day as a day of prayer for permanent peace and designating a period on that day when the people of the United States might unite in prayer. The Congress, by Public Law 106-579, has also designated 3:00 p.m. local time on that day as a time for all Americans to observe, in their own way, the National Moment of Remembrance. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim Memorial Day, May 27, 2019, as a day of prayer for permanent peace, and I designate the hour beginning in each locality at 11:00 a.m. of that day as a time when people might unite in prayer. I further ask all Americans to observe the National Moment of Remembrance beginning at 3:00 p.m. local time on Memorial Day. I also request the Governors of the United States and its Territories, and the appropriate officials of all units of government, to direct the flag be flown at half-staff until noon on this Memorial Day on all buildings, grounds, and naval vessels throughout the United States and in all areas under its jurisdiction and control. I also request the people of the United States to display the flag at half-staff from their homes for the customary forenoon period. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-fourth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9897 of May 31, 2019 Proc. 9897 African-American Music Appreciation Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Throughout American history, African-American music has reflected our Nation's challenges and triumphs and has always enriched our Nation's culture. During African-American Music Appreciation Month, we pay tribute to the talented and inspiring African-American artists who have given sound and voice to the full range of human emotions through the blues, jazz, gospel, rock and roll, rap, hip hop, and other genres. Last year, we lost one of our Nation's most beloved African-American musicians, songwriters, and singers, Aretha Franklin, the ``Queen of Soul.'' She was an 18-time Grammy Award winner and the first female artist inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. During her extraordinary career, Franklin infused her talent and unmistakable style into gospel, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, jazz, and even opera. Her songs are treasures of the American music canon. A recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Arts, Franklin's imprint on America's soundscape is timeless. She will forever reign as a luminary of African-American music. This month, we celebrate the countless contributions of African-American singers, composers, and musicians, who have influenced and shaped every genre and style of music. They have turned universally shared emotions and experiences of suffering, joy, passion, pain, faith, injustice, and love into art that speaks to the heart and spirit of any American. African-American music has the power to encourage, inspire, and affect social change. It transcends time, compelling generation after generation to sing, dance, think, and feel, and it endures in our culture, our history, our spirit, and our collective national soul. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim June 2019 as African-American Music Appreciation Month. I call upon public officials, educators, and all the people of the United States to observe this month with appropriate activities and programs that raise awareness and appreciation of African-American music. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9898 of May 31, 2019 Proc. 9898 Great Outdoors Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Each year, millions of Americans step into our Nation's vast and wondrous outdoors. There, they experience the miracles of creation: expansive forests, towering mountains, winding canyons, pristine waters, imposing glaciers, and soaring landscapes. These natural marvels offer limitless opportunity to experience nature and to consider the profound. During Great Outdoors Month, we celebrate the majesty of our planet and the freedom we have to witness its awe-inspiring grandeur. In America, adventurers of all stripes have a place to experience, to explore, and to make lifelong memories. The National Parks System alone encompasses more than 400 different natural, cultural, and historic sites throughout the country. Thousands more State parks and trails ornament our country's varied landscapes. Even our cityscapes are filled with parks, marinas, swimming pools, golf courses, tennis courts, and other recreational opportunities. No matter the location, citizens in every part of our Nation can find their own outdoor adventure and, in doing so, improve their health, deepen connections with their families and communities, and experience their country in new and exciting ways. A proud tradition of protecting and maintaining our outdoor places is woven into our Nation's heritage. Expanding access to these many locations is a priority of my Administration. We have opened hundreds of thousands of acres of previously unavailable or restricted public lands and added hundreds of miles to the national recreation trails system. I also recently signed into law the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, which designates new acreage as wilderness areas, increases access to public lands for hunting and fishing, and expands areas for recreational camping and boating. We will continue to leverage public- and private-sector resources to preserve our cultural history and natural habitat for future generations. This month in particular, we recognize all those who help to conserve our natural environment, and we renew our commitment to act as responsible stewards of its many gifts. I encourage all Americans to get outdoors this summer to encounter, appreciate, and enjoy the natural splendor of our beautiful country. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim June 2019 as Great Outdoors Month. I urge all Americans to explore the great outdoors while acting as stewards of our lands and waters. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9899 of May 31, 2019 Proc. 9899 National Caribbean-American Heritage Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Caribbean-American Heritage Month, we acknowledge the significant ways Caribbean Americans have shaped our culture and heritage. Americans with roots in the Caribbean have greatly enriched our society, contributing to the arts, business, journalism, technology, government, religion, the military, sports, and many other fields. Through his dedication to his faith, Joseph Sandiford Atwell exemplified the unyielding spirit of Caribbean Americans. Born in Barbados in 1831, Atwell moved to the United States in 1863 and attended the Philadelphia Divinity School. Following the Civil War, he went to spread God's message of hope and love to the emancipated slaves in the South. Due to the strength of his ministry, he became the first black Episcopal deacon ordained in the Diocese of Kentucky and went on to become the first black Episcopal priest in the Diocese of Virginia. Earlier this year, I met with the leaders of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, the Dominican Republic, the Republic of Haiti, Jamaica, and Saint Lucia to reaffirm our partnership with the Caribbean. We discussed how we can bring greater prosperity to this important region, including potential opportunities for energy investment and enhanced trade partnerships. We made tremendous progress, and we will build on these discussions to strengthen further the relationship we share with our Caribbean neighbors. This month, we recognize the vibrant culture and patriotism of Caribbean Americans that continue to bolster our country and enrich our lives, and we pay tribute to the strong friendship between the United States and the countries of the Caribbean. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim June 2019 as National Caribbean-American Heritage Month. I encourage all Americans to join in celebrating the history, culture, and achievements of Caribbean Americans with appropriate ceremonies and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9900 of May 31, 2019 Proc. 9900 National Homeownership Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Homeownership Month, we acknowledge the benefits of sustainable homeownership. Homeownership continues to be an important option for many Americans to invest in their communities, build wealth, and achieve the American Dream. My Administration's economic policies have helped spur a booming economy, in which nearly 6 million new jobs have been created and wages are rising at the fastest rate in a decade. We have slashed more than 30,000 pages of job-killing regulations from the rule book that had been constraining economic growth, and my Tax Cuts and Jobs Act has put more money into the pockets of American workers. These successes have led to more opportunities for Americans to become homeowners, and we are committed to building on them by continuing to work with State and local governments to remove burdensome and unnecessary regulations that restrict development and artificially raise housing costs. To offer the opportunity for more sustainable homeownership to a greater number of Americans, we must also reform our Nation's housing finance system. Earlier this year, I signed a Presidential Memorandum instructing the Secretaries of the Treasury and Housing and Urban Development to construct a plan on reforming the housing finance system to promote competition in the housing finance market that will also preserve the 30-year, fixed-rate mortgage for qualified homebuyers. These reforms are critical to improving access to sustainable mortgages and to maintaining responsible support for homeownership and for building wealth. This month, we reaffirm our commitment to empowering more Americans with the opportunity to take the important step of becoming homeowners. By keeping taxes low, continuing to remove burdensome and unnecessary regulations, and making much-needed reforms to the housing finance system, we will open doors to sustainable homeownership to more Americans and their families. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim June 2019 as National Homeownership Month. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9901 of May 31, 2019 Proc. 9901 National Ocean Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The ocean supports millions of American jobs across numerous industries, including commercial fishing, recreation and tourism, international trade, shipping, ports, energy, and other maritime commerce. During National Ocean Month, we recognize the importance of the ocean to the economy, national security, and environment of the United States, and we renew our commitment to safeguarding its vital resources. America is, and will always be, one of the world's preeminent seafaring nations. All of our Nation's citizens benefit from our access to the ocean. With more than 13,000 miles of coastline and 3.4 million nautical square miles of ocean within our territorial jurisdiction, our country's exclusive economic zone is the largest in the world. Together, our oceans and the Great Lakes generate $320 billion in economic activity. That is one reason why my Administration is committed to developing new, innovative ways to protect our native aquatic species, reduce our reliance on foreign fish imports, and keep our fishery industry strong. Over the last few years, we have made important strides in learning more about our ocean and our Nation's coastal waters, supporting our ocean economy, and promoting good stewardship of our waters for current and future generations. Last year, I signed an Executive Order to advance ocean-related scientific research and to promote greater engagement of Federal agencies with State-led regional ocean partnerships. Importantly, our Federal agencies are continuing efforts to make ocean-related information publicly available, which will help support commerce, energy development, and conservation efforts. Additionally, my Administration is determined to conserve, manage, and balance America's use of the ocean through enhanced mapping and exploration. With an emphasis on engaging with the private sector, we are leveraging resources and expertise to advance our understanding of the ocean and to support the ocean-related scientific and technological enterprise. Through American innovation and investment in ocean science and technology, we will reinforce our economic competitiveness, strengthen our national security, protect our environment, and preserve our continued prosperity. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim June 2019 as National Ocean Month. This month, I call upon Americans to reflect on the value and importance of oceans not only to our security, environment, and economy but also as a source of recreation, enjoyment, and relaxation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America two hundred forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9902 of May 31, 2019 Proc. 9902 To Modify the List of Beneficiary Developing Countries Under the Trade Act of 1974By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation 1. In Executive Order 11888 of November 24, 1975, the President designated India as a beneficiary developing country for purposes of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) (19 U.S.C. 2461 et seq.). 2. Pursuant to section 502(d)(1) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (the ``1974 Act'') (19 U.S.C. 2462(d)(1)), the President may withdraw, suspend, or limit the application of the duty-free treatment accorded under the GSP with respect to any beneficiary developing country. In taking any action under section 502(d)(1) of the 1974 Act, the President shall consider the factors set forth in sections 501 and 502(c) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2461 and 2462(c)). 3. Section 502(c)(4) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2462(c)(4)) provides that, in determining whether to designate any country as a beneficiary developing country, the President shall take into account, among other factors, the extent to which such country has assured the United States that it will provide equitable and reasonable access to the markets and basic commodity resources of such country and the extent to which such country has assured the United States that it will refrain from engaging in unreasonable export practices. 4. Consistent with section 502(d)(1) of the 1974 Act, and having considered the factors set forth in sections 501 and 502(c), I have determined that India has not assured the United States that India will provide equitable and reasonable access to its markets. Accordingly, it is appropriate to terminate India's designation as a beneficiary developing country effective June 5, 2019. 5. Section 502(f)(2) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2462(f)(2)) requires the President to notify the Congress and the affected beneficiary developing country, at least 60 days before termination, of the President's intention to terminate the affected country's designation as a beneficiary developing country, together with the considerations entering into such decision. I notified the Congress and India on March 4, 2019, of my intent to terminate India's designation, together with the considerations entering into my decision. 6. Pursuant to section 203 of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2253), and after receiving a report from the International Trade Commission prepared under section 202 of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2252), the President may implement a measure in the form of a safeguard to address increased imports of articles that are a substantial cause of serious injury to a domestic industry producing like or directly competitive products. When acting pursuant to section 203 of the 1974 Act, the President shall take action that he determines will facilitate efforts of the domestic industry to make a positive adjustment to import competition and provide greater economic and social benefits than costs. 7. In Proclamation 9693 of January 23, 2018, pursuant to section 203 of the 1974 Act, I implemented a safeguard measure on imports of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic (CSPV) cells, whether or not partially or fully assembled into other products (including, but not limited to, modules, laminates, panels, and building-integrated materials) (``CSPV products''). In Proclamation 9694 of January 23, 2018, pursuant to section 203 of the 1974 Act, I implemented a safeguard measure on imports of large residential washers. 8. The safeguard measures implemented by Proclamations 9693 and 9694 exempt imports of covered products from developing countries that are Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), including India, if such a country's individual share of total imports of the product does not exceed 3 percent and if imports of all such countries with less than 3 percent import share do not collectively account for more than 9 percent of total imports of the product. 9. Consistent with my determination that it is appropriate to terminate the designation of India as a beneficiary developing country under the GSP, effective June 5, 2019, I have determined to remove it from the list of developing country WTO Members exempt from application of the safeguard measures on CSPV products and large residential washers. To reflect India's removal from the list, I have determined that it is appropriate to revise subdivision (b)(2) of U.S. note 17 and subdivision (b) of U.S. note 18 to subchapter III of chapter 99 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) to delete the references to India. 10. Section 604 of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2483) authorizes the President to embody in the HTS the substance of the relevant provisions of the 1974 Act, and of other Acts affecting import treatment, and actions thereunder, including removal, modification, continuance, or imposition of any rate of duty or other import restriction. 11. In Proclamation 9887 of May 16, 2019, I terminated the designation of Turkey as a beneficiary developing country for purposes of the GSP and removed the exemption for Turkey from application of the safeguard measures on CSPV products and large residential washers. To reflect this termination and removal, I made certain modifications to the HTS, effective with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on May 17, 2019. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, acting under the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including title V and sections 203 and 604 of the 1974 Act, do hereby proclaim that: (1) The designation of India as a beneficiary developing country is terminated, effective June 5, 2019. (2) To reflect this termination, general notes 4(a) and 4(d) and pertinent subheadings of the HTS are modified as set forth in Annex A to this proclamation. (3) Any provisions of previous proclamations and Executive Orders that are inconsistent with the actions taken in this proclamation are superseded to the extent of such inconsistency. (4) The exemption for India from application of the safeguard measures on CSPV products and large residential washers is removed, effective June 5, 2019. (5) To reflect this revision, subdivision (b)(2) of U.S. note 17 and subdivision (b) of U.S. note 18 to subchapter III of chapter 99 of the HTS are each modified as set forth in Annex B to this proclamation. (6) Any merchandise from India or Turkey subject to the safeguard measures implemented by Proclamation 9693 and Proclamation 9694 that is admitted into a United States foreign trade zone on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on June 5, 2019, must be admitted as ``privileged foreign status'' as defined in 19 CFR 146.41, and will be subject upon entry for consumption to the safeguard measures implemented by Proclamation 9693 and Proclamation 9694. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP ED05JN19.000 ED05JN19.001 ED05JN19.002 ED05JN19.003 Proclamation 9903 of June 1, 2019 Proc. 9903 Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Virginia Beach, VirginiaBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Our Nation grieves with those affected by the tragic shooting at the Virginia Beach Municipal Center in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Americans unite in praying for God to comfort the injured and heal the wounded. May God be with the victims and bring aid and comfort to their families and friends. As a mark of solemn respect for the victims of the terrible act of violence perpetrated on May 31, 2019, by the authority vested in me as President of the United States by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, I hereby order that the flag of the United States shall be flown at half-staff at the White House and upon all public buildings and grounds, at all military posts and naval stations, and on all naval vessels of the Federal Government in the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its Territories and possessions until sunset, June 4, 2019. I also direct that the flag shall be flown at half-staff for the same length of time at all United States embassies, legations, consular offices, and other facilities abroad, including all military facilities and naval vessels and stations. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this first day of June, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9904 of June 6, 2019 Proc. 9904 National Day of Remembrance of the 75th Anniversary of D-DayBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On June 6, 1944, D-Day, more than 130,000 American and Allied troops stormed the beaches of Normandy, France, and thousands more parachuted in behind enemy lines, on a mission to retake Europe from the control of Nazi Germany. The night before the operation, the largest amphibious assault in the history of war, General Dwight D. Eisenhower issued a message to the Allied Expeditionary Force: ``The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you . . . We will accept nothing less than full victory.'' Seventy-five years later, these words remind us of the magnitude of the day and of the heroism of the thousands who waded onto the beaches, parachuted into the countryside, and gave their all to change the course of history and to bring liberty to millions. On that fateful June morning, before dawn, paratroopers from the Army's 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, among others, fell in behind enemy lines. Shortly thereafter, the first wave of American, British, and Canadian infantry divisions, which had crossed the English Channel in 7,000 vessels and landing craft, rushed forth onto the five beaches of the targeted 50-mile stretch of the French coastline, codenamed Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Awaiting these brave men was a shoreline littered with anti-landing obstacles, landmines, bunkers, and strategically positioned machine-gun nests. These defenses inflicted devastating losses on the Allied forces. 1,465 Americans perished on the beaches of Normandy that day. On Omaha Beach—the bloodiest of the five—the U.S. Army's 1st and 29th Infantry Divisions suffered horrific losses: 2,400 soldiers were killed or wounded by day's end. Secure in the nobility of their cause and driven by love of country, the heroes of D-Day pressed forward against the German onslaught. Through their gallantry and dedication to duty, they overwhelmed the enemy and secured a beachhead that allowed wave after wave of infantry to push onto the continent. By day's end, the D-Day forces had pried open Europe's northern door—so tightly sealed by the Nazis for years. Through that door streamed the forces of liberation, which ultimately ended the war, ended the horrors of the Holocaust, ended the tyrannical Hitler regime, and laid the foundations of a peace that persists to this day. Today, we pause to remember and honor all of the brave soldiers, sailors, and airmen whose selfless sacrifices catalyzed the deliverance of oppressed people and secured freedom for decades to come. May we always be true to the virtues and principles for which this D-Day generation—the Greatest Generation—paid so dearly. As we mark 75 years since the D-Day landings, we recognize that their legacy grows ever more meaningful with time. The story of America will forever include the valor and sacrifice of the intrepid servicemen who took those beaches in northwest France on June 6, 1944. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim June 6, 2019, as a National Day of Remembrance of the 75th Anniversary of D-Day. I call upon all Americans to observe this day with programs, ceremonies, and activities that honor those who fought and died so that men and women they had never met might know what it is to be free. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixth day of June, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9905 of June 7, 2019 Proc. 9905 Flag Day and National Flag Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Flag Day and during National Flag Week, we celebrate and honor our Nation's lasting emblem, our great American flag. Since the Second Continental Congress adopted its design more than 200 years ago, the Stars and Stripes has been a powerful symbol of freedom, hope, and opportunity. We fly Old Glory from government buildings, schools, city halls, police and fire stations, stores, offices, and our front porches. Wherever Americans are gathered—sporting events, places of worship, parades, and rallies—our flag waves proudly, representing the enduring spirit of our country. The American flag helps us to never forget the values of our Republic, and the valor of the men and women in uniform who have defended it. When we look at the red, white, and blue, we are filled with the same spirit of patriotism that stirred Francis Scott Key to pen the ``Star Spangled Banner'' during the withering bombardment of Fort McHenry in 1812. We are reminded of the blood spilled across generations to safeguard liberty. We are prompted to reflect with pride on the purity and righteousness of our cause—the same pride that swelled in the hearts of our boys as they took the beaches of Normandy, and as they raised the flag on Iwo Jima. And we are strengthened in our resolve to pursue justice and safeguard the rule of law, so that freedom can march on. Today, and all throughout the week, let us recommit ourselves to the principles upon which our country was founded. With grateful hearts, let us reflect upon the price of freedom, and the brave souls who gave their last full measure to preserve it. As we raise our flag, as we stand and salute or place our hands over our hearts, let us renew our sacred pledge that we will forever remain ``one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.'' To commemorate the adoption of our flag, the Congress, by joint resolution approved August 3, 1949, as amended (63 Stat. 492), designated June 14 of each year as ``Flag Day'' and requested that the President issue an annual proclamation calling for its observance and for the display of the flag of the United States on all Federal Government buildings. The Congress also requested, by joint resolution approved June 9, 1966, as amended (80 Stat. 194), that the President issue annually a proclamation designating the week in which June 14 occurs as ``National Flag Week'' and calling upon all citizens of the United States to display the flag during that week. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim June 14, 2019, as Flag Day, and the week starting June 9, 2019, as National Flag Week. I direct the appropriate officials to display the flag on all Federal Government buildings during this week, and I urge all Americans to observe Flag Day and National Flag Week by displaying the flag. I also encourage the people of the United States to observe with pride and all due ceremony those days from Flag Day through Independence Day, set aside by the Congress (89 Stat. 211), as a time to honor America, to celebrate our heritage in public gatherings and activities, and to publicly recite the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of June, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9906 of June 14, 2019 Proc. 9906 Father's Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Father's Day, we celebrate and honor the men who have embraced the essential role of fatherhood. Through acts of selflessness, determination, and love, fathers and father figures enrich and bless all of our lives. Today, we thank them for boldly embracing the tremendous responsibility of raising our Nation's children to be happy, productive, and responsible adults, and for their ceaseless devotion to their families. As children, we take comfort in the presence and companionship of fathers, and we are strengthened by their encouragement as we prepare to confront future challenges. Throughout life, we draw courage from our father's firm and loving guidance and example. With the values they instill in us, they encourage us to live a life of virtue and exercise good judgment as we enter into adulthood and have families of our own. Children of all ages benefit in countless ways from a father's ongoing presence and involvement. A father's time, attention, and mentorship are crucial to the physical, emotional, and spiritual growth of his child. Our Nation heralds the dignity of fatherhood, a father's role in developing children's character, and the indispensable influence fathers have on their children and our communities. Increasingly, research has shown that children with involved fathers are more likely to have healthy self-esteem, do well in school, and make higher salaries as adults. This is one reason why my Administration is committed to promoting the role of fathers and father figures in ensuring the growth, development, and well-being of America's youth. We support the continuance of grant funding to organizations across our country that promote responsible fatherhood by helping fathers to strengthen their relationships with their children and to seek and retain gainful employment to provide a stable home life for their families. On this day, we thank all amazing fathers for their unending dedication and leadership. They impact countless lives in such important and powerful ways. We express our heartfelt love and appreciation to fathers, whether their children are by birth, adoption, or foster care, for the many sacrifices they have made to ensure that their children have every opportunity to reach their full potential in life. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, in accordance with a joint resolution of the Congress approved April 24, 1972, as amended (36 U.S.C. 109), do hereby proclaim June 16, 2019, as Father's Day. I call on United States Government officials to display the flag of the United States on all Government buildings on Father's Day and invite State and local governments and the people of the United States to observe Father's Day with appropriate ceremonies. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fourteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9907 of July 1, 2019 Proc. 9907 Pledge to America's Workers Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation This month, we celebrate Pledge to America's Workers Month. Last year, I signed an Executive Order establishing the President's National Council for the American Worker. The Council, made up of 14 Federal agencies, is charged with developing a national strategy for training and reskilling workers for high-demand occupations and the industries of the future. The Federal Government, however, cannot do it alone. That is why we also launched the Pledge to America's Workers, a call-to-action for States and the private sector to create new education and training opportunities to better serve the American worker and encourage private investment in workforce development. As of today, a strong bipartisan majority of our Nation's Governors and more than 280 companies and associations have signed the Pledge, committing to create nearly 10 million enhanced career and training opportunities for America's workforce. On this inaugural Pledge to America's Workers Month, my Administration calls on more States and employers, both large and small, to sign the Pledge to strengthen the economy and ensure one of America's greatest assets—its workforce—is prepared for the jobs of today and tomorrow. As President, I have worked to revitalize our country's economy and usher in a new era of American prosperity. Since taking office, 5.4 million jobs have been added to our Nation's economy. This year, wage growth hit its fastest pace in a decade, boosting the buying power of American workers. My Administration has unleashed an economic expansion that has brought a record number of Americans back into the labor market. Not only has the national unemployment rate dropped to 3.6 percent, the lowest rate in half a century, but unemployment has reached historic lows among minorities, veterans, and individuals with disabilities. In May, a record 75 percent of people who started that work had been out of the labor force the previous month rather than unemployed. In other words, we are bringing more people off the sidelines and into the labor force than ever before. We are striving for and achieving inclusive growth, so that all Americans, especially those who have been marginalized, can find meaningful work and the training needed to fill vacant jobs. Our country's flourishing job market also poses exciting new opportunities. In each of the past 14 months, the United States has had more job openings than job seekers, meaning there remains room for even more Americans to enter the labor force. My Administration stands ready to help American workers gain the skills needed to fill the approximately 7.4 million open jobs. That is why last month, the Department of Labor launched the new Industry-Recognized Apprenticeship pathway, encouraging companies to offer on-the-job training in new, emerging, and high-growth sectors of our economy. Throughout Pledge to America's Workers Month, we applaud the States, employers, and associations who have signed the Pledge. And we encourage those that have not yet signed the Pledge to do so and commit to new education and training opportunities over the next 5 years. Together, with the industrious spirit of the American workforce, we will build a more prosperous future for all generations. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim July 2019 as Pledge to America's Workers Month. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this first day of July, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-third.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9908 of July 14, 2019 Proc. 9908 Made in America Day and Made in America Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Made in America Day and during Made in America Week, we honor the extraordinary efforts of American entrepreneurs, workers, and farmers in revitalizing our Nation's economy. Products made in America are the world standard for quality and showcase the craftsmanship of the most innovative, diverse, highly skilled, and dedicated workforce in the world. When we buy American-made products, we support the American workers who build them and we invigorate the American economy, driving job growth, spurring innovation, and bolstering the middle class. We have already witnessed the creation of more than 6 million new jobs since my election, and wages are rising at the highest pace in a decade. Through historic tax and regulatory reform, workforce initiatives, trade enforcement, and the negotiation of new trade deals, my Administration is fulfilling our promise to make ``buy American and hire American'' the new standard. My Administration is striving to ensure that items purchased by the Government are made in America, with American materials, and by American hands. Thanks to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the elimination of burdensome and unnecessary regulations, American workers and entrepreneurs have renewed confidence. American companies are becoming more competitive with their foreign counterparts and have more money to invest in their employees through bonuses, higher wages, and increased contributions to retirement plans. My Administration is also pursuing fair trade by working to level the playing field so that American companies can compete in an increasingly global market. To fight against unfair trade practices, we are vigorously enforcing our Nation's existing trade laws. We significantly updated one of our most consequential trade deals, the United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS) to make it more beneficial to American workers. I also delivered on my promise to renegotiate the outdated and unbalanced North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the signing of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Once approved by the Congress, the USMCA will help reverse longstanding trade imbalances by granting American businesses across all sectors of our economy greater freedom to sell their goods and services throughout North America. Last year, I signed an Executive Order establishing the President's National Council for the American Worker and the American Workforce Policy Advisory Board to focus on retraining our workforce and equipping students and workers with the skills they need to be successful across high-demand industries. We are asking companies to commit to expanding programs that educate, train, and re-skill American workers of all ages by signing our Pledge to America's Workers. It is imperative that we keep investing in the industrious American workers, job creators, and inventors who always succeed at leading in innovation and ingenuity, and never fail to inspire the rest of the world. My Administration will always back our American workers and manufacturers as they continue their hard work to keep the American economy strong and propel our Nation toward a more prosperous future. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim July 15, 2019, as Made in America Day and this week, July 14 through July 20, 2019, as Made in America Week. I call upon all Americans to pay special tribute to the builders, the ranchers, the crafters, the entrepreneurs, and all those who work with their hands every day to make America great. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fourteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9909 of July 17, 2019 Proc. 9909 Death of John Paul StevensBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation As a mark of respect for the memory and longstanding service of John Paul Stevens, retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, I hereby order, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, that on the day of his interment, the flag of the United States shall be flown at half-staff at the White House and upon all public buildings and grounds, at all military posts and naval stations, and on all naval vessels of the Federal Government in the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its Territories and possessions until sunset on such day. I also direct that the flag shall be flown at half-staff for the same period at all United States embassies, legations, consular offices, and other facilities abroad, including all military facilities and naval vessels and stations. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventeenth day of July, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9910 of July 19, 2019 Proc. 9910 Captive Nations Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The United States has always been a source of hope to people around the world fighting to replace tyranny with liberty, justice, and the rule of law. During Captive Nations Week, we reaffirm our Nation's unwavering support for those who strive to be free from oppression. We condemn repressive regimes that deny people their God-given rights, including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. President Dwight D. Eisenhower first proclaimed Captive Nations Week in 1959, when freedom in the United States was a bulwark against the totalitarianism of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and elsewhere. Even today, many decades since the end of the Cold War unleashed a new era of democratic flourishing, tyrannical and coercive governments still threaten the freedom and well-being of countless individuals worldwide. They persecute people for worshiping their God, and jail people for daring to speak out and for demanding even the most basic forms of transparency and accountability. They use food distribution as a tool of social control, manipulate electoral processes, and undermine the will and spirit of their people through intimidation and fear. The United States stands with repressed people around the world and urges governments everywhere to respect the God-given rights of every individual and to embrace the establishment of representative government. As Americans, we are privileged and blessed to live in a Nation in which our Constitution protects fundamental rights like freedom of expression, association, religion, and peaceful assembly. We will continue to advocate for those who are unjustly denied these and other rights, and stand against brutality and oppression, which violate the dignity of all people. The Congress, by Joint Resolution approved July 17, 1959 (73 Stat. 212), has authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation designating the third week of July of each year as ``Captive Nations Week.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim July 21 through July 27, 2019, as Captive Nations Week. I call upon all Americans to reaffirm our commitment to supporting those around the world striving for liberty, justice and the rule of law. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this nineteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9911 of July 19, 2019 Proc. 9911 50th Anniversary Observance of the Apollo 11 Lunar LandingBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation In 1961, President John F. Kennedy boldly challenged our Nation to land an American on the Moon and return him safely to Earth within that decade. Eight years later, thanks to the spirit, pride, tenacity, and expertise of scientists, engineers, aviators, and visionaries, America completed this remarkable feat in human space exploration. On the 50th anniversary of this historic milestone, we honor the brave astronauts of the Apollo 11 spaceflight and all the men and women whose sacrifices, unwavering dedication, and extraordinary talent produced one of history's most triumphant achievements. On July 16, 1969, families and communities around the world watched in awe and trepidation as a trio of astronauts—Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins—climbed into the command module Columbia and left Earth on the first manned mission to land on the Moon. The intrepid pilots traveled nearly a quarter of a million miles through space, and 4 days later, on July 20, 1969, they landed the Apollo 11 lunar module on the Moon's Sea of Tranquility. Neil Armstrong's first steps on the Moon brought humanity into a new era. And as he and Buzz Aldrin planted the American flag into the ``magnificent desolation'' of the Moon's surface, they left no doubt about what had brought humans to the new frontier—American ingenuity, grit, and determination. Apollo 11 fueled advancements in many sectors of our society, including science, technology, and commerce. And the work of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the entire aerospace industry remains critical to our Nation's continued quest for greatness, powers our economy, and strengthens our defense. Early in my Administration, I pledged to renew America's commitment to human space exploration and the boundless potential beyond Earth's gravity. I revived the National Space Council within the White House to coordinate all space-related activities across the Government, including with the National Security Council on matters relating primarily to national security. The Space Council has helped to bring together skilled leaders in business and industry to accelerate innovation and seize opportunities throughout the space enterprise. I also signed Space Policy Directive-1, challenging NASA to lead the return of Americans to the Moon, eventually send the first Americans to Mars, and enable humans to expand and deepen our reach across the solar system. As Neil Armstrong's boots pressed into the dust on the Moon's surface in 1969, he delivered an unforgettable message, ``one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.'' His words have resonated around the globe and through the years to embolden dreamers and future explorers and to draw their attention to the power and the possibility of the boundless wonders of space. Today, we reaffirm our continuing and shared quest to unlock greater mysteries, take bigger leaps for humanity, and advance America's leadership in space exploration. The success of Apollo 11 is one of our country's defining moments. As we observe this 50th anniversary of the first lunar landing, we celebrate the incredible voyage of our Nation's heroic astronauts, and all those who supported them from mission control and elsewhere back home. Their historic accomplishment rallies our patriotism and pride, ignites our sense of adventure, and steels our belief that no dream is impossible—no matter how lofty or challenging. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim July 20, 2019, as the 50th Anniversary Observance of the Apollo 11 Lunar Landing. I call upon public officials, educators, and all Americans to observe this occasion by honoring the Apollo 11 mission and all of the men and women who have served in our Nation's space program. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this nineteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9912 of July 25, 2019 Proc. 9912 Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On the 29th anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), we celebrate this historic legislation, which reflects our Nation's dedication to securing the equal rights and defending the intrinsic dignity of all men and women. Today, we renew our commitment to empowering Americans with disabilities through equal access so they can achieve their full potential, and we celebrate their contributions to our great Nation. Since 1990, the ADA has transformed the lives of millions of Americans by promoting equal access to employment, government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and public transportation. The more than 61 million Americans who are currently living with disabilities are part of the fabric of our Nation, and the ADA helps eliminate barriers to their full participation in every community across the country. We are grateful for the ADA for helping to foster a vibrant culture of inclusivity in our Nation. Employment opportunities for Americans with disabilities are growing, and the unemployment rate for Americans with disabilities reached its lowest level ever during my Administration. Our Nation is building on the precedent of the ADA by taking further steps to ensure opportunity for all Americans. My Administration continues to encourage hiring individuals with disabilities, including through our Multi-Agency Task Force on Improving Employment for People with Disabilities. We are making extraordinary strides in removing obstacles that stand in the way of those with disabilities to lead healthy, self-sufficient, and independent lives. I signed an Executive Order to increase apprenticeship opportunities for all Americans, including those with disabilities. This action has helped bring reforms to ineffective training and workforce development programs, better enabling Americans with disabilities to develop in-demand skills for a wide range of industries. We also are actively supporting research to develop new technologies that will increase access and quality of life for Americans with disabilities. And we are addressing the significant extra living expenses Americans with disabilities often face through enhanced awareness of Achieving a Better Life Experience accounts, which allow money to be saved for qualified disability-related expenses without having to pay taxes on earnings. As we commemorate the anniversary of the ADA, we recommit to working together to ensure Americans with disabilities have every opportunity to realize the American Dream. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim July 26, 2019, as a day in celebration of the 29th Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act. I call upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities that celebrate the contributions of Americans with disabilities and to renew our commitment to achieving the promise of our freedom for all Americans. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-fifth day of July, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9913 of July 26, 2019 Proc. 9913 National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation In 1953, the Korean Armistice Agreement ended more than 3 years of brutal fighting against communist expansionism and tyranny on the Korean Peninsula. On National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day, we honor the brave patriots who secured freedom and democracy in the Republic of Korea, and we pay tribute to the more than 23,600 Americans who were killed in action and the more than 103,000 who were wounded in that conflict. The dedication stone at the Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC, bears the inscription: ``Our Nation honors her sons and daughters who answered the call to defend a country they never knew and a people they never met.'' The memorial includes an honor roll of Americans killed in action and those missing in action, and its unique design features statues of a patrol crossing a Korean rice paddy. These figures represent the heroes of our Armed Forces who valiantly served in the Land of the Morning Calm and fought on battlefields such as Inchon, the Pusan Perimeter, and the Chosin Reservoir. Today, this hauntingly beautiful memorial stands as an enduring reminder of what it costs to defend and preserve the democratic principles we hold dear. Our ironclad alliance with the Republic of Korea was cemented when the first American troops arrived on its soil to fight for liberty and human dignity. More than six decades after the ceasefire on the Korean Peninsula, the Republic of Korea is flourishing as a prosperous and peace-loving democracy. Since the signing of the armistice at Panmunjom, the United States has worked with the Republic of Korea to preserve peace through strength. Our military, together with our allies, stands vigilant, strong, and ``ready to fight tonight'' on the ground, in the air, and at sea. The phrase ``katchi kapshida''—``we go together''—is on the lips of every service member in Korea, representing generations of Koreans and Americans united by shared sacrifice and a willingness to uphold the cause of freedom no matter the cost. Last month, when I walked across the military demarcation line that runs through the Demilitarized Zone, it was the first time a sitting United States President has ever entered into the territory of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. I hope these steps will spur progress in the ongoing effort to achieve the complete and verifiable denuclearization of North Korea, establish a permanent peace on the Korean Peninsula, and continue the recovery and repatriation of remains of fallen American soldiers. Today, we honor our Korean War veterans for service rendered to both the United States and the Republic of Korea, and we remember their families who supported them throughout. Sometimes called ``The Forgotten War,'' we will always remember the immeasurable cost incurred by those who fought on the Korean Peninsula. The bravery, tenacity, and selflessness of our veterans liberated the oppressed, brought peace and prosperity to a freedom-loving people, and helped forge our unshakable bonds with the Republic of Korea. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim July 27, 2019, as National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day. I call upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities that honor and give thanks to our distinguished Korean War Veterans. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-sixth day of July, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9914 of August 4, 2019 Proc. 9914 Honoring the Victims of the Tragedies in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, OhioBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Our Nation mourns with those whose loved ones were murdered in the tragic shootings in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio, and we share in the pain and suffering of all those who were injured in these two senseless attacks. We condemn these hateful and cowardly acts. Through our grief, America stands united with the people of El Paso and Dayton. May God be with the victims of these two horrific crimes and bring aid and comfort to their families and friends. As a mark of solemn respect for the victims of the terrible acts of violence perpetrated on August 3, 2019, in El Paso, Texas, and on August 4, 2019, in Dayton, Ohio, by the authority vested in me as President of the United States by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, I hereby order that the flag of the United States shall be flown at half-staff at the White House and upon all public buildings and grounds, at all military posts and naval stations, and on all naval vessels of the Federal Government in the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its Territories and possessions until sunset, August 8, 2019. I also direct that the flag shall be flown at half-staff for the same length of time at all United States embassies, legations, consular offices, and other facilities abroad, including all military facilities and naval vessels and stations. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fourth day of August, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America two hundred forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9915 of August 16, 2019 Proc. 9915 National Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Our great Nation's hard-fought independence was won by citizen warriors united in purpose and possessing an unwavering commitment to liberty. On countless occasions since, our citizen Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen have put their civilian lives on hold—leaving behind family, friends, and vocation—to defend freedom and the rights of all Americans. During National Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve Week, we salute the many civilian employers who recognize the indispensable role of our all-volunteer force and provide unwavering support to our Nation's defenders. The men and women of the National Guard and Reserve make significant contributions to both our thriving economy and our strong national defense. In all facets of the civilian workforce, from small businesses to large corporations, they bring to bear considerable expertise, experience, and professionalism. In uniform, they serve with honor and distinction as they respond to natural disasters and emergencies, train to ensure operational readiness, and deploy in support of critical operations. Employers who support the National Guard and Reserve are essential to the Nation's ability to sustain an all-volunteer force. Their flexibility, generosity, and understanding enable reserve component service members to maintain meaningful and successful civilian careers while serving their country. Regardless of financial hardship or inconvenience, these patriotic employers provide job security when employees answer the call of duty, as well as encouragement and stability to their families during times of deployment. In choosing service over self-interest, these employers share in the mission of protecting our democratic principles and our Nation's well-being. Ensuring that our brave military members have the resources they need to thrive in both military and civilian life is one of my highest priorities. I commend employers who hold in high regard our National Guard and Reserve service members and their families, and who provide exemplary cooperation and partnership, often at great financial sacrifice, to Americans who nobly combine military and civilian careers. We extend our gratitude to these employers and to all who willingly serve and sacrifice to defend and preserve our way of life. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim August 18 through August 24, 2019, as National Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve Week. I call upon all Americans to join me in expressing our heartfelt thanks to the civilian employers who provide critical support to the men and women of the National Guard and Reserve. I also call on State and local officials, private organizations, and all military commanders to observe this week with appropriate ceremonies and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9916 of August 23, 2019 Proc. 9916 Women's Equality Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Women's Equality Day, we commemorate the 99th anniversary of the adoption of the 19th Amendment as part of the United States Constitution, which secured for women the right to vote. This historic event was the culmination of the decades-long struggle of courageous suffragists determined to ensure the right of women to shape the course of our Republic through the ballot box. On Women's Equality Day, we commemorate the efforts of those groundbreaking activists, celebrate the remarkable achievements of women, and reaffirm our commitment to equality under the law for all Americans. My Administration is working every day to empower and promote women, and to facilitate their success. Thanks to our economic policies, including the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the elimination of unnecessary and burdensome regulations, the unemployment rate for women recently fell to its lowest rate in 65 years. We also are fighting for policies that recognize the demands and challenges faced by working parents so that mothers can better provide for their families and thrive in the labor force. My Administration worked to double the child tax credit, protect the child and dependent care credit, and develop a tax credit for employers who offer paid family and medical leave. We continue to call upon the Congress to pass a nationwide paid family leave program. Additionally, we are working to break down the barriers faced by women in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields by expanding apprenticeships and vocational education. This year, my Administration launched the Women's Global Development and Prosperity (W-GDP) Initiative, which will reach 50 million women in the developing world by 2025. The W-GDP Initiative focuses on three pillars: improving access to quality education and skills training; promoting women's entrepreneurship and increasing access to capital, markets, technical assistance, and mentorship; and identifying and reducing the legal, regulatory, and cultural barriers that hinder the participation of women in the global economy. As we celebrate Women's Equality Day, we honor the trailblazing American women who have fought for, and achieved, incredible gains in equality since the ratification of the 19th Amendment. Their hard-fought accomplishments have strengthened our economy, our communities, and our families, and have enriched the American spirit. Their resolve, innovation, leadership, passion, and compassion have changed the world and continue to inspire future generations of women. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim August 26, 2019, as Women's Equality Day. I call upon the people of the United States to celebrate the achievements of women and observe this day with appropriate programs and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-third day of August, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9917 of August 30, 2019 Proc. 9917 National Alcohol and Drug Addiction Recovery Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Alcohol and Drug Addiction Recovery Month, we raise awareness of substance use disorder and celebrate the millions of Americans who have successfully overcome addiction. Their stories of healing and redemption are a source of hope and encouragement to others battling addiction. Addiction to alcohol, opioids, and illicit drugs is a public health emergency. For this reason, I have taken aggressive action to combat the scourge of addiction and help those affected by it. My Initiative to Stop Opioid Abuse and Reduce Drug Supply and Demand is designed both to reduce the demand for drugs through education, awareness, and the prevention of over-prescription and to cut off the flow of drugs across our borders. The Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment (SUPPORT) for Patients and Communities Act, which I signed into law last year, is the single largest bill dedicated to combating the drug crisis ever passed in the history of our country. This law expands access to evidence-based treatment, protects our communities from illicit drugs, invests more in sustained recovery, brings those in treatment and recovery back into the workforce, and raises public awareness of the dangers of illicitly imported synthetic opioids. My Administration also secured more than $6 billion over 2 years to help Americans affected by addiction to opioids and other drugs have access to the care they need. And we continue working closely with States to waive overly restrictive Federal rules so they have more flexibility to develop and implement innovative solutions to this crisis. Every American can work to end the crisis of alcohol and drug addiction in our country, which shatters relationships and erodes the strength of our communities. Countless first responders, healthcare professionals, counselors, recovery coaches, spiritual leaders, and volunteers help Americans every day to achieve and sustain recovery through their compassion and dedication. Equally important are the courageous individuals in recovery who have battled stigma, misunderstanding, and the disease of addiction to build a new life. Their struggles, lessons learned, and experiences gained on the road to recovery offer invaluable inspiration to all who fight addiction. Through The Crisis Next Door platform launched by the White House last year, Americans whose lives have been tormented by addiction can share their stories and provide a glimpse into the tragic consequences of substance use disorder and the hope, healing, and joy of lives reclaimed through recovery. This month, we reaffirm our commitment to the critical battle against alcohol and drug addiction, remember the lives lost to this disease, and honor those in recovery. By helping those still struggling find the treatment they need and by welcoming home those who are recovering, we can make our communities and our Nation stronger, healthier, and more prosperous. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 2019 as National Alcohol and Drug Addiction Recovery Month. I call upon the people of the United States to observe this month with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of August, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9918 of August 30, 2019 Proc. 9918 National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month, we recognize the brave young Americans who are courageously fighting cancer, and we pause to remember those we have lost to this horrible disease. We also reaffirm our Nation's commitment to developing cures for pediatric cancer, which inflicts terrible pain on children and causes tremendous anguish for parents and loved ones. Each year, more than 15,000 children and adolescents under the age of 19 are diagnosed with cancer. Although cancer is the leading cause of post-infancy death among our Nation's young people, there is hope for those afflicted by this disease. In the last half century, the life expectancy of children and adolescents with cancer has greatly increased, with approximately 85 percent now living for at least 5 years after being diagnosed. Building upon this progress, we continue our efforts to find effective and innovative medical procedures to treat and prevent all forms of cancer and to improve the quality of life for childhood cancer survivors. My Administration is committed to supporting our Nation's dedicated medical professionals, researchers, and innovators as they work to win the fight against childhood cancer. Last year, I signed into law the Childhood Cancer Survivorship, Treatment, Access, and Research (STAR) Act. This legislation will support research for childhood cancers, explore effective treatments, and help enhance the quality of long-term care for the tenacious young people who have finished treatment and entered into remission. I am also working with the Congress to invest $500 million over the next decade in cancer-related research. This funding will enable our Nation's best scientists and doctors to learn from every child with cancer, creating new opportunities to understand the unique causes of and best cures for childhood cancer. This month, we honor the more than 400,000 survivors of childhood and adolescent cancers in the United States. Their resilient spirit and immeasurable courage inspire us all. We also express our sincerest gratitude to those who work tirelessly to ensure that all children can live healthy, long, and productive lives. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 2019 as National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month. I encourage all Americans to observe this month with appropriate programs and activities that raise awareness of the efforts to find a cure for childhood cancer. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of August, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9919 of August 30, 2019 Proc. 9919 National Preparedness Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Since the early days of our Nation's history, Americans have always demonstrated perseverance and determination in the face of great challenges. Our Nation's efforts to be prepared for whatever lies ahead have contributed to our ability to consistently rise to the occasion when adversity strikes. During National Preparedness Month, we focus on promoting a culture of preparedness to make our homes, businesses, communities, and Nation more ready and resilient in the face of natural, adversarial, accidental, and technological hazards. We also honor and express our immense appreciation for the brave first responders who risk their lives to help others before, during, and after emergencies. During the last 2 years, Americans have faced some of the most devastating natural disasters and emergencies in our Nation's history. From the U.S. Virgin Islands to the Hawaiian Islands, we have endured hurricanes, wildfires, floods, blizzards, earthquakes, tornadoes, and other extreme weather and perilous events. Our resolve as a Nation has been tested again and again. More than 50 people lost their lives after record rainfall and strong winds from Hurricane Florence caused catastrophic flooding and structural damage throughout the Carolinas. Hurricane Michael became the strongest hurricane ever to hit the Florida Panhandle, causing major damage to property and tragically taking more lives. And California's Camp Fire, which took the lives of more than 80 people and destroyed thousands of homes, was the deadliest and one of the most destructive wildfires in more than a century. In spite of these tremendous challenges, the American people remain steadfast in their commitment to overcoming any adversity. While Federal, State, local, tribal, and territorial offices, as well as non-governmental organizations, coordinate with first responders and emergency personnel before, during, and after an emergency, the most integral part of an effective recovery following a disaster is preparedness at every level of government, in the private sector, and especially among our citizens. Maintaining readiness starts by having an emergency plan in place before disaster strikes. Signing up for alerts sent to mobile devices is crucial. These alerts provide critical early warnings, enabling people to get to safety before disaster strikes. An emergency fund can help cover unexpected costs for basic needs like food, water, lodging, gas, and insurance deductibles. It is also crucial to designate an out-of-town contact person that family members can call in case of an emergency. And parents and guardians should talk with their children about how to be prepared for unexpected emergencies at home or at school. The Federal Emergency Management Agency's Ready Campaign outlines simple, cost-effective, and life-saving measures you can take to prepare yourself, your family, and your property. Taking these simple steps can make a big difference during a crisis or natural disaster. This month, as Hurricane Dorian bears down on the Florida coast, I encourage all Americans to take action to be ready and resilient. While we cannot always know when the next disaster or emergency will confront us, we must remain ready. Together, we can ensure that all Americans have the information and resources they need to safeguard themselves and their loved ones from crisis or disaster. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 2019 as National Preparedness Month. I encourage all Americans, including Federal, State, tribal, and local officials, to take action to be prepared for disaster or emergency by making and practicing their emergency response plans. Each step we take to become better prepared makes a real difference in how our families and communities will respond and persevere when faced with the unexpected. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of August, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9920 of August 30, 2019 Proc. 9920 Labor Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Labor Day, we recognize the remarkable American workers who comprise the greatest labor force in the world. American workers are the heart and soul of our Nation's economic resurgence. Since my first day in office, I have followed through on my promise to fight for an agenda that puts American workers first. My Administration's pro-growth policies have enabled countless Americans to reclaim the dignity of work and reap the rewards of our thriving economy. Since my election, the American economy has added more than 6 million new jobs, and for the past 17 months, the unemployment rate has held near record lows. In 2017, as the unemployment rate decreased, the rates of injuries and illnesses in the workplace also declined. Additionally, employers are paying higher wages, which are rising at the fastest pace in a decade. Jobs are consistently becoming available faster than people can fill them. As the 21st century global economy evolves, my Administration is making it a priority to prepare the American workforce of tomorrow. Last year, I signed an Executive Order establishing the President's National Council for the American Worker to ensure that students and workers have access to the affordable, practical, and innovative education and job training they need to be successful across high-demand industries. We are asking companies to sign our Pledge to America's Workers and commit to expanding programs that educate, train, or re-skill employees. In July, as of the 1-year anniversary of our pledge, more than 300 companies and organizations had already joined us in this effort, committing to more than 12 million new education and training opportunities for American students and workers. We are also promoting expanded access to apprenticeships through the Industry-Recognized Apprenticeship Program, which will enable associations, unions, educational institutions, and non-profit organizations to partner and create exceptional opportunities for apprentices to earn and learn through their careers. Additionally, we are seeking to expand Pell Grant program eligibility for high-quality, short-term education and training programs in popular career fields. My Administration has been working tirelessly to renegotiate one-sided trade agreements to obtain fairer terms for American companies and workers. With the signing of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), we took bold and needed action to replace the outdated and unbalanced North American Free Trade Agreement. Once approved by the Congress, the USMCA will support higher-paying jobs for American workers by enhancing the freedom of all American businesses across all sectors of our economy. We also significantly updated one of our most consequential trade deals, the United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement, bringing real benefits to American workers. And we are aggressively enforcing the well-established trade laws of the United States to protect American workers and businesses from unfair trade practices that harm them. Today, we honor those Americans whose contributions have turned our country into an economic powerhouse, and we renew our commitment to create an environment that continues to foster and promote opportunity. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 2, 2019, as Labor Day. I call upon all public officials and people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities that honor the contributions and resilience of working Americans. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of August, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9921 of September 5, 2019 Proc. 9921 National Days of Prayer and Remembrance, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During these National Days of Prayer and Remembrance, we come together to honor the memory of the nearly 3,000 men, women, and children who perished in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The passage of time will never diminish the magnitude of the loss or the courage, compassion, strength, and unity displayed during one of our darkest hours. The horrific events of that September morning shook our Nation to its core as we watched in disbelief as the chaos unfolded. Yet in the midst of loss and destruction, a renewed pride, patriotism, and appreciation for the precious blessings of life and liberty filled our soul. We pause, therefore, to remember not merely our pain and sorrow from that day but also our will, our fortitude, and our reinvigorated unity and love for our fellow Americans. Since the founding of our Republic, we have proclaimed reliance on Almighty God. Prayer has sustained and guided the leaders and citizens of this great Nation in times of peace and prosperity and in times of conflict and disaster. Thus, it is fitting that we again turn to our Creator for wisdom, comfort, and peace on this somber occasion, praying for those who lost loved ones at the World Trade Center, at the Pentagon, and in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, and for all who bear the wounds, seen and unseen, of these tragedies. We also pray for our first responders who risk their own lives to rescue others in peril, and continue to do so day in and day out, as well as for our men and women in the military who protect our homeland, serving a cause greater than themselves. The United States has endured many trials, yet few events have challenged our resolve as the events of September 11, 2001. On that fateful day, our faith was challenged, but never lost; our Nation wept, but could not be defeated. Through the devastation, we emerged stronger. During these commemorative days, may we unite in prayer and remembrance and do our part to ensure that future generations never forget this immeasurable tragedy or ever doubt this Nation's extraordinary resilience. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim Friday, September 6, through Sunday, September 8, 2019, as National Days of Prayer and Remembrance. I ask that the people of the United States mark these National Days of Prayer and Remembrance with prayer, contemplation, memorial services, the visiting of memorials, the ringing of bells, and evening candlelight remembrance vigils. I invite all people around the world to share in these Days of Prayer and Remembrance. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9922 of September 6, 2019 Proc. 9922 National Historically Black Colleges and Universities Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation For more than 180 years, America's Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have made extraordinary contributions to the general welfare and prosperity of our country by advancing the educational pursuits of African Americans and many others. These fine institutions help shape citizens of character and purpose, position them to thrive beyond graduation, and expand our Nation's pipeline of productivity by creating meaningful employment opportunities that empower talented employees to succeed in the workforce and in public service. During National Historically Black Colleges and Universities Week, we celebrate these pillars of higher learning, their unique history, and the pathways to success they provide for African American students and our country. While HBCUs comprise just 3 percent of all nonprofit colleges and universities, they enroll nearly 10 percent of all African American college students. Moreover, these institutions account for 17 percent of African Americans who earn their bachelor's degrees and 27 percent of those who earn degrees in science, technology, engineering, and math fields. My Administration has made HBCU success a national priority. I have signed legislation providing more than $404 million in funding for HBCU Higher Education Act programs and assisted 13 schools experiencing financial difficulty to restructure to be better positioned to meet student and community needs. HBCUs directly contribute $15 billion to our Nation's economy and directly support more than 134,000 jobs. We are working every day to enhance this sizable economic footprint. In accordance with my Executive Order establishing the President's Board of Advisors on HBCUs, 32 Federal agencies have outlined plans describing efforts to make HBCUs stronger and more competitive when seeking grants and other Federal support. Additionally, I have commissioned the Executive Office of the President to develop a unique Federal HBCU strategy that encourages HBCUs to partner with leaders in advancing local economic development goals. We will continue to strengthen the role of these institutions to help them improve the lives of their students, alumni, and the communities they serve. This year, as our Nation solemnly recognizes the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the first Africans in the American colonies in 1619, we take the time to herald the unyielding spirit of African Americans who have triumphed over enslavement, discrimination, oppression, and injustice. We commend HBCUs for all that they have done and continue to do to inspire and foster success in their students, preserve our history, and ensure that we remember, learn from, and build upon the past to create a brighter and more prosperous future for all Americans. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 8 through September 14, 2019, as National Historically Black Colleges and Universities Week, and further proclaim September 9, 2019, as the Inaugural National HBCU Colors Day. I call upon all Americans to observe this week with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities and to boldly, joyfully, and proudly don institutional colors. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9923 of September 6, 2019 Proc. 9923 Opioid Crisis Awareness Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The opioid crisis has devastated communities across America and has stolen precious lives, leaving families with an unfillable void. During Opioid Crisis Awareness Week, we reaffirm our commitment to ending this terrible crisis and eradicating drug addiction from our society. On average, 130 Americans die every day from an opioid overdose. Drug overdose is the leading cause of accidental death in the United States, and opioids are the most common drug used in cases of drug overdose. Since the start of the 21st century, our Nation has lost nearly the same number of lives to the opioid crisis as we lost in World War II. My Administration is taking aggressive action to address this nationwide public health emergency. In 2018, our High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area program disrupted or dismantled nearly 3,000 drug trafficking organizations. During that operation, the Department of Justice seized enough fentanyl to kill more than 100,000 Americans out of our communities. Additionally, I released my Initiative to Stop Opioid Abuse and Reduce Drug Supply and Demand, which is preventing over-prescription, reducing the demand for drugs through education and awareness, and cutting off the flow of illicit drugs across our borders and into American communities. As a part of this Initiative, we are working with State and local partners to expand access to evidence-based addiction treatment in every part of our country. Further, I signed the bipartisan H.R. 6, the Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment (SUPPORT) for Patients and Communities Act, the largest legislative effort ever to address a single drug crisis in our Nation's history. This law is expanding access to evidence-based treatment, protecting our communities from illicit drugs, investing more in sustained recovery, bringing those in treatment and recovery back into the workforce, and raising awareness of the dangers of illicitly imported synthetic opioids. My Administration is determined to use every resource at our disposal to release the grip of addiction plaguing our citizens. This month, the Department of Health and Human Services announced $1.8 billion in new grant money to fight the opioid epidemic. These funds will be delivered to communities where help is most needed and will support State and local governments in obtaining high-quality, comprehensive data to save lives. Moreover, in order to break the cycle of addiction, we must prevent young Americans from ever trying drugs in the first place. To help succeed in this important cause, we launched a nationwide public ad campaign to educate young people about the dangers of misusing prescription opioids. This campaign has already reached 58 percent of young adults. These critical actions, combined with the record $6 billion in new funding I secured during my first 2 years in office to fuel the response to this crisis, are leading to results. Provisional data shows we are making progress, with overdose deaths declining for the first time since 1990. It is crucial to remove the societal stigma surrounding those suffering from opioid use and other substance use disorders by approaching addiction as a treatable disease. We need to make it clear that treatment is available and effective, and that recovery is possible. Already, we are seeing encouraging progress toward ensuring that those struggling with addiction receive evidence-based treatment in order to begin the road to recovery. In 2018, 250,000 more Americans received medication-assisted treatment than in 2016. Through The Crisis Next Door platform, which my Administration launched last year, those who have been affected by the opioid crisis can help encourage other people struggling with addiction to seek the care they need. As we observe Opioid Crisis Awareness Week, we strengthen our resolve to win the fight against the opioid epidemic. Together, we will ensure that all Americans have the opportunity for a brighter future, free from the oppression of drug addiction. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 8 through September 14, 2019, as Opioid Crisis Awareness Week. I call upon my fellow Americans to observe this week with appropriate programs, ceremonies, religious services, and other activities that raise awareness about the prescription opioid and heroin epidemic and to consider concrete follow-up activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9924 of September 9, 2019 Proc. 9924 Minority Enterprise Development Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During Minority Enterprise Development Week, our Nation celebrates the success of minority-owned businesses and recognizes their significant role in strengthening our country's robust economy. The contributions of these enterprises ensure American companies remain world leaders in the global marketplace. This year marks the 50th anniversary of the Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA), which was originally named the Office of Minority Business Enterprise. When President Richard Nixon signed the Executive Order creating the Office of Minority Business Enterprise in 1969, the Nation's minority population was less than 40 million. Today, the minority population has more than tripled to 130 million, or more than 39 percent of the total American population. Minorities own almost 30 percent of America's businesses, which employ 7.2 million Americans and generate over $1 trillion a year in revenue. Indeed, the number of minority-owned businesses in operation nationwide has increased by 38 percent since 2007. As President, I have taken critical steps to ensure that all Americans have the opportunity to prosper. During my first year in office, I achieved significant regulatory reform and signed into law the historic Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, creating opportunity zones to help those in distressed communities. These opportunity zones have ushered in a new era of economic potential and access to capital in areas that need it the most. From the rural heartland to urban centers, traditionally overlooked communities are now destinations for financial growth with potential for unlimited prosperity. I also took action to help minority-owned businesses expand on their economic success by shedding burdensome regulations. Under my direction, Federal agencies removed 14 regulations for every new regulation added during the first 2 years of my Administration, and we remain committed to freeing minority-owned businesses from unnecessary Government restraints. With renewed emphasis on innovation, policy development, international trade, and digital transformation, MBDA is promoting policies to encourage the continued growth of minority-owned businesses and prepare them for new and emerging industries, such as artificial intelligence and space commercialization. In 2018, I signed an Executive Order establishing the President's National Council for the American Worker so that the next generation of our country's resilient workforce receives the innovative education and job training needed to succeed in a 21st century global economy. The Pledge to America's Workers, an initiative created through this Executive Order, is helping minorities and all Americans become stronger members of our labor force. Today, more than 300 companies and organizations have signed the Pledge and committed to more than 13 million new education and training opportunities, many of which will help minority workers and students be better equipped to succeed. Minority-owned businesses are helping to power the engine of American capitalism. The ambition of minority entrepreneurs secures a better future for their families, their communities, and the Nation. This week, and throughout the year, we celebrate the great achievements of our minority-owned businesses. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 8 through September 14, 2019, as National Minority Enterprise Development Week. I call upon all Americans to celebrate this week with programs, ceremonies, and activities to recognize the many contributions of American minority business enterprises. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this ninth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9925 of September 10, 2019 Proc. 9925 Patriot Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Patriot Day, we solemnly remember the nearly 3,000 people who perished on September 11, 2001. With gratitude, we honor the brave first responders, resolute members of our military, and ordinary Americans who showed extraordinary courage to save others on that fateful day. We will always be grateful for the heroic men and women of our Armed Forces who fought in defense of our country in the aftermath of the largest terrorist attack on American soil, and we will never forget those who made the ultimate sacrifice to defend our liberty and freedom. Many Americans vividly recall the precise moment when terrorists killed our fellow Americans at the World Trade Center in New York City; at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia; and on a quiet field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. A beautiful September morning was marred by stark disbelief, agonizing sorrow, and profound suffering. America's strength, courage, and compassion, however, never wavered. First responders instantly rushed into harm's way to save their fellow Americans from the wreckage of the attacks, the passengers and crew of United Flight 93 decisively fought back and saved countless lives at the cost of their own, and Americans from across the country provided aid, assistance, and comfort to those in need. Against the backdrop of cowardly acts of terror, America once again demonstrated to the world the unmatched strength of our resolve and the indomitable power of our character. This year, I was proud to sign into law the Permanent Authorization of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund Act. This bipartisan legislation, named in honor of New York first responders Officer James Zadroga, Firefighter Ray Pfeifer, and Detective Luis Alvarez, permanently reauthorizes compensation for victims and their families, first responders, and those on the front lines of rescue and recovery operations at Ground Zero. Through this legislation, our Nation is fulfilling our sacred duty to those who risked their lives for their fellow Americans on that infamous September day 18 years ago. Our prayers will continue for the survivors who still bear physical and emotional wounds and for the families who lost loved ones. We also pray for the members of our Armed Forces who risk their lives in service to our country and for the first responders who work tirelessly to ensure the safety of others. Today, let us remember that our Union—forged and strengthened through adversity—will never be broken and that the immeasurable sacrifices of our patriots will never be forgotten. By a joint resolution approved December 18, 2001 (Public Law 107-89), the Congress has designated September 11 of each year as ``Patriot Day.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim September 11, 2019, as Patriot Day. I call upon all departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States to display the flag of the United States at half-staff on Patriot Day in honor of the individuals who lost their lives on September 11, 2001. I invite the Governors of the United States and its Territories and interested organizations and individuals to join in this observance. I call upon the people of the United States to participate in community service in honor of those our Nation lost, to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities, including remembrance services, and to observe a moment of silence beginning at 8:46 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time to honor the innocent victims who perished as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this tenth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9926 of September 13, 2019 Proc. 9926 National Farm Safety and Health Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Farm Safety and Health Week, we recognize the importance of the health and safety of our Nation's farmers, ranchers, and foresters. These hardworking Americans and their families endure long, strenuous hours of labor to provide for the American people and the world. We recommit to the wellbeing of all agricultural workers by pursuing initiatives that improve their work environments. From operating dangerous heavy machinery to navigating harsh weather conditions, the men and women who work our country's rich land face significant risks on a daily basis as they labor to bring their products to market. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 581 workers in agriculture and related industries died from a work-related injury in 2017, making agriculture one of the most dangerous jobs in the United States. We must redouble our efforts to ensure the health and safety of our agricultural producers by promoting the best safety practices and adopting innovative technologies that reduce risks. My Administration is committed to providing our Nation's farmers with the tools, training, and resources they need to remain both productive and healthy. This week, we pledge to strive to improve practices that advance the health and safety of self-employed farm and ranch operators, their family members, and their hired workers. By raising awareness of the inherent risks associated with agricultural work, we can help sustain the success of this critical American industry. As American farmers and American consumers, we will work together to enhance the livelihoods of our farmers, ranchers, and foresters, because we know that when our farmers succeed, our Nation succeeds. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 15 through September 21, 2019, as National Farm Safety and Health Week. I call upon the people of the United States, including America's farmers and ranchers and agriculture-related institutions, organizations, and businesses to reaffirm their dedication to farm safety and health. I also urge all Americans to honor our agricultural heritage and to express their appreciation and gratitude to our farmers, ranchers, and foresters for their important contributions and tireless service to our Nation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9927 of September 13, 2019 Proc. 9927 National Hispanic Heritage Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation National Hispanic Heritage Month celebrates the accomplishments of Hispanic Americans, who have enriched our culture and society and helped make America into the incredible country it is today. Hispanic-American men and women embody the American values of devotion to faith and family, hard work, and patriotism through their countless contributions as leaders, innovators, entrepreneurs, and members of our Armed Forces. Since I took office, Hispanic-American unemployment rates and poverty rates have hit record lows. My Administration is always working to create an environment that fosters opportunity for all Americans. That is why I signed the pro-growth Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which has put more money in the pockets of American workers and has given businesses more money to invest in their employees. This historic legislation also created Opportunity Zones that are driving investment toward and revitalizing distressed communities. My Administration has slashed unnecessary and burdensome regulations to allow entrepreneurs to use their creativity to contribute to our economic growth. Our thriving economy is enabling more Hispanic Americans to achieve the American Dream. Additionally, we have worked to strengthen our economic and political relationship with our Latin American partners. We successfully renegotiated the North American Free Trade Agreement with the signing of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), a trade deal that will benefit all parties and American workers. Once approved by the Congress, USMCA will protect jobs, ensure fair trade, bolster our economies, and allow our nations to prosper. We have also worked to support liberty by standing with the community of democracies in the Western Hemisphere against the authoritarian regimes in Venezuela, Cuba, and Nicaragua. The United States has strong security and economic interests in a safe and prosperous Latin America. This month, we honor Hispanic Americans for their countless contributions to our Nation. Through their dedication to family, community, and our country, they help to build a better future for all Americans. To honor the achievements of Hispanic Americans, the Congress, by Public Law 100-402, as amended, has authorized and requested the President to issue annually a proclamation designating September 15 through October 15 as ``National Hispanic Heritage Month.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 15 through October 15, 2019, as National Hispanic Heritage Month. I call upon public officials, educators, librarians, and all Americans to observe this month with appropriate ceremonies, activities, and programs. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9928 of September 13, 2019 Proc. 9928 National Gang Violence Prevention Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation My Administration has successfully indicted, convicted, imprisoned, and removed from our country ruthless members of gangs and cartels who inflict horrendous acts of violence upon Americans. During National Gang Violence Prevention Week, my Administration renews its dedication to identifying and dismantling the criminal networks that seek to wreak havoc on our communities and to bringing the individuals who participate in them to justice. We also reaffirm our support for the heroes of law enforcement who have taken a sacred pledge to defend the Nation and its people. Our Nation's law enforcement officers are the first line of defense against acts of evil perpetrated by gang members. My Administration has increased efforts and has devoted considerable resources to catching, prosecuting, and removing these criminals from our streets. We have made tremendous strides by partnering with State, local, and tribal law enforcement to implement new initiatives, such as Project Safe Neighborhoods, that have been successful in creating safer communities through targeted and sustained reductions in gang violence. Because of these efforts, the Department of Justice (DOJ) brought more cases against violent criminals in fiscal year 2018 than ever before. The record progress we have achieved is the result of our tough stance against crime as well as the bravery and hard work of law enforcement officials. My Administration is also aggressively combating transnational criminal organizations that bring mayhem across our borders and into our country. On our southern border especially, gangs are heavily involved in murder, extortion, narcotics, and weapons trafficking, human smuggling and trafficking, and other nefarious activities. In the first few weeks of my Administration, I signed three executive orders to dismantle transnational criminal organizations and subsidiary organizations, to reduce crime and restore public safety, and to enhance the safety of law enforcement officers. The DOJ is also working with law enforcement in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras to help coordinate the fight against MS-13, the 18th Street Gang, and other dangerous criminal organizations that try to enter the United States in an effort to ravage our communities. This partnership, called Operation Regional Shield, targets gangs at the source and works to ensure that these criminals never reach our borders. So far, the program has resulted in the indictment of more than 7,000 criminal gang members. In the first 2 years of my Administration, Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers made 266,000 arrests of aliens with criminal records, including those charged or convicted of 100,000 assaults, nearly 30,000 sex crimes, and 4,000 violent killings. My first duty is to care for our Nation's citizens, and my Administration remains committed to securing the border and stopping criminal gangs, drug smugglers, and human traffickers. This week, we renew our pledge to defeat criminal gangs and protect our Nation's communities from violent crime so that all Americans have the opportunity to live in safety and peace. We express our deep gratitude to the selfless men and women of our law enforcement agencies who risk their lives protecting our communities. We also pay tribute to the innocent victims of gang violence and pray for their families. Let us honor them by redoubling our efforts to root out and eliminate brutal gangs that threaten our society. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim the week of September 15 through September 21, 2019, as ``National Gang Violence Prevention Week.'' I call upon the people of the United States to observe this week with appropriate ceremonies and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9929 of September 16, 2019 Proc. 9929 Constitution Day, Citizenship Day, and Constitution Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Two hundred thirty-two years ago, the Framers of the Constitution met in Philadelphia and set our country on a bold course toward forming a more perfect Union. John Adams called the drafting of the Constitution ``the greatest single effort of national deliberation that the world has ever seen,'' and since its ratification, this exceptional document has remained the bedrock of the rule of law for our Nation. On this day and during this week, we celebrate the signing of the Constitution and the American citizens who have devoted their lives to implementing the Framers' vision for the world's grandest and most successful experiment in self-government. The Founders understood that a self-governing republic requires a free and empowered citizenry. We are therefore grateful that our Constitution is designed, first and foremost, to secure liberty. Through a system of limited Government and checks and balances, the Constitution limits the ability of the State to become an obstacle to human flourishing, while simultaneously enabling the State to serve order, protect rights, and provide public goods. Since taking office, I have nominated two Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States who have exhibited a proven commitment to the Constitution. I have also nominated and the Senate has confirmed 150 other Federal lower court judges who will faithfully interpret the Constitution and the laws of our Nation. With appropriate respect for the genius of the Framers and in accordance with the rule of law, our Nation's Federal judges should always strive to interpret our laws, including our Constitution as written, regardless of any political or policy preferences they may hold in their capacity as citizens. The drafters of our Constitution were committed not to a king or Government but to a belief in the promise of America as a free and prosperous society. To fulfill that promise, they designed a Government and a Constitution that could withstand the inevitable demagoguery, passions, and exigencies that would seek to unmake us as a people. And though the durability of our Constitution has been tested through crises and wars, it has endured. Today and throughout this week, we recognize the magnitude of the Constitution and the unparalleled success of the system of Government it helped create. The Congress, by joint resolution of February 29, 1952 (36 U.S.C. 106), designated September 17 as ``Constitution Day and Citizenship Day,'' and by joint resolution of August 2, 1956 (36 U.S.C. 108), requested that the President proclaim the week beginning September 17 and ending September 23 of each year as ``Constitution Week.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 17, 2019, as Constitution Day and Citizenship Day, and September 17, 2019, through September 23, 2019, as Constitution Week. On this day and during this week, we celebrate the citizens and the Constitution that have made America the greatest Nation this world has ever known. In doing so, we recommit ourselves to the enduring principles of the Constitution and thereby ``secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our posterity.'' IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9930 of September 19, 2019 Proc. 9930 National POW/MIA Recognition Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Our American story is filled with countless examples of patriots who have gone beyond the call of duty to defend our precious liberties and cherished freedoms. National POW/MIA Recognition Day is an opportunity for our Nation to honor the intrepid spirit and admirable bravery of all former American prisoners of war, while also reaffirming our promise never to relent in our quest to locate the Soldiers, Sailors, Marines, Airmen, Coast Guardsmen, Merchant Marines, and civilians who remain missing in action. Seventy-five years ago, more than 150,000 American and Allied troops took part in the D-Day invasion on the beaches of Normandy. Among the stalwart heroes who helped alter history for the betterment of humankind on the morning of June 6, 1944, are 261 American service members missing in action. Their immeasurable sacrifice will forever be preserved in the hearts of those who continue to enjoy the hard-earned blessings of peace and prosperity. As Americans, it is our sacred duty to pay tribute to the brave men and women of our Armed Forces for their service and sacrifice, especially those who endured unimaginable physical and emotional trauma as prisoners of war and those who never returned to American soil. It is also our solemn obligation never to leave a service member behind. My Administration is dedicated to locating and identifying the more than 81,000 American service members unaccounted for—many of whom were former prisoners of war—to help alleviate the grieving and prolonged uncertainty of their families. We vow to pursue the fullest possible accounting of these gallant patriots. On September 20, 2019, the black and white flag symbolizing America's Missing in Action and Prisoners of War will be flown over the White House; the United States Capitol; the Departments of State, Defense, and Veterans Affairs; the Selective Service System Headquarters; the World War II Memorial; the Korean War Veterans Memorial; the Vietnam Veterans Memorial; United States post offices; national cemeteries; and other locations across our country. Our Nation salutes our former prisoners of war, and we show reverence to the service members who remain missing in action and to their waiting families. America will always preserve their legacy. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 20, 2019, as National POW/MIA Recognition Day. I call upon the people of the United States to join me in saluting all American POWs and those missing in action who valiantly served our country. I call upon Federal, State, and local government officials and private organizations to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this nineteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9931 of September 25, 2019 Proc. 9931 Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons Responsible for Policies or Actions That Threaten Venezuela's Democratic InstitutionsBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation There remains a political and humanitarian crisis in Venezuela due to the continued failure of Nicolas Maduro, Maduro regime officials, and others to support the rule of law. Given the importance to the United States of fostering the functioning of constitutional government and democratic institutions in Venezuela, I have determined that it is in the interest of the United States to take action to restrict and suspend the entry into the United States, as immigrants or nonimmigrants, of senior members of the regime of Nicolas Maduro and others described in this proclamation who formulate, implement, or benefit from policies or actions that undermine or injure Venezuela's democratic institutions or impede the restoration of constitutional government to Venezuela. This suspension is not intended to apply to those who cease these actions and who take concrete steps to help return Venezuela to a functioning, democratic country. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including sections 212(f) and 215(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (8 U.S.C. 1182(f) and 1185(a)) and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, hereby find that the unrestricted immigrant and nonimmigrant entry into the United States of persons described in section 1 of this proclamation would, except as provided for in section 4 of this proclamation, be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and that their entry should be subject to certain restrictions, limitations, and exceptions. I therefore hereby proclaim the following: Section 1. Suspension and Limitation on Entry. The entry into the United States, as immigrants or nonimmigrants, of the following persons is hereby suspended: (a) Members of the regime of Nicolas Maduro at the level of Vice Minister, or equivalent, and above; (b) All officers of the Venezuelan military, police, or National Guard at the rank of Colonel, or equivalent, and above; (c) All members of the organization known as the National Constituent Assembly of Venezuela; (d) All other aliens who act on behalf of or in support of the Maduro regime's efforts to undermine or injure Venezuela's democratic institutions or impede the restoration of constitutional government to Venezuela; (e) Aliens who derive significant financial benefit from transactions or business dealings with persons described in subsections (a) through (d) of this section; and (f) The immediate family members of persons described in subsections (a) through (e) of this section. Sec. 2. Delegation of Authority to the Secretary of State. Persons covered by section 1 of this proclamation shall be identified by the Secretary of State, or the Secretary's designee, in his or her sole discretion, pursuant to such procedures as the Secretary may establish under section 3 of this proclamation. Sec. 3. Implementation of Suspension and Limitation on Entry. The Secretary of State shall implement this proclamation as it applies to visas pursuant to such procedures as the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, may establish. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall implement this proclamation as it applies to the entry of aliens pursuant to such procedures as the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of State, may establish. Sec. 4. Scope of Suspension and Limitation on Entry. Section 1 of this proclamation shall not apply to: (a) Any lawful permanent resident of the United States; (b) Any individual who has been granted asylum by the United States, any refugee who has already been admitted to the United States, or any individual granted withholding of removal or protection under the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and nothing in this proclamation shall be construed to affect any individual's eligibility for asylum, refugee status, withholding of removal, or protection under the Convention Against Torture, consistent with the laws and regulations of the United States; and (c) Any person otherwise covered by section 1 of this proclamation, upon determination by the Secretary of State that the person's entry would not be contrary to the interests of the United States, including when the Secretary so determines, based on a recommendation of the Attorney General, that the person's entry would further important United States law enforcement objectives. In exercising this responsibility, the Secretary of State shall consult the Secretary of Homeland Security on matters related to admissibility or inadmissibility within the authority of the Secretary of Homeland Security. Sec. 5. Termination. This proclamation shall remain in effect until such time as the Secretary of State determines that it is no longer necessary and should be terminated, either in whole or in part. Any such determination by the Secretary of State shall become effective upon publication in the Federal Register. Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this proclamation shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) United States Government obligations under applicable international agreements; (ii) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (iii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This proclamation shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This proclamation is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-fifth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9932 of September 25, 2019 Proc. 9932 Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Senior Officials of the Government of IranBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The Government of Iran is a state sponsor of terrorism, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, including its Qods Force, supports terrorists and directly engages in terrorism. Iran arbitrarily detains United States citizens. The Iranian regime contributes to humanitarian crises, threatens its neighbors, threatens international shipping, and conducts destructive cyberattacks. Given that this behavior threatens peace and stability in the Middle East and beyond, I have determined that it is in the interest of the United States to take action to restrict and suspend the entry into the United States, as immigrants or nonimmigrants, of senior government officials of Iran, and their immediate family members. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including sections 212(f) and 215(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (8 U.S.C. 1182(f) and 1185(a)) and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, hereby find that the unrestricted immigrant and nonimmigrant entry into the United States of persons described in section 1 of this proclamation would, except as provided for in section 4 of this proclamation, be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and that their entry should be subject to certain restrictions, limitations, and exceptions. I therefore hereby proclaim the following: Section 1. Suspension and Limitation on Entry. The entry into the United States, as immigrants or nonimmigrants, of the following persons is hereby suspended: (a) Senior officials of the Government of Iran; and (b) The immediate family members of senior officials of the Government of Iran. Sec. 2. Delegation of Authority to the Secretary of State. Persons covered by section 1 of this proclamation shall be identified by the Secretary of State, or the Secretary's designee, in his or her sole discretion, pursuant to such procedures as the Secretary may establish under section 3 of this proclamation. Sec. 3. Implementation of Suspension and Limitation on Entry. The Secretary of State shall implement this proclamation as it applies to visas pursuant to such procedures as the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, may establish. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall implement this proclamation as it applies to the entry of aliens pursuant to such procedures as the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of State, may establish. Sec. 4. Scope of Suspension and Limitation on Entry. Section 1 of this proclamation shall not apply to: (a) Any lawful permanent resident of the United States; (b) Any individual who has been granted asylum by the United States, any refugee who has already been admitted to the United States, or any individual granted withholding of removal or protection under the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and nothing in this proclamation shall be construed to affect any individual's eligibility for asylum, refugee status, withholding of removal, or protection under the Convention Against Torture, consistent with the laws and regulations of the United States; and (c) Any person otherwise covered by section 1 of this proclamation, upon determination by the Secretary of State that the person's entry would not be contrary to the interests of the United States, including when the Secretary so determines, based on a recommendation of the Attorney General, that the person's entry would further important United States law enforcement objectives. In exercising this responsibility, the Secretary of State shall consult the Secretary of Homeland Security on matters related to admissibility or inadmissibility within the authority of the Secretary of Homeland Security. Sec. 5. Termination. This proclamation shall remain in effect until such time as the Secretary of State determines that it is no longer necessary and should be terminated, either in whole or in part. Any such determination by the Secretary of State shall become effective upon publication in the Federal Register. Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this proclamation shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) United States Government obligations under applicable international agreements; (ii) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (iii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This proclamation shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This proclamation is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-fifth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9933 of September 27, 2019 Proc. 9933 National Domestic Violence Awareness Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Domestic violence poisons relationships, destroys lives, and shatters the bedrock of our society—the family. Homes should be places of comfort and stability where love and mutual respect thrive. Domestic violence erodes this environment, leaving many Americans in potentially life-threatening situations. As a Nation, we must resolve to have zero tolerance for acts of domestic violence. During National Domestic Violence Awareness Month, we reaffirm our steadfast commitment to empowering survivors and ending this deeply destructive abuse. Domestic violence affects Americans regardless of income, race, gender, or socioeconomic status. Still, women make up a disproportionately higher number of victims of domestic violence, with nearly half of female homicide victims killed by a current or former male partner. Each of us has a duty to speak out against these crimes and to make every effort to prevent such tragedies from occurring. Together, we can ensure those who have suffered at the hands of abusers receive needed care and support, and we can protect potential victims from future abuse. My Administration has made it a priority to provide victims of domestic violence with needed assistance. The Department of Justice's Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) funds critical services and training across the country to prevent domestic violence and to support law enforcement efforts to hold domestic violence offenders accountable for their crimes. To support law enforcement in Alaska Native villages and address the complex, unique, and dire public safety challenges those communities are facing, OVW is funding specialized training and technical assistance on enforcement of Tribal protection orders. In fiscal years 2018 and 2019, approximately $8 billion—a historic amount—has been made available for victim services through the Department of Justice's Office for Victims of Crime, funding more than 3,000 domestic violence local service providers and national domestic violence hotlines. These services assist more than 2 million domestic violence victims annually, helping individuals and families heal from physical and psychological wounds. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) provides resources to help survivors of domestic violence rebuild safe, stable, and self-sufficient lives. HHS supports initiatives to train healthcare providers to assist those who have suffered from domestic violence. Through Project Catalyst, clinics are educating all patients about domestic violence, sexual violence, and human trafficking, and they are connecting people in need to local service providers. In fiscal year 2019, HHS provided 143 grants to Tribes and Tribal organizations to assist in efforts to increase public awareness about domestic violence and to provide immediate shelter and supportive services for victims and their children. This month, we strengthen our resolve to ensure homes are places of refuge, comfort, and protection—and not places of fear and abuse. We renew our commitment to support and protect victims, hold perpetrators accountable, and prevent violence before it starts. We strive to eliminate domestic violence in all its horrific forms in order to sustain the hope of a better life for victims and to foster safer homes and relationships for all Americans. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 2019 as National Domestic Violence Awareness Month. I call upon all Americans to stand firm in condemning domestic violence and supporting survivors of these crimes in finding the safety and recovery they need. I also call upon all Americans to support, recognize, and trust in the efforts of law enforcement and public health and social services providers to hold offenders accountable, protect victims of crime and their communities, and prevent future violence. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9934 of September 27, 2019 Proc. 9934 Gold Star Mother's and Family's Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Every life lost in service to our country is precious and irreplaceable. Our deepest sympathy, utmost respect, unwavering support, and profound gratitude go to the families who must endure the ongoing pain of such loss. On Gold Star Mother's and Family's Day, we solemnly honor these families and pray for their continued strength and courage. Since the founding of our Republic, our liberty has been defended by our men and women in uniform. Their love of country and devotion to duty represent the very best of America. Our Nation's military families share in the demands and pressures of this noble calling. The cost is exceedingly high—with multiple deployments, relocations, and separations—but the sobering price of their sacrifice is most clearly seen in the families who have faced the life-altering loss of a father, mother, son, daughter, sister, or brother who died fighting for our freedom. Because of tragedies that forever change the course of their lives, these families receive the designation of the Gold Star. Each story is unique; each death is profoundly personal. The fallen leave behind families who must learn to carve out a new future while coping with their loved one's absence on holidays, at celebrations, and during everyday activities. Their pain permeates every facet of life, never fully fading. Yet, in spite of their challenges and heartbreak, Gold Star families exemplify amazing grace and resilience. From the depths of grief, they emerge to find hope, purpose, and joy, serving as an example and a source of inspiration for others. These patriots know the true cost of freedom, and it is the responsibility of all Americans to stand alongside them and share in shouldering this profound burden. The Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 115 of June 23, 1936 (49 Stat. 1895 as amended), has designated the last Sunday in September as ``Gold Star Mother's Day.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim Sunday, September 29, 2019, as Gold Star Mother's and Family's Day. I call upon all Government officials to display the flag of the United States over Government buildings on this special day. I also encourage the American people to display the flag and hold appropriate ceremonies as a public expression of our Nation's gratitude and respect for our Gold Star Mothers and Families. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9935 of September 27, 2019 Proc. 9935 National Hunting and Fishing Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Since our Nation's earliest days, hunting and fishing have remained enduring pastimes that are inextricably linked to the American experience. For the first American settlers and Native Americans, hunting and fishing were a means of survival. Today, hunters and anglers of all ages carry on these traditions in the spirit of rugged individualism to provide for their families and to show the next generation of Americans the splendor of the great outdoors. On National Hunting and Fishing Day, we celebrate their stewardship of the natural world, their contributions to our thriving economy, and America's abundant natural resources and beauty. Our lands and waters have long been among our Nation's greatest national treasures, and sportsmen and women are at the forefront of conservation efforts to sustain them for centuries to come. Hunters and anglers play an integral role in maintaining the health of our Nation's ecosystems and preserving our country's private and public lands for wildlife and all those who love the outdoors. They understand the relationship between humankind and nature, and they cultivate a profound respect for our natural resources, passing on values that have strengthened generations of American families and communities. Hunters and anglers also play a vital role in fueling our robust economy. Wildlife-related recreation supports 480,000 jobs annually, and more than 100 million Americans participated in wildlife-related activities in 2016. These people included approximately 46 million hunters and anglers, who spent more than $70 billion on equipment, travel, and other expenses, underscoring the importance of hunting and fishing to both our economy and our way of life. To further promote participation in hunting and fishing, my Administration remains committed to facilitating greater access to the boundless opportunities afforded by our great outdoors. We have opened or expanded hunting and fishing opportunities on nearly 1.8 million acres of lands and waters. In March, I signed into law the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, which designates new acreage as wilderness areas and increases access to public lands and waters for hunters and anglers to enjoy. Today, we recognize the ways in which hunters and anglers embody the American values of freedom and self-reliance, and we encourage all Americans to enjoy the natural beauty of the United States. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 28, 2019, as National Hunting and Fishing Day. I call upon the people of the United States to join me in recognizing the contributions of America's hunters and anglers, and all those who work to conserve our Nation's fish and wildlife resources. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9936 of September 30, 2019 Proc. 9936 National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, our Nation honors the courage and strength of the over 3.4 million Americans who are battling this terrible disease and remembers loved ones whose lives have been affected by breast cancer. In memory of those we have lost, we pledge never to waver from our ongoing search for effective and innovative medical advancements to treat and prevent this disease. In the United States, more than 268,000 women and approximately 2,600 men are diagnosed with breast cancer annually. While deaths from breast cancer have declined over time, it remains the second most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death overall among American women, with a staggering 41,000 lives lost each year. For this reason, Melania and I urge our fellow Americans, especially those who have a family history or may be at increased risk, to consult with their healthcare providers about the individual likelihood of developing breast cancer. Early detection and regular screening mammograms, followed by timely treatment upon diagnosis, can significantly improve a patient's chance of survival. My Administration continues to support the cutting-edge research needed to develop treatments that may save the lives of breast cancer patients. Since my first day in office, I have eliminated burdensome regulations, allowing researchers to more easily develop new drugs that can be approved quickly by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Just this year, the FDA has approved several new therapies for the treatment of breast cancer. Additionally, last year, I signed into law the Federal ``Right to Try'' legislation, which allows those diagnosed with a terminal illness greater access to lifesaving drugs. The expanded options for patients also allow researchers to better understand the safety and effectiveness of new approaches to treatment, bringing us closer to defeating breast cancer completely. This month, and throughout the year, we join together in support of our fellow Americans diagnosed with breast cancer, those who are in remission, and those who have lost loved ones to this disease. We also commend the skilled medical professionals and dedicated researchers who provide quality treatment and care to women and men across our country. As one Nation, we will continue to strive for a future in which every American may enjoy a long, healthy life free from the threat of cancer. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 2019 as National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. I encourage citizens, government agencies, private businesses, nonprofit organizations, the media, and other interested groups to increase awareness of how Americans can fight breast cancer. I also invite the Governors of the States and Territories and officials of other areas subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to join me in recognizing National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9937 of September 30, 2019 Proc. 9937 National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, we recognize that protecting cyberspace is essential to our national security and economic stability. We also underscore the responsibility individuals have to secure and safeguard their personal devices, technology, and networks from cyber threats. My Administration is taking decisive action to prevent our adversaries from compromising our information and communications infrastructure. Last year, I released the first comprehensive National Cyber Strategy in more than 15 years. By identifying and implementing the priorities related to our Nation's cybersecurity objectives, this strategy ensures the Federal Government will be better equipped to protect the American people, homeland, and way of life. Additionally, in November of 2018, I signed into law the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Act, establishing the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Since its creation, CISA has worked with Federal, State, local, and private partners to provide incident response services and assessment capabilities for a more secure and resilient cyber infrastructure. As technology advances, so do the tactics used by malicious cyber actors to obtain personal information and threaten our networks. To maximize our Nation's cybersecurity and mitigate risks, all levels of government must strengthen their partnerships with the private sector to better exchange information, build greater trust, and enhance the resilience of our country's cyber infrastructure. In May of 2019, I issued an Executive Order on America's Cybersecurity Workforce to provide more access to cybersecurity skills training, identify the most-skilled cybersecurity workers, and advance career opportunities in the public and private sectors. This action also established the annual President's Cup Cybersecurity Competition. The goal of this competition is to identify and encourage outstanding cybersecurity talent within the Federal workforce. My Administration is also placing a renewed focus on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) curriculums that embrace courses such as computer science, so that the next generation will have the technical skills needed to defend our critical infrastructure and fellow citizens. All Americans have a responsibility to defend their sensitive data stored on devices and in the cloud. DHS's ``Own IT. Secure IT. Protect IT.'' campaign and the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Cybersecurity Framework provide guidance for securing personal information and devices. From browsing social media sites to managing online banking accounts, practicing a few simple steps can make a substantial difference in keeping you and your online data secure. To be better protected at home, school, or work, DHS recommends individuals limit the amount of personal information they share online, regularly update devices and software, and utilize complex passwords and authentication methods. As we continue working to fortify our country's cybersecurity infrastructure, it is imperative that all Americans use best practices in online security. During National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, I urge all citizens to spread awareness on ways they can mitigate risks, safeguard personal and professional data, and contribute to the safety and prosperity of our Nation. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 2019 as National Cybersecurity Awareness Month. I call upon the people, companies, and institutions of the United States to recognize the importance of cybersecurity and to observe this month through events, training, and education to further our country's national security and resilience. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9938 of September 30, 2019 Proc. 9938 National Disability Employment Awareness Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation National Disability Employment Awareness Month is a time to celebrate the contributions of Americans with disabilities to our country's workforce and economic strength. We also reaffirm our commitment to fostering opportunity for Americans of all abilities to apply their skills and talents in the workplace as they pursue their dreams. Thanks to my Administration's economic policies, we have seen the creation of more than 6.3 million new jobs since the election, providing tremendous opportunities for job seekers nationwide. In April, the national unemployment rate dropped to a near half-century low, and the unemployment rate for Americans with disabilities reached the lowest level on record. It is essential that we continue creating an environment in which Americans with disabilities have access to full participation in our economy and the ability to experience the benefits of employment. My Administration is working to expand opportunities to empower men and women with disabilities through apprenticeships. In March, the Department of Labor (DOL) announced the Apprenticeship Inclusion Model (AIM) initiative to expand career pathways leading to family-sustaining wages for individuals with disabilities. These efforts help Americans earn paychecks while also earning credentials and degrees. Together with employers, unions, and apprenticeship programs, AIM will improve the recruitment and retention of individuals with disabilities and support the expansion of inclusive apprenticeship programs. States are in the best position to create real, lasting, and quantifiable change through solutions tailored to the economic and employment realities within their communities, especially for Americans with disabilities. Through the State Exchange on Employment and Disability initiative, we are helping States develop, implement, and promote policies to improve workforce inclusion for persons with disabilities, including veterans with service-related disabilities. Last year alone, this initiative engaged policymakers in 29 States to help advance employment opportunities and ensure that workforce development, transportation, and technology are disability-inclusive. Employers, both public and private, are critical to our nationwide efforts to promote workplace access for individuals with disabilities. My Administration has launched a major initiative to encourage Federal contractors to take proactive steps to recruit, hire, retain, and advance people with disabilities. Additionally, two DOL programs, the Employer Assistance and Resource Network on Disability Inclusion and the Job Accommodation Network, have helped tens of thousands of employers implement effective organizational policies and individual accommodation solutions that keep American workers on the job and contributing to our workplaces and economy. Automation and technology are changing the way in which work is organized and performed—and who can perform it. Many jobs will be open to new populations, particularly individuals with disabilities. This month, we renew our dedication to furthering the participation of Americans with disabilities in the workforce. We are grateful to all of our Nation's employers who hire individuals with disabilities, giving them the opportunity to excel as they provide for themselves and their families. By supporting the aspirations of all Americans who want to work, we will strengthen our workplaces, economy, and communities. The Congress, by Joint Resolution approved August 11, 1945, as amended (36 U.S.C. 121), has designated October of each year as ``National Disability Employment Awareness Month.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim October 2019 as National Disability Employment Awareness Month. I call upon government and labor leaders, employers, and the great people of the United States to recognize the month with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities across our land. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9939 of September 30, 2019 Proc. 9939 National Energy Awareness Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Throughout the United States, we are seeing a revitalization of our country's energy sector, which is lighting up homes, powering factories, fueling vehicles, strengthening commerce, and driving economic prosperity. From large cities to rural communities, Americans are reaping the benefits of reduced energy costs and enjoying a renewed sense of energy security. During National Energy Awareness Month, we recognize the role the energy industry has played in our Nation's success, and we look forward to continued energy developments that will help our economy and the American people. Since my inauguration, our country has experienced an energy revolution. American crude oil production grew by nearly 20 percent last year, and the United States is now the largest crude oil producer in the world. For the first time in six decades, we are also a net exporter of natural gas, and in 2018, we supplied liquefied natural gas to more than 36 countries on 5 different continents. Since 2016, annual coal exports have increased more than 90 percent, and by next year, we are set to become a net energy exporter for the first time since 1953. My Administration will continue to build on our country's energy dominance by pursuing policies that fully unleash America's vast energy resources and capabilities while promoting responsible stewardship of the environment. For the first time in decades, the Department of Energy is operating test facilities to develop new and better emissions-free nuclear reactor technology. My Administration will continue to collaborate with industry and academia to focus research and development on the next generation of energy production. By leveraging the collective strength of America's brightest researchers and entrepreneurs, we will produce the energy technologies of tomorrow, including advanced small modular nuclear reactors, transformational coal technologies, more efficient semiconductors for solar cells, and improved battery and storage technology. Maintaining and enhancing a modern and secure network of electric power lines, oil and natural gas pipelines, and energy storage facilities is essential to keeping energy accessible, affordable, and reliable for American businesses and American consumers. To accomplish this, we must continue to promote growth across all sectors of our country's energy industry by approving new pipelines, strengthening grid security and resilience, removing restrictions on sensible oil and gas exploration and development, supporting clean coal technologies, and using innovative approaches through the application of artificial intelligence. This coordination and research will provide energy security, both at home and abroad, and ensure environmental stewardship of our Nation's land, water, and air. This month, we highlight our Nation's abundant energy resources and pay tribute to America's energy workforce, which has ushered in a new era of American energy dominance. At the forefront of the American energy revolution are men and women whose tenacity and resolve are undeniable and unbreakable and whose commitment to innovation has transformed the global energy landscape. These groups include the North America's Building Trades Unions, the International Union of Operating Engineers, and the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, whose members work tirelessly to build, operate, and maintain facilities, infrastructure, and equipment that allow the American people to reap the benefits of our abundant energy resources. This is a consequential time for the American energy sector, and we will continue to help lay the foundation for our Nation's next generation of energy technologies and ensure a more secure and prosperous future for all Americans. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 2019 as National Energy Awareness Month. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9940 of September 30, 2019 Proc. 9940 National Substance Abuse Prevention Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Across our country, far too many families and communities have felt the devastation wrought by substance abuse. As we observe National Substance Abuse Prevention Month, we remember all who have been lost to this affliction and reaffirm our commitment to ensuring the health and safety of our fellow Americans. Together, we will overcome this tragic crisis gripping our Nation and guarantee that future generations know the blessings of a drug-free life. One of the most pressing challenges we are facing is how to overcome the opioid crisis in our Nation. From 1999 to 2017, our national family lost more than 399,000 loved ones to opioid overdoses. I am heartened to share that recent data shows a projected decrease of 4 percent in overdose deaths in the United States from 2017 to 2018, and many of our hardest-hit States and counties may see even more significant declines. While we have made progress in our fight, the illicit opioids, heroin, fentanyl, and methamphetamine flooding our communities continue to fuel addiction and destroy the lives of countless Americans. My Administration is unwavering in our mission to reverse the negative consequences of drug trafficking and abuse, save American lives, and set our Nation on a path to becoming stronger, healthier, and drug-free. In January, we released the National Drug Control Strategy, which focused largely on prevention. The Strategy details a multifaceted approach that will reduce abuse by educating the public, increasing the availability of treatment programs, and halting the influx of these poisons into our communities. As President, I will never waver from my sacred duty to defend our Nation and will continue fighting to protect our citizens from the scourge of addiction. To better enable all communities to overcome the grip of addiction, we are allocating critical resources to fight this epidemic on the front lines. Just last month, my Administration distributed nearly $2 billion in funding to State and local partners across America to assist in their response to the crisis. We have established grants to help schools implement more effective prevention programs and invested more than ever before in our 731 Drug-Free Community coalitions across all 50 States, bringing together partners to help prevent youth drug abuse. Additionally, my Administration's Fiscal Year 2020 National Drug Control Budget requests a record $34.6 billion for counter-drug efforts, a $1.3 billion increase from the previous year. These resources enable States, localities, and tribal communities to provide innovative and important services to prevent and combat substance abuse. This month, we renew our resolve to prevent the further loss of life and prosperity caused by these problems and to finally eliminate the blight of addiction from America. Together, we will guarantee our resilient country emerges from this crisis into a future free from substance abuse. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 2019 as National Substance Abuse Prevention Month. Through our united efforts to prevent the damaging effects of substance abuse, we will ensure a happier, healthier, and more prosperous future. I call on parents, educators, mentors, employers, healthcare professionals, law enforcement officials, faith and community leaders, and all Americans to join me in the fight to finally resolve this crisis. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9941 of October 3, 2019 Proc. 9941 National Manufacturing Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Manufacturing is a pillar of the American economy, and the hard work and ingenuity of America's manufacturers and manufacturing workers bolster the strength of our Nation. On National Manufacturing Day, we recognize the individuals who drive this vital sector of our economy, and we recommit to restoring the glory of our proud heritage as a Nation of industrious builders of world-class products. Manufacturing spurs innovation and fuels economic growth, providing all Americans with opportunities to prosper and thrive. My Administration has worked tirelessly to promote increased opportunities for manufacturers and manufacturing workers after years of neglect. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, capital investment deductions, strong trade policies, and focused deregulations have all strengthened American businesses. Our policies and actions are delivering real results, with our economy having already added more than 512,000 manufacturing jobs since my election. In communities across our Nation, American workers and families are reaping the benefits of this industrial boom, with nominal average hourly earnings rising 3.2 percent over the past 12 months and the unemployment rate falling to a 50-year low. Along with many great benefits, our flourishing job market also presents new challenges. With more than 7 million open jobs in July, ensuring workers have access to the equipment and skills training they need to secure and thrive in high-demand jobs is critical to our Nation's continued prosperity. To accomplish this, I have increased apprenticeship opportunities, including through the Task Force on Apprenticeship Expansion. Last year, I also established the President's National Council for the American Worker. The council supports and promotes education programs that provide workers with the technical knowledge needed in today's economy. American employers and manufacturers are rising to the challenge, and more than 350 organizations have signed our Pledge to America's Workers to provide more than 14 million employment and training opportunities for American workers. I am also renegotiating one-sided trade deals to ensure that American workers and manufacturers compete on a level playing field with foreign competitors. In 2018, I signed the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), delivering on the promise I made to the American people to renegotiate the outdated North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Once approved by the Congress, the USMCA will rebalance trade on our continent to once again benefit American producers, creating an estimated 50,000 jobs in the manufacturing sector alone. We have also amended the United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS) to include key provisions that enable increased American exports and protect high-paying manufacturing jobs in our Nation's auto industry. And just this past month, we renegotiated how international postal rates are set in order to ensure fairness for small- and medium-size American manufacturing companies. For too long, other nations have exploited the pioneering spirit of our country's entrepreneurs. My Administration is standing up to these bad actors around the world to protect American intellectual property, including innovative manufacturing techniques and new technology developed in the United States. In order to maintain our competitive edge in an increasingly global and technology-driven economy, we must protect the advancements and breakthroughs in industry that are vital to sustaining recent successes and accelerating growth. That is why we will continue working to put an end to intellectual property theft and other abusive practices through strong enforcement of our trade laws and efforts to strengthen our cyber infrastructure. We will never stop working to protect the American ingenuity that powers our robust economy and bolsters our national defense. The American workforce and manufacturing industry are the best in the world, and my Administration refuses to allow them to be left behind. The unrivaled work ethic of our tenacious working men and women will always set the global standard for workmanship and resourcefulness. Today, we celebrate the renaissance in American manufacturing that is restoring our country's dominance in global and domestic markets, and we recommit to building on these achievements in the years to come. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 4, 2019, as National Manufacturing Day. I call upon all Americans to celebrate the entrepreneurs, innovators, and workers in manufacturing who are making our communities strong. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this third day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9942 of October 4, 2019 Proc. 9942 Fire Prevention Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Since 1922, our Nation has observed Fire Prevention Week to promote emergency preparedness and reaffirm our enduring commitment to fire safety. This week, we honor and remember the heroic firefighters and first responders who made the ultimate sacrifice to save and protect our citizens, homes, and communities. We express our gratitude for their service to our country, and we encourage all Americans to do their part to prevent dangerous fires. In 2017, more than 1.3 million fires killed 3,400 people and injured 14,000 more, while causing an estimated $23 billion in direct property loss. Sadly, the number of fire-related deaths continues to rise, even though the number of fires is falling. All Americans should take the dangers of fires seriously and conduct routine inspections of smoke alarms and plan and practice home fire escapes. Such concerted efforts are crucial to stopping fires and their devastating consequences. While preventing fires in our homes, we also must take measures to prevent wildfires, such as the catastrophic Woolsey, Camp, and Mendocino Complex wildfires, all of which ravaged communities last year. The Camp fire killed at least 85 people, and the Mendocino Complex wildfire was the largest fire of its kind in California history. Improving the health of America's forests and rangelands is critical to reducing the frequency and severity of the kind of wildfires that have devastated communities and ecosystems across the Nation. This is why I signed legislation that improves support for the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Interior's wildfire suppression operations, as well as the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, which includes robust fire risk reduction measures and important forest management provisions. These bills will empower Federal agencies to actively manage our forests and rangelands and aggressively fight wildfires. Further, I issued an Executive Order to promote active management of America's forests and Federal lands to reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfires in better partnership with State, local, and tribal officials. This week, I urge all Americans to take special precautions to ensure fire safety in their homes and communities to help prevent fire-related tragedies. By staying vigilant, we can all do our part to protect our loved ones, homes, and communities. We recognize those who take such actions, and we pledge to continue our support for the Nation's firefighters, first responders, and EMS providers who answer the call to serve and risk their lives to safeguard their fellow Americans and our precious land. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 6 through October 12, 2019, as Fire Prevention Week. On Sunday, October 6, 2019, in accordance with Public Law 107-51, the flag of the United States will be flown at half-staff at all Federal office buildings in honor of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service. I call on all Americans to participate in this observance with appropriate programs and activities and by renewing their efforts to prevent fires and their tragic consequences. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9943 of October 4, 2019 Proc. 9943 German-American Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On German-American Day, we proudly celebrate the contributions German Americans have made to our Nation through their dedication and hard work. The seeds of German-American heritage sown over three centuries ago, when the 13 German families landed in Philadelphia in 1683, continue to flourish and prosper in our country. From our earliest days, German Americans have helped to secure the rights we hold dear and to sustain the American experience. General Friedrich von Steuben joined the noble American cause for independence, lending critical expertise in military drills, tactics, and discipline to train the soldiers of the Continental Army. As we expanded westward, the German-born businessman Levi Strauss and his iconic namesake clothing brand became emblematic of the resilient and pioneering American spirit. Charles M. Schwab, a descendant of German immigrants, strengthened America's steel industry, and his legacy as a business tycoon continues to be synonymous with innovation and success. Today, when we enjoy music played on a Steinway piano, read a Steinbeck novel, or admire the artwork collected by painter and philanthropist Hilla Rebay and displayed in New York's stunning Guggenheim Museum, we are reminded of the countless ways German Americans have influenced our society, commerce, and culture. This year marks the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, a triumph of freedom that embodies the dedication of the United States and Germany to the rule of law and human rights. The United States and our allies will continue to safeguard the torch of liberty and promote global stability by defending personal and economic freedom for generations to come. This month, as we commemorate the contributions German Americans have made to our Nation, we also recognize the more than 43 million Americans who claim German heritage. Our shared values and historic and cultural ties strengthen the enduring bond between the United States and Germany. This partnership is the foundation of a bright and hopeful future for the world. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 6, 2019, as German-American Day. I call upon all Americans to celebrate the achievements and contributions of German Americans to our Nation with appropriate ceremonies, activities, and programs. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9944 of October 4, 2019 Proc. 9944 Child Health Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Child Health Day, we recognize that America's children are the promise of our Nation, and their health and well-being are among our greatest responsibilities. Today, we recommit to our children growing strong, dreaming big, and reaching their full potential. In partnership with families and communities, my Administration is implementing new Federal programs and supporting new State-level initiatives that help diagnose, prevent, and combat diseases and maintain health and wellness from childhood through adulthood. The Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant Program continues to provide funding to all States to improve access to quality healthcare services for low-income women, children, and families by improving the outcomes of high-risk pregnancies, reducing infant deaths, promoting childhood immunizations, and protecting against diseases. Additionally, I have approved funding for the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program to support Federal, State, and community partners in offering voluntary home visiting services that empower caregivers with the evidence-based skills and resources they need to raise healthy and happy children. I also signed into law the SUPPORT Act, which addresses the most vulnerable victims of the opioid crisis by allowing State Medicaid programs to cover healthcare services for infants suffering from neonatal abstinence syndrome in residential pediatric recovery centers. My Administration is also working to eradicate the leading cause of post-infancy death among our Nation's young people—childhood cancer. Working with the Congress, the Federal Government will invest $500 million over the next decade in pediatric cancer research. This funding will enable our Nation's best scientists and doctors to learn from those young people living with this disease, creating new opportunities to understand the unique causes of and best cures for childhood cancer. We must continue to employ every resource available to ensure that the more than 15,000 children and adolescents under the age of 19 diagnosed with cancer each year receive the best possible care and treatment so they can triumph in their battle against this horrible disease. America's young people are facing unprecedented challenges at school, in their homes, and in their communities. From bullying and negative social media interactions to the impacts of the opioid crisis on themselves and their loved ones, we must do more to foster an environment that promotes a culture of respect for every human life. That is why I am proud of the work our First Lady, Melania Trump, has undertaken through her BE BEST initiative to promote childhood health and well-being by encouraging healthy living, kindness, compassion, and respect. This remarkable program is helping children build a solid foundation to navigate life's many challenges and to develop positive social, emotional, and physical habits that will help them become future leaders of our great country. Parents play a critical role in raising healthy and happy children, and their important work is bolstered by the love and support of extended family, community members, caregivers, mentors, educators, faith leaders, and respectable role models. On Child Health Day, we urge all citizens to reaffirm their commitment to ensuring the physical, spiritual, and emotional health of our Nation's most precious resource. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved May 18, 1928, as amended (36 U.S.C. 105), has called for the designation of the first Monday in October as Child Health Day and has requested that the President issue a proclamation in observance of this day. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim Monday, October 7, 2019, as Child Health Day. I call upon families, child health professionals, faith-based and community organizations, and governments to help ensure that America's children stay safe and healthy. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9945 of October 4, 2019 Proc. 9945 Suspension of Entry of Immigrants Who Will Financially Burden the United States Healthcare System, in Order to Protect the Availability of Healthcare Benefits for AmericansBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Healthcare providers and taxpayers bear substantial costs in paying for medical expenses incurred by people who lack health insurance or the ability to pay for their healthcare. Hospitals and other providers often administer care to the uninsured without any hope of receiving reimbursement from them. The costs associated with this care are passed on to the American people in the form of higher taxes, higher premiums, and higher fees for medical services. In total, uncompensated care costs—the overall measure of unreimbursed services that hospitals give their patients—have exceeded $35 billion in each of the last 10 years. These costs amount to approximately $7 million on average for each hospital in the United States, and can drive hospitals into insolvency. Beyond uncompensated care costs, the uninsured strain Federal and State government budgets through their reliance on publicly funded programs, which ultimately are financed by taxpayers. Beyond imposing higher costs on hospitals and other healthcare infrastructure, uninsured individuals often use emergency rooms to seek remedies for a variety of non-emergency conditions, causing overcrowding and delays for those who truly need emergency services. This non-emergency usage places a large burden on taxpayers, who reimburse hospitals for a portion of their uncompensated emergency care costs. While our healthcare system grapples with the challenges caused by uncompensated care, the United States Government is making the problem worse by admitting thousands of aliens who have not demonstrated any ability to pay for their healthcare costs. Notably, data show that lawful immigrants are about three times more likely than United States citizens to lack health insurance. Immigrants who enter this country should not further saddle our healthcare system, and subsequently American taxpayers, with higher costs. The United States has a long history of welcoming immigrants who come lawfully in search of brighter futures. We must continue that tradition while also addressing the challenges facing our healthcare system, including protecting both it and the American taxpayer from the burdens of uncompensated care. Continuing to allow entry into the United States of certain immigrants who lack health insurance or the demonstrated ability to pay for their healthcare would be detrimental to these interests. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including sections 212(f) and 215(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(f) and 1185(a)) and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, hereby find that the unrestricted immigrant entry into the United States of persons described in section 1 of this proclamation would, except as provided for in section 2 of this proclamation, be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and that their entry should be subject to certain restrictions, limitations, and exceptions. I therefore hereby proclaim the following: Section 1. Suspension and Limitation on Entry. (a) The entry into the United States as immigrants of aliens who will financially burden the United States healthcare system is hereby suspended and limited subject to section 2 of this proclamation. An alien will financially burden the United States healthcare system unless the alien will be covered by approved health insurance, as defined in subsection (b) of this section, within 30 days of the alien's entry into the United States, or unless the alien possesses the financial resources to pay for reasonably foreseeable medical costs. (b) Approved health insurance means coverage under any of the following plans or programs: (i) an employer-sponsored plan, including a retiree plan, association health plan, and coverage provided by the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985; (ii) an unsubsidized health plan offered in the individual market within a State; (iii) a short-term limited duration health policy effective for a minimum of 364 days—or until the beginning of planned, extended travel outside the United States; (iv) a catastrophic plan; (v) a family member's plan; (vi) a medical plan under chapter 55 of title 10, United States Code, including coverage under the TRICARE program; (vii) a visitor health insurance plan that provides adequate coverage for medical care for a minimum of 364 days—or until the beginning of planned, extended travel outside the United States; (viii) a medical plan under the Medicare program; or (ix) any other health plan that provides adequate coverage for medical care as determined by the Secretary of Health and Human Services or his designee. (c) For persons over the age of 18, approved health insurance does not include coverage under the Medicaid program. Sec. 2. Scope of Suspension and Limitation on Entry. (a) Section 1 of this proclamation shall apply only to aliens seeking to enter the United States pursuant to an immigrant visa. (b) Section 1 of this proclamation shall not apply to: (i) any alien holding a valid immigrant visa issued before the effective date of this proclamation; (ii) any alien seeking to enter the United States pursuant to a Special Immigrant Visa, in either the SI or SQ classification, who is also a national of Afghanistan or Iraq, or his or her spouse and children, if any; (iii) any alien who is the child of a United States citizen or who is seeking to enter the United States pursuant to an IR-2, IR-3, IR-4, IH-3, or IH-4 visa; (iv) any alien seeking to enter the United States pursuant to an IR-5 visa, provided that the alien or the alien's sponsor demonstrates to the satisfaction of the consular officer that the alien's healthcare will not impose a substantial burden on the United States healthcare system; (v) any alien seeking to enter the United States pursuant to a SB-1 visa; (vi) any alien under the age of 18, except for any alien accompanying a parent who is also immigrating to the United States and subject to this proclamation; (vii) any alien whose entry would further important United States law enforcement objectives, as determined by the Secretary of State or his designee based on a recommendation of the Attorney General or his designee; or (viii) any alien whose entry would be in the national interest, as determined by the Secretary of State or his designee on a case-by-case basis. (c) Consistent with subsection (a) of this section, this proclamation does not affect the entry of aliens entering the United States through means other than immigrant visas, including lawful permanent residents. Further, nothing in this proclamation shall be construed to affect any individual's eligibility for asylum, refugee status, withholding of removal, or protection under the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, consistent with the laws and regulations of the United States. Sec. 3. Implementation and Enforcement. (a) An alien subject to this proclamation must establish that he or she meets its requirements, to the satisfaction of a consular officer, before the adjudication and issuance of an immigrant visa. The Secretary of State may establish standards and procedures governing such determinations. (b) The review required by subsection (a) of this section is separate and independent from the review and determination required by other statutes, regulations, or proclamations in determining the admissibility of an alien. (c) An alien who circumvents the application of this proclamation through fraud, willful misrepresentation of a material fact, or illegal entry shall be a priority for removal by the Department of Homeland Security. Sec. 4. Reports on the Financial Burdens Imposed by Immigrants on the Healthcare System. (a) The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of other appropriate agencies, shall submit to the President a report regarding: (i) the continued necessity of and any adjustments that may be warranted to the suspension and limitation on entry in section 1 of this proclamation; and (ii) other measures that may be warranted to protect the integrity of the United States healthcare system. (b) The report required by subsection (a) of this section shall be submitted within 180 days of the effective date of this proclamation, with subsequent reports submitted annually thereafter throughout the effective duration of the suspension and limitation on entry set forth in section 1 of this proclamation. If the Secretary of State, in consultation with the heads of other appropriate executive departments and agencies, determines that circumstances no longer warrant the continued effectiveness of the suspension or limitation on entry set forth in section 1 of this proclamation or that circumstances warrant additional measures, the Secretary shall immediately so advise the President. (c) The Secretary of State and Secretary of Health and Human Services shall coordinate any policy recommendations associated with the reports described in subsection (a) of this section. Sec. 5. Severability. It is the policy of the United States to enforce this proclamation to the maximum extent possible to advance the interests of the United States. Accordingly: (a) if any provision of this proclamation, or the application of any provision to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid, the remainder of the proclamation and the application of its other provisions to any other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby; and (b) if any provision of this proclamation, or the application of any provision to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid because of the failure to follow certain procedures, the relevant executive branch officials shall implement those procedural requirements to conform with existing law and with any applicable court orders. Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this proclamation shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) United States Government obligations under applicable international agreements; (ii) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (iii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This proclamation shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This proclamation is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. Sec. 7. Effective Date. This proclamation is effective at 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on November 3, 2019. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9946 of October 8, 2019 Proc. 9946 Leif Erikson Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Leif Erikson Day, we honor the spirit of exploration, courage, and faith that led this legendary Viking and his crew to sail across the Atlantic in search of new lands and opportunities more than a thousand years ago. His dream—to venture beyond the known horizon and redefine the impossible—still defines and inspires Americans today. Leif Erikson's undaunted life of exploration began in Iceland—the same location where the Apollo 11 crew trained for its historic journey to the surface of the Moon. The bold spirit that propelled Erikson and his fellow mariners across an unknown ocean is the same spirit that carried our brave astronauts into space 50 years ago, and it is what continues to fuel our desire to unlock the mysteries of the universe and pursue the exploration of Mars. Americans share strong bonds with the homelands of the Vikings. Millions of Americans proudly trace their ancestry to Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. All of these nations help keep our transatlantic community strong. They stand shoulder to shoulder with us as North Atlantic Treaty Organization Allies or partners to enhance regional peace and stability. And as members of the Arctic Council, we work together to promote sustainable growth, scientific research, and environmental protection in the High North while maintaining the region as an area of low tensions. Nordic Americans contribute each day to the rich tapestry of our country by their self-reliance, drive, spirit of adventure, and cultural traditions. On this day, we pay tribute to the remarkable achievements of Leif Erikson, and we celebrate the daring dreams, big vision, and passion for discovery of all people of Scandinavian heritage. To honor Leif Erikson, son of Iceland and grandson of Norway, and to celebrate our Nordic-American heritage, the Congress, by joint resolution (Public Law 88-566) approved on September 2, 1964, has authorized the President of the United States to proclaim October 9 of each year as ``Leif Erikson Day.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 9, 2019, as Leif Erikson Day. I call upon all Americans to celebrate the achievements and contributions of Nordic Americans to our Nation with appropriate ceremonies, activities, and programs. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9947 of October 10, 2019 Proc. 9947 General Pulaski Memorial Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On General Pulaski Memorial Day, we remember Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski, the great Polish hero who fought and died in America's noble pursuit of freedom during the Revolutionary War. We honor his bravery and unwavering commitment to liberty and self-government, and we pay tribute to the abiding friendship between the United States and Poland, which has prevailed since General Pulaski took up the sword on behalf of the American cause and helped forge our young Republic. Throughout his military career, General Pulaski was renowned for his gallantry and skill on the battlefield. He fought courageously against the Russian Empire as Poland sought to secure its own freedom from foreign tyranny in the anti-Russian insurrection of 1768. Later, in 1777, that same conviction impelled him to journey to the United States and join General George Washington's Continental Army. At the Battle of Brandywine, Pulaski successfully covered the retreat of Washington's troops and saved the life of the future first President of the United States. To show his gratitude, Washington promoted Pulaski to Brigadier General and entrusted him to lead his own independent cavalry unit, ``the Pulaski Legion,'' which included both American and foreign-born soldiers. This famous and formidable fighting force cemented Pulaski's status as the ``Father of the American Cavalry.'' On October 11, 1779, Pulaski made the ultimate sacrifice for our Nation when he succumbed to battle wounds that were inflicted during an attempt to retake the city of Savannah from British forces two days earlier. Although he did not live to see the British surrender at Yorktown, his indispensable role in advancing the American quest for self-governance is uniquely part of our country's history. His undaunted spirit will forever be preserved in the hearts of those who take up the fight for liberty. General Pulaski's tremendous legacy of fighting for freedom and democratic principles continues to inspire us today. His name is forever enshrined next to such luminaries as Winston Churchill and Mother Theresa as one of eight individuals in the history of our country to have received the distinction of Honorary Citizen from the Congress of the United States. As we celebrate General Pulaski as a great hero of our Nation, we are reminded of the bonds that unite the United States and Poland. The longstanding and enduring friendship of our two countries is strengthened and renewed each day by the more than 9 million people of Polish descent who are citizens of the United States. We greatly cherish the cultural, economic, and security ties that bind us, and we look forward to a fruitful relationship in the years and decades to come. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 11, 2019, as General Pulaski Memorial Day. I encourage all Americans to commemorate on this occasion those who have contributed to the furthering of our Nation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this tenth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9948 of October 11, 2019 Proc. 9948 National School Lunch Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation During National School Lunch Week, we recognize the school lunch programs across our country that nourish our children with nutritious, American-grown food that they need to learn in the classroom and work toward bright futures. By ensuring all students have access to well-balanced meals, we can help our Nation's youth maintain healthy lifestyles and help them achieve success in the classroom and beyond. Established in 1946, the National School Lunch Program provides low-cost or free lunches to more than 29 million children in nearly 100,000 public and residential child-care institutions across our country. Since its creation, the number of students served by the program has quadrupled, and school cafeterias now serve nearly 5 billion lunches annually. This successful Federal, State, and local partnership would not be possible without the assistance of thousands of food service professionals, school administrators, community members, and parents. As a nation, we are grateful for those who go above and beyond to ensure all children are able to focus on their education and development instead of worrying about their next lunch. America's farmers, ranchers, and producers also play a role in ensuring our children's plates are filled with healthy, domestically sourced foods. This year, my Administration awarded a record high of more than $9 million in Farm to School Program grants, increasing access to local food and strengthening links to agriculture for more than 3.2 million children in 42 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Through our efforts to increase the amount of local food in our country's schools, we are promoting the success of both our farmers and ranchers and our Nation's children. To emphasize the importance of the National School Lunch Program to our youth's nutrition, the Congress, by joint resolution of October 9, 1962 (Public Law 87-780), has designated the week beginning on the second Sunday in October each year as ``National School Lunch Week'' and has requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this week. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 13 through October 19, 2019, as National School Lunch Week. I call upon all Americans to join the countless individuals who administer the National School Lunch Program in activities that support and promote awareness of the health and well-being of our Nation's children. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eleventh day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9949 of October 11, 2019 Proc. 9949 Columbus Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On October 12, 1492, after a perilous, two-month journey across the treacherous Atlantic Ocean, Christopher Columbus and his crew aboard the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria landed in what is today The Bahamas. This watershed voyage ushered in the Age of Exploration, changing the course of history and setting the foundation for development of our Nation. Today, we commemorate this great explorer, whose courage, skill, and drive for discovery are at the core of the American spirit. While Columbus sailed from the port of Palos under the Spanish flag, he took pride in the fact that he was a citizen of Genoa, Italy. The celebration of Columbus Day is, therefore, an appropriate opportunity to recognize the more than 16 million Americans who claim Italian heritage and to carry forth the legacy of generations of Italian Americans who helped shape our Nation. The United States greatly values its close bond with Italy, a longstanding friend, ally, and economic partner. Our relationship, built on shared values and a commitment to furthering peace and prosperity, continues to benefit both of our nations. Columbus's daring voyage to the New World brought two continents together, enabling a global perspective for the first time. The bold legacy of Columbus and his crew spun a thread that weaves through the extensive history of Americans who have pushed the boundaries of exploration. On Columbus Day, we draw inspiration from this intrepid pioneer's spirit of adventure. We also affirm our commitment to continuing our quest to discover and better understand the wonders of our Nation, the world, and beyond. In commemoration of Christopher Columbus's historic voyage, the Congress, by joint resolution of April 30, 1934, and modified in 1968 (36 U.S.C. 107), as amended, has requested the President proclaim the second Monday of October of each year as ``Columbus Day.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 14, 2019, as Columbus Day. I call upon the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities. I also direct that the flag of the United States be displayed on all public buildings on the appointed day in honor of our diverse history and all who have contributed to shaping this Nation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eleventh day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9950 of October 11, 2019 Proc. 9950 Blind Americans Equality Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Blind Americans Equality Day pays tribute to our fellow Americans who are blind or visually impaired for their many contributions to the strength and vitality of our Nation. We renew our steadfast commitment to ensuring their full participation in our communities, workplaces, and social life. My Administration is committed to promoting policies that foster greater liberty, prosperity, and equality. We are expanding educational, social, technological, and employment opportunities for Americans with disabilities, including blind or visually impaired individuals. We have partnered with States to promote independent living and equal employment opportunities, as well as social, cultural, and athletic activities. Additionally, the President's National Council for the American Worker is developing a national employment strategy to ensure that we have a highly qualified and trained workforce to meet our growing economic needs. We are working to address barriers to employment, combat stigmas, and confront stereotypes that make it more difficult for blind or visually impaired individuals to find and maintain employment. My Administration is also encouraging Federal contractors to take proactive steps to recruit, hire, retain, and advance blind or visually impaired people. By joint resolution approved on October 6, 1964 (Public Law 88-628), the Congress authorized the President to designate October 15 of each year as ``White Cane Safety Day'' to recognize the contributions of Americans who are blind or have impaired vision. With the strongest economy our Nation has ever experienced, these Americans are empowered to seek new opportunities for success. Today, and every day, we will continue our efforts to ensure and champion the full and active participation of all Americans, including blind or visually impaired Americans, in every facet of our society. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 15, 2019, as Blind Americans Equality Day, to celebrate and recognize the accomplishments and contributions of Americans who are blind or visually impaired. I call upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities to reaffirm our commitment to achieving equality for all Americans. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eleventh day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9951 of October 17, 2019 Proc. 9951 Death of Elijah E. CummingsBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation As a mark of respect for the memory and longstanding public service of Representative Elijah E. Cummings, of Maryland, I hereby order, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, that the flag of the United States shall be flown at half-staff at the White House and upon all public buildings and grounds, at all military posts and naval stations, and on all naval vessels of the Federal Government in the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its Territories and possessions through October 18, 2019. I also direct that the flag shall be flown at half-staff for the same period at all United States embassies, legations, consular offices, and other facilities abroad, including all military facilities and naval vessels and stations. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventeenth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9952 of October 18, 2019 Proc. 9952 National Character Counts Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Since our Nation's founding, we have recognized that the good character of our people is vital to maintaining our freedom. The strength of our Union and the defense of our precious liberty require both constant vigilance and moral clarity. During National Character Counts Week, we reaffirm our commitment to developing and demonstrating admirable qualities to enrich our lives and the lives of others. In doing so, we are confident that we can positively influence the next generation of our Nation's leaders and inspire them to lead lives of virtue and integrity. As history teaches us, no person or piece of legislation is capable of securing and advancing freedom for a nation that fails to instill moral principles in its people. Parents, mentors, and educators have been instrumental in forming and developing values in our young people for generations, and cultivating character is critical for our Nation's youth. Building strong character in our youth helps provide them with a moral compass that will help them navigate life's many challenges and decisions, and we have an obligation to set a great example for the next generation. To advance this goal of developing a solid foundation for social responsibility in our young people, First Lady Melania Trump is promoting the importance of the values of kindness, compassion, and respect through her BE BEST initiative. Our American story is rich with famous examples of those with outstanding character, including President Washington's admirable humility, President Lincoln's strong will and honesty, and President Eisenhower's courage. Character worthy of our Nation's praise is also found in the lives of ordinary Americans. From the service members of our Armed Forces and law enforcement officials to public servants and educators, our communities are filled with patriots who demonstrate selflessness, honor, respect, and devotion to duty as they perform their daily responsibilities. These virtues are also found in volunteers who reach out to those in need, members of the clergy who pray for the brokenhearted, children who befriend the bullied, and all those who extend compassion and kindness to others. These Americans fortify our Nation's ideals and influence future generations by leading lives governed by principle and conviction. By their example, they remind us that character is developed consciously through exemplary effort and respect for others. Throughout this week, and each day of our lives, may we strive to demonstrate good character through our thoughts, discourse, and deeds in our homes, schools, workplaces, and houses of worship. Let us set an example for others of the timeless values of respect, compassion, justice, tolerance, fairness, and integrity. May we never forget that our Nation is only as strong as the virtue and character of our citizenry. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 20 through October 26, 2019, as National Character Counts Week. I call upon public officials, educators, parents, students, and all Americans to observe this week with appropriate ceremonies, activities, and programs. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9953 of October 18, 2019 Proc. 9953 National Forest Products Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Our Nation's forests and woodlands provide millions of Americans with an abundance of job opportunities, goods, and recreational activities. During National Forest Products Week, we pay tribute to the forest products industry for the important contributions it makes to our society and economy, and we recommit to keeping our wooded landscapes vibrant and strong. Ninety-six percent of the industrial wood used in the United States comes directly from domestic supplies, making the forest products sector a truly American industry. The millions of acres of forests across our country supply the resources for paper and packaging materials, lumber for our homes, renewable energy materials, and countless other products. In addition to the tremendous impact the forest products industry has on our economy, businesses in this sector are at the forefront of conservation efforts, practicing responsible resource management and maintaining a strong commitment to preserving our abundant forests. My Administration is working to protect our Nation's forests so that the forest products industry can continue to manufacture goods for domestic and global markets. Last year, I signed an Executive Order aimed at increasing responsible forest management and coordinating Federal, State, tribal, and local assets to prevent and combat the wildfires that have sadly devastated parts of our Nation's woodlands. I also signed the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, which will help preserve the health of our forests and increase economic opportunities for the entire forest products sector. This bipartisan legislation promotes active management of natural resources, including our forests, and maintains strong rural development and research initiatives that benefit communities where the forest products industry drives local economies. It also promotes using America's forest materials, like cross-laminated timber—a strong, resilient product—as an innovative approach to constructing tall wooden buildings. This week, we recognize the importance of the raw materials our forested lands supply for the production of goods throughout our country and around the world. We also pledge to support the proper management of our forests and woodlands so that they can continue to help power our economy and provide recreational opportunities for Americans for generations to come. Recognizing the economic value of the products yielded in our Nation's forests, the Congress, by Public Law 86-753 (36 U.S.C. 123), as amended, has designated the week beginning on the third Sunday in October of each year as ``National Forest Products Week'' and has authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this week. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 20 through October 26, 2019, as National Forest Products Week. I call upon all Americans to observe this week with appropriate ceremonies and activities and to reaffirm our commitment to our Nation's forests. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9954 of October 23, 2019 Proc. 9954 United Nations Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Seventy-four years ago, representatives of 50 countries gathered in San Francisco to establish a global organization dedicated to achieving peace and prosperity. Impelled by the unprecedented carnage of two world wars, these countries created the United Nations as a forum for peaceful conflict resolution and the promotion of shared beliefs, forever changing global diplomacy. On this day, we celebrate the achievements of the United Nations in promoting peace, delivering aid to those in need, and confronting international challenges, and we recommit to helping the organization reach its full potential. Last month, at the 74th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, I laid out my vision for a future of which America can be proud. The United States has embarked on a program of national renewal—fueling economic growth through tax cuts and deregulation, fighting unfair trade, protecting individual freedoms, and standing up for sovereign borders. We call on other countries to pursue their own programs of national revitalization. The path to prosperity for each country begins at home—and when leaders of sovereign nations put the interests of their citizens first, our collective future will be brighter, our people will be happier, and our partnerships will be stronger. The United States prizes liberty, independence, and self-government above all, and the United Nations organization is stronger when leaders protect their own people, respect their neighbors, and honor the differences that make each country unique. Among the member states of the United Nations, the United States is leading the way in addressing global problems. We have held to account the Iranian regime, which seeks destabilization through nuclear proliferation, promotes a global campaign of terror, and causes mass unrest throughout the Middle East region. In response to Iran's attack in September on oil facilities in Saudi Arabia, we imposed stringent sanctions on the regime's Central Bank and National Development Fund. We have also worked to address the ongoing calamity in Venezuela wrought by the illegitimate regime of Nicolas Maduro. We imposed sanctions that cut off the Maduro dictatorship's financial support, and we were the first country to recognize Juan Guaido as the legitimate, interim President of Venezuela. The United States will continue to work through the United Nations and with its member states to confront bad actors who seek to disrupt and destroy freedom, prosperity, and progress. We must also recognize that, in order to reach its enormous potential, the United Nations must follow through on essential reforms. The financial burdens must be distributed more equitably and funds should be taken from failed programs and directed to those that work. On this day, we also pause to acknowledge the sacrifices of all men and women who serve in United Nations missions around the world. They are far from home, and devote their time and energy to protecting the vulnerable and providing relief to areas ravaged by war, famine, and natural disasters. And we honor the memories of those who have lost their lives in the pursuit of world peace. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 24, 2019, as United Nations Day. I urge the Governors of the 50 States, the Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the officials of all other areas under the flag of the United States, to observe United Nations Day with appropriate ceremonies and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-third day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9955 of October 25, 2019 Proc. 9955 To Modify Duty-Free Treatment Under the Generalized System of Preferences and for Other PurposesBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation 1. In Proclamation 9687 of December 22, 2017, after considering the factors set forth in sections 501 and 502(c) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, (the ``1974 Act'') (19 U.S.C. 2461 and 2462(c)), I suspended the duty-free treatment accorded under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) (19 U.S.C. 2461 et seq.) to certain eligible articles that are the product of Ukraine. I did so after considering, in particular, the extent to which Ukraine was providing adequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights, in accordance with section 502(c)(5) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2462(c)(5)). 2. Having once again considered the factors set forth in sections 501 and 502(c) of the 1974 Act, and in particular section 502(c)(5), I have determined that Ukraine has made progress in providing adequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights. Accordingly, it is appropriate to terminate the suspension of the duty-free treatment accorded under the GSP to certain eligible articles that are the product of Ukraine, effective 5 days after the date of this proclamation. 3. In Executive Order 11844 of March 24, 1975, the President designated Thailand as a beneficiary developing country for purposes of the GSP. 4. Sections 502(d)(1) and 503(c)(1) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2462(d)(1) and 2463(c)(1)) provide that the President may withdraw, suspend, or limit the application of the duty-free treatment accorded under the GSP with respect to any beneficiary developing country and any article upon consideration of the factors set forth in sections 501 and 502(c) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2461 and 2462(c)). 5. Section 502(c)(7) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2462(c)(7)) provides that, in determining whether to designate any country as a beneficiary developing country under the GSP, the President shall take into account whether or not such country has taken or is taking steps to afford to workers in that country (including any designated zone in that country) internationally recognized worker rights. 6. Pursuant to sections 502(d)(1) and 503(c)(1) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2462(d)(1) and 2463(c)(1)), and having considered the factors set forth in sections 501 and 502(c), including in particular section 502(c)(7) (19 U.S.C. 2462(c)(7)), I have determined that Thailand is not taking steps to afford to workers in Thailand internationally recognized worker rights. Accordingly, it is appropriate to suspend the duty-free treatment accorded under the GSP to certain eligible articles that are the product of Thailand, effective 6 months after the date of this proclamation. 7. Pursuant to section 503(c)(1) of the 1974 Act, the President may withdraw, suspend, or limit the application of the duty-free treatment accorded to specified articles under the GSP when imported from designated beneficiary developing countries. 8. Section 503(c)(2)(A) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2463(c)(2)(A)) subjects beneficiary developing countries, except those designated as least-developed beneficiary developing countries or beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries as provided in section 503(c)(2)(D) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2463(c)(2)(D)), to competitive need limitations on the duty-free treatment afforded to eligible articles under the GSP. 9. Pursuant to section 503(c)(2)(A) of the 1974 Act, I have determined that in 2018 certain beneficiary developing countries exported eligible articles in quantities exceeding the applicable competitive need limitations. I hereby terminate the duty-free treatment for such articles from such beneficiary developing countries. 10. Section 503(c)(2)(F)(i) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2463(c)(2)(F)(i)) provides that the President may disregard the competitive need limitation provided in section 503(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2463(c)(2)(A)(i)(II)) with respect to any eligible article from any beneficiary developing country if the aggregate appraised value of the imports of any such article into the United States during the preceding calendar year does not exceed the amount set forth in section 503(c)(2)(F)(ii) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2463(c)(2)(F)(ii)). 11. Pursuant to section 503(c)(2)(F)(i) of the 1974 Act, I have determined that the competitive need limitation provided in section 503(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) of the 1974 Act should be disregarded with respect to certain eligible articles from certain beneficiary developing countries. 12. Section 503(d)(1) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2463(d)(1)) provides that the President may waive the application of the competitive need limitations in section 503(c)(2) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2463(c)(2)) with respect to any eligible article from any beneficiary developing country if certain conditions are met. 13. Pursuant to section 503(d)(1) of the 1974 Act, I have received the advice of the United States International Trade Commission on whether any industry in the United States is likely to be adversely affected by such waivers of the competitive need limitations provided in section 503(c)(2) of the 1974 Act. I have determined, based on that advice and the considerations described in sections 501 and 502(c) of the 1974 Act, and having given great weight to the considerations in section 503(d)(2) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2463(d)(2)), that such waivers are in the national economic interest of the United States. Accordingly, I have determined that the competitive need limitations of section 503(c)(2) of the 1974 Act should be waived with respect to an article from a certain beneficiary developing country. 14. Section 503(c)(2)(C) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2463(c)(2)(C)) provides that a country that is no longer treated as a beneficiary developing country with respect to an eligible article may be redesignated as a beneficiary developing country with respect to such article, subject to the considerations set forth in sections 501 and 502 of the 1974 Act, if imports of such article from such country did not exceed the competitive need limitations in section 503(c)(2)(A) of the 1974 Act during the preceding calendar year. 15. Pursuant to section 503(c)(2)(C) of the 1974 Act, and having taken into account the considerations set forth in sections 501 and 502 of the 1974 Act, I have determined to redesignate certain countries as beneficiary developing countries with respect to certain eligible articles that during the preceding calendar year had been imported in quantities not exceeding the competitive need limitations of section 503(c)(2)(A) of the 1974 Act. 16. Section 503(c)(2)(E) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2463(c)(2)(E)) provides that the competitive need limitation provided in section 503(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) of the 1974 Act shall not apply with respect to any eligible article if a like or directly competitive article was not produced in the United States in any of the preceding three calendar years. 17. Pursuant to section 503(c)(2)(E) of the 1974 Act, I have determined that the competitive need limitation provided in section 503(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) of the 1974 Act does not apply with respect to a certain eligible article from a certain beneficiary developing country. 18. In Proclamation 9072 of December 23, 2013, the President designated Mali as a beneficiary sub-Saharan African country pursuant to section 506A(a)(1) of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2466a(a)(1)), as added by section 111(a) of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (Title I, Public Law 106-200) (AGOA). 19. Section 112(c) of the AGOA, as amended in section 6002 of the Africa Investment Incentive Act of 2006 (Division D, Title VI, Public Law 109-432 (19 U.S.C. 3721(c))), provides special rules for certain apparel articles imported from ``lesser developed beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries.'' 20. I have determined that Mali satisfies the criterion for treatment as a ``lesser developed beneficiary sub-Saharan African country'' under section 112(c) of the AGOA. 21. The short-form name of ``Macedonia'' has changed to ``North Macedonia,'' and I have determined that general note 4(a) and Chapter 99, Subchapter III, U.S. notes 17(b)(2) and 18(b), to the HTS should be modified to reflect this change. 22. Section 604 of the 1974 Act (19 U.S.C. 2483) authorizes the President to embody in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) the substance of the relevant provisions of the 1974 Act, and of other Acts affecting import treatment, and actions thereunder, including removal, modification, continuance, or imposition of any rate of duty or other import restriction. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, acting under the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including title V and section 604 of the 1974 Act; sections 111(a) and 112(c) of the AGOA; and section 6002 of the Africa Investment Incentive Act of 2006, do hereby proclaim that: (1) The suspension of the duty-free treatment accorded under the GSP to certain eligible articles that are the product of Ukraine is terminated, effective 5 days after the date of this proclamation. (2) In order to reflect in the HTS this termination of the suspension of certain benefits with respect to Ukraine, general note 4(d) and pertinent subheadings of the HTS are modified as set forth in Annex 1 to this proclamation. (3) The duty-free treatment accorded under the GSP to certain eligible articles that are the product of Thailand is suspended, effective 6 months after the date of this proclamation. (4) In order to reflect in the HTS this suspension of certain benefits under the GSP with respect to Thailand, general note 4(d) and pertinent subheadings of the HTS are modified as set forth in Annex 2 to this proclamation. (5) In order to provide that one or more countries should no longer be treated as beneficiary developing countries with respect to one or more eligible articles for purposes of the GSP, the Rates of Duty 1-Special subcolumn for the corresponding HTS subheadings and general note 4(d) to the HTS are modified as set forth in section A and B of Annex 3 and Annex 7 to this proclamation. (6) In order to redesignate certain articles as eligible articles for purposes of the GSP, the Rates of Duty 1-Special subcolumn for the corresponding HTS subheadings and general note 4(d) to the HTS are modified as set forth in sections C, D, E, and F of Annex 3 and sections A and B of Annex 6 to this proclamation. (7) The competitive need limitation provided in section 503(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) of the 1974 Act is disregarded with respect to the eligible articles in the HTS subheadings and to the beneficiary developing countries set forth in Annex 4 to this proclamation. (8) A waiver of the application of section 503(c)(2) of the 1974 Act shall apply to the eligible article in the HTS subheading and to the beneficiary developing country set forth in Annex 5 to this proclamation. (9) For purposes of section 112(c) of the AGOA, Mali is a lesser developed beneficiary sub-Saharan African country. (10) In order to provide for Mali the tariff treatment intended under section 112 of the AGOA, note 2(d) to subchapter XIX of chapter 98 of the HTS is modified by inserting in alphabetical sequence in the list of lesser developed beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries ``Republic of Mali''. (11) The modification to the HTS made by paragraph (10) of this proclamation shall enter into effect on the 30th day after publication of this proclamation in the Federal Register. (12) In order to reflect the change in the name of Macedonia, general note 4(a) and Chapter 99, Subchapter III, U.S. notes 17(b)(2) and 18(b), to the HTS are modified as set forth in Annex 7 to this proclamation. (13) The modifications to the HTS set forth in Annex 3, Annex 6, and Annex 7 of this proclamation shall be effective with respect to articles entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on November 1, 2019. (14) Any provisions of previous proclamations and Executive Orders that are inconsistent with the actions taken in this proclamation are superseded to the extent of such inconsistency. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-fifth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP ED31OC19.020 ED31OC19.021 ED31OC19.022 ED31OC19.023 ED31OC19.024 ED31OC19.025 ED31OC19.026 ED31OC19.027 ED31OC19.028 ED31OC19.029 ED31OC19.030 ED31OC19.031 ED31OC19.032 ED31OC19.033 ED31OC19.034 ED31OC19.035 ED31OC19.036 ED31OC19.037 ED31OC19.038 ED31OC19.039 ED31OC19.040 ED31OC19.041 ED31OC19.042 Proclamation 9956 of October 31, 2019 Proc. 9956 Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Our Nation's infrastructure is critical to supporting our economy, national security, and way of life. We live in an increasingly interconnected world, where our infrastructure networks—from power grids to communication platforms—take on an added degree of importance in the day-to-day lives of every American. During Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Month, we recognize that securing and enhancing the resilience of our infrastructure plays an important role in keeping our Nation safe and fueling our economy. That is why my Administration is persistently investing in resilient infrastructure systems and networks that alleviate risks, thwart attacks, and minimize disruptions to the productivity and well-being of our citizens. When our infrastructure is threatened, our physical and economic security comes under duress as the systems that provide us with essentials like food, clean water, electricity, healthcare, and communication are placed in jeopardy. America's infrastructure relies on an interdependent environment in which cyber and physical systems converge. A disruption in one area can quickly impact multiple infrastructure sectors to create disruptions across communities, States, and the Nation. The threats we face today—human-made, technological, and natural—are more complex and more diverse than at any point in our history. Determined international adversaries and malign actors continue to target America's infrastructure networks, and severe weather and natural disasters present frequent hazards. In response to these threats, my Administration has remained committed to strategic investments to secure and enhance the resilience of our infrastructure. In March, I issued an Executive Order on Coordinating National Resilience to Electromagnetic Pulses, and my Administration released the National Space Weather Strategy and Action Plan. Together, these measures enable us to anticipate and adapt to the risks posed by electromagnetic threats while seeking to identify the fundamental infrastructure systems, assets, and networks that protect the American people, the homeland, and the American way of life. These measures also help us promote American prosperity, preserve peace through strength, and advance American influence. To guarantee our status as the world leader in securing infrastructure and making it more resilient to disruption, I signed legislation in 2018 creating the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) within the Department of Homeland Security. Along with other partners across governments and private industry, CISA is leading the Federal effort to strengthen our Nation's critical cyber and physical infrastructure and bolster America's ability to construct secure, resilient infrastructure systems for the future. It is also imperative that foreign strategic competitors do not gain access to our critical supply chain. To fully protect our critical infrastructure, we must secure the process of delivering products, supplies, and materials from supplier to the manufacturer to the customer. We cannot allow our Nation's supply chain to be built and maintained with components from foreign adversaries that may weaken our ability to provide the functions and services upon which Americans depend each day. In May, I issued an Executive Order on Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain to address concerns about foreign adversaries creating and exploiting vulnerabilities in our information technology and communications networks. These networks are critical to the effective operations of our government and businesses. I encourage owners and operators of those networks to take heightened measures to protect every aspect of their organizations' security and resiliency by maintaining business continuity and emergency management plans, protecting against cyberattacks and insider threats, and reducing vulnerabilities due to natural disasters. Working together, public and private owners and operators of critical infrastructure must continue to take actions to mitigate these threats. Critical infrastructure owners and operators, local and State governments, and the Federal Government all have critical roles in reducing the risks to our Nation's critical infrastructure. Owners and operators ensure that critical infrastructure is properly run and maintained, while local governments certify that critical infrastructure is sited properly and built to the latest codes and standards. As the States provide oversight for operations, the Federal Government, in turn, must provide support for all of these needs. While Federal, State, and local governments are doing everything within their power to protect our infrastructure, today's threats also require cooperation from partners in the private sector to ensure maximum security and enhance our resilience. Every American has a role to play in this endeavor, whether it is through investing in technologies to make our systems more resilient, making and exercising preparedness plans, or simply remaining alert and raising concerns to potential threats. This month, we reaffirm our commitment to developing new strategies to address the ever-present and increasingly complex threats facing our Nation's infrastructure, and we pay tribute to the men and women who work diligently to safeguard the United States from any threat. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 2019 as Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Month. I call upon the people of the United States to recognize the importance of protecting our Nation's infrastructure and to observe this month with appropriate measures to enhance our national security and resilience. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9957 of October 31, 2019 Proc. 9957 National Adoption Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Every child is precious and deserves a loving family of his or her own. During National Adoption Month, we honor the adoptive parents who provide homes—and the invaluable gifts of hope, love, and stability—to thousands of infants, children, and youth. We also recognize the dedicated professionals who work tirelessly to sustain their families through compassion and hard work. The families who provide forever homes to children and youth in the foster care system should be recognized for their loving adoptions. While preliminary data show a fortunate decline in the foster care population over the past year, foster care numbers are still too high. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 alone, nearly 690,000 children and youth were served by the foster care system. While there were more than 63,000 adoptions from the foster care system in FY 2018, thousands of children and youth are still waiting to find permanent, loving families. The need is urgent. We must improve efforts to recruit new adoptive families while faithfully supporting, equipping, and encouraging those families who have already taken one of our Nation's young people into their home to love and care for. This month, we also reaffirm our commitment to our Nation's most vulnerable and valuable resource—our children, especially those at greatest risk of neglect. Thousands of older youth in the foster care system desperately need the ongoing guidance and support of a nurturing family. Too many of our youth transition to the next stage of their lives without stable family connections or positive role models to help them navigate the challenges of adulthood. Additionally, children with disabilities and those with siblings typically wait longer for permanent placement in a home. These children need a family who will provide a foundation of acceptance, mentorship, and unconditional love that will motivate and help them to reach their full potential in life. The health and well-being of all young people is a top priority in my Administration, and a strong family bond is one of life's greatest joys and richest blessings. That is why we will continue to champion adoption as a profound way to transform lives, strengthen families, and ignite hope across America. In addition, we will protect our country's long and vital tradition of faith-based agencies helping children find their forever homes. We are committed to ensuring that faith-based agencies are able to unite children with families while following their deeply held religious beliefs. During this annual observance of National Adoption Month, we acknowledge that every child—born and unborn—is uniquely gifted by their Creator and endowed with both potential and immeasurable value. We recognize the loving and devoted individuals who are part of God's plan for every child by taking on the role of a parent through adoption. We also celebrate the beautiful families created through the generous act of adoption, and we hold all the children and youth still waiting for their forever families close in our hearts and lift them up in our prayers. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 2019 as National Adoption Month. I encourage all Americans to observe this month by helping children and youth in need of a permanent home secure a more promising future with a forever family and enter adulthood with the love and connections we all need. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9958 of October 31, 2019 Proc. 9958 National American History and Founders Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Over 243 years ago, our Founders gathered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at Independence Hall to sign the Declaration of Independence, enshrining in the heart of every American a bedrock principle that all men are ``endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights.'' Throughout our Nation's history, countless men and women have boldly defended this principle, often making the ultimate sacrifice on battlefields here and in every corner of the world. From overthrowing tyrannical rule in the Revolutionary War to liberating Europe from Nazi control during World War II, the United States will always remain steadfast in our dedication to promoting liberty and justice over the evil forces of oppression and indignity. This same truth fuels us in our efforts to confront the challenges that face our citizens here at home, including protecting precious religious liberties, securing our Nation's borders, and combating the opioid crisis. During National American History and Founders Month, we celebrate the vibrant American spirit that drives our Nation to remarkable heights. Our Nation's patriots and heroes have always been guided by the belief that America must shine brightly out into the world. Indeed, this conviction has been at the forefront of the American experiment since our founding. This month, we acknowledge the tremendous strides we have made as a people and recognize that our democracy's survival is dependent upon a well-informed electorate. To ensure the success of our future generations, we pledge to continue to build a more educated citizenry. We heed the warning of President Ronald Reagan that ``freedom is never more than one generation away from extinction.'' To continue safeguarding our freedom, we must develop a deeper understanding of our American story. Studying our country's founding documents and exploring our unique history—both the achievements and challenges—is indispensable to the future success of our great Nation. For more than two centuries, the American experiment in self-government has been the antithesis to tyranny, and our Constitution has secured the blessings of liberty. From the triumphs of war to the victories of the Civil Rights Movement to placing the first ever man on the moon 50 years ago, our Nation has time and again exhibited an unparalleled ability to achieve extraordinary feats. To continue to advance liberty and prosperity, we must ensure the next generation of leaders is steeped in the proud history of our country. On this inaugural National American History and Founders Month, I encourage all citizens to reflect upon the defining tenets that have always united us as Americans, while also taking time to honor those who have contributed to the great story of our country. As Americans, may we forever strive to preserve their legacy for generations to come. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 2019 as National American History and Founders Month. I call upon the people of the United States to observe this month with appropriate ceremonies and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9959 of October 31, 2019 Proc. 9959 National Entrepreneurship Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Throughout our American story, the trailblazers who have been willing to take great risks and chart new frontiers have changed the landscape of business, science, and technology, often setting the global pace for productivity and prosperity. Their relentless pursuit of success has launched new industries, created millions of jobs, and fueled an economy that is the envy of the world. During National Entrepreneurship Month, we recognize the men and women who have turned their passion into innovation, and we pledge to continue fostering economic freedom so the next generation of transformational entrepreneurs is able to unlock their full potential. Our Nation is home to the greatest entrepreneurs in the world because we provide an environment in which they can thrive. American entrepreneurs have access to an unmatched research and development infrastructure that includes 8 of the world's 10 most innovative universities. Additionally, our Nation's highly developed private capital markets and other alternative investment models provide our entrepreneurs with access to necessary funding to develop and commercialize their revolutionary ideas. We have a strong intellectual property rights system, and my Administration has aggressively responded to the theft of American intellectual property in order to protect our entrepreneurs' most valuable assets—their ideas and innovation. To help entrepreneurs succeed, my Administration continues to reduce unnecessary regulations, bolstering investment and improving global competitiveness for small business owners. We have cut 8.5 regulatory actions for every significant regulatory action added, setting up our country's bold risk-takers for success rather than hindering their undertakings with burdensome red tape. These efforts have helped create ripe conditions for entrepreneurs to flourish, encouraging business expansion and increasing hiring for startups. The United States economy and the American people are also continuing to reap the benefits of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that I signed into law during my first year in office. Entrepreneurs are one of the biggest beneficiaries of this landmark legislation, which delivered much-needed tax relief for small businesses. Certain pass-through businesses are now able to deduct 20 percent of their qualified business income and business owners can fully deduct the cost of new capital investments, endowing start-ups and small businesses with a greater percentage of their hard-earned revenue for further investment. Additionally, this historic tax reform legislation includes a key provision that creates Opportunity Zones, helping to facilitate the necessary funding for entrepreneurs to start new businesses and create jobs in economically depressed communities. The Opportunity Zone tax incentive will unlock resources for entrepreneurs to substantially grow and scale their businesses at unprecedented rates while simultaneously reinvigorating struggling communities. The results of my Administration's tax reform and focused deregulation have been tremendous. Since my election, the American economy has added more than 6.4 million jobs, and last month the unemployment rate dropped to a half-century low. We remain committed to extending economic opportunities further and ensuring that the economic boom currently taking place across our country provides opportunities for all Americans. The qualities needed to start and grow new businesses—industriousness, courage, determination, hard work, and a penchant for innovation—are those which continue to define the American spirit and push humankind to new levels of discovery and success. This month, we recognize the countless American entrepreneurs who embody these values and continue to redefine the limits of what is possible. Together, we celebrate their drive and boundless tenacity, and we reaffirm our support for them as they continue to shape and strengthen our great Nation. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 2019 as National Entrepreneurship Month. I call upon all Americans to commemorate this month with appropriate programs and activities and to celebrate November 19, 2019, as National Entrepreneurs' Day. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9960 of October 31, 2019 Proc. 9960 National Family Caregivers Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Selfless Americans across our country consistently dedicate themselves and their resources to providing ailing and aging loved ones with the care and support they need to live in their own homes and communities. Throughout National Family Caregivers Month, we pause to recognize the men and women who tirelessly work to improve the quality of life for Americans in need of care. Caregivers help their family members live fulfilling lives by providing vital assistance in domestic, financial, and medical affairs. The responsibility of serving and supporting another person can be challenging, and the strength and compassion exhibited by caregivers is one of the greatest manifestations of genuine love we witness in this world. Their unrelenting support enables family members to live with dignity. As we honor the innumerable sacrifices made in homes across the country, we affirm our resolve to ensure all caregivers are given the resources and respect they deserve. This support requires a commitment from community stakeholders and Federal, State, and local governments to equip caregivers with training and tools to use to safeguard their family's health and security. This past summer, the Administration for Community Living held the inaugural meetings of the Family Caregiving Advisory Council and the Advisory Council to Support Grandparents Raising Grandchildren. The strategies, informational resources, and technical assistance being developed by these councils will strengthen our Nation's support for family caregivers and their work enhancing the lives of millions of Americans. This November, we recognize and honor the commitment of those who exemplify the essential American tenets of devotion to family and compassion toward those who matter most in our lives. Through caregivers' generosity, our vulnerable communities are able to fully experience the many blessings of our great Nation. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States do hereby proclaim November 2019 as National Family Caregivers Month. I encourage all Americans to reach out to those who provide care for their family members, friends, and neighbors in need, to honor and thank them. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9961 of October 31, 2019 Proc. 9961 National Native American Heritage Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation American Indians and Alaska Natives continue to make immeasurable contributions to our Nation. We honor the sacrifices many tribal citizens have made in defense of our great Nation. We also recognize that our culture is more vibrant because of the special government-to-government relationship between the United States and Indian tribes. During National Native American Heritage Month, we reaffirm our commitment to work with tribal communities to address serious issues affecting them and to help protect their rich and diverse heritage. Few acts of service better embody the intrepid spirit of our country than the willingness to answer the call of duty and defend our Nation's precious liberties. American Indians and Alaska Natives have done so at one of the highest rates of any ethnic group in the United States, serving admirably in every branch of our military. Their legacy of service spans the history of our Nation, and includes the Indian Home Guard during the Civil War and the Code Talkers during World War II. Today, 31,000 courageous men and women from American Indian and Alaska Native communities serve on active duty in our Armed Forces. My Administration is committed to advancing shared priorities with tribal governments and leaders to address their most pressing challenges, including the devastating threat posed by drugs. In 2018, the Department of Interior's Opioid Reduction Task Force seized more than 3,200 pounds of illegal narcotics with an estimated value of approximately $9 million. In addition to our efforts to address the drug crisis, we are focused on healthcare access, delivery, and safety. In March 2019, my Administration created a task force charged with developing recommendations to protect Native American children receiving care at Indian Health Service clinics, and we look forward to continuing these efforts. Additionally, my Administration began a series of public safety listening sessions with American Indian and Alaska Native tribal leaders and communities. These sessions, which are called Reclaiming our Native Communities, are focused on strategies to address the trend of violence and illicit activity affecting these populations and have addressed the problem of missing and murdered indigenous women. So far, these sessions have been held in Sacaton, Arizona; Nome and Bethel, Alaska; and Rapid City, South Dakota. Through collaboration with Federal, State, local, and tribal partners, we will continue working to address these and other issues that American Indian and Alaska Native communities face today. My Administration has also played a role in helping to preserve the proud heritage of American Indians and Alaska Natives. In October, my Administration was pleased to secure the commitment of President Sauli Niinisto of Finland to facilitate the historic return of ancestral remains and artifacts to an assembly of 26 pueblos and tribes in the Mesa Verde region. More than 600 items of cultural patrimony will be returned to this region, which includes areas of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. During National Native American Heritage Month, we affirm our commitment to working toward a society that fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation for the diversity of culture and history of the 573 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native nations in our country. This November and every month, we celebrate the culture and heritage of these remarkable Americans who deeply enrich the quality and character of our Nation. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 2019 as National Native American Heritage Month. I call upon all Americans to commemorate this month with appropriate programs and activities and to celebrate November 29, 2019, as Native American Heritage Day. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9962 of October 31, 2019 Proc. 9962 National Veterans and Military Families Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The United States is a beacon of hope, freedom, and opportunity to people around the world. The Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who fight to defend our liberty embody courage, patriotism, and loyalty. These patriots safeguard the values that keep our great Nation strong. During National Veterans and Military Families Month, we honor and express our deep appreciation for these brave men and women and their families. Throughout our Nation's history, our military men and women have boldly answered the call of duty to defend our Nation's independence and precious liberties, risking life and limb for their fellow Americans. At the inception of our Republic, General George Washington and his men struggled to keep the spark of faith and hope alive through the scourge of disease and the brutal winter months at Valley Forge. One hundred and forty years later during World War I, American service members shed blood in the trenches of Western Europe, leaving a legacy of heroism and courage under fire at places like Belleau Wood and the River Somme. Earlier this year, we commemorated the 75th anniversary of D-Day, when thousands of American heroes charged through a hail of machine gun fire and left their gallant mark on the pages of history. The courage of our men and women who served and fought during that war freed the world from the shroud of tyranny and ended the oppression of millions across the globe. In the decades since World War II, Americans have remained at the vanguard in defending freedom around the world, and our service members, veterans, and their families continue to spearhead this noble undertaking. America's military men and women and their families are vital to the security and prosperity of our Nation. We have a responsibility to protect and serve those who have made countless sacrifices for love of country. As President Lincoln once said: ``Honor to the soldier and sailor everywhere, who bravely bears his country's cause. Honor, also, to the citizen who cares for his brother in the field and serves, as best he can, the same cause.'' We also recognize the integral role our more than 2.6 million military family members play in supporting our Armed Forces and contributing to their mission. While our military men and women are serving at home or overseas, it is our duty to provide their families with the resources they need to thrive in our communities. Accordingly, under my Administration, the Department of Defense has created programs for military families that support access to quality childcare and spousal employment and promote occupational licensure reciprocity between States. We also recognize that our obligation to our military men and women does not end after their time in uniform. We are a Nation that leaves no American behind, and that includes our veterans and their family members. For this reason, I was pleased to sign into law the VA MISSION Act of 2018, which helps provide all veterans with access to trusted, high-quality healthcare. I have also made it a top priority of my Administration to address the tragedy of veteran suicide, establishing the President's Roadmap to Empower Veterans and End a National Tragedy of Suicide (PREVENTS). The PREVENTS initiative will encourage a better understanding of veteran suicide and work across all levels of government and the private sector to implement strategies that will strengthen support networks for veterans and their families. My Administration remains committed to providing our veterans and their families with the financial resources they have rightfully earned. Last year, we secured $201.1 billion in funding for the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)—the most in the history of the VA—including $8.6 billion to support mental health services for veterans. Additionally, I recently directed the Department of Education to discharge some types of Federal student loans owed by totally and permanently disabled veterans. This unprecedented action lessens the financial burden for our seriously wounded warriors who have sacrificed so much for our country, and it underscores the appreciation and undying loyalty of the American people. Each warrior who fights for our Nation, along with their families, has earned our eternal gratitude, and I ask that all Americans thank and support them. Together, we remain committed to fostering a national community of support for these brave heroes and their families. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 2019 as National Veterans and Military Families Month. I encourage all communities, all sectors of society, and all Americans to acknowledge and honor the service, sacrifices, and contributions of veterans and military families for what they have done and for what they do every day to support our great Nation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9963 of November 7, 2019 Proc. 9963 Veterans Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On November 11, Americans commemorate the service, sacrifice, and immeasurable contributions of our Nation's veterans who have proudly worn our country's uniform to defend and preserve our precious liberty. As we celebrate Veterans Day, we pause to recognize the brave men and women who have fearlessly and faithfully worked to defend the United States and our freedom. Their devotion to duty and patriotism deserves the respect and admiration of our grateful Nation each and every day. We are forever thankful for the many heroes among us who have bravely fought around the world to protect us all. As Americans, it is our sacred duty to care for and support those who have shown courage and conviction in selfless service to our country. Safeguarding the health and welfare of our Nation's veterans has been a top priority for my Administration. Last year, I was proud to sign into law the VA MISSION Act, the most significant reform to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in more than 50 years. This historic legislation allows veterans to seek timely care from trusted providers within their communities. In 2018, I also signed the largest funding bill for the VA in history, securing $8.6 billion for veterans' mental health services, $400 million for opioid abuse prevention, and $270 million for rural veterans' health initiatives. Further, I recently signed a Presidential Memorandum directing the Department of Education to discharge some types of Federal student loans owed by totally and permanently disabled veterans. We also must not forget or forsake our veterans in times of distress as they transition to civilian life. That is why I signed an Executive Order in March addressing veteran suicide, a solemn crisis that requires urgent national action. Through this step, we launched the President's Roadmap to Empower Veterans and End a National Tragedy of Suicide (PREVENTS), which is bringing together all levels of government and the private sector to improve the quality of life for our veterans, identify and assist veterans in need, and turn the tide on this tragic crisis. Time after time, throughout the history of our Republic, veterans have defended our way of life with integrity, dedication, and distinction. In respectful recognition of the contributions our service members have made to advance peace and freedom around the world, the Congress has provided (5 U.S.C. 6103(a)) that November 11 of each year shall be set aside as a legal public holiday to honor our Nation's veterans. As Commander in Chief of our heroic Armed Forces, I humbly thank our veterans and their families for their willingness to answer the call of duty and for their unwavering love of country. Today, we pledge always to fight for those who have fought for us, our veterans, who represent the best of America. They deserve our prayers, our unending support, and our eternal gratitude. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim November 11, 2019, as Veterans Day. I encourage all Americans to recognize the fortitude and sacrifice of our veterans through public ceremonies and private thoughts and prayers. I call upon Federal, State, and local officials to display the flag of the United States and to participate in patriotic activities in their communities. I call on all Americans, including civic and fraternal organizations, places of worship, schools, and communities to support this day with commemorative expressions and programs. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9964 of November 8, 2019 Proc. 9964 National Apprenticeship Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Our Nation's robust economy continues to flourish, creating new opportunities for Americans and securing our continued dominance of global markets. As President, I have reduced tax burdens and eliminated unnecessary regulations, producing the lowest unemployment rate in 50 years and more job openings than there are job seekers for 19 months in a row. My Administration is committed to helping all Americans take advantage of this historically strong job market and secure lasting prosperity by ensuring they have access to skills-training that will enable them to launch successful careers in any industry. As we observe National Apprenticeship Week, we celebrate the growing optimism of workers across our country and strengthen our resolve to continue empowering our workers to achieve the American Dream. Encouraging the creation and expansion of apprenticeships is a cornerstone of my commitment to helping improve employment prospects for students and workers. My Administration continues to make unprecedented investments to ensure apprenticeships remain accessible to all Americans, allocating more than $300 million to that mission this year alone. We awarded nearly $184 million to the Scaling Apprenticeship Through Sector-Based Strategies grant program to encourage private-public partnerships in high-growth industries, including information technology, advanced manufacturing, and healthcare. We have also invested $160 million to expand the number of apprentices in Registered Apprenticeship programs nationwide, helping to increase the number and diversity of apprentices in every State. Through workplace and classroom education, apprentices gain valuable knowledge and credentials, drastically improving their future career trajectory. Apprenticeship programs enable Americans to simultaneously earn and learn while avoiding burdensome student loans. They also guarantee American companies access to the skilled employees they need to accelerate growth and innovation. We have achieved great success increasing the availability of these invaluable programs, with 240,000 new apprentices hired and 3,300 new programs launched just last year. I am determined to build upon our economic successes and encourage business leaders, industry experts, and educational institutions to seize the opportunity to expand career-changing apprenticeship programs. I have called on the private sector to invest in the education and skills training of their future and current workers so that all Americans are prepared for the jobs of today and tomorrow. To date, more than 360 companies have committed to investing in over 14 million students and workers through our Pledge to America's Workers. My Administration is also developing standards for industry-recognized apprenticeship programs, which will assist workers in obtaining the knowledge they need to secure family-sustaining careers by taking advantage of high-quality, demand-driven opportunities. Additionally, we are supporting the growth of youth apprenticeship programs that combine academic and technical classroom instruction with work experience and increasing awareness among middle and high school students about the many benefits of apprenticeships. This week, we recommit our efforts to fostering greater opportunity for current and future workers by supporting expanded access to apprenticeships. By increasing training and educational programs, we will renew our Nation's workforce and help hardworking Americans create a brighter future for themselves and their families while further strengthening our robust economy. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 11 through November 17, 2019, as National Apprenticeship Week. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighth day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9965 of November 8, 2019 Proc. 9965 World Freedom Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Thirty years ago, the people of East and West Berlin came together to tear down a symbol of totalitarianism. For more than 10,000 days, the Berlin Wall stood as a troubling reminder of a deeply divided world, an evil obstacle to freedom and individual liberty. When the wall finally came down, it marked a triumphant defeat of communism, a monumental victory for democratic principles, and a righteous end to the nearly five-decades-long Cold War. On World Freedom Day, we remember those who suffered as they longed for freedom behind the Iron Curtain, and we recognize those relentlessly fighting today to break free from the shackles of oppression. Any system of government that impedes the God-given rights of the people is destined to fail because the flame of liberty cannot be extinguished. As President Ronald Reagan said at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin, ``The totalitarian world produces backwardness because it does such violence to the spirit, thwarting the human impulse to create, to enjoy, to worship.'' On that fateful day in 1989, we saw—with every falling piece of rubble—that the human impulse for freedom cannot long be suppressed. Regimes that attempt to stop the free flow of ideas, the right of a people to choose their own government, and the blessings of free enterprise will inevitably suffer the same fate as the Berlin Wall. While authoritarian powers seek to collapse the progress and alliances that have developed in the three decades since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the United States stands firm in our commitment to uphold the democratic values at the bedrock of every free society. Today, our Nation works in tandem with our allies and partners to safeguard the precious freedoms that fuel prosperity and ensure stability around the globe. Bad actors will continually try to weaken our cause and sow discord, but democratic bonds will always prevail. This World Freedom Day, we pay tribute to the heroes who helped liberate Eastern and Central Europe from communist oppression, securing liberty for millions. We also reaffirm our support of those everywhere who pursue the noble cause of freedom. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 9, 2019, as World Freedom Day. I call upon the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities, reaffirming our dedication to freedom and democracy. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this eighth day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9966 of November 15, 2019 Proc. 9966 American Education Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Every child in America deserves equal access to an education that meets their individual needs and prepares them for success. In America, the responsibility for education policy decisions is reserved mainly to the States and to the local officials who know their students best, and we recognize the countless teachers and administrators who contribute every day to innovative solutions at the State and local level. During American Education Week, we celebrate the boundless potential of America's students, honor the teachers, parents, and guardians who help to develop their talents, and commit to expanding educational freedom across the country. A child begins to learn long before the first day of kindergarten and continues to learn well past high school graduation. Education is not confined to a single method, location, or timeframe, but instead is a process that lasts a lifetime. Our education system should inspire students to become lifelong learners, and it should preserve the rights of parents to play an active role in educating their children, facilitate dynamic teaching styles that fit individual students, and free students to pursue their passions. Because students have their own unique learning styles, teachers should be free from burdensome regulations and constraints that inhibit their ability to teach students according to their needs. This type of teaching and learning paves the way to rewarding careers and fulfilling lives for young Americans, promoting healthy families, vibrant communities, and continued economic prosperity across our Nation. To create the type of environments where learning can flourish and to seize the opportunities of tomorrow, we must ensure students are able to learn in ways and places that work for them. My Administration supports educational freedom by opposing one-size-fits-all Federal regulations, restoring decision-making authority to State and local leaders, and empowering families and students. This year, we proposed a transformative new tool for students to access the right education for them: Education Freedom Scholarships. These scholarships will provide up to $5 billion annually in Federal tax credits for voluntary donations to State-based scholarship programs. This program is a bold and necessary step to ensure every family has the freedom to pursue the educational options that are best for them, regardless of zip code. We look forward to the Congress taking action to approve these privately-funded scholarships and to free millions of students of all ages to learn in new and innovative educational settings, without taking a penny from public schools. In order to successfully prepare students for the jobs and economy of the future, education must be dynamic and forward-thinking in its scope and focus. This September, my Administration announced $123 million in new funding to dozens of school districts, nonprofit organizations, and State educational agencies across the country as part of the Department of Education's Education Innovation and Research (EIR) competitive grant program. These grants will create new, innovative, and personalized ways for students to learn. To help the next generation maintain America's leading role in the global marketplace, more than $78 million will fund projects focused on innovations in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education. This week, we recognize the power of education and pay tribute to the educators and role models who shape the students of today into the leaders of tomorrow. Their efforts help provide a high-quality education to millions of students, build strong communities, and ensure that America maintains its standing in an increasingly competitive world. Education in America is as important today as it ever has been, and we remain committed to providing teachers and students with the freedom and resources they need to be successful. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 17 through November 23, 2019, as American Education Week. I commend our Nation's schools, their teachers and leaders, and the parents of students across this land. And I call on States and communities to support high-quality education to meet the needs of all students. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9967 of November 22, 2019 Proc. 9967 National Family Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The strength of our Republic is not measured only by our military might and robust economy but also by the strength of our family bonds. Families shape our values, develop our character, and teach us to love, forgive, and become productive citizens and responsible members of society. During National Family Week, we pause to reflect on the importance of the family—the bedrock of our Nation. Since I took office, my Administration has empowered families. We are currently in the midst of the longest economic recovery in our Nation's history, which is improving quality of life and stability for families of all types. Thanks to our economic policies, which include eliminating unnecessary and burdensome regulations and the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, we have seen the unemployment rate drop to a half-century low, real median household income reach a record high, and the poverty rate fall to its lowest level since 2001. We have fought for families by securing a doubling of the Child Tax Credit, preserving the Child and Dependent Care Credit, signing into law the largest ever increase in child care and development block grants—a major new investment in child care affordability—and developing a tax credit for employers who offer paid family and medical leave. We continue to call on the Congress to pass a nationwide paid family leave program. Last year, I signed into law the Family First Prevention Services Act, which reimagines and reorients our Nation's child welfare system toward keeping at-risk families intact in their own homes and communities and minimizing the need for foster care. This legislation provides funding for mental health therapy, family counseling, addiction treatment, and parenting classes. Additionally, we are working to expand adoption providers so that children of all ages in the foster care system can experience what every child deserves—a loving family in a forever home. For some of our Nation's families, the incarceration of a loved one is a tremendous challenge. My Administration is proud that the reunification and strengthening of families is one of the many benefits of our criminal justice reform efforts. Since maintaining family and community ties is key to the successful reentry of prisoners into society, the bipartisan First Step Act, which I signed into law in 2018, includes provisions that allow inmates to be placed closer to their home communities, which facilitates family visitation. Further, it includes reasonable sentencing reforms that make our criminal justice system fairer by reducing excessive penalties for certain drug offenders, which allows families to reunify more quickly. This week, we vow always to cherish, honor, protect, and respect the incredible gift of family and renew our commitment to strengthening and celebrating all of our Nation's families. A stable, loving family is one of life's greatest blessings. It provides support, comfort, guidance, acceptance, and joy. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim November 24 through November 30, 2019, as National Family Week. I invite communities, churches, and individuals to observe this week with appropriate ceremonies and activities to honor our Nation's families. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-second day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9968 of November 27, 2019 Proc. 9968 Thanksgiving Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On Thanksgiving Day, we remember with reverence and gratitude the bountiful blessings afforded to us by our Creator, and we recommit to sharing in a spirit of thanksgiving and generosity with our friends, neighbors, and families. Nearly four centuries ago, determined individuals with a hopeful vision of a more prosperous life and an abundance of opportunities made a pilgrimage to a distant land. These Pilgrims embarked on their journey across the Atlantic at great personal risk, facing unforeseen trials and tribulations, and unforetold hardships during their passage. After their arrival in the New World, a harsh and deadly winter took the lives of nearly half their population. Those who survived remained unwavering in their faith and foresight of a future rich with liberty and freedom, enduring every impediment as they established one of our Nation's first settlements. Through God's divine providence, a meaningful relationship was forged with the Wampanoag Tribe, and through their unwavering resolve and resilience, the Pilgrims enjoyed a bountiful harvest the following year. The celebration of this harvest lasted 3 days and saw Pilgrims and Wampanoag seated together at the table of friendship and unity. That first Thanksgiving provided an enduring symbol of gratitude that is uniquely sewn into the fabric of our American spirit. More than 150 years later, it was in this same spirit of unity that President George Washington declared a National Day of Thanksgiving following the Revolutionary War and the ratification of our Constitution. Less than a century later, that hard-won unity came under duress as the United States was engaged in a civil war that threatened the very existence of our Republic. Following the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, in an effort to unite the country and acknowledge ``the gracious gifts of the Most High God,'' President Abraham Lincoln asked the American people to come together and ``set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next as a Day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the heavens.'' Today, this tradition continues with millions of Americans gathering each year to give their thanks for the same blessings of liberty for which so many brave patriots have laid down their lives to defend during the Revolutionary War and in the years since. Since the first settlers to call our country home landed on American shores, we have always been defined by our resilience and propensity to show gratitude even in the face of great adversity, always remembering the blessings we have been given in spite of the hardships we endure. This Thanksgiving, we pause and acknowledge those who will have empty seats at their table. We ask God to watch over our service members, especially those whose selfless commitment to serving our country and defending our sacred liberty has called them to duty overseas during the holiday season. We also pray for our law enforcement officials and first responders as they carry out their duties to protect and serve our communities. As a Nation, we owe a debt of gratitude to both those who take an oath to safeguard us and our way of life as well as to their families, and we salute them for their immeasurable sacrifices. As we gather today with those we hold dear, let us give thanks to Almighty God for the many blessings we enjoy. United together as one people, in gratitude for the freedoms and prosperity that thrive across our land, we acknowledge God as the source of all good gifts. We ask Him for protection and wisdom and for opportunities this Thanksgiving to share with others some measure of what we have so providentially received. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim Thursday, November 28, 2019, as a National Day of Thanksgiving. I encourage all Americans to gather, in homes and places of worship, to offer a prayer of thanks to God for our many blessings. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9969 of November 27, 2019 Proc. 9969 National Impaired Driving Prevention Month, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Every day, lives are shattered and lost on our Nation's roadways as a result of alcohol, drugs, and distracted driving. The statistics are alarming: In 2018, impaired driving took more than 10,000 lives in the United States—almost 30 of our fellow Americans each day. During National Impaired Driving Prevention Month, we reaffirm our commitment to preventing tragedies from impaired driving by making the responsible decision to drive sober. We also remember the victims of impaired driving, pray for the grieving families of those whose lives have been taken, and honor the law enforcement professionals who work to keep our roads safe. Irresponsible and impulsive choices that interfere with the ability to drive can irrevocably destroy hopes, dreams, and families. The influence of alcohol, illicit drugs, and some over-the-counter and prescription medications diminishes judgment, negatively impacts motor coordination, and decreases reaction time necessary to safely operate a motor vehicle. Innocent drivers, passengers, cyclists, and pedestrians are endangered when impaired individuals get behind the wheel. We can and must prevent this senseless loss of life and property. My Administration will continue to raise awareness nationwide of the importance of personal responsibility and the dangers of driving while impaired by alcohol or other drugs, including marijuana, opioids, and certain medications. Since the first day of my Administration, addressing substance use disorder and helping the millions of Americans affected by addiction find pathways to recovery have been high priorities. We support health professionals treating Americans struggling with substance use disorder and faith-based and non-profit organizations that address this critical issue through outreach and support of individuals seeking recovery. By eliminating unnecessary and burdensome regulations, we are supporting the creation of innovative technologies that help to reduce impaired driving on our roads, such as ride-sharing services and Advanced Vehicle Technology. Additionally, we are improving data collection and toxicology practices and continuing to provide vital resources to our Nation's law enforcement officers and public safety professionals, bolstering their efforts to reduce the number of crashes, injuries, and fatalities caused by impaired driving. Our Nation has lost too many lives to substance use, yet every day impaired drivers recklessly put others and themselves at risk. Driving sober is non-negotiable. This holiday season, and every day, I urge all Americans to choose wisely, act responsibly, drive sober, and implore friends and loved ones not to get behind the wheel while impaired. We must all commit to confronting this careless behavior, which inflicts unnecessary suffering and senseless loss, stealing the lives of our fellow Americans. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim December 2019 as National Impaired Driving Prevention Month. I urge all Americans to make responsible decisions and take appropriate measures to prevent impaired driving. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9970 of November 27, 2019 Proc. 9970 World AIDS Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Our Nation unites on World AIDS Day to show support for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We also pause to solemnly remember those worldwide who have lost their lives to HIV and AIDS-related illnesses. As we mourn this tragic loss of life, we acknowledge the remarkable advancements in medical care, treatment, acceptance, and understanding surrounding the virus. While admirable progress has been made, it is not enough, and we must continue to work toward a vaccine and a cure. Today, we reaffirm our commitment to control this disease as a public health threat and end its devastating impact on families and communities worldwide. Approximately 1.1 million people in the United States and 38 million around the world are living with HIV. While we have made tremendous strides through American ingenuity and innovation in combatting HIV/AIDS over more than three decades, infections unfortunately persist. Thankfully, due to the availability of antiretroviral therapy, HIV is now considered a manageable chronic condition rather than a fatal diagnosis. New laboratory and epidemiological techniques allow us to identify where HIV infections are spreading most rapidly so health officials can respond with resources to stop the further spread of new infections. Proven interventions, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and syringe services programs, are assisting in preventing new HIV transmissions. Still, a combination of prevention and treatment approaches is needed to integrate and implement our most effective biomedical and socio-behavioral tools. In addition, increased efforts are necessary to reach those populations disproportionately affected by HIV. To strengthen our response to the HIV/AIDS crisis, my Administration launched an unprecedented initiative, Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America, to eliminate at least 90 percent of new HIV infections in the United States within 10 years by focusing on diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and response. Through this initiative, we will continue to lead the charge in applying the latest science to better diagnose, treat, care for, and save the lives of individuals living with HIV by focusing on the cities and States most impacted by the disease. The Department of Health and Human Services is coordinating this cross-agency initiative to include efforts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Indian Health Service to bring us closer than ever to ending the HIV epidemic. American leadership in the global response to HIV/AIDS is clear and as strong as ever through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The United States has invested more than $85 billion in the global HIV/AIDS response—the largest commitment made by any nation to address a single disease. Overseen by the Department of State, PEPFAR's life-saving work in more than 50 countries is made possible through our country's unwavering commitment to the program and the American people's compassion and generosity. These efforts have saved more than 18 million lives, prevented millions of new HIV infections, and moved the HIV/AIDS pandemic from crisis toward control—community by community. Several PEPFAR-supported countries have either approached or exceeded targets for HIV/AIDS epidemic control, putting them on pace to reach this critical milestone by 2020. For millions of men, women, and children around the world, PEPFAR has replaced death and despair with vibrant life and hope. On World AIDS Day, we are reminded that no challenge can defeat the unyielding American spirit. As a Nation, we must come together to remove the stigma surrounding HIV and to address disparities facing people living with this disease. Our success is contingent upon collaboration across all levels of government here in the United States and around the world, community interaction and outreach to people with HIV and at-risk populations, and a citizenry motivated by compassion for the suffering of humankind and hope for the future. Together, we will continue to make progress in our efforts to find a cure for HIV/AIDS and to ensure that all Americans live healthier and happier lives. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim December 1, 2019, as World AIDS Day. I urge the Governors of the States and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, officials of the other territories subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and all Americans to join me in appropriate activities to remember those who have lost their lives to AIDS and to provide support and compassion to those living with HIV. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9971 of December 6, 2019 Proc. 9971 National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Seventy-eight years ago today, the course of our Nation's history was forever altered by the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor on Oahu, Hawaii. On National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, we solemnly remember the tragic events of that morning and honor those who perished in defense of our Nation that day and in the ensuing 4 years of war. Just before 8 a.m. on December 7, 1941, airplanes launched from the Empire of Japan's aircraft carriers dropped bombs and torpedoes from the sky, attacking our ships moored at Naval Station Pearl Harbor and other military assets around Oahu. Following this swift assault, the United States Pacific Fleet and most of the Army and Marine airfields on the island were left decimated. Most tragically, 2,335 American service members and 68 civilians were killed, marking that fateful day as one of the deadliest in our Nation's history. Despite the shock of the attack, American service members at Pearl Harbor fought back with extraordinary courage and resilience. Sprinting through a hailstorm of lead, pilots rushed to the few remaining planes and took to the skies to fend off the incoming Japanese attackers. Soldiers on the ground fired nearly 300,000 rounds of ammunition and fearlessly rushed to the aid of their wounded brothers in arms. As a solemn testament to the heroism that abounded that day, 15 American servicemen were awarded the Medal of Honor—10 of which were awarded posthumously. In one remarkable act of bravery, Doris ``Dorie'' Miller, a steward aboard the USS West Virginia, manned a machine gun and successfully shot down multiple Japanese aircraft despite not having been trained to use the weapon. For his valor, Miller was awarded the Navy Cross and was the first African-American recognized with this honor. In the wake of this heinous attack, the United States was left stunned and wounded. Yet the dauntless resolve of the American people remained unwavering and unbreakable. In his address to the Congress the following day, broadcast to the Nation over radio, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt assured us that ``[w]ith confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph.'' In the days, months, and years that followed, the full might of the American people, industry, and military was brought to bear on our enemies. Across the Atlantic and Pacific, 16 million American servicemen and women fought to victory, making the world safe for freedom and democracy once again. More than 400,000 of these brave men and women never returned home, giving their last full measure of devotion for our Nation. While nearly eight decades have passed since the last sounds of battle rang out over Pearl Harbor, we will never forget the immeasurable sacrifices these courageous men and women made so that we may live today in peace and prosperity. We continue to be inspired by the proud legacy left by the brave patriots of the Greatest Generation who served in every capacity during World War II, from keeping factories operating on the home front to fighting on the battlefields in Europe, North Africa, and the South Pacific. Their incredible heroism, dedication to duty, and love of country continue to embolden our drive to create a better world and galvanize freedom-loving people everywhere under a common cause. On this day, we resolve forever to keep the memory of the heroes of Pearl Harbor alive as a testament to the tremendous sacrifices they made in defense of freedom and all that we hold dear. The Congress, by Public Law 103-308, as amended, has designated December 7 of each year as ``National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim December 7, 2019, as National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day. I encourage all Americans to observe this solemn day of remembrance and to honor our military, past and present, with appropriate ceremonies and activities. I urge all Federal agencies and interested organizations, groups, and individuals to fly the flag of the United States at half-staff in honor of those American patriots who died as a result of their service at Pearl Harbor. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixth day of December, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9972 of December 9, 2019 Proc. 9972 Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day, and Human Rights Week, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Nearly two and a half centuries ago, American colonists broke free of a tyrannical monarchy and rose from the shadow of oppression, creating a new Republic predicated on liberty and the rule of law. Innate to the identity of this new Nation was a revolutionary commitment to the preservation of individual rights. The Framers drafted a Constitution that would ensure the God-given rights of the people. Nevertheless, some of them believed more was needed and insisted upon the enumeration of a set of rights that would be protected from government interference. As a result, the United States ratified 10 Amendments to our Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights. On this day, we pay tribute to these profound protections provided to all Americans, and we reaffirm our commitment to safeguarding them. James Madison, the ``Father of the Constitution,'' was once a skeptic of the need for a Bill of Rights, pondering whether such ``parchment barriers'' could prevent government intrusion on our liberty. After some persuasion from his friend Thomas Jefferson, however, Madison eventually supported the adoption of the Bill of Rights to achieve the compromise necessary to ratify the Constitution. Jefferson famously wrote to Madison: ``A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular, and what no just government should refuse or rest on inference.'' In the 228 years since the adoption of the Bill of Rights, it has continuously served as the guarantor of some of our most cherished freedoms: the right to practice the religion we choose, the right to speak freely and openly, the right to privacy, and the right to keep and bear arms. Since taking office, I have worked to confine government authority to its proper, constitutional scope. In May of 2017, I signed an Executive Order defending religious freedom and freedom of speech to better protect the First Amendment rights of all Americans. I signed another Executive Order in March to promote free speech on college campuses, protecting free inquiry and open debate at universities across the country. These orders recognize that freedom of speech is a fundamental right that must always be guarded vigilantly. Underlying our Bill of Rights is the understanding that all human beings are endowed with certain inalienable rights and that it is the duty of every government to protect these rights. On December 10, 1948, inspired by the Bill of Rights, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This historic document drew global recognition of ``the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family.'' Unfortunately, however, millions around the world still suffer from unjust imprisonment, religious persecution, and countless other human rights abuses. As part of my Administration's efforts to protect human rights, in July, the Department of State hosted the second Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom, and in October, I was honored to be the first President to host a meeting at the United Nations on religious freedom. During Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day, and Human Rights Week, we celebrate the Bill of Rights for safeguarding our God-given rights and protecting us from the abuse of government power. We also acknowledge the truth that people around the world are empowered when human rights are protected by law. The United States has long been at the forefront of this effort, and we will always stand up for individual freedoms and against all forms of oppression. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim December 10, 2019, as Human Rights Day; December 15, 2019, as Bill of Rights Day; and the week beginning on December 8, 2019, as Human Rights Week. I call upon the people of the United States to mark these observances with appropriate ceremonies and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this ninth day of December, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9973 of December 16, 2019 Proc. 9973 Wright Brothers Day, 2019By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation On December 17, 1903, two visionaries, brothers from Dayton, Ohio, ushered in the dawn of the age of aviation on a wind-swept beach in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Wilbur and Orville Wright changed the course of history with the successful maiden flight of a manned, engine-powered aircraft. On Wright Brothers Day, we honor this remarkable achievement, commend the brothers' ingenuity, innovation, passion, and determination, and celebrate the incalculable contributions of aviation to our Nation and the world. When the Wright Flyer safely landed near Kill Devil Hills, it marked the first step of an aviation journey of countless American pioneers to conquer the skies. In the 116 years since this groundbreaking flight, we have made revolutionary strides in aviation, such as Amelia Earhart crossing the Atlantic and Wiley Post circling the globe. This same fearless American spirit eventually propelled us beyond Earth's atmosphere into space and even placed humans onto the surface of the Moon in an ongoing pursuit of discovery and exploration. Earlier this year, our Nation commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission and remembered the triumphant courage and patriotism displayed by those intrepid astronauts. On that remarkable voyage, Commander Neil Armstrong carried a small patch of fabric from the wing of the Wright Brothers' 1903 ``Flyer.'' The progress and success of aviation are among our country's greatest achievements. Aviation connects people, commerce, and industry, not merely across the country but across oceans and continents. The economic, strategic, and social benefits of aviation are critical to our national security and prosperity. That is why my Administration is committed to ensuring that the United States remains the world leader in aviation and aerospace innovation. We are improving the design of supersonic jets, for example, and preparing for their reintroduction to civilian flight while also embracing the growth and potential of unmanned aircraft. By working with leaders in the industry, we are advancing the exploratory and commercial capabilities of space technology and cultivating ideas that could revolutionize the future of transportation, enhance national security and defense, and increase efficiency in commerce and emergency management. Throughout our history, our Republic has been characterized by great men and women, like Wilbur and Orville, who dared to push boundaries, challenge traditional thinking, explore unchartered paths, and embrace the power of possibility. The Wright Brothers' airborne adventure into the North Carolina sky is one of our Nation's seminal milestones and a shining example of the power of the indomitable American spirit, which continues to fuel the next chapter of our history at sea, on land, and in the skies and beyond. The Congress, by a joint resolution approved December 17, 1963, as amended (77 Stat. 402; 36 U.S.C. 143), has designated December 17 of each year as ``Wright Brothers Day'' and has authorized and requested the President to issue annually a proclamation inviting the people of the United States to observe that day with appropriate ceremonies and activities. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim December 17, 2019, as Wright Brothers Day. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Proclamation 9974 of December 26, 2019 Proc. 9974 To Take Certain Actions Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act and for Other PurposesBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation 1. In Proclamation 7350 of October 2, 2000, the President designated the Republic of Cameroon (Cameroon) as a beneficiary sub-Saharan African country for purposes of section 506A(a)(1) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (the ``Trade Act''), as added by section 111(a) of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (the ``AGOA'') (title I of Public Law 106-200, 114 Stat. 251, 257-58 (19 U.S.C. 2466a(a)(1)). 2. Section 506A(a)(3) of the Trade Act (19 U.S.C. 2466a(a)(3)) provides that the President shall terminate the designation of a country as a beneficiary sub-Saharan African country for purposes of section 506A if he determines that the country is not making continual progress in meeting the requirements described in section 506A(a)(1) of the Trade Act. 3. Pursuant to section 506A(a)(3) of the Trade Act, I have determined that Cameroon is not making continual progress in meeting the requirements described in section 506A(a)(1) of the Trade Act. Accordingly, I have decided to terminate the designation of Cameroon as a beneficiary sub-Saharan African country for purposes of section 506A of the Trade Act, effective January 1, 2020. 4. I have determined that the Republic of Niger (Niger), the Central African Republic, and the Republic of The Gambia (The Gambia) have not established effective visa systems and related customs procedures meeting the requirements of section 113 of the AGOA (19 U.S.C. 3722), which are required in order for a beneficiary sub-Saharan African country to receive the preferential treatment provided for under section 112(a) of the AGOA (19 U.S.C. 3721(a)). Therefore, Niger, the Central African Republic, and The Gambia are not eligible for the treatment provided for under section 112(a). 5. Section 112(c) of the AGOA, as amended in section 6002 of the Africa Investment Incentive Act of 2006 (division D, title VI, Public Law 109-432, 120 Stat. 2922, 3190-93 (19 U.S.C. 3721(c)), provides special rules for certain apparel articles imported from ``lesser developed beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries.'' 6. I have determined that Guinea-Bissau and Niger satisfy the criterion for treatment as ``lesser developed beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries'' under section 112(c) of the AGOA. 7. On April 22, 1985, the United States and Israel entered into the Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Israel (the ``USIFTA''), which the Congress approved in section 3 of the United States-Israel Free Trade Area Implementation Act of 1985 (the ``USIFTA Act'') (Public Law 99-47, 99 Stat. 82 (19 U.S.C. 2112 note)). 8. Section 4(b) of the USIFTA Act provides that, whenever the President determines that it is necessary to maintain the general level of reciprocal and mutually advantageous concessions with respect to Israel provided for by the USIFTA, the President may proclaim such withdrawal, suspension, modification, or continuance of any duty, or such continuance of existing duty-free or excise treatment, or such additional duties, as the President determines to be required or appropriate to carry out the USIFTA. 9. In order to maintain the general level of reciprocal and mutually advantageous concessions with respect to agricultural trade with Israel, on July 27, 2004, the United States entered into an agreement with Israel concerning certain aspects of trade in agricultural products during the period January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2008 (the ``2004 Agreement''). 10. In Proclamation 7826 of October 4, 2004, consistent with the 2004 Agreement, the President determined, pursuant to section 4(b) of the USIFTA Act, that, in order to maintain the general level of reciprocal and mutually advantageous concessions with respect to Israel provided for by the USIFTA, it was necessary to provide duty-free access into the United States through December 31, 2008, for specified quantities of certain agricultural products of Israel. 11. Each year from 2008 through 2018, the United States and Israel entered into agreements to extend the period that the 2004 Agreement was in force for 1-year periods to allow additional time for the two governments to conclude an agreement to replace the 2004 Agreement. 12. To carry out the extension agreements, the President in Proclamation 8334 of December 31, 2008; Proclamation 8467 of December 23, 2009; Proclamation 8618 of December 21, 2010; Proclamation 8770 of December 29, 2011; Proclamation 8921 of December 20, 2012; Proclamation 9072 of December 23, 2013; Proclamation 9223 of December 23, 2014; Proclamation 9383 of December 21, 2015; Proclamation 9555 of December 15, 2016; Proclamation 9687 of December 22, 2017; and Proclamation 9834 of December 21, 2018, modified the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (the ``HTS'') to provide duty-free access into the United States for specified quantities of certain agricultural products of Israel, each time for an additional 1-year period. 13. On December 4, 2019, the United States entered into an agreement with Israel to extend the period that the 2004 Agreement is in force through December 31, 2020, and to allow for further negotiations on an agreement to replace the 2004 Agreement. 14. Pursuant to section 4(b) of the USIFTA Act, I have determined that it is necessary, in order to maintain the general level of reciprocal and mutually advantageous concessions with respect to Israel provided for by the USIFTA, to provide duty-free access into the United States through the close of December 31, 2020, for specified quantities of certain agricultural products of Israel, as provided in Annex I of this proclamation. 15. On September 16, 2019, in accordance with section 103(a)(2) of the Bipartisan Congressional Trade Priorities and Accountability Act of 2015 (the ``Trade Priorities Act'') (title I of Public Law 114-26, 129 Stat. 319, 333 (19 U.S.C. 4202(a)(2)), I notified the Congress that I intended to enter into an agreement regarding tariff barriers with Japan under section 103(a) of the Trade Priorities Act. On October 7, 2019, the United States and Japan entered into the Trade Agreement between the United States and Japan. 16. Section 103(a)(1) of the Trade Priorities Act authorizes the President to proclaim such modification of any existing duty as the President determines to be required or appropriate to carry out a trade agreement entered into under section 103(a). The President generally may proclaim such modification provided that the modification does not reduce the rate of duty to a rate that is less than 50 percent of the date of such duty that applied on June 29, 2015; does not reduce the rate of duty below that applicable under the Uruguay Round Agreements or a successor agreement on any import-sensitive agricultural product; and does not increase the rate of duty above the rate of such duty that applied on June 29, 2015. 17. Pursuant to section 103(a) of the Trade Priorities Act, I have determined that it is required and appropriate to modify existing duties with respect to certain goods to carry out the Trade Agreement between the United States and Japan. 18. In Proclamation 6763 of December 23, 1994, the President established a tariff-rate quota for beef. Section 404(d)(3) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (title IV of Public Law 103-465, 108 Stat. 4809, 4960 (19 U.S.C. 3601(d)(3)) authorizes the President to allocate the in-quota quantity of a tariff-rate quota for any agricultural product among supplying countries or customs areas and to modify any allocation as the President determines appropriate. Pursuant to section 404(d)(3) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, I have determined that it is appropriate to modify the tariff-rate quota allocation for beef by providing that the tariff-rate quota allocation for Japan will become part of the total tariff-rate quota allocation for other countries or areas. 19. Section 1206(a) of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (the ``1988 Act'') (title I of Public Law 100-418, 102 Stat. 1107, 1151 (19 U.S.C. 3006(a)) authorizes the President to proclaim modifications to the HTS based on the recommendations of the United States International Trade Commission (the ``Commission'') under section 1205 of the 1988 Act (19 U.S.C. 3005) if the President determines that the modifications are in conformity with United States obligations under the International Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (the ``Convention'') and do not run counter to the national economic interest of the United States. 20. In Proclamation 9549 of December 1, 2016, pursuant to section 1206(a) of the 1988 Act, the President proclaimed modifications to the HTS to conform it to the Convention, to promote the uniform application of the Convention, to establish additional subordinate tariff categories, and to make technical and conforming changes to existing provisions. These modifications to the HTS were set out in Annex I of Publication 4653 of the Commission, which was incorporated by reference into the proclamation. 21. Proclamation 7746 of December 30, 2003, implemented the United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement (the ``USCFTA'') with respect to the United States and, pursuant to the United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act (the ``USCFTA Act'') (Public Law 108-77, 117 Stat. 909 (19 U.S.C. 3805 note)), incorporated in the HTS the schedule of duty reductions and rules of origin necessary or appropriate to carry out the USCFTA. 22. In order to ensure the continuation of such staged reductions in rates of duty for originating goods of Chile in tariff categories that were modified to reflect amendments to the Convention, Proclamation 9549 made modifications to the HTS that the President determined were necessary or appropriate to carry out the duty reductions proclaimed in Proclamation 7746. The United States and Chile are parties to the Convention. 23. Section 201 of the USCFTA Act authorizes the President to proclaim such modifications or continuation of any duty, such continuation of duty-free or excise treatment, or such additional duties, as the President determines to be necessary or appropriate to carry out or apply Articles 3.3, 3.7, 3.9, Article 3.20(8), (9), (10), and (11), and Annex 3.3 (including the schedule of United States duty reductions with respect to originating goods) of the USCFTA. 24. I have determined that, pursuant to section 201 of the USCFTA Act and section 1206(a) of the 1988 Act, modifications to the HTS are necessary or appropriate to ensure the continuation of tariff and certain other treatment accorded to originating goods under tariff categories modified in Proclamation 9549 and to carry out the duty reductions proclaimed in Proclamation 7746. 25. Section 604 of the Trade Act (19 U.S.C. 2483) authorizes the President to embody in the HTS the substance of the relevant provisions of that Act, and of other acts affecting import treatment, and actions thereunder, including removal, modification, continuance, or imposition of any rate of duty or other import restriction. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, acting under the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including sections 506A(a)(1) and 506A(a)(3) of the Trade Act; sections 111(a) and 112(c) of the AGOA; section 6002 of the Africa Investment Incentive Act of 2006; section 4(b) of the USIFTA Act; section 103(a) of the Trade Priorities Act; section 404(d)(3) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act; section 1206(a) of the 1988 Act; section 201 of the USCFTA Act; and section 604 of the Trade Act, do proclaim that: (1) The designation of Cameroon as a beneficiary sub-Saharan African country for purposes of section 506A of the Trade Act is terminated, effective January 1, 2020. (2) In order to reflect in the HTS that beginning January 1, 2020, Cameroon shall no longer be designated as a beneficiary sub-Saharan African country, general note 16(a) to the HTS is modified by deleting ``Republic of Cameroon'' from the list of beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries. Note 7(a) to subchapter II and note 1 to subchapter XIX of chapter 98 of the HTS are modified to delete ``Cameroon'' from the list of beneficiary countries. Further, note 2(d) to subchapter XIX of chapter 98 of the HTS is modified by deleting ``Republic of Cameroon'' from the list of lesser developed beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries. (3) In order to provide the tariff treatment intended under sections 112(a) and 113 of the AGOA, note 1 to subchapter XIX of Chapter 98 of the HTS is modified by deleting ``Niger'', ``Central African Republic'', and ``The Gambia'' from the list of beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries. Further, note 7(a) to subchapter II of chapter 98 of the HTS is modified by deleting ``Niger'' from the list of beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries. (4) For purposes of section 112(c) of the AGOA, Guinea-Bissau and Niger are lesser developed beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries. (5) In order to provide for Guinea-Bissau and Niger the tariff treatment intended under section 112(c) of the AGOA, note 2(d) to subchapter XIX of chapter 98 of the HTS is modified by inserting in alphabetical sequence in the list of lesser developed beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries ``Guinea-Bissau'' and ``Niger''. (6) The modifications to the HTS set forth in paragraphs (1) through (5) of this proclamation shall be effective with respect to articles that are entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after January 1, 2020. (7) In order to implement United States tariff commitments under the 2004 Agreement through December 31, 2020, the HTS is modified as provided in Annex I of this proclamation. (8) The modifications to the HTS set forth in Annex I of this proclamation shall be effective with respect to eligible agricultural products of Israel that are entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after January 1, 2020. (9) The provisions of subchapter VIII of chapter 99 of the HTS, as modified by Annex I of this proclamation, shall continue in effect through December 31, 2020. (10) In order to modify tariffs on certain goods to carry out the Trade Agreement between the United States and Japan, the HTS is modified as set forth in Annex II of this proclamation. (11) The modifications to the HTS set forth in Annex II of this proclamation shall be effective with respect to originating goods, as defined in the Trade Agreement between the United States and Japan, effective on the dates specified in Annex II and on any subsequent dates set forth for such duty reductions in Annex II. (12) The Secretary of the Treasury shall use existing authority to issue any regulations necessary to implement the modifications made pursuant to paragraphs (10) and (11) of this proclamation. (13) Additional U.S. note 3 to chapter 2 of the HTS is modified as specified in Annex III of this proclamation. The modifications to the HTS set forth in Annex III of this proclamation shall be effective with respect to goods that are entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after January 1, 2020. (14) In order to reflect in the HTS the modifications to the rules of origin under the USCFTA, general note 26 to the HTS is modified as provided in Annex IV of this proclamation. (15) The modifications to the HTS made by paragraph (14) of this proclamation shall enter into effect on April 1, 2020. (16) Any provisions of previous proclamations and Executive Orders that are inconsistent with the actions taken in this proclamation are superseded to the extent of such inconsistency. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-sixth day of December, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP ED30DE19.023 ED30DE19.024 ED30DE19.025 ED30DE19.026 ED30DE19.027 ED30DE19.028 ED30DE19.029 ED30DE19.030 ED30DE19.031 ED30DE19.032 ED30DE19.033 ED30DE19.034 ED30DE19.035 ED30DE19.036 ED30DE19.037 ED30DE19.038 ED30DE19.039 ED30DE19.040 ED30DE19.041 ED30DE19.042 Proclamation 9975 of December 31, 2019 Proc. 9975 National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, 2020By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Human trafficking erodes personal dignity and destroys the moral fabric of society. It is an affront to humanity that tragically reaches all parts of the world, including communities across our Nation. Each day, in cities, suburbs, rural areas, and tribal lands, people of every age, gender, race, religion, and nationality are devastated by this grave offense. During National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, we reaffirm our unwavering commitment to eradicate this horrific injustice. Trafficking crimes are perpetrated by transnational criminal enterprises, gangs, and cruel individuals. Through force, fraud, coercion, and sexual exploitation of minors, traffickers rob countless individuals of their dignity and freedom, splinter families, and threaten the safety of our communities. In all its forms, human trafficking is an intolerable blight on any society dedicated to freedom, individual rights, and the rule of law. Human trafficking is often a hidden crime that knows no boundaries. By some estimates, as many as 24.9 million people—adults and children—are trapped in a form of modern slavery around the world, including in the United States. Human traffickers exploit others through forced labor or commercial sex, and traffickers profit from their victims' horrific suffering. The evil of human trafficking must be defeated. We remain relentless in our resolve to bring perpetrators to justice, to protect survivors and help them heal, and to prevent further victimization and destruction of innocent lives. This year marks nearly 20 years since our Nation took decisive steps in the global fight against human trafficking by enacting the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) and nearly 15 years since the United States ratified the United Nations' Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol). Both the TVPA and the Palermo Protocol established a comprehensive framework for combating human trafficking by establishing prevention programs, creating victim protections, and advancing prosecutions under expanded criminal statutes to usher in the modern anti-trafficking movement domestically and globally. These two measures illustrate a global consensus on the issue, and yet as a Nation we must continue to work proactively to foster a culture of justice and accountability for this horrific crime. My Administration is committed to using every available resource, strengthening strategic partnerships, collaborating with State, local, and tribal entities, and by introducing innovative anti-trafficking strategies to bring the full force of the United States Government to help end this barbaric practice once and for all. In January 2019, I was proud to sign both the Frederick Douglass Trafficking Victims Prevention and Protection Reauthorization Act and the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act, reaffirming our commitment to preventing trafficking in all forms. With my resolute support, executive departments and agencies are steadfastly continuing the battle to abolish this form of modern slavery. In October 2019, the 19 members of my Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons convened to highlight significant accomplishments in our sustained, whole-of-Government fight against human trafficking. The Anti-Trafficking Coordination Team (ACTeam) initiative, led by the Department of Justice, more than doubled convictions of human traffickers in ACTeam districts. Additionally, the Department of Homeland Security initiated more than 800 investigations related to human trafficking and the Department of State launched its Human Trafficking Expert Consultant Network, comprised of survivors and other subject matter experts, to inform its anti-trafficking policies and programs. The Department of Health and Human Services continues to provide funding for the National Human Trafficking Hotline, and in Fiscal Year 2018 it funded victim assistance programs that provided benefits and services to more than 2,400 victims. For the first time, the Department of Transportation committed $5.4 million in grants to the prevention of human trafficking and other crimes that may occur on buses, trains, and other forms of public transportation. The Office of Management and Budget also published new anti-trafficking guidance for Government procurement officials to more effectively combat human trafficking in Federal contracting. The inherent dignity, freedom, and autonomy of every person must be respected and protected. Despite the progress we have made and the momentum we have built toward ending human trafficking, there is still more to be done. This month, we renew our resolve to redouble our efforts to deliver justice to all who contribute to the cruelty of human trafficking, and we will tenaciously pursue the promise of freedom for all victims of this terrible crime. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim January 2020 as National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, culminating in the annual observation of National Freedom Day on February 1, 2020. I call upon industry associations, law enforcement, private businesses, faith-based and other organizations of civil society, schools, families, and all Americans to recognize our vital roles in ending all forms of modern slavery and to observe this month with appropriate programs and activities aimed at ending and preventing all forms of human trafficking. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirty-first day of December, in the year of our Lord two thousand nineteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.DONALD J. TRUMP Title 3— The President Executive Orders EXECUTIVE ORDERS Executive Order 13857 of January 25, 2019 EO 13857 Taking Additional Steps To Address the National Emergency With Respect to Venezuela By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, in order to take additional steps with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13692 of March 8, 2015, and relied upon for additional steps taken in Executive Order 13808 of August 24, 2017, Executive Order 13827 of March 19, 2018, Executive Order 13835 of May 21, 2018, and Executive Order 13850 of November 1, 2018, particularly in light of actions by persons affiliated with the illegitimate Maduro regime, including human rights violations and abuses in response to anti-Maduro protests, arbitrary arrest and detention of anti-Maduro protestors, curtailment of press freedom, harassment of political opponents, and continued attempts to undermine the Interim President of Venezuela and undermine the National Assembly, the only legitimate branch of government duly elected by the Venezuelan people, and to prevent the Interim President and the National Assembly from exercising legitimate authority in Venezuela, hereby order: Section 1. (a) Subsection (d) of section 6 of Executive Order 13692, subsection (d) of section 3 of Executive Order 13808, subsection (d) of section 3 of Executive Order 13827, subsection (d) of section 3 of Executive Order 13835, and subsection (d) of section 6 of Executive Order 13850, are hereby amended to read as follows: ``(d) the term ``Government of Venezuela'' includes the state and Government of Venezuela, any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including the Central Bank of Venezuela and Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), any person owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the foregoing, and any person who has acted or purported to act directly or indirectly for or on behalf of, any of the foregoing, including as a member of the Maduro regime.'' Sec. 2. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, January 25, 2019. Executive Order 13858 of January 31, 2019 EO 13858 Strengthening Buy-American Preferences for Infrastructure Projects By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and to strengthen Buy-American principles in Federal financial assistance programs, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy. As expressed in Executive Order 13788 of April 18, 2017 (Buy American and Hire American), it is the policy of the executive branch to maximize, consistent with law, the use of goods, products, and materials produced in the United States, in Federal procurements and through the terms and conditions of Federal financial assistance awards. Sec. 2. Definitions. As used in this order: (a) ``Produced in the United States'' means, for iron and steel products, that all manufacturing processes, from the initial melting stage through the application of coatings, occurred in the United States. (b) ``Federal financial assistance'' shall have the meaning and shall be interpreted consistent with the definition provided by the Office of Management and Budget's Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards, found at section 200.40 of title 2, Code of Federal Regulations. (c) ``Manufactured products'' means items and construction materials composed in whole or in part of non-ferrous metals such as aluminum; plastics and polymer-based products such as polyvinyl chloride pipe; aggregates such as concrete; glass, including optical fiber; and lumber. (d) ``Infrastructure project'' means a project to develop public or private physical assets that are designed to provide or support services to the general public in the following sectors: surface transportation, including roadways, bridges, railroads, and transit; aviation; ports, including navigational channels; water resources projects; energy production, generation, and storage, including from fossil-fuels, renewable, nuclear, and hydroelectric sources; electricity transmission; gas, oil, and propane storage and transmission; electric, oil, natural gas, and propane distribution systems; broadband internet; pipelines; stormwater and sewer infrastructure; drinking water infrastructure; cybersecurity; and any other sector designated through a notice published in the Federal Register by the Federal Permitting Improvement Steering Council. (e) ``Covered program'' means any program for which a focus of the statutory authorities under which it is administered is the award of Federal financial assistance for the alteration, construction, conversion, demolition, extension, improvement, maintenance, reconstruction, rehabilitation, or repair of an infrastructure project in the United States, except that this term shall not include: (i) programs for which providing a domestic preference is inconsistent with law; or (ii) programs providing Federal financial assistance that are subject to comparable domestic preferences. (f) ``Domestic Preference'' means a preference for the purchase, acquisition, or use of goods, products, or materials produced in the United States, including iron and aluminum as well as steel, cement, and other manufactured products. Sec. 3. Application of Buy-American Principles to Covered Programs. (a) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the head of each executive department and agency (agency) administering a covered program shall, as appropriate and to the extent consistent with law, encourage recipients of new Federal financial assistance awards pursuant to a covered program to use, to the greatest extent practicable, iron and aluminum as well as steel, cement, and other manufactured products produced in the United States in every contract, subcontract, purchase order, or sub-award that is chargeable against such Federal financial assistance award. (b) The head of each agency administering a covered program shall include in the report required by section 4 of this order a detailed explanation of the strategy, plan, or program developed to satisfy the requirement of subsection (a) of this section. Sec. 4. Identification of Opportunities to Maximize the Use of Buy-American Principles. Within 120 days of the date of this order, the head of each agency administering a covered program shall identify in a report to the President, through the Assistant to the President for Trade and Manufacturing Policy, any tools, techniques, terms, or conditions that have been used or could be used, consistent with law and in furtherance of the policy set forth in section 1 of this order, to maximize the use of iron and aluminum as well as steel, cement, and other manufactured products produced in the United States in contracts, sub-contracts, purchase orders, or sub-awards that are chargeable against Federal financial assistance awards for infrastructure projects. In preparing this report, the agency head shall take care to analyze whether covered programs within the agency head's jurisdiction would support, through terms and conditions on new Federal financial assistance awards under such covered programs, the imposition of a requirement to use iron and aluminum as well as steel, cement, and other manufactured products produced in the United States in contracts, sub-contracts, purchase orders, or sub-awards that are chargeable against such Federal financial assistance awards. Sec. 5. Amendment to Executive Order 13788. Subsection 1(a) of Executive Order 13788 is hereby amended by substituting ``Federal financial assistance'' for ``Federal grants''. Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals; or (iii) existing rights or obligations under international agreements. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, January 31, 2019. Executive Order 13859 of February 11, 2019 EO 13859 Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy and Principles. Artificial Intelligence (AI) promises to drive growth of the United States economy, enhance our economic and national security, and improve our quality of life. The United States is the world leader in AI research and development (R&D) and deployment. Continued American leadership in AI is of paramount importance to maintaining the economic and national security of the United States and to shaping the global evolution of AI in a manner consistent with our Nation's values, policies, and priorities. The Federal Government plays an important role in facilitating AI R&D, promoting the trust of the American people in the development and deployment of AI-related technologies, training a workforce capable of using AI in their occupations, and protecting the American AI technology base from attempted acquisition by strategic competitors and adversarial nations. Maintaining American leadership in AI requires a concerted effort to promote advancements in technology and innovation, while protecting American technology, economic and national security, civil liberties, privacy, and American values and enhancing international and industry collaboration with foreign partners and allies. It is the policy of the United States Government to sustain and enhance the scientific, technological, and economic leadership position of the United States in AI R&D and deployment through a coordinated Federal Government strategy, the American AI Initiative (Initiative), guided by five principles: (a) The United States must drive technological breakthroughs in AI across the Federal Government, industry, and academia in order to promote scientific discovery, economic competitiveness, and national security. (b) The United States must drive development of appropriate technical standards and reduce barriers to the safe testing and deployment of AI technologies in order to enable the creation of new AI-related industries and the adoption of AI by today's industries. (c) The United States must train current and future generations of American workers with the skills to develop and apply AI technologies to prepare them for today's economy and jobs of the future. (d) The United States must foster public trust and confidence in AI technologies and protect civil liberties, privacy, and American values in their application in order to fully realize the potential of AI technologies for the American people. (e) The United States must promote an international environment that supports American AI research and innovation and opens markets for American AI industries, while protecting our technological advantage in AI and protecting our critical AI technologies from acquisition by strategic competitors and adversarial nations. Sec. 2. Objectives. Artificial Intelligence will affect the missions of nearly all executive departments and agencies (agencies). Agencies determined to be implementing agencies pursuant to section 3 of this order shall pursue six strategic objectives in furtherance of both promoting and protecting American advancements in AI: (a) Promote sustained investment in AI R&D in collaboration with industry, academia, international partners and allies, and other non-Federal entities to generate technological breakthroughs in AI and related technologies and to rapidly transition those breakthroughs into capabilities that contribute to our economic and national security. (b) Enhance access to high-quality and fully traceable Federal data, models, and computing resources to increase the value of such resources for AI R&D, while maintaining safety, security, privacy, and confidentiality protections consistent with applicable laws and policies. (c) Reduce barriers to the use of AI technologies to promote their innovative application while protecting American technology, economic and national security, civil liberties, privacy, and values. (d) Ensure that technical standards minimize vulnerability to attacks from malicious actors and reflect Federal priorities for innovation, public trust, and public confidence in systems that use AI technologies; and develop international standards to promote and protect those priorities. (e) Train the next generation of American AI researchers and users through apprenticeships; skills programs; and education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), with an emphasis on computer science, to ensure that American workers, including Federal workers, are capable of taking full advantage of the opportunities of AI. (f) Develop and implement an action plan, in accordance with the National Security Presidential Memorandum of February 11, 2019 (Protecting the United States Advantage in Artificial Intelligence and Related Critical Technologies) (the NSPM) to protect the advantage of the United States in AI and technology critical to United States economic and national security interests against strategic competitors and foreign adversaries. Sec. 3. Roles and Responsibilities. The Initiative shall be coordinated through the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence (Select Committee). Actions shall be implemented by agencies that conduct foundational AI R&D, develop and deploy applications of AI technologies, provide educational grants, and regulate and provide guidance for applications of AI technologies, as determined by the co-chairs of the NSTC Select Committee (implementing agencies). Sec. 4. Federal Investment in AI Research and Development. (a) Heads of implementing agencies that also perform or fund R&D (AI R&D agencies), shall consider AI as an agency R&D priority, as appropriate to their respective agencies' missions, consistent with applicable law and in accordance with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) R&D priorities memoranda. Heads of such agencies shall take this priority into account when developing budget proposals and planning for the use of funds in Fiscal Year 2020 and in future years. Heads of these agencies shall also consider appropriate administrative actions to increase focus on AI for 2019. (b) Heads of AI R&D agencies shall budget an amount for AI R&D that is appropriate for this prioritization. (i) Following the submission of the President's Budget request to the Congress, heads of such agencies shall communicate plans for achieving this prioritization to the OMB Director and the OSTP Director each fiscal year through the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program. (ii) Within 90 days of the enactment of appropriations for their respective agencies, heads of such agencies shall identify each year, consistent with applicable law, the programs to which the AI R&D priority will apply and estimate the total amount of such funds that will be spent on each such program. This information shall be communicated to the OMB Director and OSTP Director each fiscal year through the NITRD Program. (c) To the extent appropriate and consistent with applicable law, heads of AI R&D agencies shall explore opportunities for collaboration with non-Federal entities, including: the private sector; academia; non-profit organizations; State, local, tribal, and territorial governments; and foreign partners and allies, so all collaborators can benefit from each other's investment and expertise in AI R&D. Sec. 5. Data and Computing Resources for AI Research and Development. (a) Heads of all agencies shall review their Federal data and models to identify opportunities to increase access and use by the greater non-Federal AI research community in a manner that benefits that community, while protecting safety, security, privacy, and confidentiality. Specifically, agencies shall improve data and model inventory documentation to enable discovery and usability, and shall prioritize improvements to access and quality of AI data and models based on the AI research community's user feedback. (i) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the OMB Director shall publish a notice in the Federal Register inviting the public to identify additional requests for access or quality improvements for Federal data and models that would improve AI R&D and testing. Additionally, within 90 days of the date of this order, OMB, in conjunction with the Select Committee, shall investigate barriers to access or quality limitations of Federal data and models that impede AI R&D and testing. Collectively, these actions by OMB will help to identify datasets that will facilitate non-Federal AI R&D and testing. (ii) Within 120 days of the date of this order, OMB, including through its interagency councils and the Select Committee, shall update implementation guidance for Enterprise Data Inventories and Source Code Inventories to support discovery and usability in AI R&D. (iii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, and in accordance with the implementation of the Cross-Agency Priority Goal: Leveraging Federal Data as a Strategic Asset, from the March 2018 President's Management Agenda, agencies shall consider methods of improving the quality, usability, and appropriate access to priority data identified by the AI research community. Agencies shall also identify any associated resource implications. (iv) In identifying data and models for consideration for increased public access, agencies, in coordination with the Senior Agency Officials for Privacy established pursuant to Executive Order 13719 of February 9, 2016 (Establishment of the Federal Privacy Council), the heads of Federal statistical entities, Federal program managers, and other relevant personnel shall identify any barriers to, or requirements associated with, increased access to and use of such data and models, including: (A) privacy and civil liberty protections for individuals who may be affected by increased access and use, as well as confidentiality protections for individuals and other data providers; (B) safety and security concerns, including those related to the association or compilation of data and models; (C) data documentation and formatting, including the need for interoperable and machine-readable data formats; (D) changes necessary to ensure appropriate data and system governance; and (E) any other relevant considerations. (v) In accordance with the President's Management Agenda and the Cross-Agency Priority Goal: Leveraging Data as a Strategic Asset, agencies shall identify opportunities to use new technologies and best practices to increase access to and usability of open data and models, and explore appropriate controls on access to sensitive or restricted data and models, consistent with applicable laws and policies, privacy and confidentiality protections, and civil liberty protections. (b) The Secretaries of Defense, Commerce, Health and Human Services, and Energy, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Director of the National Science Foundation shall, to the extent appropriate and consistent with applicable law, prioritize the allocation of high-performance computing resources for AI-related applications through: (i) increased assignment of discretionary allocation of resources and resource reserves; or (ii) any other appropriate mechanisms. (c) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Select Committee, in coordination with the General Services Administration (GSA), shall submit a report to the President making recommendations on better enabling the use of cloud computing resources for federally funded AI R&D. (d) The Select Committee shall provide technical expertise to the American Technology Council on matters regarding AI and the modernization of Federal technology, data, and the delivery of digital services, as appropriate. Sec. 6. Guidance for Regulation of AI Applications. (a) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the OMB Director, in coordination with the OSTP Director, the Director of the Domestic Policy Council, and the Director of the National Economic Council, and in consultation with any other relevant agencies and key stakeholders as the OMB Director shall determine, shall issue a memorandum to the heads of all agencies that shall: (i) inform the development of regulatory and non-regulatory approaches by such agencies regarding technologies and industrial sectors that are either empowered or enabled by AI, and that advance American innovation while upholding civil liberties, privacy, and American values; and (ii) consider ways to reduce barriers to the use of AI technologies in order to promote their innovative application while protecting civil liberties, privacy, American values, and United States economic and national security. (b) To help ensure public trust in the development and implementation of AI applications, OMB shall issue a draft version of the memorandum for public comment before it is finalized. (c) Within 180 days of the date of the memorandum described in subsection (a) of this section, the heads of implementing agencies that also have regulatory authorities shall review their authorities relevant to applications of AI and shall submit to OMB plans to achieve consistency with the memorandum. (d) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Commerce, through the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), shall issue a plan for Federal engagement in the development of technical standards and related tools in support of reliable, robust, and trustworthy systems that use AI technologies. NIST shall lead the development of this plan with participation from relevant agencies as the Secretary of Commerce shall determine. (i) Consistent with OMB Circular A-119, this plan shall include: (A) Federal priority needs for standardization of AI systems development and deployment; (B) identification of standards development entities in which Federal agencies should seek membership with the goal of establishing or supporting United States technical leadership roles; and (C) opportunities for and challenges to United States leadership in standardization related to AI technologies. (ii) This plan shall be developed in consultation with the Select Committee, as needed, and in consultation with the private sector, academia, non-governmental entities, and other stakeholders, as appropriate. Sec. 7. AI and the American Workforce. (a) Heads of implementing agencies that also provide educational grants shall, to the extent consistent with applicable law, consider AI as a priority area within existing Federal fellowship and service programs. (i) Eligible programs for prioritization shall give preference to American citizens, to the extent permitted by law, and shall include: (A) high school, undergraduate, and graduate fellowship; alternative education; and training programs; (B) programs to recognize and fund early-career university faculty who conduct AI R&D, including through Presidential awards and recognitions; (C) scholarship for service programs; (D) direct commissioning programs of the United States Armed Forces; and (E) programs that support the development of instructional programs and curricula that encourage the integration of AI technologies into courses in order to facilitate personalized and adaptive learning experiences for formal and informal education and training. (ii) Agencies shall annually communicate plans for achieving this prioritization to the co-chairs of the Select Committee. (b) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Select Committee shall provide recommendations to the NSTC Committee on STEM Education regarding AI-related educational and workforce development considerations that focus on American citizens. (c) The Select Committee shall provide technical expertise to the National Council for the American Worker on matters regarding AI and the American workforce, as appropriate. Sec. 8. Action Plan for Protection of the United States Advantage in AI Technologies. (a) As directed by the NSPM, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, in coordination with the OSTP Director and the recipients of the NSPM, shall organize the development of an action plan to protect the United States advantage in AI and AI technology critical to United States economic and national security interests against strategic competitors and adversarial nations. (b) The action plan shall be provided to the President within 120 days of the date of this order, and may be classified in full or in part, as appropriate. (c) Upon approval by the President, the action plan shall be implemented by all agencies who are recipients of the NSPM, for all AI-related activities, including those conducted pursuant to this order. Sec. 9. Definitions. As used in this order: (a) the term ``artificial intelligence'' means the full extent of Federal investments in AI, to include: R&D of core AI techniques and technologies; AI prototype systems; application and adaptation of AI techniques; architectural and systems support for AI; and cyberinfrastructure, data sets, and standards for AI; and (b) the term ``open data'' shall, in accordance with OMB Circular A-130 and memorandum M-13-13, mean ``publicly available data structured in a way that enables the data to be fully discoverable and usable by end users.'' Sec. 10. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of OMB relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, February 11, 2019. Executive Order 13860 of March 4, 2019 EO 13860 Supporting the Transition of Active Duty Service Members and Military Veterans Into the Merchant Marine By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and to promote employment opportunities for United States military veterans while growing the cadre of trained United States mariners available to meet United States requirements for national and economic security, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy. It is the policy of the United States to support practices and programs that ensure that members of the United States Armed Forces receive appropriate credit for their military training and experience, upon request, toward credentialing requirements as a merchant mariner. It is further the policy of the United States to establish and maintain an effective merchant marine program by providing sufficient support and resources to active duty and separating service members who pursue or possess merchant mariner credentials. A robust merchant marine is vital to the national and economic security of the United States. Credentialed United States merchant mariners support domestic and international trade, are critical for strategic defensive and offensive military sealift operations, and bring added expertise to Federal vessel operations. Unfortunately, the United States faces a shortage of qualified merchant mariners. As our strategic competitors expand their global footprint, the United States must retain its ability to project and sustain forces globally. This capability requires a sufficient corps of credentialed merchant mariners available to crew the necessary sealift fleet. Attracting additional trained and credentialed mariners, particularly from active duty service members and military veterans, will support United States national security requirements and provide meaningful, well-paying jobs to United States veterans. Sec. 2. Definition. For the purposes of this order, the term ``applicable service'' includes any of the ``armed forces,'' as that term is defined in section 101(a)(4)(A) of title 10, United States Code. Sec. 3. Credentialing Support. (a) To support merchant mariner credentialing and the maintenance of such credentials, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security, with respect to the applicable services in their respective departments, and in coordination with one another and with the United States Committee on the Marine Transportation System, shall, consistent with applicable law: (i) Within 1 year from the date of this order, identify all military training and experience within the applicable service that may qualify for merchant mariner credentialing, and submit a list of all identified military training and experience to the United States Coast Guard National Maritime Center for a determination of whether such training and experience counts for credentialing purposes; (ii) With respect to National Maritime Center license evaluation, issuance, and examination, take all necessary and appropriate actions to provide for the waiver of fees for active duty service members, if a waiver is authorized and appropriate, and, if a waiver is not granted, take all necessary and appropriate actions to provide for the payment of fees for active duty service members by the applicable service to the fullest extent permitted by law; (iii) Direct the applicable services to take all necessary and appropriate actions to pay for Transportation Worker Identification Credential cards for active duty service members pursuing or possessing a mariner credential; (iv) Ensure that members of the applicable services who are to be discharged or released from active duty and who request certification or verification of sea service be provided such certification or verification no later than 1 month after discharge or release; and (v) Ensure the applicable services have developed, or continue to operate, as appropriate, the online resource known as Credentialing Opportunities On-Line to support separating service members seeking information and assistance on merchant mariner credentialing. (b) The United States Committee on the Marine Transportation System shall pursue innovative ways to support merchant mariner credentialing, including through continuation of the Military to Mariner Initiative as appropriate, and shall provide a yearly status report on its efforts under the provisions of this order to the President through the White House Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy. Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, March 4, 2019. Executive Order 13861 of March 5, 2019 EO 13861 National Roadmap to Empower Veterans and End Suicide By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. On average, 20 service members and veterans die by suicide each day. As a Nation, we must do better in fulfilling our solemn obligation to care for all those who have served our country. I am therefore issuing a national call to action to improve the quality of life of our Nation's veterans—many of whom have risked their lives to protect our freedom while deployed, often multiple times, to areas of prolonged conflict. Answering this call to action requires an aspirational, innovative, all-hands-on-deck approach to public health—not government as usual. The Federal Government alone cannot achieve effective or lasting reductions in the veteran suicide rate. This is not because of a lack of resources. It is, in fact, due substantially to a lack of coordination: Nearly 70 percent of veterans who end their lives by suicide have not recently received healthcare services from the Department of Veterans Affairs. To reduce the veteran suicide rate, the Federal Government must work side-by-side with partners from State, local, territorial, and tribal governments—as well as private and non-profit entities—to provide our veterans with the services they need. At the same time, the Federal Government must advance our understanding of the underlying causal factors of veteran suicide. Our collective efforts must begin with the common understanding that suicide is preventable and prevention requires more than intervention at the point of crisis. The Federal Government, academia, employers, members of faith-based and other community, non-governmental, and non-profit organizations, first responders, and the veteran community must all work together to foster cultures in which veterans and their families can thrive. The United States must develop a comprehensive national public health roadmap for preventing suicide among our Nation's veterans, with the aspiration of ending veteran suicide once and for all. This roadmap must be holistic and encompass the overall health and well-being of our Nation's veterans. Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of the United States to end veteran suicide through the development of a comprehensive plan to empower veterans and end suicide through coordinated suicide prevention efforts, prioritized research activities, and strengthened collaboration across the public and private sectors. This plan shall be known as the President's Roadmap to Empower Veterans and End a National Tragedy of Suicide or PREVENTS (the ``roadmap''). Sec. 3. Establishment of the Veteran Wellness, Empowerment, and Suicide Prevention Task Force. (a) There is hereby established the Veteran Wellness, Empowerment, and Suicide Prevention Task Force (Task Force), co-chaired by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs and the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy (Co-Chairs). (b) In addition to the Co-Chairs, the Task Force shall include the following officials, or their designees: (i) the Secretary of Defense; (ii) the Secretary of Labor; (iii) the Secretary of Health and Human Services; (iv) the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development; (v) the Secretary of Energy; (vi) the Secretary of Education; (vii) the Secretary of Homeland Security; (viii) the Director of the Office of Management and Budget; (iv) the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs; and (x) the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Sec. 4. Additional Invitees. As appropriate and consistent with applicable law, the Co-Chairs may, from time to time, invite the heads of other executive departments and agencies, or other senior officials in the White House Office, to attend meetings of the Task Force. Sec. 5. Development of the President's Roadmap to Empower Veterans and End a National Tragedy of Suicide. (a) Within 365 days of the date of this order, the Task Force shall develop and submit to the President the roadmap to empower veterans to pursue an improved quality of life, prevent suicide, prioritize related research activities, and strengthen collaboration across the public and private sectors. The roadmap shall analyze opportunities to better harmonize existing efforts within Federal, State, local, territorial, and tribal governments, and non-governmental entities. The roadmap shall include: (i) the community integration and collaboration proposal described in section 6 of this order, which will better coordinate and align existing efforts and services for veterans and promote their overall quality of life; (ii) the research strategy described in section 7 of this order, which will advance my Administration's efforts to improve quality of life and reduce suicide among veterans by better integrating existing efforts of governmental and non-governmental entities and by improving the development and use of metrics to quantify progress of these efforts; and (iii) an implementation strategy that includes a description of policy changes and resources that may be required. (b) In developing the roadmap, the Co-Chairs shall, at their discretion and in consultation with the other members of the Task Force, engage with: (i) State, local, territorial, and tribal officials; (ii) private healthcare and hospital systems, healthcare providers and clinicians, academic affiliates, educational institutions, and faith-based and other community, non-governmental, and non-profit organizations; and (iii) veteran and military service organizations. Sec. 6. State and Local Action. Within 365 days of the date of this order, the Task Force shall submit a legislative proposal to the President through the Director of the Office of Management and Budget that establishes a program for making grants to local communities to enable them to increase their capacity to collaborate with each other to integrate service delivery to veterans and to coordinate resources for veterans. The legislative proposal shall promote the development of milestones and metrics in pursuit of: (a) community integration that brings together veteran-serving organizations to provide veterans with better coordinated and streamlined access to a multitude of services and supports, including those related to employment, health, housing, benefits, recreation, education, and social connection; and (b) promoting a stronger sense of belonging and purpose among veterans by connecting them with each other, with civilians, and with their communities through a range of activities, including physical activity, community service, and disaster response efforts. Sec. 7. Development of a National Research Strategy. (a) Within 365 days of the date of this order, the Task Force shall, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, develop a national research strategy to improve the coordination, monitoring, benchmarking, and execution of public- and private-sector research related to the factors that contribute to veteran suicide. (b) As the Task Force develops this national research strategy, the Co-Chairs may, at their discretion and in consultation with the other members of the Task Force, engage with the persons and entities described in section 5(b)(i) through (iii) of this order, as well as with Federal Government entities. (c) The national research strategy shall include milestones and metrics designed to: (i) improve our ability to identify individual veterans and groups of veterans at greater risk of suicide; (ii) develop and improve individual interventions that increase overall veteran quality of life and decrease the veteran suicide rate; (iii) develop strategies to better ensure the latest research discoveries are translated into practical applications and implemented quickly; (iv) establish relevant data-sharing protocols across Federal partners that also align with the community collaboration outlined in section 6 of this order; (v) draw upon technology to capture and use health data from non-clinical settings to advance behavioral and mental health research to the extent practicable; (vi) improve coordination among research efforts, prevent unnecessarily duplicative efforts, identify barriers to or gaps in research, and facilitate opportunities for improved consolidation, integration, and alignment; and (vii) develop a public-private partnership model to foster collaborative, innovative, and effective research that accelerates these efforts. (d) The national research strategy shall not be limited to clinical or healthcare interventions, but should approach the problem of veteran suicide in a holistic manner to improve overall veteran quality of life. Sec. 8. Administrative Provisions. (a) The Department of Veterans Affairs shall provide funding and administrative support as may be necessary for the performance and functions of the Task Force. (b) The Secretary of Veterans Affairs, in consultation with the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, shall designate an official of the Department of Veteran Affairs to serve as Executive Director of the Task Force, responsible for coordinating its day-to-day functions. As necessary and appropriate, the Co-Chairs may afford the other members of the Task Force an opportunity to provide input into the decision of whom to designate as Executive Director. Sec. 9. Termination of the Task Force. After submission of the roadmap described in section 5 of this order, the Task Force established in section 3 of this order shall monitor implementation of the roadmap. The Task Force shall terminate 2 years following the submission to the President of the roadmap. Sec. 10. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, March 5, 2019. Executive Order 13862 of March 6, 2019 EO 13862 Revocation of Reporting Requirement By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Findings. (a) Section 3 of Executive Order 13732 of July 1, 2016 (United States Policy on Pre- and Post-Strike Measures To Address Civilian Casualties in U.S. Operations Involving the Use of Force), requires the Director of National Intelligence, or such other official as the President may designate, to release, by May 1 each year, an unclassified summary of the number of strikes undertaken by the United States Government against terrorist targets outside areas of active hostilities, as well as assessments of combatant and non-combatant deaths resulting from those strikes, among other information. (b) Section 1057 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (Public Law 115-91) similarly requires the Secretary of Defense to submit to the congressional defense committees, by May 1 each year, a report on civilian casualties caused as a result of United States military operations during the preceding year (civilian casualty report). Subsection 1057(d) requires that the civilian casualty report be submitted in unclassified form, but recognizes that the report may include a classified annex. (c) Section 1062 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (Public Law 115-232) expanded the scope of the civilian casualty report and specified that the report shall be made available to the public unless the Secretary of Defense certifies that the publication of the report would pose a threat to the national security interests of the United States. Sec. 2. Revocation of Reporting Requirement. Section 3 of Executive Order 13732 is hereby revoked. Sec. 3. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, March 6, 2019. Executive Order 13863 of March 15, 2019 EO 13863 Taking Additional Steps to Address the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Transnational Criminal Organizations By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code; I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, in order to take additional steps to deal with the national emergency with respect to significant transnational criminal organizations declared in Executive Order 13581 of July 24, 2011 (Blocking Property of Transnational Criminal Organizations), in view of the evolution of these organizations as well as the increasing sophistication of their activities, which threaten international political and economic systems and pose a direct threat to the safety and welfare of the United States and its citizens, and given the ability of these organizations to derive revenue through widespread illegal conduct, including acts of violence and abuse that exhibit a wanton disregard for human life as well as many other crimes enriching and empowering these organizations, hereby order: Section 1. Subsection (e) of section 3 of Executive Order 13581 is hereby amended to read as follows: ``(e) the term ``significant transnational criminal organization'' means a group of persons that includes one or more foreign persons; that engages in or facilitates an ongoing pattern of serious criminal activity involving the jurisdictions of at least two foreign states, or one foreign state and the United States; and that threatens the national security, foreign policy, or economy of the United States.'' Sec. 2. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, March 15, 2019. Executive Order 13864 of March 21, 2019 EO 13864 Improving Free Inquiry, Transparency, and Accountability at Colleges and Universities By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. The purpose of this order is to enhance the quality of postsecondary education by making it more affordable, more transparent, and more accountable. Institutions of higher education (institutions) should be accountable both for student outcomes and for student life on campus. In particular, my Administration seeks to promote free and open debate on college and university campuses. Free inquiry is an essential feature of our Nation's democracy, and it promotes learning, scientific discovery, and economic prosperity. We must encourage institutions to appropriately account for this bedrock principle in their administration of student life and to avoid creating environments that stifle competing perspectives, thereby potentially impeding beneficial research and undermining learning. The financial burden of higher education on students and their families is also a national problem that needs immediate attention. Over the past 30 years, college tuition and fees have grown at more than twice the rate of the Consumer Price Index. Rising student loan debt, coupled with low repayment rates, threatens the financial health of both individuals and families as well as of Federal student loan programs. In addition, too many programs of study fail to prepare students for success in today's job market. The Federal Government can take meaningful steps to address these problems. Selecting an institution and course of study are important decisions for prospective students and significantly affect long-term earnings. Institutions should be transparent about the average earnings and loan repayment rates of former students who received Federal student aid. Additionally, the Federal Government should make this information readily accessible to the public and to prospective students and their families, in particular. This order will promote greater access to critical information regarding the prices and outcomes of postsecondary education, thereby furthering the goals of the National Council for the American Worker established by Executive Order 13845 of July 19, 2018 (Establishing the President's National Council for the American Worker). Increased information disclosure will help ensure that individuals make educational choices suited to their needs, interests, and circumstances. Access to this information will also increase institutional accountability and encourage institutions to take into account likely future earnings when establishing the cost of their educational programs. Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of the Federal Government to: (a) encourage institutions to foster environments that promote open, intellectually engaging, and diverse debate, including through compliance with the First Amendment for public institutions and compliance with stated institutional policies regarding freedom of speech for private institutions; (b) help students (including workers seeking additional training) and their families understand, through better data and career counseling, that not all institutions, degrees, or fields of study provide similar returns on their investment, and consider that their educational decisions should account for the opportunity cost of enrolling in a program; (c) align the incentives of institutions with those of students and taxpayers to ensure that institutions share the financial risk associated with Federal student loan programs; (d) help borrowers avoid defaulting on their Federal student loans by educating them about risks, repayment obligations, and repayment options; and (e) supplement efforts by States and institutions by disseminating information to assist students in completing their degrees faster and at lower cost. Sec. 3. Improving Free Inquiry on Campus. (a) To advance the policy described in subsection 2(a) of this order, the heads of covered agencies shall, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, take appropriate steps, in a manner consistent with applicable law, including the First Amendment, to ensure institutions that receive Federal research or education grants promote free inquiry, including through compliance with all applicable Federal laws, regulations, and policies. (b) ``Covered agencies'' for purposes of this section are the Departments of Defense, the Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Transportation, Energy, and Education; the Environmental Protection Agency; the National Science Foundation; and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (c) ``Federal research or education grants'' for purposes of this section include all funding provided by a covered agency directly to an institution but do not include funding associated with Federal student aid programs that cover tuition, fees, or stipends. Sec. 4. Improving Transparency and Accountability on Campus. (a) To advance the policy described in subsections 2(b)-(e) of this order, the Secretary of Education (Secretary) shall, to the extent consistent with applicable law: (i) make available, by January 1, 2020, through the Office of Federal Student Aid, a secure and confidential website and mobile application that informs Federal student loan borrowers of how much they owe, how much their monthly payment will be when they enter repayment, available repayment options, how long each repayment option will take, and how to enroll in the repayment option that best serves their needs; (ii) expand and update annually the College Scorecard, or any successor, with the following program-level data for each certificate, degree, graduate, and professional program, for former students who received Federal student aid: (A) estimated median earnings; (B) median Stafford loan debt; (C) median Graduate PLUS loan debt (if applicable); (D) median Parent PLUS loan debt; and (E) student loan default rate and repayment rate; and (iii) expand and update annually the College Scorecard, or any successor, with the following institution-level data, providing the aggregate for all certificate, degree, graduate, and professional programs, for former students who received Federal student aid: (A) student loan default rate and repayment rate; (B) Graduate PLUS default rate and repayment rate; and (C) Parent PLUS default rate and repayment rate. (b) For the purpose of implementing subsection (a)(ii) of this section, the Secretary of the Treasury shall, upon the request of the Secretary, provide in a timely manner appropriate statistical studies and compilations regarding program-level earnings, consistent with section 6108(b) of title 26, United States Code, other applicable laws, and available data regarding programs attended by former students who received Federal student aid. Sec. 5. Reporting Requirements. (a) By January 1, 2020, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, shall submit to the President, through the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, a report identifying and analyzing policy options for sharing the risk associated with Federal student loan debt among the Federal Government, institutions, and other entities. (b) By January 1, 2020, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, shall submit to the President, through the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, policy recommendations for reforming the collections process for Federal student loans in default. (c) Beginning July 1, 2019, the Secretary shall provide an annual update on the Secretary's progress in implementing the policies set forth in subsections 2(b)-(e) of this order to the National Council for the American Worker at meetings of the Council. (d) Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Secretary shall compile information about successful State and institutional efforts to promote students' timely and affordable completion of a postsecondary program of study. Based on that information, the Secretary shall publish a compilation of research results that addresses: (i) how some States and institutions have better facilitated successful transfer of credits and degree completion by transfer students; (ii) how States and institutions can increase access to dual enrollment programs; and (iii) other strategies for increasing student success, especially among students at high risk of not completing a postsecondary program of study. Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, March 21, 2019. Executive Order 13865 of March 26, 2019 EO 13865 Coordinating National Resilience to Electromagnetic Pulses By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) has the potential to disrupt, degrade, and damage technology and critical infrastructure systems. Human-made or naturally occurring EMPs can affect large geographic areas, disrupting elements critical to the Nation's security and economic prosperity, and could adversely affect global commerce and stability. The Federal Government must foster sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective approaches to improving the Nation's resilience to the effects of EMPs. Sec. 2. Definitions. As used in this order: (a) ``Critical infrastructure'' means systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters. (b) ``Electromagnetic pulse'' is a burst of electromagnetic energy. EMPs have the potential to negatively affect technology systems on Earth and in space. A high-altitude EMP (HEMP) is a type of human-made EMP that occurs when a nuclear device is detonated at approximately 40 kilometers or more above the surface of Earth. A geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) is a type of natural EMP driven by a temporary disturbance of Earth's magnetic field resulting from interactions with solar eruptions. Both HEMPs and GMDs can affect large geographic areas. (c) ``National Critical Functions'' means the functions of government and the private sector so vital to the United States that their disruption, corruption, or dysfunction would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination thereof. (d) ``National Essential Functions'' means the overarching responsibilities of the Federal Government to lead and sustain the Nation before, during, and in the aftermath of a catastrophic emergency, such as an EMP that adversely affects the performance of Government. (e) ``Prepare'' and ``preparedness'' mean the actions taken to plan, organize, equip, train, and exercise to build and sustain the capabilities necessary to prevent, protect against, mitigate the effects of, respond to, and recover from those threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the Nation. These terms include the prediction and notification of impending EMPs. (f) A ``Sector-Specific Agency'' (SSA) is the Federal department or agency that is responsible for providing institutional knowledge and specialized expertise as well as leading, facilitating, or supporting the security and resilience programs and associated activities of its designated critical infrastructure sector in the all-hazards environment. The SSAs are those identified in Presidential Policy Directive 21 of February 12, 2013 (Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience). Sec. 3. Policy. (a) It is the policy of the United States to prepare for the effects of EMPs through targeted approaches that coordinate whole-of-government activities and encourage private-sector engagement. The Federal Government must provide warning of an impending EMP; protect against, respond to, and recover from the effects of an EMP through public and private engagement, planning, and investment; and prevent adversarial events through deterrence, defense, and nuclear nonproliferation efforts. To achieve these goals, the Federal Government shall engage in risk-informed planning, prioritize research and development (R&D) to address the needs of critical infrastructure stakeholders, and, for adversarial threats, consult Intelligence Community assessments. (b) To implement the actions directed in this order, the Federal Government shall promote collaboration and facilitate information sharing, including the sharing of threat and vulnerability assessments, among executive departments and agencies (agencies), the owners and operators of critical infrastructure, and other relevant stakeholders, as appropriate. The Federal Government shall also provide incentives, as appropriate, to private-sector partners to encourage innovation that strengthens critical infrastructure against the effects of EMPs through the development and implementation of best practices, regulations, and appropriate guidance. Sec. 4. Coordination. (a) The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA), through National Security Council staff and in consultation with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), shall coordinate the development and implementation of executive branch actions to assess, prioritize, and manage the risks of EMPs. The APNSA shall, on an annual basis, submit a report to the President summarizing progress on the implementation of this order, identifying gaps in capability, and recommending how to address those gaps. (b) To further the Federal R&D necessary to prepare the Nation for the effects of EMPs, the Director of OSTP shall coordinate efforts of agencies through the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC). The Director of OSTP, through the NSTC, shall annually review and assess the R&D needs of agencies conducting preparedness activities for EMPs, consistent with this order. Sec. 5. Roles and Responsibilities. (a) The Secretary of State shall: (i) lead the coordination of diplomatic efforts with United States allies and international partners regarding enhancing resilience to the effects of EMPs; and (ii) in coordination with the Secretary of Defense and the heads of other relevant agencies, strengthen nuclear nonproliferation and deterrence efforts, which would reduce the likelihood of an EMP attack on the United States or its allies and partners by limiting the availability of nuclear devices. (b) The Secretary of Defense shall: (i) in cooperation with the heads of relevant agencies and with United States allies, international partners, and private-sector entities as appropriate, improve and develop the ability to rapidly characterize, attribute, and provide warning of EMPs, including effects on space systems of interest to the United States; (ii) provide timely operational observations, analyses, forecasts, and other products for naturally occurring EMPs to support the mission of the Department of Defense along with United States allies and international partners, including the provision of alerts and warnings for natural EMPs that may affect weapons systems, military operations, or the defense of the United States; (iii) conduct R&D and testing to understand the effects of EMPs on Department of Defense systems and infrastructure, improve capabilities to model and simulate the environments and effects of EMPs, and develop technologies to protect Department of Defense systems and infrastructure from the effects of EMPs to ensure the successful execution of Department of Defense missions; (iv) review and update existing EMP-related standards for Department of Defense systems and infrastructure, as appropriate; (v) share technical expertise and data regarding EMPs and their potential effects with other agencies and with the private sector, as appropriate; (vi) incorporate attacks that include EMPs as a factor in defense planning scenarios; and (vii) defend the Nation from adversarial EMPs originating outside of the United States through defense and deterrence, consistent with the mission and national security policy of the Department of Defense. (c) The Secretary of the Interior shall support the research, development, deployment, and operation of capabilities that enhance understanding of variations of Earth's magnetic field associated with EMPs. (d) The Secretary of Commerce shall: (i) provide timely and accurate operational observations, analyses, forecasts, and other products for natural EMPs, exclusive of the responsibilities of the Secretary of Defense set forth in subsection (b)(ii) of this section; and (ii) use the capabilities of the Department of Commerce, the private sector, academia, and nongovernmental organizations to continuously improve operational forecasting services and the development of standards for commercial EMP technology. (e) The Secretary of Energy shall conduct early-stage R&D, develop pilot programs, and partner with other agencies and the private sector, as appropriate, to characterize sources of EMPs and their couplings to the electric power grid and its subcomponents, understand associated potential failure modes for the energy sector, and coordinate preparedness and mitigation measures with energy sector partners. (f) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall: (i) provide timely distribution of information on EMPs and credible associated threats to Federal, State, and local governments, critical infrastructure owners and operators, and other stakeholders; (ii) in coordination with the heads of any relevant SSAs, use the results of risk assessments to better understand and enhance resilience to the effects of EMPs across all critical infrastructure sectors, including coordinating the identification of national critical functions and the prioritization of associated critical infrastructure at greatest risk to the effects of EMPs; (iii) coordinate response to and recovery from the effects of EMPs on critical infrastructure, in coordination with the heads of appropriate SSAs; (iv) incorporate events that include EMPs as a factor in preparedness scenarios and exercises; (v) in coordination with the heads of relevant SSAs, conduct R&D to better understand and more effectively model the effects of EMPs on national critical functions and associated critical infrastructure—excluding Department of Defense systems and infrastructure—and develop technologies and guidelines to enhance these functions and better protect this infrastructure; (vi) maintain survivable means to provide necessary emergency information to the public during and after EMPs; and (vii) in coordination with the Secretaries of Defense and Energy, and informed by intelligence-based threat assessments, develop quadrennial risk assessments on EMPs, with the first risk assessment delivered within 1 year of the date of this order. (g) The Director of National Intelligence shall: (i) coordinate the collection, analysis, and promulgation, as appropriate, of intelligence-based assessments on adversaries' capabilities to conduct an attack utilizing an EMP and the likelihood of such an attack; and (ii) provide intelligence-based threat assessments to support the heads of relevant SSAs in the development of quadrennial risk assessments on EMPs. (h) The heads of all SSAs, in coordination with the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall enhance and facilitate information sharing with private-sector counterparts, as appropriate, to enhance preparedness for the effects of EMPs, to identify and share vulnerabilities, and to work collaboratively to reduce vulnerabilities. (i) The heads of all agencies that support National Essential Functions shall ensure that their all-hazards preparedness planning sufficiently addresses EMPs, including through mitigation, response, and recovery, as directed by national preparedness policy. Sec. 6. Implementation. (a) Identifying national critical functions and associated priority critical infrastructure at greatest risk. (i) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the heads of SSAs and other agencies as appropriate, shall identify and list the national critical functions and associated priority critical infrastructure systems, networks, and assets, including space-based assets that, if disrupted, could reasonably result in catastrophic national or regional effects on public health or safety, economic security, or national security. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall update this list as necessary. (ii) Within 1 year of the identification described in subsection (a)(i) of this section, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the heads of other agencies as appropriate, shall, using appropriate government and private-sector standards for EMPs, assess which identified critical infrastructure systems, networks, and assets are most vulnerable to the effects of EMPs. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall provide this list to the President, through the APNSA. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall update this list using the results produced pursuant to subsection (b) of this section, and as necessary thereafter. (b) Improving understanding of the effects of EMPs. (i) Within 180 days of the identification described in subsection (a)(ii) of this section, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the heads of SSAs and in consultation with the Director of OSTP and the heads of other appropriate agencies, shall review test data—identifying any gaps in such data—regarding the effects of EMPs on critical infrastructure systems, networks, and assets representative of those throughout the Nation. (ii) Within 180 days of identifying the gaps in existing test data, as directed by subsection (b)(i) of this section, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the heads of SSAs and in consultation with the Director of OSTP and the heads of other appropriate agencies, shall use the sector partnership structure identified in the National Infrastructure Protection Plan to develop an integrated cross-sector plan to address the identified gaps. The heads of agencies identified in the plan shall implement the plan in collaboration with the private sector, as appropriate. (iii) Within 1 year of the date of this order, and as appropriate thereafter, the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the heads of other agencies and the private sector, as appropriate, shall review existing standards for EMPs and develop or update, as necessary, quantitative benchmarks that sufficiently describe the physical characteristics of EMPs, including waveform and intensity, in a form that is useful to and can be shared with owners and operators of critical infrastructure. (iv) Within 4 years of the date of this order, the Secretary of the Interior shall complete a magnetotelluric survey of the contiguous United States to help critical infrastructure owners and operators conduct EMP vulnerability assessments. (c) Evaluating approaches to mitigate the effects of EMPs. (i) Within 1 year of the date of this order, and every 2 years thereafter, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretaries of Defense and Energy, and in consultation with the Director of OSTP, the heads of other appropriate agencies, and private-sector partners as appropriate, shall submit to the President, through the APNSA, a report that analyzes the technology options available to improve the resilience of critical infrastructure to the effects of EMPs. The Secretaries of Defense, Energy, and Homeland Security shall also identify gaps in available technologies and opportunities for future technological developments to inform R&D activities. (ii) Within 180 days of the completion of the activities directed by subsections (b)(iii) and (c)(i) of this section, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the heads of other agencies and in consultation with the private sector as appropriate, shall develop and implement a pilot test to evaluate available engineering approaches for mitigating the effects of EMPs on the most vulnerable critical infrastructure systems, networks, and assets, as identified in subsection (a)(ii) of this section. (iii) Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the heads of relevant SSAs, and in consultation with appropriate regulatory and utility commissions and other stakeholders, shall identify regulatory and non-regulatory mechanisms, including cost recovery measures, that can enhance private-sector engagement to address the effects of EMPs. (d) Strengthening critical infrastructure to withstand the effects of EMPs. (i) Within 90 days of completing the actions directed in subsection (c)(ii) of this section, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretaries of Defense and Energy and in consultation with the heads of other appropriate agencies and with the private sector as appropriate, shall develop a plan to mitigate the effects of EMPs on the vulnerable priority critical infrastructure systems, networks, and assets identified under subsection (a)(ii) of this section. The plan shall align with and build on actions identified in reports required by Executive Order 13800 of May 11, 2017 (Strengthening the Cybersecurity of Federal Networks and Critical Infrastructure). The Secretary of Homeland Security shall implement those elements of the plan that are consistent with Department of Homeland Security authorities and resources, and report to the APNSA regarding any additional authorities and resources needed to complete its implementation. The Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretaries of Defense and Energy, shall update the plan as necessary based on results from the actions directed in subsections (b) and (c) of this section. (ii) Within 180 days of the completion of the actions identified in subsection (c)(i) of this section, the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretaries of Homeland Security and Energy, shall conduct a pilot test to evaluate engineering approaches used to harden a strategic military installation, including infrastructure that is critical to supporting that installation, against the effects of EMPs. (iii) Within 180 days of completing the pilot test described in subsection (d)(ii) of this section, the Secretary of Defense shall report to the President, through the APNSA, regarding the cost and effectiveness of the evaluated approaches. (e) Improving response to EMPs. (i) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, through the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, in coordination with the heads of appropriate SSAs, shall review and update Federal response plans, programs, and procedures to account for the effects of EMPs. (ii) Within 180 days of the completion of actions directed by subsection (e)(i) of this section, agencies that support National Essential Functions shall update operational plans documenting their procedures and responsibilities to prepare for, protect against, and mitigate the effects of EMPs. (iii) Within 180 days of identifying vulnerable priority critical infrastructure systems, networks, and assets as directed by subsection (a)(ii) of this section, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretaries of Defense and Commerce, and the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, shall provide the Deputy Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism and the Director of OSTP with an assessment of the effects of EMPs on critical communications infrastructure, and recommend changes to operational plans to enhance national response and recovery efforts after an EMP. Sec. 7. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, March 26, 2019. Executive Order 13866 of March 28, 2019 EO 13866 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Statutory Pay Systems. The rates of basic pay or salaries of the statutory pay systems (as defined in 5 U.S.C. 5302(1)), as adjusted under 5 U.S.C. 5303 and section 748 of title VII of division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019 (Public Law 116-6), are set forth on the schedules attached hereto and made a part hereof: (a) The General Schedule (5 U.S.C. 5332(a)) at Schedule 1; (b) The Foreign Service Schedule (22 U.S.C. 3963) at Schedule 2; and (c) The schedules for the Veterans Health Administration of the Department of Veterans Affairs (38 U.S.C. 7306, 7404; section 301(a) of Public Law 102-40) at Schedule 3. Sec. 2. Senior Executive Service. The ranges of rates of basic pay for senior executives in the Senior Executive Service, as established pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 5382, are set forth on Schedule 4 attached hereto and made a part hereof. Sec. 3. Certain Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Salaries. The rates of basic pay or salaries for the following offices and positions are set forth on the schedules attached hereto and made a part hereof: (a) The Executive Schedule (5 U.S.C. 5312-5318) at Schedule 5; (b) The Vice President (3 U.S.C. 104) and the Congress (2 U.S.C. 4501) at Schedule 6; and (c) Justices and judges (28 U.S.C. 5, 44(d), 135, 252, and 461(a)) at Schedule 7. Sec. 4. Uniformed Services. The rates of monthly basic pay (37 U.S.C. 203(a)) for members of the uniformed services, as adjusted under 37 U.S.C. 1009, and the rate of monthly cadet or midshipman pay (37 U.S.C. 203(c)) are set forth on Schedule 8 attached hereto and made a part hereof. Sec. 5. Locality-Based Comparability Payments. (a) Pursuant to sections 5304 and 5304a of title 5, United States Code, and section 748 of title VII of division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019 (Public Law 116-6), locality-based comparability payments shall be paid in accordance with Schedule 9 attached hereto and made a part hereof. (b) The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall take such actions as may be necessary to implement these payments and to publish appropriate notice of such payments in the Federal Register. Sec. 6. Administrative Law Judges. Pursuant to section 5372 of title 5, United States Code, the rates of basic pay for administrative law judges are set forth on Schedule 10 attached hereto and made a part hereof. Sec. 7. Effective Dates. Schedule 8 is effective January 1, 2019. The other schedules contained herein are effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2019. Sec. 8. Prior Order Superseded. Executive Order 13856 of December 28, 2018, is superseded as of the effective dates specified in section 7 of this order.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, March 28, 2019. ED02AP19.014 ED02AP19.015 ED02AP19.016 ED02AP19.017 ED02AP19.018 ED02AP19.019 ED02AP19.020 ED02AP19.021 ED02AP19.022 ED02AP19.023 ED02AP19.024 Executive Order 13867 of April 10, 2019 EO 13867 Issuance of Permits With Respect to Facilities and Land Transportation Crossings at the International Boundaries of the United States By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including Article II of the Constitution, which gives the President authority over foreign affairs and the authority to seek the opinions of principal officers, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. Presidents have long exercised authority to permit or deny the construction, connection, operation, or maintenance of infrastructure projects at an international border of the United States (cross-border infrastructure). Over the course of several decades, executive actions, Federal regulations, and policies of executive departments and agencies (agencies) related to the process of reviewing applications for Presidential permits, and issuing or denying such permits, have unnecessarily complicated the Presidential permitting process, thereby hindering the economic development of the United States and undermining the efforts of the United States to foster goodwill and mutually productive economic exchanges with its neighboring countries. To promote cross-border infrastructure and facilitate the expeditious delivery of advice to the President regarding Presidential permitting decisions, this order revises the process for the development and issuance of Presidential permits covering the construction, connection, operation, and maintenance of certain facilities and land transportation crossings at the international boundaries of the United States. Sec. 2. Cross-Border Infrastructure Presidential Permit Application Procedures. (a) The Secretary of State shall adopt procedures to ensure that all actions set forth in subsections (b) through (h) of this section can be completed within 60 days of the receipt of an application for a Presidential permit for the types of cross-border infrastructure identified in subsection (b) of this section. (b) Except with respect to facilities covered by Executive Order 10485 of September 3, 1953 (Providing for the Performance of Certain Functions Heretofore Performed by the President With Respect to Electric Power and Natural Gas Facilities Located on the Borders of the United States), as amended, and section 5(a) of Executive Order 10530 of May 10, 1954 (Providing for the Performance of Certain Functions Vested in or Subject to the Approval of the President), the Secretary of State is hereby designated to receive all applications for the issuance or amendment of Presidential permits for the construction, connection, operation, or maintenance, at the international boundaries of the United States, of: (i) pipelines, conveyor belts, and similar facilities for exportation or importation of all products to or from a foreign country; (ii) facilities for the exportation or importation of water or sewage to or from a foreign country; (iii) facilities for the transportation of persons or things, or both, to or from a foreign country; (iv) bridges, to the extent that congressional authorization is not required; (v) similar facilities above or below ground; and (vi) border crossings for land transportation, including motor and rail vehicles, to or from a foreign country, whether or not in conjunction with the facilities identified in subsection (b)(iii) of this section. (c) Upon receipt of an application pursuant to subsection (b) of this section, the Secretary of State may: (i) request additional information from the applicant that the President may deem necessary; and (ii) refer the application and pertinent information to heads of agencies specified by the President. (d) The Secretary of State shall, as soon as practicable after receiving an application pursuant to subsection (b) of this section, advise the President as to whether the President should request the opinion, in writing, of any heads of agencies concerning the application and any related matter. Any agency heads whose opinion the President requests shall provide views and render such assistance as may be requested, consistent with their legal authority, in a timely manner, not to exceed 30 days from the date of a request, unless the President otherwise specifies. (e) With respect to each application, the Secretary of State may solicit such advice from State, tribal, and local government officials, and foreign governments, as the President may deem necessary. The Secretary shall seek responses within no more than 30 days from the date of a request. (f) Upon receiving the views and assistance described in subsections (c), (d), and (e) of this section, the Secretary of State shall consider whether additional information may be necessary in order for the President to evaluate the application, and the Secretary shall advise the President accordingly. At the direction of the President, the Secretary shall request any such additional information. (g) If, at the conclusion of the actions set forth in subsections (b) through (f) of this section, the Secretary of State is of the opinion that the issuance of a Presidential permit to the applicant, or the amendment of an existing Presidential permit, would not serve the foreign policy interests of the United States, the Secretary shall so advise the President, and provide the President with the reasons supporting that opinion, in writing. (h) If, at the conclusion of the actions set forth in subsections (b) through (f) of this section, the Secretary of State is of the opinion that the issuance of a Presidential permit to the applicant, or the amendment of an existing Presidential permit, would serve the foreign policy interests of the United States, the Secretary shall so advise the President, and provide the President with the reasons supporting that opinion, in writing. (i) Any decision to issue, deny, or amend a permit under this section shall be made solely by the President. (j) The Secretary of State shall, consistent with applicable law, review the Department of State's regulations and make any appropriate changes to them to ensure consistency with this order by no later than May 29, 2020. (k) Executive Order 13337 of April 30, 2004 (Issuance of Permits With Respect to Certain Energy-Related Facilities and Land Transportation Crossings on the International Boundaries of the United States), and Executive Order 11423 of August 16, 1968 (Providing for the Performance of Certain Functions Heretofore Performed by the President With Respect to Certain Facilities Constructed and Maintained on the Borders of the United States), as amended, are hereby revoked. Sec. 3. Existing Permits. All permits heretofore issued pursuant to the orders enumerated in section 2(k) of this order, and in force at the date of this order, shall remain in full effect in accordance with their terms unless and until modified, amended, suspended, or revoked by the appropriate authority. Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, April 10, 2019. Executive Order 13868 of April 10, 2019 EO 13868 Promoting Energy Infrastructure and Economic Growth By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. The United States is blessed with plentiful energy resources, including abundant supplies of coal, oil, and natural gas. Producers in America have demonstrated a remarkable ability to harness innovation and to cost-effectively unlock new energy supplies, making our country a dominant energy force. In fact, last year the United States surpassed production records set nearly 5 decades ago and is in all likelihood now the largest producer of crude oil in the world. We are also the world's leading producer of natural gas, and we became a net exporter in 2017 for the first time since 1957. The United States will continue to be the undisputed global leader in crude oil and natural gas production for the foreseeable future. These robust energy supplies present the United States with tremendous economic opportunities. To fully realize this economic potential, however, the United States needs infrastructure capable of safely and efficiently transporting these plentiful resources to end users. Without it, energy costs will rise and the national energy market will be stifled; job growth will be hampered; and the manufacturing and geopolitical advantages of the United States will erode. To enable the timely construction of the infrastructure needed to move our energy resources through domestic and international commerce, the Federal Government must promote efficient permitting processes and reduce regulatory uncertainties that currently make energy infrastructure projects expensive and that discourage new investment. Enhancing our Nation's energy infrastructure, including facilities for the transmission, distribution, storage, and processing of energy resources, will ensure that our Nation's vast reserves of these resources can reach vital markets. Doing so will also help families and businesses in States with energy constraints to access affordable and reliable domestic energy resources. By promoting the development of new energy infrastructure, the United States will make energy more affordable, while safeguarding the environment and advancing our Nation's economic and geopolitical advantages. Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of the United States to promote private investment in the Nation's energy infrastructure through: (a) efficient permitting processes and procedures that employ a single point of accountability, avoid duplicative and redundant studies and reviews, and establish clear and reasonable timetables; (b) regulations that reflect best practices and best-available technologies; (c) timely action on infrastructure projects that advance America's interests and ability to participate in global energy markets; (d) increased regulatory certainty regarding the development of new energy infrastructure; (e) effective stewardship of America's natural resources; and (f) support for American ingenuity, the free market, and capitalism. Sec. 3. Water Quality Certifications. Section 401 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1341) provides that States and authorized tribes have a direct role in Federal permitting and licensing processes to ensure that activities subject to Federal permitting requirements comply with established water quality requirements. Outdated Federal guidance and regulations regarding section 401 of the Clean Water Act, however, are causing confusion and uncertainty and are hindering the development of energy infrastructure. (a) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) shall consult with States, tribes, and relevant executive departments and agencies (agencies) in reviewing section 401 of the Clean Water Act and EPA's related regulations and guidance to determine whether any provisions thereof should be clarified to be consistent with the policies described in section 2 of this order. This review shall include examination of the existing interim guidance entitled, ``Clean Water Act Section 401 Water Quality Certification: A Water Quality Protection Tool for States and Tribes'' (Section 401 Interim Guidance). This review shall also take into account federalism considerations underlying section 401 of the Clean Water Act and shall focus on: (i) the need to promote timely Federal-State cooperation and collaboration; (ii) the appropriate scope of water quality reviews; (iii) types of conditions that may be appropriate to include in a certification; (iv) expectations for reasonable review times for various types of certification requests; and (v) the nature and scope of information States and authorized tribes may need in order to substantively act on a certification request within a prescribed period of time. (b) Upon completion of the consultation and review process described in subsection (a) of this section, but no later than 60 days after the date of this order, the Administrator of the EPA shall: (i) as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, issue new guidance to States and authorized tribes to supersede the Section 401 Interim Guidance to clarify, at minimum, the items set forth in subsection (a) of this section; and (ii) issue guidance to agencies, consistent with the policies outlined in section 2 of this order, to address the items set forth in subsection (a) of this section. (c) Upon completion of the consultation and review process described in subsection (a) of this section, but no later than 120 days after the date of this order, the Administrator of the EPA shall review EPA's regulations implementing section 401 of the Clean Water Act for consistency with the policies set forth in section 2 of this order and shall publish for notice and comment proposed rules revising such regulations, as appropriate and consistent with law. The Administrator of the EPA shall finalize such rules no later than 13 months after the date of this order. (d) Upon completion of the processes described in subsection (b) of this section, the Administrator of the EPA shall lead an interagency review, in coordination with the head of each agency that issues permits or licenses subject to the certification requirements of section 401 of the Clean Water Act (401 Implementing Agencies), of existing Federal guidance and regulations for consistency with EPA guidance and rulemaking. Within 90 days of completion of the processes described in subsection (b) of this section, the heads of the 401 Implementing Agencies shall update their respective agencies' guidance. Within 90 days of completion of the processes described in subsection (c) of this section, if necessary, the heads of each 401 Implementing Agency shall initiate a rulemaking to ensure their respective agencies' regulations are consistent with the rulemaking described in subsection (c) of this section and with the policies set forth in section 2 of this order. Sec. 4. Safety Regulations. (a) The Department of Transportation's safety regulations for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) facilities, found in 49 CFR part 193 (Part 193), apply uniformly to small-scale peakshaving, satellite, temporary, and mobile facilities, as well as to large-scale import and export terminals. Driven by abundant supplies of domestic natural gas, new LNG export terminals are in various stages of development, and these modern, large-scale liquefaction facilities bear little resemblance to the small peakshaving facilities common during the original drafting of Part 193 nearly 40 years ago. To achieve the policies set forth in subsection 2(b) of this order, the Secretary of Transportation shall initiate a rulemaking to update Part 193 and shall finalize such rulemaking no later than 13 months after the date of this order. In developing the proposed regulations, the Secretary of Transportation shall use risk-based standards to the maximum extent practicable. (b) In the United States, LNG may be transported by truck and, with approval by the Federal Railroad Administration, by rail in United Nations portable tanks, but Department of Transportation regulations do not authorize LNG transport in rail tank cars. The Secretary of Transportation shall propose for notice and comment a rule, no later than 100 days after the date of this order, that would treat LNG the same as other cryogenic liquids and permit LNG to be transported in approved rail tank cars. The Secretary shall finalize such rulemaking no later than 13 months after the date of this order. Sec. 5. Environment, Social, and Governance Issues; Proxy Firms; and Financing Energy Projects Through the United States Capital Markets. (a) The majority of financing in the United States is conducted through its capital markets. The United States capital markets are the deepest and most liquid in the world. They benefit from decades of sound regulation grounded in disclosure of information that, under an objective standard, is material to investors and owners seeking to make sound investment decisions or to understand current and projected business. As the Supreme Court held in TSC Industries, Inc. v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 449 (1976), information is ``material'' if ``there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable shareholder would consider it important.'' Furthermore, the United States capital markets have thrived under the principle that companies owe a fiduciary duty to their shareholders to strive to maximize shareholder return, consistent with the long-term growth of a company. (b) To advance the principles of objective materiality and fiduciary duty, and to achieve the policies set forth in subsections 2(c), (d), and (f) of this order, the Secretary of Labor shall, within 180 days of the date of this order, complete a review of available data filed with the Department of Labor by retirement plans subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) in order to identify whether there are discernible trends with respect to such plans' investments in the energy sector. Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary shall provide an update to the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy on any discernable trends in energy investments by such plans. The Secretary of Labor shall also, within 180 days of the date of this order, complete a review of existing Department of Labor guidance on the fiduciary responsibilities for proxy voting to determine whether any such guidance should be rescinded, replaced, or modified to ensure consistency with current law and policies that promote long-term growth and maximize return on ERISA plan assets. Sec. 6. Rights-of-Way Renewals or Reauthorizations. The Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Commerce approve rights-of-way for energy infrastructure through lands owned by or within the jurisdiction or control of the United States. Energy infrastructure rights-of-way grants, leases, permits, and agreements routinely include sunset provisions. Operating facilities in expired rights-of-way creates legal and operational uncertainties for owners and operators of energy infrastructure. To achieve the policies set forth in section 2 of this order, the Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and Commerce shall: (a) develop a master agreement for energy infrastructure rights-of-way renewals or reauthorizations; and (b) within 1 year of the date of this order, initiate renewal or reauthorization processes for all expired energy rights-of-way grants, leases, permits, and agreements, as determined to be appropriate by the applicable Secretary and to the extent permitted by law. Sec. 7. Reports on the Barriers to a National Energy Market. (a) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, shall submit a report to the President, through the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, regarding the economic and other effects caused by the inability to transport sufficient quantities of natural gas and other domestic energy resources to the States in New England and, as the Secretary of Transportation deems appropriate, to States in other regions of the Nation. This report shall assess whether, and to what extent, State, local, tribal, or territorial actions have contributed to such effects. (b) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, shall submit a report to the President, through the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, regarding the economic and other effects caused by limitations on the export of coal, oil, natural gas, and other domestic energy resources through the west coast of the United States. This report shall assess whether, and to what extent, State, local, tribal, or territorial actions have contributed to such effects. Sec. 8. Report on Intergovernmental Assistance. State and local governments play a vital role in supporting energy infrastructure development through various transportation, housing, and workforce initiatives, and through other policies and expenditures. The Federal Government is, in many cases, well positioned to provide intergovernmental assistance to State and local governments. To achieve the policies set forth in section 2 of this order, the heads of agencies shall review existing authorities related to the transportation and development of domestically produced energy resources and, within 30 days of the date of this order, report to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy on how those authorities can be most efficiently and effectively used to advance the policies set forth in this order. Sec. 9. Report on Economic Growth of the Appalachian Region. Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the heads of other agencies, as appropriate, shall submit a report to the President, through the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, describing opportunities, through the Federal Government or otherwise, to promote economic growth of the Appalachian region, including growth of petrochemical and other industries. This report also shall assess methods for diversifying the Appalachian economy and promoting workforce development. Sec. 10. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, April 10, 2019. Executive Order 13869 of April 24, 2019 EO 13869 Transferring Responsibility for Background Investigations to the Department of Defense By the power vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Findings and Purpose. Section 925 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (10 U.S.C. 1564 note) provides that the Secretary of Defense has the authority to conduct security, suitability, and credentialing background investigations for Department of Defense personnel and requires the Secretary, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, to provide for a phased transition to the Department of Defense of the conduct of such investigations conducted by the National Background Investigations Bureau (NBIB). Implementing that legislative mandate while retaining the benefit of economies of scale in addressing the Federal Government's background investigations workload, avoiding unnecessary risk, promoting the ongoing alignment of efforts with respect to vetting Federal employees and contractors, and facilitating needed reforms in this critical area requires that the primary responsibility for conducting background investigations Government-wide be transferred from the Office of Personnel Management to the Department of Defense. Sec. 2. Transfer or Delegation of Background Investigation Functions; Further Amendments to Executive Order 13467 of June 30, 2008, as amended. (a) The heading of section 2.6 of Executive Order 13467 of June 30, 2008, as amended, (Executive Order 13467) is revised to read as follows: ``Roles and Responsibilities of the Department of Defense, the Office of Personnel Management, and the Office of Management and Budget.'' (b) Section 2.6(a) of Executive Order 13467 is further amended by inserting ``, until such functions are transferred or delegated, as applicable, to the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency'' before the colon, by redesignating paragraphs (1) through (9) as paragraphs (i) through (ix), by striking the period at the end of newly designated paragraph (ix) and inserting in lieu thereof a semicolon, and by inserting, after newly designated paragraph (ix), an undesignated paragraph to read as follows: ``except that throughout the transition period ending on or before September 30, 2019, as described in sections 2.6(d)(vi) and 2.6(e)(viii) of this order, the National Background Investigations Bureau and its personnel may continue to perform background investigations for the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency.'' (c) Section 2.6(b) of Executive Order 13467 is revised by adding paragraphs (i) through (xi) to read as follows: ``(i) Pursuant to sections 113 and 191 of title 10, United States Code, the Secretary of Defense shall rename the Defense Security Service (DSS) as the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (DCSA). Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense and as further described in subsections (b)(ii) through (b)(iv) of this section, the DCSA shall serve as the primary Federal entity for conducting background investigations for the Federal Government. The DCSA shall, as a continuation of the former DSS, serve as the primary Department of Defense component for the National Industrial Security Program and shall execute responsibilities relating to continuous vetting, insider threat programs, and any other responsibilities assigned to it by the Secretary of Defense consistent with law. The Secretary of Defense may rename the DCSA and reassign any of its responsibilities to another Department of Defense component or components, provided, however, that the Secretary of Defense shall consult with the Directors of National Intelligence, the Office of Personnel Management, and the Office of Management and Budget before renaming the DCSA or reassigning the responsibilities specified in section 2.6(b)(ii) and (iv) of this order to another Department of Defense component.'' ``(ii) Pursuant to and consistent with section 3001(c) of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (50 U.S.C. 3341(c)), sections 925(a)(1) and (d)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (10 U.S.C. 1564 note), and in accordance with subsection (d) of this section, no later than June 24, 2019, the DCSA shall serve as the primary entity for conducting effective, efficient, and secure background investigations for the Federal Government for determining whether covered individuals are or continue to be eligible for access to classified information or eligible to hold a sensitive position.'' ``(iii) Pursuant to and consistent with sections 925(a)(1) and (d)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (10 U.S.C. 1564 note) and in accordance with subsection (d) of this section, no later than June 24, 2019, the DCSA shall serve as the primary entity for conducting effective, efficient, and secure background investigations for determining the suitability or, for employees in positions not subject to suitability, fitness for Department of Defense employment; fitness to perform work for or on behalf of the Department of Defense as a contractor; fitness to work as a nonappropriated fund employee, as defined in Executive Order 13488 of January 16, 2009, as amended; and authorization to be issued a Federal credential for logical and physical access to facilities or information systems controlled by the Department of Defense.'' ``(iv) Consistent with and following an explicit delegation from the Director of the Office of Personnel Management pursuant to section 1104 of title 5, United States Code, and consistent with subsection (e) of this section, no later than June 24, 2019, the DCSA shall serve as the primary entity for conducting effective, efficient, and secure background investigations for the Federal Government not described in subsections (b)(ii) and (b)(iii) of this section, for determining suitability or, for employees in positions not subject to suitability, fitness for Government employment; fitness to perform work for or on behalf of the Government as a contractor; fitness to work as a nonappropriated fund employee, as defined in Executive Order 13488 of January 16, 2009, as amended; and authorization to be issued a Federal credential for logical and physical access to federally controlled facilities or information systems.'' ``(v) The DCSA shall conduct other background investigations as authorized by law, designation, rule, regulation, or Executive Order.'' ``(vi) The DCSA shall provide information to the Council established by section 2.4 of this order regarding matters of performance, including timeliness and continuous improvement, capacity, information technology modernization, and other relevant aspects of its operations. The DCSA shall be subject to the oversight of the Security Executive Agent, including implementation of Security Executive Agent policies, procedures, guidance, and instructions, in conducting investigations for eligibility to access classified information or to hold a sensitive position. The DCSA, through the Secretary of Defense, also shall be subject to the oversight of the Suitability and Credentialing Executive Agent, including implementation of Suitability and Credentialing Executive Agent policies, procedures, guidance, and instructions, and applicable Office of Personnel Management regulations, in conducting investigations of suitability or fitness and eligibility for logical and physical access.'' ``(vii) The Secretary of Defense shall design, develop, deploy, operate, secure, defend, and continuously update and modernize, as necessary, information technology systems that support all personnel vetting processes conducted by the Department of Defense. Design and operation of these information technology systems shall comply with applicable information technology standards and, to the extent practicable, ensure security and interoperability with other personnel vetting or related information technology systems. The Secretary of Defense shall maintain and safeguard the information relevant to the granting, denial, or revocation of eligibility for access to classified information, or eligibility for a sensitive position, or relevant to suitability, fitness, or credentialing determinations pertaining to military, civilian, or Government contractor personnel. The Secretary of Defense shall operate the database in the information technology systems containing appropriate data relevant to the granting, denial, or revocation of eligibility for access to classified information or eligibility for a sensitive position pertaining to military, civilian, or Government contractor personnel, see section 3341(e) of title 50, United States Code, consistent with, as applicable, an explicit delegation from the Director of the Office of Personnel Management pursuant to section 1104 of title 5, United States Code.'' ``(viii) The Secretary of Defense shall, by June 24, 2019, execute a written agreement with the Director of the Office of Personnel Management designating the appropriate support functions to be transferred as part of the investigative mission, consistent with section 925(d)(2)(B) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (10 U.S.C. 1564 note), and setting forth expectations for the transition period, including for detailing personnel, funding background investigations, using and safeguarding information technology, managing facilities and property, contracting, administrative support, records access, and addressing any claims.'' ``(ix) The Secretary of Defense shall, upon finalization of the agreement described in paragraph (viii) of this subsection and in accordance with its terms: (A) establish the Personnel Vetting Transformation Office within the Department of Defense, which will include personnel from the Department of Defense and other stakeholder agencies, as appropriate; and (B) commence efforts to receive transferred or delegated functions and, as appropriate, associated Office of Personnel Management operations, resources, and personnel, to the DCSA.'' ``(x) The Secretary of Defense shall: (A) no later than June 24, 2019, and every 180 days thereafter until the transfer is complete, provide a report to the President, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Personnel Management and through the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, regarding the status of the transfer, including any resource or funding shortfall and gaps in authority; (B) take necessary actions to enable the Department of Defense to receive any resources, including personnel, made available as a result of subsection (d) of this section; and (C) notify the President upon completion of the transition period.'' ``(xi) In the event the agreement described in paragraph (viii) of this subsection and section 2.6(e)(v) of this order is not executed by June 24, 2019, beginning on such date, the Secretary of Defense shall begin to take necessary actions to begin execution of paragraph (ix) until the agreement described in paragraph (viii) of this subsection is executed, at which time the Secretary of Defense shall ensure actions subject to such agreement under paragraph (ix) of this subsection are executed in accordance with its terms.'' (d) Section 2.6(c) of Executive Order 13467 is revised to read as follows: ``(c) Existing delegations of authority to conduct background investigations made by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, as the Suitability and Credentialing Executive Agent or as otherwise authorized by statute or Executive Order, to any agency relating to suitability, fitness, or credentialing determinations, existing designations made by the Director of National Intelligence, as the Security Executive Agent or as otherwise authorized by statute or Executive Order, relating to investigating persons who are proposed for access to classified information or for eligibility to hold a sensitive position, or existing delegations of authority to conduct background investigations made by the President to any other agency through any Executive Order shall remain in effect. Nothing in this order shall be construed to limit the authority of any agency to conduct its own background investigations when specifically authorized or directed to do so by statute or any preexisting delegation from the President.'' (e) New sections 2.6(d), 2.6(e), and 2.6(f) are added to Executive Order 13467 to read as follows: ``(d) Consistent with section 3503 of title 5, United States Code, subchapter I of chapter 83 of title 10, United States Code, and section 925(d)(1) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (10 U.S.C. 1564 note), the Secretary of Defense and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and the Security Executive Agent, shall, consistent with applicable law, provide for the transfer of the functions described in sections 2.6(b)(ii) and (iii) of this order from the Office of Personnel Management's NBIB to DCSA, and any appropriate Office of Personnel Management-associated personnel and resources, including infrastructure and the investigation-related support functions. The transfer shall commence no later than June 24, 2019, and shall: (i) be executed with the assistance of the Personnel Vetting Transformation Office established pursuant to paragraph (b)(ix) of this section, which shall, in providing such assistance, consider input from other stakeholder agencies, as appropriate; (ii) be conducted in accordance with a risk management approach that is consistent with Office of Management and Budget Circular A-123; (iii) include any appropriate funds that the Secretary of Defense and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, with the concurrence of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, determine to be available and necessary to finance and discharge the functions transferred; (iv) be consistent with the transition from legacy information technology as required by subsection (b)(vii) of this section; (v) build upon the implementation plan developed pursuant to section 951(a)(1) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (Public Law 114-328), which is being implemented pursuant to section 925 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (10 U.S.C. 1564 note); and (vi) permit NBIB to conduct background investigations for DCSA, as necessary, until September 30, 2019.'' ``(e) The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall: (i) no later than June 24, 2019, take any steps necessary to make effective the delegation, pursuant to section 1104(a)(2) of title 5, United States Code, of the functions described in subsection (b)(iv) of this section; (ii) promptly establish appropriate performance standards and oversight as required by section 1104(b) of title 5, United States Code; (iii) work in coordination with the Secretary of Defense to reassign appropriate resources, including personnel, to the DCSA and provide all necessary and appropriate support to the DCSA in a timely manner to enable it to fulfill its responsibilities under this order; (iv) no later than June 24, 2019, provide the Secretary of Defense with a complete inventory of NBIB personnel, resources, and assets, and other Office of Personnel Management personnel and resources that primarily support NBIB; (v) no later than June 24, 2019, execute a written agreement with the Secretary of Defense designating the appropriate support functions to be transferred as part of the investigative mission, consistent with section 925(d)(2)(B) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (10 U.S.C. 1564 note), as described in section 2.6(b)(viii) of this order; (vi) immediately upon the finalization of the agreement described in paragraph (v) of this subsection and section 2.6(b)(viii) of this order, commence efforts to transition transferred or delegated functions and, as appropriate, associated Office of Personnel Management authorities, operations, resources, and personnel, to the DCSA; (vii) during the transition period, coordinate with the Department of Defense regarding any decisions concerning NBIB's personnel structure, finances, contracts, or organization to the extent provided in the written agreement described by paragraph (b)(viii) of this section; (viii) no later than September 30, 2019, complete the transfer of all designated administrative and operational functions to the Department of Defense and revoke any applicable delegation or designation to NBIB of investigative or other authority; and (ix) in the event the agreement described in paragraph (v) of this subsection and section 2.6(b)(viii) of this order is not executed by June 24, 2019, beginning on such date, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall begin to take necessary actions to begin execution of paragraphs (iii) through (viii) of this subsection until the agreement described in paragraph (v) of this subsection and section 2.6(b)(viii) of this order is executed, at which time the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall ensure actions subject to such agreement under paragraphs (iii) through (viii) of this subsection are executed in accordance with its terms.'' ``(f) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall: (i) facilitate an effective transfer of functions, including personnel and resources; (ii) support the Department of Defense's efforts to establish a single, centralized funding capability for its background investigations, as required by section 925(e)(1) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (10 U.S.C. 1564 note); (iii) mediate any disagreements between the Secretary of Defense and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management that may arise during or outside of the transition period and facilitate resolution of the conflicting positions; and (iv) develop, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, an appropriate funding plan for the activities undertaken pursuant to this order.'' (f) Sections 2.4(b) and 2.5(e)(vi) of Executive Order 13467 are further amended by striking ``National Background Investigations Bureau'' each place it appears and inserting in lieu thereof ``Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency.'' Sec. 3. Amendment to Executive Order 12171 of November 18, 1979, as amended. (a) Determinations. Pursuant to section 7103(b)(1) of title 5, United States Code, the DCSA, previously known as the DSS, is hereby determined to have as a primary function intelligence, counterintelligence, investigative, or national security work. It is further determined that chapter 71 of title 5, United States Code, cannot be applied to the DCSA in a manner consistent with national security requirements and considerations. (b) Exclusion. Executive Order 12171 of November 18, 1979, as amended, is further amended by revising section 1-208 to read as follows: ``1-208. The Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency, Department of Defense.'' Sec. 4. Conforming References to the Defense Security Service and the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency. Any reference to the Defense Security Service or NBIB in any Executive Order or other Presidential document that is in effect on the day before the date of this order shall be deemed or construed to be a reference to the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency or any other entity that the Secretary of Defense names, consistent with section 2(b)(i) of Executive Order 13467, and agencies whose regulations, rules, or other documents reference the Defense Security Service or NBIB shall revise any such respective regulations, rules, or other documents as soon as practicable to update them for consistency with this order. Sec. 5. Review of Vetting Policies. No later than July 24, 2019, the Council Principals identified in section 2.4(b) of Executive Order 13467 shall review the laws, regulations, Executive Orders, and guidance relating to the Federal Government's vetting of Federal employees and contractors and shall submit to the President, through the Chair of the Council, a report recommending any appropriate legislative, regulatory, or policy changes, including any such changes to civil service regulations or policies, Executive Order 13467 or Executive Order 13488. Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, April 24, 2019. Executive Order 13870 of May 2, 2019 EO 13870 America's Cybersecurity Workforce By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and to better ensure continued American economic prosperity and national security, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy. (a) America's cybersecurity workforce is a strategic asset that protects the American people, the homeland, and the American way of life. The National Cyber Strategy, the President's 2018 Management Agenda, and Executive Order 13800 of May 11, 2017 (Strengthening the Cybersecurity of Federal Networks and Critical Infrastructure), each emphasize that a superior cybersecurity workforce will promote American prosperity and preserve peace. America's cybersecurity workforce is a diverse group of practitioners who govern, design, defend, analyze, administer, operate, and maintain the data, systems, and networks on which our economy and way of life depend. Whether they are employed in the public or private sectors, they are guardians of our national and economic security. (b) The United States Government must enhance the workforce mobility of America's cybersecurity practitioners to improve America's national cybersecurity. During their careers, America's cybersecurity practitioners will serve in various roles for multiple and diverse entities. United States Government policy must facilitate the seamless movement of cybersecurity practitioners between the public and private sectors, maximizing the contributions made by their diverse skills, experiences, and talents to our Nation. (c) The United States Government must support the development of cybersecurity skills and encourage ever-greater excellence so that America can maintain its competitive edge in cybersecurity. The United States Government must also recognize and reward the country's highest-performing cybersecurity practitioners and teams. (d) The United States Government must create the organizational and technological tools required to maximize the cybersecurity talents and capabilities of American workers—especially when those talents and capabilities can advance our national and economic security. The Nation is experiencing a shortage of cybersecurity talent and capability, and innovative approaches are required to improve access to training that maximizes individuals' cybersecurity knowledge, skills, and abilities. Training opportunities, such as work-based learning, apprenticeships, and blended learning approaches, must be enhanced for both new workforce entrants and those who are advanced in their careers. (e) In accordance with Executive Order 13800, the President will continue to hold heads of executive departments and agencies (agencies) accountable for managing cybersecurity risk to their enterprises, which includes ensuring the effectiveness of their cybersecurity workforces. Sec. 2. Strengthening the Federal Cybersecurity Workforce. (a) To grow the cybersecurity capability of the United States Government, increase integration of the Federal cybersecurity workforce, and strengthen the skills of Federal information technology and cybersecurity practitioners, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), shall establish a cybersecurity rotational assignment program, which will serve as a mechanism for knowledge transfer and a development program for cybersecurity practitioners. Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Directors of OMB and OPM, shall provide a report to the President that describes the proposed program, identifies its resource implications, and recommends actions required for its implementation. The report shall evaluate how to achieve the following objectives, to the extent permitted by applicable law, as part of the program: (i) The non-reimbursable detail of information technology and cybersecurity employees, who are nominated by their employing agencies, to serve at the Department of Homeland Security (DHS); (ii) The non-reimbursable detail of experienced cybersecurity DHS employees to other agencies to assist in improving those agencies' cybersecurity risk management; (iii) The use of the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education Cybersecurity Workforce Framework (NICE Framework) as the basis for cybersecurity skill requirements for program participants; (iv) The provision of training curricula and expansion of learning experiences to develop participants' skill levels; and (v) Peer mentoring to enhance workforce integration. (b) Consistent with applicable law and to the maximum extent practicable, the Administrator of General Services, in consultation with the Director of OMB and the Secretary of Commerce, shall: (i) Incorporate the NICE Framework lexicon and taxonomy into workforce knowledge and skill requirements used in contracts for information technology and cybersecurity services; (ii) Ensure that contracts for information technology and cybersecurity services include reporting requirements that will enable agencies to evaluate whether personnel have the necessary knowledge and skills to perform the tasks specified in the contract, consistent with the NICE Framework; and (iii) Provide a report to the President, within 1 year of the date of this order, that describes how the NICE Framework has been incorporated into contracts for information technology and cybersecurity services, evaluates the effectiveness of this approach in improving services provided to the United States Government, and makes recommendations to increase the effective use of the NICE Framework by United States Government contractors. (c) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Director of OPM, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of other agencies as appropriate, shall identify a list of cybersecurity aptitude assessments for agencies to use in identifying current employees with the potential to acquire cybersecurity skills for placement in reskilling programs to perform cybersecurity work. Agencies shall incorporate one or more of these assessments into their personnel development programs, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law. (d) Agencies shall ensure that existing awards and decorations for the uniformed services and civilian personnel recognize performance and achievements in the areas of cybersecurity and cyber-operations, including by ensuring the availability of awards and decorations equivalent to citations issued pursuant to Executive Order 10694 of January 10, 1957 (Authorizing the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force To Issue Citations in the Name of the President of the United States to Military and Naval Units for Outstanding Performance in Action), as amended. Where necessary and appropriate, agencies shall establish new awards and decorations to recognize performance and achievements in the areas of cybersecurity and cyber-operations. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs may recommend to agencies that any cyber unified coordination group or similar ad hoc interagency group that has addressed a significant cybersecurity or cyber-operations-related national security crisis, incident, or effort be recognized for appropriate awards and decorations. (e) The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Director of OMB, and the heads of other appropriate agencies, shall develop a plan for an annual cybersecurity competition (President's Cup Cybersecurity Competition) for Federal civilian and military employees. The goal of the competition shall be to identify, challenge, and reward the United States Government's best cybersecurity practitioners and teams across offensive and defensive cybersecurity disciplines. The plan shall be submitted to the President within 90 days of the date of this order. The first competition shall be held no later than December 31, 2019, and annually thereafter. The plan for the competition shall address the following: (i) The challenges and benefits of inviting advisers, participants, or observers from non-Federal entities to observe or take part in the competition and recommendations for including them in future competitions, as appropriate; (ii) How the Department of Energy, through the National Laboratories, in consultation with the Administrator of the United States Digital Service, can provide expert technical advice and assistance to support the competition, as appropriate; (iii) The parameters for the competition, including the development of multiple individual and team events that test cybersecurity skills related to the NICE Framework and other relevant skills, as appropriate. These parameters should include competition categories involving individual and team events, software reverse engineering and exploitation, network operations, forensics, big data analysis, cyber analysis, cyber defense, cyber exploitation, secure programming, obfuscated coding, cyber-physical systems, and other disciplines; (iv) How to encourage agencies to select their best cybersecurity practitioners as individual and team participants. Such practitioners should include Federal employees and uniformed services personnel from Federal civilian agencies, as well as Department of Defense active duty military personnel, civilians, and those serving in a drilling reserve capacity in the Armed Forces Reserves or National Guard; (v) The extent to which agencies, as well as uniformed services, may develop a President's Cup awards program that is consistent with applicable law and regulations governing awards and that allows for the provision of cash awards of not less than $25,000. Any such program shall require the agency to establish an awards program before allowing its employees to participate in the President's Cup Cybersecurity Competition. In addition, any such program may not preclude agencies from recognizing winning and non-winning participants through other means, including honorary awards, informal recognition awards, rating-based cash awards, time-off awards, Quality Step Increases, or other agency-based compensation flexibilities as appropriate and consistent with applicable law; and (vi) How the uniformed services, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, may designate service members who win these competitions as having skills at a time when there is a critical shortage of such skills within the uniformed services. The plan should also address how the uniformed services may provide winning service members with a combination of bonuses, advancements, and meritorious recognition to be determined by the Secretaries of the agencies concerned. (f) The Director of OMB shall, in consultation with appropriate agencies, develop annually a list of agencies and subdivisions related to cybersecurity that have a primary function of intelligence, counterintelligence, investigative, or national security work, including descriptions of such functions. The Director of OMB shall provide this list to the President, through the Deputy Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism (DAPHSCT), every year starting September 1, 2019, for consideration of whether those agencies or subdivisions should be exempted from coverage under the Federal Labor-Management Relations Program, consistent with the requirements of section 7103(b)(1) of title 5, United States Code. Sec. 3. Strengthening the Nation's Cybersecurity Workforce. (a) The Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Homeland Security (Secretaries), in coordination with the Secretary of Education and the heads of other agencies as the Secretaries determine is appropriate, shall execute, consistent with applicable law and to the greatest extent practicable, the recommendations from the report to the President on Supporting the Growth and Sustainment of the Nation's Cybersecurity Workforce (Workforce Report) developed pursuant to Executive Order 13800. The Secretaries shall develop a consultative process that includes Federal, State, territorial, local, and tribal governments, academia, private-sector stakeholders, and other relevant partners to assess and make recommendations to address national cybersecurity workforce needs and to ensure greater mobility in the American cybersecurity workforce. To fulfill the Workforce Report's vision of preparing, growing, and sustaining a national cybersecurity workforce that safeguards and promotes America's national security and economic prosperity, priority consideration will be given to the following imperatives: (i) To launch a national Call to Action to draw attention to and mobilize public- and private-sector resources to address cybersecurity workforce needs; (ii) To transform, elevate, and sustain the cybersecurity learning environment to grow a dynamic and diverse cybersecurity workforce; (iii) To align education and training with employers' cybersecurity workforce needs, improve coordination, and prepare individuals for lifelong careers; and (iv) To establish and use measures that demonstrate the effectiveness and impact of cybersecurity workforce investments. (b) To strengthen the ability of the Nation to identify and mitigate cybersecurity vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure and defense systems, particularly cyber-physical systems for which safety and reliability depend on secure control systems, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Energy, and the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Director of OPM and the Secretary of Labor, shall provide a report to the President, through the DAPHSCT, within 180 days of the date of this order that: (i) Identifies and evaluates skills gaps in Federal and non-Federal cybersecurity personnel and training gaps for specific critical infrastructure sectors, defense critical infrastructure, and the Department of Defense's platform information technologies; and (ii) Recommends curricula for closing the identified skills gaps for Federal personnel and steps the United States Government can take to close such gaps for non-Federal personnel by, for example, supporting the development of similar curricula by education or training providers. (c) Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Secretary of Education, in consultation with the DAPHSCT and the National Science Foundation, shall develop and implement, consistent with applicable law, an annual Presidential Cybersecurity Education Award to be presented to one elementary and one secondary school educator per year who best instill skills, knowledge, and passion with respect to cybersecurity and cybersecurity-related subjects. In developing and implementing this award, the Secretary of Education shall emphasize demonstrated superior educator accomplishment—without respect to research, scholarship, or technology development—as well as academic achievement by the educator's students. (d) The Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Education, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of other appropriate agencies shall encourage the voluntary integration of the NICE Framework into existing education, training, and workforce development efforts undertaken by State, territorial, local, tribal, academic, non-profit, and private-sector entities, consistent with applicable law. The Secretary of Commerce shall provide annual updates to the President regarding effective uses of the NICE Framework by non-Federal entities and make recommendations for improving the application of the NICE Framework in cybersecurity education, training, and workforce development. Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of OMB relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, May 2, 2019. Executive Order 13871 of May 8, 2019 EO 13871 Imposing Sanctions With Respect to the Iron, Steel, Aluminum, and Copper Sectors of Iran By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), section 212(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (8 U.S.C. 1182(f)), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, find that: It remains the policy of the United States to deny Iran all paths to both a nuclear weapon and intercontinental ballistic missiles, and to counter the totality of Iran's malign influence in the Middle East. It is also the policy of the United States to deny the Iranian government revenue, including revenue derived from the export of products from Iran's iron, steel, aluminum, and copper sectors, that may be used to provide funding and support for the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorist groups and networks, campaigns of regional aggression, and military expansion. In light of these findings and in order to take further steps with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12957 of March 15, 1995, and to supplement the authorities provided in the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012 (subtitle D of title XII of Public Law 112-239), I hereby order: Section 1. (a) All property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United States, or that are or hereafter come within the possession or control of any United States person of the following persons are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in: any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State: (i) to be operating in the iron, steel, aluminum, or copper sector of Iran, or to be a person that owns, controls, or operates an entity that is part of the iron, steel, aluminum, or copper sector of Iran; (ii) to have knowingly engaged, on or after the date of this order, in a significant transaction for the sale, supply, or transfer to Iran of significant goods or services used in connection with the iron, steel, aluminum, or copper sectors of Iran; (iii) to have knowingly engaged, on or after the date of this order, in a significant transaction for the purchase, acquisition, sale, transport, or marketing of iron, iron products, aluminum, aluminum products, steel, steel products, copper, or copper products from Iran; (iv) to have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services in support of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this section; or (v) to be owned or controlled by, or to have acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this section. (b) The prohibitions in this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted before the date of this order. Sec. 2. (a) The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to impose on a foreign financial institution the sanctions described in subsection (b) of this section upon determining that the foreign financial institution has, on or after the date of this order, knowingly conducted or facilitated any significant financial transaction: (i) for the sale, supply, or transfer to Iran of significant goods or services used in connection with the iron, steel, aluminum, or copper sectors of Iran; (ii) for the purchase, acquisition, sale, transport, or marketing of iron, iron products, aluminum, aluminum products, steel, steel products, copper, or copper products from Iran; or (iii) for or on behalf of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order. (b) With respect to any foreign financial institution determined by the Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with this section to meet any of the criteria set forth in subsection (a)(i) through (a)(iii) of this section, the Secretary of the Treasury may prohibit the opening, and prohibit or impose strict conditions on maintaining, in the United States of a correspondent account or payable-through account by such foreign financial institution. (c) The prohibitions in subsection (b) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted before the date of this order. Sec. 3. I hereby determine that the making of donations of the types of articles specified in section 203(b)(2) of IEEPA (50 U.S.C. 1702(b)(2)) by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order would seriously impair my ability to deal with the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12957, and I hereby prohibit such donations as provided by this section. Sec. 4. The prohibitions in section 1 of this order include: (a) the making of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to subsection (a) of that section; and (b) the receipt of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services from any such person. Sec. 5. The unrestricted immigrant and nonimmigrant entry into the United States of aliens determined to meet one or more of the criteria in subsection 1(a) of this order would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and the entry of such persons into the United States, as immigrants or nonimmigrants, is therefore hereby suspended. Such persons shall be treated as persons covered by section 1 of Proclamation 8693 of July 24, 2011 (Suspension of Entry of Aliens Subject to United Nations Security Council Travel Bans and International Emergency Economic Powers Act Sanctions). Sec. 6. (a) Any transaction that evades or avoids, has the purpose of evading or avoiding, causes a violation of, or attempts to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited. (b) Any conspiracy formed to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited. Sec. 7. Nothing in this order shall apply to transactions for the conduct of the official business of the Federal Government or the United Nations (including its specialized agencies, programmes, funds, and related organizations) by employees, grantees, or contractors thereof. Sec. 8. For the purposes of this order: (a) the term ``entity'' means a partnership, association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other organization; (b) the term ``foreign financial institution'' means any foreign entity that is engaged in the business of accepting deposits, making, granting, transferring, holding, or brokering loans or credits, or purchasing or selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It includes, but is not limited to, depository institutions, banks, savings banks, money service businesses, trust companies, securities brokers and dealers, commodity futures and options brokers and dealers, forward contract and foreign exchange merchants, securities and commodities exchanges, clearing corporations, investment companies, employee benefit plans, dealers in precious metals, stones, or jewels, and holding companies, affiliates, or subsidiaries of any of the foregoing. The term does not include the international financial institutions identified in 22 U.S.C. 262r(c)(2), the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the North American Development Bank, or any other international financial institution so notified by the Secretary of the Treasury; (c) the term ``Government of Iran'' includes the Government of Iran, any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including the Central Bank of Iran, and any person owned or controlled by, or acting for or on behalf of, the Government of Iran; (d) the term ``Iran'' means the Government of Iran and the territory of Iran and any other territory or marine area, including the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, over which the Government of Iran claims sovereignty, sovereign rights, or jurisdiction, provided that the Government of Iran exercises partial or total de facto control over the area or derives a benefit from economic activity in the area pursuant to international arrangements; (e) the term ``knowingly,'' with respect to conduct, a circumstance, or a result, means that a person has actual knowledge, or should have known, of the conduct, the circumstance, or the result; (f) the term ``person'' means an individual or entity; and (g) the term ``United States person'' means any United States citizen, permanent resident alien, entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States. Sec. 9. For those persons whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order who might have a constitutional presence in the United States, I find that because of the ability to transfer funds or other assets instantaneously, prior notice to such persons of measures to be taken pursuant to this order would render those measures ineffectual. I therefore determine that for these measures to be effective in addressing the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12957, there need be no prior notice of a listing or determination made pursuant to section 1 of this order. Sec. 10. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to take such actions, including adopting rules and regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the President by IEEPA as may be necessary to implement this order. The Secretary of the Treasury may, consistent with applicable law, redelegate any of these functions within the Department of the Treasury. All agencies shall take all appropriate measures within their authority to implement this order. Sec. 11. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. Sec. 12. The measures taken pursuant to this order are in response to actions of the Government of Iran occurring after the conclusion of the 1981 Algiers Accords, and are intended solely as a response to those later actions.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, May 8, 2019. Executive Order 13872 of May 13, 2019 EO 13872 Economic Empowerment of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to empower Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders to improve the quality of their lives, raise the standard of living of their families and communities, and more fully participate in our economy, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy. There are presently more than 20 million people of Asian American or Pacific Islander (AAPI) descent residing in the United States, which amounts to more than 6 percent of the population. The AAPI population is the most rapidly growing ethnic group in the country and is expected to increase to over 40 million individuals by 2060. At that time, people of AAPI descent are projected to be more than 9 percent of the Nation's population. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have helped build a strong and vibrant America. Generations of AAPI individuals, families, and communities are composed of diverse and varied ethnicities, languages, and cultures, and include residents of United States Pacific Island territories and freely associated states. They play an important economic role, having started businesses and generated jobs that pay billions of dollars in wages and taxes, including founding some of our Nation's most successful and innovative enterprises. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have made important contributions to science and technology, culture and the arts, and the professions, such as business, law, medicine, education, politics, and economics. Their shared accomplishments and legacies are an inspirational, significant, and celebrated part of the American experience. While we celebrate the many contributions of the AAPI communities to our Nation, we also recognize that AAPI communities and enterprises encounter challenges accessing economic resources and opportunities. Many of the more than 1.9 million AAPI-owned enterprises are small sole-proprietorships that need assistance to access available resources such as business development counseling, small-business loans, and government procurement opportunities. Today's AAPI workforce is the largest it has been in American history, and we will continue striving toward furthering AAPI advancement in employment and workforce development as well as increasing AAPI participation and representation in the upper levels of leadership in the public and private sectors. The purpose of this order is to establish the President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Each will work to broaden access by AAPI employers and communities to economic resources and opportunities, thus empowering AAPIs to improve the quality of their lives, raise the standard of living of their families and communities, and more fully participate in our economy. Additionally, each will work to advance relevant evidence-based research, data collection, and analysis for AAPI populations, subpopulations, and businesses. Sec. 2. President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. The President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (the ``Commission'') is established in the Department of Commerce. (a) Mission and Function of the Commission. The Commission shall provide advice to the President, through the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Transportation, who shall serve as Co-Chairs of the Initiative described in section 3 of this order, on: (i) the development, monitoring, and coordination of executive branch efforts to broaden access by AAPI employers and communities to economic resources and opportunities; (ii) strategies for encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship in AAPI communities, empowering the economic growth of AAPI enterprises and communities, and increasing AAPI business diversification, including through general reductions in regulatory and tax burdens; (iii) strategies for increasing Federal procurement opportunities for AAPI enterprises; (iv) strategies for increasing participation of AAPI enterprises in partnerships between the public and private sectors; (v) economic strategies for AAPI enterprises and communities to employ existing knowledge and relationships in order to pursue trade and investment opportunities in the Asia-Pacific region; (vi) opportunities to empower students and families with the freedom to pursue the educational opportunities that best prepare them for success in life and work; (vii) strategies for increasing the diversity of our workforce with greater inclusion of AAPI employees through better recruitment, training, educational workshops, career development, advancement, vocational training, or other appropriate and effective means; (viii) the compilation and analysis of research and data related to AAPI populations, subpopulations, and businesses; and (ix) an analysis of the economic condition of the United States Pacific Island territories and freely associated states in an effort to devise strategies for helping each island develop and maintain a strong and diversified economy that supports its residents. (b) Membership of the Commission. The Commission shall consist of members appointed by the President who are United States citizens or nationals, or who are citizens of the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, or the Federated States of Micronesia who are subject to an applicable compact of free association with the United States, and shall include individuals having a history of engagement and involvement with AAPI communities and enterprises. The President shall designate one member of the Commission to serve as Chair. (c) Administration of the Commission. (i) The Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, shall designate an Executive Director for the Commission. The Department of Commerce shall provide funding and administrative support for the Commission to the extent permitted by law and within existing appropriations, and shall, as necessary and appropriate under section 1535 of title 31, United States Code, enter into one or more agreements to obtain goods or services from the Department of Transportation in support of the Commission. The heads of other executive departments and agencies shall assist and provide information to the Commission, consistent with applicable law, as may be necessary to carry out its functions. Each executive department and agency shall bear its own expenses of assisting the Commission. (ii) Members of the Commission shall serve without compensation, but shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as authorized by law for persons serving intermittently in the Government service (5 U.S.C. 5701-5707). Insofar as the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as amended (5 U.S.C. App.) (the ``Act''), may apply to the administration of the Commission, any functions of the President under the Act, except that of reporting to the Congress, shall be performed by the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Administrator of General Services. (d) Termination Date. The Commission shall terminate 2 years from the date of this order, unless renewed by the President prior to that date. Sec. 3. White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. There is established the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (Initiative), a Federal interagency working group whose members shall be selected by their respective agencies. The Secretaries of Commerce and Transportation shall serve as the Co-Chairs of the Initiative and shall convene regular meetings of the Initiative, determine its agenda, and direct its work pursuant to the guidance and direction of the President. The Executive Director established in section 2(c) of this order shall serve in the same role for the Initiative and shall report to the Co-Chairs, or their designees, on Initiative matters. (a) Mission and Function of the Initiative. The Initiative shall work to broaden AAPI access to economic resources and opportunities and thus empower AAPIs to improve the quality of their lives, raise the standard of living of their families and communities, and more fully participate in our economy. The Initiative shall advise the Co-Chairs on the implementation and coordination of Federal programs as they relate to AAPI access to economic resources and opportunities. (b) Membership of the Initiative. In addition to the Co-Chairs, the Initiative shall consist of senior officials from the following executive branch departments, agencies, and offices: (i) the Department of State; (ii) the Department of the Treasury; (iii) the Department of Defense; (iv) the Department of Justice; (v) the Department of the Interior; (vi) the Department of Agriculture; (vii) the Department of Labor; (viii) the Department of Health and Human Services; (ix) the Department of Housing and Urban Development; (x) the Department of Energy; (xi) the Department of Education; (xii) the Department of Veterans Affairs; (xiii) the Department of Homeland Security; (xiv) the Office of Management and Budget; (xv) the Environmental Protection Agency; (xvi) the Small Business Administration; (xvii) the Office of Personnel Management; (xviii) the Social Security Administration; (xix) the White House Office of Cabinet Affairs; (xx) the White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs; (xxi) the White House Office of Public Liaison; (xxii) the National Economic Council; (xxiii) the Domestic Policy Council; (xxiv) the Office of Science and Technology Policy; (xxv) the Office of the U.S. Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator; and (xxvi) other executive branch departments, agencies, and offices as the President may, from time to time, designate. The heads of each of the foregoing executive branch departments, agencies, and offices shall designate the senior Federal officials who will serve as their respective representatives on the Initiative. At the direction of the Co-Chairs, the Initiative may establish subgroups consisting exclusively of Initiative members or their designees under this section, as appropriate. To the extent permitted by law, members of the Initiative, or their designees, shall devote the time, skill, and resources necessary and adequate to carry out the functions of the Initiative. Each executive department, agency, and office shall bear its own expenses for participating in the Initiative. (c) Administration of the Initiative. The Department of Commerce shall provide funding and administrative support for the Initiative to the extent permitted by law and within existing appropriations, and shall, as necessary and appropriate under section 1535 of title 31, United States Code, enter into one or more agreements to obtain goods or services from the Department of Transportation in support of the Initiative. Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) This order supersedes section 1(s) of Executive Order 13811 of September 29, 2017 (Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees), and Executive Order 13515 of October 14, 2009 (Increasing Participation of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Federal Programs). (b) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department, agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (c) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (d) For purposes of this order, the term ``Asian American'' includes persons within the jurisdiction of the United States having origins or ancestry in any of the original peoples of East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia; and the term ``Pacific Islander'' includes persons within the jurisdiction of the United States having origins or ancestry in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or other Pacific Islands. (e) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, May 13, 2019. Executive Order 13873 of May 15, 2019 EO 13873 Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, find that foreign adversaries are increasingly creating and exploiting vulnerabilities in information and communications technology and services, which store and communicate vast amounts of sensitive information, facilitate the digital economy, and support critical infrastructure and vital emergency services, in order to commit malicious cyber-enabled actions, including economic and industrial espionage against the United States and its people. I further find that the unrestricted acquisition or use in the United States of information and communications technology or services designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied by persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of foreign adversaries augments the ability of foreign adversaries to create and exploit vulnerabilities in information and communications technology or services, with potentially catastrophic effects, and thereby constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. This threat exists both in the case of individual acquisitions or uses of such technology or services, and when acquisitions or uses of such technologies are considered as a class. Although maintaining an open investment climate in information and communications technology, and in the United States economy more generally, is important for the overall growth and prosperity of the United States, such openness must be balanced by the need to protect our country against critical national security threats. To deal with this threat, additional steps are required to protect the security, integrity, and reliability of information and communications technology and services provided and used in the United States. In light of these findings, I hereby declare a national emergency with respect to this threat. Accordingly, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Implementation. (a) The following actions are prohibited: any acquisition, importation, transfer, installation, dealing in, or use of any information and communications technology or service (transaction) by any person, or with respect to any property, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, where the transaction involves any property in which any foreign country or a national thereof has any interest (including through an interest in a contract for the provision of the technology or service), where the transaction was initiated, is pending, or will be completed after the date of this order, and where the Secretary of Commerce (Secretary), in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the United States Trade Representative, the Director of National Intelligence, the Administrator of General Services, the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, and, as appropriate, the heads of other executive departments and agencies (agencies), has determined that: (i) the transaction involves information and communications technology or services designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied, by persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a foreign adversary; and (ii) the transaction: (A) poses an undue risk of sabotage to or subversion of the design, integrity, manufacturing, production, distribution, installation, operation, or maintenance of information and communications technology or services in the United States; (B) poses an undue risk of catastrophic effects on the security or resiliency of United States critical infrastructure or the digital economy of the United States; or (C) otherwise poses an unacceptable risk to the national security of the United States or the security and safety of United States persons. (b) The Secretary, in consultation with the heads of other agencies as appropriate, may at the Secretary's discretion design or negotiate measures to mitigate concerns identified under section 1(a) of this order. Such measures may serve as a precondition to the approval of a transaction or of a class of transactions that would otherwise be prohibited pursuant to this order. (c) The prohibitions in subsection (a) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the effective date of this order. Sec. 2. Authorities. (a) The Secretary, in consultation with, or upon referral of a particular transaction from, the heads of other agencies as appropriate, is hereby authorized to take such actions, including directing the timing and manner of the cessation of transactions prohibited pursuant to section 1 of this order, adopting appropriate rules and regulations, and employing all other powers granted to the President by IEEPA, as may be necessary to implement this order. All agencies of the United States Government are directed to take all appropriate measures within their authority to carry out the provisions of this order. (b) Rules and regulations issued pursuant to this order may, among other things, determine that particular countries or persons are foreign adversaries for the purposes of this order; identify persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of foreign adversaries for the purposes of this order; identify particular technologies or countries with respect to which transactions involving information and communications technology or services warrant particular scrutiny under the provisions of this order; establish procedures to license transactions otherwise prohibited pursuant to this order; establish criteria, consistent with section 1 of this order, by which particular technologies or particular participants in the market for information and communications technology or services may be recognized as categorically included in or as categorically excluded from the prohibitions established by this order; and identify a mechanism and relevant factors for the negotiation of agreements to mitigate concerns raised in connection with subsection 1(a) of this order. Within 150 days of the date of this order, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the United States Trade Representative, the Director of National Intelligence, the Administrator of General Services, the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission and, as appropriate, the heads of other agencies, shall publish rules or regulations implementing the authorities delegated to the Secretary by this order. (c) The Secretary may, consistent with applicable law, redelegate any of the authorities conferred on the Secretary pursuant to this section within the Department of Commerce. Sec. 3. Definitions. For purposes of this order: (a) the term ``entity'' means a partnership, association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other organization; (b) the term ``foreign adversary'' means any foreign government or foreign non-government person engaged in a long-term pattern or serious instances of conduct significantly adverse to the national security of the United States or security and safety of United States persons; (c) the term ``information and communications technology or services'' means any hardware, software, or other product or service primarily intended to fulfill or enable the function of information or data processing, storage, retrieval, or communication by electronic means, including transmission, storage, and display; (d) the term ``person'' means an individual or entity; and (e) the term ``United States person'' means any United States citizen, permanent resident alien, entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States. Sec. 4. Recurring and Final Reports to the Congress. The Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to submit recurring and final reports to the Congress on the national emergency declared in this order, consistent with section 401(c) of the NEA (50 U.S.C. 1641(c)) and section 204(c) of IEEPA (50 U.S.C. 1703(c)). Sec. 5. Assessments and Reports. (a) The Director of National Intelligence shall continue to assess threats to the United States and its people from information and communications technology or services designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied by persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a foreign adversary. The Director of National Intelligence shall produce periodic written assessments of these threats in consultation with the heads of relevant agencies, and shall provide these assessments to the President, the Secretary for the Secretary's use in connection with his responsibilities pursuant to this order, and the heads of other agencies as appropriate. An initial assessment shall be completed within 40 days of the date of this order, and further assessments shall be completed at least annually, and shall include analysis of: (i) threats enabled by information and communications technologies or services designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied by persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a foreign adversary; and (ii) threats to the United States Government, United States critical infrastructure, and United States entities from information and communications technologies or services designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied by persons owned by, controlled by, or subject to the influence of a foreign adversary. (b) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall continue to assess and identify entities, hardware, software, and services that present vulnerabilities in the United States and that pose the greatest potential consequences to the national security of the United States. The Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with sector-specific agencies and coordinating councils as appropriate, shall produce a written assessment within 80 days of the date of this order, and annually thereafter. This assessment shall include an evaluation of hardware, software, or services that are relied upon by multiple information and communications technology or service providers, including the communication services relied upon by critical infrastructure entities identified pursuant to section 9 of Executive Order 13636 of February 12, 2013 (Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity). (c) Within 1 year of the date of this order, and annually thereafter, the Secretary, in consultation as appropriate with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the United States Trade Representative, the Director of National Intelligence, and the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, shall assess and report to the President whether the actions taken by the Secretary pursuant to this order are sufficient and continue to be necessary to mitigate the risks identified in, and pursuant to, this order. Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, May 15, 2019. Executive Order 13874 of June 11, 2019 EO 13874 Modernizing the Regulatory Framework for Agricultural Biotechnology Products By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to conduct Federal oversight of agricultural biotechnology products that is science-based, timely, efficient, and transparent, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. Recent advances in biotechnology have the potential to revolutionize agriculture and thereby enhance rural prosperity and improve the quality of American lives. Biotechnology can help the Nation meet its food production needs, raise the productivity of the American farmer, improve crop and animal characteristics, increase the nutritional value of crop and animal products, and enhance food safety. In order to realize these potential benefits, however, the United States must employ a science-based regulatory system that evaluates products based on human health and safety and potential benefits and risks to the environment. Such a system must both foster public confidence in biotechnology and avoid undue regulatory burdens. The September 2016 National Strategy for Modernizing the Regulatory System for Biotechnology Products (National Strategy) and the January 2017 Update to the Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology (Coordinated Framework) were important steps in clarifying Federal regulatory roles and responsibilities with respect to agricultural biotechnology. The Agriculture and Rural Prosperity Task Force established in April 2017 recommended additional steps to further modernize the regulatory framework for agricultural biotechnology products so as to facilitate innovation, ensure coordination across regulatory agencies, and safely enable billions of people across America and the world to reap the benefits of such products. The directives below are intended to implement those recommendations. Sec. 2. Definition. For the purposes of this order, the term ``product of agricultural biotechnology'' refers to a plant or animal, or a product of such a plant or animal, developed through genetic engineering or through the targeted in vivo or in vitro manipulation of genetic information, with the exception of plants or animals, or the products thereof, developed for non-agricultural purposes, such as to produce pharmaceutical or industrial compounds. Sec. 3. Policy. It is the policy of the Federal Government to protect public health and the environment by adopting regulatory approaches for the products of agricultural biotechnology that are proportionate responses to the risks such products pose, and that avoid arbitrary or unjustifiable distinctions across like products developed through different technologies. Any regulatory regime for products of agricultural biotechnology should ensure public confidence in the oversight of such products and also promote future innovation and competitiveness. To support these goals, the Federal Government shall: (a) base regulatory decisions on scientific and technical evidence, and take into account, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, economic factors; (b) review regulatory applications for products of agricultural biotechnology in a timely and efficient manner; (c) ensure the transparency, predictability, and consistency of the regulation of products of agricultural biotechnology, to the extent permitted by law; (d) as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, develop regulations and guidance through processes that provide fair notice to the public and allow for its participation; (e) make regulatory determinations based on risks associated with the product and its intended end use; and (f) promote trade in products of agricultural biotechnology by urging trading partners to adopt science- and risk-based regulatory approaches. Sec. 4. Regulatory Streamlining. The Secretary of Agriculture (Secretary), the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (Administrator), and the Commissioner of Food and Drugs (Commissioner), to the extent consistent with law and the principles set forth in section 3 of this order, shall: (a) within 180 days of the date of this order, identify relevant regulations and guidance documents within their respective jurisdictions that can be streamlined to ensure that products of agricultural biotechnology are regulated in accordance with the policy set forth in section 3 of this order and take the steps appropriate and necessary to accomplish such streamlining; and (b) use existing statutory authority, as appropriate, to exempt low-risk products of agricultural biotechnology from undue regulation. Sec. 5. Unified Biotechnology Web-based Platform. To ensure that innovators can easily navigate the regulatory system for products of agricultural biotechnology, the Department of Agriculture, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Food and Drug Administration (collectively, the ``agencies'') shall, within 180 days of the date of this order, work together to design a plan to establish a web-based platform that contains and provides links to relevant United States Government regulatory information. This web-based platform shall allow developers of products of agricultural biotechnology to submit inquiries about a particular product and promptly receive from the agencies a single, coordinated response that provides, to the extent practicable, information and, when appropriate, informal guidance regarding the process that the developers must follow for Federal regulatory review. The web-based platform shall be funded by the Department of Agriculture, with the other agencies providing support, to the extent consistent with applicable law and within existing appropriations, through appropriate interagency agreements, including agreements under the Economy Act. Sec. 6. Review of Current Authorities, Regulations, and Guidance. (a) Each of the agencies shall, as appropriate, conduct a review of its regulations and guidance that may apply to genome-edited-specialty-crop-plant products designed to have significant health, agricultural, or environmental benefits, in particular those that are likely to benefit rural communities significantly. Based on the findings of its review, each of the agencies shall take steps to update its regulations and guidance, as necessary and appropriate, to remove undue barriers that impede small, private United States developers, the United States Government, and academic institutions from bringing innovative and safe genome-edited-specialty-crop-plant products to the marketplace. (b) Every 90 days after the date of this order, for a period of 2 years, each of the agencies shall provide an update regarding its progress in implementing section 6 of this order to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, and the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy. Sec. 7. Domestic Engagement Strategy. (a) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary, in coordination with the Administrator, the Commissioner, and any other Administration officials that the Secretary deems appropriate, shall develop an action plan to facilitate engagement with consumers in order to build public confidence in, and acceptance of, the use of safe biotechnology in agriculture and the food system. (b) In developing the plan described in subsection (a) of this section, the following shall be considered: supporting research and education on effective science communication; developing educational materials that integrate agricultural biotechnology into science education; creating consumer-facing web content; and developing other outreach materials that clearly communicate the demonstrated benefits of agricultural biotechnology, the safety record of the regulatory system, and how biotechnology can address agricultural challenges. The strategy shall take into account the ongoing work of the Agricultural Biotechnology Education and Outreach Initiative, which calls on the Food and Drug Administration to work with the Department of Agriculture to conduct public education and outreach on agricultural biotechnology and food and animal-feed ingredients derived from such technology. The Secretary shall coordinate with State leaders in the fields of public health and agriculture as part of this strategy. Sec. 8. International Outreach. Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Secretary and the Secretary of State (collectively, the ``Secretaries''), in consultation with the United States Trade Representative, the Administrator, the Commissioner, and any other Administration officials that the Secretaries deem appropriate, shall develop an international communications and outreach strategy to facilitate engagement abroad with policymakers, consumers, industry, and other stakeholders. The goal of the strategy shall be to increase international acceptance of products of agricultural biotechnology in order to open and maintain markets for United States agricultural exports abroad. Sec. 9. International Trade Strategy. Within 120 days of the date of this order, the United States Trade Representative, in consultation with the Secretaries and the Trade Policy Staff Committee, shall develop an international strategy to remove unjustified trade barriers and expand markets for products of agricultural biotechnology. Sec. 10. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department, agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, June 11, 2019. Executive Order 13875 of June 14, 2019 EO 13875 Evaluating and Improving the Utility of Federal Advisory Committees By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and consistent with the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), as amended (5 U.S.C. App.), it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Review of Current Advisory Committees. (a) Each executive department and agency (agency) shall evaluate the need for each of its current advisory committees established under section 9(a)(2) of FACA and those advisory committees established under section 9(a)(1) that are authorized by law but not required by statute (eligible committees). (b) Each agency shall, by September 30, 2019, terminate at least one-third of its current committees established under section 9(a)(2) of FACA, including committees for which the: (i) stated objectives of the committee have been accomplished; (ii) subject matter or work of the committee has become obsolete; (iii) primary functions have been assumed by another entity; or (iv) agency determines that the cost of operation is excessive in relation to the benefits to the Federal Government. (c) Each agency may request a waiver of the requirement in subsection (b) of this section from the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (Director). The Director may grant such a waiver if the Director concludes it is necessary for the delivery of essential services, for effective program delivery, or because it is otherwise warranted by the public interest. (d) Each agency that has fewer than three current eligible committees is exempt from subsection (b) of this section. (e) Agencies may count eligible committees terminated since January 20, 2017, toward the requirement of subsection (b) of this section. Sec. 2. Limitations on New Advisory Committees. The Government-wide combined total number of eligible committees (excluding committees covered by section 6(d) of this order) shall not exceed 350. If the combined total number of eligible committees exceeds 350, an agency may not establish a new advisory committee under section 9(a)(2) of FACA, unless the agency obtains a waiver pursuant to subsection 4(b) of this order. Such a waiver is in addition to the notice and other requirements of FACA and its implementing regulations. Sec. 3. Reporting Requirements. (a) The head of each agency shall submit to the Director on or before August 1, 2019: (i) a recommendation for each of the agency's current advisory committees established by the President under section 9(a)(1) of FACA regarding whether the committee should be continued; and (ii) a detailed plan, for each advisory committee required by statute, for continuing or terminating such committee, including, as appropriate, recommended legislation for submission to the Congress. (b) The Administrator of General Services (Administrator) shall submit to the Director such justifications and recommendations required by subsection (a) of this section for independent Presidential advisory committees, as defined by 41 CFR 102-3.25. Sec. 4. Office of Management and Budget Role. (a) The Director, in coordination with the Administrator, shall issue instructions regarding the implementation of this order, including how to calculate the number of eligible committees to eliminate in each agency and how to comply with applicable law. (b) The Director may, with the concurrence of the Administrator, grant an agency a waiver of the requirements of section 2 of this order if the Director concludes that such waiver is necessary for the delivery of essential services, for effective program delivery, or because it is otherwise warranted by the public interest. (c) By September 1, 2019, the Director shall make appropriate recommendations to the President about terminating committees established by the President under section 9(a)(1) of FACA. The Director shall also include in the President's FY 2021 budget submission to the Congress a detailed plan for terminating such committees required by statute whose continued operations no longer serve the public interest, including with respect to the criteria set forth in subsection 1(b) of this order. Sec. 5. Exemption for Merit Review Panels. (a) The requirements of sections 1, 2, and 3 of this order do not apply to a merit review panel or advisory committee whose primary purpose is to provide scientific expertise to support agencies making decisions related to the safety or efficacy of products to be marketed to American consumers. (b) A merit review panel, for purposes of this order, is any collegial body whose approval is necessary to fund an extramural research procurement contract, grant, or cooperative agreement (including second level peer review), such as those at the National Institutes of Health. Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (b) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) The provisions of this order do not apply to any independent regulatory agency, as that term is defined in section 3502(5) of title 44, United States Code.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, June 14, 2019. Executive Order 13876 of June 24, 2019 EO 13876 Imposing Sanctions With Respect to Iran By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), section 212(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (8 U.S.C. 1182(f)), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, in order to take additional steps with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12957 of March 15, 1995, in light of the actions of the Government of Iran and Iranian-backed proxies, particularly those taken to destabilize the Middle East, promote international terrorism, and advance Iran's ballistic missile program, and Iran's irresponsible and provocative actions in and over international waters, including the targeting of United States military assets and civilian vessels, hereby order: Section 1. (a) All property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United States, or that are or hereafter come within the possession or control of any United States person of the following persons are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in: (i) the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Iranian Supreme Leader's Office (SLO); or (ii) any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State: (A) to be a person appointed by the Supreme Leader of Iran or the SLO to a position as a state official of Iran, or as the head of any entity located in Iran or any entity located outside of Iran that is owned or controlled by one or more entities in Iran; (B) to be a person appointed to a position as a state official of Iran, or as the head of any entity located in Iran or any entity located outside of Iran that is owned or controlled by one or more entities in Iran, by any person appointed by the Supreme Leader of Iran or the SLO; (C) to have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this section; (D) to be owned or controlled by, or to have acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this section; or (E) to be a member of the board of directors or a senior executive officer of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this section. (b) The prohibitions in subsection (a) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted before the date of this order. Sec. 2. (a) The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to impose on a foreign financial institution the sanctions described in subsection (b) of this section upon determining that the foreign financial institution has knowingly conducted or facilitated any significant financial transaction for or on behalf of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to section 1 of this order. (b) With respect to any foreign financial institution determined by the Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with this section to meet the criteria set forth in subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary of the Treasury may prohibit the opening, and prohibit or impose strict conditions on the maintaining, in the United States of a correspondent account or a payable-through account by such foreign financial institution. (c) The prohibitions in subsection (b) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted before the date of this order. Sec. 3. I hereby determine that the making of donations of the types of articles specified in section 203(b)(2) of IEEPA (50 U.S.C. 1701(b)(2)) by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to section 1 of this order would seriously impair the President's ability to deal with the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12957, and I hereby prohibit such donations as provided by section 1 of this order. Sec. 4. The prohibitions in section 1 of this order include: (a) the making of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order; and (b) the receipt of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services from any such person. Sec. 5. The unrestricted immigrant and nonimmigrant entry into the United States of aliens determined to meet one or more of the criteria in subsection 1(a) of this order would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and the entry of such persons into the United States, as immigrants or nonimmigrants, is hereby suspended. Such persons shall be treated as persons covered by section 1 of Proclamation 8693 of July 24, 2011 (Suspension of Entry of Aliens Subject to United Nations Security Council Travel Bans and International Emergency Economic Powers Act Sanctions). Sec. 6. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to take such actions, including adopting rules and regulations, to employ all powers granted to the President by IEEPA as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this order, other than the purposes described in section 5 of this order. The Secretary of the Treasury may, consistent with applicable law, redelegate any of these functions within the Department of the Treasury. All departments and agencies of the United States shall take all appropriate measures within their authority to implement this order. Sec. 7. (a) Any transaction that evades or avoids, has the purpose of evading or avoiding, causes a violation of, or attempts to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited. (b) Any conspiracy formed to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited. Sec. 8. For the purposes of this order: (a) the term ``person'' means an individual or entity; (b) the term ``entity'' means a partnership, association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other organization; (c) the term ``foreign financial institution'' means any foreign entity that is engaged in the business of accepting deposits, making, granting, transferring, holding, or brokering loans or credits, or purchasing or selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. The term includes, but is not limited to, depository institutions, banks, savings banks, money service businesses, trust companies, securities brokers and dealers, commodity futures and options brokers and dealers, forward contract and foreign exchange merchants, securities and commodities exchanges, clearing corporations, investment companies, employee benefit plans, dealers in precious metals, stones, or jewels, and holding companies, affiliates, or subsidiaries of any of the foregoing. The term does not include the international financial institutions identified in 22 U.S.C. 262r(c)(2), the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the North American Development Bank, or any other international financial institution so notified by the Secretary of the Treasury; (d) the term ``knowingly,'' with respect to conduct, a circumstance, or a result, means that a person has actual knowledge, or should have known, of the conduct, the circumstance, or the result; and (e) the term ``United States person'' means any United States citizen, permanent resident alien, entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States. Sec. 9. For those persons whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order who might have a constitutional presence in the United States, I find that because of the ability to transfer funds or other assets instantaneously, prior notice to such persons of measures to be taken pursuant to this order would render those measures ineffectual. I therefore determine that for these measures to be effective in addressing the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12957, there need be no prior notice of a listing or determination made pursuant to section 1 of this order. Sec. 10. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. Sec. 11. The measures taken pursuant to this order are in response to actions of the Government of Iran occurring after the conclusion of the 1981 Algiers Accords, and are intended solely as a response to those later actions.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, June 24, 2019. Executive Order 13877 of June 24, 2019 EO 13877 Improving Price and Quality Transparency in American Healthcare to Put Patients First By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. My Administration seeks to enhance the ability of patients to choose the healthcare that is best for them. To make fully informed decisions about their healthcare, patients must know the price and quality of a good or service in advance. With the predominant role that third-party payers and Government programs play in the American healthcare system, however, patients often lack both access to useful price and quality information and the incentives to find low-cost, high-quality care. Opaque pricing structures may benefit powerful special interest groups, such as large hospital systems and insurance companies, but they generally leave patients and taxpayers worse off than would a more transparent system. Pursuant to Executive Order 13813 of October 12, 2017 (Promoting Healthcare Choice and Competition Across the United States), my Administration issued a report entitled ``Reforming America's Healthcare System Through Choice and Competition.'' The report recommends developing price and quality transparency initiatives to ensure that healthcare patients can make well-informed decisions about their care. In particular, the report describes the characteristics of the most effective price transparency efforts: they distinguish between the charges that providers bill and the rates negotiated between payers and providers; they give patients proper incentives to seek information about the price of healthcare services; and they provide useful price comparisons for ``shoppable'' services (common services offered by multiple providers through the market, which patients can research and compare before making informed choices based on price and quality). Shoppable services make up a significant share of the healthcare market, which means that increasing transparency among these services will have a broad effect on increasing competition in the healthcare system as a whole. One study, cited by the Council of Economic Advisers in its 2019 Annual Report, examined a sample of the highest-spending categories of medical cases requiring inpatient and outpatient care. Of the categories of medical cases requiring inpatient care, 73 percent of the 100 highest-spending categories were shoppable. Among the categories of medical cases requiring outpatient care, 90 percent of the 300 highest-spending categories were shoppable. Another study demonstrated that the ability of patients to price-shop imaging services, a particularly fungible and shoppable set of healthcare services, was associated with a per-service savings of up to approximately 19 percent. Improving transparency in healthcare will also further protect patients from harmful practices such as surprise billing, which occurs when patients receive unexpected bills at highly inflated prices from out-of-network providers they had no opportunity to select in advance. On May 9, 2019, I announced principles to guide efforts to address surprise billing. The principles outline how patients scheduling appointments to receive facility-based care should have access to pricing information related to the providers and services they may need, and the out-of-pocket costs they may incur. Having access to this type of information in advance of care can help patients avoid excessive charges. Making meaningful price and quality information more broadly available to more Americans will protect patients and increase competition, innovation, and value in the healthcare system. Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of the Federal Government to ensure that patients are engaged with their healthcare decisions and have the information requisite for choosing the healthcare they want and need. The Federal Government aims to eliminate unnecessary barriers to price and quality transparency; to increase the availability of meaningful price and quality information for patients; to enhance patients' control over their own healthcare resources, including through tax-preferred medical accounts; and to protect patients from surprise medical bills. Sec. 3. Informing Patients About Actual Prices. (a) Within 60 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall propose a regulation, consistent with applicable law, to require hospitals to publicly post standard charge information, including charges and information based on negotiated rates and for common or shoppable items and services, in an easy-to-understand, consumer-friendly, and machine-readable format using consensus-based data standards that will meaningfully inform patients' decision making and allow patients to compare prices across hospitals. The regulation should require the posting of standard charge information for services, supplies, or fees billed by the hospital or provided by employees of the hospital. The regulation should also require hospitals to regularly update the posted information and establish a monitoring mechanism for the Secretary to ensure compliance with the posting requirement, as needed. (b) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Secretaries of Health and Human Services, the Treasury, and Labor shall issue an advance notice of proposed rulemaking, consistent with applicable law, soliciting comment on a proposal to require healthcare providers, health insurance issuers, and self-insured group health plans to provide or facilitate access to information about expected out-of-pocket costs for items or services to patients before they receive care. (c) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Federal Trade Commission, shall issue a report describing the manners in which the Federal Government or the private sector are impeding healthcare price and quality transparency for patients, and providing recommendations for eliminating these impediments in a way that promotes competition. The report should describe why, under current conditions, lower-cost providers generally avoid healthcare advertising. Sec. 4. Establishing a Health Quality Roadmap. Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretaries of Health and Human Services, Defense, and Veterans Affairs shall develop a Health Quality Roadmap (Roadmap) that aims to align and improve reporting on data and quality measures across Medicare, Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program, the Health Insurance Marketplace, the Military Health System, and the Veterans Affairs Health System. The Roadmap shall include a strategy for establishing, adopting, and publishing common quality measurements; aligning inpatient and outpatient measures; and eliminating low-value or counterproductive measures. Sec. 5. Increasing Access to Data to Make Healthcare Information More Transparent and Useful to Patients. Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, in consultation with the Secretaries of the Treasury, Defense, Labor, and Veterans Affairs, and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, shall increase access to de-identified claims data from taxpayer-funded healthcare programs and group health plans for researchers, innovators, providers, and entrepreneurs, in a manner that is consistent with applicable law and that ensures patient privacy and security. Providing access to this data will facilitate the development of tools that empower patients to be better informed as they make decisions related to healthcare goods and services. Access to this data will also enable researchers and entrepreneurs to locate inefficiencies and opportunities for improvement, such as patterns of performance of medical procedures that are outside the recommended standards of care. Such data may be derived from the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System (T-MSIS) and other sources. As part of this process, the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall make a list of priority datasets that, if de-identified, could advance the policies set forth by this order, and shall report to the President on proposed plans for future release of these priority datasets and on any barriers to their release. Sec. 6. Empowering Patients by Enhancing Control Over Their Healthcare Resources. (a) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of the Treasury, to the extent consistent with law, shall issue guidance to expand the ability of patients to select high-deductible health plans that can be used alongside a health savings account, and that cover low-cost preventive care, before the deductible, for medical care that helps maintain health status for individuals with chronic conditions. (b) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of the Treasury, to the extent consistent with law, shall propose regulations to treat expenses related to certain types of arrangements, potentially including direct primary care arrangements and healthcare sharing ministries, as eligible medical expenses under section 213(d) of title 26, United States Code. (c) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of the Treasury, to the extent consistent with law, shall issue guidance to increase the amount of funds that can carry over without penalty at the end of the year for flexible spending arrangements. Sec. 7. Addressing Surprise Medical Billing. Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall submit a report to the President on additional steps my Administration may take to implement the principles on surprise medical billing announced on May 9, 2019. Sec. 8. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, June 24, 2019. Executive Order 13878 of June 25, 2019 EO 13878 Establishing a White House Council on Eliminating Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. For many Americans, access to affordable housing is becoming far too difficult. Rising housing costs are forcing families to dedicate larger shares of their monthly incomes to housing. In 2017, approximately 37 million renter and owner households spent more than 30 percent of their incomes on housing, with more than 18 million spending more than half of their incomes on housing. Between 2001 and 2017, the number of renter households allocating more than half of their incomes toward rent increased by nearly 45 percent. These rising costs are leaving families with fewer resources for necessities such as food, healthcare, clothing, education, and transportation, negatively affecting their quality of life and hindering their access to economic opportunity. Driving the rise in housing costs is a lack of housing supply to meet demand. Federal, State, local, and tribal governments impose a multitude of regulatory barriers—laws, regulations, and administrative practices—that hinder the development of housing. These regulatory barriers include: overly restrictive zoning and growth management controls; rent controls; cumbersome building and rehabilitation codes; excessive energy and water efficiency mandates; unreasonable maximum-density allowances; historic preservation requirements; overly burdensome wetland or environmental regulations; outdated manufactured-housing regulations and restrictions; undue parking requirements; cumbersome and time-consuming permitting and review procedures; tax policies that discourage investment or reinvestment; overly complex labor requirements; and inordinate impact or developer fees. These regulatory barriers increase the costs associated with development, and, as a result, drive down the supply of affordable housing. They are the leading factor in the growth of housing prices across metropolitan areas in the United States. Many of the markets with the most severe shortages in affordable housing contend with the most restrictive State and local regulatory barriers to development. These regulatory barriers impede our Nation's economic growth. Hardworking American families struggle to live in markets where there is an insufficient supply of housing—even in markets generating a significant number of jobs. One recent study suggests that certain regulatory restrictions on housing supply have forced workers to live far away from high-productivity areas with the best available jobs, creating a geographic misallocation of labor between cities that may have decreased the annual economic growth rate in the United States by 36 percent between 1964 and 2009. Low- and middle-income Americans are often hit the hardest by regulatory barriers to housing development. High housing costs place strains on household budgets, limit educational opportunities, impair workforce mobility, slow job creation, and increase financial risks. Furthermore, studies have consistently identified high housing prices as a primary determinant of homelessness, and research has directly linked more stringent housing market regulation to higher homelessness rates. To help these populations, in 2018, the Federal Government invested more than $46 billion in rental assistance programs for low-income families—much of which grows at approximately 3 percent per annum while assisting a fixed number of households. The Federal Government provides additional housing support through the tax code, with over $9.1 billion in tax expenditures in Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC) to developers of low-income housing. Generally, these Federal tax dollars are focused disproportionately on areas with high-cost and highly regulated housing markets. But to improve housing affordability in a truly sustainable manner, we need innovative solutions—not simply increases in spending and subsidies for Federal housing. These solutions must address the regulatory barriers that are inhibiting the development of housing. If we fail to act, Federal subsidies will only continue to mask the true cost of these onerous regulatory barriers, and, as a result, many Americans will not be able to access the opportunities they deserve. Sec. 2. Policy. It shall be the policy of my Administration to work with Federal, State, local, tribal, and private sector leaders to address, reduce, and remove the multitude of overly burdensome regulatory barriers that artificially raise the cost of housing development and help to cause the lack of housing supply. Increasing the supply of housing by removing overly burdensome regulatory barriers will reduce housing costs, boost economic growth, and provide more Americans with opportunities for economic mobility. In addition, it will strengthen American communities and the quality of services offered in them by allowing hardworking Americans to live in or near the communities they serve. Sec. 3. White House Council on Eliminating Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing. There is hereby established a White House Council on Eliminating Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing (Council). The Council shall be chaired by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, or his designee. The Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, or their designees, shall be Vice Chairs. (a) Membership. In addition to the Chair and Vice Chairs, the Council shall consist of the following officials, or their designees: (i) the Secretary of the Treasury; (ii) the Secretary of the Interior; (iii) the Secretary of Agriculture; (iv) the Secretary of Labor; (v) the Secretary of Transportation; (vi) the Secretary of Energy; (vii) the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency; (viii) the Director of the Office of Management and Budget; (ix) the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers; (x) the Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Intergovernmental Affairs; and (xi) the heads of such other executive departments and agencies (agencies) and offices as the President, Chair, or Vice Chairs may, from time to time, designate or invite, as appropriate. (b) Administration. The Vice Chairs shall convene regular meetings of the Council, determine its agenda, and direct its work with the oversight of and in consultation with the Chair. The Department of Housing and Urban Development shall provide funding and administrative support for the Council. Sec. 4. Mission and Functions of the Council. The Council shall work across agencies and offices, with consideration of existing initiatives, to: (a) solicit feedback from State, local, and tribal government officials, as well as relevant private-sector stakeholders, including developers, homebuilders, creditors, real estate professionals, manufacturers, academic researchers, renters, advocates, and homeowners, to: (i) identify Federal, State, local, and tribal laws, regulations, and administrative practices that artificially raise the costs of housing development and contribute to shortages in housing supply, and (ii) identify practices and strategies that most successfully reduce and remove burdensome Federal, State, local, and tribal laws, regulations, and administrative practices that artificially raise the costs of housing development, while highlighting actors that successfully implement such practices and strategies; (b) evaluate and quantify the effect that various Federal, State, local, and tribal regulatory barriers have on affordable housing development, and the economy in general, and identify ways to improve the data available to the public and private researchers who evaluate such effects, without violating privacy laws or creating unnecessary burdens; (c) identify and assess the actions each agency can take under existing authorities to minimize Federal regulatory barriers that unnecessarily raise the costs of housing development; (d) assess the actions each agency can take under existing authorities to align, support, and encourage State, local, and tribal efforts to reduce regulatory barriers that unnecessarily raise the costs of housing development; and (e) recommend Federal, State, local, and tribal actions and policies that would: (i) reduce and streamline statutory, regulatory, and administrative burdens at all levels of government that inhibit the development of affordable housing, and (ii) encourage State, local, and tribal governments to reduce regulatory barriers to the development of affordable housing. Sec. 5. Reports. The Vice Chairs, on behalf of the Council, and with the oversight of and in consultation with the Chair, shall: (a) within 12 months of the date of this order, submit to the President a report on the Council's implementation of section 4 of this order; and (b) submit to the President any subsequent report that the President may request or that the Council may deem appropriate. Sec. 6. Agency Participation and Response. The heads of agencies and offices shall provide such assistance and information to the Council, consistent with applicable law, as may be necessary to carry out the functions of this order. Sec. 7. Termination. The Council shall terminate on January 21, 2021, unless extended by the President. Sec. 8. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department, agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, June 25, 2019. Executive Order 13879 of July 10, 2019 EO 13879 Advancing American Kidney Health By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. My Administration is dedicated to advancing American kidney health. The state of care for patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is unacceptable: too many at-risk patients progress to late-stage kidney failure; the mortality rate is too high; current treatment options are expensive and do not produce an acceptable quality of life; and there are not enough kidneys donated to meet the current demand for transplants. Kidney disease was the ninth-leading cause of death in the United States in 2017. Approximately 37 million Americans have chronic kidney disease and more than 726,000 have ESRD. More than 100,000 Americans begin dialysis each year to treat ESRD. Twenty percent die within a year; fifty percent die within 5 years. Currently, nearly 100,000 Americans are on the waiting list to receive a kidney transplant. Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of the United States to: (a) prevent kidney failure whenever possible through better diagnosis, treatment, and incentives for preventive care; (b) increase patient choice through affordable alternative treatments for ESRD by encouraging higher value care, educating patients on treatment alternatives, and encouraging the development of artificial kidneys; and (c) increase access to kidney transplants by modernizing the organ recovery and transplantation systems and updating outmoded and counterproductive regulations. Sec. 3. Announcing an Awareness Initiative on Kidney and Related Diseases. Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (Secretary) shall launch an awareness initiative at the Department of Health and Human Services (Department) to aid the Secretary's efforts to educate patients and support programs that promote kidney disease awareness. The initiative shall develop proposals for the Secretary to support research regarding preventing, treating, and slowing progression of kidney disease; to improve kidney transplantation; and to share information with patients and providers to enhance awareness of the causes and consequences of kidney disease. Sec. 4. Payment Model to Identify and Treat At-Risk Populations Earlier in Disease Development. Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Secretary shall select a payment model to test innovations in compensation for providers of kidney care services based on kidney patient cost and quality outcomes. The model should broaden the range of care and Medicare payment options available to potential participants with a focus on delaying or preventing the onset of kidney failure, preventing unnecessary hospitalizations, and increasing the rate of transplants. It should aim at achieving these outcomes by creating incentives to provide care for Medicare beneficiaries who have advanced stages of kidney disease but who are not yet on dialysis. The selected model shall include options for flexible advance payments for nephrologists to better support their management and coordination of care for patients with kidney disease. Sec. 5. Payment Model to Increase Home Dialysis and Kidney Transplants. Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Secretary shall select a payment model to evaluate the effects of creating payment incentives for greater use of home dialysis and kidney transplants for Medicare beneficiaries on dialysis. The model should adjust payments based on the percentage of a participating provider's attributed patients who either are on home dialysis or have received a kidney transplant and should include a learning system to help participants improve performance. Greater rates of home dialysis and transplantation will improve quality of life and care for patients who require dialysis and may eliminate the need for dialysis altogether for many patients. Sec. 6. Encouraging the Development of an Artificial Kidney. Within 120 days of the date of this order, in order to increase breakthrough technologies to provide patients suffering from kidney disease with better options for care than those that are currently available, the Secretary shall: (a) announce that the Department will consider requests for premarket approval of wearable or implantable artificial kidneys in order to encourage their development and to enhance cooperation between developers and the Food and Drug Administration; and (b) produce a strategy for encouraging innovation in new therapies through the Kidney Innovation Accelerator (KidneyX), a public-private partnership between the Department and the American Society of Nephrology. Sec. 7. Increasing Utilization of Available Organs. (a) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Secretary shall propose a regulation to enhance the procurement and utilization of organs available through deceased donation by revising Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) rules and evaluation metrics to establish more transparent, reliable, and enforceable objective metrics for evaluating an OPO's performance. (b) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary shall streamline and expedite the process of kidney matching and delivery to reduce the discard rate. Removing process inefficiencies in matching and delivery that result in delayed acceptance by transplant centers will reduce the detrimental effects on organ quality of prolonged time with reduced or cut-off blood supply. Sec. 8. Supporting Living Organ Donors. Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Secretary shall propose a regulation to remove financial barriers to living organ donation. The regulation should expand the definition of allowable costs that can be reimbursed under the Reimbursement of Travel and Subsistence Expenses Incurred Toward Living Organ Donation program, raise the limit on the income of donors eligible for reimbursement under the program, allow reimbursement for lost-wage expenses, and provide for reimbursement of child-care and elder-care expenses. Sec. 9. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, July 10, 2019. Executive Order 13880 of July 11, 2019 EO 13880 Collecting Information About Citizenship Status in Connection With the Decennial Census By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. In Department of Commerce v. New York, No. 18-966 (June 27, 2019), the Supreme Court held that the Department of Commerce (Department) may, as a general matter, lawfully include a question inquiring about citizenship status on the decennial census and, more specifically, declined to hold that the Secretary of Commerce's decision to include such a question on the 2020 decennial census was ``substantively invalid.'' That ruling was not surprising, given that every decennial census from 1820 to 2000 (with the single exception of 1840) asked at least some respondents about their citizenship status or place of birth. In addition, the Census Bureau has inquired since 2005 about citizenship on the American Community Survey—a separate questionnaire sent annually to about 2.5 percent of households. The Court determined, however, that the explanation the Department had provided for including such a question on the census was, in the circumstances of that case, insufficient to support the Department's decision. I disagree with the Court's ruling, because I believe that the Department's decision was fully supported by the rationale presented on the record before the Supreme Court. The Court's ruling, however, has now made it impossible, as a practical matter, to include a citizenship question on the 2020 decennial census questionnaire. After examining every possible alternative, the Attorney General and the Secretary of Commerce have informed me that the logistics and timing for carrying out the census, combined with delays from continuing litigation, leave no practical mechanism for including the question on the 2020 decennial census. Nevertheless, we shall ensure that accurate citizenship data is compiled in connection with the census by other means. To achieve that goal, I have determined that it is imperative that all executive departments and agencies (agencies) provide the Department the maximum assistance permissible, consistent with law, in determining the number of citizens and non-citizens in the country, including by providing any access that the Department may request to administrative records that may be useful in accomplishing that objective. When the Secretary of Commerce decided to include the citizenship question on the census, he determined that such a question, in combination with administrative records, would provide the most accurate and complete data. At that time, the Census Bureau had determined based on experience that administrative records to which it had access would enable it to determine citizenship status for approximately 90 percent of the population. At that point, the benefits of using administrative records were limited because the Department had not yet been able to access several additional important sets of records with critical information on citizenship. Under the Secretary of Commerce's decision memorandum directing the Census Bureau ``to further enhance its administrative record data sets'' and ``to obtain as many additional Federal and state administrative records as possible,'' the Department has sought access to several such sets of records maintained by other agencies, but it remains in negotiations to secure access. The executive action I am taking today will ensure that the Department will have access to all available records in time for use in conjunction with the census. Therefore, to eliminate delays and uncertainty, and to resolve any doubt about the duty of agencies to share data promptly with the Department, I am hereby ordering all agencies to share information requested by the Department to the maximum extent permissible under law. Access to the additional data identified in section 3 of this order will ensure that administrative records provide more accurate and complete citizenship data than was previously available. I am also ordering the establishment of an interagency working group to improve access to administrative records, with a goal of making available to the Department administrative records showing citizenship data for 100 percent of the population. And I am ordering the Secretary of Commerce to consider mechanisms for ensuring that the Department's existing data-gathering efforts expand the collection of citizenship data in the future. Finally, I am directing the Department to strengthen its efforts, consistent with law, to obtain State administrative records concerning citizenship. Ensuring that the Department has available the best data on citizenship that administrative records can provide, consistent with law, is important for multiple reasons, including the following. First, data on the number of citizens and aliens in the country is needed to help us understand the effects of immigration on our country and to inform policymakers considering basic decisions about immigration policy. The Census Bureau has long maintained that citizenship data is one of the statistics that is ``essential for agencies and policy makers setting and evaluating immigration policies and laws.'' Today, an accurate understanding of the number of citizens and the number of aliens in the country is central to any effort to reevaluate immigration policy. The United States has not fundamentally restructured its immigration system since 1965. I have explained many times that our outdated immigration laws no longer meet contemporary needs. My Administration is committed to modernizing immigration laws and policies, but the effort to undertake any fundamental reevaluation of immigration policy is hampered when we do not have the most complete data about the number of citizens and non-citizens in the country. If we are to undertake a genuine overhaul of our immigration laws and evaluate policies for encouraging the assimilation of immigrants, one of the basic informational building blocks we should know is how many non-citizens there are in the country. Second, the lack of complete data on numbers of citizens and aliens hinders the Federal Government's ability to implement specific programs and to evaluate policy proposals for changes in those programs. For example, the lack of such data limits our ability to evaluate policies concerning certain public benefits programs. It remains the immigration policy of the United States, as embodied in statutes passed by the Congress, that ``aliens within the Nation's borders [should] not depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on their own capabilities and the resources of their families, their sponsors, and private organizations'' and that ``the availability of public benefits [should] not constitute an incentive for immigration to the United States'' (8 U.S.C. 1601(2)). The Congress has identified compelling Government interests in restricting public benefits ``in order to assure that aliens be self-reliant in accordance with national immigration policy'' and ``to remove the incentive for illegal immigration provided by the availability of public benefits'' (8 U.S.C. 1601(5), (6)). Accordingly, aliens are restricted from eligibility for many public benefits. With limited exceptions, aliens are ineligible to receive supplemental security income or food stamps (8 U.S.C. 1612(a)). Aliens who are ``qualified aliens''—that is, lawful permanent residents, persons granted asylum, and certain other legal immigrants—are, with limited exceptions, ineligible to receive benefits through Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Medicaid, and State Children's Health Insurance Program for 5 years after entry into the United States (8 U.S.C. 1613(a)). Aliens who are not ``qualified aliens,'' such as those unlawfully present, are generally ineligible for Federal benefits and for State and local benefits (8 U.S.C. 1611(a), 1621(a)). The lack of accurate information about the total citizen population makes it difficult to plan for annual expenditures on certain benefits programs. And the lack of accurate and complete data concerning the alien population makes it extremely difficult to evaluate the potential effects of proposals to alter the eligibility rules for public benefits. Third, data identifying citizens will help the Federal Government generate a more reliable count of the unauthorized alien population in the country. Data tabulating both the overall population and the citizen population could be combined with records of aliens lawfully present in the country to generate an estimate of the aggregate number of aliens unlawfully present in each State. Currently, the Department of Homeland Security generates an annual estimate of the number of illegal aliens residing in the United States, but its usefulness is limited by the deficiencies of the citizenship data collected through the American Community Survey alone, which includes substantial margins of error because it is distributed to such a small percentage of the population. Academic researchers have also been unable to develop useful and reliable numbers of our illegal alien population using currently available data. A 2018 study by researchers at Yale University estimated that the illegal alien population totaled between 16.2 million and 29.5 million. Its modeling put the likely number at about double the conventional estimate. The fact is that we simply do not know how many citizens, non-citizens, and illegal aliens are living in the United States. Accurate and complete data on the illegal alien population would be useful for the Federal Government in evaluating many policy proposals. When Members of Congress propose various forms of protected status for classes of unauthorized immigrants, for example, the full implications of such proposals can be properly evaluated only with accurate information about the overall number of unauthorized aliens potentially at issue. Similarly, such information is needed to inform debate about legislative proposals to enhance enforcement of immigration laws and effectuate duly issued removal orders. The Federal Government's need for a more accurate count of illegal aliens in the country is only made more acute by the recent massive influx of illegal immigrants at our southern border. In Proclamation 9822 of November 9, 2018 (Addressing Mass Migration Through the Southern Border of the United States), I explained that our immigration and asylum system remains in crisis as a consequence of the mass migration of aliens across our southern border. As a result of our broken asylum laws, hundreds of thousands of aliens who entered the country illegally have been released into the interior of the United States pending the outcome of their removal proceedings. But because of the massive backlog of cases, hearing dates are sometimes set years in the future and the adjudication process often takes years to complete. Aliens not in custody routinely fail to appear in court and, even if they do appear, fail to comply with removal orders. There are more than 1 million illegal aliens who have been issued final removal orders from immigration judges and yet remain at-large in the United States. Efforts to find solutions that address the immense number of unauthorized aliens living in our country should start with accurate information that allows us to understand the true scope of the problem. Fourth, it may be open to States to design State and local legislative districts based on the population of voter-eligible citizens. In Evenwel v. Abbott, 136 S. Ct. 1120 (2016), the Supreme Court left open the question whether ``States may draw districts to equalize voter-eligible population rather than total population.'' Some States, such as Texas, have argued that ``jurisdictions may, consistent with the Equal Protection Clause, design districts using any population baseline—including total population and voter-eligible population—so long as the choice is rational and not invidiously discriminatory''. Some courts, based on Supreme Court precedent, have agreed that State districting plans may exclude individuals who are ineligible to vote. Whether that approach is permissible will be resolved when a State actually proposes a districting plan based on the voter-eligible population. But because eligibility to vote depends in part on citizenship, States could more effectively exercise this option with a more accurate and complete count of the citizen population. The Department has said that if the officers or public bodies having initial responsibility for the legislative districting in each State indicate a need for tabulations of citizenship data, the Census Bureau will make a design change to make such information available. I understand that some State officials are interested in such data for districting purposes. This order will assist the Department in securing the most accurate and complete citizenship data so that it can respond to such requests from the States. To be clear, generating accurate data concerning the total number of citizens, non-citizens, and illegal aliens in the country has nothing to do with enforcing immigration laws against particular individuals. It is important, instead, for making broad policy determinations. Information obtained by the Department in connection with the census through requests for administrative records under 13 U.S.C. 6 shall be used solely to produce statistics and is subject to confidentiality protections under Title 13 of the United States Code. Information subject to confidentiality protections under Title 13 may not, and shall not, be used to bring immigration enforcement actions against particular individuals. Under my Administration, the data confidentiality protections in Title 13 shall be fully respected. Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of the United States to develop complete and accurate data on the number of citizens, non-citizens, and illegal aliens in the country. Such data is necessary to understand the effects of immigration on the country, and to inform policymakers in setting and evaluating immigration policies and laws, including evaluating proposals to address the current crisis in illegal immigration. Sec. 3. Assistance to the Department of Commerce and Maximizing Citizenship Data. (a) All agencies shall promptly provide the Department the maximum assistance permissible, consistent with law, in determining the number of citizens, non-citizens, and illegal aliens in the country, including by providing any access that the Department may request to administrative records that may be useful in accomplishing that objective. In particular, the following agencies shall examine relevant legal authorities and, to the maximum extent consistent with law, provide access to the following records: (i) Department of Homeland Security, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services—National-level file of Lawful Permanent Residents, Naturalizations; (ii) Department of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement—F1 & M1 Nonimmigrant Visas; (iii) Department of Homeland Security—National-level file of Customs and Border Arrival/Departure transaction data; (iv) Department of Homeland Security and Department of State, Worldwide Refugee and Asylum Processing System—Refugee and Asylum visas; (v) Department of State—National-level passport application data; (vi) Social Security Administration—Master Beneficiary Records; and (vii) Department of Health and Human Services—CMS Medicaid and CHIP Information System. (b) The Secretary of Commerce shall instruct the Director of the Census Bureau to establish an interagency working group to coordinate efforts, consistent with law, to maximize the availability of administrative records in connection with the census, with the goal of obtaining administrative records that can help establish citizenship status for 100 percent of the population. The Director of the Census Bureau shall chair the working group, and the head of each agency shall designate a representative to the working group upon request from the working group chair. (c) To ensure that the Federal Government continues to collect the most accurate information available concerning citizenship going forward, the Secretary of Commerce shall consider initiating any administrative process necessary to include a citizenship question on the 2030 decennial census and to consider any regulatory changes necessary to ensure that citizenship data is collected in any other surveys and data-gathering efforts conducted by the Census Bureau, including the American Community Survey. The Secretary of Commerce shall also consider expanding the distribution of the American Community Survey, which currently reaches approximately 2.5 percent of households, to secure better citizenship data. (d) The Department shall strengthen its efforts, consistent with law, to gain access to relevant State administrative records. Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, July 11, 2019. Executive Order 13881 of July 15, 2019 EO 13881 Maximizing Use of American-Made Goods, Products, and Materials By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and to promote the principles underlying the Buy American Act of 1933 (41 U.S.C. 8301-8305), it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy. (a) As expressed in Executive Order 13788 of April 18, 2017 (Buy American and Hire American), and in Executive Order 13858 of January 31, 2019 (Strengthening Buy-American Preferences for Infrastructure Projects), it is the policy of the United States to buy American and to maximize, consistent with law, the use of goods, products, and materials produced in the United States. To those ends, my Administration shall enforce the Buy American Act to the greatest extent permitted by law. (b) In Executive Order 10582 of December 17, 1954 (Prescribing Uniform Procedures for Certain Determinations Under the Buy-American Act), President Eisenhower established that materials shall be, for purposes of the Buy American Act, considered of foreign origin if the cost of the foreign products used in such materials constitutes 50 percent or more of the cost of all the products used in such materials. He also established that, in determining whether the bid or offered price of materials of domestic origin is unreasonable or inconsistent with the public interest, the executive agencies shall either (1) add 6 percent to the total bid or offered price of materials of foreign origin, or (2) add 10 percent to the total bid or offered price of materials of foreign origin less certain specified costs as follows. Where the foreign bid or offer is less than $25,000, applicable duty is excluded from the calculation. Where the foreign bid or offer is more than $25,000, both applicable duty, and all costs incurred after arrival in the United States, are excluded from the calculation. (c) The policies described in section 1(b) of this order were adopted by the Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council (FAR Council) in the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), title 48, Code of Federal Regulations. The FAR should be reviewed and revised, as appropriate, to most effectively carry out the goals of the Buy American Act and my Administration's policy of enforcing the Buy American Act to its maximum lawful extent. I therefore direct the members of the FAR Council to consider measures that may better effectuate this policy. Sec. 2. Proposed Rules. (a) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the FAR Council shall consider proposing for notice and public comment: (i) an amendment to the applicable provisions in the FAR that would provide that materials shall be considered to be of foreign origin if: (A) for iron and steel end products, the cost of foreign iron and steel used in such iron and steel end products constitutes 5 percent or more of the cost of all the products used in such iron and steel end products; or (B) for all other end products, the cost of the foreign products used in such end products constitutes 45 percent or more of the cost of all the products used in such end products; and (ii) an amendment to the applicable provisions in the FAR that would provide that the executive agency concerned shall in each instance conduct the reasonableness and public interest determination referred to in sections 8302 and 8303 of title 41, United States Code, on the basis of the following-described differential formula, subject to the terms thereof: the sum determined by computing 20 percent (for other than small businesses), or 30 percent (for small businesses), of the offer or offered price of materials of foreign origin. (b) The FAR Council shall consider and evaluate public comments on any regulations proposed pursuant to section 2(a) of this order and shall promptly issue a final rule, if appropriate and consistent with applicable law and the national security interests of the United States. The head of each executive agency shall issue such regulations as may be necessary to ensure that agency procurement practices conform to the provisions of any final rule issued pursuant to this order. Sec. 3. Effect on Executive Order 10582. Executive Order 10582 is superseded to the extent that it is inconsistent with this order. Upon the issuance of a final rule pursuant to section 2 of this order, subsections 2(a) and 2(c) of Executive Order 10582 are revoked. Sec. 4. Additional Actions. Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Commerce and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall, in consultation with the FAR Council, the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, and the Assistant to the President for Trade and Manufacturing Policy, submit to the President a report on any other changes to the FAR that the FAR Council should consider in order to better enforce the Buy American Act and to otherwise act consistent with the policy described in section 1 of this order, including whether and when to further decrease, including incrementally, the threshold percentage in subsection 2(a)(i)(B) of this order from the proposed 45 percent to 25 percent. The report shall include recommendations based on the feasibility and desirability of any decreases, including the timing of such decreases. Sec. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof, including, for example, the authority to utilize non-availability and public interest exceptions as delineated in section 8303 of title 41, United States Code, and 48 CFR 25.103; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, July 15, 2019. Executive Order 13882 of July 26, 2019 EO 13882 Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Mali By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) (NEA), the United Nations Participation Act of 1945 (22 U.S.C. 287c) (UNPA), section 212(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (8 U.S.C. 1182(f)), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, and in view of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 2374 of September 5, 2017, and UNSCR 2432 of August 30, 2018. I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, find that the situation in Mali, including repeated violations of ceasefire arrangements made pursuant to the 2015 Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali; the expansion of terrorist activities into southern and central Mali; the intensification of drug trafficking and trafficking in persons, human rights abuses, and hostage-taking; and the intensification of attacks against civilians, the Malian defense and security forces, the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilizations Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), and international security presences, constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States, and I hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat. I hereby order: Section 1. (a) All property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United States, or that are or hereafter come within the possession or control of any United States person of the following persons are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in: any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State: (i) to be responsible for or complicit in, or to have directly or indirectly engaged in, any of the following in or in relation to Mali: (A) actions or policies that threaten the peace, security, or stability of Mali; (B) actions or policies that undermine democratic processes or institutions in Mali; (C) a hostile act in violation of, or an act that obstructs, including by prolonged delay, or threatens the implementation of, the 2015 Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali; (D) planning, directing, sponsoring, or conducting attacks against local, regional, or state institutions, the Malian defense and security forces, any international security presences, MINUSMA peacekeepers, other United Nations or associated personnel, or any other peacekeeping operations; (E) obstructing the delivery or distribution of, or access to, humanitarian assistance; (F) planning, directing, or committing an act that violates international humanitarian law or that constitutes a serious human rights abuse or violation, including an act involving the targeting of civilians through the commission of an act of violence, abduction or enforced disappearance, forced displacement, or an attack on a school, hospital, religious site, or location where civilians are seeking refuge; (G) the use or recruitment of children by armed groups or armed forces in the context of the armed conflict in Mali; (H) the illicit production or trafficking of narcotics or their precursors originating or transiting through Mali; (I) trafficking in persons, smuggling migrants, or trafficking or smuggling arms or illicitly acquired cultural property; or (J) any transaction or series of transactions involving bribery or other corruption, such as the misappropriation of Malian public assets or expropriation of private assets for personal gain or political purposes; (ii) to have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services in support of, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order; or (iii) to be owned or controlled by, or to have acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order. (b) The prohibitions in subsection (a) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the date of this order. Sec. 2. The unrestricted immigrant and nonimmigrant entry into the United States of aliens determined to meet one or more of the criteria in section 1 of this order would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and the entry of such persons into the United States, as immigrants or nonimmigrants, is hereby suspended, except where the Secretary of State determines that the person's entry is in the national interest of the United States, including when the Secretary so determines based on a recommendation of the Attorney General, that the person's entry would further important United States law enforcement objectives. Such persons shall be treated as persons covered by section 1 of Proclamation 8693 of July 24, 2011 (Suspension of Entry of Aliens Subject to United Nations Security Council Travel Bans and International Emergency Economic Powers Act Sanctions). Sec. 3. I hereby determine that the making of donations of the types of articles specified in section 203(b)(2) of IEEPA (50 U.S.C. 1702(b)(2)) by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to section 1 of this order would seriously impair my ability to deal with the national emergency declared in this order, and I hereby prohibit such donations as provided by section 1 of this order. Sec. 4. The prohibitions in section 1 of this order include but are not limited to: (a) the making of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order; and (b) the receipt of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services from any such person. Sec. 5. (a) Any transaction that evades or avoids, has the purpose of evading or avoiding, causes a violation of, or attempts to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited. (b) Any conspiracy formed to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited. Sec. 6. For the purposes of this order: (a) the term ``person'' means an individual or entity; (b) the term ``entity'' means a partnership, association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other organization; and (c) the term ``United States person'' means any United States citizen, permanent resident alien, entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States. Sec. 7. For those persons whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order who might have a constitutional presence in the United States, I find that because of the ability to transfer funds or other assets instantaneously, prior notice to such persons of measures to be taken pursuant to this order would render those measures ineffectual. I therefore determine that for these measures to be effective in addressing the national emergency declared in this order, there need be no prior notice of a listing or determination made pursuant to section 1 of this order. Sec. 8. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to take such actions, including promulgating rules and regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the President by IEEPA and the UNPA as may be necessary to implement this order. The Secretary of the Treasury may, consistent with applicable law, redelegate any of these functions within the Department of the Treasury. All agencies of the United States Government shall take all appropriate measures within their authority to carry out the provisions of this order. Sec. 9. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to submit the recurring and final reports to the Congress on the national emergency declared in this order, consistent with section 40l(c) of the NEA (50 U.S.C. 164l(c)) and section 204(c) of IEEPA (50 U.S.C. 1703(c)). Sec. 10. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, July 26, 2019. Executive Order 13883 of August 1, 2019 EO 13883 Administration of Proliferation Sanctions and Amendment of Executive Order 12851 By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) (NEA), sections 305-308 of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (CBW Act), Public Law 102-182 (50 U.S.C. App. 2410c; 22 U.S.C. 2798, 5604-5606), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, in order to take additional steps with respect to the national emergency described and declared in Executive Order 12938 of November 14, 1994, as amended by and relied on for additional steps in subsequent Executive Orders, hereby order: Section 1. (a) When the President, or the Secretary of State pursuant to authority delegated by the President and in accordance with the terms of such delegation, pursuant to section 307(b)(1) of the CBW Act, selects for imposition on a country one or more of the sanctions set forth below and in section 307(b)(2) of that Act, the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall take the following actions, when necessary, to implement such sanctions: (i) oppose, in accordance with section 701 of the International Financial Institutions Act (22 U.S.C. 262d), the extension of any loan or financial or technical assistance to that country by international financial institutions; and (ii) prohibit any United States bank from making any loan or providing any credit to the government of that country, except for loans or credits for the purpose of purchasing food or other agricultural commodities or products. (b) The prohibition in subsection (a)(ii) of this section applies except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the date of this order. Sec. 2. (a) Any transaction that evades or avoids, has the purpose of evading or avoiding, causes a violation of, or attempts to violate the prohibition set forth in section 1(a)(ii) of this order is prohibited. (b) Any conspiracy formed to violate the prohibition set forth in section 1(a)(ii) of this order is prohibited. Sec. 3. Subsection (b) of section 1 of Executive Order 12851 of June 11, 1993 (Administration of Proliferation Sanctions, Middle East Arms Control, and Related Congressional Reporting Responsibilities), is amended by adding the following new paragraph 4 after paragraph 3: ``(4) The authorities and duties vested in me to oppose certain multilateral development bank assistance and to prohibit certain bank loans as provided in section 307(b)(2)(A)-(B), pursuant to a determination made by the Secretary of State under section 307(b)(1), are delegated to the Secretary of the Treasury.'' Sec. 4. For the purposes of this order: (a) the term ``entity'' means a partnership, association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other organization; (b) the term ``government'' means a government, any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, and any person owned or controlled by, or acting for or on behalf of, that government; and (c) the term ``United States bank'' means any entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States (including its foreign branches), or any entity in the United States, that is engaged in the business of accepting deposits, making, granting, transferring, holding, or brokering loans or credits, or purchasing or selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures, or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. Sec. 5. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to take such actions, including promulgating rules and regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the President by IEEPA and the CBW Act as may be necessary to implement this order. The Secretary of the Treasury may, consistent with applicable law, redelegate any of these functions within the Department of the Treasury. All agencies of the United States Government shall take all appropriate measures within their authority to carry out the provisions of this order. Sec. 6. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, August 1, 2019. Executive Order 13884 of August 5, 2019 EO 13884 Blocking Property of the Government of Venezuela By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), section 212(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (8 U.S.C. 1182(f)), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, in order to take additional steps with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13692 of March 8, 2015 (Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Venezuela), as amended, as relied upon for additional steps taken in subsequent Executive Orders, and in light of the continued usurpation of power by Nicolas Maduro and persons affiliated with him, as well as human rights abuses, including arbitrary or unlawful arrest and detention of Venezuelan citizens, interference with freedom of expression, including for members of the media, and ongoing attempts to undermine Interim President Juan Guaido and the Venezuelan National Assembly's exercise of legitimate authority in Venezuela, hereby order: Section 1. (a) All property and interests in property of the Government of Venezuela that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United States, or that are or hereafter come within the possession or control of any United States person are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in. (b) All property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United States, or that are or hereafter come within the possession or control of any United States person of the following persons are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in: any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State: (i) to have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, any person included on the list of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order; or (ii) to be owned or controlled by, or to have acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order. (c) The prohibitions in subsections (a)-(b) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the effective date of this order. Sec. 2. The unrestricted immigrant and nonimmigrant entry into the United States of aliens determined to meet one or more of the criteria in section 1(b) of this order would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and entry of such persons into the United States, as immigrants or nonimmigrants, is hereby suspended, except when the Secretary of State determines that the person's entry would not be contrary to the interests of the United States, including when the Secretary so determines, based on a recommendation of the Attorney General, that the person's entry would further important United States law enforcement objectives. In exercising this responsibility, the Secretary of State shall consult the Secretary of Homeland Security on matters related to admissibility or inadmissibility within the authority of the Secretary of Homeland Security. Such persons shall be treated in the same manner as persons covered by section 1 of Proclamation 8693 of July 24, 2011 (Suspension of Entry of Aliens Subject to United Nations Security Council Travel Bans and International Emergency Economic Powers Act Sanctions). The Secretary of State shall have the responsibility for implementing this section pursuant to such conditions and procedures as the Secretary has established or may establish pursuant to Proclamation 8693. Sec. 3. The prohibitions in section 1 of this order include: (a) the making of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order; and (b) the receipt of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services from any such person. Sec. 4. (a) Any transaction that evades or avoids, has the purpose of evading or avoiding, causes a violation of, or attempts to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited. (b) Any conspiracy formed to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited. Sec. 5. Nothing in this order shall prohibit: (a) transactions for the conduct of the official business of the Federal Government by employees, grantees, or contractors thereof; or (b) transactions related to the provision of articles such as food, clothing, and medicine intended to be used to relieve human suffering. Sec. 6. For the purposes of this order: (a) the term ``person'' means an individual or entity; (b) the term ``entity'' means a partnership, association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other organization; (c) the term ``United States person'' means any United States citizen, permanent resident alien, entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States; and (d) the term ``Government of Venezuela'' includes the state and Government of Venezuela, any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including the Central Bank of Venezuela and Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PdVSA), any person owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the foregoing, and any person who has acted or purported to act directly or indirectly for or on behalf of, any of the foregoing, including as a member of the Maduro regime. For the purposes of section 2 of this order, the term ``Government of Venezuela'' shall not include any United States citizen, any permanent resident alien of the United States, any alien lawfully admitted to the United States, or any alien holding a valid United States visa. Sec. 7. For those persons whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order who might have a constitutional presence in the United States, I find that because of the ability to transfer funds or other assets instantaneously, prior notice to such persons of measures to be taken pursuant to this order would render those measures ineffectual. I therefore determine that for these measures to be effective in addressing the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13692, there need be no prior notice of a listing or determination made pursuant to section 1 of this order. Sec. 8. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to take such actions, including promulgating rules and regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the President by IEEPA as may be necessary to implement this order. The Secretary of the Treasury may, consistent with applicable law, redelegate any of these functions within the Department of the Treasury. All agencies of the United States Government shall take all appropriate measures within their authority to carry out the provisions of this order. Sec. 9. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. Sec. 10. This order is effective at 9:00 a.m. eastern daylight time on August 5, 2019.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, August 5, 2019. Executive Order 13885 of August 30, 2019 EO 13885 Establishing the National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 104(a) of the National Quantum Initiative Act (Public Law 115-368) (Act), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, and in order to ensure continued American leadership in quantum information science and technology applications, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Establishment. The National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee (Committee) is hereby established. The Committee shall consist of the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy or the Director's designee (Director) and not more than 22 members appointed by the Secretary of Energy (Secretary). Committee members shall represent industry, universities, Federal laboratories, and other Federal Government agencies. Committee members must be qualified to provide advice and information on quantum information science and technology research, development, demonstrations, standards, education, technology transfers, commercial application, and national security economic concerns. The Director shall serve as a Co-Chair of the Committee. The Secretary shall designate at least one of the Committee members to serve as Co-Chair with the Director. Sec. 2. Functions. (a) The Committee shall advise the Secretary and the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science of the National Science and Technology Council (Subcommittee) and make recommendations to the Secretary to consider when reviewing and revising the National Quantum Initiative Program (Program) established pursuant to section 101 of the Act. The Committee shall also carry out all responsibilities set forth in section 104 of the Act. (b) The Committee shall meet at least twice a year and shall: (i) respond to requests from the Co-Chairs of the Committee for information, analysis, evaluation, or advice relating to quantum information science and technology applications; (ii) solicit information and ideas from a broad range of stakeholders on quantum information science in order to inform policy making. Stakeholders include the research community, the private sector, universities, national laboratories, executive departments and agencies (agencies), State and local governments, foundations, and nonprofit organizations; and (iii) respond to requests from the Subcommittee. Sec. 3. Administration. (a) The heads of agencies shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide the Committee with information concerning quantum information science and supporting technologies and applications when requested by a Co-Chair of the Committee. (b) In consultation with the Director, the Committee may create standing subcommittees and ad hoc groups, including technical advisory groups, to assist and provide preliminary information to the Committee. (c) The Director may request that members of the Committee, its standing subcommittees, or ad hoc groups who do not hold a current clearance for access to classified information, receive appropriate clearances and access determinations pursuant to Executive Order 13526 of December 29, 2009 (Classified National Security Information), as amended, or any successor order. (d) The Department of Energy shall provide such funding and administrative and technical support as the Committee may require. (e) Committee members shall serve without any compensation for their work on the Committee, but may receive travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as authorized by law for persons serving intermittently in the Government service (5 U.S.C. 5701-5707). Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Insofar as the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as amended (5 U.S.C. App.) (FACA), may apply to the Committee, any functions of the President under the FACA, except for those in section 6 of the FACA, shall be performed by the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Director, in accordance with the guidelines and procedures established by the Administrator of General Services. (b) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (c) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (d) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, August 30, 2019. Executive Order 13886 of September 9, 2019 EO 13886 Modernizing Sanctions To Combat Terrorism By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), the United Nations Participation Act of 1945 (22 U.S.C. 287c) (UNPA), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code; and in view of multiple United Nations Security Council resolutions, including Resolution 1373 of September 28, 2001, Resolution 1526 of January 30, 2004, Resolution 1988 of June 17, 2011, Resolution 1989 of June 17, 2011, Resolution 2253 of December 17, 2015, Resolution 2255 of December 21, 2015, Resolution 2368 of July 20, 2017, and Resolution 2462 of March 28, 2019, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, find that it is necessary to consolidate and enhance sanctions to combat acts of terrorism and threats of terrorism by foreign terrorists, acts that are recognized and condemned in the above-referenced United Nations Security Council resolutions. Accordingly, I hereby terminate the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12947 of January 23, 1995, and revoke Executive Order 12947, as amended by Executive Order 13099 of August 20, 1998. In order to build upon the initial steps taken in Executive Order 12947, to further strengthen and consolidate sanctions to combat the continuing threat posed by international terrorism, and in order to take additional steps to deal with the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13224 of September 23, 2001, with respect to the continuing and immediate threat of grave acts of terrorism and threats of terrorism committed by foreign terrorists, which include acts of terrorism that threaten the Middle East peace process, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Section 1 of Executive Order 13224 is hereby amended to read as follows: ``Section 1. (a) All property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United States, or that are or hereafter come within the possession or control of any United States person of the following persons are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in: (i) persons listed in the Annex to this order; (ii) foreign persons determined by the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Homeland Security: (A) to have committed or have attempted to commit, to pose a significant risk of committing, or to have participated in training to commit acts of terrorism that threaten the security of United States nationals or the national security, foreign policy, or economy of the United States; or (B) to be a leader of an entity: (1) listed in the Annex to this order; or (2) whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to a determination by the Secretary of State pursuant to this order; (iii) persons determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Attorney General: (A) to be owned, controlled, or directed by, or to have acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order; (B) to own or control, directly or indirectly, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order; (C) to have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, an act of terrorism as defined in section 3(d) of this order, or any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order; (D) to have participated in training related to terrorism provided by any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order; (E) to be a leader or official of an entity whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to: (1) a determination by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to this order; or (2) subsection (a)(iv) of this section; or (F) to have attempted or conspired to engage in any of the activities described in subsections (a)(iii)(A) through (E) of this section; (iv) persons whose property and interests in property were blocked pursuant to Executive Order 12947, as amended, on or after January 23, 1995, and remained blocked immediately prior to the effective date of this order. (b) The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized to prohibit the opening, and prohibit or impose strict conditions on the maintaining, in the United States, of a correspondent account or payable-through account of any foreign financial institution that the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, has determined, on or after the effective date of this order, has knowingly conducted or facilitated any significant transaction on behalf of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order. (c) The prohibitions in subsections (a) and (b) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the effective date of this order.'' Sec. 2. Section 5 of Executive Order 13224 is amended by replacing the reference to subsection 1(d) with a reference to subsection 1(a)(iii). Sec. 3. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. Sec. 4. This order is effective at 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on September 10, 2019.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, September 9, 2019. Executive Order 13887 of September 19, 2019 EO 13887 Modernizing Influenza Vaccines in the United States to Promote National Security and Public Health By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Findings. (a) Influenza viruses are constantly changing as they circulate globally in humans and animals. Relatively minor changes in these viruses cause annual seasonal influenza outbreaks, which result in millions of illnesses, hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations, and tens of thousands of deaths each year in the United States. Periodically, new influenza A viruses emerge from animals, including birds and pigs, that can spread efficiently and have sustained transmission among humans. This situation is called an influenza pandemic (pandemic). Unlike seasonal influenza, a pandemic has the potential to spread rapidly around the globe, infect higher numbers of people, and cause high rates of illness and death in populations that lack prior immunity. While it is not possible to predict when or how frequently a pandemic may occur, there have been 4 pandemics in the last 100 years. The most devastating pandemic occurred in 1918-1919 and is estimated to have killed more than 50 million people worldwide, including 675,000 Americans. (b) Vaccination is the most effective defense against influenza. Despite recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that nearly every American should receive the influenza vaccine annually, however, seasonal influenza vaccination levels in the United States have currently reached only about 45 percent of CDC goals. (c) All influenza vaccines presently in use have been developed for circulating or anticipated influenza viruses. These vaccines must be reformulated for each influenza season as well as in the event of a pandemic. Additional research is needed to develop influenza vaccines that provide more effective and longer-lasting protection against many or all influenza viruses. (d) The current domestic enterprise for manufacturing influenza vaccines has critical shortcomings. Most influenza vaccines are made in chicken eggs, using a 70-year-old process that requires months-long production timelines, limiting their utility for pandemic control; rely on a potentially vulnerable supply chain of eggs; require the use of vaccine viruses adapted for growth in eggs, which could introduce mutations of the influenza vaccine virus that may render the final product less effective; and are unsuitable for efficient and scalable continuous manufacturing platforms. (e) The seasonal influenza vaccine market rewards manufacturers that deliver vaccines in time for the influenza season, without consideration of the speed or scale of these manufacturers' production processes. This approach is insufficient to meet the response needs in the event of a pandemic, which can emerge rapidly and with little warning. Because the market does not sufficiently reward speed, and because a pandemic has the potential to overwhelm or compromise essential government functions, including defense and homeland security, the Government must take action to promote faster and more scalable manufacturing platforms. Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of the United States to modernize the domestic influenza vaccine enterprise to be highly responsive, flexible, scalable, and more effective at preventing the spread of influenza viruses. This is a public health and national security priority, as influenza has the potential to significantly harm the United States and our interests, including through large-scale illness and death, disruption to military operations, and damage to the economy. This order directs actions to reduce the United States' reliance on egg-based influenza vaccine production; to expand domestic capacity of alternative methods that allow more agile and rapid responses to emerging influenza viruses; to advance the development of new, broadly protective vaccine candidates that provide more effective and longer lasting immunities; and to support the promotion of increased influenza vaccine immunization across recommended populations. Sec. 3. National Influenza Vaccine Task Force. (a) There is hereby established a National Influenza Vaccine Task Force (Task Force). The Task Force shall identify actions to achieve the objectives identified in section 2 of this order and monitor and report on the implementation and results of those actions. The Task Force shall be co-chaired by the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Health and Human Services, or their designees. (b) In addition to the Co-Chairs, the Task Force shall consist of a senior official from the following executive branch departments, agencies, and offices: (i) the Department of Defense (DOD); (ii) the Department of Justice; (iii) the Department of Agriculture; (iv) the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA); (v) the Department of Homeland Security; (vi) the United States Food and Drug Administration; (vii) the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; (viii) the National Institutes of Health (NIH); (ix) the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS); and (x) the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). (c) The Co-Chairs may jointly invite additional Federal Government representatives, with the consent of the applicable executive department, agency, or office head, to attend meetings of the Task Force or to become members of the Task Force, as appropriate. (d) The staffs of the Department of State, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the National Security Council, the Council of Economic Advisers, the Domestic Policy Council, the National Economic Council, and the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) may attend and participate in any Task Force meetings or discussions. (e) The Task Force may consult with State, local, tribal, and territorial government officials and private sector representatives, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law. (f) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Task Force shall submit a report to the President, through the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. The report shall include: (i) a 5-year national plan (Plan) to promote the use of more agile and scalable vaccine manufacturing technologies and to accelerate development of vaccines that protect against many or all influenza viruses; (ii) recommendations for encouraging non-profit, academic, and private-sector influenza vaccine innovation; and (iii) recommendations for increasing influenza vaccination among the populations recommended by the CDC and for improving public understanding of influenza risk and informed influenza vaccine decision-making. (g) Not later than June 1 of each of the 5 years following submission of the report described in subsection (f) of this section, the Task Force shall submit an update on implementation of the Plan and, as appropriate, new recommendations for achieving the policy objectives set forth in section 2 of this order. Sec. 4. Agency Implementation. The heads of executive departments and agencies shall also implement the policy objectives defined in section 2 of this order, consistent with existing authorities and appropriations, as follows: (a) The Secretary of HHS shall: (i) through the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response and BARDA: (A) estimate the cost of expanding and diversifying domestic vaccine-manufacturing capacity to use innovative, faster, and more scalable technologies, including cell-based and recombinant vaccine manufacturing, through cost-sharing agreements with the private sector, which shall include an agreed-upon pricing strategy during a pandemic; (B) estimate the cost of expanding domestic production capacity of adjuvants in order to combine such adjuvants with both seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines; (C) estimate the cost of expanding domestic fill-and-finish capacity to rapidly fulfill antigen and adjuvant needs for pandemic response; (D) estimate the cost of developing, evaluating, and implementing delivery systems to augment limited supplies of needles and syringes and to enable the rapid and large-scale administration of pandemic influenza vaccines; (E) evaluate incentives for the development and production of vaccines by private manufacturers and public-private partnerships, including, in emergency situations, the transfer of technology to public-private partnerships—such as the HHS Centers for Innovation and Advanced Development and Manufacturing or other domestic manufacturing facilities—in advance of a pandemic, in order to be able to ensure adequate domestic pandemic manufacturing capacity and capability; (F) support, in coordination with the DOD, NIH, and VA, a suite of clinical studies featuring different adjuvants to support development of improved vaccines and further expand vaccine supply by reducing the dose of antigen required; and (G) update, in coordination with other relevant public health agencies, the research agenda to dramatically improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability of influenza vaccine production; (ii) through the Director of NIH, provide to the Task Force estimated timelines for implementing NIH's strategic plan and research agenda for developing influenza vaccines that can protect individuals over many years against multiple types of influenza viruses; (iii) through the Commissioner of Food and Drugs: (A) further implement vaccine production process improvements to reduce the time required for vaccine production (e.g., through the use of novel technologies for vaccine seed virus development and through implementation of improved potency and sterility assays); (B) develop, in conjunction with the CDC, proposed alternatives for the timing of vaccine virus selection to account for potentially shorter timeframes associated with non-egg based manufacturing and to facilitate vaccines optimally matched to the circulating strains; (C) further support the conduct, in collaboration with the DOD, BARDA, and CDC, of applied scientific research regarding developing cell lines and expression systems that markedly increase the yield of cell-based and recombinant influenza vaccine manufacturing processes; and (D) assess, in coordination with BARDA and relevant vaccine manufacturers, the use and potential effects of using advanced manufacturing platforms for influenza vaccines; (iv) through the Director of the CDC: (A) expand vaccine effectiveness studies to more rapidly evaluate the effectiveness of cell-based and recombinant influenza vaccines relative to egg-based vaccines; (B) explore options to expand the production capacity of cell-based vaccine candidates used by industry; (C) develop a plan to expand domestic capacity for whole genome characterization of influenza viruses; (D) increase influenza vaccine use through enhanced communication and by removing barriers to vaccination; and (E) enhance communication to healthcare providers about the performance of influenza vaccines, in order to assist them in promoting the most effective vaccines for their patient populations; and (v) through the Administrator of CMS, examine the current legal, regulatory, and policy framework surrounding payment for influenza vaccines and assess adoption of domestically manufactured vaccines that have positive attributes for pandemic response (such as scalability and speed of manufacturing). (b) The Secretary of Defense shall: (i) provide OMB with a cost estimate for transitioning DOD's annual procurement of influenza vaccines to vaccines manufactured both domestically and through faster, more scalable, and innovative technologies; (ii) direct, in coordination with the VA, CDC, and other components of HHS, the conduct of epidemiological studies of vaccine effectiveness to improve knowledge of the clinical effect of the currently licensed influenza vaccines; (iii) use DOD's network of clinical research sites to evaluate the effectiveness of licensed influenza vaccines, including methods of boosting their effectiveness; (iv) identify opportunities to use DOD's vaccine research and development enterprise, in collaboration with HHS, to include both early discovery and design of influenza vaccines as well as later-stage evaluation of candidate influenza vaccines; (v) investigate, in collaboration with HHS, alternative correlates of immune protection that could facilitate development of next-generation influenza vaccines; (vi) direct the conduct of a study to assess the feasibility of using DOD's advanced manufacturing facility for manufacturing cell-based or recombinant influenza vaccines during a pandemic; and (vii) accelerate, in collaboration with HHS, research regarding rapidly scalable prophylactic influenza antibody approaches to complement a universal vaccine initiative and address gaps in current vaccine coverage. (c) The Secretary of VA shall provide OMB with a cost estimate for transitioning its annual procurement of influenza vaccines to vaccines manufactured both domestically and with faster, more scalable, and innovative technologies. Sec. 5. Termination. The Task Force shall terminate upon direction from the President or, with the approval of the President, upon direction from the Task Force Co-Chairs. Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, September 19, 2019. Executive Order 13888 of September 26, 2019 EO 13888 Enhancing State and Local Involvement in Refugee Resettlement By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. In resettling refugees into American communities, it is the policy of the United States to cooperate and consult with State and local governments, to take into account the preferences of State governments, and to provide a pathway for refugees to become self-sufficient. These policies support each other. Close cooperation with State and local governments ensures that refugees are resettled in communities that are eager and equipped to support their successful integration into American society and the labor force. The Federal Government consults with State and local governments not only to identify the best environments for refugees, but also to be respectful of those communities that may not be able to accommodate refugee resettlement. State and local governments are best positioned to know the resources and capacities they may or may not have available to devote to sustainable resettlement, which maximizes the likelihood refugees placed in the area will become self-sufficient and free from long-term dependence on public assistance. Some States and localities, however, have viewed existing consultation as insufficient, and there is a need for closer coordination and a more clearly defined role for State and local governments in the refugee resettlement process. My Administration seeks to enhance these consultations. Section 6(d) of Executive Order 13780 of March 6, 2017 (Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States), directed the Secretary of State to determine the extent to which, consistent with applicable law, State and local jurisdictions could have greater involvement in the process of determining the placement or resettlement of refugees in their jurisdictions, and to devise a proposal to promote such involvement. I have consulted with the Secretary of State and determined that, with limited exceptions, the Federal Government, as an exercise of its broad discretion concerning refugee placement accorded to it by the Constitution and the Immigration and Nationality Act, should resettle refugees only in those jurisdictions in which both the State and local governments have consented to receive refugees under the Department of State's Reception and Placement Program (Program). Sec. 2. Consent of States and Localities to the Placement of Refugees. (a) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall develop and implement a process to determine whether the State and locality both consent, in writing, to the resettlement of refugees within the State and locality, before refugees are resettled within that State and locality under the Program. The Secretary of State shall publicly release any written consents of States and localities to resettlement of refugees. (b) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall develop and implement a process by which, consistent with 8 U.S.C. 1522(a)(2)(D), the State and the locality's consent to the resettlement of refugees under the Program is taken into account to the maximum extent consistent with law. In particular, that process shall provide that, if either a State or locality has not provided consent to receive refugees under the Program, then refugees should not be resettled within that State or locality unless the Secretary of State concludes, following consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Homeland Security, that failing to resettle refugees within that State or locality would be inconsistent with the policies and strategies established under 8 U.S.C. 1522(a)(2)(B) and (C) or other applicable law. If the Secretary of State intends to provide for the resettlement of refugees in a State or locality that has not provided consent, then the Secretary shall notify the President of such decision, along with the reasons for the decision, before proceeding. (c) Subsection (b) of this section shall not apply to the resettlement of a refugee's spouse or child following to join that refugee pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 1157(c)(2)(A). Sec. 3. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, September 26, 2019. Executive Order 13889 of September 27, 2019 EO 13889 Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees By the authority vested in me as President, by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and consistent with the provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as amended (5 U.S.C. App.), it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Each advisory committee listed below is continued until September 30, 2021. (a) Committee for the Preservation of the White House; Executive Order 11145, as amended (Department of the Interior). (b) President's Commission on White House Fellowships; Executive Order 11183, as amended (Office of Personnel Management). (c) President's Committee on the National Medal of Science; Executive Order 11287, as amended (National Science Foundation). (d) President's Export Council; Executive Order 12131, as amended (Department of Commerce). (e) President's Committee on the International Labor Organization; Executive Order 12216, as amended (Department of Labor). (f) President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee; Executive Order 12382, as amended (Department of Homeland Security). (g) National Industrial Security Program Policy Advisory Committee; Executive Order 12829, as amended (National Archives and Records Administration). (h) Trade and Environment Policy Advisory Committee; Executive Order 12905 (Office of the United States Trade Representative). (i) Governmental Advisory Committee to the United States Representative to the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation; Executive Order 12915 (Environmental Protection Agency). (j) National Advisory Committee to the United States Representative to the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation; Executive Order 12915 (Environmental Protection Agency). (k) Good Neighbor Environmental Board; Executive Order 12916, as amended (Environmental Protection Agency). (l) Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS; Executive Order 12963, as amended (Department of Health and Human Services). (m) President's Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities; Executive Order 12994, as amended (Department of Health and Human Services). (n) Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health; Executive Order 13179 (Department of Health and Human Services). (o) National Infrastructure Advisory Council; Executive Order 13231, as amended (Department of Homeland Security). (p) President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition; Executive Order 13265, as amended (Department of Health and Human Services). (q) President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders; Executive Order 13872 (Department of Commerce). (r) President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology; Executive Order 13539, as amended (Department of Energy). (s) Interagency Task Force on Veterans Small Business Development; Executive Order 13540 (Small Business Administration). (t) State, Local, Tribal, and Private Sector (SLTPS) Policy Advisory Committee; Executive Order 13549 (National Archives and Records Administration). (u) President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics; Executive Order 13555 (Department of Education). (v) President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for African Americans; Executive Order 13621 (Department of Education). (w) President's Advisory Council on Doing Business in Africa; Executive Order 13675, as amended (Department of Commerce). (x) Commerce Spectrum Management Advisory Committee; initially established pursuant to Presidential Memorandum on Improving Spectrum Management for the 21st Century (November 30, 2004) (Department of Commerce). (y) National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Advisory Board; National Security Presidential Directive-39, ``U.S. National Space-Based Position, Navigation, and Timing Policy'' (December 8, 2004) (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). (z) San Juan Islands National Monument Advisory Committee; Proclamation 8947 of March 25, 2013 (Department of the Interior). (aa) Bears Ears National Monument Advisory Committee; Proclamation 9558 of December 28, 2016, as amended (Department of the Interior). (bb) Gold Butte National Monument Advisory Committee; Proclamation 9559 of December 28, 2016 (Department of the Interior). (cc) Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument Advisory Committee; Proclamation 9682 of December 4, 2017 (Department of the Interior). (dd) President's Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities; Executive Order 13779 (Department of Education). Sec. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of any other Executive Order, the functions of the President under the Federal Advisory Committee Act that are applicable to the committees listed in section 1 of this order shall be performed by the head of the department or agency designated after each committee, in accordance with the regulations, guidelines, and procedures established by the Administrator of General Services. Sec. 3. Sections 1 and 2 of Executive Order 13811 of September 29, 2017, are hereby superseded by sections 1 and 2 of this order. Sec. 4. This order shall be effective September 30, 2019.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, September 27, 2019. Executive Order 13890 of October 3, 2019 EO 13890 Protecting and Improving Medicare for Our Nation's Seniors By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. The proposed Medicare for All Act of 2019, as introduced in the Senate (``Medicare for All'') would destroy our current Medicare program, which enables our Nation's seniors and other vulnerable Americans to receive affordable, high-quality care from providers of their choice. Rather than upend Medicare as we know it, my Administration will protect and improve it. America's seniors are overwhelmingly satisfied with their Medicare coverage. The vast majority of seniors believe that the program delivers high-quality health outcomes. Medicare empowers seniors to choose their own providers and the type of health insurance that works best for them, whether it is fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare, in which the Federal Government pays for covered services, or Medicare Advantage (MA), in which Medicare dollars are used to purchase qualified private health insurance. ``Medicare for All'' would take away the choices currently available within Medicare and centralize even more power in Washington, harming seniors and other Medicare beneficiaries. Throughout their lives, workers and their employers have contributed their own money to the Medicare Trust Fund. It would be a mistake to eliminate Americans' healthcare choices and to force them into a new system that is effectively a Government takeover of their healthcare. ``Medicare for All'' would not only hurt America's seniors, it would also eliminate health choices for all Americans. Instead of picking the health insurance that best meets their needs, Americans would generally be subject to a single, Government-run system. Private insurance for traditional health services, upon which millions of Americans depend, would be prohibited. States would be hindered from offering the types of insurance that work best for their citizens. The Secretary of Health and Human Services (Secretary) would have the authority to control and approve health expenditures; such a system could create, among other problems, delays for patients in receiving needed care. To pay for this system, the Federal Government would compel Americans to pay more in taxes. No one—neither seniors nor any American—would have the same options to choose their health coverage as they do now. Instead of ending the current Medicare program and eliminating health choices for all Americans, my Administration will continue to protect and improve Medicare by building on those aspects of the program that work well, including the market-based approaches in the current system. The MA component, for example, delivers efficient and value-based care through choice and private competition, and has improved aspects of the Medicare program that previously failed seniors. The Medicare program shall adopt and implement those market-based recommendations developed pursuant to Executive Order 13813 of October 12, 2017 (Promoting Healthcare Choice and Competition Across the United States), and published in my Administration's report on ``Reforming America's Healthcare System Through Choice and Competition.'' Doing so would help empower patients to select and access the right care, at the right time, in the right place, from the right provider. Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of the United States to protect and improve the Medicare program by enhancing its fiscal sustainability through alternative payment methodologies that link payment to value, increase choice, and lower regulatory burdens imposed upon providers. Sec. 3. Providing More Plan Choices to Seniors. (a) Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Secretary shall propose a regulation and implement other administrative actions to enable the Medicare program to provide beneficiaries with more diverse and affordable plan choices. The proposed actions shall: (i) encourage innovative MA benefit structures and plan designs, including through changes in regulations and guidance that reduce barriers to obtaining Medicare Medical Savings Accounts and that promote innovations in supplemental benefits and telehealth services; (ii) include a payment model that adjusts supplemental MA benefits to allow Medicare beneficiaries to share more directly in the savings from the program, including through cash or monetary rebates, thus creating more incentives to seek high-value care; and (iii) ensure that, to the extent permitted by law, FFS Medicare is not advantaged or promoted over MA with respect to its administration. (b) The Secretary, in consultation with the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, shall submit to the President, through the Assistants to the President for Domestic and Economic Policy, a report within 180 days from the date of this order that identifies approaches to modify Medicare FFS payments to more closely reflect the prices paid for services in MA and the commercial insurance market, to encourage more robust price competition, and otherwise to inject market pricing into Medicare FFS reimbursement. Sec. 4. Improving Access Through Network Adequacy. Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Secretary shall propose a regulation to provide beneficiaries with improved access to providers and plans by adjusting network adequacy requirements for MA plans to account for: (a) the competitiveness of the health market in the States in which such plans operate, including whether those States maintain certificate-of-need laws or other anti-competitive restrictions on health access; and (b) the enhanced access to health outcomes made possible through telehealth services or other innovative technologies. Sec. 5. Enabling Providers to Spend More Time with Patients. Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Secretary shall propose reforms to the Medicare program to enable providers to spend more time with patients by: (a) proposing a regulation that would eliminate burdensome regulatory billing requirements, conditions of participation, supervision requirements, benefit definitions, and all other licensure requirements of the Medicare program that are more stringent than applicable Federal or State laws require and that limit professionals from practicing at the top of their profession; (b) proposing a regulation that would ensure appropriate reimbursement by Medicare for time spent with patients by both primary and specialist health providers practicing in all types of health professions; and (c) conducting a comprehensive review of regulatory policies that create disparities in reimbursement between physicians and non-physician practitioners and proposing a regulation that would, to the extent allowed by law, ensure that items and services provided by clinicians, including physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners, are appropriately reimbursed in accordance with the work performed rather than the clinician's occupation. Sec. 6. Encouraging Innovation for Patients. Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Secretary shall propose regulatory and sub-regulatory changes to the Medicare program to encourage innovation for patients by: (a) streamlining the approval, coverage, and coding process so that innovative products are brought to market faster, and so that such products, including breakthrough medical devices and advances in telehealth services and similar technologies, are appropriately reimbursed and widely available, consistent with the principles of patient safety, market-based policies, and value for patients. This process shall include: (i) adopting regulations and guidance that minimize and eliminate, as appropriate, the time and steps between approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and coverage decisions by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS); (ii) clarifying the application of coverage standards, including the evidence standards CMS uses in applying its reasonable-and-necessary standard, the standards for deciding appeals of coverage decisions, and the prioritization and timeline for each National Coverage Determination process in light of changes made to local coverage determination processes; and (iii) identifying challenges to the use of parallel FDA and CMS review and proposing changes to address those challenges; and (b) modifying the Value-Based Insurance Design payment model to remove any disincentives for MA plans to cover items and services that make use of new technologies that are not covered by FFS Medicare when those items and services can save money and improve the quality of care. Sec. 7. Rewarding Care Through Site Neutrality. The Secretary shall ensure that Medicare payments and policies encourage competition and a diversity of sites for patients to access care. Sec. 8. Empowering Patients, Caregivers, and Health Providers. (a) Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Secretary shall propose a regulation that would provide seniors with better quality care and cost data, improving their ability to make decisions about their healthcare that work best for them and to hold providers and plans accountable. (b) Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Secretary shall use Medicare claims data to give health providers additional information regarding practice patterns for services that may pose undue risks to patients, and to inform health providers about practice patterns that are outliers or that are outside recommended standards of care. Sec. 9. Eliminating Waste, Fraud, and Abuse to Protect Beneficiaries and Taxpayers. (a) The Secretary shall propose regulatory or sub-regulatory changes to the Medicare program, to take effect by January 1, 2021, and shall propose such changes annually thereafter, to combat fraud, waste, and abuse in the Medicare program. The Secretary shall undertake all appropriate efforts to direct public and private resources toward detecting and preventing fraud, waste, and abuse, including through the use of the latest technologies such as artificial intelligence. (b) The Secretary shall study and, within 180 days of the date of this order, recommend approaches to transition toward true market-based pricing in the FFS Medicare program. The Secretary shall submit the results of this study to the President through the Assistants to the President for Domestic and Economic Policy. Approaches studied shall include: (i) shared savings and competitive bidding in FFS Medicare; (ii) use of MA-negotiated rates to set FFS Medicare rates; and (iii) novel approaches to information development and sharing that may enable markets to lower cost and improve quality for FFS Medicare beneficiaries. Sec. 10. Reducing Obstacles to Improved Patient Care. Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Secretary shall propose regulatory changes to the Medicare program to reduce the burden on providers and eliminate regulations that create inefficiencies or otherwise undermine patient outcomes. Sec. 11. Maximizing Freedom for Medicare Patients and Providers. (a) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary, in coordination with the Commissioner of Social Security, shall revise current rules or policies to preserve the Social Security retirement insurance benefits of seniors who choose not to receive benefits under Medicare Part A, and propose other administrative improvements to Medicare enrollment processes for beneficiaries. (b) Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Secretary shall identify and remove unnecessary barriers to private contracts that allow Medicare beneficiaries to obtain the care of their choice and facilitate the development of market-driven prices. Sec. 12. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, October 3, 2019. Executive Order 13891 of October 9, 2019 EO 13891 Promoting the Rule of Law Through Improved Agency Guidance Documents By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to ensure that Americans are subject to only those binding rules imposed through duly enacted statutes or through regulations lawfully promulgated under them, and that Americans have fair notice of their obligations, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy. Departments and agencies (agencies) in the executive branch adopt regulations that impose legally binding requirements on the public even though, in our constitutional democracy, only Congress is vested with the legislative power. The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) generally requires agencies, in exercising that solemn responsibility, to engage in notice-and-comment rulemaking to provide public notice of proposed regulations under section 553 of title 5, United States Code, allow interested parties an opportunity to comment, consider and respond to significant comments, and publish final regulations in the Federal Register. Agencies may clarify existing obligations through non-binding guidance documents, which the APA exempts from notice-and-comment requirements. Yet agencies have sometimes used this authority inappropriately in attempts to regulate the public without following the rulemaking procedures of the APA. Even when accompanied by a disclaimer that it is non-binding, a guidance document issued by an agency may carry the implicit threat of enforcement action if the regulated public does not comply. Moreover, the public frequently has insufficient notice of guidance documents, which are not always published in the Federal Register or distributed to all regulated parties. Americans deserve an open and fair regulatory process that imposes new obligations on the public only when consistent with applicable law and after an agency follows appropriate procedures. Therefore, it is the policy of the executive branch, to the extent consistent with applicable law, to require that agencies treat guidance documents as non-binding both in law and in practice, except as incorporated into a contract, take public input into account when appropriate in formulating guidance documents, and make guidance documents readily available to the public. Agencies may impose legally binding requirements on the public only through regulations and on parties on a case-by-case basis through adjudications, and only after appropriate process, except as authorized by law or as incorporated into a contract. Sec. 2. Definitions. For the purposes of this order: (a) ``Agency'' has the meaning given in section 3(b) of Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review), as amended. (b) ``Guidance document'' means an agency statement of general applicability, intended to have future effect on the behavior of regulated parties, that sets forth a policy on a statutory, regulatory, or technical issue, or an interpretation of a statute or regulation, but does not include the following: (i) rules promulgated pursuant to notice and comment under section 553 of title 5, United States Code, or similar statutory provisions; (ii) rules exempt from rulemaking requirements under section 553(a) of title 5, United States Code; (iii) rules of agency organization, procedure, or practice; (iv) decisions of agency adjudications under section 554 of title 5, United States Code, or similar statutory provisions; (v) internal guidance directed to the issuing agency or other agencies that is not intended to have substantial future effect on the behavior of regulated parties; or (vi) internal executive branch legal advice or legal opinions addressed to executive branch officials. (c) ``Significant guidance document'' means a guidance document that may reasonably be anticipated to: (i) lead to an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities; (ii) create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency; (iii) materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or (iv) raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles of Executive Order 12866. (d) ``Pre-enforcement ruling'' means a formal written communication by an agency in response to an inquiry from a person concerning compliance with legal requirements that interprets the law or applies the law to a specific set of facts supplied by the person. The term includes informal guidance under section 213 of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, Public Law 104-121 (Title II), as amended, letter rulings, advisory opinions, and no-action letters. Sec. 3. Ensuring Transparent Use of Guidance Documents. (a) Within 120 days of the date on which the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issues an implementing memorandum under section 6 of this order, each agency or agency component, as appropriate, shall establish or maintain on its website a single, searchable, indexed database that contains or links to all guidance documents in effect from such agency or component. The website shall note that guidance documents lack the force and effect of law, except as authorized by law or as incorporated into a contract. (b) Within 120 days of the date on which OMB issues an implementing memorandum under section 6 of this order, each agency shall review its guidance documents and, consistent with applicable law, rescind those guidance documents that it determines should no longer be in effect. No agency shall retain in effect any guidance document without including it in the relevant database referred to in subsection (a) of this section, nor shall any agency, in the future, issue a guidance document without including it in the relevant database. No agency may cite, use, or rely on guidance documents that are rescinded, except to establish historical facts. Within 240 days of the date on which OMB issues an implementing memorandum, an agency may reinstate a guidance document rescinded under this subsection without complying with any procedures adopted or imposed pursuant to section 4 of this order, to the extent consistent with applicable law, and shall include the guidance document in the relevant database. (c) The Director of OMB (Director), or the Director's designee, may waive compliance with subsections (a) and (b) of this section for particular guidance documents or categories of guidance documents, or extend the deadlines set forth in those subsections. (d) As requested by the Director, within 240 days of the date on which OMB issues an implementing memorandum under section 6 of this order, an agency head shall submit a report to the Director with the reasons for maintaining in effect any guidance documents identified by the Director. The Director shall provide such reports to the President. This subsection shall apply only to guidance documents existing as of the date of this order. Sec. 4. Promulgation of Procedures for Issuing Guidance Documents. (a) Within 300 days of the date on which OMB issues an implementing memorandum under section 6 of this order, each agency shall, consistent with applicable law, finalize regulations, or amend existing regulations as necessary, to set forth processes and procedures for issuing guidance documents. The process set forth in each regulation shall be consistent with this order and shall include: (i) a requirement that each guidance document clearly state that it does not bind the public, except as authorized by law or as incorporated into a contract; (ii) procedures for the public to petition for withdrawal or modification of a particular guidance document, including a designation of the officials to which petitions should be directed; and (iii) for a significant guidance document, as determined by the Administrator of OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (Administrator), unless the agency and the Administrator agree that exigency, safety, health, or other compelling cause warrants an exemption from some or all requirements, provisions requiring: (A) a period of public notice and comment of at least 30 days before issuance of a final guidance document, and a public response from the agency to major concerns raised in comments, except when the agency for good cause finds (and incorporates such finding and a brief statement of reasons therefor into the guidance document) that notice and public comment thereon are impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest; (B) approval on a non-delegable basis by the agency head or by an agency component head appointed by the President, before issuance; (C) review by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) under Executive Order 12866, before issuance; and (D) compliance with the applicable requirements for regulations or rules, including significant regulatory actions, set forth in Executive Orders 12866, 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review), 13609 (Promoting International Regulatory Cooperation), 13771 (Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs), and 13777 (Enforcing the Regulatory Reform Agenda). (b) The Administrator shall issue memoranda establishing exceptions from this order for categories of guidance documents, and categorical presumptions regarding whether guidance documents are significant, as appropriate, and may require submission of significant guidance documents to OIRA for review before the finalization of agency regulations under subsection (a) of this section. In light of the Memorandum of Agreement of April 11, 2018, this section and section 5 of this order shall not apply to the review relationship (including significance determinations) between OIRA and any component of the Department of the Treasury, or to compliance by the latter with Executive Orders 12866, 13563, 13609, 13771, and 13777. Section 4(a)(iii) and section 5 of this order shall not apply to pre-enforcement rulings. Sec. 5. Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 13609. The requirements and procedures of Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 13609 shall apply to guidance documents, consistent with section 4 of this order. Sec. 6. Implementation. The Director shall issue memoranda and, as appropriate, regulations pursuant to sections 3504(d)(1) and 3516 of title 44, United States Code, and other appropriate authority, to provide guidance regarding or otherwise implement this order. Sec. 7. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) Notwithstanding any other provision in this order, nothing in this order shall apply: (i) to any action that pertains to foreign or military affairs, or to a national security or homeland security function of the United States (other than guidance documents involving procurement or the import or export of non-defense articles and services); (ii) to any action related to a criminal investigation or prosecution, including undercover operations, or any civil enforcement action or related investigation by the Department of Justice, including any action related to a civil investigative demand under 18 U.S.C. 1968; (iii) to any investigation of misconduct by an agency employee or any disciplinary, corrective, or employment action taken against an agency employee; (iv) to any document or information that is exempt from disclosure under section 552(b) of title 5, United States Code (commonly known as the Freedom of Information Act); or (v) in any other circumstance or proceeding to which application of this order, or any part of this order, would, in the judgment of the head of the agency, undermine the national security.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, October 9, 2019. Executive Order 13892 of October 9, 2019 EO 13892 Promoting the Rule of Law Through Transparency and Fairness in Civil Administrative Enforcement and Adjudication By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy. The rule of law requires transparency. Regulated parties must know in advance the rules by which the Federal Government will judge their actions. The Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. 551 et seq., was enacted to provide that ``administrative policies affecting individual rights and obligations be promulgated pursuant to certain stated procedures so as to avoid the inherently arbitrary nature of unpublished ad hoc determinations.'' Morton v. Ruiz, 415 U.S. 199, 232 (1974). The Freedom of Information Act, America's landmark transparency law, amended the APA to further advance this goal. The Freedom of Information Act, as amended, now generally requires that agencies publish in the Federal Register their substantive rules of general applicability, statements of general policy, and interpretations of law that are generally applicable and both formulated and adopted by the agency (5 U.S.C. 552(a)(1)(D)). The Freedom of Information Act also generally prohibits an agency from adversely affecting a person with a rule or policy that is not so published, except to the extent that the person has actual and timely notice of the terms of the rule or policy (5 U.S.C. 552(a)(1)). Unfortunately, departments and agencies (agencies) in the executive branch have not always complied with these requirements. In addition, some agency practices with respect to enforcement actions and adjudications undermine the APA's goals of promoting accountability and ensuring fairness. Agencies shall act transparently and fairly with respect to all affected parties, as outlined in this order, when engaged in civil administrative enforcement or adjudication. No person should be subjected to a civil administrative enforcement action or adjudication absent prior public notice of both the enforcing agency's jurisdiction over particular conduct and the legal standards applicable to that conduct. Moreover, the Federal Government should, where feasible, foster greater private-sector cooperation in enforcement, promote information sharing with the private sector, and establish predictable outcomes for private conduct. Agencies shall afford regulated parties the safeguards described in this order, above and beyond those that the courts have interpreted the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution to impose. Sec. 2. Definitions. For the purposes of this order: (a) ``Agency'' has the meaning given to ``Executive agency'' in section 105 of title 5, United States Code, but excludes the Government Accountability Office. (b) ``Collection of information'' includes any conduct that would qualify as a ``collection of information'' as defined in section 3502(3)(A) of title 44, United States Code, or section 1320.3(c) of title 5, Code of Federal Regulations, and also includes any request for information, regardless of the number of persons to whom it is addressed, that is: (i) addressed to all or a substantial majority of an industry; or (ii) designed to obtain information from a representative sample of individual persons in an industry. (c) ``Guidance document'' means an agency statement of general applicability, intended to have future effect on the behavior of regulated parties, that sets forth a policy on a statutory, regulatory, or technical issue, or an interpretation of a statute or regulation, but does not include the following: (i) rules promulgated pursuant to notice and comment under section 553 of title 5, United States Code, or similar statutory provisions; (ii) rules exempt from rulemaking requirements under section 553(a) of title 5, United States Code; (iii) rules of agency organization, procedure, or practice; (iv) decisions of agency adjudications under section 554 of title 5, United States Code, or similar statutory provisions; (v) internal guidance directed to the issuing agency or other agencies that is not intended to have substantial future effect on the behavior of regulated parties; or (vi) internal executive branch legal advice or legal opinions addressed to executive branch officials. (d) ``Legal consequence'' means the result of an action that directly or indirectly affects substantive legal rights or obligations. The meaning of this term should be informed by the Supreme Court's discussion in U.S. Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co., 136 S. Ct. 1807, 1813-16 (2016), and includes, for example, agency orders specifying which commodities are subject to or exempt from regulation under a statute, Frozen Food Express v. United States, 351 U.S. 40, 44-45 (1956), as well as agency letters or orders establishing greater liability for regulated parties in a subsequent enforcement action, Rhea Lana, Inc. v. Dep't of Labor, 824 F.3d 1023, 1030 (DC Cir. 2016). In particular, ``legal consequence'' includes subjecting a regulated party to potential liability. (e) ``Unfair surprise'' means a lack of reasonable certainty or fair warning of what a legal standard administered by an agency requires. The meaning of this term should be informed by the examples of lack of fair notice discussed by the Supreme Court in Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 567 U.S. 142, 156 & n.15 (2012). (f) ``Pre-enforcement ruling'' means a formal written communication from an agency in response to an inquiry from a person concerning compliance with legal requirements that interprets the law or applies the law to a specific set of facts supplied by the person. The term includes informal guidance under section 213 of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, Public Law 104-121 (Title II), as amended (SBREFA), letter rulings, advisory opinions, and no-action letters. (g) ``Regulation'' means a legislative rule promulgated pursuant to section 553 of title 5, United States Code, or similar statutory provisions. Sec. 3. Proper Reliance on Guidance Documents. Guidance documents may not be used to impose new standards of conduct on persons outside the executive branch except as expressly authorized by law or as expressly incorporated into a contract. When an agency takes an administrative enforcement action, engages in adjudication, or otherwise makes a determination that has legal consequence for a person, it must establish a violation of law by applying statutes or regulations. The agency may not treat noncompliance with a standard of conduct announced solely in a guidance document as itself a violation of applicable statutes or regulations. When an agency uses a guidance document to state the legal applicability of a statute or regulation, that document can do no more, with respect to prohibition of conduct, than articulate the agency's understanding of how a statute or regulation applies to particular circumstances. An agency may cite a guidance document to convey that understanding in an administrative enforcement action or adjudication only if it has notified the public of such document in advance through publication, either in full or by citation if publicly available, in the Federal Register (or on the portion of the agency's website that contains a single, searchable, indexed database of all guidance documents in effect). Sec. 4. Fairness and Notice in Administrative Enforcement Actions and Adjudications. When an agency takes an administrative enforcement action, engages in adjudication, or otherwise makes a determination that has legal consequence for a person, it may apply only standards of conduct that have been publicly stated in a manner that would not cause unfair surprise. An agency must avoid unfair surprise not only when it imposes penalties but also whenever it adjudges past conduct to have violated the law. Sec. 5. Fairness and Notice in Jurisdictional Determinations. Any decision in an agency adjudication, administrative order, or agency document on which an agency relies to assert a new or expanded claim of jurisdiction—such as a claim to regulate a new subject matter or an explanation of a new basis for liability—must be published, either in full or by citation if publicly available, in the Federal Register (or on the portion of the agency's website that contains a single, searchable, indexed database of all guidance documents in effect) before the conduct over which jurisdiction is sought occurs. If an agency intends to rely on a document arising out of litigation (other than a published opinion of an adjudicator), such as a brief, a consent decree, or a settlement agreement, to establish jurisdiction in future administrative enforcement actions or adjudications involving persons who were not parties to the litigation, it must publish that document, either in full or by citation if publicly available, in the Federal Register (or on the portion of the agency's website that contains a single, searchable, indexed database of all guidance documents in effect) and provide an explanation of its jurisdictional implications. An agency may not seek judicial deference to its interpretation of a document arising out of litigation (other than a published opinion of an adjudicator) in order to establish a new or expanded claim or jurisdiction unless it has published the document or a notice of availability in the Federal Register (or on the portion of the agency's website that contains a single, searchable, indexed database of all guidance documents in effect). Sec. 6. Opportunity to Contest Agency Determination. (a) Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, before an agency takes any action with respect to a particular person that has legal consequence for that person, including by issuing to such a person a no-action letter, notice of noncompliance, or other similar notice, the agency must afford that person an opportunity to be heard, in person or in writing, regarding the agency's proposed legal and factual determinations. The agency must respond in writing and articulate the basis for its action. (b) Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply to settlement negotiations between agencies and regulated parties, to notices of a prospective legal action, or to litigation before courts. (c) An agency may proceed without regard to subsection (a) of this section where necessary because of a serious threat to health, safety, or other emergency or where a statute specifically authorizes proceeding without a prior opportunity to be heard. Where an agency proceeds under this subsection, it nevertheless must afford any person an opportunity to be heard, in person or in writing, regarding the agency's legal determinations and respond in writing as soon as practicable. Sec. 7. Ensuring Reasonable Administrative Inspections. Within 120 days of the date of this order, each agency that conducts civil administrative inspections shall publish a rule of agency procedure governing such inspections, if such a rule does not already exist. Once published, an agency must conduct inspections of regulated parties in compliance with the rule. Sec. 8. Appropriate Procedures for Information Collections. (a) Any agency seeking to collect information from a person about the compliance of that person or of any other person with legal requirements must ensure that such collections of information comply with the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act, section 3512 of title 44, United States Code, and section 1320.6(a) of title 5, Code of Federal Regulations, applicable to collections of information (other than those excepted under section 3518 of title 44, United States Code). (b) To advance the purposes of subsection (a) of this section, any collection of information during the conduct of an investigation (other than those investigations excepted under section 3518 of title 44, United States Code, and section 1320.4 of title 5, Code of Federal Regulations, or civil investigative demands under 18 U.S.C. 1968) must either: (i) display a valid control number assigned by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget; or (ii) inform the recipient through prominently displayed plain language that no response is legally required. Sec. 9. Cooperative Information Sharing and Enforcement. (a) Within 270 days of the date of this order, each agency, as appropriate, shall, to the extent practicable and permitted by law, propose procedures: (i) to encourage voluntary self-reporting of regulatory violations by regulated parties in exchange for reductions or waivers of civil penalties; (ii) to encourage voluntary information sharing by regulated parties; and (iii) to provide pre-enforcement rulings to regulated parties. (b) Any agency that believes additional procedures are not practicable—because, for example, the agency believes it already has adequate procedures in place or because it believes it lacks the resources to institute additional procedures—shall, within 270 days of the date of this order, submit a report to the President describing, as appropriate, its existing procedures, its need for more resources, or any other basis for its conclusion. Sec. 10. SBREFA Compliance. Within 180 days of the date of this order, each agency shall submit a report to the President demonstrating that its civil administrative enforcement activities, investigations, and other actions comply with SBREFA, including section 223 of that Act. A copy of this report, subject to redactions for any applicable privileges, shall be posted on the agency's website. Sec. 11. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented in a manner consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) Notwithstanding any other provision in this order, nothing in this order shall apply: (i) to any action that pertains to foreign or military affairs, or to a national security or homeland security function of the United States (other than procurement actions and actions involving the import or export of non-defense articles and services); (ii) to any action related to a criminal investigation or prosecution, including undercover operations, or any civil enforcement action or related investigation by the Department of Justice, including any action related to a civil investigative demand under 18 U.S.C. 1968; (iii) to any action related to detention, seizure, or destruction of counterfeit goods, pirated goods, or other goods that infringe intellectual property rights; (iv) to any investigation of misconduct by an agency employee or any disciplinary, corrective, or employment action taken against an agency employee; or (v) in any other circumstance or proceeding to which application of this order, or any part of this order, would, in the judgment of the head of the agency, undermine the national security.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, October 9, 2019. Executive Order 13893 of October 10, 2019 EO 13893 Increasing Government Accountability for Administrative Actions by Reinvigorating Administrative PAYGO By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. In May 2005, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) implemented a budget-neutrality requirement on executive branch administrative actions affecting mandatory spending. This mechanism, commonly referred to as ``Administrative pay-as-you-go'' (Administrative PAYGO), requires each executive department and agency (agency) to include one or more proposals for reducing mandatory spending whenever an agency proposes to undertake a discretionary administrative action that would increase mandatory spending. In practice, however, agencies have applied this requirement with varying degrees of stringency, sometimes resulting in higher mandatory spending. Accordingly, institutionalizing and reinvigorating Administrative PAYGO through this order is a prudent approach to keeping mandatory spending under control. Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of the executive branch to control Federal spending and restore the Nation's fiscal security. This policy includes ensuring that agencies consider the costs of their administrative actions, take steps to offset those costs, and curtail costly administrative actions. Sec. 3. Definitions. For the purposes of this order: (a) the term ``discretionary administrative action'' means any administrative action that is not required by statute and that would impact mandatory spending, including, but not limited to, the issuance of any agency rule, demonstration, program notice, or guidance; and (b) the term ``increase'' in the context of mandatory spending means an increase relative to the projection in the most recent President's Budget, as described in 31 U.S.C. 1105, or Mid-Session Review, as described in 31 U.S.C. 1106, of what is required, under current law, to fund the mandatory-spending program. Sec. 4. Scope. This order applies to discretionary administrative actions undertaken by agencies. If an agency determines that a proposed administrative action that would increase mandatory spending is required by statute and therefore is not a discretionary administrative action, the agency's general counsel shall provide a written opinion to the Director of OMB (Director) explaining that legal conclusion, and the agency shall consult with OMB prior to taking further action. Sec. 5. Agency Proposal Requirements. (a) Before an agency may undertake any discretionary administrative action, the head of the agency shall submit the proposed discretionary administrative action to the Director for review. Such submission shall include an estimate of the budgetary effects of such action. (b) If an agency's proposed discretionary administrative action would increase mandatory spending, the agency head's submission under subsection (a) of this section shall include a proposal to undertake other administrative action(s) that would comparably reduce mandatory spending. Submissions to increase mandatory spending that do not include a proposal to offset such increased spending shall be returned to the agency for reconsideration. The Director shall have the discretion to determine whether a proposed offset in mandatory spending is comparable to the relevant increase in mandatory spending, taking into account the magnitude of the offset and the increase and any other factors the Director deems appropriate. Sec. 6. Issuance of Administrative PAYGO Guidance and Revocation of OMB PAYGO Memorandum. Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Director shall issue instructions regarding the implementation of this order, including how agency administrative action proposals that increase mandatory spending and non-tax receipts will be evaluated. In addition, within 90 days of the date of this order, the Director shall revoke OMB Memorandum M-05-13. Sec. 7. Waiver. The Director may waive the requirements of section 5 of this order when the Director concludes that such a waiver is necessary for the delivery of essential services, for effective program delivery, or because a waiver is otherwise warranted by the public interest. Sec. 8. Flexibility for the Director of OMB to Pursue Additional Deficit Reduction. The Director may pursue additional deficit reduction through agency administrative actions. Sec. 9. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, October 10, 2019. Executive Order 13894 of October 14, 2019 EO 13894 Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Syria By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) (NEA), section 212(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (8 U.S.C. 1182(f)), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, find that the situation in and in relation to Syria, and in particular the recent actions by the Government of Turkey to conduct a military offensive into northeast Syria, undermines the campaign to defeat the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or ISIS, endangers civilians, and further threatens to undermine the peace, security, and stability in the region, and thereby constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. I hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat. I hereby determine and order: Section 1. (a) All property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United States, or that are or hereafter come within the possession or control of any United States person of the following persons are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in: (i) any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State: (A) to be responsible for or complicit in, or to have directly or indirectly engaged in, or attempted to engage in, any of the following in or in relation to Syria: (1) actions or policies that further threaten the peace, security, stability, or territorial integrity of Syria; or (2) the commission of serious human rights abuse; (B) to be a current or former official of the Government of Turkey; (C) to be any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of the Government of Turkey; (D) to operate in such sectors of the Turkish economy as may be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State; (E) to have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order; or (F) to be owned or controlled by, or to have acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order. (b) The prohibitions in subsection (a) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted before the date of this order. Sec. 2. (a) The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and other officials of the U.S. Government as appropriate, is hereby authorized to impose on a foreign person any of the sanctions described in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, upon determining that the person, on or after the date of this order: (i) is responsible for or complicit in, has directly or indirectly engaged in, or attempted to engage in, or financed, any of the following: (A) the obstruction, disruption, or prevention of a ceasefire in northern Syria; (B) the intimidation or prevention of displaced persons from voluntarily returning to their places of residence in Syria; (C) the forcible repatriation of persons or refugees to Syria; or (D) the obstruction, disruption, or prevention of efforts to promote a political solution to the conflict in Syria, including: (1) the convening and conduct of a credible and inclusive Syrian-led constitutional process under the auspices of the United Nations (UN); (2) the preparation for and conduct of UN-supervised elections, pursuant to the new constitution, that are free and fair and to the highest international standards of transparency and accountability; or (3) the development of a new Syrian government that is representative and reflects the will of the Syrian people; (ii) is an adult family member of a person designated under subsection (a)(i) of this section; or (iii) is responsible for or complicit in, or has directly or indirectly engaged in, or attempted to engage in, the expropriation of property, including real property, for personal gain or political purposes in Syria. (b) When the Secretary of State, in accordance with the terms of subsection (a) of this section, has determined that a person meets any of the criteria described in that subsection and has selected one or more of the sanctions set forth below to impose on that person, the heads of relevant departments and agencies, in consultation with the Secretary of State, as appropriate, shall ensure that the following actions are taken where necessary to implement the sanctions selected by the Secretary of State: (i) agencies shall not procure, or enter into a contract for the procurement of, any goods or services from the sanctioned person; or (ii) the Secretary of State shall direct the denial of a visa to, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall exclude from the United States, any alien that the Secretary of State determines is a corporate officer or principal of, or a shareholder with a controlling interest in, a sanctioned person. (c) When the Secretary of State, in accordance with the terms of subsection (a) of this section, has determined that a person meets any of the criteria described in that subsection and has selected one or more of the sanctions set forth below to impose on that person, the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall take the following actions where necessary to implement the sanctions selected by the Secretary of State: (i) prohibit any United States financial institution that is a U.S. person from making loans or providing credits to the sanctioned person totaling more than $10,000,000 in any 12-month period, unless such person is engaged in activities to relieve human suffering and the loans or credits are provided for such activities; (ii) prohibit any transactions in foreign exchange that are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and in which the sanctioned person has any interest; (iii) prohibit any transfers of credit or payments between banking institutions or by, through, or to any banking institution, to the extent that such transfers or payments are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and involve any interest of the sanctioned person; (iv) block all property and interests in property that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United States, or that are or hereafter come within the possession or control of any United States person of the sanctioned person, and provide that such property and interests in property may not be transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in; (v) prohibit any United States person from investing in or purchasing significant amounts of equity or debt instruments of the sanctioned person; (vi) restrict or prohibit imports of goods, technology, or services, directly or indirectly, into the United States from the sanctioned person; or (vii) impose on the principal executive officer or officers, or persons performing similar functions and with similar authorities, of the sanctioned person the sanctions described in subsections (c)(i)-(c)(vi) of this section, as selected by the Secretary of State. (d) The prohibitions in subsections (b) and (c) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted before the date of this order. Sec. 3. (a) The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to impose on a foreign financial institution the sanctions described in subsection (b) of this section upon determining that the foreign financial institution knowingly conducted or facilitated any significant financial transaction for or on behalf of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to section 1 of this order. (b) With respect to any foreign financial institution determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in accordance with this section, to meet the criteria set forth in subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary of the Treasury may prohibit the opening, and prohibit or impose strict conditions on the maintaining, in the United States of a correspondent account or a payable-through account by such foreign financial institution. (c) The prohibitions in subsection (b) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted before the date of this order. Sec. 4. The unrestricted immigrant and nonimmigrant entry into the United States of aliens determined to meet one or more of the criteria in subsection 1(a) or 2(a) of this order, or aliens for which the sanctions under subsection 2(b)(ii) have been selected, would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and the entry of such persons into the United States, as immigrants or nonimmigrants, is hereby suspended, except where the Secretary of State determines that the entry of the person into the United States would not be contrary to the interests of the United States, including when the Secretary so determines, based on a recommendation of the Attorney General, that the person's entry would further important United States law enforcement objectives. In exercising this responsibility, the Secretary of State shall consult the Secretary of Homeland Security on matters related to admissibility or inadmissibility within the authority of the Secretary of Homeland Security. Such persons shall be treated in the same manner as persons covered by section 1 of Proclamation 8693 of July 24, 2011 (Suspension of Entry of Aliens Subject to United Nations Security Council Travel Bans and International Emergency Economic Powers Act Sanctions). The Secretary of State shall have the responsibility for implementing this section pursuant to such conditions and procedures as the Secretary has established or may establish pursuant to Proclamation 8693. Sec. 5. I hereby determine that the making of donations of the types of articles specified in section 203(b)(2) of IEEPA (50 U.S.C. 1702(b)(2)) by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to section 1 of this order would seriously impair my ability to deal with the national emergency declared in this order, and I hereby prohibit such donations as provided by section 1 of this order. Sec. 6. The prohibitions in sections 1 and 2 of this order include: (a) the making of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order; and (b) the receipt of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services from any such person. Sec. 7. (a) Any transaction that evades or avoids, has the purpose of evading or avoiding, causes a violation of, or attempts to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited. (b) Any conspiracy formed to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited. Sec. 8. For the purposes of this order: (a) The term ``entity'' means a partnership, association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other organization; (b) the term ``foreign financial institution'' means any foreign entity that is engaged in the business of accepting deposits, making, granting, transferring, holding, or brokering loans or credits, or purchasing or selling foreign exchange, securities, commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and sellers thereof, as principal or agent. The term includes depository institutions, banks, savings banks, money service businesses, trust companies, securities brokers and dealers, commodity futures and options brokers and dealers, forward contract and foreign exchange merchants, securities and commodities exchanges, clearing corporations, investment companies, employee benefit plans, dealers in precious metals, stones, or jewels, and holding companies, affiliates, or subsidiaries of any of the foregoing. The term does not include the international financial institutions identified in 22 U.S.C. 262r(c)(2), the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the North American Development Bank, or any other international financial institution so notified by the Secretary of the Treasury; (c) the term ``knowingly,'' with respect to conduct, a circumstance, or a result, means that a person has actual knowledge, or should have known, of the conduct, the circumstance, or the result; (d) the term ``person'' means an individual or entity; (e) the term ``United States person'' or ``U.S. person'' means any United States citizen, permanent resident alien, entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States (including foreign branches), or any person in the United States; and (f) the term ``Government of Turkey'' means the Government of Turkey, any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, or any person owned or controlled by or acting for or on behalf of the Government of Turkey. Sec. 9. For those persons whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order who might have a constitutional presence in the United States, I find that because of the ability to transfer funds or other assets instantaneously, prior notice to such persons of measures to be taken pursuant to this order would render those measures ineffectual. I therefore determine that for these measures to be effective in addressing the national emergency declared in this order, there need be no prior notice of a listing or determination made pursuant to this order. Sec. 10. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to take such actions, including the promulgation of rules and regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the President by IEEPA as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this order. The Secretary of the Treasury may, consistent with applicable law, redelegate any of these functions within the Department of the Treasury. All departments and agencies of the United States shall take all appropriate measures within their authority to implement this order. Sec. 11. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to submit the recurring and final reports to the Congress on the national emergency declared in this order, consistent with section 401(c) of the NEA (50 U.S.C. 1641(c)), and section 204(c) of IEEPA (50 U.S.C. 1703(c)). Sec. 12. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, October 14, 2019. Executive Order 13895 of October 22, 2019 EO 13895 President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to establish an advisory council on science and technology, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. In every age of our Nation's history, American ingenuity has driven technological progress and the promise of the American Dream. Scientific advancement has improved the lives of our citizens, created jobs and better futures for American workers, and kept the American people safe at home and abroad. American thinkers, inventors, and entrepreneurs, empowered by free-market capitalism and driven by bold ideas, have created an ecosystem of innovation that is the envy of the world, making our Nation prosperous and strong. Since World War II, our Nation's greatest scientists and engineers have advised the Federal Government, guiding the United States through the nuclear age, the mission to the moon, and the transformations of the digital revolution. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and quantum information science are now on the horizon, and how we address their development will determine whether they give rise to new American industries or challenge American values. With American leadership facing fierce global competition, today more than ever our Nation is in need of new approaches for unleashing the creativity of our research enterprise and empowering private sector innovation to ensure American technological dominance. Through collaborative partnerships across the American science and technology enterprise, which includes an unmatched constellation of public and private educational institutions, research laboratories, corporations, and foundations, the United States can usher extraordinary new technologies into homes, hospitals, and highways across the world. These technologies would have American values at their core. By strengthening the ties that connect government, industry, and academia, my Administration will champion a new era of American research and innovation, which will give rise to new discoveries that create the industries of the future. Sec. 2. Establishment. The President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) is hereby established. The PCAST shall be composed of the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (the ``Director''), and not more than 16 additional members appointed by the President. These additional members shall include distinguished individuals from sectors outside of the Federal Government. They shall have diverse perspectives and expertise in science, technology, education, and innovation. The Director shall serve as the Chair of the PCAST. Sec. 3. Functions. (a) The PCAST shall advise the President on matters involving science, technology, education, and innovation policy. The Council shall also provide the President with scientific and technical information that is needed to inform public policy relating to the American economy, the American worker, national and homeland security, and other topics. The PCAST shall meet regularly and shall: (i) respond to requests from the President or the Director for information, analysis, evaluation, or advice; (ii) solicit information and ideas from a broad range of stakeholders on contemporary topics of critical importance to the Nation in order to inform policy making. Stakeholders include the research community, the private sector, universities, national laboratories, State and local governments, and non-profit organizations; (iii) serve as the advisory committee identified in subsection 101(b) of the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 (Public Law 102-194), as amended (15 U.S.C. 5511(b)). In performing the functions of such advisory committee, the PCAST shall be known as the President's Innovation and Technology Advisory Committee; and (iv) serve as the advisory panel identified in section 4 of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (Public Law 108-153), as amended (15 U.S.C. 7503). In performing the functions of such advisory committee, the PCAST shall be known as the National Nanotechnology Advisory Panel. (b) The PCAST shall provide advice to the National Science and Technology Council in response to requests from that Council. Sec. 4. Administration. (a) The heads of executive departments and agencies shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide the PCAST with information concerning scientific and technological matters when requested by the PCAST Chair. (b) In consultation with the Director, the PCAST may create standing subcommittees and ad hoc groups, including technical advisory groups to assist the PCAST and provide preliminary information to the PCAST. (c) The Director may request that members of the PCAST, its standing subcommittees, or ad hoc groups who do not hold a current clearance for access to classified information, receive security clearance and access determinations pursuant to Executive Order 12968 of August 2, 1995 (Access to Classified Information), as amended, or any successor order. (d) The Department of Energy shall provide such funding and administrative and technical support as the PCAST may require. (e) Members of the PCAST shall serve without any compensation for their work on the PCAST, but may receive travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as authorized by law for persons serving intermittently in the government service (5 U.S.C. 5701-5707). Sec. 5. Termination. The PCAST shall terminate 2 years from the date of this order unless extended by the President. Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Insofar as the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as amended (5 U.S.C. App.) (FACA), may apply to the PCAST, any functions of the President under the FACA, except that of reporting to the Congress, shall be performed by the Secretary of Energy in accordance with the guidelines and procedures established by the Administrator of General Services. (b) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (c) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (d) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. Sec. 7. Revocation. Executive Order 13539 of April 21, 2010 (President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology), as amended, is hereby revoked.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, October 22, 2019. Executive Order 13896 of October 28, 2019 EO 13896 Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to enhance public safety and support the well-ordered administration of justice, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. Crime, especially violent crime, denies people their unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Together as a society, we must work to prevent crime from occurring, ensure that those who perpetrate crime face justice, and assist victims in overcoming the effects of crime on their lives. My Administration is focused on reducing crime, and the social and economic problems—including family and neighborhood disintegration—that contribute to criminal behavior. In addition, the continued malign activity of transnational criminal organizations, and the widespread abuse of drugs trafficked by such groups, are challenges that confront our communities and law enforcement in their efforts to keep the American people safe. Rigorous study of crime, including its causal factors, and current law enforcement practices is essential to assessing our current criminal justice system's merits and opportunities for improvement. Over 85 percent of United States law enforcement personnel are State, local, and tribal officials. The Department of Justice has long respected this traditional balance of law enforcement resources while supporting State, local, and tribal law enforcement efforts with Federal resources. State and local law enforcement benefit from Federal programs and partnerships in the areas of information-sharing, collaborative enforcement operations, training and technical assistance initiatives, and Federal grants. Public safety and proper policing are issues of both national and local significance that continue to require the close cooperation and coordination between the Department of Justice and State, local, and tribal law enforcement. In particular, the Department of Justice has a historically important role in helping to develop, identify, and establish best practices for law enforcement and supporting a range of programs related to the administration of justice. My Administration builds upon that important work every day. Sec. 2. Establishment. (a) The Attorney General shall establish a Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (Commission), and designate an individual to chair the Commission. (b) The Attorney General shall determine the composition of and procedures for the functioning of the Commission. (c) Officers or employees of the Federal Government designated to the Commission shall be full-time, or permanent part-time, officers or employees of the Federal Government. Any such designation shall not affect the civil service status or privileges of the Federal officer or employee. (d) The Attorney General may, at his discretion, invite elected officers of State, local, and tribal governments (or their designated employees with authority to act on their behalf) to serve on the Commission in their official capacities. Sec. 3. Function. (a) The Commission shall study issues related to law enforcement and the administration of justice and make recommendations to the Attorney General, who shall submit a report and recommendations to the President on actions that can be taken to prevent, reduce, and control crime, increase respect for the law, and assist victims. The Commission shall undertake, as directed by the Attorney General, a review of relevant research and expertise and make recommendations regarding important current issues facing law enforcement and the criminal justice system such as: (i) challenges to law enforcement associated with mental illness, homelessness, substance abuse, and other social factors that influence crime and strain criminal justice resources; (ii) the recruitment, hiring, training, and retention of law enforcement officers, including in rural and tribal communities; (iii) the potential for public and private initiatives, including in ``qualified opportunity zones'' as defined in section 13823(a) of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, to reduce crime and improve police-community relations; (iv) refusals by State and local prosecutors to enforce laws or prosecute categories of crimes; (v) the physical safety, health, and wellness of law enforcement officers; (vi) the need to promote public respect for the law and law enforcement officers; (vii) better integration of education, employment, social services, and public health services into efforts to reduce crime and ease the burden on law enforcement, courts, and corrections systems; (viii) the use of targeted deterrence approaches to reduce violent crime; (ix) new and developing methodologies, technologies, and best practices for combatting criminal activity, delinquency, and public disorder; (x) the effects of technological innovations on law enforcement and the criminal justice system, including the challenges and opportunities presented by such innovations; (xi) the effectiveness of contemporary law enforcement training methods around critical topics, the direction of next generation training methods, and an understanding of critical training needs; (xii) the effectiveness of Federal grant programs in establishing best practices for law enforcement and supporting the administration of justice in State, local, and tribal jurisdictions; and (xiii) other topics related to law enforcement and the control of crime as the Attorney General deems appropriate. (b) In carrying out its functions under subsection (a) of this section, the Commission may host listening sessions and otherwise solicit input from a diverse array of stakeholders in the area of criminal justice, including State, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies and organizations; government service providers; businesses; nonprofit entities; public health experts; victims rights' organizations; other advocacy and interest groups; reentry experts; academia; and other public and private entities and individuals with relevant experience or expertise. (c) In developing its recommendations under subsection (a) of this section, the Commission shall seek to recommend only practical and concrete actions that can be taken by Federal, State, local, and tribal law enforcement and other government entities to improve the administration of justice. (d) Upon the request of the Chair, the heads of executive departments and agencies (agencies) shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide the Commission with reasonable access to the information it needs for purposes of carrying out its functions. (e) Upon the request of the Attorney General, the heads of agencies may detail personnel to the Commission to assist in carrying out its functions, and shall endeavor to provide such personnel and other assistance to the Commission to the extent practicable, consistent with applicable law and within existing appropriations, through appropriate interagency agreements, including agreements under the Economy Act. Consistent with applicable law and within existing appropriations, the Attorney General shall use the resources and personnel of the Department of Justice in support of the Commission and its activities. Sec. 4. Reports. The Commission shall submit a report and recommendations to the Attorney General no later than 1 year from the date of this order. The Attorney General, following consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, shall submit a report and recommendations to the President no later than 60 days thereafter. Sec. 5. Termination. The Commission shall terminate no later than 90 days after submitting its report and recommendations to the Attorney General, unless extended by the President. Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, October 28, 2019. Executive Order 13897 of October 31, 2019 EO 13897 Improving Federal Contractor Operations by Revoking Executive Order 13495 By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act, 40 U.S.C. 101 et seq., and in order to promote economy and efficiency in Federal Government procurement, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Revocation of Prior Order. Executive Order 13495 of January 30, 2009 (Nondisplacement of Qualified Workers Under Service Contracts), which requires that successor Federal contractors in certain circumstances offer a right of first refusal of employment to employees employed under the predecessor contract, is hereby revoked. Sec. 2. Agency Implementation. The Secretary of Labor (Secretary), the Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council, and heads of executive departments and agencies shall, consistent with law, promptly move to rescind any orders, rules, regulations, guidelines, programs, or policies implementing or enforcing Executive Order 13495. Sec. 3. Enforcement. The Secretary shall terminate, effective immediately, any investigations or compliance actions based on Executive Order 13495. Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department, agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, October 31, 2019. Executive Order 13898 of November 26, 2019 EO 13898 Establishing the Task Force on Missing and Murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to enhance the operation of the criminal justice system and address the legitimate concerns of American Indian and Alaska Native communities regarding missing and murdered people—particularly missing and murdered indigenous women and girls—it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. My Administration has heard the ongoing and serious concerns of tribal governments regarding missing and murdered members of American Indian and Alaska Native communities, particularly women and girls. To address the severity of those concerns, top officials within the Federal Government will coordinate and engage with the tribal governments. Sec. 2. Establishment. (a) There is hereby established the Task Force on Missing and Murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives (Task Force), co-chaired by the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Interior (Secretary) or their designees. (b) The Department of Justice shall provide funding and administrative support as may be necessary for the performance and functions of the Task Force. The Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary, shall designate an official of the Department of Justice to serve as the Executive Director of the Task Force, responsible for coordinating its day-to-day functions. As necessary and appropriate, the Co-Chairs may afford the other members of the Task Force an opportunity to provide input into the decision of whom to designate as the Executive Director. Sec. 3. Membership. (a) In addition to the Co-Chairs, the Task Force shall be composed wholly of full-time, or permanent part-time, officers or employees of the Federal Government and shall include the following members: (i) the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; (ii) the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; (iii) the Director of the Office on Violence Against Women, Department of Justice; (iv) the Director of the Office of Justice Services, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; (v) the Chair of the Native American Issues Subcommittee of the Attorney General's Advisory Committee; (vi) the Commissioner of the Administration for Native Americans, Department of Health and Human Services; and (vii) such representatives of other executive departments, agencies, and offices as the Co-Chairs may, from time to time, designate. (b) In performing the functions set forth in sections 4 and 5 of this order, the Co-Chairs and members may designate representatives of their respective departments, agencies, offices, or entities under their direction to participate in the Task Force as necessary, and the Co-Chairs may also direct coordination with other Presidential task forces. In carrying out its functions, the Task Force shall coordinate with appropriate White House officials, including the Senior Counselor to the President, the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, and the Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Intergovernmental Affairs. Sec. 4. Mission and Functions. (a) The Task Force shall: (i) conduct appropriate consultations with tribal governments on the scope and nature of the issues regarding missing and murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives; (ii) develop model protocols and procedures to apply to new and unsolved cases of missing or murdered persons in American Indian and Alaska Native communities, including best practices for: (A) improving the way law enforcement investigators and prosecutors respond to the high volume of such cases, and to the investigative challenges that might be presented in cases involving female victims; (B) collecting and sharing data among various jurisdictions and law enforcement agencies; and (C) better use of existing criminal databases, such as the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs), the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), and the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) including the National DNA Index System (NDIS); (iii) establish a multi-disciplinary, multi-jurisdictional team including representatives from tribal law enforcement and the Departments of Justice and the Interior to review cold cases involving missing and murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives; (iv) address the need for greater clarity concerning roles, authorities, and jurisdiction throughout the lifecycle of cases involving missing and murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives by: (A) developing and publishing best-practices guidance for use by Federal, State, local, and tribal law enforcement in cases involving missing and murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives, to include best practices related to communication with affected families from initiation of an investigation through case resolution or closure; (B) facilitating formal agreements or arrangements among Federal, State, local, and tribal law enforcement to promote maximally cooperative, trauma-informed responses to cases involving missing and murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives; (C) developing and executing an education and outreach campaign for communities that are most affected by crime against American Indians and Alaska Natives to identify and reduce such crime; and (D) developing, in partnership with NamUs, a public-awareness campaign to educate both rural and urban communities about the needs of affected families and resources that are both needed and available. Sec. 5. Reporting. (a) No later than 1 year after the date of this order, the Task Force shall develop and submit to the President, through the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, a written report regarding the activities and accomplishments of the Task Force, the status of projects the Task Force has not yet completed, and specific recommendations for future action of the Task Force. (b) No later than 2 years after the date of this order, the Task Force shall develop and submit to the President, through the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, a final written report regarding the activities and accomplishments of the Task Force. Sec. 6. Termination. The Task Force shall terminate 2 years after the date of this order, unless otherwise directed by the President. Sec. 7. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, November 26, 2019. Executive Order 13899 of December 11, 2019 EO 13899 Combating Anti-Semitism By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy. My Administration is committed to combating the rise of anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic incidents in the United States and around the world. Anti-Semitic incidents have increased since 2013, and students, in particular, continue to face anti-Semitic harassment in schools and on university and college campuses. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI), 42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq., prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, and national origin in programs and activities receiving Federal financial assistance. While Title VI does not cover discrimination based on religion, individuals who face discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin do not lose protection under Title VI for also being a member of a group that shares common religious practices. Discrimination against Jews may give rise to a Title VI violation when the discrimination is based on an individual's race, color, or national origin. It shall be the policy of the executive branch to enforce Title VI against prohibited forms of discrimination rooted in anti-Semitism as vigorously as against all other forms of discrimination prohibited by Title VI. Sec. 2. Ensuring Robust Enforcement of Title VI. (a) In enforcing Title VI, and identifying evidence of discrimination based on race, color, or national origin, all executive departments and agencies (agencies) charged with enforcing Title VI shall consider the following: (i) the non-legally binding working definition of anti-Semitism adopted on May 26, 2016, by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), which states, ``Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities''; and (ii) the ``Contemporary Examples of Anti-Semitism'' identified by the IHRA, to the extent that any examples might be useful as evidence of discriminatory intent. (b) In considering the materials described in subsections (a)(i) and (a)(ii) of this section, agencies shall not diminish or infringe upon any right protected under Federal law or under the First Amendment. As with all other Title VI complaints, the inquiry into whether a particular act constitutes discrimination prohibited by Title VI will require a detailed analysis of the allegations. Sec. 3. Additional Authorities Prohibiting Anti-Semitic Discrimination. Within 120 days of the date of this order, the head of each agency charged with enforcing Title VI shall submit a report to the President, through the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, identifying additional nondiscrimination authorities within its enforcement authority with respect to which the IHRA definition of anti-Semitism could be considered. Sec. 4. Rule of Construction. Nothing in this order shall be construed to alter the evidentiary requirements pursuant to which an agency makes a determination that conduct, including harassment, amounts to actionable discrimination, or to diminish or infringe upon the rights protected under any other provision of law. Sec. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, December 11, 2019. Executive Order 13900 of December 17, 2019 EO 13900 Providing for the Closing of Executive Departments and Agencies of the Federal Government on December 24, 2019 By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. All executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government shall be closed and their employees excused from duty on Tuesday, December 24, 2019, the day before Christmas Day. Sec. 2. The heads of executive departments and agencies may determine that certain offices and installations of their organizations, or parts thereof, must remain open and that certain employees must report for duty on December 24, 2019, for reasons of national security, defense, or other public need. Sec. 3. December 24, 2019, shall be considered as falling within the scope of Executive Order 11582 of February 11, 1971, and of 5 U.S.C. 5546 and 6103(b) and other similar statutes insofar as they relate to the pay and leave of employees of the United States. Sec. 4. The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall take such actions as may be necessary to implement this order. Sec. 5. General Provisions. (a) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (b) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, December 17, 2019. Executive Order 13901 of December 26, 2019 EO 13901 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Statutory Pay Systems. The rates of basic pay or salaries of the statutory pay systems (as defined in 5 U.S.C. 5302(1)), as adjusted under 5 U.S.C. 5303 and section 748 of division C of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, are set forth on the schedules attached hereto and made a part hereof: (a) The General Schedule (5 U.S.C. 5332(a)) at Schedule 1; (b) The Foreign Service Schedule (22 U.S.C. 3963) at Schedule 2; and (c) The schedules for the Veterans Health Administration of the Department of Veterans Affairs (38 U.S.C. 7306, 7404; section 301(a) of Public Law 102-40) at Schedule 3. Sec. 2. Senior Executive Service. The ranges of rates of basic pay for senior executives in the Senior Executive Service, as established pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 5382, are set forth on Schedule 4 attached hereto and made a part hereof. Sec. 3. Certain Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Salaries. The rates of basic pay or salaries for the following offices and positions are set forth on the schedules attached hereto and made a part hereof: (a) The Executive Schedule (5 U.S.C. 5312-5318) at Schedule 5; (b) The Vice President (3 U.S.C. 104) and the Congress (2 U.S.C. 4501) at Schedule 6; and (c) Justices and judges (28 U.S.C. 5, 44(d), 135, 252, and 461(a)) at Schedule 7. Sec. 4. Uniformed Services. The rates of monthly basic pay (37 U.S.C. 203(a)) for members of the uniformed services, as adjusted under 37 U.S.C. 1009, and the rate of monthly cadet or midshipman pay (37 U.S.C. 203(c)) are set forth on Schedule 8 attached hereto and made a part hereof. Sec. 5. Locality-Based Comparability Payments. (a) Pursuant to sections 5304 and 5304a of title 5, United States Code, and section 748 of division C of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, locality-based comparability payments shall be paid in accordance with Schedule 9 attached hereto and made a part hereof. (b) The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall take such actions as may be necessary to implement these payments and to publish appropriate notice of such payments in the Federal Register. Sec. 6. Administrative Law Judges. Pursuant to section 5372 of title 5, United States Code, the rates of basic pay for administrative law judges are set forth on Schedule 10 attached hereto and made a part hereof. Sec. 7. Effective Dates. Schedule 8 is effective January 1, 2020. The other schedules contained herein are effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2020. Sec. 8. Prior Order Superseded. Executive Order 13866 of March 28, 2019, is superseded as of the effective dates specified in section 7 of this order.DONALD J. TRUMPThe White House, December 26, 2019. ED30DE19.012 ED30DE19.013 ED30DE19.014 ED30DE19.015 ED30DE19.016 ED30DE19.017 ED30DE19.018 ED30DE19.019 ED30DE19.020 ED30DE19.021 ED30DE19.022 Title 3—The President Other Presidential Documents OTHER PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS Page Subchapter A— [Reserved] Subchapter B—Administrative Orders 411 Subchapter C— Reorganization Plans [None] Subchapter D— Designations [None] Subchapter B— Administrative Orders Memorandum of January 8, 2019 Decision on the United States Consulate General in Jerusalem Memorandum for the Secretary of State Pursuant to the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and after carefully considering the recommendation of the Secretary of State, I hereby authorize you to take the steps necessary to close the United States Consulate General in Jerusalem and to merge its functions into the United States Embassy to Israel.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, January 8, 2019. Memorandum of January 15, 2019 Delegation of Functions and Authorities Under the Hizballah International Financing Prevention Act of 2015, as Amended, and the Hizballah International Financing Prevention Amendments Act of 2018 Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of the Treasury[, and] the Director of National Intelligence By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby: (a) delegate to the Secretary of State the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 101(b)(2), 101(c), 102(b), 103(b-c), and 201(c) of the Hizballah International Financing Prevention Act of 2015 (Public Law 114-102) (HIFPA), as amended by the Hizballah International Financing Prevention Amendments Act of 2018 (Public Law 115-272) (HIFPAA); (b) delegate to the Secretary of the Treasury the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 101(a), 101(b)(1), 102(a), 102(c), 103(a), 201(a-b), 204(b), and 302 of HIFPA, as amended by HIFPAA, as well as section 301 of HIFPAA; and (c) delegate to the Director of National Intelligence the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 202 and 204(a, c-d) of HIFPA, as amended by HIFPAA. The functions and authorities delegated by this memorandum shall be exercised in coordination with departments and agencies through the National Security Presidential Memorandum-4 process. This memorandum rescinds and replaces any prior delegations of authority to the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of State, and the Director of National Intelligence under the HIFPA. Any reference in this memorandum to HIFPA or HIFPAA shall be deemed to be a reference to any future Act that is the same or substantially the same as such provision. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, January 15, 2019. Memorandum of January 15, 2019 Delegation of Authorities and Responsibilities Under Section 1763 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 Memorandum for the Secretary of Commerce By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby delegate to the Secretary of Commerce, in coordination with executive departments and agencies through the National Security Presidential Memorandum-4 process, the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 1763 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (Public Law 115-232). The delegation of authorities and responsibilities in this memorandum shall apply to any provision of any future public law that are the same or substantially the same as the provision referenced in this memorandum. The Secretary of Commerce is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, January 15, 2019. Notice of January 16, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Terrorists Who Threaten to Disrupt the Middle East Peace Process On January 23, 1995, by Executive Order 12947, the President declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States caused by grave acts of violence committed by foreign terrorists that disrupt the Middle East peace process. On August 20, 1998, by Executive Order 13099, the President modified the Annex to Executive Order 12947 to identify four additional persons who threaten to disrupt the Middle East peace process. On February 16, 2005, by Executive Order 13372, the President clarified the steps taken in Executive Order 12947. These terrorist activities continue to threaten the Middle East peace process and pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on January 23, 1995, and the measures adopted to deal with that emergency must continue in effect beyond January 23, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12947 with respect to foreign terrorists who threaten to disrupt the Middle East peace process. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, January 16, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-07 of January 16, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic capability for advanced manufacturing techniques for the production of chemicals in munitions is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the capability for advanced manufacturing techniques for the production of chemicals in munitions adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, January 16, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-08 of January 16, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic production capability for energetic materials for munitions is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the production capability for energetic materials for munitions adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, January 16, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-09 of January 16, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic production capability for inert materials for munitions is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the production capability for inert materials for munitions adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, January 16, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-10 of January 16, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic production capability for precursor materials for munitions is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the production capability for precursor materials for munitions adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, January 16, 2019. Notice of February 19, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Cuba and Continuing To Authorize the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Vessels On February 22, 2018, by Proclamation 9699, the national emergency with respect to Cuba declared in Proclamation 6867 of March 1, 1996, expanded by Proclamation 7757 of February 26, 2004, and modified by Proclamation 9398 of February 24, 2016, was modified and continued based on a disturbance or threatened disturbance of the international relations of the United States related to Cuba. The unauthorized entry of any United States-registered vessel into Cuban territorial waters and the situation in Cuba continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)) and section 1 of title II of Public Law 65-24, ch. 30, June 15, 1917, as amended (50 U.S.C. 191), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Proclamations 6867, 7757, 9398, and 9699. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, February 19, 2019. Notice of February 19, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Libya On February 25, 2011, by Executive Order 13566, the President declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the actions of Colonel Muammar Qadhafi, his government, and close associates, which took extreme measures against the people of Libya, including by using weapons of war, mercenaries, and wanton violence against unarmed civilians. In addition, there was a serious risk that Libyan state assets would be misappropriated by Qadhafi, members of his government, members of his family, or his close associates if those assets were not protected. The foregoing circumstances, the prolonged attacks against civilians, and the increased numbers of Libyans seeking refuge in other countries caused a deterioration in the security of Libya and posed a serious risk to its stability. The situation in Libya continues to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States, and measures are needed to protect against the diversion of assets or other abuses by members of Qadhafi's family, their associates, and other persons hindering Libyan national reconciliation. For this reason, the national emergency declared on February 25, 2011, must continue in effect beyond February 25, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13566. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, February 19, 2019. Space Policy Directive-4 of February 19, 2019 Establishment of the United States Space Force Memorandum for the Vice President[,] the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of Defense[,] the Secretary of Commerce[,] the Secretary of Labor[,] the Secretary of Transportation[,] the Secretary of Homeland Security[,] the Director of the Office of Management and Budget[,] the Director of National Intelligence[,] the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs[,] the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy[,] the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff[,] the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration[, and] the Deputy Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Section 1. Introduction. Space is integral to our way of life, our national security, and modern warfare. Although United States space systems have historically maintained a technological advantage over those of our potential adversaries, those potential adversaries are now advancing their space capabilities and actively developing ways to deny our use of space in a crisis or conflict. It is imperative that the United States adapt its national security organizations, policies, doctrine, and capabilities to deter aggression and protect our interests. Toward that end, the Department of Defense shall take actions under existing authority to marshal its space resources to deter and counter threats in space, and to develop a legislative proposal to establish a United States Space Force as a sixth branch of the United States Armed Forces within the Department of the Air Force. This is an important step toward a future military department for space. Under this proposal, the United States Space Force would be authorized to organize, train, and equip military space forces of the United States to ensure unfettered access to, and freedom to operate in, space, and to provide vital capabilities to joint and coalition forces in peacetime and across the spectrum of conflict. Sec. 2. Definitions. For the purposes of this memorandum and the legislative proposal directed by section 3 of this memorandum, the following definitions shall apply: (a) The term ``United States Space Force'' refers to a new branch of the United States Armed Forces to be initially placed by statute within the Department of the Air Force. (b) The term ``Department of the Space Force'' refers to a future military department within the Department of Defense that will be responsible for organizing, training, and equipping the United States Space Force. (c) The term ``United States Space Command'' refers to a Unified Combatant Command to be established pursuant to the Presidential memorandum of December 18, 2018 (Establishment of United States Space Command as a Unified Combatant Command), that will be responsible for Joint Force space operations as will be assigned in the Unified Command Plan. Sec. 3. Legislative Proposal and Purpose. The Secretary of Defense shall submit a legislative proposal to the President through the Office of Management and Budget that would establish the United States Space Force as a new armed service within the Department of the Air Force. The legislative proposal would, if enacted, establish the United States Space Force to organize, train, and equip forces to provide for freedom of operation in, from, and to the space domain; to provide independent military options for national leadership; and to enhance the lethality and effectiveness of the Joint Force. The United States Space Force should include both combat and combat support functions to enable prompt and sustained offensive and defensive space operations, and joint operations in all domains. The United States Space Force shall be organized, trained, and equipped to meet the following priorities: (a) Protecting the Nation's interests in space and the peaceful use of space for all responsible actors, consistent with applicable law, including international law; (b) Ensuring unfettered use of space for United States national security purposes, the United States economy, and United States persons, partners, and allies; (c) Deterring aggression and defending the Nation, United States allies, and United States interests from hostile acts in and from space; (d) Ensuring that needed space capabilities are integrated and available to all United States Combatant Commands; (e) Projecting military power in, from, and to space in support of our Nation's interests; and (f) Developing, maintaining, and improving a community of professionals focused on the national security demands of the space domain. Sec. 4. Scope. (a) The legislative proposal required by section 3 of this memorandum shall, in addition to the provisions required under section 3 of this memorandum, include provisions that would, if enacted: (i) consolidate existing forces and authorities for military space activities, as appropriate, in order to minimize duplication of effort and eliminate bureaucratic inefficiencies; and (ii) not include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Reconnaissance Office, or other non-military space organizations or missions of the United States Government. (b) The proposed United States Space Force should: (i) include, as determined by the Secretary of Defense in consultation with the Secretaries of the military departments, the uniformed and civilian personnel conducting and directly supporting space operations from all Department of Defense Armed Forces; (ii) assume responsibilities for all major military space acquisition programs; and (iii) create the appropriate career tracks for military and civilian space personnel across all relevant specialties, including operations, intelligence, engineering, science, acquisition, and cyber. Sec. 5. United States Space Force Budget. In accordance with the Department of Defense budget process, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget a proposed budget for the United States Space Force to be included in the President's Fiscal Year 2020 Budget Request. Sec. 6. United States Space Force Organization and Leadership. (a) The legislative proposal required by section 3 of this memorandum shall create a civilian Under Secretary of the Air Force for Space, to be known as the Under Secretary for Space, appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. (b) The legislative proposal shall establish a Chief of Staff of the Space Force, who will be a senior military officer in the grade of General or Admiral, and who shall serve as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Sec. 7. Associated Elements. (a) A Unified Combatant Command for space, to be known as the United States Space Command, will be established consistent with law, as directed on December 18, 2018. This command will have all of the responsibilities of a Unified Combatant Command in addition to the space-related responsibilities previously assigned to United States Strategic Command. It will also have the responsibilities of the Joint Force provider and Joint Force training for space operations forces. Moving expeditiously toward a Unified Combatant Command reflects the importance of warfighting in space to the Joint Force. The commander of this command will lead space warfighting through global space operations that may occur in the space domain, the terrestrial domains, or through the electromagnetic spectrum. (b) With forces provided by the United States Space Force and other United States Armed Forces, the United States Space Command shall ensure unfettered access to, and freedom to operate in, space and provide vital effects and capabilities to joint and coalition forces during peacetime and across the spectrum of conflict. Sec. 8. Relationship with National Intelligence. The Secretary of Defense and the Director of National Intelligence shall create and enhance mechanisms for collaboration between the Department of Defense and the United States Intelligence Community in order to increase unity of effort and the effectiveness of space operations. The Secretary of Defense and the Director of National Intelligence shall provide a report to the President within 180 days of the date of this memorandum on steps they have taken and are planning to take toward these ends, including legislative proposals as necessary and appropriate. Sec. 9. Operational Authorities. In order to ensure that the United States Space Force and United States Space Command have the necessary operational authorities, the National Space Council and the National Security Council shall coordinate an accelerated review of space operational authorities. Within 90 days of the date of this memorandum, the Secretary of Defense shall present to the National Space Council and the National Security Council proposed relevant authority changes for the President's approval. The National Space Council and the National Security Council shall then conduct an interagency review of the Secretary's proposal and make recommendations to the President on appropriate authorities, to be completed no later than 60 days from the date the Secretary of Defense presents his proposal to the councils. Sec. 10. Periodic Review. As the United States Space Force matures, and as national security requires, it will become necessary to create a separate military department, to be known as the Department of the Space Force. This department will take over some or all responsibilities for the United States Space Force from the Department of the Air Force. The Secretary of Defense will conduct periodic reviews to determine when to recommend that the President seek legislation to establish such a department. Sec. 11. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and United States national and homeland security requirements, and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) The Secretary of Defense is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, February 19, 2019. Notice of March 4, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Ukraine On March 6, 2014, by Executive Order 13660, the President declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the actions and policies of persons that undermine democratic processes and institutions in Ukraine; threaten its peace, security, stability, sovereignty, and territorial integrity; and contribute to the misappropriation of its assets. On March 16, 2014, the President issued Executive Order 13661, which expanded the scope of the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13660, and found that the actions and policies of the Government of the Russian Federation with respect to Ukraine undermine democratic processes and institutions in Ukraine; threaten its peace, security, stability, sovereignty, and territorial integrity; and contribute to the misappropriation of its assets. On March 20, 2014, the President issued Executive Order 13662, which further expanded the scope of the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13660, as expanded in scope in Executive Order 13661, and found that the actions and policies of the Government of the Russian Federation, including its purported annexation of Crimea and its use of force in Ukraine, continue to undermine democratic processes and institutions in Ukraine; threaten its peace, security, stability, sovereignty, and territorial integrity; and contribute to the misappropriation of its assets. On December 19, 2014, the President issued Executive Order 13685, to take additional steps to address the Russian occupation of the Crimea region of Ukraine. On September 20, 2018, the President issued Executive Order 13849, to take additional steps to implement certain statutory sanctions with respect to the Russian Federation. The actions and policies addressed in these Executive Orders continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on March 6, 2014, and the measures adopted on that date, on March 16, 2014, on March 20, 2014, on December 19, 2014, and on September 20, 2018, to deal with that emergency, must continue in effect beyond March 6, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13660. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, March 4, 2019. Notice of March 4, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Zimbabwe On March 6, 2003, by Executive Order 13288, the President declared a national emergency and blocked the property of certain persons, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706), to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the foreign policy of the United States constituted by the actions and policies of certain members of the Government of Zimbabwe and other persons to undermine Zimbabwe's democratic processes or institutions. These actions and policies had contributed to the deliberate breakdown in the rule of law in Zimbabwe, to politically motivated violence and intimidation in that country, and to political and economic instability in the southern African region. On November 22, 2005, the President issued Executive Order 13391 to take additional steps with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13288 by ordering the blocking of the property of additional persons undermining democratic processes or institutions in Zimbabwe. On July 25, 2008, the President issued Executive Order 13469, which expanded the scope of the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13288 and authorized the blocking of the property of additional persons undermining democratic processes or institutions in Zimbabwe. The actions and policies of these persons continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on March 6, 2003, and the measures adopted on that date, on November 22, 2005, and on July 25, 2008, to deal with that emergency, must continue in effect beyond March 6, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13288. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, March 4, 2019. Notice of March 5, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Venezuela On March 8, 2015, the President issued Executive Order 13692, declaring a national emergency with respect to the situation in Venezuela based on the Government of Venezuela's erosion of human rights guarantees; persecution of political opponents; curtailment of press freedoms; use of violence and human rights violations and abuses in response to antigovernment protests; and arbitrary arrest and detention of antigovernment protestors, as well as the exacerbating presence of significant government corruption. On August 24, 2017, I issued Executive Order 13808 to take additional steps, with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13692, to address serious abuses of human rights and fundamental freedoms; the deepening humanitarian crisis in Venezuela; the establishment of an illegitimate Constituent Assembly, which usurped the power of the democratically elected National Assembly and other branches of the Government of Venezuela; rampant public corruption; and ongoing repression and persecution of, and violence toward, the political opposition. On March 19, 2018, I issued Executive Order 13827 to take additional steps, with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13692, to address actions taken by the Maduro regime to attempt to circumvent United States sanctions by issuing a digital currency in a process that Venezuela's democratically elected National Assembly denounced as unlawful. On May 21, 2018, I issued Executive Order 13835 to take additional steps, with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13692, to address actions of the Maduro regime, including endemic economic mismanagement and public corruption at the expense of the Venezuelan people and their prosperity, and repression of the political opposition; attempts to undermine democratic order by holding snap elections that were neither free nor fair; and the deepening of the humanitarian and public health crisis in Venezuela. On November 1, 2018, I issued Executive Order 13850 to take additional steps, with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13692, to address actions by the Maduro regime and associated persons to plunder Venezuela's wealth for their own corrupt purposes; degrade Venezuela's infrastructure and natural environment through economic mismanagement and confiscatory mining and industrial practices; and catalyze a regional migration crisis by neglecting the basic needs of the Venezuela people. On January 25, 2019, I issued Executive Order 13857 to take additional steps, with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13692, to address actions by persons affiliated with the illegitimate Maduro regime, including human rights violations and abuses in response to anti-Maduro protests; arbitrary arrest and detention of anti-Maduro protestors; curtailment of press freedom; harassment of political opponents; and continued attempts to undermine the Interim President of Venezuela and undermine the National Assembly, the only legitimate branch of government duly elected by the Venezuelan people, and to prevent the Interim President and the National Assembly from exercising legitimate authority in Venezuela. The circumstances described in Executive Order 13692, and subsequent Executive Orders issued with respect to Venezuela, have not improved and they continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13692. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, March 5, 2019. Notice of March 12, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran On March 15, 1995, by Executive Order 12957, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Iran to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States constituted by the actions and policies of the Government of Iran. On May 6, 1995, the President issued Executive Order 12959, imposing more comprehensive sanctions on Iran to further respond to this threat. On August 19, 1997, the President issued Executive Order 13059, consolidating and clarifying those previous orders. The President took additional steps pursuant to this national emergency in Executive Order 13553 of September 28, 2010; Executive Order 13574 of May 23, 2011; Executive Order 13590 of November 20, 2011; Executive Order 13599 of February 5, 2012; Executive Order 13606 of April 22, 2012; Executive Order 13608 of May 1, 2012; Executive Order 13622 of July 30, 2012; Executive Order 13628 of October 9, 2012; Executive Order 13645 of June 3, 2013; Executive Order 13716 of January 16, 2016; and Executive Order 13846 of August 6, 2018. As outlined in National Security Presidential Memorandum-11 of May 8, 2018 (Ceasing United States Participation in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and Taking Additional Action to Counter Iran's Malign Influence and Deny Iran All Paths to a Nuclear Weapon), the actions and policies of the Government of Iran, including its proliferation and development of missiles and other asymmetric and conventional weapons capabilities, its network and campaign of regional aggression, its support for terrorist groups, and the malign activities of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and its surrogates continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. For these reasons, the national emergency declared on March 15, 1995, must continue in effect beyond March 15, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency with respect to Iran declared in Executive Order 12957. The emergency declared by Executive Order 12957 constitutes an emergency separate from that declared on November 14, 1979, by Executive Order 12170, in connection with the hostage crisis. This renewal, therefore, is distinct from the emergency renewal of November 2018. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, March 12, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-11 of March 12, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic production capability for AN/SSQ series sonobuoys is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the production capability for AN/SSQ series sonobuoys adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, March 12, 2019.Order of March 18, 2019 Sequestration Order for Fiscal Year 2020 Pursuant To Section 251A of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act, as Amended By the authority vested in me as President by the laws of the United States of America, and in accordance with section 251A of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act (the ``Act''), as amended, 2 U.S.C. 901a, I hereby order that, on October 1, 2019, direct spending budgetary resources for fiscal year 2020 in each non-exempt budget account be reduced by the amount calculated by the Office of Management and Budget in its report to the Congress of March 18, 2019. All sequestrations shall be made in strict accordance with the requirements of section 251A of the Act and the specifications of the Office of Management and Budget's report of March 18, 2019, prepared pursuant to section 251A(9) of the Act.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, March 18, 2019. Notice of March 26, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities On April 1, 2015, by Executive Order 13694, the President declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States constituted by the increasing prevalence and severity of malicious cyber-enabled activities originating from, or directed by persons located, in whole or in substantial part, outside the United States. On December 28, 2016, the President issued Executive Order 13757 to take additional steps to address the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13694. These significant malicious cyber-enabled activities continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on April 1, 2015, must continue in effect beyond April 1, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13694, as amended by Executive Order 13757. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, March 26, 2019. Memorandum of March 27, 2019 Federal Housing Finance Reform Memorandum for the Secretary of the Treasury[,] the Secretary of Agriculture[,] the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development[,] the Secretary of Veterans Affairs[,] the Director of the Office of Management and Budget[,] the Director of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection[,] the Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency[,] the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy[, and] the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy The housing finance system of the United States is in urgent need of reform. During the financial crisis of 2008, the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac)—collectively known as the Government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)—suffered significant losses due to their structural flaws and lack of sufficient regulatory oversight. To prevent their failure, the GSEs received support from the Federal Government and were placed into conservatorship in September 2008. The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 enacted important reforms to the supervision, oversight, risk management, and governance of the GSEs. The GSEs remain in conservatorship, however, and the housing finance system continues to face significant and fundamental challenges. To date, the GSEs are the dominant participants in the housing finance system and lack real competitors. The lack of comprehensive housing finance reform since the financial crisis of 2008 has left taxpayers potentially exposed to future bailouts, and has left the Federal housing finance programs at the Department of Housing and Urban Development potentially overexposed to risk and with outdated operations. Accordingly, it is time for the United States to reform its housing finance system to reduce taxpayer risks, expand the private sector's role, modernize government housing programs, and make sustainable home ownership for American families our benchmark of success. In order to resolve these ongoing challenges and by the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, I hereby direct the following: Section 1. Framework to Reform the GSEs. (a) The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to develop a plan for administrative and legislative reforms (Treasury Housing Reform Plan) to achieve the following housing reform goals: (i) Ending the conservatorships of the GSEs upon the completion of specified reforms; (ii) Facilitating competition in the housing finance market; (iii) Establishing regulation of the GSEs that safeguards their safety and soundness and minimizes the risks they pose to the financial stability of the United States; and (iv) Providing that the Federal Government is properly compensated for any explicit or implicit support it provides to the GSEs or the secondary housing finance market. (b) The Treasury Housing Reform Plan shall include reform proposals to achieve the following specific objectives: (i) Preserving access for qualified homebuyers to 30-year fixed-rate mortgages and other mortgage options that best serve the financial needs of potential homebuyers; (ii) Maintaining equal access to the Federal housing finance system for lenders of all sizes, charter types, and geographic locations, including the maintenance of a cash window for loan sales; (iii) Establishing appropriate capital and liquidity requirements for the GSEs; (iv) Increasing competition and participation of the private sector in the mortgage market, including by authorizing the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) to approve guarantors of conventional mortgage loans in the secondary market; (v) Mitigating the risks undertaken by the GSEs, including by altering, if necessary, their respective policies on loan limits, program and product offerings, credit underwriting parameters, and the use of private capital to transfer credit risk; (vi) Recommending appropriate size and risk profiles for the GSEs' retained mortgage and investment portfolios; (vii) Defining the role of the GSEs in multifamily mortgage finance; (viii) Defining the mission of the Federal Home Loan Bank system and its role in supporting Federal housing finance; (ix) Evaluating, in consultation with the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and the Director of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, the ``QM Patch,'' whereby the GSEs are exempt from certain requirements of the Qualified Mortgage (QM) determination; (x) Defining the GSEs' role in promoting affordable housing without duplicating support provided by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or other Federal programs; and (xi) Setting the conditions necessary for the termination of the conservatorships of the GSEs, which shall include the following conditions being satisfied: (A) The Federal Government is fully compensated for the explicit and implicit guarantees provided by it to the GSEs or any successor entities in the form of an ongoing payment to the United States; (B) The GSEs' activities are restricted to their core statutory mission and the size of investment and retained mortgage portfolios are appropriately limited; and (C) The GSEs are subjected to heightened prudential requirements and safety and soundness standards, including increased capital requirements, designed to prevent a future taxpayer bailout and minimize risks to financial stability. (c) For each reform included in the Treasury Housing Reform Plan, the Secretary of the Treasury must specify whether the proposed reform is a ``legislative'' reform that would require congressional action or an ``administrative'' reform that could be implemented without congressional action. For each ``administrative'' reform, the Treasury Housing Reform Plan shall include a timeline for implementation. (d) In developing the Treasury Housing Reform Plan, the Secretary of the Treasury shall consult with the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Director of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, the Director of the FHFA, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, and the FHFA's Federal Housing Finance Oversight Board. (e) The Treasury Housing Reform Plan shall be submitted to the President for approval, through the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, as soon as practicable. Sec. 2. Framework to Reform the Programs of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the FHA, and the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA). (a) The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is hereby directed to develop a plan for administrative and legislative reforms (HUD Reform Plan) to achieve the following housing reform goals: (i) Attempting to ensure that the FHA and GNMA assume primary responsibility for providing housing finance support to low- and moderate-income families that cannot be fulfilled through traditional underwriting; (ii) Reducing taxpayer exposure through improved risk management and program and product design; and (iii) Modernizing the operations and technology of the FHA and GNMA. (b) The HUD Reform Plan shall include reform proposals to achieve the following specific objectives: (i) Addressing the financial viability of the Home Equity Conversion Mortgage program; (ii) Assessing the risks and benefits associated with providing assistance to first-time homebuyers, including down-payment assistance; (iii) Defining the appropriate role of the FHA in multifamily mortgage finance; (iv) Diversifying FHA lenders through increased participation by registered depository institutions; (v) Enhancing GNMA program participation requirements and standards to ensure its safety and soundness and to protect borrower and investor interests; and (vi) Reducing abusive and unsound loan origination or servicing practices for loans in the GNMA program, including, if appropriate, by providing for cooperation with other loan program sponsors and regulators. (c) For each reform included in the HUD Reform Plan, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall specify whether the proposed reform is a ``legislative'' reform that would require congressional action or an ``administrative'' reform that could be implemented without congressional action. For each ``administrative'' reform, the HUD Reform Plan shall include a timeline for implementation. (d) In developing the HUD Reform Plan, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall consult with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Director of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, and the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy. (e) The HUD Reform Plan shall be submitted to the President for approval, through the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, as soon as practicable. Sec. 3. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, March 27, 2019. Memorandum of March 28, 2019 Extension of Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberians Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Secretary of Homeland Security Since March 1991, certain Liberian nationals and persons without nationality who last habitually resided in Liberia (collectively, ``Liberians'') have been eligible for either Temporary Protected Status (TPS) or Deferred Enforced Departure (DED), allowing them to remain in the United States despite being otherwise removable. In a memorandum dated March 27, 2018, I determined that, although conditions in Liberia had improved and did not warrant a further extension of DED, the foreign policy interests of the United States warranted affording an orderly transition (``wind-down'') period to Liberian DED beneficiaries. At that time, I determined that a 12-month wind-down period was appropriate; that wind-down period expires on March 31, 2019. Upon further reflection and review, I have decided that it is in the foreign policy interest of the United States to extend the wind-down period for an additional 12 months, through March 30, 2020. The overall situation in West Africa remains concerning, and Liberia is an important regional partner for the United States. The reintegration of DED beneficiaries into Liberian civil and political life will be a complex task, and an unsuccessful transition could strain United States-Liberian relations and undermine Liberia's post-civil war strides toward democracy and political stability. Further, I understand that there are efforts underway by Members of Congress to provide relief for the small population of Liberian DED beneficiaries who remain in the United States. Extending the wind-down period will preserve the status quo while the Congress considers remedial legislation. The relationship between the United States and Liberia is unique. Former African-American slaves were among those who founded the modern state of Liberia in 1847. Since that time, the United States has sought to honor, through a strong bilateral diplomatic partnership, the sacrifices of individuals who were determined to build a modern democracy in Africa with representative political institutions similar to those of the United States. Pursuant to my constitutional authority to conduct the foreign relations of the United States, I hereby direct the Secretary of Homeland Security to take appropriate measures to accomplish the following: (1) The termination of DED for all Liberian beneficiaries effective March 31, 2020; (2) A continuation of the wind-down period through March 30, 2020, during which current Liberian DED beneficiaries who satisfy the description below may remain in the United States; and (3) As part of that wind-down, continued authorization for employment through March 30, 2020, for current Liberian DED beneficiaries who satisfy the description below. The 12-month wind-down period and 12-month continued authorization for employment shall apply to any current Liberian DED beneficiary who has continuously resided in the United States since October 1, 2002, but shall not apply to Liberians in the following categories: (1) Individuals who are ineligible for TPS for reasons set forth in section 244(c)(2)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1254a(c)(2)(B)); (2) Individuals whose removal the Secretary of Homeland Security determines to be in the interest of the United States; (3) Individuals whose presence or activities in the United States the Secretary of State has reasonable grounds to believe would have potentially serious adverse foreign policy consequences for the United States; (4) Individuals who have voluntarily returned to Liberia or their country of last habitual residence outside the United States; (5) Individuals who were deported, excluded, or removed before the date of this memorandum; or (6) Individuals who are subject to extradition. The Secretary of Homeland Security is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, March 28, 2019.Presidential Permit of March 29, 2019 Authorizing TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, L.P., To Construct, Connect, Operate, and Maintain Pipeline Facilities at the International Boundary Between the United States and Canada By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States of America, I hereby grant permission, subject to the conditions herein set forth, to TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, L.P. (hereinafter referred to as the ``permittee''), to construct, connect, operate, and maintain pipeline facilities at the international border of the United States and Canada at Phillips County, Montana, for the import of oil from Canada to the United States. The permittee is a limited partnership organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, owned by affiliates of TransCanada Corporation, a Canadian public company organized under the laws of Canada. This permit supersedes the Presidential permit issued to the permittee, dated March 23, 2017. For the avoidance of doubt, I hereby revoke that March 23, 2017, permit. Furthermore, this permit grants the permission described in the previous paragraph and revokes the March 23, 2017, permit notwithstanding Executive Order 13337 of April 30, 2004 (Issuance of Permits With Respect to Certain Energy-Related Facilities and Land Transportation Crossings on the International Boundaries of the United States) and the Presidential Memorandum of January 24, 2017 (Presidential Memorandum Regarding Construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline). The term ``Facilities,'' as used in this permit, means the portion in the United States of the international pipeline project associated with the permittee's application for a Presidential permit filed on May 4, 2012, and resubmitted on January 26, 2017, and any land, structures, installations, or equipment appurtenant thereto. The term ``Border facilities,'' as used in this permit, means those parts of the Facilities consisting of a 36-inch diameter pipeline extending from the international border between the United States and Canada at a point in Phillips County, Montana, to and including the first mainline shut-off valve in the United States located approximately 1.2 miles from the international border, and any land, structures, installations, or equipment appurtenant thereto. This permit is subject to the following conditions: Article 1. (1) The Border facilities herein described, and all aspects of their operation, shall be subject to all the conditions, provisions, and requirements of this permit and any subsequent Presidential amendment to it. This permit may be terminated, revoked, or amended at any time at the sole discretion of the President of the United States (the ``President''), with or without advice provided by any executive department or agency (agency). The permittee shall make no substantial change in the Border facilities, in the location of the Border facilities, or in the operation authorized by this permit until the permittee has notified the President or his designee of such change and the President has approved the change. (2) The construction, connection, operation, and maintenance of the Facilities (not including the route) shall be, in all material respects and as consistent with applicable law, as described in the permittee's application for a Presidential permit filed on May 4, 2012, and resubmitted on January 26, 2017. Article 2. The standards for, and the manner of, construction, connection, operation, and maintenance of the Border facilities shall be subject to inspection by the representatives of appropriate Federal, State, and local agencies. Officers and employees of such agencies who are duly authorized and performing their official duties shall be granted free and unrestricted access to the Border facilities by the permittee. Consistent with Article 10, this permit shall remain in effect until terminated, revoked, or amended by the President. Article 3. Upon the termination, revocation, or surrender of this permit, unless otherwise decided by the President, the permittee, at its own expense, shall remove the Border facilities within such time as the President may specify. If the permittee fails to comply with an order to remove, or to take such other appropriate action with respect to, the Border facilities, the President may direct that possession of such Border facilities be taken—or that they be removed or that other action be taken—at the expense of the permittee. The permittee shall have no claim for damages caused by any such possession, removal, or other action. Article 4. When, in the judgment of the President, ensuring the national security of the United States requires entering upon and taking possession of any of the Border facilities or parts thereof, and retaining possession, management, or control thereof for such a length of time as the President may deem necessary, the United States shall have the right to do so, provided that the President or his designee has given due notice to the permittee. The United States shall also have the right thereafter to restore possession and control to the permittee. In the event that the United States shall exercise the rights described in this article, it shall pay to the permittee just and fair compensation for the use of such Border facilities, upon the basis of a reasonable profit in normal conditions, and shall bear the cost of restoring Border facilities to their previous condition, less the reasonable value of any improvements that may have been made by the United States. Article 5. Any transfer of ownership or control of the Border facilities, or any part thereof, shall be immediately communicated in writing to the President or his designee, and shall include information identifying the transferee. Notwithstanding any transfer of ownership or control of the Border facilities, or any part thereof, this permit shall remain in force subject to all of its conditions, permissions, and requirements, and any amendments thereto, unless subsequently terminated, revoked, or amended by the President. Article 6. (1) The permittee is responsible for acquiring any right-of-way grants or easements, permits, and other authorizations as may become necessary or appropriate. (2) The permittee shall hold harmless and indemnify the United States from any claimed or adjudged liability arising out of construction, connection, operation, or maintenance of the Facilities, including environmental contamination from the release, threatened release, or discharge of hazardous substances or hazardous waste. (3) To ensure the safe operation of the Border facilities, the permittee shall maintain them and every part of them in a condition of good repair and in compliance with applicable law. Article 7. The permittee shall file with the President or his designee, and with appropriate agencies, such sworn statements or reports with respect to the Border facilities, or the permittee's activities and operations in connection therewith, as are now, or may hereafter, be required under any law or regulation of the United States Government or its agencies. These reporting obligations do not alter the intent that this permit be operative as a directive issued by the President alone. Article 8. Upon request, the permittee shall provide appropriate information to the President or his designee with regard to the Border facilities. Such requests could include, for example, information concerning current conditions or anticipated changes in ownership or control, construction, connection, operation, or maintenance of the Border facilities. Article 9. The permittee shall provide written notice to the President or his designee at the time that the construction authorized by this permit begins, at such time as such construction is completed, interrupted, or discontinued, and at other times as may be requested by the President. Article 10. This permit shall expire 5 years from the date of its issuance if the permittee has not commenced construction of the Border facilities by that date. Article 11. This permit is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees or agents, or any other person. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, have hereunto set my hand this twenty-ninth day of March, 2019, in the City of Washington, District of Columbia.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, March 29, 2019. Notice of April 1, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to South Sudan On April 3, 2014, by Executive Order 13664, the President declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the situation in and in relation to South Sudan, which has been marked by activities that threaten the peace, security, or stability of South Sudan and the surrounding region, including widespread violence and atrocities, human rights abuses, recruitment and use of child soldiers, attacks on peacekeepers, and obstruction of humanitarian operations. The situation in and in relation to South Sudan continues to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on April 3, 2014, to deal with that threat must continue in effect beyond April 3, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13664. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, April 1, 2019. Memorandum of April 1, 2019 Delaying Submission of the Small Business Report Under the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015 Memorandum for the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration The Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015 (TFTEA) (Public Law 114-125) requires you to submit to the Congress a report on the economic impacts of a covered trade agreement on small businesses not more than 180 days after you convene an Interagency Working Group for the relevant trade agreement. The reports for the negotiations of trade agreements with Japan, the European Union, and the United Kingdom will be due during the course of negotiations. To ensure that the negotiations are not disrupted, however, by the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 502 of the TFTEA, I require you to delay the submission of each report until after the relevant negotiation is concluded, but not later than 30 days after the trade agreement is signed, provided that the delay allows you to submit the report to the Congress not later than 45 days before the Senate or the House of Representatives acts to approve or disapprove the trade agreement. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, April 1, 2019. Notice of April 10, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Somalia On April 12, 2010, by Executive Order 13536, the President declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the deterioration of the security situation and the persistence of violence in Somalia, and acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, which have been the subject of the United Nations Security Council resolutions, and violations of the arms embargo imposed by the United Nations Security Council. On July 20, 2012, the President issued Executive Order 13620 to take additional steps to deal with the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13536 in view of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2036 of February 22, 2012, and Resolution 2002 of July 29, 2011, and to address: exports of charcoal from Somalia, which generate significant revenue for al-Shabaab; the misappropriation of Somali public assets; and certain acts of violence committed against civilians in Somalia, all of which contribute to the deterioration of the security situation and the persistence of violence in Somalia. The situation with respect to Somalia continues to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on April 12, 2010, and the measures adopted on that date and on July 20, 2012, to deal with that emergency, must continue in effect beyond April 12, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13536. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, April 10, 2019. Memorandum of April 22, 2019 Combating High Nonimmigrant Overstay Rates Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Attorney General[, and] the Secretary of Homeland Security By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq., and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy. (a) My Administration is committed to securing the borders of the United States and fostering respect for the laws of our country, both of which are cornerstones of our Republic. Nonimmigrant visa (visa) overstay rates are unacceptably high for nationals of certain countries. Aliens must abide by the terms and conditions of their visas for our immigration system to function as intended. Although the United States benefits from legitimate nonimmigrant entry, individuals who abuse the visa process and decline to abide by the terms and conditions of their visas, including their visa departure dates, undermine the integrity of our immigration system and harm the national interest. (b) The large numbers of aliens who overstay their period of lawful admission, failing to comply with the terms of a visa or the Visa Waiver Program, place significant strain on Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security resources, which are currently needed to address the national emergency on our southern border. Sec. 2. Addressing High Visa Overstay Rates. (a) The Secretary of State shall engage with the governments of countries with a total overstay rate greater than 10 percent in the combined B-1 and B-2 nonimmigrant visa category based on the Department of Homeland Security Fiscal Year 2018 Entry/Exit Overstay Report. This engagement should identify conditions contributing to high overstay rates among nationals of those countries and methods to address those conditions. (b) Within 120 days of the date of this memorandum, the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall provide to the President recommendations to reduce B-1 and B-2 nonimmigrant visa overstay rates from the identified countries. With respect to any of the identified countries, the recommendations may include, as appropriate and to the extent consistent with applicable law, a proclamation, relying on authorities such as sections 212(f) and 215 of the INA (8 U.S.C. 1182(f) and 1185(a)), suspending or limiting entry of nationals of those countries who hold B-1 or B-2 visas; targeted suspension of visa issuance for certain nationals; limits to duration of admission, to be implemented by the Department of Homeland Security; and additional documentary requirements. (c) The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall immediately begin taking all appropriate actions that are within the scope of their respective authorities to reduce overstay rates for all classes of nonimmigrant visas. (d) Within 180 days of the date of this memorandum, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall provide to the President a summary of the Department of Homeland Security's ongoing efforts to reduce overstays from countries participating in the Visa Waiver Program, to include any recommendations for additional action necessary and appropriate to ensure the integrity and security of that Program. Sec. 3. Admission Bonds. The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall take steps to develop measures required for imposing admission bonds as a means for improving compliance with the terms and conditions of nonimmigrant visas. The Secretaries shall provide a status report to the President within 120 days of the date of this memorandum. Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals; or (iii) existing rights or obligations under international agreements. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. Sec. 5. The Secretary of State is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, April 22, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-12 of April 29, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 1245(d)(4)(B) and (C) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of the Treasury[, and] the Secretary of Energy By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, after carefully considering the reports submitted to the Congress by the Energy InformationAdministration, including the report submitted in April 2019, and other relevant factors such as global economic conditions, increased oil production by the United States and certain other countries, the global level of spare petroleum production capacity, and the availability of strategic reserves, I determine, pursuant to section 1245(d)(4)(B) and (C) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, Public Law 112-81, and consistent with prior determinations, that there is a sufficient supply of petroleum and petroleum products from countries other than Iran to permit a significant reduction in the volume of petroleum and petroleum products purchased from Iran by or through foreign financial institutions. I will continue to monitor this situation closely. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this determination in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, April 29, 2019. Memorandum of April 30, 2019 Delegation of Authority Under Section 5 of the United States-Caribbean Strategic Engagement Act of 2016 Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State the authority to submit the report required under section 5 of the United States-Caribbean Strategic Engagement Act of 2016 (Public Law 114-291). The delegation in this memorandum shall apply to any provisions of any future public law that are the same or substantially the same as the provision referenced in this memorandum. The Secretary of State may redelegate within the Department of State the authority delegated by this memorandum to the extent authorized by law. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, April 30, 2019. Notice of May 8, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Actions of the Government of Syria On May 11, 2004, pursuant to his authority under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, 50 U.S.C. 1701-1706, and the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003, Public Law 108-175, the President issued Executive Order 13338, in which he declared a national emergency with respect to the actions of the Government of Syria. To deal with this national emergency, Executive Order 13338 authorized the blocking of property of certain persons and prohibited the exportation or reexportation of certain goods to Syria. The national emergency was modified in scope and relied upon for additional steps taken in Executive Order 13399 of April 25, 2006, Executive Order 13460 of February 13, 2008, Executive Order 13572 of April 29, 2011, Executive Order 13573 of May 18, 2011, Executive Order 13582 of August 17, 2011, Executive Order 13606 of April 22, 2012, and Executive Order 13608 of May 1, 2012. The President took these actions to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States constituted by the actions of the Government of Syria in supporting terrorism, maintaining its then-existing occupation of Lebanon, pursuing weapons of mass destruction and missile programs, and undermining United States and international efforts with respect to the stabilization and reconstruction of Iraq. The regime's brutality and repression of the Syrian people, who have been calling for freedom and a representative government, not only endangers the Syrian people themselves, but also generates instability throughout the region. The Syrian regime's actions and policies, including with respect to chemical weapons, supporting terrorist organizations, and obstructing the Lebanese government's ability to function effectively, continue to foster the rise of extremism and sectarianism and pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. As a result, the national emergency declared on May 11, 2004, and the measures to deal with that emergency adopted on that date in Executive Order 13338; on April 25, 2006, in Executive Order 13399; on February 13, 2008, in Executive Order 13460; on April 29, 2011, in Executive Order 13572; on May 18, 2011, in Executive Order 13573; on August 17, 2011, in Executive Order 13582; on April 22, 2012, in Executive Order 13606; and on May 1, 2012, in Executive Order 13608, must continue in effect beyond May 11, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act, 50 U.S.C. 1622(d), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared with respect to the actions of the Government of Syria. In addition, the United States condemns the Assad regime's use of brutal violence and human rights abuses and calls on the Assad regime to stop its violence against the Syrian people, uphold existing ceasefires, enable the delivery of humanitarian assistance, and allow a political transition in Syria that will forge a credible path to a future of greater freedom, democracy, opportunity, and justice. The United States will consider changes in the composition, policies, and actions of the Government of Syria in determining whether to continue or terminate this national emergency in the future. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, May 8, 2019. Notice of May 8, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Central African Republic On May 12, 2014, by Executive Order 13667, the President declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the situation in and in relation to the Central African Republic, which has been marked by a breakdown of law and order, intersectarian tension, widespread violence and atrocities, and the pervasive, often forced recruitment and use of child soldiers, threatens the peace, security, or stability of the Central African Republic and neighboring states. The situation in and in relation to the Central African Republic continues to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on May 12, 2014, to deal with that threat must continue in effect beyond May 12, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13667. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, May 8, 2019. Notice of May 13, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Yemen On May 16, 2012, by Executive Order 13611, the President declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the actions and policies of certain former members of the Government of Yemen and others that threaten Yemen's peace, security, and stability. These actions include obstructing the political process in Yemen and blocking implementation of the agreement of November 23, 2011, between the Government of Yemen and those in opposition to it, which provided for a peaceful transition of power that meets the legitimate demands and aspirations of the Yemeni people. The actions and policies of certain former members of the Government of Yemen and others in threatening Yemen's peace, security, and stability continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on May 16, 2012, to deal with that threat must continue in effect beyond May 16, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13611. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, May 13, 2019. Notice of May 20, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq On May 22, 2003, by Executive Order 13303, the President declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States posed by obstacles to the orderly reconstruction of Iraq, the restoration and maintenance of peace and security in the country, and the development of political, administrative, and economic institutions in Iraq. The obstacles to the orderly reconstruction of Iraq, the restoration and maintenance of peace and security in the country, and the development of political, administrative, and economic institutions in Iraq continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13303, as modified in scope and relied upon for additional steps taken in Executive Order 13315 of August 28, 2003, Executive Order 13350 of July 29, 2004, Executive Order 13364 of November 29, 2004, Executive Order 13438 of July 17, 2007, and Executive Order 13668 of May 27, 2014, must continue in effect beyond May 22, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency with respect to the stabilization of Iraq declared in Executive Order 13303. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, May 20, 2019. Memorandum of May 23, 2019 Agency Cooperation With Attorney General's Review of Intelligence Activities Relating to the 2016 Presidential Campaigns Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of the Treasury[,] the Secretary of Defense[,] the Attorney General[,] the Secretary of Energy[,] the Secretary of Homeland Security[,] the Director of National Intelligence[, and] the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, I hereby direct the following: Section 1. Agency Cooperation. The Attorney General is currently conducting a review of intelligence activities relating to the campaigns in the 2016 Presidential election and certain related matters. The heads of elements of the intelligence community, as defined in 50 U.S.C. 3003(4), and the heads of each department or agency that includes an element of the intelligence community shall promptly provide such assistance and information as the Attorney General may request in connection with that review. Sec. 2. Declassification and Downgrading. With respect to any matter classified under Executive Order 13526 of December 29, 2009 (Classified National Security Information), the Attorney General may, by applying the standard set forth in either section 3.1(a) or section 3.1(d) of Executive Order 13526, declassify, downgrade, or direct the declassification or downgrading of information or intelligence that relates to the Attorney General's review referred to in section 1 of this memorandum. Before exercising this authority, the Attorney General should, to the extent he deems it practicable, consult with the head of the originating intelligence community element or department. This authority is not delegable and applies notwithstanding any other authorization or limitation set forth in Executive Order 13526. Sec. 3. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) The authority in this memorandum shall terminate upon a vacancy in the office of Attorney General, unless expressly extended by the President. (d) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (e) The Attorney General is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, May 23, 2019. Memorandum of May 24, 2019 Delegation of Function Under the Hizballah International Financing Prevention Act of 2015, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Secretary of the Treasury By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby delegate to the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the function vested in the President by section 102(d) of the Hizballah International Financing Prevention Act of 2015 (Public Law 114-102), as amended by the Hizballah International Financing Prevention Amendments Act of 2018 (Public Law 115-272) (collectively, the ``Acts''). The function delegated by this memorandum shall be exercised in coordination with departments and agencies through the National Security Presidential Memorandum-4 process. Any reference in this memorandum to the Acts shall be deemed to be a reference to any future Act that is the same or substantially the same as such provision. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, May 24, 2019. Memorandum of May 24, 2019 Delegation of Functions and Authorities Under the Nicaragua Human Rights and Anticorruption Act of 2018 Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Secretary of the Treasury By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby: (a) delegate to the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 5(a) of the Nicaragua Human Rights and Anticorruption Act of 2018 (Public Law 115-335) (the ``Act''), with respect to making a determination under the standards set forth in sections 5(a)(1)-(4) of the Act; (b) delegate to the Secretary of the Treasury the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 5(a) of the Act, with respect to the imposition of the sanctions in section 5(c)(1)(A) of the Act following a determination by the Secretary of the Treasury under section 5(a); (c) delegate to the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 5(d) of the Act; (d) delegate to the Secretary of State the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 5(a) of the Act, with respect to the imposition of the sanctions in section 5(c)(1)(B) of the Act following a determination by the Secretary of the Treasury under section 5(a); and (e) delegate to the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 6(b) of the Act. The functions and authorities delegated by this memorandum shall be exercised in coordination with departments and agencies through the National Security Presidential Memorandum-4 process. Any reference in this memorandum to the Act shall be deemed to be a reference to any future Act that is the same or substantially the same as such provision. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, May 24, 2019. Memorandum of May 24, 2019 Delegation of Functions and Authorities Under the Sanctioning the Use of Civilians as Defenseless Shields Act Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Secretary of the Treasury By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby: (a) delegate to the Secretary of State the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 3(g) of the Sanctioning the Use of Civilians as Defenseless Shields Act Public Law 115-348) (the ``Act''); and (b) delegate to the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 3(a), 3(b), 3(c), 3(d)(1), and 3(h) of the Act. The functions and authorities delegated by this memorandum shall be exercised in coordination with departments and agencies through the National Security Presidential Memorandum-4 process. Any reference in this memorandum to the Act shall be deemed to be a reference to any future Act that is the same or substantially the same as such provision. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, May 24, 2019. Memorandum of May 24, 2019 Revisions to the 2017 Unified Command Plan Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense Pursuant to my authority as Commander in Chief, I hereby approve and direct the implementation of the revised Unified Command Plan. Consistent with section 161(b)(2) of title 10, United States Code, and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, you are directed to notify the Congress on my behalf. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, May 24, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-13 of June 10, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic production capability for small unmanned aerial systems is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the production capability for small unmanned aerial systems adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, June 10, 2019. Notice of June 13, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Actions and Policies of Certain Members of the Government of Belarus and Other Persons to Undermine Democratic Processes or Institutions of Belarus On June 16, 2006, by Executive Order 13405, the President declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the actions and policies of certain members of the Government of Belarus and other persons to undermine Belarus's democratic processes or institutions, manifested in the fundamentally undemocratic March 2006 elections; to commit human rights abuses related to political repression, including detentions and disappearances; and to engage in public corruption, including by diverting or misusing Belarusian public assets or by misusing public authority. The actions and policies of certain members of the Government of Belarus and other persons continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on June 16, 2006, and the measures adopted on that date to deal with that emergency, must continue in effect beyond June 16, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13405. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, June 13, 2019. Notice of June 18, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Western Balkans On June 26, 2001, by Executive Order 13219, the President declared a national emergency with respect to the Western Balkans, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706), to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the actions of persons engaged in, or assisting, sponsoring, or supporting (i) extremist violence in the former Republic of Macedonia (what is now the Republic of North Macedonia) and elsewhere in the Western Balkans region, or (ii) acts obstructing implementation of the Dayton Accords in Bosnia or United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 of June 10, 1999, in Kosovo. The President subsequently amended that order in Executive Order 13304 of May 28, 2003, to take additional steps with respect to acts obstructing implementation of the Ohrid Framework Agreement of 2001 relating to Macedonia. The actions of persons threatening the peace and international stabilization efforts in the Western Balkans, including acts of extremist violence and obstructionist activity, continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on June 26, 2001, and the measures adopted on that date and thereafter to deal with that emergency, must continue in effect beyond June 26, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency with respect to the Western Balkans declared in Executive Order 13219. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, June 18, 2019. Notice of June 21, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to North Korea On June 26, 2008, by Executive Order 13466, the President declared a national emergency with respect to North Korea pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the existence and risk of proliferation of weapons-usable fissile material on the Korean Peninsula. The President also found that it was necessary to maintain certain restrictions with respect to North Korea that would otherwise have been lifted pursuant to Proclamation 8271 of June 26, 2008, which terminated the exercise of authorities under the Trading With the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. 1-44) with respect to North Korea. On August 30, 2010, the President signed Executive Order 13551, which expanded the scope of the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13466 to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States posed by the continued actions and policies of the Government of North Korea, manifested by its unprovoked attack that resulted in the sinking of the Republic of Korea Navy ship Cheonan and the deaths of 46 sailors in March 2010; its announced test of a nuclear device and its missile launches in 2009; its actions in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1718 and 1874, including the procurement of luxury goods; and its illicit and deceptive activities in international markets through which it obtains financial and other support, including money laundering, the counterfeiting of goods and currency, bulk cash smuggling, and narcotics trafficking, which destabilize the Korean Peninsula and imperil United States Armed Forces, allies, and trading partners in the region. On April 18, 2011, the President signed Executive Order 13570 to take additional steps to address the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13466 and expanded in Executive Order 13551 that would ensure the implementation of the import restrictions contained in United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1718 and 1874 and complement the import restrictions provided for in the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.). On January 2, 2015, the President signed Executive Order 13687 to take further steps with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13466, as expanded in Executive Order 13551, and addressed further in Executive Order 13570, to address the threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States constituted by the provocative, destabilizing, and repressive actions and policies of the Government of North Korea, including its destructive, coercive cyber-related actions during November and December 2014, actions in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1718, 1874, 2087, and 2094, and commission of serious human rights abuses. On March 15, 2016, the President signed Executive Order 13722 to take additional steps with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13466, as modified in scope and relied upon for additional steps in subsequent Executive Orders, to address the Government of North Korea's continuing pursuit of its nuclear and missile programs, as evidenced by its February 7, 2016 launch using ballistic missile technology and its January 6, 2016 nuclear test in violation of its obligations pursuant to numerous United Nations Security Council resolutions and in contravention of its commitments under the September 19, 2005 Joint Statement of the Six-Party Talks, that increasingly imperils the United States and its allies. On September 20, 2017, the President signed Executive Order 13810 to take further steps with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13466, as modified in scope and relied upon for additional steps in subsequent Executive Orders, to address the provocative, destabilizing, and repressive actions and policies of the Government of North Korea, including its intercontinental ballistic missile launches of July 3 and July 28, 2017, and its nuclear test of September 2, 2017; its commission of serious human rights abuses; and its use of funds generated through international trade to support its nuclear and missile programs and weapons proliferation. The existence and risk of proliferation of weapons-usable fissile material on the Korean Peninsula and the actions and policies of the Government of North Korea continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13466, expanded in scope in Executive Order 13551, addressed further in Executive Order 13570, further expanded in scope in Executive Order 13687, and under which additional steps were taken in Executive Order 13722, and Executive Order 13810, and the measures taken to deal with that national emergency, must continue in effect beyond June 26, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency with respect to North Korea declared in Executive Order 13466. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, June 21, 2019. Memorandum of June 26, 2019 Policy for Military Service Academy and Reserve Officers' Training Corps Graduates Seeking to Participate in Professional Sports Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, I hereby order as follows: Section 1. Background. Under current Department of Defense (DOD) policy, new graduates of the Military Service Academies (Academies) and Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) programs cannot pursue careers in professional sports until after they have served 2 years of commissioned service in the Armed Forces. As I recently stated, these student-athletes should be able to defer their military service obligations until they have completed their professional sports careers. Such cadets and midshipmen have a short window of time to take advantage of their athletic talents during which playing professional sports is realistically possible. At the same time, these student-athletes should honor the commitment they made to serve in the Armed Forces in exchange for the extraordinary benefits afforded to them at taxpayer expense at the Academies or ROTC programs. A revised policy will benefit the student-athletes, the Academies and ROTC programs, and the Armed Forces. Sec. 2. Revised Sports Policy. (a) The Secretary of Defense (Secretary) shall develop a policy that authorizes new graduates of the Academies and ROTC programs to pursue professional sports opportunities immediately following graduation, consistent with their military service obligation (Revised Sports Policy). (b) The Secretary shall submit the Revised Sports Policy to the President, through the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, no later than 120 days from the date of this memorandum. Sec. 3. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, June 26, 2019. Memorandum of July 19, 2019 Delegation of Authority Under the Asia Reassurance Initiative Act of 2018 Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Secretary of Energy By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State the authority vested in the President by section 306(a)(1) of the Asia Reassurance Initiative Act of 2018 (Public Law 115-409) with respect to establishing a comprehensive Indo-Pacific Energy Strategy, which shall be done with the concurrence of the Secretary of Energy. The delegation in this memorandum shall apply to any provision of any future public law that is the same or substantially the same as the provision referenced in this memorandum. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, July 19, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-14 of July 19, 2019 Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and pursuant to the authority vested in me by section 1012 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995, as amended (22 U.S.C. 2291-4), I hereby certify, with respect to Colombia, that: (1) interdiction of aircraft reasonably suspected to be primarily engaged in illicit drug trafficking in that country's airspace is necessary, because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug trafficking to the national security of that country; and (2) Colombia has appropriate procedures in place to protect against innocent loss of life in the air and on the ground in connection with such interdiction, which includes effective means to identify and warn an aircraft before the use of force is directed against the aircraft. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this determination in the Federal Register and to notify the Congress of this determination.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, July 19, 2019. Notice of July 22, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Transnational Criminal Organizations On July 24, 2011, by Executive Order 13581, the President declared a national emergency with respect to transnational criminal organizations pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States constituted by the activities of significant transnational criminal organizations. The activities of significant transnational criminal organizations have reached such scope and gravity that they threaten the stability of international political and economic systems. Such organizations are becoming increasingly sophisticated and dangerous to the United States; they are increasingly entrenched in the operations of foreign governments and the international financial system, thereby weakening democratic institutions, degrading the rule of law, and undermining economic markets. These organizations facilitate and aggravate violent civil conflicts and increasingly facilitate the activities of other dangerous persons. On March 15, 2019, by Executive Order 13863, I took additional steps to deal with the national emergency with respect to transnational criminal organizations in view of the evolution of these organizations as well as the increasing sophistication of their activities, which threaten international political and economic systems and pose a direct threat to the safety and welfare of the United States and its citizens, and given the ability of these organizations to derive revenue through widespread illegal conduct, including acts of violence and abuse that exhibit a wanton disregard for human life as well as many other crimes enriching and empowering these organizations. The activities of significant transnational criminal organizations continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. For these reasons, the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13581 of July 24, 2011, under which additional steps were taken in Executive Order 13863 of March 15, 2019, and the measures adopted to deal with that emergency, must continue in effect beyond July 24, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency with respect to transnational criminal organizations declared in Executive Order 13581. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, July 22, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-15 of July 22, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic manufacturing capability for F135 Integrally Bladed Rotors is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the production capability for manufacturing F135 Integrally Bladed Rotors adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, July 22, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-16 of July 22, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic production capability for separation and processing of Heavy Rare Earth Elements is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the production capability for separation and processing of Heavy Rare Earth Elements adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, July 22, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-17 of July 22, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic production capability for separation and processing of Light Rare Earth Elements is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the production capability for separation and processing of Light Rare Earth Elements adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, July 22, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-18 of July 22, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic production capability for Rare Earth Metals and Alloys is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the production capability for Rare Earth Metals and Alloys adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, July 22, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-19 of July 22, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic production capability for Neodymium Iron Boron Rare Earth Sintered Material and Permanent Magnets is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the production capability for Neodymium Iron Boron Rare Earth Sintered Material and Permanent Magnets adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, July 22, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-20 of July 22, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the ``Act'') (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5) of the Act, that the domestic production capability for Samarium Cobalt Rare Earth Permanent Magnets is essential to the national defense. Without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot reasonably be expected to provide the production capability for Samarium Cobalt Rare Earth Permanent Magnets adequately and in a timely manner. Further, purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the need for this critical capability. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, July 22, 2019. Memorandum of July 26, 2019 Reforming Developing-Country Status in the World Trade Organization Memorandum for the United States Trade Representative By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby directed as follows: Section 1. Policy. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was created to spur economic growth and raise standards of living by establishing international trade rules premised on principles of transparency, openness, and predictability. Although economic tides have risen worldwide since the WTO's inception in 1995, the WTO continues to rest on an outdated dichotomy between developed and developing countries that has allowed some WTO Members to gain unfair advantages in the international trade arena. Nearly two-thirds of WTO Members have been able to avail themselves of special treatment and to take on weaker commitments under the WTO framework by designating themselves as developing countries. While some developing-country designations are proper, many are patently unsupportable in light of current economic circumstances. For example, 7 out of the 10 wealthiest economies in the world as measured by Gross Domestic Product per capita on a purchasing-power parity basis—Brunei, Hong Kong, Kuwait, Macao, Qatar, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates—currently claim developing-country status. Mexico, South Korea, and Turkey—members of both the G20 and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)—also claim this status. When the wealthiest economies claim developing-country status, they harm not only other developed economies but also economies that truly require special and differential treatment. Such disregard for adherence to WTO rules, including the likely disregard of any future rules, cannot continue to go unchecked. China most dramatically illustrates the point. Since joining the WTO in 2001, China has continued to insist that it is a developing country and thus has the right to avail itself of flexibilities under any new WTO rules. The United States has never accepted China's claim to developing-country status, and virtually every current economic indicator belies China's claim. After years of explosive growth, China has the second largest Gross Domestic Product in the world, behind only the United States. China accounts for nearly 13 percent of total global exports of goods, while its global share of such exports jumped five-fold between 1995 and 2017. It has been the largest global exporter of goods each year since 2009. Further, China's preeminent status in exports is not limited to goods from low-wage manufacturing sectors. China currently ranks first in the world for exports of high-technology products, with such exports alone increasing by 3,800 percent between 1995 and 2016. Other economic figures tell a similar story. Valued at nearly $1.5 trillion, China's outbound foreign direct investment (FDI) exceeds that of 32 of 36 OECD countries, while its inbound FDI of nearly $2.9 trillion exceeds all but one OECD country. China is home to 120 of the world's 500 largest companies, and its defense expenditures and total number of satellites in space are second only to those of the United States. Notwithstanding these facts and other evidence of economic vibrancy, China and too many other countries have continued to style themselves as developing countries, allowing them to enjoy the benefits that come with that status and seek weaker commitments than those made by other WTO Members. These countries claim entitlement to longer timeframes for the imposition of safeguards, generous transition periods, softer tariff cuts, procedural advantages for WTO disputes, and the ability to avail themselves of certain export subsidies—all at the expense of other WTO Members. These countries have also consistently sought weaker commitments than other WTO Members in ongoing negotiations, which has significantly stymied progress. Moreover, many of the world's most advanced economies have used developing-country status as an excuse not to comply with the most basic notification requirements under WTO rules, depriving United States traders of vital trade data. The status quo cannot continue. The WTO is in desperate need of reform, without which the WTO will be unable to address the needs of workers and businesses or the challenges posed by the modern global economy. The United States is also pressing for critical reforms in other multilateral international organizations to help ensure that those organizations recognize the economic development of their members and can work within their mandates to address important challenges. The need to reform international economic institutions is not just a challenge for the United States but for all countries that participate in the global marketplace. With respect to the WTO, there is no hope of progress in resolving this challenge until the world's most advanced economies are prepared to take on the full commitments associated with WTO membership. To help ensure that those countries live up to their commitments, it shall be the policy of the United States to make trade more free, fair, and reciprocal by devoting all necessary resources toward changing the WTO approach to developing-country status such that advanced economies can no longer avail themselves of unwarranted benefits despite abundant evidence of economic strength. Sec. 2. Changing the WTO Approach to Flexibilities Associated with Developing-Country Status. (a) To advance the policy set forth in section 1 of this memorandum, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) shall, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, use all available means to secure changes at the WTO that would prevent self-declared developing countries from availing themselves of flexibilities in WTO rules and negotiations that are not justified by appropriate economic and other indicators. Where appropriate and consistent with law, the USTR shall pursue this action in cooperation with other like-minded WTO Members. (b) Within 60 days of the date of this memorandum, the USTR shall update the President on his progress under subsection (a) of this section. Sec. 3. Ending Unfair Trade Benefits. (a) If, within 90 days of the date of this memorandum, the USTR determines that substantial progress has not been made toward achieving the changes described in section 2 of this memorandum, the USTR shall, as appropriate and to the extent consistent with law: (i) no longer treat as a developing country for the purposes of the WTO any WTO Member that in the USTR's judgment is improperly declaring itself a developing country and inappropriately seeking the benefit of flexibilities in WTO rules and negotiations; and (ii) where relevant, not support any such country's membership in the OECD. (b) Before taking any action under subsection (a) of this section, the USTR shall: (i) consult with the Trade Policy Committee established under section 242 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. 1872); (ii) consult with the National Security Council and the National Economic Council as to the advisability of interagency coordination through the process described in National Security Presidential Memorandum-4 of April 4, 2017 (Organization of the National Security Council, the Homeland Security Council, and Subcommittees), or any successor document; and (iii) consider the WTO Member's involvement in global trade, membership in key economic decision-making groups, placement within relative economic and other indicators, and any other factors the USTR deems appropriate. (c) The USTR shall publish on its website a list of all self-declared developing countries that the USTR believes are inappropriately seeking the benefit of developing-country flexibilities in WTO rules and negotiations. Sec. 4. Publication. The USTR is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, July 26, 2019. Notice of July 30, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Lebanon On August 1, 2007, by Executive Order 13441, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Lebanon pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the actions of certain persons to undermine Lebanon's legitimate and democratically elected government or democratic institutions; to contribute to the deliberate breakdown in the rule of law in Lebanon, including through politically motivated violence and intimidation; to reassert Syrian control or contribute to Syrian interference in Lebanon; or to infringe upon or undermine Lebanese sovereignty. Such actions contribute to political and economic instability in that country and the region. Certain ongoing activities, such as Iran's continuing arms transfers to Hizballah—which include increasingly sophisticated weapons systems—serve to undermine Lebanese sovereignty, contribute to political and economic instability in the region, and continue to constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on August 1, 2007, and the measures adopted on that date to deal with that emergency, must continue in effect beyond August 1, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency with respect to Lebanon declared in Executive Order 13441. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, July 30, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-21 of July 31, 2019 Designation of the Federative Republic of Brazil as a Major Non-NATO Ally Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and by section 517 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended (22 U.S.C. 2321k) (the ``Act''), I hereby designate the Federative Republic of Brazil as a major Non-NATO Ally of the United States for the purposes of the Act and the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.) You are authorized and directed to publish this determination in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, July 31, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-22 of August 8, 2019 Presidential Determination on Major Drug Transit or Major Illicit Drug Producing Countries for Fiscal Year 2020 Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, including section 706(1) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003 (Public Law 107-228) (FRAA), I hereby identify the following countries as major drug transit or major illicit drug producing countries: Afghanistan, The Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Burma, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Laos, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. A country's presence on the foregoing list is not necessarily a reflection of its government's counternarcotics efforts or level of cooperation with the United States. Consistent with the statutory definition of a major drug transit or major illicit drug producing country set forth in section 481(e)(2) and (5) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended (Public Law 87-195)(FAA), the reason countries are placed on the list is the combination of geographic, commercial, and economic factors that allow drugs to transit or be produced, even if a government has engaged in robust and diligent narcotics control measures. Pursuant to section 706(2)(A) of the FRAA, I hereby designate Bolivia and the illegitimate regime of Nicolas Maduro in Venezuela as having failed demonstrably during the previous 12 months to adhere to their obligations under international counternarcotics agreements and to take the measures required by section 489(a)(1) of the FAA. Included with this determination are justifications for the designations of Bolivia and the Maduro regime, as required by section 706(2)(B) of the FRAA. I have also determined, in accordance with provisions of section 706(3)(A) of the FRAA, that United States programs that support the legitimate interim government in Venezuela are vital to the national interests of the United States. My Administration has devoted unprecedented resources to combating the scourge of illicit drugs in the United States, including by strengthening our country's borders and expanding programs to prevent illicit drug use and aid the recovery and treatment of those who need it. We are making steady progress to turn the tide of our country's drug epidemic, but more needs to be accomplished. This includes further efforts beyond our Nation's borders, by governments of countries where dangerous illegal drugs originate. In Colombia, President Ivan Duque has made early progress in rolling back the record-high coca cultivation and cocaine production levels inherited from his predecessor and in leading efforts to restart a Colombian-led aerial eradication program. This progress needs to continue and expand, and my Administration will work with our Colombian partners to reach our joint 5-year goal to reduce coca cultivation and cocaine production by half by the end of 2023. We will also continue to coordinate closely with Colombia and other like-minded partners in our hemisphere to restore democracy in Venezuela. With the end of the Maduro dictatorship rife with criminal elements, the United States will have a much better opportunity to work with Venezuela to stem the flow of drugs leaving South America. Along our southern border, Mexico needs to do more to stop the flow of deadly drugs entering our country. We need the Mexican government to intensify its efforts to increase poppy eradication, illicit drug interdiction, prosecutions, and asset seizures, and to develop a comprehensive drug control strategy. In particular, Mexico's full cooperation is essential to reduce heroin production and confront illicit fentanyl production and every form of drug trafficking, including through United States ports of entry. Many Mexican military and law enforcement professionals, in cooperation with their United States counterparts, are bravely meeting this challenge and confronting the transnational criminal organizations that threaten both of our countries. We need to see a sustained and unified commitment from Mexican government officials across military and civilian agencies and working with foreign partners. Without further progress over the coming year, I will consider determining that Mexico has failed demonstrably to uphold its international drug control commitments. You are authorized and directed to submit this designation, with the Bolivia and Venezuela memoranda of justification, under section 706 of the FRAA, to the Congress, and to publish it in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, August 8, 2019. Notice of August 14, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Export Control Regulations On August 17, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13222 pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.). In that order, the President declared a national emergency with respect to the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States related to the expiration of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended (50 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.). Because the implementation of certain sanctions authorities, including sections 11A, 11B, and 11C of the Export Administration Act, consistent with section 1766(b) of Public Law 115-232 (50 U.S.C. 4601 note), is to be carried out under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act the national emergency declared on August 17, 2001, must continue in effect beyond August 17, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13222, as amended by Executive Order 13637 of March 8, 2013. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, August 14, 2019. Memorandum of August 21, 2019 Discharging the Federal Student Loan Debt of Totally and Permanently Disabled Veterans Memorandum for the Secretary of Education [and] the Secretary of Veterans Affairs Since our Founding, the United States has been blessed with men and women willing to serve in defense of our Nation and our ideals. Many of those answering the call to serve make the ultimate sacrifice for their country, and many others carry physical and emotional scars for the rest of their lives. The Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended by the Higher Education Opportunity Act in 2008 and other acts (Higher Education Act), honors veterans who are totally and permanently disabled as a result of their service to the Nation by providing for the discharge of their Federal student loan debt. Borrowers who have been determined by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to be unemployable due to a service-connected condition and who provide documentation of that determination to the Secretary of Education are entitled to the discharge of such debt. For the last decade, veterans seeking loan discharges have been required to submit an application to the Secretary of Education with proof of their disabilities obtained from the Department of Veterans Affairs. The process has been overly complicated and difficult, and prevented too many of our veterans from receiving the relief for which they are eligible. This has inflicted significant hardship and serious harm on these veterans and has frustrated the intent of the Congress that their Federal student loan debt be discharged. Only half of the approximately 50,000 totally and permanently disabled veterans who currently qualify for the discharge of their Federal student loan debt have availed themselves of the benefits provided to them by the Higher Education Act. This has created a serious and critical problem for disabled veterans, who must deal with the day-to-day consequences of their service-connected injuries, and for our military, as readiness and recruitment suffer when we do not take care of our veterans. There is a pressing need to quickly and effectively resolve this problem. Therefore, my Administration will take prompt action to ensure that all totally and permanently disabled veterans are able to obtain, with minimal burden, the Federal student loan debt discharges to which they are legally entitled. Accordingly, by the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and to express the gratitude of our Nation for the service of our totally and permanently disabled veterans, I hereby direct the following: Section 1. Policy. It shall be the policy of the Federal Government to facilitate—in a manner that is quick, efficient, and minimally burdensome—the discharge of Federal student loan debt for totally and permanently disabled veterans. Sec. 2. Directive to the Secretaries of Education and Veterans Affairs. (a) The Secretary of Education is hereby directed to develop as soon as practicable a process, consistent with applicable law, to facilitate the swift and effective discharge of the Federal student loan debt of totally and permanently disabled veterans pursuant to section 437 of the Higher Education Act, 20 U.S.C. 1087; section 455 of the Higher Education Act, 20 U.S.C. 1087e; and section 464 of the Higher Education Act, 20 U.S.C. 1087dd. To the maximum extent feasible and consistent with applicable law, the process developed by the Secretary of Education should account for and make use of disability determinations made available to the Secretary of Education by the Department of Veterans Affairs. (b) The Secretaries of Education and Veterans Affairs (Secretaries) shall take appropriate action to implement the policy set forth in section 1 of this memorandum as expeditiously as possible. To that end, the Secretaries shall consider all pathways for the Department of Veterans Affairs to share disability determinations with the Department of Education, so that veterans may be relieved of the burdensome administrative impediments to Federal student loan debt discharge. Sec. 3. Definitions. As used in this memorandum: (a) the term ``Federal student loan debt'' means liability to repay Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program loans, William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) Program loans, and Federal Perkins Loans. (b) the term ``discharge'' means discharge of FFEL Program loans and Direct Loan Program loans and cancellation of Federal Perkins Loans. Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) The Secretary of Education is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, August 21, 2019. Memorandum of September 6, 2019 Providing an Order of Succession Within the Council on Environmental Quality Memorandum for the Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, as amended, 5 U.S.C. 3345 et seq. (the ``Act''), it is hereby ordered that: Section 1. Order of Succession. Subject to the provisions of section 2 of this memorandum and to the limitations set forth in the Act, the following officials of the Council on Environmental Quality, in the order listed, shall act as and perform the functions and duties of the office of the Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality (Chairman), during any period in which the Chairman has died, resigned, or otherwise becomes unable to perform the functions and duties of the office of the Chairman: (a) Chief of Staff, CEQ; (b) General Counsel, CEQ; and (c) Associate Directors, CEQ, in the order in which they have been appointed as such. Sec. 2. Exceptions. (a) No individual who is serving in an office listed in section 1 of this memorandum in an acting capacity, by virtue of so serving, shall act as Chairman pursuant to this memorandum. (b) No individual listed in section 1 of this memorandum shall act as Chairman unless that individual is otherwise eligible to so serve under the Act. (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of this memorandum, the President retains discretion, to the extent permitted by law, to depart from this memorandum in designating an acting Chairman. Sec. 3. Revocation. The Presidential Memorandum of January 13, 2017 (Providing an Order of Succession Within the Council on Environmental Quality), is hereby revoked. Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (c) You are hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, September 6, 2019. Notice of September 10, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Foreign Interference in or Undermining Public Confidence in United States Elections On September 12, 2018, by Executive Order 13848, I declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the threat of foreign interference in or undermining public confidence in United States elections. Although there has been no evidence of a foreign power altering the outcomes or vote tabulation in any United States election, foreign powers have historically sought to exploit America's free and open political system. In recent years, the proliferation of digital devices and internet-based communications has created significant vulnerabilities and magnified the scope and intensity of the threat of foreign interference. The ability of persons located, in whole or in substantial part, outside the United States to interfere in or undermine public confidence in United States elections, including through the unauthorized accessing of election and campaign infrastructure or the covert distribution of propaganda and disinformation, continues to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on September 12, 2018, must continue in effect beyond September 12, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13848 with respect to the threat of foreign interference in or undermining public confidence in United States elections. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, September 10, 2019. Notice of September 12, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Certain Terrorist Attacks Consistent with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act, 50 U.S.C. 1622(d), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency previously declared on September 14, 2001, in Proclamation 7463, with respect to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the continuing and immediate threat of further attacks on the United States. Because the terrorist threat continues, the national emergency declared on September 14, 2001, and the powers and authorities adopted to deal with that emergency must continue in effect beyond September 14, 2019. Therefore, I am continuing in effect for an additional year the national emergency declared on September 14, 2001, in response to certain terrorist attacks. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, September 12, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2019-23 of September 13, 2019 Continuation of the Exercise of Certain Authorities Under the Trading With the Enemy Act Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Secretary of the Treasury Under section 101(b) of Public Law 95-223 (91 Stat. 1625; 50 U.S.C. 4305 note), and a previous determination on September 10, 2018 (83 FR 46347, September 12, 2018), the exercise of certain authorities under the Trading With the Enemy Act is scheduled to expire on September 14, 2019. I hereby determine that the continuation of the exercise of those authorities with respect to Cuba for 1 year is in the national interest of the United States. Therefore, consistent with the authority vested in me by section 101(b) of Public Law 95-223, I continue for 1 year, until September 14, 2020, the exercise of those authorities with respect to Cuba, as implemented by the Cuban Assets Control Regulations, 31 C.F.R. Part 515. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to publish this determination in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, September 13, 2019. Notice of September 19, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Persons Who Commit, Threaten to Commit, or Support Terrorism On September 23, 2001, by Executive Order 13224, the President declared a national emergency with respect to persons who commit, threaten to commit, or support terrorism, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States constituted by the grave acts of terrorism and threats of terrorism committed by foreign terrorists, including the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, in New York and Pennsylvania and against the Pentagon, and the continuing and immediate threat of further attacks against United States nationals or the United States. The actions of persons who commit, threaten to commit, or support terrorism continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13224 of September 23, 2001, and the measures adopted on that date to deal with that emergency, must continue in effect beyond September 23, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency with respect to persons who commit, threaten to commit, or support terrorism declared in Executive Order 13224. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, September 19, 2019. Memorandum of September 24, 2019 Delegation of Functions and Authorities Under the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 Memorandum for the President of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation [and] the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 1462 of title VI of division F of Public Law 115-254 (section 9682 of title 22, United States Code) (the ``Act''), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby delegate to the President of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, in consultation with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, the functions and authorities vested in the President by the Act to submit a reorganization plan, including any modifications or revisions thereto, and to consult with the appropriate congressional committees on such plan, including any modifications and revisions thereto. The President of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, September 24, 2019. Memorandum of October 11, 2019 Executive Orders 13836, 13837, and 13839 Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies On May 25, 2018, I signed three Executive Orders requiring executive departments and agencies (agencies) to negotiate collective bargaining agreements that will reduce costs and promote government performance and accountability. These Executive Orders, Executive Order 13836 of May 25, 2018 (Developing Efficient, Effective, and Cost-Reducing Approaches to Federal Sector Collective Bargaining), Executive Order 13837 of May 25, 2018 (Ensuring Transparency, Accountability, and Efficiency in Taxpayer-Funded Union Time Use), and Executive Order 13839 of May 25, 2018 (Promoting Accountability and Streamlining Removal Procedures Consistent with Merit System Principles), were partially enjoined by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia on August 25, 2018. The District Court's injunction barred enforcement of sections 5(a), 5(e), and 6 of Executive Order 13836, sections 3(a), 4(a), and 4(b) of Executive Order 13837, and sections 3, 4(a), and 4(c) of Executive Order 13839. On July 16, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held that the District Court lacked jurisdiction and vacated its judgment, and the Court of Appeals has now issued the mandate making its judgment effective. Provisions of the Executive Orders that had been subject to the District Court's injunction set presumptively reasonable goals that agencies must pursue during bargaining; directed agencies to refuse to bargain over permissive subjects of negotiation; and established Government-wide rules that displace agencies' duty to bargain with unions over contrary matters, regardless of whether the Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute would otherwise require bargaining absent those rules. Sections 4(c)(ii) and 8(a) of Executive Order 13837 and section 8(b) of Executive Order 13839, however, recognized agencies' ability to comply with collective bargaining agreements containing prohibited terms so long as such agreements were effective on the date of the Executive Orders. While the District Court's injunction remained in effect, agencies retained the ability to bargain over subjects covered by the enjoined provisions. The Executive Orders, however, did not address collective bargaining agreements entered into during this period. As a result, it is necessary to clarify agencies' obligations with respect to such collective bargaining agreements. Agencies shall adhere to the terms of collective bargaining agreements executed while the injunction was in effect. Agencies that remain engaged in collective-bargaining negotiations, to the extent consistent with law, shall comply with the terms of the Executive Orders. However, where, between the date of the Executive Orders and the date of the Court of Appeals's mandate, the parties to collective bargaining negotiations have executed an agreement to incorporate into a new collective bargaining agreement specific terms prohibited by the Executive Orders, an agency may execute the new collective bargaining agreement containing such terms, and terms ancillary to those specific terms, notwithstanding the Executive Orders. To the extent it is necessary, this memorandum should be construed to amend Executive Orders 13836, 13837, and 13839. The Director of the Office of Personnel Management is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, October 11, 2019. Notice of October 15, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Narcotics Traffickers Centered in Colombia On October 21, 1995, by Executive Order 12978, the President declared a national emergency with respect to significant narcotics traffickers centered in Colombia pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States constituted by the actions of significant narcotics traffickers centered in Colombia and the extreme level of violence, corruption, and harm such actions cause in the United States and abroad. The actions of significant narcotics traffickers centered in Colombia continue to threaten the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States and cause an extreme level of violence, corruption, and harm in the United States and abroad. For this reason, the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12978 of October 21, 1995, and the measures adopted pursuant thereto to deal with that emergency, must continue in effect beyond October 21, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency with respect to significant narcotics traffickers centered in Colombia declared in Executive Order 12978. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, October 15, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2020-01 of October 18, 2019 Presidential Determination and Certification With Respect to the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 Memorandum for the Secretary of State Pursuant to section 404 of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 (22 U.S.C. 2370c-1) (CSPA), I hereby: Determine that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Afghanistan and Iraq; to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to allow for the provision of International Military Education and Training (IMET) and Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) assistance, to the extent the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Mali to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance, the issuance of licenses for direct commercial sales of military equipment, and Department of Defense (DOD) support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 333, to the extent the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Somalia to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance and DOD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 333, to the extent the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to South Sudan to allow for the provision of PKO assistance, to the extent the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; and, to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Yemen to allow for the provision of PKO assistance and DOD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 333, to the extent the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; and Certify that the governments of the above countries are taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers. Accordingly, I hereby waive such applications of section 404(a) of the CSPA. You are authorized and directed to submit this determination to the Congress, along with the Memorandum of Justification, and to publish the determination in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, October 18, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2020-02 of October 18, 2019 Presidential Determination With Respect to the Efforts of Foreign Governments Regarding Trafficking in Persons Memorandum for the Secretary of State Consistent with section 110 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7107) (the ``Act''), as amended, I hereby determine as follows: As provided for in section 110(d)(1)(A)(i) of the Act, and subject to the determinations below regarding assistance related to the Ebola virus disease and meeting minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons, I determine that the United States will not provide nonhumanitarian, nontrade-related assistance to the Governments of Burundi, China, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, The Gambia, Iran, and Mauritania for Fiscal Year (FY) 2020 until such governments comply with the Act's minimum standards or make significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with the minimum standards. As provided for in section 110(d)(1)(A)(ii) of the Act, and subject to the determinations below regarding assistance related to the Ebola virus disease and meeting minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons, I determine that the United States will not provide nonhumanitarian, nontrade-related assistance to, or allow funding for participation in educational and cultural exchange programs by officials or employees of, the Governments of Cuba, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), Russia, and Syria for FY 2020 until such governments comply with the Act's minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking or make significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with the minimum standards. As provided for in section 110(d)(1)(B) of the Act, and subject to the determinations below regarding assistance related to the Ebola virus disease and meeting minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons, I hereby instruct the United States Executive Director of each multilateral development bank, as defined in the Act, and of the International Monetary Fund to vote against and use best efforts to deny any loan or other utilization of the funds of the respective institution (other than for humanitarian assistance; for trade-related assistance; or for development assistance that directly addresses basic human needs, is not administered by the government of such country, and confers no benefit to that government) for the Governments of Burundi, China, Cuba, the DPRK, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, The Gambia, Iran, Mauritania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Sudan, and Syria for FY 2020 until such governments comply with the Act's minimum standards or make significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with the minimum standards. Consistent with section 110(d)(4) of the Act, I determine that a partial waiver to allow assistance described in section 110(d)(1) of the Act for programs, projects, activities, and assistance to respond to the threat posed by the Ebola virus disease would promote the purposes of the Act or is otherwise in the national interest of the United States; Consistent with section 110(d)(4) of the Act, I determine that a partial waiver to allow assistance described in section 110(d)(1) of the Act for programs, projects, activities, and assistance designed to meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons would promote the purposes of the Act or is otherwise in the national interest of the United States; Consistent with section 110(d)(4) of the Act, I determine that a partial waiver to allow Economic Support Fund (ESF) assistance, Democracy Fund (DF) assistance, and technical assistance under section 129 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 with respect to Burma would promote the purposes of the Act or is otherwise in the national interest of the United States; Consistent with section 110(d)(4) of the Act, I determine that a partial waiver to allow assistance described in section 110(d)(1)(A)(i) of the Act with respect to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)—with the exception of Foreign Military Financing, Foreign Military Sales (FMS), and excess defense articles—would promote the purposes of the Act or is otherwise in the national interest of the United States; Consistent with section 110(d)(4) of the Act, I determine that a partial waiver to allow FMS with respect to Saudi Arabia would promote the purposes of the Act or is otherwise in the national interest of the United States; Consistent with section 110(d)(4) of the Act, I determine that a partial waiver to allow Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) assistance with respect to South Sudan would promote the purposes of the Act or is otherwise in the national interest of the United States; Consistent with section 110(d)(4) of the Act, I determine that the provision of all programs, projects, and activities described in section 110(d)(1)(A)(i) of the Act with respect to the Governments of Belarus, Bhutan, Comoros, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Turkmenistan, and Venezuela would promote the purposes of the Act or is otherwise in the national interest of the United States; and Consistent with section 110(d)(4) of the Act, I determine that providing the assistance described in section 110(d)(1)(B) of the Act to Belarus, Bhutan, Burma, Comoros, the DRC, PNG, Turkmenistan, and Venezuela would promote the purposes of the Act or is otherwise in the national interest of the United States. You are authorized and directed to submit this determination, the certification required by section 110(e) of the Act, and the Memorandum of Justification, on which I have relied, to the Congress, and to publish the determination in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, October 18, 2019. Notice of October 22, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Democratic Republic of the Congo On October 27, 2006, by Executive Order 13413, the President declared a national emergency with respect to the situation in or in relation to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706), ordered related measures blocking the property of certain persons contributing to the conflict in that country. The President took this action to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the foreign policy of the United States constituted by the situation in or in relation to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which has been marked by widespread violence and atrocities and continues to threaten regional stability. The President took additional steps to address this national emergency in Executive Order 13671 of July 8, 2014. The situation in or in relation to the Democratic Republic of the Congo continues to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13413 of October 27, 2006, as amended by Executive Order 13671 of July 8, 2014, and the measures adopted to deal with that emergency, must continue in effect beyond October 27, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency with respect to the situation in or in relation to the Democratic Republic of the Congo declared in Executive Order 13413, as amended by Executive Order 13671. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, October 22, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2020-03 of October 25, 2019 Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 1245(d)(4)(B) and (C) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of the Treasury[, and] the Secretary of Energy By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, after carefully considering the reports submitted to the Congress by the Energy Information Administration, including the report submitted in October 2019, and other relevant factors, including global economic conditions, increased oil production by certain countries, the global level of spare petroleum production capacity, and the availability of strategic reserves, I determine, pursuant to section 1245(d)(4)(B) and (C) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, Public Law 112-81, and consistent with prior determinations, that there is a sufficient supply of petroleum and petroleum products from countries other than Iran to permit a significant reduction in the volume of petroleum and petroleum products purchased from Iran by or through foreign financial institutions. I will continue to monitor this situation closely. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this determination in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, October 25, 2019. Notice of October 31, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Sudan On November 3, 1997, by Executive Order 13067, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Sudan pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) and took related steps to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States posed by the actions and policies of the Government of Sudan. On April 26, 2006, by Executive Order 13400, the President determined that the conflict in Sudan's Darfur region posed an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States, expanded the scope of the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13067, and ordered the blocking of property of certain persons connected to the Darfur region. On October 13, 2006, by Executive Order 13412, the President took additional steps with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13067 and expanded in Executive Order 13400. In Executive Order 13412, the President also took steps to implement the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act of 2006 (Public Law 109-344). On January 13, 2017, by Executive Order 13761, the President found that positive efforts by the Government of Sudan between July 2016 and January 2017 improved certain conditions that Executive Orders 13067 and 13412 were intended to address. Given these developments, and in order to encourage the Government of Sudan to sustain and enhance these efforts, section 1 of Executive Order 13761 provided that sections 1 and 2 of Executive Order 13067 and the entirety of Executive Order 13412 would be revoked as of July 12, 2017, provided that the criteria in section 12(b) of Executive Order 13761 had been met. On July 11, 2017, by Executive Order 13804, I amended Executive Order 13761, extending until October 12, 2017, the effective date in section 1 of Executive Order 13761. On October 12, 2017, pursuant to Executive Order 13761, as amended by Executive Order 13804, sections 1 and 2 of Executive Order 13067 and the entirety of Executive Order 13412 were revoked. Despite recent positive developments, the crisis constituted by the actions and policies of the Government of Sudan that led to the declaration of a national emergency in Executive Order 13067 of November 3, 1997; the expansion of that emergency in Executive Order 13400 of April 26, 2006; and with respect to which additional steps were taken in Executive Order 13412 of October 13, 2006, Executive Order 13761 of January 13, 2017, and Executive Order 13804 of July 11, 2017, has not been resolved. These actions and policies continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. I have, therefore, determined that it is necessary to continue the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13067, as expanded by Executive Order 13400, with respect to Sudan. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, October 31, 2019. Presidential Determination No. 2020-04 of November 1, 2019 Presidential Determination on Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2020 Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, in accordance with section 207 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (the ``Act'') (8 U.S.C. 1157), after appropriate consultations with the Congress, and consistent with the Report on Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2020 submitted to the Congress on September 26, 2019, I hereby determine and authorize as follows: The admission of up to 18,000 refugees to the United States during Fiscal Year 2020 is justified by humanitarian concerns or is otherwise in the national interest. These admissions shall be allocated among refugees of special humanitarian concern to the United States in accordance with the following allocations: 1. Refugees who: • have been persecuted or have a well-founded fear of persecution on account of religion; or • who are within a category of aliens established under subsections (b) and (c) of section 599D of Title V, Public Law 101-167, as amended (the Lautenberg and Specter Amendments) 5,000 2. Refugees who are within a category of aliens listed in section 1243(a) of the Refugee Crisis in Iraq Act of 2007, Title XII, Div. A, Public Law 110-181, as amended 4,000 3. Refugees who are nationals or habitual residents of El Salvador, Guatemala, or Honduras 1,500 4. Other refugees, including, in particular: • those referred to the United States Refugee Admissions Program by a United States Embassy in any location; • those who gain access to the United States Refugee Admissions Program for family reunification through the ``Priority 3'' process or through a Form I-730 following to join petition; • those currently located in Australia, Nauru, or Papua New Guinea who gain access to the United States Refugee Admissions Program pursuant to an arrangement between the United States and Australia; and • those in the United States Refugee Admissions Program who were in ``Ready for Departure'' status as of September 30, 2019. 7,500 Total refugee admissions ceiling 18,000 Additionally, after consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and the Attorney General, and upon notification to the appropriate committees of the Congress, you are further authorized to transfer unused admissions from a particular allocation above to one or more other allocations, if such transfer would be in the national interest and there is a need for greater admissions for the allocation to which the admissions will be transferred. Consistent with section 2(b)(2) of the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 (22 U.S.C. 2601(b)), I hereby determine that assistance to or on behalf of persons applying for admission to the United States as part of the overseas refugee admissions program will contribute to the foreign policy interests of the United States, and I accordingly designate such persons for this purpose. Consistent with section 101(a)(42) of the Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42)), and after appropriate consultation with the Congress, I also specify that, for Fiscal Year 2020, the following persons may, if otherwise qualified, be considered refugees for the purpose of admission to the United States within their countries of nationality or habitual residence: a. persons in Cuba; b. persons in Eurasia and the Baltics; c. persons in Iraq; d. persons in Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador; and e. in exceptional circumstances, persons identified by a United States Embassy in any location. You are authorized and directed to publish this determination in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, November 1, 2019. Notice of November 12, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran On November 14, 1979, by Executive Order 12170, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Iran pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) and took related steps to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States constituted by the situation in Iran. Our relations with Iran have not yet normalized, and the process of implementing the agreements with Iran, dated January 19, 1981, is ongoing. For this reason, the national emergency declared on November 14, 1979, and the measures adopted on that date to deal with that emergency, must continue in effect beyond November 14, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency with respect to Iran declared in Executive Order 12170. The emergency declared in Executive Order 12170 is distinct from the emergency declared in Executive Order 12957 on March 15, 1995. This renewal, therefore, is distinct from the emergency renewal of March 12, 2019. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, November 12, 2019. Notice of November 12, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction On November 14, 1994, by Executive Order 12938, the President declared a national emergency with respect to the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States posed by the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons (weapons of mass destruction) and the means of delivering such weapons. On July 28, 1998, by Executive Order 13094, the President amended Executive Order 12938 to respond more effectively to the worldwide threat of proliferation activities related to weapons of mass destruction. On June 28, 2005, by Executive Order 13382, the President, among other things, further amended Executive Order 12938 to improve our ability to combat proliferation activities related to weapons of mass destruction. The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the means of delivering them continues to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12938 with respect to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the means of delivering such weapons must continue beyond November 14, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 12938, as amended by Executive Orders 13094 and 13382. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, November 12, 2019. Memorandum of November 12, 2019 Delegation of Removal Authority Over the Federal Service Impasses Panel Memorandum for the Federal Labor Relations Authority By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Delegation of Removal Authority. (a) The Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA) is delegated the authority under 5 U.S.C. 7119(c)(3) to remove the Chairman and any other member of the Federal Service Impasses Panel (FSIP) appointed by the President under 5 U.S.C. 7119(c)(2). (b) In exercising the authority delegated by this section, the FLRA shall consider the extent to which decisions of members of the FSIP are consistent with the requirements of Chapter 71 of title 5, United States Code, with particular attention to whether the decisions are consistent with the requirement of an effective and efficient Government, as those terms are used in 5 U.S.C. 7101(b), in addition to any other factors that the FLRA may consider appropriate. (c) Within 10 days of exercising the authority delegated by this section, the FLRA shall submit a report to the President, through the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, explaining the reasons for its action, with particular emphasis on explaining how such action promotes an effective and efficient Government under 5 U.S.C. 7101(b). (d) The authority delegated by this section may not be redelegated. Sec. 2. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) The FLRA is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, November 12, 2019. Notice of November 19, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Burundi On November 22, 2015, by Executive Order 13712, the President declared a national emergency to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the situation in Burundi, which has been marked by the killing of and violence against civilians, unrest, the incitement of imminent violence, and significant political repression, and which threatens the peace, security, and stability of Burundi and the region. The situation in Burundi continues to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on November 22, 2015, to deal with that threat must continue in effect beyond November 22, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency with respect to Burundi declared in Executive Order 13712. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, November 19, 2019. Memorandum of November 19, 2019 Ocean Mapping of the United States Exclusive Economic Zone and the Shoreline and Nearshore of Alaska Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of Defense[,] the Attorney General[,] the Secretary of the Interior[,] the Secretary of Agriculture[,] the Secretary of Commerce[,] the Secretary of Transportation[,] the Secretary of Energy[,] the Secretary of Homeland Security[,] the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency[,] the Director of the Office of Management and Budget[,] the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration[,] the Director of the National Science Foundation[,] the Director of National Intelligence[,] the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff[,] the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[,] the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works[,] the Commandant of the Coast Guard[,] the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs[,] the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy[,] the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy[,] the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy[,] the Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality[, and] the Deputy Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, I hereby direct the following: Section 1. Policy. It is the policy of the United States to act boldly to safeguard our future prosperity, health, and national security through ocean mapping, exploration, and characterization. Data and information about the ocean help to advance maritime commerce, domestic seafood production, healthy and sustainable fisheries, coastal resilience, energy production, tourism and recreation, environmental protection, national and homeland security, and other interests. Such activities contribute more than $300 billion per year of economic activity, 3 million jobs, and $129 billion in wages. On March 10, 1983, President Reagan issued Proclamation 5030 (Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States of America), which established the United States Exclusive Economic Zone (U.S. EEZ) to advance the development of ocean resources and promote the protection of the marine environment. With more than 13,000 miles of coastline and 3.4 million square nautical miles of ocean within our territorial jurisdiction, our country's EEZ is among the largest in the world and is larger than the combined land area of all 50 States. The U.S. EEZ contains a vast array of underutilized, and likely many undiscovered, natural resources, including critical minerals, marine-derived pharmaceuticals, energy, and areas of significant ecological and conservation value. However, only about 40 percent of the U.S. EEZ has been mapped and significantly less of the area has natural resources and ocean systems that have been characterized, including identification and evaluation, by executive departments and agencies (agencies). The Nation is poised to harness cutting-edge science, new technologies, and partnerships to unlock the potential of our oceans through increased ocean mapping. Maps and charts that present accurate and contemporary coastal elevation data support economic growth, resource management, and the safety and security of coastal residents. Completed mapping is especially lacking for Alaska and for the Alaskan Arctic, which lack the comprehensive shoreline and nearshore maps available for much of the rest of the Nation. To improve our Nation's understanding of our vast ocean resources and to advance the economic, security, and environmental interests of the United States, it is the policy of the United States to support the conservation, management, and balanced use of America's oceans by exploring, mapping, and characterizing the U.S. EEZ, including mapping the Arctic and Sub-Arctic shoreline and nearshore of Alaska. Further, to ensure that these activities produce the broadest possible benefits and provide the greatest return on investment of Federal resources, it is the policy of the United States to support these activities, when appropriate, in collaboration with non-United States Government entities. Sec. 2. National Strategy for Mapping, Exploring, and Characterizing the U.S. EEZ. Mapping, exploring, and characterizing the U.S. EEZ is necessary for a systematic and efficient approach to understanding our resources. Mapping will reveal the terrain of the ocean floor and identify areas of particular interest; exploration and characterization will identify and evaluate natural and cultural resources within these areas. This knowledge will inform conservation, management, and balanced use of the U.S. EEZ. To advance these objectives, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (Director) and the Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality (Chairman), who serve as co-chairs of the Ocean Policy Committee established by Executive Order 13840 of June 19, 2018 (Ocean Policy to Advance the Economic, Security, and Environmental Interests of the United States), shall coordinate the development of a national strategy for mapping, exploring, and characterizing the U.S. EEZ, and for enhancing opportunities for collaboration among interagency and non-United States Government entities with respect to those activities. Specifically, within 180 days of the date of this memorandum, the Ocean Policy Committee, working through its Ocean Science and Technology Subcommittee and in coordination with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, shall develop a proposed strategy to map the U.S. EEZ, to identify priority areas within the U.S. EEZ, and to explore and characterize the priority areas, and shall submit it to the Director and the Chairman. Sec. 3. Strategy for Mapping the Arctic and Sub-Arctic Shoreline and Nearshore of Alaska. Within 180 days of the date of this memorandum, the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in coordination, as appropriate, with the State of Alaska and the Alaska Mapping Executive Committee, shall develop a proposed strategy to map the shoreline and nearshore of Alaska and shall submit it to the Director and the Chairman to inform actions of the Ocean Policy Committee and relevant agencies. Sec. 4. Efficient Permitting of Mapping, Exploration, and Characterization Activities. The United States Government, in coordination with non-United States Government entities, conducts hundreds of ocean exploration, mapping, and research activities every year across the U.S. EEZ. These activities improve our understanding of our oceans, including by identifying potential new sources of critical minerals, biopharmaceuticals, energy, and other resources. These activities frequently require multiple environmental reviews, consultations, permits, and other authorizations under Federal laws and regulations that protect resources such as maritime heritage sites and sensitive or protected marine natural resources. In order to reduce duplication and promote efficiency across agencies, within 180 days of the date of this memorandum, the Ocean Policy Committee, working through its Ocean Resource Management Subcommittee, shall identify opportunities and recommend actions to the Director and the Chairman to increase the efficiency of the permitting and authorization processes for ocean research, mapping, and characterization activities across agencies. Sec. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations. (c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) The Secretary of Commerce is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, November 19, 2019. Notice of November 25, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Situation in Nicaragua On November 27, 2018, by Executive Order 13851, I declared a national emergency pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the situation in Nicaragua. The situation in Nicaragua, including the violent response by the Government of Nicaragua to the protests that began on April 18, 2018, and the Ortega regime's systematic dismantling and undermining of democratic institutions and the rule of law, its use of indiscriminate violence and repressive tactics against civilians, as well as its corruption leading to the destabilization of Nicaragua's economy, continues to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on November 27, 2018, must continue in effect beyond November 27, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13851 with respect to the situation in Nicaragua. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, November 25, 2019. Notice of December 18, 2019 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuse and Corruption On December 20, 2017, by Executive Order 13818, the President declared a national emergency with respect to serious human rights abuse and corruption around the world and, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), took related steps to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. The prevalence and severity of human rights abuse and corruption that have their source, in whole or in substantial part, outside the United States, continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States. For this reason, the national emergency declared on December 20, 2017, must continue in effect beyond December 20, 2019. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13818 with respect to serious human rights abuse and corruption. This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.DONALD J. TRUMPTHE WHITE HOUSE, December 18, 2019. 3 CFR Ch. I (1-1-2020 Edition) Executive Office of the President CHAPTER I—EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT Part Page 100 Standards of conduct 488 101 Public information provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act 488 102 Enforcement of nondiscrimination on the basis of handicap in programs or activities conducted by the Executive Office of the President 488 Pt. 100 PART 100—STANDARDS OF CONDUCT Authority: 5 U.S.C. 7301. Source: 64 FR 12881, Mar. 16, 1999, unless otherwise noted. § 100.1 Ethical conduct standards and financial disclosure regulations. Employees of the Executive Office of the President are subject to the executive branch-wide standards of ethical conduct at 5 CFR part 2635, and the executive branch-wide financial disclosure regulations at 5 CFR part 2634. Pt. 101 PART 101—PUBLIC INFORMATION PROVISIONS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES ACT Sec. 101.1 Executive Office of the President. 101.2 Office of Management and Budget. 101.4 National Security Council. 101.5 Council on Environmental Quality. 101.6 Office of National Drug Control Policy. 101.7 Office of Science and Technology Policy. 101.8 Office of the United States Trade Representative. Authority: 5 U.S.C. 552. Source: 40 FR 8061, Feb. 25, 1975; 55 FR 46067, Nov. 1, 1990, unless otherwise noted. § 101.1 Executive Office of the President. Until further regulations are promulgated, the remainder of the entities within the Executive Office of the President, to the extent that 5 U.S.C. 552 is applicable, shall follow the procedures set forth in the regulations applicable to the Office of Management and Budget (5 CFR Ch. III). Requests for information from these other entities should be submitted directly to such entity. § 101.2 Office of Management and Budget. Freedom of Information regulations for the Office of Management and Budget appear at 5 CFR Ch. III. § 101.4 National Security Council. Freedom of Information regulations for the National Security Council appear at 32 CFR Ch. XXI. § 101.5 Council on Environmental Quality. Freedom of Information regulations for the Council on Environmental Quality appear at 40 CFR Ch. V. [42 FR 65131, Dec. 30, 1977] § 101.6 Office of National Drug Control Policy. Freedom of Information regulations for the Office of National Drug Control Policy appear at 21 CFR parts 1400-1499. [55 FR 46037, Nov. 1, 1990] § 101.7 Office of Science and Technology Policy. Freedom of Information regulations for the Office of Science and Technology Policy appear at 32 CFR part 2402. [55 FR 46037, Nov. 1, 1990] § 101.8 Office of the United States Trade Representative. Freedom of Information regulations for the Office of the United States Trade Representative appear at 15 CFR part 2004. [55 FR 46037, Nov. 1, 1990] Pt. 102 PART 102—ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT Sec. 102.101 Purpose. 102.102 Application. 102.103 Definitions. 102.104-102.109 [Reserved] 102.110 Self-evaluation. 102.111 Notice. 102.112-102.129 [Reserved] 102.130 General prohibitions against discrimination. 102.131-102.139 [Reserved] 102.140 Employment. 102.141-102.148 [Reserved] 102.149 Program accessibility: Discrimination prohibited. 102.150 Program accessibility: Existing facilities. 102.151 Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. 102.152-102.159 [Reserved] 102.160 Communications. 102.161-102.169 [Reserved] 102.170 Compliance procedures. 102.171-102.999 [Reserved] Authority: 29 U.S.C. 794. Source: 53 FR 25879, July 8, 1988, unless otherwise noted. § 102.101 Purpose. The purpose of this regulation is to effectuate section 119 of the Rehabilitation, Comprehensive Services, and Developmental Disabilities Amendments of 1978, which amended section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 to prohibit discrimination on the basis of handicap in programs or activities conducted by Executive agencies or the United States Postal Service. § 102.102 Application. This regulation (§§ 102.101-102.170) applies to all programs or activities conducted by the agency, except for programs or activities conducted outside the United States that do not involve individuals with handicaps in the United States. § 102.103 Definitions. For purposes of this regulation, the term— Agency means, for purposes of this regulation only, the following entities in the Executive Office of the President: the White House Office, the Office of the Vice President, the Office of Management and Budget, the Office of Policy Development, the National Security Council, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Office of the United States Trade Representative, the Council on Environmental Quality, the Council of Economic Advisers, the Office of Administration, the Office of Federal Procurement Policy, and any committee, board, commission, or similar group established in the Executive Office of the President. Agency head or head of the agency; as used in §§ 102.150(a)(3), 102.160(d) and 102.170 (i) and (j), shall be a three-member board which will include the Director, Office of Administration, the head of the Executive Office of the President, agency in which the issue needing resolution or decision arises and one other agency head selected by the two other board members. In the event that an issue needing resolution or decision arises within the Office of Administration, one of the board members shall be the Director of the Office of Management and Budget. Assistant Attorney General means the Assistant Attorney General, Civil Rights Division, United States Department of Justice. Auxiliary aids means services or devices that enable persons with impaired sensory, manual, or speaking skills to have an equal opportunity to participate in, and enjoy the benefits of, programs or activities conducted by the agency. For example, auxiliary aids useful for persons with impaired vision include readers, Brailled materials, audio recordings, and other similar services and devices. Auxiliary aids useful for persons with impaired hearing include telephone handset amplifiers, telephones compatible with hearing aids, telecommunication devices for deaf persons (TDD's), interpreters, notetakers, written materials, and other similar services and devices. Complete complaint means a written statement that contains the complainant's name and address and describes the agency's alleged discriminatory action in sufficient detail to inform the agency of the nature and date of the alleged violation of section 504. It shall be signed by the complainant or by someone authorized to do so on his or her behalf. Complaints filed on behalf of classes or third parties shall describe or identify (by name, if possible) the alleged victims of discrimination. Facility means all or any portion of buildings, structures, equipment, roads, walks, parking lots, rolling stock or other conveyances, or other real or personal property. Historic preservation programs means programs conducted by the agency that have preservation of historic properties as a primary purpose. Historic properties means those properties that are listed or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places or properties designated as historic under a statute of the appropriate State or local government body. Individual with handicaps means any person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, has a record of such an impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment. As used in this definition, the phrase: (1) Physical or mental impairment includes— (i) Any physiological disorder or condition, cosmetic disfigurement, or anatomical loss affecting one or more of the following body systems: Neurological; musculoskeletal; special sense organs; respiratory, including speech organs; cardiovascular; reproductive; digestive; genitourinary; hemic and lymphatic; skin; and endocrine; or (ii) Any mental or psychological disorder, such as mental retardation, organic brain syndrome, emotional or mental illness, and specific learning disabilities. The term ``physical or mental impairment'' includes, but is not limited to, such diseases and conditions as orthopedic, visual, speech, and hearing impairments, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, mental retardation, emotional illness, and drug addiction and alcoholism. (2) Major life activities includes functions such as caring for one's self, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working. (3) Has a record of such an impairment means has a history of, or has been misclassified as having, a mental or physical impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. (4) Is regarded as having an impairment means— (i) Has a physical or mental impairment that does not substantially limit major life activities but is treated by the agency as constituting such a limitation; (ii) Has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits major life activities only as a result of the attitudes of others toward such impairment; or (iii) Has none of the impairments defined in paragraph (1) of this definition but is treated by the agency as having such an impairment. Qualified individual with handicaps means— (1) With respect to preschool, elementary, or secondary education services provided by the agency, an individual with handicaps who is a member of a class of persons otherwise entitled by statute, regulation, or agency policy to receive education services from the agency; (2) With respect to any other agency program or activity under which a person is required to perform services or to achieve a level of accomplishment, an individual with handicaps who meets the essential eligibility requirements and who can achieve the purpose of the program or activity without modifications in the program or activity that the agency can demonstrate would result in a fundamental alteration in its nature; (3) With respect to any other program or activity, an individual with handicaps who meets the essential eligibility requirements for participation in, or receipt of benefits from, that program or activity; and (4) ``Qualified handicapped person'' as that term is defined for purposes of employment in 29 CFR 1613.702(f), which is made applicable to this regulation by § 102.140. Section 504 means section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Pub. L. 93-112, 87 Stat. 394 (29 U.S.C. 794)), as amended by the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1974 (Pub. L. 93-516, 88 Stat. 1617); the Rehabilitation, Comprehensive Services, and Developmental Disabilities Amendments of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-602, 92 Stat. 2955); and the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1986 (Pub. L. 99-506, 100 Stat. 1810). As used in this regulation, section 504 applies only to programs or activities conducted by Executive agencies and not to federally assisted programs. Substantial impairment means a significant loss of the integrity of finished materials, design quality, or special character resulting from a permanent alteration. §§ 102.104-102.109 [Reserved] § 102.110 Self-evaluation. (a) The agency shall, by September 6, 1989, evaluate its current policies and practices, and the effects thereof, that do not or may not meet the requirements of this regulation and, to the extent modification of any such policies and practices is required, the agency shall proceed to make the necessary modifications. (b) The agency shall provide an opportunity to interested persons, including individuals with handicaps or organizations representing individuals with handicaps, to participate in the self-evaluation process by submitting comments (both oral and written). (c) The agency shall, for at least three years following completion of the self-evaluation, maintain on file and make available for public inspection: (1) A description of areas examined and any problems identified; and (2) A description of any modifications made. § 102.111 Notice. The agency shall make available to employees, applicants, participants, beneficiaries, and other interested persons such information regarding the provisions of this regulation and its applicability to the programs or activities conducted by the agency, and make such information available to them in such manner as the head of the agency finds necessary to apprise such persons of the protections against discrimination assured them by section 504 and this regulation. §§ 102.112-102.129 [Reserved] § 102.130 General prohibitions against discrimination. (a) No qualified individual with handicaps shall, on the basis of handicap, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or otherwise be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity conducted by the agency. (b)(1) The agency, in providing any aid, benefit, or service, may not, directly or through contractual, licensing, or other arrangements, on the basis of handicap— (i) Deny a qualified individual with handicaps the opportunity to participate in or benefit from the aid, benefit, or service; (ii) Afford a qualified individual with handicaps an opportunity to participate in or benefit from the aid, benefit, or service that is not equal to that afforded others; (iii) Provide a qualified individual with handicaps with an aid, benefit, or service that is not as effective in affording equal opportunity to obtain the same result, to gain the same benefit, or to reach the same level of achievement as that provided to others; (iv) Provide different or separate aid, benefits, or services to individuals with handicaps or to any class of individuals with handicaps than is provided to others unless such action is necessary to provide qualified individuals with handicaps with aid, benefits, or services that are as effective as those provided to others; (v) Deny a qualified individual with handicaps the opportunity to participate as a member of planning or advisory boards; (vi) Otherwise limit a qualified individual with handicaps in the enjoyment of any right, privilege, advantage, or opportunity enjoyed by others receiving the aid, benefit, or service. (2) The agency may not deny a qualified individual with handicaps the opportunity to participate in programs or activities that are not separate or different, despite the existence of permissibly separate or different programs or activities. (3) The agency may not, directly or through contractual or other arrangements, utilize criteria or methods of administration the purpose or effect of which would— (i) Subject qualified individuals with handicaps to discrimination on the basis of handicap; or (ii) Defeat or substantially impair accomplishment of the objectives of a program or activity with respect to individuals with handicaps. (4) The agency may not, in determining the site or location of a facility, make selections the purpose or effect of which would— (i) Exclude individuals with handicaps from, deny them the benefits of, or otherwise subject them to discrimination under any program or activity conducted by the agency; or (ii) Defeat or substantially impair the accomplishment of the objectives of a program or activity with respect to individuals with handicaps. (5) The agency, in the selection of procurement contractors, may not use criteria that subject qualified individuals with handicaps to discrimination on the basis of handicap. (6) The agency may not administer a licensing or certification program in a manner that subjects qualified individuals with handicaps to discrimination on the basis of handicap, nor may the agency establish requirements for the programs or activities of licensees or certified entities that subject qualified individuals with handicaps to discrimination on the basis of handicap. However, the programs or activities of entities that are licensed or certified by the agency are not, themselves, covered by this regulation. (c) The exclusion of nonhandicapped persons from the benefits of a program limited by Federal statute or Executive order to individuals with handicaps or the exclusion of a specific class of individuals with handicaps from a program limited by Federal statute or Executive order to a different class of individuals with handicaps is not prohibited by this regulation. (d) The agency shall administer programs and activities in the most integrated setting appropriate to the needs of qualified individuals with handicaps. §§ 102.131-102.139 [Reserved] § 102.140 Employment. No qualified individual with handicaps shall, on the basis of handicap, be subject to discrimination in employment under any program or activity conducted by the agency. The definitions, requirements, and procedures of section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 791), as established by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 29 CFR part 1613, shall apply to employment in federally conducted programs or activities. §§ 102.141-102.148 [Reserved] § 102.149 Program accessibility: Discrimination prohibited. Except as otherwise provided in § 102.150, no qualified individual with handicaps shall, because the agency's facilities are inaccessible to or unusable by individuals with handicaps, be denied the benefits of, be excluded from participation in, or otherwise be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity conducted by the agency. § 102.150 Program accessibility: Existing facilities. (a) General. The agency shall operate each program or activity so that the program or activity, when viewed in its entirety, is readily accessible to and usable by individuals with handicaps. This paragraph does not— (1) Necessarily require the agency to make each of its existing facilities accessible to and usable by individuals with handicaps; (2) In the case of historic preservation programs, require the agency to take any action that would result in a substantial impairment of significant historic features of an historic property; or (3) Require the agency to take any action that it can demonstrate would result in a fundamental alteration in the nature of a program or activity or in undue financial and administrative burdens. In those circumstances where agency personnel believe that the proposed action would fundamentally alter the program or activity or would result in undue financial and administrative burdens, the agency has the burden of proving that compliance with § 102.150(a) would result in such alteration or burdens. The decision that compliance would result in such alteration or burdens must be made by the agency head or his or her designee after considering all agency resources available for use in the funding and operation of the conducted program or activity, and must be accompanied by a written statement of the reasons forreaching that conclusion. If an action would result in such an alteration or such burdens, the agency shall take any other action that would not result in such an alteration or such burdens but would nevertheless ensure that individuals with handicaps receive the benefits and services of the program or activity. (b) Methods—(1) General. The agency may comply with the requirements of this section through such means as redesign of equipment, reassignment of services to accessible buildings, assignment of aides to beneficiaries, home visits, delivery of services at alternate accessible sites, alteration of existing facilities and construction of new facilities, use of accessible rolling stock, or any other methods that result in making its programs or activities readily accessible to and usable by individuals with handicaps. The agency is not required to make structural changes in existing facilities where other methods are effective in achieving compliance with this section. The agency, in making alterations to existing buildings, shall meet accessibility requirements to the extent compelled by the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, as amended (42 U.S.C. 4151-4157), and any regulations implementing it. In choosing among available methods for meeting the requirements of this section, the agency shall give priority to those methods that offer programs and activities to qualified individuals with handicaps in the most integrated setting appropriate. (2) Historic preservation programs. In meeting the requirements of § 102.150(a) in historic preservation programs, the agency shall give priority to methods that provide physical access to individuals with handicaps. In cases where a physical alteration to an historic property is not required because of § 102.150(a) (2) or (3), alternative methods of achieving program accessibility include— (i) Using audio-visual materials and devices to depict those portions of an historic property that cannot otherwise be made accessible; (ii) Assigning persons to guide individuals with handicaps into or through portions of historic properties that cannot otherwise be made accessible; or (iii) Adopting other innovative methods. (c) Time period for compliance. The agency shall comply with the obligations established under this section by November 7, 1988, except that where structural changes in facilities are undertaken, such changes shall be made by September 6, 1991, but in any event as expeditiously as possible. (d) Transition plan. In the event that structural changes to facilities will be undertaken to achieve program accessibility, the agency shall develop, by March 6, 1989, a transition plan setting forth the steps necessary to complete such changes. The agency shall provide an opportunity to interested persons, including individuals with handicaps or organizations representing individuals with handicaps, to participate in the development of the transition plan by submitting comments (both oral and written). A copy of the transition plan shall be made available for public inspection. The plan shall, at a minimum— (1) Identify physical obstacles in the agency's facilities that limit the accessibility of its programs or activities to individuals with handicaps; (2) Describe in detail the methods that will be used to make the facilities accessible; (3) Specify the schedule for taking the steps necessary to achieve compliance with this section and, if the time period of the transition plan is longer than one year, identify steps that will be taken during each year of the transition period; and (4) Indicate the official responsible for implementation of the plan. § 102.151 Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. Each building or part of a building that is constructed or altered by, on behalf of, or for the use of the agency shall be designed, constructed, or altered so as to be readily accessible to and usable by individuals with handicaps. The definitions, requirements, and standards of the Architectural Barriers Act (42 U.S.C. 4151-4157), as established in 41 CFR 101-19.600 to 101-19.607, apply to buildings covered by this section. §§ 102.152-102.159 [Reserved] § 102.160 Communications. (a) The agency shall take appropriate steps to ensure effective communication with applicants, participants, personnel of other Federal entities, and members of the public. (1) The agency shall furnish appropriate auxiliary aids where necessary to afford an individual with handicaps an equal opportunity to participate in, and enjoy the benefits of, a program or activity conducted by the agency. (i) In determining what type of auxiliary aid is necessary, the agency shall give primary consideration to the requests of the individual with handicaps. (ii) The agency need not provide individually prescribed devices, readers for personal use or study, or other devices of a personal nature. (2) Where the agency communicates with applicants and beneficiaries by telephone, telecommunication devices for deaf persons (TDD's) or equally effective telecommunication systems shall be used to communicate with persons with impaired hearing. (b) The agency shall ensure that interested persons, including persons with impaired vision or hearing, can obtain information as to the existence and location of accessible services, activities, and facilities. (c) The agency shall provide signage at a primary entrance to each of its inaccessible facilities, directing users to a location at which they can obtain information about accessible facilities. The international symbol for accessibility shall be used at each primary entrance of an accessible facility. (d) This section does not require the agency to take any action that it can demonstrate would result in a fundamental alteration in the nature of a program or activity or in undue financial and administrative burdens. In those circumstances where agency personnel believe that the proposed action would fundamentally alter the program or activity or would result in undue financial and administrative burdens, the agency has the burden of proving that compliance with § 102.160 would result in such alteration or burdens. The decision that compliance would result in such alteration or burdens must be made by the agency head or his or her designee after considering all agency resources available for use in the funding and operation of the conducted program or activity and must be accompanied by a written statement of the reasons for reaching that conclusion. If an action required to comply with this section would result in such an alteration or such burdens, the agency shall take any other action that would not result in such an alteration or such burdens but would nevertheless ensure that, to the maximum extent possible, individuals with handicaps receive the benefits and services of the program or activity. §§ 102.161-102.169 [Reserved] § 102.170 Compliance procedures. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, this section applies to all allegations of discrimination on the basis of handicap in programs and activities conducted by the agency. (b) The agency shall process complaints alleging violations of section 504 with respect to employment according to the procedures established by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 29 CFR part 1613 pursuant to section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 791). (c) The Director, Facilities Management, Office of Administration, Executive Office of the President, shall be responsible for coordinating implementation of this section. Complaints may be sent to the Director at the following address: Room 486, Old Executive Office Building, 17th and Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20500. (d) The agency shall accept and investigate all complete complaints for which it has jurisdiction. All complete complaints must be filed within 180 days of the alleged act of discrimination. The agency may extend this time period for good cause. (e) If the agency receives a complaint over which it does not have jurisdiction, it shall promptly notify the complainant and shall make reasonable efforts to refer the complaint to the appropriate Government entity. (f) The agency shall notify the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board upon receipt of any complaint alleging that a building or facility that is subject to the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, as amended (42 U.S.C. 4151-4157), is not readily accessible to and usable by individuals with handicaps. (g) Within 180 days of the receipt of a complete complaint for which it has jurisdiction, the agency shall notify the complainant of the results of the investigation in a letter containing— (1) Findings of fact and conclusions of law; (2) A description of a remedy for each violation found; and (3) A notice of the right to appeal. (h) Appeals of the findings of fact and conclusions of law or remedies must be filed by the complainant within 90 days of receipt from the agency of the letter required by § 102.170(g). The agency may extend this time for good cause. (i) Timely appeals shall be accepted and processed by the head of the agency. (j) The head of the agency shall notify the complainant of the results of the appeal within 60 days of the receipt of the request. If the head of the agency determines that additional information is needed from the complainant, he or she shall have 60 days from the date of receipt of the additional information to make his or her determination on the appeal. (k) The time limits cited in paragraphs (g) and (j) of this section may be extended with the permission of the Assistant Attorney General. (l) The agency may delegate its authority for conducting complaint investigations to other Federal agencies, except that the authority for making the final determination may not be delegated to another agency. §§ 102.171-102.999 [Reserved] PARTS 103-199 [RESERVED] Title 3 Finding Aids Table 1—Proclamations Table 2—Executive Orders Table 3—Other Presidential Documents Table 4—Presidential Documents Affected During 2019 Table 5—Statutes Cited as Authority for Presidential Documents List of CFR Sections Affected Index Title 3—The President Table 1—Proclamations Table 1—PROCLAMATIONS No. Signature Date Subject 84 FR Page 2019 9836 Jan. 15 Religious Freedom Day, 2019 195 9837 Jan. 18 National School Choice Week, 2019 361 9838 Jan. 18 National Sanctity of Life Day, 2019 363 9839 Jan. 18 Martin Luther King Jr., Federal Holiday, 2019 365 9840 Jan. 31 American Heart Month, 2019 2043 9841 Jan. 31 National African American History Month, 2019 2045 9842 Feb. 7 Addressing Mass Migration Through the Southern Border of the United States 3665 9843 Feb. 8 Death of John David Dingell, Jr. 3965 9844 Feb. 15 Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States 4949 9845 Mar. 1 American Red Cross Month, 2019 8237 9846 Mar. 1 Irish-American Heritage Month, 2019 8239 9847 Mar. 1 Women's History Month, 2019 8241 9848 Mar. 1 National Consumer Protection Week, 2019 8583 9849 Mar. 13 National Agriculture Day, 2019 9935 9850 Mar. 15 National Poison Prevention Week, 2019 10397 9851 Mar. 18 Greek Independence Day: A National Day of Celebration of Greek and American Democracy, 2019 10399 9852 Mar. 25 Recognizing the Golan Heights as Part of the State of Israel 11875 9853 Mar. 29 Cancer Control Month, 2019 13487 9854 Mar. 29 National Child Abuse Prevention Month, 2019 13489 9855 Mar. 29 National Donate Life Month, 2019 13491 9856 Mar. 29 National Sexual Assault Awareness and Prevention Month, 2019 13493 9857 Mar. 29 Second Chance Month, 2019 13495 9858 Apr. 1 World Autism Awareness Day, 2019 13793 9859 Apr. 5 National Crime Victims' Rights Week, 2019 14583 9860 Apr. 5 National Volunteer Week, 2019 14585 9861 Apr. 8 National Former Prisoner of War Recognition Day, 2019 15081 9862 Apr. 12 Pan American Day and Pan American Week, 2019 16187 9863 Apr. 15 Education and Sharing Day, U.S.A., 2019 16379 9864 Apr. 19 National Park Week, 2019 17339 9865 Apr. 25 World Intellectual Property Day, 2019 18695 9866 Apr. 26 Days of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust, 2019 18969 9867 Apr. 30 Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, 2019 19683 9868 Apr. 30 Jewish American Heritage Month, 2019 19685 9869 Apr. 30 National Foster Care Month, 2019 19687 9870 Apr. 30 National Physical Fitness and Sports Month, 2019 19689 9871 Apr. 30 Older Americans Month, 2019 19691 9872 Apr. 30 Law Day, U.S.A., 2019 19693 9873 Apr. 30 Loyalty Day, 2019 19695 9874 Apr. 30 National Day of Prayer, 2019 19697 9875 May 1 National Mental Health Awareness Month, 2019 19851 9876 May 3 National Hurricane Preparedness Week, 2019 20529 9877 May 3 National Small Business Week, 2019 20531 9878 May 3 Public Service Recognition Week, 2019 20533 9879 May 3 Missing and Murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives Awareness Day, 2019 20535 9880 May 8 Addressing Mass Migration Through the Southern Border of the United States 21229 9881 May 9 Military Spouse Day, 2019 21685 9882 May 10 National Charter Schools Week, 2019 22039 9883 May 10 National Defense Transportation Day and National Transportation Week, 2019 22041 9884 May 10 Peace Officers Memorial Day and Police Week, 2019 22043 9885 May 10 Mother's Day, 2019 22045 9886 May 16 Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States 23421 9887 May 16 To Modify the List of Beneficiary Developing Countries Under the Trade Act of 1974 23425 9888 May 17 Adjusting Imports of Automobiles and Automobile Parts Into the United States 9888 9889 May 17 National Safe Boating Week, 2019 23695 9890 May 17 Emergency Medical Services Week, 2019 23697 9891 May 17 World Trade Week, 2019 23699 9892 May 17 Armed Forces Day, 2019 23701 9893 May 19 Adjusting Imports of Aluminum Into the United States 23983 9894 May 19 Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States 23987 9895 May 20 National Maritime Day, 2019 24361 9896 May 24 Prayer for Peace, Memorial Day, 2019 24973 9897 May 31 African-American Music Appreciation Month, 2019 26313 9898 May 31 Great Outdoors Month, 2019 26315 9899 May 31 National Caribbean-American Heritage Month, 2019 26317 9900 May 31 National Homeownership Month, 2019 26319 9901 May 31 National Ocean Month, 2019 26321 9902 May 31 To Modify the List of Beneficiary Developing Countries Under the Trade Act of 1974 26323 9903 June 1 Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Virginia Beach, Virginia 26737 9904 June 6 National Day of Remembrance of the 75th Anniversary of D-Day 27501 9905 June 7 Flag Day and National Flag Week, 2019 27699 9906 June 14 Father's Day, 2019 28709 9907 July 1 Pledge to America's Workers Month, 2019 32013 9908 July 14 Made in America Day and Made in America Week, 2019 34255 9909 July 17 Death of John Paul Stevens 35283 9910 July 19 Captive Nations Week, 2019 35961 9911 July 19 50th Anniversary Observance of the Apollo 11 Lunar Landing 35963 9912 July 25 Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 2019 37551 9913 July 26 National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day, 2019 37563 9914 Aug. 4 Honoring the Victims of the Tragedies in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio 38847 9915 Aug. 16 National Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve Week, 2019 43473 9916 Aug. 23 Women's Equality Day, 2019 45055 9917 Aug. 30 National Alcohol and Drug Addiction Recovery Month, 2019 46865 9918 Aug. 30 National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month, 2019 46867 9919 Aug. 30 National Preparedness Month, 2019 46869 9920 Aug. 30 Labor Day, 2019 46871 9921 Sept. 5 National Days of Prayer and Remembrance, 2019 47873 9922 Sept. 6 National Historically Black Colleges and Universities Week, 2019 48223 9923 Sept. 6 Opioid Crisis Awareness Week, 2019 48225 9924 Sept. 9 Minority Enterprise Development Week, 2019 48541 9925 Sept. 10 Patriot Day, 2019 48547 9926 Sept. 13 National Farm Safety and Health Week, 2019 49003 9927 Sept. 13 National Hispanic Heritage Month, 2019 49185 9928 Sept. 13 National Gang Violence Prevention Week, 2019 49187 9929 Sept. 16 Constitution Day, Citizenship Day, and Constitution Week, 2019 49629 9930 Sept. 19 National POW/MIA Recognition Day, 2019 50709 9931 Sept. 25 Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons Responsible for Policies or Actions That Threaten Venezuela's Democratic Institutions 51931 9932 Sept. 25 Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Senior Officials of the Government of Iran 51935 9933 Sept. 27 National Domestic Violence Awareness Month, 2019 52737 9934 Sept. 27 Gold Star Mother's and Family's Day, 2019 52739 9935 Sept. 27 National Hunting and Fishing Day, 2019 52741 9936 Sept. 30 National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, 2019 52983 9937 Sept. 30 National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, 2019 52985 9938 Sept. 30 National Disability Employment Awareness Month, 2019 52987 9939 Sept. 30 National Energy Awareness Month, 2019 52989 9940 Sept. 30 National Substance Abuse Prevention Month, 2019 52991 9941 Oct. 3 National Manufacturing Day, 2019 53983 9942 Oct. 4 Fire Prevention Week, 2019 53985 9943 Oct. 4 German-American Day, 2019 53987 9944 Oct. 4 Child Health Day, 2019 53989 9945 Oct. 4 Suspension of Entry of Immigrants Who Will Financially Burden the United States Healthcare System, in Order to Protect the Availability of Healthcare Benefits for Americans 53991 9946 Oct. 8 Leif Erikson Day, 2019 54763 9947 Oct. 10 General Pulaski Memorial Day, 2019 55485 9948 Oct. 11 National School Lunch Week, 2019 55489 9949 Oct. 11 Columbus Day, 2019 55491 9950 Oct. 11 Blind Americans Equality Day, 2019 55493 9951 Oct. 17 Death of Elijah E. Cummings 56367 9952 Oct. 18 National Character Counts Week, 2019 57305 9953 Oct. 18 National Forest Products Week, 2019 57307 9954 Oct. 23 United Nations Day, 2019 57601 9955 Oct. 25 To Modify Duty-Free Treatment Under the Generalized System of Preferences and for Other Purposes 58567 9956 Oct. 31 Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Month, 2019 59693 9957 Oct. 31 National Adoption Month, 2019 59697 9958 Oct. 31 National American History and Founders Month, 2019 59699 9959 Oct. 31 National Entrepreneurship Month, 2019 59701 9960 Oct. 31 National Family Caregivers Month, 2019 59703 9961 Oct. 31 National Native American Heritage Month, 2019 59705 9962 Oct. 31 National Veterans and Military Families Month, 2019 59707 9963 Nov. 7 Veterans Day, 2019 61811 9964 Nov. 8 National Apprenticeship Week, 2019 62427 9965 Nov. 8 World Freedom Day, 2019 62429 9966 Nov. 15 American Education Week, 2019 64187 9967 Nov. 22 National Family Week, 2019 65257 9968 Nov. 27 Thanksgiving Day, 2019 66281 9969 Nov. 27 National Impaired Driving Prevention Month, 2019 66283 9970 Nov. 27 World AIDS Day, 2019 66285 9971 Dec. 6 National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, 2019 67657 9972 Dec. 9 Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day, and Human Rights Week, 2019 68323 9973 Dec. 16 Wright Brothers Day, 2019 69617 9974 Dec. 26 To Take Certain Actions Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act and for Other Purposes 72187 No. Signature Date Subject 85 FR Page 2019 9975 Dec. 31 National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, 2020 633 Title 3—The President Table 2—Executive Orders Table 2—EXECUTIVE ORDERS No. Signature Date Subject 84 FR Page 2019 13857 Jan. 25 Taking Additional Steps to Address the National Emergency With Respect to Venezuela 509 13858 Jan. 31 Strengthening Buy-American Preferences for Infrastructure Projects 2039 13859 Feb. 11 Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence 3967 13860 Mar. 4 Supporting the Transition of Active Duty Service Members and Military Veterans Into the Merchant Marine 8407 13861 Mar. 5 National Roadmap to Empower Veterans and End Suicide 8585 13862 Mar. 6 Revocation of Reporting Requirement 8789 13863 Mar. 15 Taking Additional Steps to Address the National Emergency With Respect to Transnational Criminal Organizations 10255 13864 Mar. 21 Improving Free Inquiry, Transparency, and Accountability at Colleges and Universities 11401 13865 Mar. 26 Coordinating National Resilience to Electromagnetic Pulses 12041 13866 Mar. 28 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay 12853 13867 Apr. 10 Issuance of Permits With Respect to Facilities and Land Transportation Crossings at the International Boundaries of the United States 15491 13868 Apr. 10 Promoting Energy Infrastructure and Economic Growth 15495 13869 Apr. 24 Transferring Responsibility for Background Investigations to the Department of Defense 13869 13870 May 2 America's Cybersecurity Workforce 20523 13871 May 8 Imposing Sanctions With Respect to the Iron, Steel, Aluminum, and Copper Sectors of Iran 20761 13872 May 13 Economic Empowerment of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders 22321 13873 May 15 Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain 22689 13874 June 11 Modernizing the Regulatory Framework for Agricultural Biotechnology Products 27899 13875 June 14 Evaluating and Improving the Utility of Federal Advisory Committees 28711 13876 June 24 Imposing Sanctions With Respect to Iran 30573 13877 June 24 Improving Price and Quality Transparency in American Healthcare to Put Patients First 30849 13878 June 25 Establishing a White House Council on Eliminating Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing 30853 13879 July 10 Advancing American Kidney Health 33817 13880 July 11 Collecting Information About Citizenship Status in Connection With the Decennial Census 33821 13881 July 15 Maximizing Use of American-Made Goods, Products, and Materials 34257 13882 July 26 Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Mali 37055 13883 Aug. 1 Administration of Proliferation Sanctions and Amendment of Executive Order 12851 38113 13884 Aug. 5 Blocking Property of the Government of Venezuela 38843 13885 Aug. 30 Establishing the National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee 46873 13886 Sept. 9 Modernizing Sanctions to Combat Terrorism 48041 13887 Sept. 19 Modernizing Influenza Vaccines in the United States to Promote National Security and Public Health 49935 13888 Sept. 26 Enhancing State and Local Involvement in Refugee Resettlement 52355 13889 Sept. 27 Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees 52743 13890 Oct. 3 Protecting and Improving Medicare for Our Nation's Seniors 53573 13891 Oct. 9 Promoting the Rule of Law Through Improved Agency Guidance Documents 55235 13892 Oct. 9 Promoting the Rule of Law Through Transparency and Fairness in Civil Administrative Enforcement and Adjudication 55239 13893 Oct. 10 Increasing Government Accountability for Administrative Actions by Reinvigorating Administrative PAYGO 55487 13894 Oct. 14 Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Syria 55851 13895 Oct. 22 President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology 57309 13896 Oct. 28 Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice 58595 13897 Oct. 31 Improving Federal Contractor Operations by Revoking Executive Order 13495 59709 13898 Nov. 26 Establishing the Task Force on Missing and Murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives 66059 13899 Dec. 11 Combating Anti-Semitism 68779 13900 Dec. 17 Providing for the Closing of Executive Departments and Agencies of the Federal Government on December 24, 2019 69983 13901 Dec. 26 Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay 72213 Title 3—The President Table 3—Other Presidential Documents Table 3—OTHER PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS Signature Date Subject 84 FR Page 2019 Jan. 8 Memorandum: Decision on the United States Consulate General in Jerusalem 3961 Jan. 15 Memorandum: Delegation of Functions and Authorities Under the Hizballah International Financing Prevention Act of 2015, as Amended, and the Hizballah International Financing Prevention Amendments Act of 2018 3963 Jan. 15 Memorandum: Delegation of Authorities and Responsibilities Under Section 1763 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 197 Jan. 16 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Terrorists Who Threaten to Disrupt the Middle East Peace Process 127 Jan. 16 Presidential Determination No. 2019-07: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 201 Jan. 16 Presidential Determination No. 2019-08: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 203 Jan. 16 Presidential Determination No. 2019-09: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 205 Jan. 16 Presidential Determination No. 2019-10: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 207 Feb. 19 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Cuba and Continuing to Authorize the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Vessels 5579 Feb. 19 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Libya 5581 Feb. 19 Memorandum: Space Policy Directive-4: Establishment of the United States Space Force 6049 Mar. 4 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Ukraine 7975 Mar. 4 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Zimbabwe 7977 Mar. 5 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Venezuela 8245 Mar. 12 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran 9219 Mar. 12 Presidential Determination No. 2019-11: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 9691 Mar. 18 Order: Sequestration Order for Fiscal Year 2020 Pursuant to Section 251A of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act, as Amended 10401 Mar. 26 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities 11877 Mar. 27 Memorandum: Federal Housing Finance Reform 12479 Mar. 28 Memorandum: Extension of Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberians 12867 Mar. 29 Presidential Permit: Authorizing TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, L.P., to Construct, Connect, Operate, and Maintain Pipeline Facilities at the International Boundary Between the United States and Canada 13101 Apr. 1 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to South Sudan 12871 Apr. 1 Memorandum: Delaying Submission of the Small Business Report Under the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015 13497 Apr. 10 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Somalia 14843 Apr. 22 Memorandum: Combating High Nonimmigrant Overstay Rates 19853 Apr. 29 Presidential Determination No. 2019-12: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 1245(d)(4)(B) and (C) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 22327 Apr. 30 Memorandum: Delegation of Authority Under Section 5 of the United States-Caribbean Strategic Engagement Act of 2016 22329 May 8 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Actions of the Government of Syria 20537 May 8 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Central African Republic 20539 May 13 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Yemen 22047 May 20 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq 23437 May 23 Memorandum: Agency Cooperation With Attorney General's Review of Intelligence Activities Relating to the 2016 Presidential Campaigns 24971 May 24 Memorandum: Delegation of Function Under the Hizballah International Financing Prevention Act of 2015, as Amended 24975 May 24 Memorandum: Delegation of Functions and Authorities Under the Nicaragua Human Rights and Anticorruption Act of 2018 27695 May 24 Memorandum: Delegation of Functions and Authorities Under the Sanctioning the Use of Civilians as Defenseless Shields Act 27697 May 24 Memorandum: Revisions to the 2017 Unified Command Plan 24977 June 10 Presidential Determination No. 2019-13: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 27701 June 13 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Actions and Policies of Certain Members of the Government of Belarus and Other Persons to Undermine Democratic Processes or Institutions of Belarus 27905 June 18 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Western Balkans 28715 June 21 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to North Korea 29793 June 26 Memorandum: Policy for Military Service Academy and Reserve Officers' Training Corps Graduates Seeking to Participate in Professional Sports 31457 July 19 Memorandum: Delegation of Authority Under the Asia Reassurance Initiative Act of 2018 37955 July 19 Presidential Determination No. 2019-14: Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia 38109 July 22 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Transnational Criminal Organizations 35513 July 22 Presidential Determination No. 2019-15: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 35965 July 22 Presidential Determination No. 2019-16: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 35967 July 22 Presidential Determination No. 2019-17: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 35969 July 22 Presidential Determination No. 2019-18: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 35971 July 22 Presidential Determination No. 2019-19: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 35973 July 22 Presidential Determination No. 2019-20: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended 35975 July 26 Memorandum: Reforming Developing-Country Status in the World Trade Organization 37555 July 30 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Lebanon 37561 July 31 Presidential Determination No. 2019-21: Designation of the Federative Republic of Brazil as a Major Non-NATO Ally 43035 Aug. 8 Presidential Determination No. 2019-22: Presidential Determination on Major Drug Transit or Major Illicit Drug Producing Countries for Fiscal Year 2020 44679 Aug. 14 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Export Control Regulations 41881 Aug. 21 Memorandum: Discharging the Federal Student Loan Debt of Totally and Permanently Disabled Veterans 44677 Sept. 6 Memorandum: Providing an Order of Succession Within the Council on Environmental Quality 48227, 48549 Sept. 10 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Foreign Interference in or Undermining Public Confidence in United States Elections 48039 Sept. 12 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Certain Terrorist Attacks 48545 Sept. 13 Presidential Determination No. 2019-23: Continuation of the Exercise of Certain Authorities Under the Trading With the Enemy Act 49189 Sept. 19 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Persons Who Commit, Threaten to Commit, or Support Terrorism 49633 Sept. 24 Memorandum: Delegation of Functions and Authorities Under the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 52353 Oct. 11 Memorandum: Executive Orders 13836, 13837, and 13839 56095 Oct. 15 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Narcotics Traffickers Centered in Colombia 55857 Oct. 18 Presidential Determination No. 2020-01: Presidential Determination and Certification With Respect to the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 59519 Oct. 18 Presidential Determination No. 2020-02: Presidential Determination With Respect to the Efforts of Foreign Governments Regarding Trafficking in Persons 59521 Oct. 22 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Democratic Republic of the Congo 56927 Oct. 25 Presidential Determination No. 2020-03: Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 1245(d)(4)(B) and (C) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 59917 Oct. 31 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Sudan 59287 Nov. 1 Presidential Determination No. 2020-04: Presidential Determination on Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2020 65903 Nov. 12 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran 61815 Nov. 12 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction 61817 Nov. 12 Memorandum: Delegation of Removal Authority Over the Federal Service Impasses Panel 63789 Nov. 19 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Burundi 64191 Nov. 19 Memorandum: Ocean Mapping of the United States Exclusive Economic Zone and the Shoreline and Nearshore of Alaska 64699 Nov. 25 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Situation in Nicaragua 65255 Dec. 18 Notice: Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuse and Corruption 69981 Title 3—The President Table 4—Presidential Documents Affected Table 4—PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS AFFECTED DURING 2019 Editorial note: The following abbreviations are used in this table: EOExecutive Order FRFederal Register PLOPublic Land Order (43 CFR, Appendix to Chapter II) Proc.Proclamation Pub. L.Public Law Stat.U.S. Statutes at Large WCPDWeekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Proclamations Date or NumberComment 5030 See Memorandum of Nov. 19, p. 481 6763 See Proc. 9974 6867 Continued by Notice of Feb. 19, p. 416 7350 See Proc. 9974 7463 See Notice of Sept. 12, p. 467 7746 See Proc. 9974 7757 Continued by Notice of Feb. 19, p. 416 7826 See Proc. 9974 8271 See Notice of June 21, p. 449 8467 See Proc. 9974 8618 See Proc. 9974 8693 See EOs 13876; 13884, 13894 8770 See Proc. 9974 8921 See Proc. 9974 8947 See EO 13889 9072 See Procs. 9955, 9974 9223 See Proc. 9974 9383 See Proc. 9974 9398 Continued by Notice of Feb. 19, p. 416 9549 See Proc. 9974 9555 See Proc. 9974 9558 See EO 13889 9559 See EO 13889 9682 See EO 13889 9687 See Procs. 9955, 9974 9693 See Procs. 9887, 9902 9694 See Procs. 9887, 9902 9699 Continued by Notice of Feb. 19, p. 416 9704 Amended by Proc. 9893 9705 Amended by Procs. 9886; 9894 9711 See Proc. 9886 9753 Superseded by Proc. 9892 9772 See Proc. 9886 9822 See EO 13880; Procs. 9842, 9880 9834 See Proc. 9974 9842 See Proc. 9880 9886 See Proc. 9894 9887 See Proc. 9902 Executive Orders Date or NumberComment 10485 See EO 13867 10530 See EO 13867 10582 Revoked in part by EO 13881; Superseded in part by EO 13881 10694 See EO 13870 11145 Continued by EO 13889 11183 Continued by EO 13889 11287 Continued by EO 13889 11423 Revoked by EO 13867 11844 See Proc. 9955 11888 See Proc. 9887 12131 Continued by EO 13889 12170 See Notices of Mar. 12, p. 424; Nov. 12, p. 478 12171 Amended by EO 13869 12216 Continued by EO 13889 12382 Continued by EO 13889 12829 Continued by EO 13889 12851 See EO 13883 12866 See EO 13891 12905 Continued by EO 13889 12915 Continued by EO 13889 12916 Continued by EO 13889 12938 See EO 13883; Notice of Nov. 12, p. 479 12947 See EO 13886; Notice of Jan. 16, p. 413; Revoked by EO 13886 12957 See EOs 13871, 13876; Continued by Notices of Mar. 12, p. 424; Nov. 12, p. 478 12963 Continued by EO 13889 12978 See Notice of Oct. 15, p. 471 12994 Continued by EO 13889 13067 See Notice of Oct. 31, p. 475 13094 See Notice of Nov. 12, p. 479 13099 See EO 13886; Notice of Jan. 16, p. 413 13179 Continued by EO 13889 13219 See Notice of June 18, p. 448 13222 See Notice of Aug. 14, p. 463 13224 Amended by EO 13886; See Notice of Sept. 19, p. 468 13231 Continued by EO 13889 13265 Continued by EO 13889 13288 See Notice of Mar. 4, p. 422 13303 See Notice of May 20, p. 442 13315 See Notice of May 20, p. 442 13337 See Permit of Mar. 29, p. 432; Revoked by EO 13867 13338 See Notice of May 8, p. 439 13350 See Notice of May 20, p. 442 13364 See Notice of May 20, p. 442 13372 See Notice of Jan. 16, p. 413 13382 See Notice of Nov. 12, p. 479 13391 See Notice of Mar. 4, p. 422 13399 See Notice of May 8, p. 439 13400 See Notice of Oct. 31, p. 475 13405 See Notice of June 13, p. 447 13412 See Notice of Oct. 31, p. 475 13413 See Notice of Oct. 22, p. 474 13438 See Notice of May 20, p. 442 13441 See Notice of July 30, p. 460 13460 See Notice of May 8, p. 439 13466 See Notice of June 21, p. 449 13467 Amended by EO 13869 13469 See Notice of Mar. 4, p. 422 13495 Revoked by EO 13897 13515 Superseded in part by EO 13872 13526 See Memorandum of May 23, p. 443 13536 See Notice of Apr. 10, p. 436 13539 Continued by EO 13889; Revoked by EO 13895 13540 Continued by EO 13889 13549 Continued by EO 13889 13551 See Notice of June 21, p. 449 13555 Continued by EO 13889 13563 See EO 13891 13566 See Notice of Feb. 19, p. 417 13570 See Notice of June 21, p. 449 13572 See Notice of May 8, p. 439 13573 See Notice of May 8, p. 439 13581 Amended by EO 13863; See Notice of July 22, p. 453 13582 See Notice of May 8, p. 439 13606 See Notice of May 8, p. 439 13608 See Notice of May 8, p. 439 13609 See EO 13891 13611 See Notice of May 13, p. 441 13620 See Notice of Apr. 10, p. 436 13621 Continued by EO 13889 13637 See Notice of Aug. 14, p. 463 13660 See Notice of Mar. 4, p. 421 13661 See Notice of Mar. 4, p. 421 13662 See Notice of Mar. 4, p. 421 13664 See Notice of Apr. 1, p. 435 13667 See Notice of May 8, p. 441 13668 See Notice of May 20, p. 442 13671 See Notice of Oct. 22, p. 474 13675 Continued by EO 13889 13685 See Notice of Mar. 4, p. 421 13687 See Notice of June 21, p. 449 13692 Amended by EO 13857; See EO 13884; Notice of Mar. 5, p. 423 13694 See Notice of Mar. 26, p. 426 13712 See Notice of Nov. 19, p. 480 13722 See Notice of June 21, p. 449 13732 Partially revoked by EO 13862 13757 See Notice of Mar. 26, p. 426 13761 See Notice of Oct. 31, p. 475 13771 See EO 13891 13777 See EO 13891 13779 Continued by EO 13889 13780 See EO 13888 13788 Amended by EO 13858; See EO 13881 13800 See EOs 13865, 13870 13804 See Notice of Oct. 31, p. 475 13808 Amended by EO 13857; See Notice of Mar. 5, p. 423 13810 See Notice of June 21, p. 449 13811 Superseded in part by EOs 13872, 13889 13813 See EOs 13877, 13890 13818 See Notice of Dec. 18, p. 484 13827 Amended by EO 13857; See Notice of Mar. 5, p. 423 13835 Amended by EO 13857; See Notice of Mar. 5, p. 423 13836 Amended by Memorandum of Oct. 11, p. 469 13837 Amended by Memorandum of Oct. 11, p. 469 13839 Amended by Memorandum of Oct. 11, p. 469 13840 See Memorandum of Nov. 19, p. 481 13845 See EO 13864 13848 See Notice of Sept. 10, p. 466 13849 See Notice of Mar. 4, p. 421 13850 Amended by EO 13857; See Notice of Mar. 5, p. 423 13851 See Notice of Nov. 25, p. 484 13856 Superseded by EO 13866 13857 See Notice of Mar. 5, p. 423 13858 See EO 13881 13863 See Notice of July 22, p. 453 13866 Superseded by EO 13901 13872 Continued by EO 13889 Other Presidential Documents Date or NumberComment Memorandum of Jan. 13, 2017 Revoked by Memorandum of Sept. 6, p. 465 Memorandum of Jan. 24, 2017 See Presidential Permit of Mar. 29, p. 432 Presidential Permit of Mar. 23, 2017 Revoked by Presidential Permit of Mar. 29, p. 432 National Security Presidential Memorandum-4 of Apr. 4, 2017 See Memorandum of July 26, p. 457 Presidential Determination No. 2018-11 See Presidential Determination No. 2019-23, p. 468 Title 3—The President Table 5—Statutes Cited As Authority Table 5—STATUTES CITED AS AUTHORITY FOR PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS Editorial note: Statutes which were cited as authority for the issuance of Presidential documents contained in this volume are listed under one of these headings. For authority cites for hortatory proclamations, see the text of each proclamation: United States Code United States Statutes at Large Public Laws Short Title of Act Citations have been set forth in the style in which they appear in the documents. Since the form of citations varies from document to document, users of this table should search under all headings for pertinent references. United States Code U.S. Code Citation Presidential Document 2 U.S.C. 901a Order of Mar. 18, p. 426 2 U.S.C. 4501 EO 13866 3 U.S.C. 104 EO 13866 3 U.S.C. 301 EOs 13857, 13863, 13871, 13873, 13876, 13883, 13884, 13885, 13886, 13887, 13894; Procs. 9886, 9888, 9893, 9894, 9932, 9945; Memorandums of Jan. 15, p. 412; Jan. 15, p. 413; May 24, p. 444; May 24, p. 444; May 24, p. 445; May 24, p. 446; July 19, p. 452; Sept. 24, p. 469; Nov. 12, p. 479 5 U.S.C. App. EOs 13875, 13885, 13889 5 U.S.C. 105 EO 13892 5 U.S.C. 553 EO 13892 5 U.S.C. 3345 et seq. Memorandum of Sept. 6, p. 465 5 U.S.C. 5302(1) EOs 13866, 13901 5 U.S.C. 5303 EOs 13866, 13901 5 U.S.C. 5304 and 5304a EO 13866 5 U.S.C. 5312-5318 EO 13866 5 U.S.C. 5332(a) EO 13866 5 U.S.C. 5372 EO 13866 5 U.S.C. 5382 EO 13866 5 U.S.C. 5701-5707 EOs 13872, 13885, 13895 5 U.S.C. 7103(b)(1) EO 13870 5 U.S.C. 7119(c) Memorandum of Nov. 12, p. 479 6 U.S.C. 279 Proc. 9842 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42) EO 13888; Presidential Determination No. 2020-04, p. 477 8 U.S.C. 1157(2) EO 13888; Presidential Determination No. 2020-04, p. 477 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2) Proc. 9842 8 U.S.C. 1182(f) EOs 13871, 13876, 13882, 13884, 13894; Procs. 9842, 9880, 9931, 9932, 9945 8 U.S.C. 1185(a) Procs. 9842, 9880, 9931, 9932, 9945 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3) and 1232 Proc. 9842 8 U.S.C. 1254a(c) Memorandum of Mar. 28, p. 430 8 U.S.C. 1522(a)(2) EO 13888 10 U.S.C. 161(b)(2) Memorandum of May 24, p. 446 10 U.S.C. 333 Presidential Determination No. 2020-01, p. 471 13 U.S.C. 6 EO 13880 19 U.S.C. 1862 Proc. 9888 19 U.S.C. 1872 Memorandum of July 26, p. 457 19 U.S.C. 2466a(a) Proc. 9974 19 U.S.C. 2483 Procs. 9886, 9955 19 U.S.C. 3721(c) Proc. 9974 22 U.S.C. 262d EO 13883 22 U.S.C. 287c EOs 13882, 13886 22 U.S.C. 2291-4 Presidential Determination No. 2019-14, p. 452 22 U.S.C. 2321k Presidential Determination No. 2019-21, p. 461 22 U.S.C. 2370c-1 Presidential Determination No. 2020-01, p. 471 22 U.S.C. 2601(b) Presidential Determination No. 2020-04, p. 477 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq. Presidential Determination No. 2019-21, p. 461 22 U.S.C. 2798 EO 13883 22 U.S.C. 3963 EO 13866 22 U.S.C. 5604-5606 EO 13883 22 U.S.C. 7107 Presidential Determination No. 2020-02, p. 472 26 U.S.C. 213(d) EO 13877 28 U.S.C. 44(d), 135, 252, and 461(a) EO 13866 31 U.S.C. 1535 EO 13872 37 U.S.C. 203(a) (c) and 1009 EO 13866 38 U.S.C. 7306 and 7404 EO 13866 40 U.S.C. 101 et seq. EO 13897 41 U.S.C. 8301-8305 EO 13881 42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq. EO 13899 44 U.S.C. 3502(3) EO 13892 44 U.S.C. 3502(5) EO 13875 50 U.S.C. 191 Notice of Feb. 19, p. 416 50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq. EOs 13857, 13863, 13871, 13873, 13876, 13882, 13883, 13884, 13886, 13894 50 U.S.C. 1622(d) Notices of Jan. 16, p. 413; Feb. 19, p. 416; Feb. 19, p. 417; Mar. 4, p. 421; Mar. 4, p. 422; Mar. 5, p. 423; Mar. 26, p. 426; Apr. 1, p. 435; Apr. 10, p. 436; May 8, p. 439; May 8, p. 441; May 13, p. 441; May 20, p. 442; June 13, p. 447; June 18, p. 448; June 21, p. 449; July 22, p. 453; July 30, p. 460; Aug. 14, p. 463; Sept. 10, p. 466; Sept. 12, p. 467; Sept. 19, p. 468; Oct. 15, p. 471; Oct. 22, p. 474; Nov. 12, p. 478; Nov. 12, p. 479; Nov. 19, p. 480; Nov. 25, p. 484; Dec. 18, p. 484 50 U.S.C. 1641(c) EOs 13873, 13882, 13894 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq. EOs 13857, 13863, 13871, 13873, 13876, 13882, 13883, 13884, 13886, 13894; Notices of Aug. 14, p. 463; Sept. 10, p. 466 50 U.S.C. 1701(b)(2) EO 13876 50 U.S.C. 1701-1706 Notice of Nov. 25, p. 484 50 U.S.C. 1702(b)(2) EO 13871 50 U.S.C. 1703(c) EOs 13873, 13882, 13894 50 U.S.C. 2410c EO 13883 50 U.S.C. 4305 note Presidential Determination No. 19-23, p. 468 50 U.S.C. 4533 Presidential Determination Nos. 19-07, p. 414; 19-08, p. 415; 19-09, p. 415; 19-10, p. 416; 19-11, p. 425; 19-13, p. 447; 19-15, p. 454; 19-16, p. 454; 19-17, p. 455; 19-18, p. 456; 19-19, p. 456; 19-20, p. 457 50 U.S.C. 4601 note Notice of Aug. 14, p. 463 Public Laws Law Number Presidential Document 102-40 EO 13866 104-121 (Title II) EO 13892 107-51 Proc. 9942 107-228 Presidential Determination No. 2019-22, p. 461 112-81 Presidential Determination Nos. 2019-12, p. 438; 2020-03, p. 475 112-239 EO 13871 114-102 Memorandums of Jan. 15, p. 412; May 24, p. 444 114-125 Memorandum of Apr. 1, p. 435 114-291 Memorandum of Apr. 30, p. 439 115-91 EO 13862 115-232 Memorandum of Jan. 15, p. 413; EO 13862 115-254 (Title VI, Division F) Memorandum of Sept. 24, p. 469 115-272 Memorandums of Jan. 15, p. 412; May 24, p. 444 115-335 Memorandum of May 24, p. 444 115-348 Memorandum of May 24, p. 445 115-368 EO 13885 115-409 Memorandum of July 19, p. 452 116-6 EO 13866 Short Title of Act Title Presidential Document African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Procs. 9955, 9974 Africa Investment Incentive Act of 2006 Procs. 9955, 9974 Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI) EO 13899 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (Division C) EO 13901 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 Presidential Determination No. 2020-02, p. 472 Higher Education Act Memorandum of Aug. 21, p. 463 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 Proc. 9974 Trade Act of 1974 Procs. 9886, 9887, 9893, 9894, 9902, 9955, 9974 Trade Expansion Act of 1962 Procs. 9886, 9893, 9894 Trade Priorities Act Proc. 9974 United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement Proc. 9974 United States-Israel Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1985 Proc. 9974 Uruguay Round Agreements Act Proc. 9974 Title 3—The President List of Sections Affected LIST OF CFR SECTIONS AFFECTED Editorial note: All changes in this volume of the Code of Federal Regulations which were made by documents published in the Federal Register since January 1, 2001, are enumerated in the following list. Entries indicate the nature of the changes effected. Page numbers refer to Federal Register pages. The user should consult the entries for chapters and parts as well as sections for revisions.For the period before January 1, 2001, see the ``List of CFR Sections Affected, 1949-1963, 1964-1972, 1973-1985, and 1986-2000,'' published in 11 separate volumes.Presidential documents affected during 2019 are set forth in Table 4 on page 511. 2001-2014 3 CFR (No regulations issued) 2015 3 CFR 80 FR Page Chapter I 101.3 Removed 13758 2016-2019 3 CFR (No regulations issued) Title 3—The President Index IndexAAdministration of Proliferation Sanctions; Amendment to Executive Order 12851 (EO 13883)America's Cybersecurity Workforce (EO 13870)Anti-Semitism; Efforts To Combat (EO 13899)Armed Forces, U.S. Military Service Academy and Reserve Officers' Training Corps Graduates; Policy Regarding Participation in Professional Sports (Memorandum of June 26, 2019, p. 450) Space Force, U.S.; Establishment (Space Policy Directive-4, Memorandum of February 19, 2019, p. 418)Artificial Intelligence; Efforts To Maintain U.S. Leadership (EO 13859)Asia Reassurance Initiative Act of 2018; Delegation of Authority (Memorandum of July 19, 2019, p. 452)Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders; Economic Empowerment Initiative (EO 13872)BBalanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act; Sequestration Order for Fiscal Year 2020 (Order of March 18, 2019, p. 426)Belarus; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of June 13, 2019, p. 447)Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018; Delegation of Functions and Authorities (Memorandum of September 24, 2019, p. 469)Biotechnology; Regulatory Framework for Agricultural Products, Effort to Modernize (EO 13874)Brazil; Designation as Major Non-NATO Ally (Presidential Determination No. 2019-21 of July 31, 2019, p. 461)Budget, Federal Government Accountability for Administrative Actions, Efforts To Increase; Reinvigoration of Administrative PAYGO (Pay-As-You-Go) (EO 13893)Burundi; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of November 19, 2019, p. 480)CCentral African Republic; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of May 8, 2019, p. 441)Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008; Presidential Determination and Certification Respecting (Presidential Determination No. 2020-01 of October 18, 2019, p. 471)Colleges and Universities; Free Inquiry, Transparency, and Accountability Improvement Efforts (EO 13864)Colombia; Continuation of Drug Interdiction Assistance (Presidential Determination No. 2019-14 of July 19, 2019, p. 452)Colombia; Continuation of National Emergency With Respect to Narcotics Traffickers (Notice of October 15, 2019, p. 471)Committees; Establishment, Renewal, Termination, etc. Eliminating Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing, White House Council on; Establishment (EO 13878) National Roadmap to Empower Veterans and End Suicide Task Force; Establishment (EO 13861) Federal Advisory Committees; Continuance (EO 13889) Federal Advisory Committees; Effort to Evaluate and Improve Utility (EO 13875) Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, Commission on; Establishment (EO 13896) Missing and Murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives Task Force; Establishment (EO 13898) Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee, National; Establishment (EO 13885) Science and Technology, President's Council of Advisors on; Establishment (EO 13895)Congo, Democratic Republic of the; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of October 22, 2019, p. 474)Cuba; Continuation of National Emergency With Respect to the Regulation of Anchorage and Movement of Vessels (Notice of February 19, 2019, p. 416)DDecennial Census, U.S.; Collection of Information About Citizenship Status (EO 13880)Defense and National Security Airstrikes, U.S.; Revocation of Reporting Requirement (EO 13862) Cyber-Enabled Malicious Activities; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of March 26, 2019, p. 426) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-07 of January 16, 2019, p. 414) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-08 of January 16, 2019, p. 415) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-09 of January 16, 2019, p. 415) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-10 of January 16, 2019, p. 416) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-11 of March 12, 2019, p. 425) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-13 of June 10, 2019, p. 447) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-15 of July 22, 2019, p. 454) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-16 of July 22, 2019, p. 454) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-17 of July 22, 2019, p. 455) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-18 of July 22, 2019, p. 456) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-19 of July 22, 2019, p. 456) Defense Production Act of 1950; Determination (Presidential Determination No. 2019-20 of July 22, 2019, p. 457) National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Presidential Determination No. 2019-12 of April 29, 2019, p. 438) National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Presidential Determination No. 2020-03 of October 25, 2019, p. 475) National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019; Delegation of Authorities and Responsibilities (Memorandum of January 15, 2019, p. 413)EElections, U.S.: Foreign Interference and Undermining of Public Confidence; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of September 10, 2019, p. 466) 2016 Presidential Campaigns, Agency Cooperation With Attorney General's Review of Intelligence Activities; Delegation of Authority (Memorandum of May 23, 2019, p. 443)Electromagnetic Pulses; National Resilience Coordination Efforts (EO 13865)Energy Infrastructure and Economic Growth; Promotion Efforts (EO 13868)Environmental Quality, Council on; Providing an Order of Succession (Memorandum of September 6, 2019, p. 465)Export Control Regulations; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of August 14, 2019, p. 463)FFacilities and Land Transportation Crossings at U.S. International Boundaries; Permit Issuance Policy Revision (EO 13867)Federal Housing Finance Reform (Memorandum of March 27, 2019, p. 427)GGovernment Agencies and Employees: Agency Guidance Documents, Rule of Law Promotion; Effort to Improve (EO 13891) Amendments to Executive Orders 13836, 13837 and 13839 (Memorandum of October 11, 2019, p. 469) Background Investigations; Transfer of Responsibility to the Department of Defense (EO 13869) Civil Administrative Enforcement and Adjudication; Promotion of Rule of Law Through Transparency and Fairness (EO 13892) Closing of Executive Departments and Agencies on December 24, 2019 (EO 13900) Federal Contractor Operations, Improvement Efforts; Revocation of Executive Order 13495 (EO 13897) Federal Service Impasses Panel; Delegation of Removal Authority (Memorandum of November 12, 2019, p. 479) Rates of Pay; Adjustments (EO 13866) Rates of Pay; Adjustments (EO 13901)HHealth and Medical Care: Healthcare Benefits for Americans, Effort To Protect Availability; Suspension of U.S. Entry of Immigrants Who Will Financially Burden National Healthcare System (Proc. 9945) Healthcare, U.S.; Improving Price and Quality Transparency To Put Patients First (EO 13877) Kidney Disease; Effort to Advance Treatment and Prevention (EO 13879) Medicare for U.S. Seniors; Protection and Improvement Efforts (EO 13890) National Security and Public Health, Promotion Efforts; Modernizing Influenza Vaccines in the U.S. (EO 13887)Hizballah International Financing Prevention Act of 2015 and Hizballah International Financing Prevention Amendments Act of 2018; Delegation of Functions and Authorities (Memorandum of January 15, 2019, p. 412)Hizballah International Financing Prevention Act of 2015; Delegation of Function (Memorandum of May 24, 2019, p. 444)Human Rights Abuse and Corruption; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of December 18, 2019, p. 484)IImmigration and Naturalization: Iran, Senior Government Officials; Suspension of U.S. Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants (Proc. 9932) Nonimmigrant Visas, High Overstay Rates; Efforts To Combat (Memorandum of April 22, 2019, p. 437) Venezuela, Democratic Institutions; Suspension of U.S. Entry of Immigrant and Nonimmigrant Persons Responsible for Policies or Actions That Threaten (Proc. 9931)Information and Communications Technology and Services, Supply Chain Security; Effort to Enhance (EO 13873)Infrastructure Projects; Effort To Strengthen Buy-American Preferences (EO 13858)Iran; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of March 12, 2019, p. 424)Iran; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of November 12, 2019, p. 478)Iran; Implementation of U.S. Sanctions on Iranian Iron, Steel, Aluminum, and Copper Sectors (EO 13871)Iran; Imposition of U.S. Sanctions (EO 13876)Iraq; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of May 20, 2019, p. 442)Israel, Golan Heights; U.S. Recognition as Part of the State of Israel (Proc. 9852)LLebanon; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of July 30, 2019, p. 460)Liberia; Extension of Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberians (Memorandum of March 28, 2019, p. 430)Libya; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of February 19, 2019, p. 417)MMali; Blocking Property and Suspending Entry Into U.S. of Certain Persons (EO 13882)Merchant Marine; Active Duty and Military Veteran Service Members, Transition Support (EO 13860)Middle East Peace Process, Terrorists Who Threaten To Disrupt; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of January 16, 2019, p. 413)NNarcotics and Drugs: Major Drug Transit or Major Illicit Drug-Producing Countries for FY 2020 (Presidential Determination No. 2019-22 of August 8, 2019, p. 461)National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ocean Mapping of U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and the Shoreline and Nearshore of Alaska (Memorandum of November 19, 2019, p. 481)Nicaragua Human Rights and Anticorruption Act of 2018; Delegation of Functions and Authorities (Memorandum of May 24, 2019, p. 444)Nicaragua; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of November 25, 2019, p. 484)North Korea; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of June 21, 2019, p. 449)PPermit Authorizing TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, L.P. To Construct, Connect, Operate, and Maintain Pipeline Facilities at the U.S.-Canada International Boundary (Permit of March 29, 2019, p. 432)RRefugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2020 (Presidential Determination No. 2020-04 of November 1, 2019, p. 477)Refugee Resettlement, State and Local Government Involvement; Efforts to Enhance (EO 13888)SSanctioning the Use of Civilians as Defenseless Shields Act; Delegation of Functions and Authorities (Memorandum of May 24, 2019, p. 445)Somalia; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of April 10, 2019, p. 436)South Sudan; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of April 1, 2019, p. 435)Southern U.S. Border, Mass Migration Border Crossings; Measures to Address (Proc. 9842)Southern U.S. Border, Mass Migration Border Crossings; Measures to Address (Proc. 9880)Special Observances African-American Music Appreciation Month (Proc. 9897) American Education Week (Proc. 9966) American Heart Month (Proc. 9840) American Red Cross Month (Proc. 9845) Americans with Disabilities Act; Anniversary (Proc. 9912) Apollo 11 Lunar Landing; 50th Anniversary Observance (Proc. 9911) Armed Forces Day (Proc. 9892) Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month (Proc. 9867) Blind Americans Equality Day (Proc. 9950) Cancer Control Month (Proc. 9853) Captive Nations Week (Proc. 9910) Child Health Day (Proc. 9944) Columbus Day (Proc. 9949) Constitution Day, Citizenship Day, and Constitution Week (Proc. 9929) Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Month (Proc. 9956) Days of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust (Proc. 9866) Death of Elijah E. Cummings (Proc. 9951) Death of John David Dingell, Jr. (Proc. 9843) Death of John Paul Stevens (Proc. 9909) Education and Sharing Day, U.S.A. (Proc. 9863) Emergency Medical Services Week (Proc. 9890) Father's Day (Proc. 9906) Fire Prevention Week (Proc. 9942) Flag Day and National Flag Week (Proc. 9905) General Pulaski Memorial Day (Proc. 9947) German-American Day (Proc. 9943) Gold Star Mother's and Family's Day (Proc. 9934) Great Outdoors Month (Proc. 9898) Greek Independence Day: A National Day of Celebration of Greek and American Democracy (Proc. 9851) Honoring the Victims of the Tragedies in El Paso, TX, and Dayton, OH (Proc. 9914) Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Virginia Beach, VA (Proc. 9903) Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day, and Human Rights Week (Proc. 9972) Irish-American Heritage Month (Proc. 9846) Jewish American Heritage Month (Proc. 9868) Labor Day (Proc. 9920) Law Day, U.S.A. (Proc. 9872) Leif Erikson Day (Proc. 9946) Loyalty Day (Proc. 9873) Made in America Day and Made in America Week (Proc. 9908) Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday (Proc. 9839) Military Spouse Day (Proc. 9881) Minority Enterprise Development Week (Proc. 9924) Missing and Murdered American Indians and Alaska Natives Awareness Day (Proc. 9879) Mother's Day (Proc. 9885) National Adoption Month (Proc. 9957) National African American History Month (Proc. 9841) National Agriculture Day (Proc. 9849) National Alcohol and Drug Addiction Recovery Month (Proc. 9917) National American History and Founders Month (Proc. 9958) National Apprenticeship Week (Proc. 9964) National Breast Cancer Awareness Month (Proc. 9936) National Caribbean-American Heritage Month (Proc. 9899) National Character Counts Week (Proc. 9952) National Charter Schools Week (Proc. 9882) National Child Abuse Prevention Month (Proc. 9854) National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month (Proc. 9918) National Consumer Protection Week (Proc. 9848) National Crime Victims' Rights Week (Proc. 9859) National Cybersecurity Awareness Month (Proc. 9937) National Day of Prayer (Proc. 9874) National Day of Remembrance of the 75th Anniversary of D-Day (Proc. 9904) National Days of Prayer and Remembrance (Proc. 9921) National Defense Transportation Day and National Transportation Week (Proc. 9883) National Disability Employment Awareness Month (Proc. 9938) National Domestic Violence Awareness Month (Proc. 9933) National Donate Life Month (Proc. 9855) National Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve Week (Proc. 9915) National Energy Awareness Month (Proc. 9939) National Entrepreneurship Month (Proc. 9959) National Family Caregivers Month (Proc. 9960) National Family Week (Proc. 9967) National Farm Safety and Health Week (Proc. 9926) National Forest Products Week (Proc. 9953) National Former Prisoner of War Recognition Day (Proc. 9861) National Foster Care Month (Proc. 9869) National Gang Violence Prevention Week (Proc. 9928) National Hispanic Heritage Month (Proc. 9927) National Historically Black Colleges and Universities Week (Proc. 9922) National Homeownership Month (Proc. 9900) National Hunting and Fishing Day (Proc. 9935) National Hurricane Preparedness Week (Proc. 9876) National Impaired Driving Prevention Month (Proc. 9969) National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day (Proc. 9913) National Manufacturing Day (Proc. 9941) National Maritime Day (Proc. 9895) National Mental Health Awareness Month (Proc. 9875) National Native American Heritage Month (Proc. 9961) National Ocean Month (Proc. 9901) National Park Week (Proc. 9864) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (Proc. 9971) National Physical Fitness and Sports Month (Proc. 9870) National Poison Prevention Week (Proc. 9850) National POW/MIA Recognition Day (Proc. 9930) National Preparedness Month (Proc. 9919) National Safe Boating Week (Proc. 9889) National Sanctity of Human Life Day (Proc. 9838) National School Choice Week (Proc. 9837) National School Lunch Week (Proc. 9948) National Sexual Assault Awareness and Prevention Month (Proc. 9856) National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month (Proc. 9975) National Small Business Week (Proc. 9877) National Substance Abuse Prevention Month (Proc. 9940) National Veterans and Military Families Month (Proc. 9962) National Volunteer Week (Proc. 9860) Older Americans Month (Proc. 9871) Opioid Crisis Awareness Week (Proc. 9923) Pan American Day and Pan American Week (Proc. 9862) Patriot Day (Proc. 9925) Peace Officers Memorial Day and Police Week (Proc. 9884) Pledge to America's Workers Month (Proc. 9907) Prayer for Peace, Memorial Day (Proc. 9896) Public Service Recognition Week (Proc. 9878) Religious Freedom Day (Proc. 9836) Second Chance Month (Proc. 9857) Thanksgiving Day (Proc. 9968) United Nations Day (Proc. 9954) Veterans Day (Proc. 9963) Women's Equality Day (Proc. 9916) Women's History Month (Proc. 9847) World AIDS Day (Proc. 9970) World Autism Awareness Day (Proc. 9858) World Freedom Day (Proc. 9965) World Intellectual Property Day (Proc. 9865) World Trade Week (Proc. 9891) Wright Brothers Day (Proc. 9973)Sudan; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of October 31, 2019, p. 475)Syria; Blocking Property and Suspending Entry Into U.S. of Certain Persons (EO 13894)Syria; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of May 8, 2019, p. 439)TTerrorism, Efforts To Combat; Modernization of Sanctions (EO 13886)Terrorism; Continuation of National Emergency With Respect to Persons Who Commit, Threaten to Commit, or Support (Notice of September 19, 2019, p. 468)Terrorist Attacks; Continuation of U.S. National Emergency (Notice of September 12, 2019, p. 467)Trade: African Growth and Opportunity Act; Actions Under (Proc. 9974) Aluminum, Imports Into U.S.; Adjustment (Proc. 9893) Automobiles and Automobile Parts, Imports Into U.S.; Adjustment (Proc. 9888) Generalized System of Preferences; Duty-Free Treatment, Modifications (Proc. 9955) Steel, Imports Into U.S.; Adjustment (Proc. 9886) Steel; Imports Into U.S.; Adjustment (Proc. 9894) Trade Act of 1974; List of Beneficiary Developing Countries, Modification (Proc. 9887) Trade Act of 1974; List of Beneficiary Developing Countries, Modification (Proc. 9902) Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015; Small Business Administration Report, Submission Delay (Memorandum of April 1, 2019, p. 435) World Trade Organization; Developing Country Status Reform (Memorandum of July 26, 2019, p. 457)Trading With the Enemy Act; Continuation of the Exercise of Certain Authorities (Presidential Determination No. 2019-23 of September 13, 2019, p. 468)Trafficking in Persons; Foreign Governments' Compliance Efforts (Presidential Determination No. 2020-02 of October 18, 2019, p. 472)Transnational Criminal Organizations; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of July 22, 2019, p. 453)Transnational Criminal Organizations; Taking Additional Steps to Address the U.S. National Emergency (EO 13863)U2017 Unified Command Plan; Revisions (Memorandum of May 24, 2019, p. 446)U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem; Decision Regarding (Memorandum of January 8, 2019, p. 411)U.S. Southern Border; Declaration of National Emergency (Proc. 9844)U.S.-Caribbean Strategic Engagement Act of 2016; Delegation of Authority (Memorandum of April 30, 2019, p. 439)U.S.-Made Goods, Products, and Materials; Maximization of Use (EO 13881)Ukraine; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of March 4, 2019, p. 421)VVenezuela; Blocking Government Property (EO 13884)Venezuela; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of March 5, 2019, p. 423)Venezuela; U.S. National Emergency, Additional Steps To Address (EO 13857)Veterans, Disabled Totally and Permanently; Discharge of Federal Student Loan Debt (Memorandum of August 21, 2019, p. 463)WWeapons of Mass Destruction; Continuation of National Emergency With Respect to Proliferation (Notice of November 12, 2019, p. 479)Western Balkans; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of June 18, 2019, p. 448)YYemen; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of May 13, 2019, p. 441)ZZimbabwe; Continuation of National Emergency (Notice of March 4, 2019, p. 422) CFR Finding Aids Editorial note: A list of CFR titles, subtitles, chapters, subchapters, and parts, and an alphabetical list of agencies publishing in the CFR are included in the CFR Index and Finding Aids volume to the Code of Federal Regulations , which is published separately and revised annually as of January 1. The two finding aids on the following pages, the ``Table of CFR Titles and Chapters'' and the ``Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR'' apply to all 50 titles of the Code of Federal Regulations. Reference aids specific to this volume appear in the section entitled ``Title 3 Finding Aids,'' found on page 497. Chap. Table of CFR Titles and Chapters (Revised as of January 1, 2020) Title 1—General Provisions I Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (Parts 1—49) II Office of the Federal Register (Parts 50—299) III Administrative Conference of the United States (Parts 300—399) IV Miscellaneous Agencies (Parts 400—599) VI National Capital Planning Commission (Parts 600—699) Title 2—Grants and Agreements Subtitle A—Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements I Office of Management and Budget Governmentwide Guidance for Grants and Agreements (Parts 2—199) II Office of Management and Budget Guidance (Parts 200—299) Subtitle B—Federal Agency Regulations for Grants and Agreements III Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 300—399) IV Department of Agriculture (Parts 400—499) VI Department of State (Parts 600—699) VII Agency for International Development (Parts 700—799) VIII Department of Veterans Affairs (Parts 800—899) IX Department of Energy (Parts 900—999) X Department of the Treasury (Parts 1000—1099) XI Department of Defense (Parts 1100—1199) XII Department of Transportation (Parts 1200—1299) XIII Department of Commerce (Parts 1300—1399) XIV Department of the Interior (Parts 1400—1499) XV Environmental Protection Agency (Parts 1500—1599) XVIII National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Parts 1800—1899) XX United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Parts 2000—2099) XXII Corporation for National and Community Service (Parts 2200—2299) XXIII Social Security Administration (Parts 2300—2399) XXIV Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 2400—2499) XXV National Science Foundation (Parts 2500—2599) XXVI National Archives and Records Administration (Parts 2600—2699) XXVII Small Business Administration (Parts 2700—2799) XXVIII Department of Justice (Parts 2800—2899) XXIX Department of Labor (Parts 2900—2999) XXX Department of Homeland Security (Parts 3000—3099) XXXI Institute of Museum and Library Services (Parts 3100—3199) XXXII National Endowment for the Arts (Parts 3200—3299) XXXIII National Endowment for the Humanities (Parts 3300—3399) XXXIV Department of Education (Parts 3400—3499) XXXV Export-Import Bank of the United States (Parts 3500—3599) XXXVI Office of National Drug Control Policy, Executive Office of the President (Parts 3600—3699) XXXVII Peace Corps (Parts 3700—3799) LVIII Election Assistance Commission (Parts 5800—5899) LIX Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council (Parts 5900—5999) Title 3—The President I Executive Office of the President (Parts 100—199) Title 4—Accounts I Government Accountability Office (Parts 1—199) Title 5—Administrative Personnel I Office of Personnel Management (Parts 1—1199) II Merit Systems Protection Board (Parts 1200—1299) III Office of Management and Budget (Parts 1300—1399) IV Office of Personnel Management and Office of the Director of National Intelligence (Parts 1400—1499) V The International Organizations Employees Loyalty Board (Parts 1500—1599) VI Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board (Parts 1600—1699) VIII Office of Special Counsel (Parts 1800—1899) IX Appalachian Regional Commission (Parts 1900—1999) XI Armed Forces Retirement Home (Parts 2100—2199) XIV Federal Labor Relations Authority, General Counsel of the Federal Labor Relations Authority and Federal Service Impasses Panel (Parts 2400—2499) XVI Office of Government Ethics (Parts 2600—2699) XXI Department of the Treasury (Parts 3100—3199) XXII Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (Parts 3200—3299) XXIII Department of Energy (Parts 3300—3399) XXIV Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Parts 3400—3499) XXV Department of the Interior (Parts 3500—3599) XXVI Department of Defense (Parts 3600—3699) XXVIII Department of Justice (Parts 3800—3899) XXIX Federal Communications Commission (Parts 3900—3999) XXX Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation (Parts 4000—4099) XXXI Farm Credit Administration (Parts 4100—4199) XXXIII U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (Parts 4300—4399) XXXIV Securities and Exchange Commission (Parts 4400—4499) XXXV Office of Personnel Management (Parts 4500—4599) XXXVI Department of Homeland Security (Parts 4600—4699) XXXVII Federal Election Commission (Parts 4700—4799) XL Interstate Commerce Commission (Parts 5000—5099) XLI Commodity Futures Trading Commission (Parts 5100—5199) XLII Department of Labor (Parts 5200—5299) XLIII National Science Foundation (Parts 5300—5399) XLV Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 5500—5599) XLVI Postal Rate Commission (Parts 5600—5699) XLVII Federal Trade Commission (Parts 5700—5799) XLVIII Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Parts 5800—5899) XLIX Federal Labor Relations Authority (Parts 5900—5999) L Department of Transportation (Parts 6000—6099) LII Export-Import Bank of the United States (Parts 6200—6299) LIII Department of Education (Parts 6300—6399) LIV Environmental Protection Agency (Parts 6400—6499) LV National Endowment for the Arts (Parts 6500—6599) LVI National Endowment for the Humanities (Parts 6600—6699) LVII General Services Administration (Parts 6700—6799) LVIII Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Parts 6800—6899) LIX National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Parts 6900—6999) LX United States Postal Service (Parts 7000—7099) LXI National Labor Relations Board (Parts 7100—7199) LXII Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (Parts 7200—7299) LXIII Inter-American Foundation (Parts 7300—7399) LXIV Merit Systems Protection Board (Parts 7400—7499) LXV Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 7500—7599) LXVI National Archives and Records Administration (Parts 7600—7699) LXVII Institute of Museum and Library Services (Parts 7700—7799) LXVIII Commission on Civil Rights (Parts 7800—7899) LXIX Tennessee Valley Authority (Parts 7900—7999) LXX Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia (Parts 8000—8099) LXXI Consumer Product Safety Commission (Parts 8100—8199) LXXIII Department of Agriculture (Parts 8300—8399) LXXIV Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (Parts 8400—8499) LXXVI Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board (Parts 8600—8699) LXXVII Office of Management and Budget (Parts 8700—8799) LXXX Federal Housing Finance Agency (Parts 9000—9099) LXXXIII Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (Parts 9300—9399) LXXXIV Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Parts 9400—9499) LXXXVI National Credit Union Administration (Parts 9600—9699) XCVII Department of Homeland Security Human Resources Management System (Department of Homeland Security—Office of Personnel Management) (Parts 9700—9799) XCVIII Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency (Parts 9800—9899) XCIX Military Compensation and Retirement Modernization Commission (Parts 9900—9999) C National Council on Disability (Parts 10000—10049) CI National Mediation Board (Part 10101) Title 6—Domestic Security I Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Secretary (Parts 1—199) X Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (Parts 1000—1099) Title 7—Agriculture Subtitle A—Office of the Secretary of Agriculture (Parts 0—26) Subtitle B—Regulations of the Department of Agriculture I Agricultural Marketing Service (Standards, Inspections, Marketing Practices), Department of Agriculture (Parts 27—209) II Food and Nutrition Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 210—299) III Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 300—399) IV Federal Crop Insurance Corporation, Department of Agriculture (Parts 400—499) V Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 500—599) VI Natural Resources Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 600—699) VII Farm Service Agency, Department of Agriculture (Parts 700—799) VIII Agricultural Marketing Service (Federal Grain Inspection Service, Fair Trade Practices Program), Department of Agriculture (Parts 800—899) IX Agricultural Marketing Service (Marketing Agreements and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), Department of Agriculture (Parts 900—999) X Agricultural Marketing Service (Marketing Agreements and Orders; Milk), Department of Agriculture (Parts 1000—1199) XI Agricultural Marketing Service (Marketing Agreements and Orders; Miscellaneous Commodities), Department of Agriculture (Parts 1200—1299) XIV Commodity Credit Corporation, Department of Agriculture (Parts 1400—1499) XV Foreign Agricultural Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 1500—1599) XVI [Reserved] XVII Rural Utilities Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 1700—1799) XVIII Rural Housing Service, Rural Business-Cooperative Service, Rural Utilities Service, and Farm Service Agency, Department of Agriculture (Parts 1800—2099) XX [Reserved] XXV Office of Advocacy and Outreach, Department of Agriculture (Parts 2500—2599) XXVI Office of Inspector General, Department of Agriculture (Parts 2600—2699) XXVII Office of Information Resources Management, Department of Agriculture (Parts 2700—2799) XXVIII Office of Operations, Department of Agriculture (Parts 2800—2899) XXIX Office of Energy Policy and New Uses, Department of Agriculture (Parts 2900—2999) XXX Office of the Chief Financial Officer, Department of Agriculture (Parts 3000—3099) XXXI Office of Environmental Quality, Department of Agriculture (Parts 3100—3199) XXXII Office of Procurement and Property Management, Department of Agriculture (Parts 3200—3299) XXXIII Office of Transportation, Department of Agriculture (Parts 3300—3399) XXXIV National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Parts 3400—3499) XXXV Rural Housing Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 3500—3599) XXXVI National Agricultural Statistics Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 3600—3699) XXXVII Economic Research Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 3700—3799) XXXVIII World Agricultural Outlook Board, Department of Agriculture (Parts 3800—3899) XLI [Reserved] XLII Rural Business-Cooperative Service and Rural Utilities Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 4200—4299) Title 8—Aliens and Nationality I Department of Homeland Security (Parts 1—499) V Executive Office for Immigration Review, Department of Justice (Parts 1000—1399) Title 9—Animals and Animal Products I Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 1—199) II Agricultural Marketing Service (Federal Grain Inspection Service, Fair Trade Practices Program), Department of Agriculture (Parts 200—299) III Food Safety and Inspection Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 300—599) Title 10—Energy I Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Parts 0—199) II Department of Energy (Parts 200—699) III Department of Energy (Parts 700—999) X Department of Energy (General Provisions) (Parts 1000—1099) XIII Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board (Parts 1300—1399) XVII Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (Parts 1700—1799) XVIII Northeast Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste Commission (Parts 1800—1899) Title 11—Federal Elections I Federal Election Commission (Parts 1—9099) II Election Assistance Commission (Parts 9400—9499) Title 12—Banks and Banking I Comptroller of the Currency, Department of the Treasury (Parts 1—199) II Federal Reserve System (Parts 200—299) III Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (Parts 300—399) IV Export-Import Bank of the United States (Parts 400—499) V (Parts 600—699) [Reserved] VI Farm Credit Administration (Parts 600—699) VII National Credit Union Administration (Parts 700—799) VIII Federal Financing Bank (Parts 800—899) IX Federal Housing Finance Board (Parts 900—999) X Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Parts 1000—1099) XI Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (Parts 1100—1199) XII Federal Housing Finance Agency (Parts 1200—1299) XIII Financial Stability Oversight Council (Parts 1300—1399) XIV Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation (Parts 1400—1499) XV Department of the Treasury (Parts 1500—1599) XVI Office of Financial Research (Parts 1600—1699) XVII Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 1700—1799) XVIII Community Development Financial Institutions Fund, Department of the Treasury (Parts 1800—1899) Title 13—Business Credit and Assistance I Small Business Administration (Parts 1—199) III Economic Development Administration, Department of Commerce (Parts 300—399) IV Emergency Steel Guarantee Loan Board (Parts 400—499) V Emergency Oil and Gas Guaranteed Loan Board (Parts 500—599) Title 14—Aeronautics and Space I Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 1—199) II Office of the Secretary, Department of Transportation (Aviation Proceedings) (Parts 200—399) III Commercial Space Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 400—1199) V National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Parts 1200—1299) VI Air Transportation System Stabilization (Parts 1300—1399) Title 15—Commerce and Foreign Trade Subtitle A—Office of the Secretary of Commerce (Parts 0—29) Subtitle B—Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade I Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce (Parts 30—199) II National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Commerce (Parts 200—299) III International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce (Parts 300—399) IV Foreign-Trade Zones Board, Department of Commerce (Parts 400—499) VII Bureau of Industry and Security, Department of Commerce (Parts 700—799) VIII Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of Commerce (Parts 800—899) IX National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce (Parts 900—999) XI National Technical Information Service, Department of Commerce (Parts 1100—1199) XIII East-West Foreign Trade Board (Parts 1300—1399) XIV Minority Business Development Agency (Parts 1400—1499) Subtitle C—Regulations Relating to Foreign Trade Agreements XX Office of the United States Trade Representative (Parts 2000—2099) Subtitle D—Regulations Relating to Telecommunications and Information XXIII National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Department of Commerce (Parts 2300—2399) [Reserved] Title 16—Commercial Practices I Federal Trade Commission (Parts 0—999) II Consumer Product Safety Commission (Parts 1000—1799) Title 17—Commodity and Securities Exchanges I Commodity Futures Trading Commission (Parts 1—199) II Securities and Exchange Commission (Parts 200—399) IV Department of the Treasury (Parts 400—499) Title 18—Conservation of Power and Water Resources I Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Department of Energy (Parts 1—399) III Delaware River Basin Commission (Parts 400—499) VI Water Resources Council (Parts 700—799) VIII Susquehanna River Basin Commission (Parts 800—899) XIII Tennessee Valley Authority (Parts 1300—1399) Title 19—Customs Duties I U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security; Department of the Treasury (Parts 0—199) II United States International Trade Commission (Parts 200—299) III International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce (Parts 300—399) IV U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Department of Homeland Security (Parts 400—599) [Reserved] Title 20—Employees' Benefits I Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, Department of Labor (Parts 1—199) II Railroad Retirement Board (Parts 200—399) III Social Security Administration (Parts 400—499) IV Employees' Compensation Appeals Board, Department of Labor (Parts 500—599) V Employment and Training Administration, Department of Labor (Parts 600—699) VI Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, Department of Labor (Parts 700—799) VII Benefits Review Board, Department of Labor (Parts 800—899) VIII Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries (Parts 900—999) IX Office of the Assistant Secretary for Veterans' Employment and Training Service, Department of Labor (Parts 1000—1099) Title 21—Food and Drugs I Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 1—1299) II Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice (Parts 1300—1399) III Office of National Drug Control Policy (Parts 1400—1499) Title 22—Foreign Relations I Department of State (Parts 1—199) II Agency for International Development (Parts 200—299) III Peace Corps (Parts 300—399) IV International Joint Commission, United States and Canada (Parts 400—499) V Broadcasting Board of Governors (Parts 500—599) VII Overseas Private Investment Corporation (Parts 700—799) IX Foreign Service Grievance Board (Parts 900—999) X Inter-American Foundation (Parts 1000—1099) XI International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico, United States Section (Parts 1100—1199) XII United States International Development Cooperation Agency (Parts 1200—1299) XIII Millennium Challenge Corporation (Parts 1300—1399) XIV Foreign Service Labor Relations Board; Federal Labor Relations Authority; General Counsel of the Federal Labor Relations Authority; and the Foreign Service Impasse Disputes Panel (Parts 1400—1499) XV African Development Foundation (Parts 1500—1599) XVI Japan-United States Friendship Commission (Parts 1600—1699) XVII United States Institute of Peace (Parts 1700—1799) Title 23—Highways I Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 1—999) II National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 1200—1299) III National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 1300—1399) Title 24—Housing and Urban Development Subtitle A—Office of the Secretary, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 0—99) Subtitle B—Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban Development I Office of Assistant Secretary for Equal Opportunity, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 100—199) II Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing-Federal Housing Commissioner, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 200—299) III Government National Mortgage Association, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 300—399) IV Office of Housing and Office of Multifamily Housing Assistance Restructuring, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 400—499) V Office of Assistant Secretary for Community Planning and Development, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 500—599) VI Office of Assistant Secretary for Community Planning and Development, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 600—699) [Reserved] VII Office of the Secretary, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Housing Assistance Programs and Public and Indian Housing Programs) (Parts 700—799) VIII Office of the Assistant Secretary for Housing—Federal Housing Commissioner, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Section 8 Housing Assistance Programs, Section 202 Direct Loan Program, Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program and Section 811 Supportive Housing for Persons With Disabilities Program) (Parts 800—899) IX Office of Assistant Secretary for Public and Indian Housing, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 900—1699) XII Office of Inspector General, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 2000—2099) XV Emergency Mortgage Insurance and Loan Programs, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 2700—2799) [Reserved] XX Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing—Federal Housing Commissioner, Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 3200—3899) XXIV Board of Directors of the HOPE for Homeowners Program (Parts 4000—4099) [Reserved] XXV Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation (Parts 4100—4199) Title 25—Indians I Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior (Parts 1—299) II Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Department of the Interior (Parts 300—399) III National Indian Gaming Commission, Department of the Interior (Parts 500—599) IV Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation (Parts 700—899) V Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior, and Indian Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services (Part 900—999) VI Office of the Assistant Secretary, Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior (Parts 1000—1199) VII Office of the Special Trustee for American Indians, Department of the Interior (Parts 1200—1299) Title 26—Internal Revenue I Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury (Parts 1—End) Title 27—Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms I Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Department of the Treasury (Parts 1—399) II Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, Department of Justice (Parts 400—699) Title 28—Judicial Administration I Department of Justice (Parts 0—299) III Federal Prison Industries, Inc., Department of Justice (Parts 300—399) V Bureau of Prisons, Department of Justice (Parts 500—599) VI Offices of Independent Counsel, Department of Justice (Parts 600—699) VII Office of Independent Counsel (Parts 700—799) VIII Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia (Parts 800—899) IX National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact Council (Parts 900—999) XI Department of Justice and Department of State (Parts 1100—1199) Title 29—Labor Subtitle A—Office of the Secretary of Labor (Parts 0—99) Subtitle B—Regulations Relating to Labor I National Labor Relations Board (Parts 100—199) II Office of Labor-Management Standards, Department of Labor (Parts 200—299) III National Railroad Adjustment Board (Parts 300—399) IV Office of Labor-Management Standards, Department of Labor (Parts 400—499) V Wage and Hour Division, Department of Labor (Parts 500—899) IX Construction Industry Collective Bargaining Commission (Parts 900—999) X National Mediation Board (Parts 1200—1299) XII Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (Parts 1400—1499) XIV Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (Parts 1600—1699) XVII Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor (Parts 1900—1999) XX Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (Parts 2200—2499) XXV Employee Benefits Security Administration, Department of Labor (Parts 2500—2599) XXVII Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (Parts 2700—2799) XL Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (Parts 4000—4999) Title 30—Mineral Resources I Mine Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor (Parts 1—199) II Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, Department of the Interior (Parts 200—299) IV Geological Survey, Department of the Interior (Parts 400—499) V Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Department of the Interior (Parts 500—599) VII Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Department of the Interior (Parts 700—999) XII Office of Natural Resources Revenue, Department of the Interior (Parts 1200—1299) Title 31—Money and Finance: Treasury Subtitle A—Office of the Secretary of the Treasury (Parts 0—50) Subtitle B—Regulations Relating to Money and Finance I Monetary Offices, Department of the Treasury (Parts 51—199) II Fiscal Service, Department of the Treasury (Parts 200—399) IV Secret Service, Department of the Treasury (Parts 400—499) V Office of Foreign Assets Control, Department of the Treasury (Parts 500—599) VI Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Department of the Treasury (Parts 600—699) VII Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, Department of the Treasury (Parts 700—799) VIII Office of Investment Security, Department of the Treasury (Parts 800—899) IX Federal Claims Collection Standards (Department of the Treasury—Department of Justice) (Parts 900—999) X Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, Department of the Treasury (Parts 1000—1099) Title 32—National Defense Subtitle A—Department of Defense I Office of the Secretary of Defense (Parts 1—399) V Department of the Army (Parts 400—699) VI Department of the Navy (Parts 700—799) VII Department of the Air Force (Parts 800—1099) Subtitle B—Other Regulations Relating to National Defense XII Department of Defense, Defense Logistics Agency (Parts 1200—1299) XVI Selective Service System (Parts 1600—1699) XVII Office of the Director of National Intelligence (Parts 1700—1799) XVIII National Counterintelligence Center (Parts 1800—1899) XIX Central Intelligence Agency (Parts 1900—1999) XX Information Security Oversight Office, National Archives and Records Administration (Parts 2000—2099) XXI National Security Council (Parts 2100—2199) XXIV Office of Science and Technology Policy (Parts 2400—2499) XXVII Office for Micronesian Status Negotiations (Parts 2700—2799) XXVIII Office of the Vice President of the United States (Parts 2800—2899) Title 33—Navigation and Navigable Waters I Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security (Parts 1—199) II Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, Department of Defense (Parts 200—399) IV Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, Department of Transportation (Parts 400—499) Title 34—Education Subtitle A—Office of the Secretary, Department of Education (Parts 1—99) Subtitle B—Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education I Office for Civil Rights, Department of Education (Parts 100—199) II Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Department of Education (Parts 200—299) III Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Department of Education (Parts 300—399) IV Office of Career, Technical and Adult Education, Department of Education (Parts 400—499) V Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs, Department of Education (Parts 500—599) [Reserved] VI Office of Postsecondary Education, Department of Education (Parts 600—699) VII Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Department of Education (Parts 700—799) [Reserved] Subtitle C—Regulations Relating to Education XI (Parts 1100—1199) [Reserved] XII National Council on Disability (Parts 1200—1299) Title 35 [Reserved] Title 36—Parks, Forests, and Public Property I National Park Service, Department of the Interior (Parts 1—199) II Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 200—299) III Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army (Parts 300—399) IV American Battle Monuments Commission (Parts 400—499) V Smithsonian Institution (Parts 500—599) VI [Reserved] VII Library of Congress (Parts 700—799) VIII Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (Parts 800—899) IX Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation (Parts 900—999) X Presidio Trust (Parts 1000—1099) XI Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (Parts 1100—1199) XII National Archives and Records Administration (Parts 1200—1299) XV Oklahoma City National Memorial Trust (Parts 1500—1599) XVI Morris K. Udall Scholarship and Excellence in National Environmental Policy Foundation (Parts 1600—1699) Title 37—Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights I United States Patent and Trademark Office, Department of Commerce (Parts 1—199) II U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress (Parts 200—299) III Copyright Royalty Board, Library of Congress (Parts 300—399) IV National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Commerce (Parts 400—599) Title 38—Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief I Department of Veterans Affairs (Parts 0—199) II Armed Forces Retirement Home (Parts 200—299) Title 39—Postal Service I United States Postal Service (Parts 1—999) III Postal Regulatory Commission (Parts 3000—3099) Title 40—Protection of Environment I Environmental Protection Agency (Parts 1—1099) IV Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Justice (Parts 1400—1499) V Council on Environmental Quality (Parts 1500—1599) VI Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (Parts 1600—1699) VII Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Defense; Uniform National Discharge Standards for Vessels of the Armed Forces (Parts 1700—1799) VIII Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council (Parts 1800—1899) Title 41—Public Contracts and Property Management Subtitle A—Federal Procurement Regulations System [Note] Subtitle B—Other Provisions Relating to Public Contracts 50 Public Contracts, Department of Labor (Parts 50-1—50-999) 51 Committee for Purchase From People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled (Parts 51-1—51-99) 60 Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, Equal Employment Opportunity, Department of Labor (Parts 60-1—60-999) 61 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Veterans' Employment and Training Service, Department of Labor (Parts 61-1—61-999) 62—100 [Reserved] Subtitle C—Federal Property Management Regulations System 101 Federal Property Management Regulations (Parts 101-1—101-99) 102 Federal Management Regulation (Parts 102-1—102-299) 103—104 [Reserved] 105 General Services Administration (Parts 105-1—105-999) 109 Department of Energy Property Management Regulations (Parts 109-1—109-99) 114 Department of the Interior (Parts 114-1—114-99) 115 Environmental Protection Agency (Parts 115-1—115-99) 128 Department of Justice (Parts 128-1—128-99) 129—200 [Reserved] Subtitle D—Other Provisions Relating to Property Management [Reserved] Subtitle E—Federal Information Resources Management Regulations System [Reserved] Subtitle F—Federal Travel Regulation System 300 General (Parts 300-1—300-99) 301 Temporary Duty (TDY) Travel Allowances (Parts 301-1—301-99) 302 Relocation Allowances (Parts 302-1—302-99) 303 Payment of Expenses Connected with the Death of Certain Employees (Part 303-1—303-99) 304 Payment of Travel Expenses from a Non-Federal Source (Parts 304-1—304-99) Title 42—Public Health I Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 1—199) IV Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 400—699) V Office of Inspector General-Health Care, Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 1000—1099) Title 43—Public Lands: Interior Subtitle A—Office of the Secretary of the Interior (Parts 1—199) Subtitle B—Regulations Relating to Public Lands I Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior (Parts 400—999) II Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior (Parts 1000—9999) III Utah Reclamation Mitigation and Conservation Commission (Parts 10000—10099) Title 44—Emergency Management and Assistance I Federal Emergency Management Agency, Department of Homeland Security (Parts 0—399) IV Department of Commerce and Department of Transportation (Parts 400—499) Title 45—Public Welfare Subtitle A—Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 1—199) Subtitle B—Regulations Relating to Public Welfare II Office of Family Assistance (Assistance Programs), Administration for Children and Families, Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 200—299) III Office of Child Support Enforcement (Child Support Enforcement Program), Administration for Children and Families, Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 300—399) IV Office of Refugee Resettlement, Administration for Children and Families, Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 400—499) V Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States, Department of Justice (Parts 500—599) VI National Science Foundation (Parts 600—699) VII Commission on Civil Rights (Parts 700—799) VIII Office of Personnel Management (Parts 800—899) IX Denali Commission (Parts 900—999) X Office of Community Services, Administration for Children and Families, Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 1000—1099) XI National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities (Parts 1100—1199) XII Corporation for National and Community Service (Parts 1200—1299) XIII Administration for Children and Families, Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 1300—1399) XVI Legal Services Corporation (Parts 1600—1699) XVII National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (Parts 1700—1799) XVIII Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation (Parts 1800—1899) XXI Commission of Fine Arts (Parts 2100—2199) XXIII Arctic Research Commission (Parts 2300—2399) XXIV James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation (Parts 2400—2499) XXV Corporation for National and Community Service (Parts 2500—2599) Title 46—Shipping I Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security (Parts 1—199) II Maritime Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 200—399) III Coast Guard (Great Lakes Pilotage), Department of Homeland Security (Parts 400—499) IV Federal Maritime Commission (Parts 500—599) Title 47—Telecommunication I Federal Communications Commission (Parts 0—199) II Office of Science and Technology Policy and National Security Council (Parts 200—299) III National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Department of Commerce (Parts 300—399) IV National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Department of Commerce, and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 400—499) V The First Responder Network Authority (Parts 500—599) Title 48—Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 Federal Acquisition Regulation (Parts 1—99) 2 Defense Acquisition Regulations System, Department of Defense (Parts 200—299) 3 Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 300—399) 4 Department of Agriculture (Parts 400—499) 5 General Services Administration (Parts 500—599) 6 Department of State (Parts 600—699) 7 Agency for International Development (Parts 700—799) 8 Department of Veterans Affairs (Parts 800—899) 9 Department of Energy (Parts 900—999) 10 Department of the Treasury (Parts 1000—1099) 12 Department of Transportation (Parts 1200—1299) 13 Department of Commerce (Parts 1300—1399) 14 Department of the Interior (Parts 1400—1499) 15 Environmental Protection Agency (Parts 1500—1599) 16 Office of Personnel Management, Federal Employees Health Benefits Acquisition Regulation (Parts 1600—1699) 17 Office of Personnel Management (Parts 1700—1799) 18 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Parts 1800—1899) 19 Broadcasting Board of Governors (Parts 1900—1999) 20 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Parts 2000—2099) 21 Office of Personnel Management, Federal Employees Group Life Insurance Federal Acquisition Regulation (Parts 2100—2199) 23 Social Security Administration (Parts 2300—2399) 24 Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 2400—2499) 25 National Science Foundation (Parts 2500—2599) 28 Department of Justice (Parts 2800—2899) 29 Department of Labor (Parts 2900—2999) 30 Department of Homeland Security, Homeland Security Acquisition Regulation (HSAR) (Parts 3000—3099) 34 Department of Education Acquisition Regulation (Parts 3400—3499) 51 Department of the Army Acquisition Regulations (Parts 5100—5199) [Reserved] 52 Department of the Navy Acquisition Regulations (Parts 5200—5299) 53 Department of the Air Force Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (Parts 5300—5399) [Reserved] 54 Defense Logistics Agency, Department of Defense (Parts 5400—5499) 57 African Development Foundation (Parts 5700—5799) 61 Civilian Board of Contract Appeals, General Services Administration (Parts 6100—6199) 99 Cost Accounting Standards Board, Office of Federal Procurement Policy, Office of Management and Budget (Parts 9900—9999) Title 49—Transportation Subtitle A—Office of the Secretary of Transportation (Parts 1—99) Subtitle B—Other Regulations Relating to Transportation I Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 100—199) II Federal Railroad Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 200—299) III Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 300—399) IV Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security (Parts 400—499) V National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 500—599) VI Federal Transit Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 600—699) VII National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK) (Parts 700—799) VIII National Transportation Safety Board (Parts 800—999) X Surface Transportation Board (Parts 1000—1399) XI Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Department of Transportation (Parts 1400—1499) [Reserved] XII Transportation Security Administration, Department of Homeland Security (Parts 1500—1699) Title 50—Wildlife and Fisheries I United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior (Parts 1—199) II National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce (Parts 200—299) III International Fishing and Related Activities (Parts 300—399) IV Joint Regulations (United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior and National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce); Endangered Species Committee Regulations (Parts 400—499) V Marine Mammal Commission (Parts 500—599) VI Fishery Conservation and Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce (Parts 600—699) Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR (Revised as of January 1, 2020) Agency CFR Title, Subtitle or Chapter Administrative Conference of the United States 1, III Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 36, VIII Advocacy and Outreach, Office of 7, XXV Afghanistan Reconstruction, Special Inspector General for 5, LXXXIII African Development Foundation 22, XV Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 57 Agency for International Development 2, VII; 22, II Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 7 Agricultural Marketing Service 7, I, VIII, IX, X, XI; 9, II Agricultural Research Service 7, V Agriculture, Department of 2, IV; 5, LXXIII Advocacy and Outreach, Office of 7, XXV Agricultural Marketing Service 7, I, VIII, IX, X, XI; 9, II Agricultural Research Service 7, V Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 7, III; 9, I Chief Financial Officer, Office of 7, XXX Commodity Credit Corporation 7, XIV Economic Research Service 7, XXXVII Energy Policy and New Uses, Office of 2, IX; 7, XXIX Environmental Quality, Office of 7, XXXI Farm Service Agency 7, VII, XVIII Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 4 Federal Crop Insurance Corporation 7, IV Food and Nutrition Service 7, II Food Safety and Inspection Service 9, III Foreign Agricultural Service 7, XV Forest Service 36, II Information Resources Management, Office of 7, XXVII Inspector General, Office of 7, XXVI National Agricultural Library 7, XLI National Agricultural Statistics Service 7, XXXVI National Institute of Food and Agriculture 7, XXXIV Natural Resources Conservation Service 7, VI Operations, Office of 7, XXVIII Procurement and Property Management, Office of 7, XXXII Rural Business-Cooperative Service 7, XVIII, XLII Rural Development Administration 7, XLII Rural Housing Service 7, XVIII, XXXV Rural Utilities Service 7, XVII, XVIII, XLII Secretary of Agriculture, Office of 7, Subtitle A Transportation, Office of 7, XXXIII World Agricultural Outlook Board 7, XXXVIII Air Force, Department of 32, VII Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement 48, 53 Air Transportation Stabilization Board 14, VI Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau 27, I Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, Bureau of 27, II AMTRAK 49, VII American Battle Monuments Commission 36, IV American Indians, Office of the Special Trustee 25, VII Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 7, III; 9, I Appalachian Regional Commission 5, IX Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board 36, XI Arctic Research Commission 45, XXIII Armed Forces Retirement Home 5, XI; 38, II Army, Department of 32, V Engineers, Corps of 33, II; 36, III Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 51 Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs, Office of 34, V Blind or Severely Disabled, Committee for Purchase from People Who Are 41, 51 Broadcasting Board of Governors 22, V Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 19 Career, Technical, and Adult Education, Office of 34, IV Census Bureau 15, I Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 42, IV Central Intelligence Agency 32, XIX Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board 40, VI Chief Financial Officer, Office of 7, XXX Child Support Enforcement, Office of 45, III Children and Families, Administration for 45, II, III, IV, X, XIII Civil Rights, Commission on 5, LXVIII; 45, VII Civil Rights, Office for 34, I Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency 5, XCVIII Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia 5, LXX Coast Guard 33, I; 46, I; 49, IV Coast Guard (Great Lakes Pilotage) 46, III Commerce, Department of 2, XIII; 44, IV; 50, VI Census Bureau 15, I Economic Analysis, Bureau of 15, VIII Economic Development Administration 13, III Emergency Management and Assistance 44, IV Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 13 Foreign-Trade Zones Board 15, IV Industry and Security, Bureau of 15, VII International Trade Administration 15, III; 19, III National Institute of Standards and Technology 15, II; 37, IV National Marine Fisheries Service 50, II, IV National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 15, IX; 50, II, III, IV, VI National Technical Information Service 15, XI National Telecommunications and Information Administration 15, XXIII; 47, III, IV National Weather Service 15, IX Patent and Trademark Office, United States 37, I Secretary of Commerce, Office of 15, Subtitle A Commercial Space Transportation 14, III Commodity Credit Corporation 7, XIV Commodity Futures Trading Commission 5, XLI; 17, I Community Planning and Development, Office of Assistant Secretary for 24, V, VI Community Services, Office of 45, X Comptroller of the Currency 12, I Construction Industry Collective Bargaining Commission 29, IX Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 5, LXXXIV; 12, X Consumer Product Safety Commission 5, LXXI; 16, II Copyright Royalty Board 37, III Corporation for National and Community Service 2, XXII; 45, XII, XXV Cost Accounting Standards Board 48, 99 Council on Environmental Quality 40, V Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia 5, LXX; 28, VIII Customs and Border Protection 19, I Defense Contract Audit Agency 32, I Defense, Department of 2, XI; 5, XXVI; 32, Subtitle A; 40, VII Advanced Research Projects Agency 32, I Air Force Department 32, VII Army Department 32, V; 33, II; 36, III; 48, 51 Defense Acquisition Regulations System 48, 2 Defense Intelligence Agency 32, I Defense Logistics Agency 32, I, XII; 48, 54 Engineers, Corps of 33, II; 36, III National Imagery and Mapping Agency 32, I Navy, Department of 32, VI; 48, 52 Secretary of Defense, Office of 2, XI; 32, I Defense Contract Audit Agency 32, I Defense Intelligence Agency 32, I Defense Logistics Agency 32, XII; 48, 54 Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board 10, XVII Delaware River Basin Commission 18, III Denali Commission 45, IX Disability, National Council on 5, C; 34, XII District of Columbia, Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the 5, LXX; 28, VIII Drug Enforcement Administration 21, II East-West Foreign Trade Board 15, XIII Economic Analysis, Bureau of 15, VIII Economic Development Administration 13, III Economic Research Service 7, XXXVII Education, Department of 2, XXXIV; 5, LIII Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs, Office of 34, V Career, Technical, and Adult Education, Office of 34, IV Civil Rights, Office for 34, I Educational Research and Improvement, Office of 34, VII Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of 34, II Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 34 Postsecondary Education, Office of 34, VI Secretary of Education, Office of 34, Subtitle A Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Office of 34, III Educational Research and Improvement, Office of 34, VII Election Assistance Commission 2, LVIII; 11, II Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of 34, II Emergency Oil and Gas Guaranteed Loan Board 13, V Emergency Steel Guarantee Loan Board 13, IV Employee Benefits Security Administration 29, XXV Employees' Compensation Appeals Board 20, IV Employees Loyalty Board 5, V Employment and Training Administration 20, V Employment Policy, National Commission for 1, IV Employment Standards Administration 20, VI Endangered Species Committee 50, IV Energy, Department of 2, IX; 5, XXIII; 10, II, III, X Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 9 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 5, XXIV; 18, I Property Management Regulations 41, 109 Energy, Office of 7, XXIX Engineers, Corps of 33, II; 36, III Engraving and Printing, Bureau of 31, VI Environmental Protection Agency 2, XV; 5, LIV; 40, I, IV, VII Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 15 Property Management Regulations 41, 115 Environmental Quality, Office of 7, XXXI Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 5, LXII; 29, XIV Equal Opportunity, Office of Assistant Secretary for 24, I Executive Office of the President 3, I Environmental Quality, Council on 40, V Management and Budget, Office of 2, Subtitle A; 5, III, LXXVII; 14, VI; 48, 99 National Drug Control Policy, Office of 2, XXXVI; 21, III National Security Council 32, XXI; 47, 2 Presidential Documents 3 Science and Technology Policy, Office of 32, XXIV; 47, II Trade Representative, Office of the United States 15, XX Export-Import Bank of the United States 2, XXXV; 5, LII; 12, IV Family Assistance, Office of 45, II Farm Credit Administration 5, XXXI; 12, VI Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation 5, XXX; 12, XIV Farm Service Agency 7, VII, XVIII Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 1 Federal Aviation Administration 14, I Commercial Space Transportation 14, III Federal Claims Collection Standards 31, IX Federal Communications Commission 5, XXIX; 47, I Federal Contract Compliance Programs, Office of 41, 60 Federal Crop Insurance Corporation 7, IV Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 5, XXII; 12, III Federal Election Commission 5, XXXVII; 11, I Federal Emergency Management Agency 44, I Federal Employees Group Life Insurance Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 21 Federal Employees Health Benefits Acquisition Regulation 48, 16 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 5, XXIV; 18, I Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council 12, XI Federal Financing Bank 12, VIII Federal Highway Administration 23, I, II Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation 1, IV Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Office 12, XVII Federal Housing Finance Agency 5, LXXX; 12, XII Federal Housing Finance Board 12, IX Federal Labor Relations Authority 5, XIV, XLIX; 22, XIV Federal Law Enforcement Training Center 31, VII Federal Management Regulation 41, 102 Federal Maritime Commission 46, IV Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service 29, XII Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission 5, LXXIV; 29, XXVII Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 49, III Federal Prison Industries, Inc. 28, III Federal Procurement Policy Office 48, 99 Federal Property Management Regulations 41, 101 Federal Railroad Administration 49, II Federal Register, Administrative Committee of 1, I Federal Register, Office of 1, II Federal Reserve System 12, II Board of Governors 5, LVIII Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board 5, VI, LXXVI Federal Service Impasses Panel 5, XIV Federal Trade Commission 5, XLVII; 16, I Federal Transit Administration 49, VI Federal Travel Regulation System 41, Subtitle F Financial Crimes Enforcement Network 31, X Financial Research Office 12, XVI Financial Stability Oversight Council 12, XIII Fine Arts, Commission of 45, XXI Fiscal Service 31, II Fish and Wildlife Service, United States 50, I, IV Food and Drug Administration 21, I Food and Nutrition Service 7, II Food Safety and Inspection Service 9, III Foreign Agricultural Service 7, XV Foreign Assets Control, Office of 31, V Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States 45, V Foreign Service Grievance Board 22, IX Foreign Service Impasse Disputes Panel 22, XIV Foreign Service Labor Relations Board 22, XIV Foreign-Trade Zones Board 15, IV Forest Service 36, II General Services Administration 5, LVII; 41, 105 Contract Appeals, Board of 48, 61 Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 5 Federal Management Regulation 41, 102 Federal Property Management Regulations 41, 101 Federal Travel Regulation System 41, Subtitle F General 41, 300 Payment From a Non-Federal Source for Travel Expenses 41, 304 Payment of Expenses Connected With the Death of Certain Employees 41, 303 Relocation Allowances 41, 302 Temporary Duty (TDY) Travel Allowances 41, 301 Geological Survey 30, IV Government Accountability Office 4, I Government Ethics, Office of 5, XVI Government National Mortgage Association 24, III Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration 7, VIII; 9, II Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council 2, LIX; 40, VIII Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation 45, XVIII Health and Human Services, Department of 2, III; 5, XLV; 45, Subtitle A Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 42, IV Child Support Enforcement, Office of 45, III Children and Families, Administration for 45, II, III, IV, X, XIII Community Services, Office of 45, X Family Assistance, Office of 45, II Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 3 Food and Drug Administration 21, I Indian Health Service 25, V Inspector General (Health Care), Office of 42, V Public Health Service 42, I Refugee Resettlement, Office of 45, IV Homeland Security, Department of 2, XXX; 5, XXXVI; 6, I; 8, I Coast Guard 33, I; 46, I; 49, IV Coast Guard (Great Lakes Pilotage) 46, III Customs and Border Protection 19, I Federal Emergency Management Agency 44, I Human Resources Management and Labor Relations Systems 5, XCVII Immigration and Customs Enforcement Bureau 19, IV Transportation Security Administration 49, XII HOPE for Homeowners Program, Board of Directors of 24, XXIV Housing and Urban Development, Department of 2, XXIV; 5, LXV; 24, Subtitle B Community Planning and Development, Office of Assistant Secretary for 24, V, VI Equal Opportunity, Office of Assistant Secretary for 24, I Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 24 Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, Office of 12, XVII Government National Mortgage Association 24, III Housing—Federal Housing Commissioner, Office of Assistant Secretary for 24, II, VIII, X, XX Housing, Office of, and Multifamily Housing Assistance Restructuring, Office of 24, IV Inspector General, Office of 24, XII Public and Indian Housing, Office of Assistant Secretary for 24, IX Secretary, Office of 24, Subtitle A, VII Housing—Federal Housing Commissioner, Office of Assistant Secretary for 24, II, VIII, X, XX Housing, Office of, and Multifamily Housing Assistance Restructuring, Office of 24, IV Immigration and Customs Enforcement Bureau 19, IV Immigration Review, Executive Office for 8, V Independent Counsel, Office of 28, VII Independent Counsel, Offices of 28, VI Indian Affairs, Bureau of 25, I, V Indian Affairs, Office of the Assistant Secretary 25, VI Indian Arts and Crafts Board 25, II Indian Health Service 25, V Industry and Security, Bureau of 15, VII Information Resources Management, Office of 7, XXVII Information Security Oversight Office, National Archives and Records Administration 32, XX Inspector General Agriculture Department 7, XXVI Health and Human Services Department 42, V Housing and Urban Development Department 24, XII, XV Institute of Peace, United States 22, XVII Inter-American Foundation 5, LXIII; 22, X Interior, Department of 2, XIV American Indians, Office of the Special Trustee 25, VII Endangered Species Committee 50, IV Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 14 Federal Property Management Regulations System 41, 114 Fish and Wildlife Service, United States 50, I, IV Geological Survey 30, IV Indian Affairs, Bureau of 25, I, V Indian Affairs, Office of the Assistant Secretary 25, VI Indian Arts and Crafts Board 25, II Land Management, Bureau of 43, II National Indian Gaming Commission 25, III National Park Service 36, I Natural Resource Revenue, Office of 30, XII Ocean Energy Management, Bureau of 30, V Reclamation, Bureau of 43, I Safety and Enforcement Bureau, Bureau of 30, II Secretary of the Interior, Office of 2, XIV; 43, Subtitle A Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Office of 30, VII Internal Revenue Service 26, I International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico, United States Section 22, XI International Development, United States Agency for 22, II Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 7 International Development Cooperation Agency, United States 22, XII International Development Finance Corporation, U.S. 5, XXXIII; 22, VII International Joint Commission, United States and Canada 22, IV International Organizations Employees Loyalty Board 5, V International Trade Administration 15, III; 19, III International Trade Commission, United States 19, II Interstate Commerce Commission 5, XL Investment Security, Office of 31, VIII James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation 45, XXIV Japan-United States Friendship Commission 22, XVI Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries 20, VIII Justice, Department of 2, XXVIII; 5, XXVIII; 28, I, XI; 40, IV Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, Bureau of 27, II Drug Enforcement Administration 21, II Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 28 Federal Claims Collection Standards 31, IX Federal Prison Industries, Inc. 28, III Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States 45, V Immigration Review, Executive Office for 8, V Independent Counsel, Offices of 28, VI Prisons, Bureau of 28, V Property Management Regulations 41, 128 Labor, Department of 2, XXIX; 5, XLII Employee Benefits Security Administration 29, XXV Employees' Compensation Appeals Board 20, IV Employment and Training Administration 20, V Employment Standards Administration 20, VI Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 29 Federal Contract Compliance Programs, Office of 41, 60 Federal Procurement Regulations System 41, 50 Labor-Management Standards, Office of 29, II, IV Mine Safety and Health Administration 30, I Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29, XVII Public Contracts 41, 50 Secretary of Labor, Office of 29, Subtitle A Veterans' Employment and Training Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for 41, 61; 20, IX Wage and Hour Division 29, V Workers' Compensation Programs, Office of 20, I, VII Labor-Management Standards, Office of 29, II, IV Land Management, Bureau of 43, II Legal Services Corporation 45, XVI Libraries and Information Science, National Commission on 45, XVII Library of Congress 36, VII Copyright Royalty Board 37, III U.S. Copyright Office 37, II Management and Budget, Office of 5, III, LXXVII; 14, VI; 48, 99 Marine Mammal Commission 50, V Maritime Administration 46, II Merit Systems Protection Board 5, II, LXIV Micronesian Status Negotiations, Office for 32, XXVII Military Compensation and Retirement Modernization Commission 5, XCIX Millennium Challenge Corporation 22, XIII Mine Safety and Health Administration 30, I Minority Business Development Agency 15, XIV Miscellaneous Agencies 1, IV Monetary Offices 31, I Morris K. Udall Scholarship and Excellence in National Environmental Policy Foundation 36, XVI Museum and Library Services, Institute of 2, XXXI National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2, XVIII; 5, LIX; 14, V Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 18 National Agricultural Library 7, XLI National Agricultural Statistics Service 7, XXXVI National and Community Service, Corporation for 2, XXII; 45, XII, XXV National Archives and Records Administration 2, XXVI; 5, LXVI; 36, XII Information Security Oversight Office 32, XX National Capital Planning Commission 1, IV, VI National Counterintelligence Center 32, XVIII National Credit Union Administration 5, LXXXVI; 12, VII National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact Council 28, IX National Drug Control Policy, Office of 2, XXXVI; 21, III National Endowment for the Arts 2, XXXII National Endowment for the Humanities 2, XXXIII National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities 45, XI National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency 32, I National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 23, II, III; 47, VI; 49, V National Imagery and Mapping Agency 32, I National Indian Gaming Commission 25, III National Institute of Food and Agriculture 7, XXXIV National Institute of Standards and Technology 15, II; 37, IV National Intelligence, Office of Director of 5, IV; 32, XVII National Labor Relations Board 5, LXI; 29, I National Marine Fisheries Service 50, II, IV National Mediation Board 5, CI; 29, X National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 15, IX; 50, II, III, IV, VI National Park Service 36, I National Railroad Adjustment Board 29, III National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK) 49, VII National Science Foundation 2, XXV; 5, XLIII; 45, VI Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 25 National Security Council 32, XXI National Security Council and Office of Science and Technology Policy 47, II National Technical Information Service 15, XI National Telecommunications and Information Administration 15, XXIII; 47, III, IV, V National Transportation Safety Board 49, VIII Natural Resources Conservation Service 7, VI Natural Resource Revenue, Office of 30, XII Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation, Office of 25, IV Navy, Department of 32, VI Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 52 Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation 24, XXV Northeast Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste Commission 10, XVIII Nuclear Regulatory Commission 2, XX; 5, XLVIII; 10, I Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 20 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29, XVII Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission 29, XX Ocean Energy Management, Bureau of 30, V Oklahoma City National Memorial Trust 36, XV Operations Office 7, XXVIII Patent and Trademark Office, United States 37, I Payment From a Non-Federal Source for Travel Expenses 41, 304 Payment of Expenses Connected With the Death of Certain Employees 41, 303 Peace Corps 2, XXXVII; 22, III Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation 36, IX Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation 29, XL Personnel Management, Office of 5, I, XXXV; 5, IV; 45, VIII Human Resources Management and Labor Relations Systems, Department of Homeland Security 5, XCVII Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 17 Federal Employees Group Life Insurance Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 21 Federal Employees Health Benefits Acquisition Regulation 48, 16 Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49, I Postal Regulatory Commission 5, XLVI; 39, III Postal Service, United States 5, LX; 39, I Postsecondary Education, Office of 34, VI President's Commission on White House Fellowships 1, IV Presidential Documents 3 Presidio Trust 36, X Prisons, Bureau of 28, V Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board 6, X Procurement and Property Management, Office of 7, XXXII Public Contracts, Department of Labor 41, 50 Public and Indian Housing, Office of Assistant Secretary for 24, IX Public Health Service 42, I Railroad Retirement Board 20, II Reclamation, Bureau of 43, I Refugee Resettlement, Office of 45, IV Relocation Allowances 41, 302 Research and Innovative Technology Administration 49, XI Rural Business-Cooperative Service 7, XVIII, XLII Rural Development Administration 7, XLII Rural Housing Service 7, XVIII, XXXV Rural Utilities Service 7, XVII, XVIII, XLII Safety and Environmental Enforcement, Bureau of 30, II Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation 33, IV Science and Technology Policy, Office of 32, XXIV Science and Technology Policy, Office of, and National Security Council 47, II Secret Service 31, IV Securities and Exchange Commission 5, XXXIV; 17, II Selective Service System 32, XVI Small Business Administration 2, XXVII; 13, I Smithsonian Institution 36, V Social Security Administration 2, XXIII; 20, III; 48, 23 Soldiers' and Airmen's Home, United States 5, XI Special Counsel, Office of 5, VIII Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Office of 34, III State, Department of 2, VI; 22, I; 28, XI Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 6 Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Office of 30, VII Surface Transportation Board 49, X Susquehanna River Basin Commission 18, VIII Tennessee Valley Authority 5, LXIX; 18, XIII Trade Representative, United States, Office of 15, XX Transportation, Department of 2, XII; 5, L Commercial Space Transportation 14, III Emergency Management and Assistance 44, IV Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 12 Federal Aviation Administration 14, I Federal Highway Administration 23, I, II Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 49, III Federal Railroad Administration 49, II Federal Transit Administration 49, VI Maritime Administration 46, II National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 23, II, III; 47, IV; 49, V Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 49, I Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation 33, IV Secretary of Transportation, Office of 14, II; 49, Subtitle A Transportation Statistics Bureau 49, XI Transportation, Office of 7, XXXIII Transportation Security Administration 49, XII Transportation Statistics Bureau 49, XI Travel Allowances, Temporary Duty (TDY) 41, 301 Treasury, Department of the 2, X;5, XXI; 12, XV; 17, IV; 31, IX Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau 27, I Community Development Financial Institutions Fund 12, XVIII Comptroller of the Currency 12, I Customs and Border Protection 19, I Engraving and Printing, Bureau of 31, VI Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 10 Federal Claims Collection Standards 31, IX Federal Law Enforcement Training Center 31, VII Financial Crimes Enforcement Network 31, X Fiscal Service 31, II Foreign Assets Control, Office of 31, V Internal Revenue Service 26, I Investment Security, Office of 31, VIII Monetary Offices 31, I Secret Service 31, IV Secretary of the Treasury, Office of 31, Subtitle A Truman, Harry S. Scholarship Foundation 45, XVIII United States and Canada, International Joint Commission 22, IV United States and Mexico, International Boundary and Water Commission, United States Section 22, XI U.S. Copyright Office 37, II Utah Reclamation Mitigation and Conservation Commission 43, III Veterans Affairs, Department of 2, VIII; 38, I Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 8 Veterans' Employment and Training Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for 41, 61; 20, IX Vice President of the United States, Office of 32, XXVIII Wage and Hour Division 29, V Water Resources Council 18, VI Workers' Compensation Programs, Office of 20, I, VII World Agricultural Outlook Board 7, XXXVIII
es	caselaw	EU	C 20/10 ES Diario Oficial de las Comunidades Europeas 22.1.2000 — Desviación de poder, habida cuenta de que la orden de previsto en el artı́culo 2, apartado 1, de la Directiva 96/54/CE suspensión fue emitida por motivos distintos a la aplica- expiró el 31 de mayo de 1998 sin que Bélgica haya adoptado ción del artı́culo 88 CE, apartado 3 (antiguo artı́culo 93 las medidas necesarias para ajustarse a las adaptaciones del Tratado CE). efectuadas en los Anexos I y III de la Directiva 67/458/CEE. — La declaración de la existencia y de la ilegalidad de la ayuda adolece de incertidumbre, ası́ como de falta de instrucción (1) DO L 248, p. 1. y de motivación. Inexistencia de presupuestos de hecho. (1) SG(99)D6463, relativa a la iniciación del procedimiento de investigación formal de las ayudas concedidas por la República Italiana a las empresas del Gruppo Tirrenia di Navigazione, en la parte en que se pronuncia sobre la suspensión de dichas ayudas declaradas ilegales. Petición de decisión prejudicial presentada mediante reso- (2) DO L 83, de 27.3.99, p. 1. lución del Verwaltungsgerichtshof (Austria), de fecha 22 de septiembre de 1999, en el asunto entre 1) Metropol Treuhand WirtschaftstreuhandgmbH y Finanzlandesdi- rektion für Steiermark y 2) Michael Stadler y Finanzlan- desdirektion für Vorarlberg (Asunto C-409/99) Recurso interpuesto el 22 de octubre de 1999 por la Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas contra el Reino (2000/C 20/20) de Bélgica Al Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas le ha (Asunto C-405/99) sido sometida una petición de decisión prejudicial mediante resolución del Verwaltungsgerichtshof (Austria), dictada el (2000/C 20/19) 22 de septiembre de 1999, en el asunto entre 1) Metropol Treuhand WirtschaftstreuhandgmbH y Finanzlandesdirektion En el Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas se ha für Steiermark, y 2) Michael Stadler y Finanzlandesdirektion presentado el 22 de octubre de 1999 un recurso contra el für Vorarlberg, y recibida en la Secretarı́a del Tribunal de Reino de Bélgica, formulado por la Comisión de las Comunida- Justicia el 26 de octubre de 1999. El Verwaltungsgerichtshof des Europeas, representada por el Sr. Götz zur Hausen, Conse- solicita al Tribunal de Justicia que se pronuncie sobre las jero Jurı́dico, en calidad de Agente, que designa como domicilio siguientes cuestiones: en Luxemburgo el despacho del Sr. Carlos Gómez de la Cruz, miembro del Servicio Jurı́dico, Centre Wagner, Kirchberg. 1. ¿Debe interpretarse el artı́culo 17, apartado 6, párrafo segundo, de la Sexta Directiva del Consejo, de 17 de mayo La Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas solicita al Tribunal de 1977, en materia de armonización de las legislaciones de Justicia que: de los Estados miembros relativas a los impuestos sobre el volumen de negocios (77/388/CEE) (1), en el sentido de — Declare que el Reino de Bélgica ha incumplido las obliga- que prohı́be a un Estado miembro excluir determinados ciones que le incumben con arreglo a la Directiva 96/54/CE vehı́culos del derecho a deducción después de la entrada de la Comisión, de 30 de julio de 1996, por la que se en vigor de la Directiva, si la práctica administrativa adapta por vigésima segunda vez al progreso técnico la permitı́a efectivamente, antes de la entrada en vigor de la Directiva 67/548/CEE del Consejo, relativa a la aproxima- Directiva, que dichos vehı́culos se acogieran a la deducción ción de las disposiciones legales, reglamentarias y adminis- del impuesto? trativas en materia de clasificación, embalaje y etiquetado de las sustancias peligrosas, (1) al no haber adoptado todas 2. Si se responde afirmativamente a la primera cuestión, las disposiciones legales, reglamentarias y administrativas ¿debe interpretarse el artı́culo 17, apartado 7, párrafo necesarias para dar cumplimiento a lo dispuesto en la primero, de la Sexta Directiva del Consejo, de 17 de mayo mencionada Directiva, y en particular en el artı́culo 1, de 1977, en materia de armonización de las legislaciones puntos 1 y 2, y en el artı́culo 2, apartado 1, de la misma. de los Estados miembros relativas a los impuestos sobre el volumen de negocios (77/388/CEE), en el sentido de que — Condene en costas al Reino de Bélgica. permite a un Estado miembro, sin consulta previa en el sentido del artı́culo 29 de la Directiva, ampliar indefinida- mente las exclusiones de la deducción en la forma citada Motivos y principales alegaciones en la cuestión primera, a los fines de consolidación del presupuesto? Se deduce del carácter vinculante de las Directivas, consagrado en el párrafo tercero del artı́culo 249 CE y en el párrafo primero (1) DO L 145, de 13.6.1977, p. 1; EE 09/01, p. 54. del artı́culo 10 CE, que los Estados miembros destinatarios de una Directiva están obligados a alcanzar los resultados previs- tos en ella en los plazos que la misma establece. El plazo
el	wikipedia	N/A	Στην αστροφυσική και την κοσμολογία, η ανθρωπική αρχή είναι η φιλοσοφική θεώρηση ότι οι παρατηρήσεις του φυσικού κόσμου πρέπει να είναι συμβατές με τη μορφή ζωής που μπορεί να τις παρατηρεί. Κατά τον Στήβεν Χώκινγκ, «βλέπουμε το Σύμπαν να είναι αυτό που είναι, γιατί αν ήταν διαφορετικό δεν θα βρισκόμασταν στη γη για να το παρατηρούμε» . Μερικοί υποστηρικτές της ανθρωπικής αρχής πιστεύουν ότι εξηγεί τους λόγους για τους οποίους το σύμπαν έχει την ηλικία και αυτές τις θεμελιώδεις φυσικές σταθερές που είναι απαραίτητες για να φιλοξενήσει ζωή η οποία έχει συνείδηση της ύπαρξής της. Ως εκ τούτου, δεν θεωρούν αξιοσημείωτο το γεγονός ότι οι θεμελιώδεις σταθερές του σύμπαντος τυχαίνει να εμπίπτουν σε ένα στενό εύρος τιμών που είναι συμβατό με τη ζωή. Εκτός του στενού αυτού εύρους τιμών, η ζωή (κυρίως η ευφυής ζωή) θα ήταν αδύνατη . Ιστορικό Η φράση ανθρωπική αρχή χρησιμποποιήθηκε για πρώτη φορά από τον Μπράντον Κάρτερ το 1973 στην Κρακοβία, κατά το συμπόσιο προς τιμήν του Κοπέρνικου και της επετείου των 500ων χρόνων από τη γέννησή του. Ο Κάρτερ, ο oποίος είναι θεωρητικός αστροφυσικός, διατύπωσε την ανθρωπική αρχή ως αντίδραση στην Αρχή του Κοπέρνικου, η οποία αναφέρει ότι οι άνθρωποι δεν βρίσκονται σε προνομιακή θέση στο Σύμπαν. Όπως δήλωσε ο Κάρτερ: «Παρά το γεγονός ότι η κατάστασή μας δεν είναι κατ' ανάγκη κεντρική, είναι αναπόφευκτα προνομιακή σε κάποιο βαθμό» . Το φιλοσοφικό δίλημμα που δημιούργησε την ανθρωπική αρχή είναι ότι οι σταθερές του Σύμπαντος σε μικροκοσμικό (ατομικές σταθερές), μακροκοσμικό (π.χ. ηλεκτρομαγνητικές δυνάμεις) και σε κοσμολογικό επίπεδο φαίνεται να είναι σε εξαιρετικά τέλεια αρμονία μεταξύ τους προκειμένου η νοήμων ζωή να μπορεί να είναι δυνατή αλλά και να εξελίσσεται. Αυτή η ανησυχία για το πώς πλάσματα με συνείδηση, όπως εμείς, γίνεται να υπάρχουμε στο Σύμπαν ονομάζεται ανθρωπική αρχή, και έχει τρεις μορφές: την ασθενή, την ισχυρή και την τελική. Ασθενής Ανθρωπική Αρχή Η ασθενής ανθρωπική αρχή δηλώνει ότι σε ένα σύμπαν που είναι μεγάλο ή άπειρο στο χώρο και/ή το χρόνο, οι αναγκαίες προϋποθέσεις για την ανάπτυξη νοήμονος ζωής, θα πρέπει να πληρούνται μόνο σε ορισμένες περιοχές που περιορίζονται στο χώρο και το χρόνο. Επομένως τα νοήμονα όντα σε αυτές τις περιοχές δεν θα πρέπει να εκπλαγούν αν διαπιστώσουν ότι η τοποθεσία τους στο σύμπαν πληροί τις προϋποθέσεις που είναι απαραίτητες για την ύπαρξή τους. Είναι σαν έναν πλούσιο άνθρωπο που ζει σε μια πλούσια γειτονιά χωρίς να βλέπει φτώχεια γύρω του . Ισχυρή Ανθρωπική Αρχή Σύμφωνα με τη θεωρία αυτή, υπάρχουν πολλά διαφορετικά σύμπαντα ή πολλές διαφορετικές περιοχές του ίδιου του σύμπαντος, το καθένα με τη δική του αρχική διαμόρφωση και, ίσως, με το δικό του σύνολο νόμων της επιστήμης. Στα περισσότερα από αυτά τα σύμπαντα οι συνθήκες για την ανάπτυξη πολύπλοκων οργανισμών δεν θα ήταν οι σωστές· μόνο σε λίγα σύμπαντα που μοιάζουν με το δικό μας θα μπορούσαν νοήμονα όντα να αναπτύχθούν και να θέσουν το ερώτημα: «Γιατί είναι το σύμπαν όπως το βλέπουμε;». Η απάντηση είναι πολύ απλή: «αν ήταν διαφορετικό, δεν θα ήμασταν εδώ!» . Το Σύμπαν πρέπει να έχει αυτές τις ιδιότητες οι οποίες επιτρέπουν τη ζωή να αναπτυχθεί μέσα σε αυτό σε κάποια φάση της ιστορίας του, διότι α) πρέπει να υπάρχει ένα πιθανό Σύμπαν σχεδιασμένο με στόχο τη δημιουργία και τη διατήρηση «παρατηρητών» ή β) οι παρατηρητές είναι απαραίτητοι για την ύπαρξη ενός σύμπαντος (συμμετοχικό σύμπαν), ή γ) ένα σύνολο από άλλα διαφορετικά σύμπαντα είναι απαραίτητο για την ύπαρξη του δικού μας σύμπαντος . Τελική Ανθρωπική Αρχή Η ευφυής ζωή και η ικανότητα επεξεργασίας πληροφορίας πρέπει να είναι δυνατή στο Σύμπαν και, μόλις υπάρξει, δεν μπορεί ποτέ να πεθάνει . Δείτε επίσης Παράδοξο του Φέρμι Παραπομπές Φυσική κοσμολογία Αρχές Φιλοσοφικές έννοιες Έννοιες στην επιστημολογία
hu	wikipedia	N/A	Suplee az Amerikai Egyesült Államok északnyugati részén, Oregon állam Crook megyéjében (korábban Grant megyében) elhelyezkedő önkormányzat nélküli település. A franciák által alapított helység névadója Charles Dorling édesanyja. A posta megszakításokkal 1894 és 1943 között működött. 1972-re mindössze néhány farm maradt fenn. A településnek egykor saját iskolája volt. A temető szerepel a történelmi helyek állami nyilvántartásában. Itt fedezték fel Oregon legrégebbi üledékes kőzeteit. Jegyzetek Fordítás Források További információk HomeTownLocator Oregon települései
en	other	N/A	EARTH IS THE AIM 6 : Exoduses and survivors , Part 3 : Earth People , Newly published : Chapter 3 : America \| Earth is the aim : Peoples Earth is the aim : Peoples Skip to content ← EARTH IS THE AIM 6 : Exoduses and survivors Part 3 : Earth People Newly published : Chapter 2 : Arctic area EARTH IS THE AIM 6 : Exoduses and survivors Part 3 : Earth People Chapter 4 : Africa → EARTH IS THE AIM 6 : Exoduses and survivors , Part 3 : Earth People , Newly published : Chapter 3 : America Posted on 7 February 2017 by DOUGLAS MOONSTONE EARTH IS THE AIM 6 : Exoduses and survivors Part 3 : Earth People Chapter 3 : America Peoples of America Full American territory , from Arctic to Patagonia, as far as we look in the time behind , has been populated everywhere Of course, each ethnologist, anthropologist or archaeologist, will tell you that his discovery is the oldest and that the others are falsely dated But regularly, there are new sites, older, first challenged and then thanks to the progress of science today, soon confirmed in their seniority Origin of populations of America Since a long time it has been common to admit as only origin of the population of America was only from Asian origin coming through the frozen Bering Strait Of course, this is only a matter of consistency and common sense Consistency and common sense are unfortunately not part of the tools of recognized serious scientists, who with little micro-details find the exception of the rules and can prove then that they alone to hold the truth And yet history has always given them wrong! Consistency and common sense always bring up the truth Nomadism of population In fact, the grass is always greener by the neighbor Both among Americans and among Australians, Africans, Asians and Europeans Another phenomenon forgotten by our scientists who know everything: Atlantis was indeed there, and the crossing of the Atlantic was therefore not impossible Moreover, in these remote epochs, populations are supposed to be hunter-gatherers, therefore nomadic And to be hunter-gatherers obliges to move in order to survive All populations have their eating habits and when their usual food has been eradicated, they will seek food elsewhere Just behind them can then arrive a new nomadic population who will find there what they seeks as they have not the same feeding habits Indeed, habit always prevails and change it is practiced only in extreme cases Nomadism rarely borrows a go and then a return So everyone goes ahead, and so after a while, everyone gets distributed all over the Earth America of Gods and Men Wherever gods settled, they needed manpower Where there were none, they imported them But generally there was people as needed on the spot, all legends confirm it, that they tell the story seen from the side of gods or side of men In their territories close to them are their “employees”, it is just not to say their slaves Some are well treated, others not The main thing for gods is that men provide them food, gold and girls Only virgins, of course, to avoid catching unpleasant things When they become pregnant, they were sent back home where they were generally welcomed with their demigod Sometimes they also needed vigorous and healthy young men for human sacrifices In fact, it was their bank for organs, not having on the spot means of making synthetic organs America of Gods The first 6 volumes allowed us to follow the path of the gods on our land We have noted that the places where they have settled are strategic locations The rest of the territories are left to the men We will therefore find the gods in the strategic territories that are: All the Pacific coast, up to and including the mountain ranges The whole coast of the Atlantic up to a few hundred kilometers from the coast All Central America and most of the Caribbean islands Megaliths and petroglyphs of Antilles The megaliths and petroglyphs of Antilles are not well known, as archeology generally stops at the arrival of the conquerors and the history of slavery Also having a megalithic site in its grounds is not a bargain and can prevent for the building of an hotel ... Yet they are indeed there to prove the implantation of gods in the Antilles The better knowned are the megaliths of Greencastle Hill in Antigua and the petroglyphs of 3 rivers in Guadeloupe But many remain to be discovered, as the interest for these sites is very recent Megaliths and petroglyphs clearly designate the Mayas and their associates, the Tokharians, as being their builders America, from north to south, was occupied by men, although their density was not very high, due to the good and natural exploitation of the ressources that they practice We find Inuits in the Arctic, then Indian tribes which have adapted themselves to all the living environments that offer this immense continent These range from Canadian forests to large plains, mountains, canyons, semi-desert , mountain plateaus and all other homing up to Patagonia Men who live with the gods Near them , men who live near men who live with the gods And separated from the others, men who do not know the gods Religions, as we saw in EARTH IS THE AIM , 5 the Indo-European, are an invention of the successors of gods to keep power Aroud year – 2000, most of the gods were died and the powers of the end – of – life gods and their successors are dwindling dangerously Gods were the kings of their city-states, it was the time of the god-kings The new king will be the representative of the gods on earth, and if people do not obey him, he will call them to punish bad people Kings thus invent religion to be honored as king-priests After a short rather than a long time, the chief of the priests will obtain, by will or by force, the separation of powers Religions thus become the adoration of one or more celestial gods moving in space whose legends tell of the exploits They will be structured and hierarchized to become instruments of power Today it is necessary to trace old myths, to separate the old beliefs from the additions of the legends of the gods who colonized them Having emerged from the sea, from a lake or from the bottom of the earth is clearly to be attributed to the Atlantean or Edinist gods But the most difficult is to separate the beliefs applied by Christianity They are masters in attaching their own doctrines to ancient myths in order to erase them from memory The one great and universal god, master of all things, is very probably their inheritance Unlike religions, myths do not need personalities or structures Myths mingle with tradition, nature and the ancients They have an animist basis particularly adapted to these egalitarian societies They only require a shaman, or medicine man, or sorcerer who does not have real political power, just a power of counseling According to his personality, his power can still be important, but it is always the political leader who has decisive power Only these 2 people have the power to direct the clan or the tribe The closer you get to the gods, the closer you get to religion The further you get away from gods, the more myths take over The closer we get to the gods, the more of cosmology apply The further away we are, the more of animism is applied Animism will therefore be found mainly in the deep forest tribes of Canada and Usa, but also in Amazonia and Patagonia The best known names of the head of the spirits are “Great Spirit”, “Wacondah” or “Big Manitou” He is supported by a multitude of spirits: Spirit of the wind, fire, thunder, hunting, rain, land, sun, moon, rivers, mountains, crops, animals killed at hunting, death , And many others, but also ancestors Most tribes worship a sacred animal: The tortoise, the bear, the eagle, the bison, the caribou, the jaguar, the raven, the hare, the coyote, the spider, the snake the panther, the crocodile, and so on ... In fact, it is an animal to whom they ask protection, leniency, cunning or wisdom Earth is their mother Everything has a role to fulfill on Earth and possesses a spirit that is worthy of respect: Man, animal, plant, mineral, star, earth, air, water, fire, and so on ... Men can come into contact with animals and spirits through dreams or trance caused by drugs and rituals It is this mythology and the respect of the nourishing nature which will allow them to cross all the difficulties of the glaciations and to be still alive, but only untilup to our arrival The “civilized” whites brought civilization to the “savages”, which decimated more than 90%, the calculation being difficult to do given as number of populations have been TOTALLY decimated money is the human predator View all posts by DOUGLAS MOONSTONE → This entry was posted in America, Antilles, First peoples of America, Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink. ← EARTH IS THE AIM 6 : Exoduses and survivors Part 3 : Earth People Newly published : Chapter 2 : Arctic area
en	wikipedia	N/A	The 1982 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1982, to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Republican Governor Bill Clements ran for reelection, but was defeated in the general election by Democrat Mark White, winning 46% of the vote to White's 53%. White was sworn into office on January 18, 1983. White carried 196 out of 254 counties. As of 2021, this is the last time a Democrat won a gubernatorial election in Texas with over 50% of the vote. Primaries Republican Candidates Bill Clements, Incumbent Duke Embs \|} Democratic Candidates Mark White, Attorney General Buddy Temple, Railroad Commissioner Bob Armstrong, Former Land Commissioner David Young Ray Allen Mayo II Donald R. Beagle \|} Temple refused to participate in the runoff, causing White to win by default. Results \|} Videos (1) Gubernatorial Debate from September 24, 1982 in Amarillo (2) White Campaign commercials from October 7, 1982 (3) White Campaign commercials from October 28, 1982 (4) White Campaign commercial from September 29, 1982 (5) White Campaign commercial for the Democratic Primary on April 12, 1982 (6) White Campaign commercial for the Democratic Primary on March 6, 1982 (7) Revised commercial from March 6, 1982 (8) White Campaign commercial for the Democratic Primary on March 23, 1982 (9) Gubernatorial Debate from October 11, 1982 in Austin References 1982 Texas Gubernatorial
es	wikipedia	N/A	Janko Mihovil Aleksandar Vuković, también llamado Janko Vukovich o von Vukovich, también conocido como Janko Vuković de Podkapelski o Janko Vuković-Podkapelski (Jezerane, 27 de septiembre de 1871 - 1 de noviembre de 1918) fue un marino croata que sirvió en la Marina Austro-Húngara. Estudió en la Academia Naval de Fiume (actual Rijeka), y en su carrera naval obtuvo el mando del acorazado pre-dreadnought de la clase Habsburg, el SMS Babenberg, el crucero rápido SMS Admiral Spaun, y ascendió hasta llegar a mandar el buque insignia de la flota del recién proclamado Estado de los Eslovenos, Croatas y Serbios, el acorazado tipo dreadnought Viribus Unitis al final de la Primera Guerra Mundial. El 29 de octubre de 1918 el Consejo Nacional de los Eslovenos, Croatas y Serbios rompieron todas las relaciones con Austria y Hungría, proclamando el nuevo Estado de los Eslovenos, Croatas y Serbios. Posteriormente el Emperador Carlos cedió la totalidad de la Marina Austro-Húngara y la flota mercante, con todos sus puertos, arsenales y fortificaciones costeras al Consejo Nacional del Estado (). Cuando los representantes del Consejo Nacional llegaron a la base naval de Pula el 31 de octubre, el comandante en jefe, el almirante Miklós Horthy, preguntó a quién debía entregar el mando de la flota. Los representantes no habían considerado el asunto, y tras algunas discusiones aceptaron la sugerencia de Horthy, de poner a Vuković, quien fue ascendido a contralmirante y nombrado comandante en jefe de la armada del nuevo país cuando la bandera de Horthy fue bajada a las 5 de la tarde. Durante la noche, un equipo italiano de sabotaje procedente de una próxima lancha torpedera MAS, que no tenían constancia de la creación del nuevo Estado, y de su no-beligerancia, penetraron en el puerto, valiéndose de un torpedo humano autopropulsado denominado por su inventor como mignatta (sanguijuela), y colocaron dos minas lapa del tipo XT, de 200 kg, bajo el casco del Viribus Unitis, preparado para estallar a las 6:30 h. en punto. El equipo de dos hombres fue capturado y llevado a bordo del Viribus Unitis, donde se informó a Vuković de lo que habían hecho. Vuković ordenó trasladar a los prisioneros (Raffaele Paolucci y Raffaele Rossetti) por seguridad al acorazado gemelo Tegetthof, y ordenó la evacuación de la nave. Pero la explosión no ocurrió a las 6:30 h. como esperaban, y Vukovic regresó a la nave con muchos marinos de su tripulación para intentar localizar las minas-lapa y desactivarlas, por lo que se mantuvo en su barco cuando la mina explosionó poco después, a las 6:44 h., y se hundió la nave. Perecieron entre 300 y 400 hombres de su tripulación, Vuković incluido al ser herido mortalmente mientras trataba de ponerse a salvo a nado cuando un madero le cayó encima por efecto de la explosión. Vuković había sido comandante en jefe de la flota de su país por casi doce horas. Bibliografía Stjepan Vukušić; Admiral. Roman o Janku Vukoviću pl. Podkapelskom, prvom hrvatskom admiralu. Zagreb, Naklada Pavičić, 2004; ISBN 953-6308-55-X Contralmirantes Militares austrohúngaros de la Primera Guerra Mundial Víctimas de la Primera Guerra Mundial Croatas del siglo XIX Croatas del siglo XX
hu	wikipedia	N/A	Ytterlännäs öreg temploma egy különleges, régi egyházi épület Ytterlännäs egyházközségben, Härnösand egyházmegyében. Közigazgatásilag Västernorrland megyében, Kramfors község területén helyezkedik el, az Ångermanland történelmi tartomány területén, 13 kilométerre északra Kramfors városától, Nyland és Bollstabruk helységek között, az Ångerman-folyó közelében. Története, leírása A környéken felszínre került leletek tanúsága szerint a területre már i. sz. 1000 körül megérkezett a kereszténység. Ezért valószínűsítik, hogy a mai kőtemplomnak volt fából épült elődje is. A kőépületet az 1200-as években emelték. Egy szívósan fennmaradt helyi monda szerint, amit csak 1875 körül jegyeztek le – igaz némileg különböző formákban – öt vagy hat környékbeli gazda fogott össze a felépítésére. Az első írásos emlék 1314-ben említi, amikor is a gyülekezettől hozzájárulást kértek egy keresztes hadjárathoz. A hely neve is sok különböző alakban (Länäs, Lenes, Leenes, Ytralenis, Yterlenes stb.) maradt fenn a különféle emlékekben. A templomnak a korai középkorban arra is alkalmasnak kellett lennie, hogy a gyülekezet tagjainak támadók elől menedéket nyújtson. Falai több mint egy méter vastagok, és úgy készültek, hogy két, nagyobb kövekből rakott fal közét homokkal és kisebb kövekkel töltötték ki. A korábbi külső ajtó – ami elé később épült a mai fedett előtér – messze környék legrégebbi ilyen emléke, széles, felfelé keskenyedő deszkalapokból készült. Az ajtó olyan magas, hogy a körmeneti keresztet meghajtás nélkül át lehessen vinni rajta. Az ajtó erőteljes vasalásán a kulcslyuk körül a rontást elhárító koszorú is látható. Az oroszlánfejes bronz kopogtató az ajtón 8. századi bizánci munka, minden bizonnyal a svéd vikingek révén kerülhetett az óhazába. 1390-ből fennmaradt egy adománylevél, ami szerint egy bizonyos Skiälbodhe Fardiäkesson adományáért évi két misét kért maga és rokonai lelki üdvéért. A levélből kiderül az is, hogy akkoriban a templom védőszentje Szent György volt. Az 1400-as években épült a fedett bejárati helyiség, az úgynevezett fegyverház, valamint a sekrestye. (A modern kutatás szerint a fegyverház nevét nem annyira arról kapta, hogy itt hagyhatták a hívők fegyvereiket a mise alatt, hanem inkább itt őrizték szükség esetére a templom, mint erődítmény megvédéséhez szükséges fegyvereket.) Ekkor szélesítették ki a hosszház mentén a kórust is. A mennyezetet jelentős mértékben megemelték és téglából készült gótikus boltívekkel támasztották alá. Megnagyobbították az ablakokat is. A templom fő ékessége, a jól megőrzött falfestés az 1490 körüli évekből származik. A templom szinte összes belső felületét gazdagon díszítették freskókkal. A 20. század elején egy mennyezeti feliratból egy professzor úgy vélte, hogy egy bizonyos Eghil mester műve a festés, de az 1960-as években kiderült, hogy a felirat tulajdonképpen, a korban nem egyedülálló módon, az ABC betűit tartalmazza. A festmények stílusa a történelmi Uppland tartomány területén kialakult Tierp-iskola stílusához áll közel. Az 1700-as években a festményeket lemeszelték, de az oltárkép mögötti Szent Orsolya-ábrázolás, valamint a mennyezet kifestése érintetlen maradt. A legrégebbi galéria 1652-ből származik; ezt a 18. században újabbak követték. A szószék is az 1700-as években készült. A Madonna-szobor Haaken Gulleson műhelyére utal, valószínűleg a reformáció előtti utolsó uppsalai katolikus érsek, Jacob Ulfsson Örnfot 1507-es látogatásának emlékét őrzi. Ebben az időben ugyanis a trondheimi Nidarosi katedrális nagy vonzerőt gyakorolt az itteni hívőkre is. Az érsek ezt az áramlatot szerette volna Uppsala irányába fordítani. A keresztelőmedence Gotlandból érkezett az 1300-as években. A szárnyasoltár lübecki munka az 1470-80-as évekből. Benne két még korábbi, az 1300-as évekből származó faszobrot is elhelyeztek, ismeretlen okból eltűnt egyidős szobrok helyére. A padokat és a fapadlózatot az 1600-as években készítették. 1773-ban leégett a harangtorony, ekkor a templom újjáépítésekor egy huszártornyot emeltek a tetőre a hosszház fölé a harang elhelyezésére. A tűz oltását akadályozták a templomot körülvevő temetőben égő keresztek, ezért ettől kezdve nem emeltek keresztet a sírok fölé, csak a temetéskor állítottak egyet ideiglenesen. A maximum 300 főt befogadó templom már 1780-ban szűknek bizonyult a környék növekvő lakossága (875 fő) számára, az időközben épült galériák dacára. Mintegy 30 évnyi vita után a 19. század közepén – amikorra a lakosság száma már elérte az 1800 főt – meg is építették az új templomot. Takarékossági okokból a régit le akarták bontani, hogy felhasználják építőanyagát, de végül 1850-ben a megtartása mellett döntöttek. 1870-től már múzeumként működtették, belépődíjat is szedtek. Érdeklődés hiányában azonban fokozatosan elhanyagolták, és 1910-13 között teljesen elhagyottan állt és romlott az állapota. 1937-ben Gustaf Näsström újságíró, művészettörténész kampányt indított a templom megmentésére, ami jelentős eredményekkel járt. 1950-re – a templom megőrzésére hozott döntés 100. évfordulójára – a Mária-harangot is visszahozták az új templomból. 1964-ben már színes dokumentumfilm készült a templomról. 1995 óta az öreg templom úti-templomként szolgál a hívő utazók számára. A nyári napforduló, a nagy északi ünnep utáni hét hétben minden nap nyitva áll a látogatók előtt, idegenvezetéssel, középkori műhely-bemutatóval és más programokkal. Jegyzetek Források Nordahl, B, Vapenhus, kyrktorn och kyrkbyggen Fordítás További információk Kisfilm a Mária-harangról Kapcsolódó szócikkek Gamla Uppsala temploma Svédország evangélikus templomai
de	wikipedia	N/A	Melas ( und Statista) ist der nördlichste Ort der Gemeinde Kastoria in der nordgriechischen Region Westmakedonien. Gemeinsam mit dem Weiler Ano Melas bildet es die Ortsgemeinschaft Melas. Das Dorf mit dem ehemals bulgarischen Namen Statista wurde 1927 nach Pavlos Melas benannt, der hier 1904 während des Kampfes um Makedonien getötet wurde. Lage Die Ortsgemeinschaft Melas liegt im äußersten Norden der Gemeinde Kastoria. Das nach Süden ausgerichtete Tal des Makrochoriou Potamos wird im Osten und Norden zur Gemeinde Florina von den Verno-Bergen und nach Westen zur Gemeinde Prespes von einem parallel zum Triklario-Massiv verlaufenden Höhenzug natürlich begrenzt. Der Makrochoriou Potamos ist ein Quellbach des Ladopotamos, der westlich des Kastoria-Sees in den Aliakmonas mündet. Geschichte Über das abgelegene Dorf existieren vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts nur spärliche Aufzeichnungen. Angaben zur Bevölkerung aus dem beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert sind widersprüchlich, je nach Quelle wird sie als christlich, bulgarisch oder orthodox, griechisch angeführt. Der französische Geograph Alexandre Synvet gibt für Statitcha 900 Einwohner an. Nach den 1886 veröffentlichten Reisenotizen des griechischen Offiziers und Ingenieurs Nikolaos Schinas bestand Statista aus drei Ortsteilen, war von 600 Menschen bewohnt und hatte eine Kirche, einen Brunnen und eine Herberge. Die Franzisco-Josephinische Landesaufnahme verzeichnet die beiden Ortsteile Gorna und Dolna Statica. Ab 1904 wurde von bulgarischen und griechischen Guerillagruppen der bewaffnete Konflikt um Makedonien, das offiziell zum Osmanischen Reich gehörte, ausgetragen. Nachdem der Offizier Pavlos Melas zum Führer der Partisanengruppen in Makedonien ernannt worden war und mit seiner Gruppe die türkisch-griechische Grenze überschritten hatte, wurden sie in Statista von einer türkischen Einheit gestellt und Melas am tödlich verletzt. Bis Ende der 1920er-Jahre wanderten viele Dorfbewohner in die USA aus. Gegenüber den US-Behörden gaben sie an, ethnische Mazedonier zu sein. Von den Sicherheitsbehörden wurden sie als antigriechisch oder mit nicht eindeutiger Gesinnung eingestuft. Nach griechischen Behördenangaben war die Dorfbevölkerung 1932 fremdsprachig und 1945 slawischsprachig. Während des Griechischen Bürgerkriegs verloren 53 Bewohner ihr Leben, zum Ende des Bürgerkriegs 1948 und 1949 verließen über 300 Menschen die beiden Dörfer mehrheitlich nach Jugoslawien aber auch in andere Staaten Osteuropas. Als Folge der Balkankriege wurden Teile Makedoniens an Griechenland angeschlossen. Die Landgemeinde Statista () wurde 1918 gegründet und 1927 in Erinnerung an Pavlos Melas vom bulgarischen Namen Statista in Melas () umbenannt. Der Ortsteil Ano Melas wurde 1940 als Siedlung der Landgemeinde anerkannt. Melas wurde anlässlich der Gemeindereform 1997 mit weiteren sechs Landgemeinden zur Gemeinde Korestia zusammengeschlossen, diese ging nach der Verwaltungsreform 2010 in der Gemeinde Kastoria auf, wo Melas seither den Status einer Ortsgemeinschaft hat. Einwohnerentwicklung von Melas Einzelnachweise Ort in Westmakedonien Kastoria
pl	other	N/A	2 PPP w Polsce podstawa prawna Ustawa z dnia 19 grudnia 2008 r. o partnerstwie publiczno-prywatnym: obowiązuje od 27 lutego 2009 r.,(dz.u ) nie wymaga aktów wykonawczych, ma charakter ramowy, zastąpiła ustawę z dnia 28 lipca 2005 r. o partnerstwie publiczno-prywatnym 3 Ustawy powiązane z ustawą o PPP Ustawa o koncesji na roboty budowlane lub usługi z dnia 9 stycznia 2009 roku (Dz.U ) weszła w Ŝycie 20 lutego 2009 roku prawo do pobierania poŝytków z przedmiotu koncesji albo to prawo wraz z zapłatą pewnej sumy pienięŝnej (art. 2 ust. 3 i 4 dyrektywy 2004/18/WE). Ustawa Prawo zamówień publicznych z dnia 29 stycznia 2004 roku (Dz.U ) Procedura wyboru Partner Prywatnego, Regulacje dotyczące zamówień udzielanych przez koncesjonariusza 4 Ustawa o PPP w relacji do ustaw pokrewnych Przepisy Proceduralne dotyczące wyboru partnera prywatnego Prawo zamówień publicznych Ustawa o koncesjach na roboty budowlane lub usługi Przepisy materialne wniesienie wkładu własnego spółka celowa zarząd i eksploatacja Ustawa o partnerstwie publiczno-prywatnym 5 Zmiany wynikające z nowej ustawy o PPP likwidacja nadmiernych obowiązków, Elastyczność Ramowość; w ograniczonym zakresie reguluje prawa i obowiązki stron przyznanie zainteresowanym jak największej swobody kształtowania partnerstwa, złagodzenie przepisów dotyczących wymogu zgody Ministra Finansów na finansowanie z budŝetu państwa, zgodność z prawem UE, 6 TREŚĆ NOWEJ USTAWY Zakres zastosowania Przedsięwzięcie Wybór partnera prywatnego Wkład własny Zarządzanie i utrzymanie Los składników majątkowych po PPP Spółka celowa (SPV) 7 PPP - Definicja (Art. 1) Ustawa określa zasady współpracy podmiotu publicznego i partnera prywatnego w ramach partnerstwa publiczno-prywatnego Przedmiotem partnerstwa publiczno-prywatnego jest wspólna realizacja przedsięwzięcia oparta na podziale zadań i ryzyk pomiędzy podmiotem publicznym i partnerem prywatnym. 8 Modele realizacji inwestycji (od form tradycyjnych do umów PPP) Odpowiedzialność podmiotu publicznego - Podmiot publiczny - Podmiot prywatny Odpowiedzialność podmiotu prywatnego Zadanie realizowane samodzielnie przez podmiot publiczny Tradycyjne zamówienie nie realizuje projektu (Zaprojektuj)Zbuduj- Eksploatuj-PrzekaŜ (BOT, DBOT) Zaprojektuj-Zbuduj- Eksploatuj-Posiadaj-PrzekaŜ (BOOT) Zaprojektuj-buduj- Eksploatuj-Posiadaj (BOO) Projektowanie Budowa Finansowanie Eksploatacja Zarządzanie Finansowanie Eksploatacja Projektowanie zarządzanie Budowa Budowa Projektowanie Budowa Projektowanie Finansowanie Finansowanie Projektowanie Budowa Finansowanie Eksploatacja i zarządzanie Projektowanie Budowa Finansowanie Eksploatacja i zarządzanie Eksploatacja i zarządzanie Własne jednostki(zakłady) organizacyjne Własne jednostki(zakłady) organizacyjne Wykonawca / SPV Wykonawca zarządza - eksploatuje go Wykonawca Spółka zarządzająco-eksploatacyjna Wykonawca Własność Własność Własność Własność Własność DzierŜawa z obowiązkiem zbycia na rzecz partnera publicznego Metoda tradycyjna Partnerstwo Publiczno-Prywatne 9 PRZYKŁADOWA STRUKTURA Organ regulacyjny Nadzór regulacyjny Podmiot publiczny Umowa PPP Partner prywatny SUBSYDIA UDZIAŁ Spółka celowa SPV Finansujący - wspólnicy FINANSOWANIE Finansujący OPŁATY USŁUGA Budowa Usługobiorcy Wykonawca obiektu 10 PODMIOT PUBLICZNY I PARTNER PRYWATNY (art. 2) słowniczek ustawowy Podmiot publiczny dokładnie jak zamawiający w Prawie zamówień publicznych (dyrektywa 2004/18/WE sektory klasyczne ) Partner prywatny krajowy bądź zagraniczny przedsiębiorca Składnik majątkowy Przedsięwzięcie Wkład własny (dopłata do usług, część wydatków na realizację, składnik majątkowy) 11 Rodzaje przedsięwzięć (art. 2) Pojęcia prawa cywilnego i prawa budowlanego: a) budowa lub remont obiektu budowlanego, b) świadczenie usług, c) wykonanie dzieła, w szczególności wyposaŝenie składnika majątkowego w urządzenia podwyŝszające jego wartość lub uŝyteczność, lub d) inne świadczenie połączone z utrzymaniem lub zarządzaniem składnikiem majątkowym, który jest wykorzystywany do realizacji przedsięwzięcia publiczno-prywatnego lub jest z nim związany; 12 Art. 3 Zadania ministra właściwego do spraw gospodarki Organem właściwym w sprawach partnerstwa publiczno-prywatnego będzie minister właściwy do spraw gospodarki. Do zadań Ministra Gospodarki będzie naleŝało w szczególności : upowszechnianie i promowanie partnerstwa publiczno-prywatnego, dokonywanie analiz i ocen funkcjonowania partnerstwa publicznoprywatnego, w tym stanu i perspektyw finansowego zaangaŝowania sektora prywatnego. 13 Wybór partnera prywatnego (art. 4-6) Ogólne odniesienie do: ustawy o zamówieniach publicznych, ustawy o koncesjach na roboty budowlane lub usługi, (zaleŝne od sposobu wynagradzania partnera prywatnego) Dodatkowa informacja w Biuletynie Informacji Publicznej (Biuletyn Zamówień Publicznych, Dziennik Urzędowy Unii Europejskiej) Kryteria oceny ofert (najkorzystniejsza oferta w PPP art. 2 pkt. 5 UPZP kryterium cenowe) 14 Dokumenty przetargowe po stronie partnera publicznego Ogłoszenie o PPP, w tym: opis potrzeb i wymagań partnera publicznego; kryteria oceny ofert. Opis warunków koncesji/ppp, w tym: opis przedmiotu koncesji/ppp (zawierający odniesienie do specyfikacji technicznej, dane dot. funkcjonalności). Protokół z postępowania Projekt umowy o PPP 15 Najkorzystniejsza oferta (kryteria obligatoryjne i fakultatywne)...bilans pomiędzy wynagrodzeniem, a pozostałymi kryteriami... podział zadań i ryzyk (obligatoryjne) terminy i wysokość przewidywanych płatności lub innych świadczeń podmiotu publicznego (obligatoryjne) podział dochodów pochodzących z przedsięwzięcia (fakultatywne) stosunek wkładu własnego podmiotu publicznego do wkładu partnera prywatnego (fakultatywne) efektywność realizacji przedsięwzięcia (fakultatywne) kryteria odnoszące się bezpośrednio do przedmiotu przedsięwzięcia, w szczególności jakość, funkcjonalność, parametry techniczne, poziom oferowanych technologii, koszt utrzymania, serwis (fakultatywne) 16 OGŁOSZENIE O PPP WNIOSKI O ZAWARCIE UMOWY O PPP ZAPROSZENIE DO UDZIAŁU W NEGOCJACJACH NEGOCJACJE OPCJONALNIE ZMIANY WYMAGAŃ OKREŚLONYCH W OGŁOSZENIU O PPP ZAPROSZENIE DO ZŁOśENIA OFERT WRAZ Z OPISEM WARUNKÓW PPP ZŁOśENIE OFERT WYBÓR NAJKORZYSTNIEJSZEJ OFERTY ZŁOśENIE DOKUMENTÓW POTWIERDZAJĄCYCH SPEŁNIENIE WARUNKÓW UDZIAŁU W POSTĘPOWANIU ZAWARCIE UMOWY O PPP 17 Dialog konkurencyjny Przesłanki: nie jest moŝliwe udzielenie zamówienia w trybie przetargu nieograniczonego lub przetargu ograniczonego, poniewaŝ ze względu na szczególnie złoŝony charakter zamówienia nie moŝna opisać przedmiotu zamówienia zgodnie z art. 30 i 31 lub obiektywnie określić uwarunkowań prawnych lub finansowych wykonania zamówienia cena nie jest jedynym kryterium wyboru najkorzystniejszej oferty Zamawiający przedstawia opis potrzeb i wymagań postępowanie w sprawie dopuszczenia do udziału w dialogu DIALOG w przedmiocie rozwiązań Wybór rozwiązania najbardziej odpowiadającego potrzebom zamawiającego WYBÓR WYKONAWCY zaproszenie do składania ofert Sporządzenie SIWZ 18 Definicja umowy o partnerstwie (art. 7) Przez umowę o partnerstwie publiczno-prywatnym partner prywatny zobowiązuje się do realizacji przedsięwzięcia za wynagrodzeniem oraz poniesienia w całości albo w części wydatków na jego realizację lub poniesienia ich przez osobę trzecią, a podmiot publiczny zobowiązuje się do współdziałania w osiągnięciu celu przedsięwzięcia, w szczególności poprzez wniesienie wkładu własnego. Wynagrodzenie partnera prywatnego zaleŝy przede wszystkim od rzeczywistego wykorzystania lub faktycznej dostępności przedmiotu partnerstwa publiczno-prywatnego. 19 Sposób wynagradzania partnera prywatnego determinuje jego wybór WYNAGRODZENIE PRAWO POBIERANIA POśYTKÓW USTAWA O KONCESJI NA ROBOTY BUDOWLANE LUB USŁUGI PRAWO POBIERANIA POśYTKÓW WRAZ Z ZAPŁATĄ USTAWA O KONCESJI NA ROBOTY BUDOWLANE LUB USŁUGI INNE USTAWA PRAWO ZAMÓWIEŃ PUBLICZNYCH Wynagrodzenie partnera prywatnego Koncesja na roboty budowlane lub usługi 50% Partnerstwo Publiczno - Prywatne 20 Wynagrodzenie partnera prywatnego/koncesjonariusza Ustawa nie określa wynagrodzenia i jedynie przewiduje, Ŝe wynagrodzenie partnera prywatnego zaleŝy przede wszystkim od: rzeczywistego wykorzystania, lub faktycznej dostępności przedmiotu partnerstwa publicznoprywatnego MoŜna wprowadzić szereg dodatkowych kryteriów 21 Umowa o PPP - elementy obowiązkowe skutki nienaleŝytego wykonania i niewykonania zobowiązania kary umowne lub obniŝenie wynagrodzenia partnera prywatnego (art.7) prawo podmiotu publicznego do bieŝącej kontroli realizacji przedsięwzięcia przez partnera prywatnego (art.8) 22 Umowa o PPP - elementy obowiązkowe cd. w przypadku niewłaściwego z przeznaczeniem wykorzystywania składnika majątkowego przez partnera prywatnego obowiązek zwrotu składnika podmiotowi publicznemu (art. 9) w razie sprzedaŝy przez podmiot publiczny bądź spółkę nieruchomości będącej wkładem własnym partnerowi prywatnemu przysługuje prawo pierwokupu (art. 12) 23 Umowa o PPP elementy fakultatywne moŝliwość pozostawienia składnika majątkowego u partnera prywatnego po zakończeniu czasu trwania umowy (art.11) moŝliwość wydłuŝenia terminu wykonania prawa pierwokupu (art.12) moŝliwość wprowadzenia zmian w umowie, jeśli wynika to z okoliczności, których nie moŝna było przewidzieć w chwili zawarcia umowy (art.13) 24 Rodzaje umów w projektach PPP Umowa o partnerstwie publiczno-prywatnym Umowa o wniesienie wkładu własnego Umowa spółki PPP w formie spółki 25 Finansowanie przedsięwzięcia Zgodnie z ustawą PPP podmiot prywatny zobowiązuje się do poniesienia w całości albo w części wydatków na realizację przedsięwzięcia lub poniesienia ich przez osobę trzecią. Umowy o PPP zawsze będą przewidywały po stronie partnera prywatnego obowiązek sfinansowania przedsięwzięcia. Banki i instytucje finansowe mogę występować w roli osób trzecich finansujących przedsięwzięcie. W takim wypadku bank będzie dąŝył do zapewnienia sobie nadzoru nad realizacją przedsięwzięcia. Przy większych przedsięwzięciach rola banków jest na tyle duŝa, Ŝe mają zagwarantowany ograniczony udział przy procesie decyzyjnym w trakcie realizacji umowy. 26 Finansowanie przedsięwzięcia cd. Podmiot publiczny moŝe ale nie ma obowiązku, aby w jakiejkolwiek części ponosić wydatki realizacji przedsięwzięcia. Nie mniej jednak taka moŝliwość powinna być rozwaŝana. Poniesienie części wydatków przez podmiot publiczny: ogranicza ryzyko ekonomiczne partnera prywatnego, a takŝe skraca okres zwrotu przedsięwzięcia 27 Skutki rozwiązania umowy (art. 10) Brak szczególnych regulacji: wcześniejsze rozwiązanie umowy podlega ogólnym regułom wynikającym z prawa cywilnego na gruncie ustawy o PPP = naturalne zakończenie umowy Podmiot publiczny, niezwłocznie po rozwiązaniu umowy o partnerstwie publiczno-prywatnym dokona wyboru nowego partnera prywatnego, chyba Ŝe przedsięwzięcie ma być realizowane w inny sposób (inny niŝ PPP). 28 PPP w formie spółki (art ) 3 typy spółek celowych: spółka kapitałowa (spółka akcyjna lub spółka z o.o.) spółka komandytowa gdzie podmiot publiczny nie moŝe być komplementariuszem (odpowiadać majątkiem bez ograniczenia, a podmiot prywatny tylko do sumy komandytowej) spółka komandytowo-akcyjna (brak podwójnego opodatkowania) podmiot publiczny zawsze ma ograniczoną odpowiedzialność cel i przedmiot działalności spółki nie moŝe wykraczać poza zakres określony umową o partnerstwie 29 PPP w formie spółki (art ) zgody wszystkich wspólników albo akcjonariuszy spółki wymaga zbycie lub obciąŝenie: nieruchomości przedsiębiorstwa podmiotowi publicznemu przysługuje prawo pierwokupu akcji albo udziałów partnera prywatnego w spółce 30 Finansowanie PPP z budŝetu państwa zaangaŝowanie środków budŝetowych w wysokości przekraczającej 100 mln zł. wiąŝe się z wymogiem zgody Ministra Finansów wniosek jest składany przez podmiot publiczny: określenie planowanego przedsięwzięcia, przewidywana wysokośćśrodków z budŝetu w poszczególnych okresach na realizację przedsięwzięcia Minister Finansów uwzględnia wpływ planowanych wydatków z budŝetu państwa na bezpieczeństwo finansów publicznych 31 PPP a fundusze unijne Brak szczególnych regulacji w ustawie Ogólne odniesienie w ustawie z dnia 6 grudnia 2006 r. o zasadach prowadzenia polityki rozwoju (art. 28): W ramach programu operacyjnego dofinansowane mogą być takŝe projekty realizowane w formule PPP 32 Projekty złoŝone w Konkursie Dobre Praktyki Gorzów Wlkp. Budowa nowej siedziby urzędu miasta budowa kompleksowego centrum działania administracji samorządowej miasta Gorzowa scalającego wszystkie wydziały i jednostki organizacyjne urzędu wraz z infrastrukturą towarzyszącą. 2. Zielona Góra rozbudowa głównego zespołu szpitalnego na ul. Walczaka i jednoczesne przeniesienie zespołów i zakładów diagnostycznych z drugiego zespołu szpitalnego przy ul. Dekerta 3. Drzonków budowa centrum rekreacyjno sportowego (włącznie z hotelem, kortami tenisowymi, bazą pięcioboju nowoczesnego, ośrodkiem piłki noŝnej, centrum rekreacyjno-rehabilitacyjnym, poligonem sportów konnych) Niniejszy tekst pochodzi ze stron internetowych Sejmu (http://www.sejm.gov.pl) i Senatu (http://www.senat.gov.pl). USTAWA. z dnia 19 grudnia 2008 r. Niniejszy tekst pochodzi ze stron internetowych Sejmu (http://www.sejm.gov.pl) i Senatu (http://www.senat.gov.pl). Sejm RP VI kadencji Nr druku: 1180 ustawa opublikowana ustawa po rozpatrzeniu stanowiska
de	other	N/A	Sozialreform und Zukunft der Sozialhilfe : eine Tagung der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. - 4 Reform der Sozialpolitik aus arbeitsmarkt- und wirtschaftspolitischer Perspektive 1. Arbeitsmarkt und Sozialpolitik 2. Sockelarbeitslosigkeit als zentrales wirtschafts- und sozialpolitisches Problem 3. Reformbedarf am Scharnier zwischen Finanzpolitik und Sozialpolitik 3.1 Verringerung der tax wedge" 3.2 Steuer- statt Abgabenfinanzierung 3.3 Absenkung von Sicherungsniveaus 4. Reformbedarf am Scharnier zwischen Sozialhilfegesetz und Arbeitsförderungsgesetz 4.1 Empirische Bestandsaufnahme 4.2 Sozialhilfe, Armutsfalle und Arbeitsmarktintegration 4.3 Sozialpolitik oder Arbeitsförderung? 4.4 Lohnsubvention und negative Einkommensteuer Reform der Sozialpolitik aus arbeitsmarkt- und wirtschaftspolitischer Perspektive * [Fn.*: Überarbeitetes Manuskript eines Vortrages beim Gesprächskreis Arbeit und Soziales der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung zum Thema „Sozialreform und Zukunft der Sozialhilfe" am 19. Juni 1995 in Bonn.] Der Reformbedarf in der deutschen Sozialpolitik hängt nach Qualität wie Quantität von der wirtschaftspolitischen Prioritätensetzung ab. Im folgenden wird ausschließlich vom Vorrang des Beschäftigungsziels ausgegangen. Die Teilhabe am Erwerbsleben erweist sich angesichts der zunehmenden Überführung von Haushaltsproduktion in Marktproduktion - das letzte Beispiel ist die Pflegeversicherung - als stets an Bedeutung gewinnende Weiche für die Einkommens- und Vermögensverteilung. Spiegelbildlich ist der Ausschluß vom Arbeitsmarkt das zentrale Armutsrisiko in einer sich stärker denn je über Erwerbsarbeit definierenden Gesellschaft. Einkommens- bzw. Armutsrisiken wiederum sind die normative Begründung für sozialpolitische Korrekturmaßnahmen. Die Finanzierung der Sozialpolitik wird aber in der Bundesrepublik ganz überwiegend und deutlich stärker als im internationalen Vergleich dem Faktor Arbeit aufgeschultert. Damit schlägt die Weichenstellung zwischen Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit unmittelbar auf die Einkommensallokation in der Gesamtwirtschaft durch. Dies beeinflußt mittelbar den Finanzierungsbedarf der Sozialpolitik und daraus abgeleitet wiederum die Kosten des Faktors Arbeit. Bei gegebenen Produktivitätsniveaus und - strukturen ist dies maßgeblich für die Nachfrage nach Arbeit und in letzter Instanz für die Teilnahme am Erwerbsleben. Der zu beobachtende Teufelskreis zwischen Arbeitslosigkeit, sozialpolitischem Handlungsbedarf, einzel- sowie gesamtwirtschaftlichen Kostenniveaus und Arbeitsmarktsituation wird dabei exemplarisch - wenn auch auf bisher immer noch vergleichsweise geringem Niveau - am Ausgaben- anstieg und Funktionswandel der Sozialhilfe deutlich. An ihrer Entwicklung läßt sich die zunehmende Ungereimtheit zwischen instrumenteller Eignung, finanzieller Ressourcenausstattung und eigentlich systemfremder Eingriffsursache studieren. Die Kommunen als Träger der Sozialhilfe werden gleichsam zum employer of last resort" und leiden damit unter einer fiskalischen Lastverschiebung im System des föderalen Finanzausgleichs. Die folgenden Überlegungen gelten daher der institutionellen Reform der Sozialpolitik im allgemeinen und der Sozialhilfe im besonderen. Dazu wird nach einer kurzen Diagnose der Art des Arbeitslosigkeitsproblems zunächst der Blick auf die de facto arbeitsplatzgefährdende Finanzierungsstruktur der Sozialpolitik und auf Möglichkeiten einer Korrektur gelenkt. Das Schwergewicht der Ausführungen gilt dann der Diskussion einer arbeitsmarktorientierten Weiterentwicklung der Sozialhilfe, die mit Überlegungen zur Reform des Ausbildungsförderungsgesetzes (AFG) und zur negativen Einkommensteuer verknüpft wird. Arbeitslosigkeit ist mehr denn je ein Wiederbeschäftigungsproblem für diejenigen, die während einer Rezession ihre Arbeit verlieren. Trotz absolut gesehen zunehmender Abgänge aus Arbeitslosigkeit binnen eines Jahres gibt es einen eindeutigen Trend zu sinkenden Wiederbeschäftigungsquoten. Sie betrugen zuletzt nur noch 44% gegenüber fast 70% vor einem Jahrzehnt. Die Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit erreicht 1994 in Westdeutschland mit einem Anteil von 32,5% an der gesamten Arbeitslosigkeit wieder den bisherigen Höchststand des Jahres 1988. Angesichts des absolut gestiegenen Arbeitslosigkeitsniveaus bedeutet dies jedoch heute schon knapp 800.000 und damit mehr als je zuvor länger als ein Jahr Arbeitslose. Mehr als die Hälfte davon hat keine abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung. Die Arbeitslosenquote der Ungelernten beträgt schon rund 20% und ist damit mehr als doppelt so hoch wie im gesamtwirtschaftlichen Durchschnitt. Die im Trend zunehmenden Wiederbeschäftigungsprobleme und die relative Problemkonzentration auf Unqualifizierte und Nichtfacharbeiter ha- ben im Kern mit einer Inkongruenz zwischen Produktivitäts- und Lohnstruktur einerseits und einer Verschiebung in den qualifikatorischen Angebots- und Nachfragerelationen andererseits zu tun. Beides verweist auf die Bedeutung der Lohnstruktur: Eine Lohnstruktur, die nicht zur Produktivitätstreppe" paßt, führt zum einen zu (Wieder)Beschäftigungsproblemen für Qualifikations- und Produktivitätsschwächere. Wenn zum anderen die Lohnstruktur auf ein zunehmendes Angebot im Bereich geringer qualifizierter Arbeit durch Wanderungen oder eine zunehmende Erwerbsbeteiligung sowie auf eine abnehmende Nachfrage nach unqualifizierter Beschäftigung nicht mit einer größeren Lohnstreuung und einer relativen Schlechterstellung der davon betroffenen Arbeitsanbieter reagieren kann, wird es zu Mindestlohnarbeitslosigkeit kommen. Trotz aller berechtigten Einwände gegen die These einer unzureichenden Lohndifferenzierung (Franz 1995) gibt es empirische und ökonometrische Evidenz für die Vermutung, daß sich die Lohnstruktur in der Bundesrepublik für Unqualifizierte zunehmend als marktzutrittsverhindernd erwiesen hat: Unter allen OECD-Staaten haben sich die Reallöhne für die unteren Einkommensklassen in der Bundesrepublik am günstigsten entwickelt (OECD 1993). Im internationalen Vergleich ist Deutschland das Land mit der geringsten Zunahme der Lohnspreizung zwischen den obersten und untersten Verdienstgruppen im Längsschnitt (OECD 1993). Das Verhältnis in der Entlohnung qualifizierter zu unqualifizierter Arbeit hat sich in der Mehrzahl der industriellen Branchen zwischen 1965 und 1990 zugunsten der unqualifizierten Arbeit verschoben (Kraft 1994). Der Abstand zwischen unterster Tarifklasse und dem Facharbeiterecklohn hat sich stetig verringert. Zudem ist in der Regel die unterste der industriellen Lohngruppen nicht, die zweite nur schwach besetzt (Klos 1994). Die Reallohnelastizität der Beschäftigung auf Lohnerhöhungen ist im Bereich unqualifizierter Arbeit deutlich höher als bei qualifizierter Beschäftigung (FitzRoy/Funke 1994). Diese Befunde müssen auch vor dem Hintergrund der spätestens seit dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs einsetzenden strukturellen Veränderungen in der internationalen Arbeitsteilung gesehen werden. Sie haben die Tendenz zur stärkeren qualifikatorischen Spreizung der Entlohnung verstärkt. Ein sowohl über Arbeitskräfte- wie auch Kapitalmobilität weltweit interdependent gewordener deutscher Arbeitsmarkt wird stärker als zuvor nur noch Qualifikationsprämien gewähren und Arbeitsplätze nur dann anbieten, wenn die Entlohnung durch die Produktivität gedeckt ist. Eine Nachfrageverschiebung hin zu qualifizierter Beschäftigung ist aber nur solange kein Problem, wie die Höherqualifizierung gelingt. Ist diese aber nicht oder nur eingeschränkt möglich und bleibt daher die potentielle Produktivität gering, so muß auch die Lohnspreizung zunehmen und die Entlohnung zumindest relativ, möglicherweise aber auch absolut zurückgehen. [Fn.1: „Nicht jeder kann an einer computerunterstützten Werkzeugmaschine arbeiten. Dann sind aber Lohndifferenzierungen im unteren Bereich nötig" (Franz 1995, S. 6).] Wenn es in der Vergangenheit in der Tarifpolitik häufiger zu Abweichungen von der Produktivitätsregel und zu stärker verteilungsorientierten Abschlüssen gekommen ist, so ist dies zu einem nicht unerheblichen Teil der öffentlichen Finanzpolitik anzulasten. Staat und Sozialversicherungen haben durch Steuern und Abgaben einen ständig zunehmenden Keil zwischen Brutto- und Nettoeinkommen getrieben (tax wedge). Insbesondere in den unteren Einkommensklassen ergeben sich hohe Grenzbelastungen des Einkommens. Auch im internationalen Vergleich ist das um staatliche Transfers vermehrte Nettoeinkommen eines durchschnittlichen Produktionsarbeiters gemessen am Bruttoeinkommen in der Bundesrepublik nach Dänemark und Belgien am niedrigsten (Tabelle 1). Zwar gibt es weder international (OECD 1995, S. 16, 93) noch im Längsschnitt für Westdeutschland einen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen der Abgaben- und der Arbeitslosenquote. Doch bedeutet eine steigende Abgabenquote eine Hypothek für eine realeinkommensorientierte Lohnpolitik, die natur- gemäß eine sich in der steigenden Abgabenquote spiegelnde reale Ressourcenverlagerung von Arbeitnehmern zum Staat verhindern will. Tabelle 1: Nettoeinkommen eines durchschnittlich verdienenden Produktionsarbeiters in Prozent des Bruttoentgeltes (1993) Wichtiger als die Höhe der Abgabenquote scheint für den Arbeitsmarkt deren Struktur zu sein. Auf der Aufkommensseite der staatlichen Finanzen gibt es nämlich im internationalen Vergleich eklatante Unterschiede in den relativen Finanzierungsanteilen von direkten und indirekten Steuern einerseits und Sozialversicherungsbeiträgen andererseits (Tabelle 2). So weist zum Beispiel die Bundesrepublik zusammen mit den Niederlanden nach Frankreich den zweithöchsten Finanzierungsanteil durch Sozialversicherungsbeiträge auf. Eine unmittelbare Folge ist, daß hierzulande zwei Drittel des gesamten Sozialbudgets über Arbeitgeber- und Arbeitnehmerbeiträge zur Sozialversicherung finanziert werden. Tabelle 2: Einnahmen aus Sozialversicherungsbeiträgen in Prozent der gesamten Staatseinnahmen Diese wirken dabei teilweise wie eine Lohnsummensteuer. Da die Personalzusatzkosten in Deutschland - wie übrigens in allen anderen OECD-Staaten - weitaus schneller gestiegen sind als die Direktentgelte, hat dies zu einer Verschiebung der relativen Faktorpreise zwischen Arbeit und Kapital zu Lasten des Arbeitseinsatzes beigetragen. Empirische Studien beziffern den relativen Belastungsanstieg des Faktors Arbeit gegenüber dem Faktor Kapital zwischen 1970 und 1990 auf rund 60% (Institut für Mittelstandsforschung Mannheim 1993, S. 6). Eine Substitution von Arbeit durch Kapital ist wahrscheinlich. Internationale Querschnittsvergleiche jedenfalls zeigen deutlich höhere Kapitalintensitäten in Europa als in den USA, obwohl sich die jeweiligen absoluten Kapitalstöcke insgesamt parallel entwickelt haben. Vereinfacht bedeutet dies, daß der Kapitaleinsatz in den USA in mehr Beschäftigung und in Europa in höhere Kapitalintensitäten geht. Aus den Beobachtungen zu Niveau und Struktur der Staatseinnahmen werden unterschiedliche beschäftigungspolitische Reformvorschläge abgeleitet. Zur Verringerung der tax wedge" und zur Stimulierung der Arbeitsnachfrage wird eine Senkung von Sozialversicherungsbeiträgen für bestimmte Personengruppen vorgeschlagen. Dies geschieht insbesondere mit Blick auf den Bereich der unteren Einkommensklassen, um der faktischen Mindestlohnarbeitslosigkeit zu begegnen. Es gibt auch schon praktische Beispiele: In Belgien wird der Weg von Abgabenentlastungen bereits seit Mitte 1993 für arbeitslose Jugendliche und seit Anfang 1995 auch für Arbeitslose insgesamt beschritten. Dort werden beitragspflichtigen Arbeitgebern, die Langzeit- oder unqualifizierte Arbeitslose einstellen, die Sozialversicherungsbeiträge in den ersten vier Quartalen um 75% und in den nächsten vier Quartalen um 50% nachgelassen. Dieser Nachlaß bei den Beiträgen wirkt für das Einstellungsverhalten wie ein befristeter Lohnkostenzuschuß, hat aber möglicherweise eine andere Inzidenz auf der Finanzierungsseite, weil auch Belgien einen vergleichsweise hohen Anteil beitragsfinanzierter Staatseinnahmen aufweist. Über die bisherigen Erfolge mit diesem sogenannten Einstellungsplan für Arbeitslose" ist noch nichts bekannt, so daß eine vergleichende Würdigung von direkten Lohnsubventionen (wie beim neuen Bundesprogramm gegen Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit) und von Steuervergünstigungen (wie in Belgien) nicht möglich ist. Auf die Struktur der Staatseinnahmen zielen dagegen die derzeit diskutierten Vorschläge, die Sozialversicherungen von beitragsfremden Leistungen zu entlasten und die Einnahmenausfälle durch Steuerfinanzierung auszugleichen. [Fn.2: Gelegentlich wird diese Umsteuerung gar mit der Forderung nach einer Trennung der Sozialversicherung vom Arbeitsvertrag verbunden.] Dies folgt der Überlegung, daß im Bereich der Kranken-, Renten- und Arbeitslosenversicherung zusammengenommen etwa 110 Mrd. DM für eigentlich versicherungsuntypische Leistungen - zum Beispiel Leistungen bei Schwangerschaft, beitragsfreie Familienmitversicherung, Zurechnungszeiten bei Invalidität, Anrechnung von Kindererziehungs- und Ausbildungszeiten - ausgegeben werden. Sie wären finanzsystematisch eigentlich vom allgemeinen Staatshaushalt zu tragen. Mit der neuen Pflegesozialversicherung tritt zudem auch noch das Problem auf, daß hier eine Risikovorsorge am Faktor Arbeit angebunden ist, die nicht zwingend etwas mit dem Arbeitsverhältnis zu tun hat. Auf einer bisher noch abstrakten Ebene wird dieser Tatbestand zum Anlaß genommen, für eine ökologische Umsteuerung der Staatseinnahmen durch die Einführung von Ökosteuern bei gleichzeitiger Senkung der Sozialabgaben zu plädieren. Im Bereich der Arbeitslosenversicherung sind die Überlegungen schon konkreter: Dort sollen mit der nächsten AFG-Reform der Bereich der Fortbildung und Umschulung aus dem allgemeinen Steueraufkommen finanziert und im Gegenzug die Beitragssätze zur Arbeitslosenversicherung gesenkt werden. Man erhofft sich davon Beitragssatzsenkungen von etwa 2,5 Punkten. Für die Gegenfinanzierung gibt es verschiedene Vorschläge, die von einem Zuschlag zur ESt- oder KSt-Schuld über MwSt-Erhöhungen bis zur Mineralölsteueranhebung reichen. Erste empirische Überprüfungen lassen den Schluß zu, daß eine Gegenfi- nanzierung über eine MwSt-Erhöhung positive Beschäftigungseffekte entfalten könnte (Buttler 1994) [Fn.3: Bezüglich des Umfangs der Arbeitsmarktentlastung ist aber vor überzogenen Erwar tungen zu warnen. So schreibt zum Beispiel die OECD (1995, S. 100): Eine Ver schiebung der Steuerbelastung weg vom Faktor Arbeit „is likely to have the most favourable effects on employment if the burden of the tax falls only or mainly on consumers and it is introduced by many countries rather than unilaterally; however, the impact on employment may not be large or sustainable".] Diese Gegenfinanzierung im Bereich der Arbeitsmarktpolitik ist sowohl mit Blick auf die zur Disposition stehende Größenordnung wie auch finanzsystematisch gut zu rechtfertigen. Zum einen ist die Zunahme der Sozialversicherungsbeiträge um rund 9 Punkte seit 1975 zur Hälfte auf den Anstieg der Arbeitsmarktbeiträge zurückzuführen. Zum anderen führte die stete Aufgabenanreicherung für die Bundesanstalt für Arbeit (BA) zu einem im Trend sinkenden Anteil versicherungstypischer Leistungen am Gesamtetat der BA. Die versicherungsfremden Leistungen betrugen 1989 schon mehr als 40% der Gesamtausgaben (Institut Finanzen und Steuern 1991, S. 63f.). [Fn.4: Dazu zählen: Arbeitslosenhilfe; berufliche Bildung für nicht von Arbeitslosigkeit Betroffene; ABM für Bezieher von Arbeitslosenhilfe; Förderung der Arbeitsaufnahme von Berufsanfängern; berufliche Rehabilitation von Nicht-Beitragszahlern; Sprachförderung und Eingliederungshilfe (bis 1992 Eingliederungsgeld) für Aus siedler, Asylbewerber und Flüchtlinge. Allerdings wird die Arbeitslosenhilfe schon traditionell aus dem Bundeshaushalt finanziert.] Die Ausdehnung versicherungsfremder Leistungen bedeutet im Kern eine Abkehr vom Sozialversicherungsprinzip, das im wesentlichen eine Versicherung gegen die Risiken des Einnahmenverlustes sowie unplanmäßiger Ausgaben beinhaltet (Farny 1977, S. 162). In Teilen der Literatur wird daher die Arbeitslosenversicherung bereits nicht mehr zu den Sozialversicherungen gezählt (Mackscheidt 1991, S.32). Insbesondere die auf einen neuen Finanzierungsmodus abzielenden Reformvorschläge greifen aber dann zu kurz, wenn sie nicht auch Anreize zur Ausgabensenkung entfalten. Eine stärkere Steuerfinanzierung der Arbeitsmarktpolitik ist zum Beispiel - so sehr sie unter Beschäftigungsaspekten angeraten ist - mit einigen Problemen verbunden. Dazu zählen zum einen der sogenannte innere Zusammenhang zwischen aktiven und passiven arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen, der eine klare Trennung zwischen reinen Versicherungs- und darüber hinausgehenden aktiven Leistungen erschwert. Zum anderen entfaltet eine Steuerfinanzierung möglicherweise eine geringere Ausgabendisziplin als eine parafiskalische Lösung, wenn der Steuerwiderstand geringer ist als der Abgabenwiderstand in einer Versichertengemeinschaft. Neben der Umfinanzierung von Sicherungsleistungen gehört aber auch die Überprüfung einzelner sozialpolitischer Errungenschaften auf die Reformagenda. Bei einer realistischen Einschätzung gibt es einen in seiner Dringlichkeit abgestuften Handlungsbedarf im Bereich der Kranken- und Rentenversicherung. [Fn.5: Während der Beitragssatz der Rentenversicherung in den letzten zwanzig Jahren nur um gut einen Punkt stieg, wies die Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung nach der Arbeitslosenversicherung den zweithöchsten Beitragssatzanstieg seit 1975 auf.] Da eine detaillierte Auseinandersetzung mit den Bausteinen des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetzes und der verschiedenen rentenrechtlichen Änderungen eine gesonderte Betrachtung erfordern würde, seien nur kursorisch einige derzeit gehandelte Reformvorschläge genannt (Frankfurter Institut 1992; BDA 1994; Bundesbank 1995): Für den Bereich der Rentenversicherung gibt es Vorschläge zur Verlängerung der Beitragszeit, der vorgezogenen Einrührung und Ausdehnung versicherungsmathematischer Abschläge bei vorzeitigem Rentenzugang, der Neuordnung der Erwerbsminderungsrenten, einer Überprüfung der Hinterbliebenenrenten, die Verringerung versicherungsfremder Leistungen (z.B. Auffüllbeträge zur ostdeutschen Rentenversicherung, Anrechnungszeiten für Kindererziehung) und die Förderung der Eigenvorsorge. [Fn.6: Explizit wird hier nicht auf den sich aus der strukturellen Alterung der Bevölkerung und aus der zunehmenden Frühverrentungspraxis ergebenden Handlungsbedarf ein gegangen. Beide Effekte sind zwar unmittelbar arbeitsmarktrelevant und entscheiden über das Verhältnis zwischen Erwerbstätigen und Nichterwerbstätigen und damit letztlich über den sozialpolitischen Finanzbedarf. Doch sowohl die Demographie wie auch das Frühverrentungsproblem sind im Hinblick auf das Rentenzugangsalter und das Rentenniveau vordringlich ein Problem für die tarifpolitische Aushandlung eines produktivitätsgerechten altersabhängigen Lohnpfades.] Zur Weiterentwicklung der Krankenversicherung werden unter anderem eine verstärkte Eigenbeteiligung, die Einführung von Wahltarifen mit unter- schiedlichem Leistungsumfang, die Einführung einer Kassenwahlfreiheit [Fn.7: Mit dem Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz ist für 1996/97 eine Wahlfreiheit zwischen verschiedenen gesetzlichen Krankenkassen vorgesehen.] (Kassenzwang ohne Zwangskasse") zur Belebung des Wettbewerbs und die Auszahlung von Arbeitgeber- und -nehmerbeiträgen mit dem Lohn zur Erhöhung der Kostentransparenz vorgeschlagen. Unter beschäftigungspolitischen Gesichtspunkten gibt es aber Reformbedarf nicht nur hinsichtlich einer Beitragssatzkorrektur, sondern sehr viel dringlicher auch in einer Überprüfung der Einkommenssicherung im Krankheitsfall, die im Entgeltfortzahlungsgesetz vom 1.6.1994 erstmals einheitlich für Arbeiter und Angestellte geregelt wurde. Für das Jahr 1994 ist mit betrieblichen Kosten für die Lohnfortzahlung im Krankheitsfall von über 60 Mrd. DM auszugehen. Hinzu kommen mehr als 10 Mrd. DM, die von Krankenkassen als Krankengeld bei einer länger als sechswöchigen Krankheitsdauer gezahlt werden. Ohne Zweifel kann daher die Lohnfortzahlung als die gewichtigste direkte betriebliche Sozialleistung gelten. Mehrere Eigenheiten machen die in der Bundesrepublik gewählte Lösung schon seit langem zum Gegenstand von Reformvorschlägen: Zum einen ist das deutsche Sicherungsniveau im internationalen Vergleich hoch und die Absicherung umfassender und lückenloser (Salowsky/Seffen 1993, S. 46). Zum zweiten wird auf die Unverträglichkeit einer 100%igen Lohnfortzahlung mit den deutlich abgesenkten Unterstützungssätzen im Bereich von Arbeitslosengeld und -hilfe. Arbeitsförderung und Sozialhilfe hingewiesen. Drittens schließlich gibt es deutliche Schwankungen des Krankenstandes je nach konjunktureller Situation, im Verlauf eines Jahres und in der zeitlichen Verteilung der Krankenstände innerhalb der Arbeitswoche (Schnabel 1991, S. 303). Die diesbezüglichen statistischen Befunde deuten auf die Möglichkeit einer mißbräuchlichen Inanspruchnahme der Entgeltfortzahlung hin. Die genannten Besonderheiten sind Anlaß für verschiedene Reformvorschläge. Im wesentlichen lassen sich - gestuft nach ihrer Reformintensität vier Ansätze zur Reduzierung des Leistungsumfangs unterscheiden: Einrührung von Karenztagen: International erprobt wurde das Instrument der Einführung fortzahlungsfreier Tage zu Beginn oder im Verlauf einer Krankmeldung (Karenztage). Absenkung oder Degression der Entgeltfortzahlung: Analog der Diskussion um die Höhe und die Dauer des Arbeitslosengeldbezuges wird die Absenkung und/oder Degression der Lohnersatzrate mit zunehmender Dauer der Krankenzeiten vorgeschlagen. Diesen Weg hat Schweden seit 1991 beschritten. Auf die Einschränkung des Adressatenkreises der Entgeltfortzahlung zielt der Vorschlag, für kurzzeitig Beschäftigte Wartezeiten einzuführen, bevor sie Anspruch auf Entgeltfortzahlung haben. Auf eine kompensatorische Kostenentlastung hebt der Vorschlag ab, den tariflichen Urlaubsanspruch anteilig um die Zahl der krankheitsbedingt ausgefallenen Arbeitstage zu kürzen. Erfahrungen mit einer Reduzierung der Entgeltfortzahlung liegen bisher für die skandinavischen Länder vor. Für nicht tauglich befunden wurde in Dänemark das Instrument der Karenztage. In einem solchen Regime ist die Verlängerung der Krankenzeiten rational, um die ausgefallene Entgeltfortzahlung wieder hereinzuholen". Dies war auch der Grund für die Aufgabe des Experiments nach einem anfänglichen Sinken der Krankenstände. Positiv sind dagegen die schwedischen Erfahrungen mit der Absenkung der Fortzahlung auf 75% in den ersten drei Krankheitstagen und einer Wiederaufstockung auf 90% in den folgenden Tagen: Die Krankmeldungen gingen nach der Absenkung um 20% zurück. Dies spricht für die Übertragbarkeit des Modells. Auch die Einschränkung der Lohnfortzahlung für geringfügig Beschäftigte sollte mit Blick auf die Absicherung des überwiegenden Teils der Beschäftigten durch Familiensicherung oder andere Nicht-Arbeitseinkommen nicht generell verworfen werden. Am wenigsten problematisch schließlich scheint die anteilige Urlaubskürzung im Falle krankheitsbedingt nicht geleisteter Arbeit zu sein. Es ist nicht einzusehen, daß zum Beispiel bei einer sechswöchigen krankheitsbedingten Abwesenheit der Urlaubsanspruch genauso hoch ist wie beim vollen Jahresarbeitszeitpensum. Diese Maßnahme könnte gleichsam als Einstiegsmodell" in eine Überprüfung der Entgeltfortzahlung und zur Grundlage einer systematischen Wirkungsforschung dienen. Das derzeit beherrschende Thema einer beschäftigungsorientierten Reform der Sozialpolitik ist jedoch neben der Umfinanzierungsdiskussion ohne Zweifel die Weiterentwicklung der Sozialhilfe. Diese schon lange schwelende Debatte (zu einer Übersicht s. Schulte 1991) hat durch den unlängst vorgelegten Referentenentwurf des für die Sozialhilfe zuständigen Gesundheitsministeriums neue Nahrung erhalten. Im Mittelpunkt der geplanten Reform steht - und dies kann als Neuausrichtung der Debatte betrachtet werden - eine Verbesserung der Arbeitsanreize für Sozialhilfeempfänger. [Fn.8: „Es fehlt vielfach vor allem an gangbaren Wegen, die Eingliederung ... arbeitsloser Hilfeempfänger in eine Berufstätigkeit voranzubringen. Bestehende Instrumente müssen verstärkt, neue Maßnahmen geschaffen und das planvolle Zusammenwirken zwischen den Sozialämtern und den Arbeitsämtern und anderen Stellen ausgebaut werden. Verbesserte Arbeitsanreize und gleichzeitig klar festgelegte Folgen bei Verweigerung zumutbarer Arbeit sind zur Unterstützung dieser Bemühungen erfor derlich" (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit 1995, S. 4).] Bevor auf die beschäftigungspolitischen Implikationen der geltenden Sozialhilferegelungen und deren geplante Reform eingegangen wird, ist eine kurze empirische Bestandsaufnahme der Sozialhilfesituation geboten. Innerhalb des Sozialbudgets wies die Sozialhilfe seit 1960 zusammen mit der Arbeitsförderung die größten Zuwachsraten auf der Ausgabenseite auf. Sowohl die amtliche Sozialhilfestatistik wie auch von den kommunalen Spitzenorganisationen durchgeführte Sonderauswertungen (Brinkmann et al. 1991) lassen dabei den Schluß zu, daß Arbeitslosigkeit als Grund für den Sozialhilfebezug deutlich an Bedeutung gewonnen hat und inzwischen die wichtigste direkt zuordenbare Hilfeursache ist. [Fn.9: „Arbeitslosigkeit hat unzureichende Rente als Grund für Sozialhilfeleistungen längst überholt" (Becker 1994, S. 52).] Allein in den letzten 15 Jahren hat der relative Anteil der Arbeitslosigkeit als Hauptgrund für die Gewährung von laufender Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt von 14% auf 29% (1993) zugenommen. Nimmt man auch noch den Hilfe- grund des unzureichenden Erwerbseinkommens - dieser hat gegenüber früher relativ an Bedeutung verloren [Fn.10: Die Zahl der Erwerbslosen mit Sozialhilfebezug hat nach dem Mikrozensus zwischen dem Höchststand 1987 und 1992 deutlich abgenommen. Zwar beleuchtet dies nur den Fall der ergänzenden Sozialhilfe, doch gebietet dieser Befund immerhin Vorsicht bei der Bestandsaufnahme einer stetig zunehmenden arbeitslosigkeitsbedingten Hilfegewährung.] und betrug 1993 7% - mit ins Bild, so dürften gegenwärtig angesichts der zuletzt stark gestiegenen Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit wohl schon für 40% aller Fälle von Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt (außerhalb von Einrichtungen) Arbeitsmarktgründe verantwortlich sein. [Fn.11: Wegen der zunehmenden Bedeutung von Arbeitslosigkeit und der mit der Einführung der Pflegeversicherung rückläufigen Ausgaben für Hilfe in besonderen Lebenslagen werden die Ausgaben für die Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt mit einiger Sicherheit bald zum größten Ausgabenposten avancieren.] Die Kommunen als Träger der Sozialhilfe sehen in dieser Entwicklung zu Recht eine systemwidrige Zweckentfremdung der Sozialhilfe. Da sie mit den anderen Zweigen der sozialen Sicherung wie auch mit der Finanzpolitik gleichsam in einem System kommunizierender Röhren verbunden sind, laufen die Kommunen im Falle zunehmender Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit unmittelbar Gefahr, zu einem financer of last resort" zu werden. Dies gefährdet - falls es nicht zu einer Reform des vertikalen Finanzausgleichs kommt - langfristig insbesondere die Wahrnehmung investiver Aufgaben und damit einen Grundpfeiler unserer Föderalverfassung. Die Kommunalisierung der Arbeitslosigkeit" fordert daher zum Nachdenken über die Zusammenhänge zwischen Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik mit dem Ziel heraus, das Aussteuern" von Arbeitslosen umzukehren und Wege für die Rückkehr von Sozialhilfeempfängern in den Arbeitsmarkt zu skizzieren. Um eine Vorstellung über relevante Größenordnungen zu erhalten, ist zunächst eine überschlägige Berechnung der Zahl der arbeitsfähigen Sozialhilfeempfänger nötig, über die statistisch keine Klarheit besteht. Im Gesundheitsministerium wird deren Zahl auf 400.000 bis 500.000 geschätzt. Von der Statistik läßt sich eine Obergrenze von rund 1,1 Millionen arbeitsfähigen Sozialhilfeempfängern (Fallzahlen, keine Durchschnittsbestände!) ableiten: Die Gesamtzahl der Empfänger von laufender Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt außerhalb von Einrichtungen betrug 1993 rund 2,4 Millionen Personen. Diese Zahl ist zu vermindern um die Kinder im Alter von unter 15 Jahren und die Älteren über 60 Jahre, Nach deren Abzug verbleiben etwa 1,35 Millionen Sozialhilfeempfänger im erwerbsfähigen Alter. Auch diese Zahl ist noch einmal zu korrigieren um Haushalte von alleinerziehenden Frauen oder Männern, deren Zahl sich auf rund 250.000 beläuft. Der Abzugsposten für die Alleinerziehenden würde entsprechend geringer ausfallen, wenn sich die Möglichkeiten der Kinderbetreuung und damit der Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit verbesserten. Zur Zeit erzielen etwa 20% der alleinerziehenden Haushalte noch auf die Sozialhilfe anzurechnende Einkünfte aus Erwerbstätigkeit. Legt man auf die so abgeleitete Zahl von etwa 1,1 Millionen Empfängern eine arbeitsmarktbedingte Quote von 40% an, so läßt sich die vom Ministerium genannte Zahl von 400.000 bis 500.000 erwerbsfähigen Sozialhilfeempfängern grosso modo bestätigen. Dies gilt erst recht mit Blick auf die große Bedeutung der sonstigen Ursachen für die Hilfegewährung, hinter denen sich keineswegs zwingend Erwerbsunfähigkeit verbergen muß. Allerdings sollte der quantitativen Einordnung halber klar hervorgehoben werden, daß das zur Diskussion stehende finanzielle Volumen arbeitsmarktbedingter Hilfegewährung trotz steigender Tendenz gegenwärtig noch in einer Größenordnung von deutlich unter 10 Mrd. DM anzusiedeln ist. Aufgrund der Daten des Jahres 1993 lassen sich die Ausgaben für die Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt außerhalb von Einrichtungen auf knapp 13,6 Mrd. DM beziffern. Legt man darauf die Steigerungsrate der Gesamtausgaben für das Jahr 1994 um rund 8% und eine arbeitsmarktbedingte Quote von 40% an, läßt sich ein finanzielles Volumen von rund 6 Mrd. DM ableiten, das beschäftigungspolitisch aktiviert werden könnte. Überträgt man die vom scheidenden Städtetags-Präsident Burger (1995, S. 61) gemachten Angaben über den finanziellen Aufwand für die kommunale Beschäftigungspolitik, so wäre mit diesem Betrag ein Beschäftigungsvolumen von 400.000 bis 500.000 zu finanzieren. Diese überschlägige Berechnung mag die gemessen am Arbeitsförderungsgesetz noch immer untergeordnete Bedeutung einer innerhalb des geltenden institutionellen Arrangements arbeitsmarktorientierten Sozialhilfereform verdeutlichen. Dennoch lohnt unter Arbeitsmarktgesichtspunkten eine Auseinandersetzung mit der gegenwärtigen Sozialhilfepraxis, die aus mehreren Gründen seit längerem in der öffentlichen Kritik steht. Den breitesten Konsens gibt es beim Verweis auf die negativen Arbeitsanreize des gegenwärtigen Systems: Sowohl theoretisch (Weeber 1992) wie auch empirisch (Boss 1994) kann eine nahezu konfiskatorische Besteuerung der Arbeitseinkommen im Fall der Erwerbstätigkeit von Hilfeempfängern nachgewiesen werden. Aufgrund der geltenden Anrechnung aller den anrechnungsfrei bleibenden Betrag von 260,- DM übersteigenden Erwerbseinkommen auf die Sozialhilfe kommt es in bestimmten Einkommensklassen zu Marginalbelastungen des Arbeitseinkommens von bis zu 100%. Für Schleswig-Holstein wird zum Beispiel eine steigende Grenzbelastung bis zur Einkommensgrenze von 1.593 DM pro Monat errechnet. Daten des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels zeigen überdies, daß nur 4% aller Hilfskräfte in Westdeutschland eine Grenzbelastung von unter 30% hatten, aber 30% der mittleren und gehobenen Führungskräfte (Fritzsche/v. Löffelholz 1994,S.257). Die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit lohnt sich unter diesen Bedingungen - gerade in den unteren Einkommensgruppen - oft nicht. Die (Reintegration der Sozialhilfeempfänger in den Arbeitsmarkt wird damit erheblich erschwert. Arbeits- und Transfermarkt haben aufgrund der Anrechnung kein Scharnier. Sozialhilfeempfänger geraten gleichsam in die Armutsfalle (Scharpf 1993; OECD 1994). Damit verpaßt die Sozialhilfe häufig das ihr eigentlich gesteckte Ziel, den Hilfsempfänger zur Unabhängigkeit von der weiteren Hilfegewährung zu befähigen (Schulte 1991, S. 107). [Fn.12: Etwas weniger wissenschaftlich formuliert es der Oberbürgermeister von Pforzheim: „Der graue Schleier der Sozialhilfe schwächt die Eigenkräfte der Menschen, in vielen Fällen lähmt er sie. Es fehlen die Antriebe, die Motivationen, ein eigenverantwortliches Leben zu führen." Und weiter: „Unser geltendes Sozialhilferecht bestraft die eigene Arbeit und die eigene Anstrengung" (Becker 1994, S. 53ff.). Anderer Auffassung sind Leibfried u.a. (1995, S. 100), die aufgrund von Längsschnittuntersuchungen zu dem Ergebnis kommen, daß die Sozialhilfe „nicht in einem großen Umfang zu einer rentenähnlichen Dauerleistung geworden ist".] Der zweite Kritikpunkt, bei dem von einem Konsens aber keinesfalls gesprochen werden kann, bezieht sich auf die mögliche Verletzung des Ab standsgebotes nach § 22 Abs. 3 Bundessozialhilfegesetz (BSHG). Dort wird statuiert, daß die Sozialhilfeleistungen (Regelsätze zuzüglich Kosten für Unterkunft und Heizung) in einer bis zu fünf Personen umfassenden Haushaltsgemeinschaft unter den durchschnittlichen Nettoarbeitsentgelten unterer Lohn- und Gehaltsgruppen bleiben müssen. Das Abstandsgebot ist durch das Föderale Konsolidierungsprogramm (FKPG) sogar zu einer Mußvorschrift verschärft worden. Doch die empirischen Befunde zur Einhaltung dieses sozialpolitischen Grundsatzes sind sehr widersprüchlich: Während die Mehrzahl der Untersuchungen (Breuer/Engels 1993; Bäcker/Hanesch 1994; Steffen 1994; Wingen 1994) von einer Wahrung des Abstandsgebotes ausgeht, wird immer wieder auf den Tatbestand von an die Arbeitseinkommen heranreichenden Sozialhilfeleistungen hingewiesen (Boss 1993, S. 321; Siebert 1994, S. 163; Bartel 1994). Als kleinster gemeinsamer Nenner dieser keineswegs abgeschlossenen Debatte kann inzwischen gelten, daß von einer generellen Verletzung des Abstandsgebots nicht gesprochen werden kann, wohl aber die Verletzungsgefahr" mit steigender Haushaltsgröße stark zunimmt, in Ostdeutschland wegen der Verdienstunterschiede systematisch größer als in Westdeutschland und bei einer Individualbetrachtung weitaus größer als bei einer Durchschnittsbetrachtung ist. Drittens schließlich wird mit Blick auf die vom Verfassungsgericht vorgegebene Erhöhung des Existenzminimums kritisiert, daß die durchschnittlichen Sozialhilfeleistungen in der Vergangenheit in der Regel das Doppelte des Grundfreibetrages in der Einkommensteuer betragen haben. Pointiert formuliert wird eingewendet, daß das Steuersystem bei jahrelang unveränderten Freibeträgen wegen einer faktischen Indexierung der Sozialhilfe an die Preissteigerungen gleichsam Sozialhilfeempfänger produziere (Bohnet-Joschko 1994). Dieses Problem bleibt im Grundsatz auch bei der jetzt beschlossenen, nicht-indexierten Erhöhung des Grundfreibetrages bestehen. Das kürzlich vorgelegte Eckwertepapier und der Referentenentwurf im Gesundheitsministerium folgen zu guten Teilen dieser Kritik. Die Eckpunkte der noch für dieses Jahr geplanten Reform sind (Bundesgesundheitsministerium l995): Die Arbeitsaufnahme von schwer vermittelbaren Sozialhilfeempfängern soll künftig durch befristete Lohnkosten- und Einarbeitungszu Schüsse an Arbeitgeber, durch Leiharbeit, berufliche Qualifizierung und die Teilnahme an Arbeitsförderungsmaßnahmen unterstützt werden. Die Maßnahmen kann der Sozialhilfeträger selbst organisieren oder damit das Arbeitsamt beauftragen. Der Arbeitsanreiz für schwer vermittelbare Sozialhilfeempfänger soll durch höhere Freibeträge verbessert werden. Diese Freibeträge sollen auf sechs Monate befristet und degressiv gestaltet werden. Darüber hinaus sollen anrechnungsfreie Zuschüsse zu einer Saisonbeschäftigung geleistet werden können. Es soll klargestellt werden, daß die Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt künftig um einen bestimmten Prozentsatz unter den Nettoarbeitsentgelten bzw. verfügbaren Einkommen unterer Lohn- und Gehaltsgruppen liegen muß. Einmalige Leistungen der Sozialhilfe sind in die Vergleichsrechnung ebenso einzubeziehen wie einmalige Zahlungen an die Arbeitnehmer. Ab 1999 soll der Abstand zwischen dem Sozialhilfeanspruch einer fünfköpfigen Familie und dem verfügbaren Einkommen der unteren Lohn- und Gehaltsgruppen 15% betragen. Bei Verweigerung zumutbarer Arbeit soll künftig verbindlich eine Kürzung des Regelsatzes um 25% vorgesehen werden. Gerade die Zumutbarkeit von Arbeit hat sich jedoch immer wieder als Streitpunkt in der Debatte erwiesen. Zwar ist das BSHG dem Wortlaut nach eindeutig und statuiert in § 25 Abs. 1: Wer sich weigert, zumutbare Arbeit zu leisten oder eine zumutbare Arbeitsgelegenheit anzunehmen, hat keinen Anspruch auf Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt". Dies folgt konsequent dem Grundsatz der Beschaffung des Lebensunterhalts durch Arbeit nach § 18 BSHG und bezieht daher die Verpflichtung zur Annahme von zumutbaren Arbeitsgelegenheiten nach den §§ 19-20 BSHG explizit ein. Dazu zählen sowohl die gemeinnützigen und zusätzlichen Arbeiten nach der sogenannten Mehraufwandsvariante (§ 19 Abs. 2, Variante 2) wie auch die Entgeltvariante nach § 19 Abs. 1 und Abs. 2, Variante 2. Während die erste Variante ein Sozialrechtsverhältnis darstellt, begründen die anderen Arbeitsgelegenheiten ein Arbeitsrechtsverhältnis. Die Kommunen haben in der Vergangenheit stärker zur Arbeitsrechtsvariante geneigt, weil diese Leistungsansprüche nach der Arbeitslosenversicherung begründet und im Falle einer nicht gelungenen Arbeitsmarktintegration das finanzielle Risiko wieder nach Nürnberg zurückverweist. Doch die Umsetzung dieser gesetzlich fixierten Leistungsverpflichtung in kommunale Praxis wird aus mehreren Gründen nur sehr zögerlich gehandhabt. 1) Ähnlich wie im AFG klafft bei der Auslegung des Begriffs der zumutbaren Beschäftigung zwischen legislativen Vorgaben und ihrer Anwendung eine erhebliche Lücke. Die in § 12 der Zumutbarkeits-Anordnung des AFG verankerten fünf Qualifikationsstufen erweisen sich in der Regel als voneinander abgeschottet, so daß keine Abstufungen bei Zurückweisung zumutbarer Arbeiten stattfinden. Dies kann sich auch für die Sozialhilfe als Vermittlungshindernis erweisen. 2) Die fehlende Zusätzlichkeit einer Arbeitsgelegenheit nach der Entgeltvariante kann sich dann als ein Beschäftigungshindernis erweisen, wenn sie zur Einsparung normaler Arbeitskräfte führen würde. 3) Auch die fehlende Eignung der Arbeitsgelegenheit für die geforderte bessere Eingliederung in das Arbeitsleben" kann eine Zugangssperre sein (Krahmer 1995, S. 30). Ihre Bedeutung hat deutlich zugenommen, weil seit dem FKPG in § 19 Abs. 4 BSHG von den kommunalen Beschäftigern ein Gesamtplan aufeinander aufbauender Maßnahmen gefordert wird. Dieser Versuch zur Qualitätssicherung hat sich vielfach als eine zu hohe Hürde erwiesen. Da die Stoßrichtung der skizzierten Sozialhilfereform insgesamt eindeutig arbeitsmarktzentriert ist (Albeck 1995, S. 236), muß eine solche Neuausrichtung auch die bisherige Arbeitsteilung zwischen der Arbeitsmarkt- und der Sozialpolitik berühren. Damit gelangt man unmittelbar an die Schnittstelle zwischen BSHG und AFG. Diese Schnittstelle ist bisher noch nicht annähernd systematisiert worden. Nach wie vor gibt es eine institutionelle Lücke" zwischen AFG und BSHG (Schulze-Böing 1994, S. 15). Manche Beobachter sprechen gar von einem Milliardengrab zwischen BSHG und AFG". In der Tat gibt es erstens noch keine stringente Verzahnung von kommunaler und arbeitsamtlicher Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Dies folgt einer weitverbreiteten Ablehnung einer arbeitsmarktpolitischen Funktionsübernahme durch die Kommunen infolge des Nachranggrundsatzes gegenüber den Leistungen der Arbeitsämter (Krahmer/Spindler 1994, S. 20) [Fn.13: Etwas allgemeiner fordert Schellhaas (1994, S. 120): „(Es) muß eine klare Trennung zwischen Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik erfolgen". Sell (1995, S. 219) kommt bei der Bewertung der BSHG-Novellierung zum Ergebnis: „Die 'arbeitsmarktpolitische Funktionalisierung' des BSHG ist der falsche Ansatzpunkt, denn nicht die Sozialhilfe, sondern der Bereich der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik nach dem AFG wäre das konsequente Handlungsfeld, in dem die 'Problembearbeitung' stattfinden sollte".] Zweitens gibt es nach wie vor keine gegenseitige Deckungsfähigkeit unterschiedlicher Haushaltstitel nach AFG und BSHG, so daß auch der Weg für saubere Kofinanzierungsstrukturen verbaut ist. Drittens schließlich fällt ins Auge, daß grundsätzlich die Argumente gegen die jetzige Sozialhilfepraxis analog auch für die Arbeitslosenhilfe gelten, die dem Grundsatz nach ebenfalls unbefristet gewährt wird, dem Bedürftigkeits- und nicht dem Versicherungsprinzip folgt und daher eher eine Sozial- als eine originäre Arbeitsmarktleistung darstellt. Immerhin haben die jüngsten AFG-Reformen aber erste Querverweise zwischen BSHG und AFG erbracht: Nach den neuen §§ 12b und 134 Abs. 3b hat die Bundesanstalt für Arbeit mit den Sozialhilfeträgern zusammenzuwirken, damit Hilfeempfänger einer Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen können. Dazu zählen sowohl reguläre Beschäftigungen wie auch AB- und FuU-Maßnahmen sowie gemeinnützige und zusätzliche Arbeiten im Sinne des BSHG für Arbeitslosenhilfe-Empfänger. Diese mit dem Beschäftigungsförderungsgesetz eingeführte Möglichkeit knüpft an den sogenannten Gemeinschaftsarbeiten an, die nach dem Vorläufergesetz des AFG - dem AVAVG - die Möglichkeit gemeinnütziger Beschäftigung vorsahen, deren Entlohnung die Höhe des Arbeitslosengeldes zuzüglich einer Entschädigung für den Mehraufwand annahm. Sie wurden als Angebot für Hilfeempfänger konzipiert, die Transferleistung durch eine Aufwandsentschädigung aufzustocken. Bei der Frage nach der Übertragbarkeit in die heutige Arbeitsmarktpolitik wird jedoch durchgängig auf ihren Sozialrechtscharakter verwiesen, der sie deutlich von den Arbeitsrechtsverhältnissen in AB-Maßnahmen unterscheidet und damit in die Nähe einer zweitklassigen" Arbeit rücke. Trotz der begründeten Zurückweisung der Gemeinschaftsarbeiten beginnt sich aber der Grundgedanke einer Umwandlung von passiven Transfers und Lohnersatzleistungen in einen Zuschuß für produktive Tätigkeiten durchzusetzen. Der Umwidmungsgedanke - lieber Arbeit finanzieren als Arbeitslosigkeit" - erweist sich zunehmend als gemeinsame strategische Klammer aller Reformvorschläge für das AFG. Erstmals verwirklicht wurde dieser Ansatz mit dem § 249h AFG, der die Umwandlung des Arbeitslosengeldes in einen pauschalierten Lohnkostenzuschuß für eine tarifabgesenkte Beschäftigung im Umwelt-, Jugend- und Sozialbereich ermöglichte. Diese zunächst auf Ostdeutschland begrenzte Innovation, die mit dem Beschäftigungsförderungsgesetz auch auf den Westen ausgedehnt wurde (§ 242s AFG), setzt mithin statt auf eine Sozialrechts-Konstruktion auf das Instrument der Tarifabsenkung, um die für die ordnungspolitische Verträglichkeit von staatlichen Ersatzbeschäftigungen unverzichtbaren Ausstiegsanreize zu verankern. Andere Beispiele einer stärker aktiven und investiven Verwendung bisher überwiegend passiv und einkommensstützend eingesetzter Ressourcen im AFG stellen die Verbesserung des Überbrückungsgeldes für arbeitslose Existenzgründer nach § 55a, die Zulassung kurzfristiger Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen für Arbeitslose nach § 103b, der Bezug von strukturellem Kurzarbeitergeld während einer Qualifizierung nach § 63 Abs. 4 und die Projektförderung für schwer vermittelbare Arbeitslose in einem Arbeitsförderbetrieb nach § 62d AFG dar. Trotz heftiger Kritik hat sich daher das AFG alles in allem - insbesondere unter dem Einfluß der ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarktkrise - als ein durchaus konstruktiv reformierbares Instrumentarium erwiesen. Vor einer ähnlichen strategischen Neuausrichtung steht auch die Sozialhilfe. Leitbild kann das aus der amerikanischen Diskussion entlehnte Motto workfare statt welfare" sein. Zwar tragen die Sozialhilfeträger schon derzeit beschäftigungspolitische Verantwortung für etwa 210.000 Menschen. [Fn.14: Ca. 120.000 Beschäftigte werden mit den „Hilfe zur Arbeit"-Maßnahmen nach dem BSHG sowie weitere rund 90.000 durch die von Kommunen organisierten AB-Maßnahmen gefördert.] In den meisten Bundesländern gibt es Programme für Hilfe zur Arbeit" (HzA) oder Arbeit statt Sozialhilfe" (AsS). Nicht unumstritten ist jedoch, ob die bei dieser kommunalen Beschäftigung gewählte Organisationsform wirtschaftlich und erfolgreich im Sinne der Wiedereingliederung in den Ersten Arbeitsmarkt" ist oder ob sie nicht einfach auch einen legitimen Versuch der Kommunen darstellt, die Lasten der Arbeitslosig- keit nach der Absolvierung einer die Leistungspflicht der Arbeitsverwaltung begründenden Beschäftigung nach Nürnberg zurückzuverlagern. Die bisher vorgelegten Befunde kommen überwiegend zu positiven Ergebnissen. Insbesondere im Hinblick auf eine gesamtfiskalische Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse wird von günstigen Selbstfinanzierungsquoten ausgegangen: In einer Fallstudie für Bremen wird schon für das zweite Jahr des HzA-Programms vor allem wegen wegfallender Krankenhilfe von einer Amortisation ausgegangen (Lüsebrink 1993, S. 61). Für die öffentliche Beschäftigungsförderung in Düsseldorf wird spätestens für das dritte Projektfolgejahr eine Amortisation konstatiert (Trübe 1995). Im Hinblick auf die eigentliche Funktion der Sozialhilfe als Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe ist positiv hervorzuheben, daß im Düsseldorfer Fall nur etwa jeder siebte Maßnahmeteilnehmer in Sozialhilfe verbleibt (Trübe 1995, S. 190). Dies paßt gut zu den in Längsschnittstudien ermittelten Befunden, daß fast die Hälfte aller Leistungsbezieher binnen Jahresfrist wieder aus dem HLU-Bezug (Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt") ausscheidet und der Anteil der Langzeitempfänger von Sozialhilfe nur bei etwa einem Viertel liegt (Leibfried et al. 1995). Ob dagegen eine HzA-Politik - besonders die Entgeltvariante - volkswirtschaftlich problemlos zu finanzieren" ist (Lindner et al. 1992, S. 156), muß mit einem Fragezeichen versehen werden. Zum einen ist die Übergangswahrscheinlichkeit in eine subventionsfreie Beschäftigung in der Regel auf unter 50% zu veranschlagen. Angesichts eines Förderumfangs von zum Beispiel rund 60.000 DM je Platz und Jahr in Hessen [Fn.15: Nach Pressemeldungen (Handelsblatt vom 25.4.1995) ist dort das Programm „Arbeit statt Sozialhilfe" ungleich höher dotiert als die Mittelstands- und Technologieförderung und damit ein eindrucksvolles Beispiel für die Notwendigkeit einer Opportunitätskostenbetrachtung.] kann eine solche Integrationsquote nur normativ als Erfolg oder Mißerfolg gewertet werden. Zum anderen erfassen die Selbstfinanzierungsrechnungen nicht durchgängig die Folgekosten, die durch die Rückverlagerung der Einkommens- und Beschäftigungsrisiken in die Arbeitslosenversicherung entstehen. Eine solche gesamtfiskalische Kostenrechnung wäre aber wünschenswert, um einen Beitrag zur verursachergerechten Anlastung von Kosten und zu einer besseren Kooperation von Kommunen und Arbeitsämtern zu leisten. Einen prinzipiell konkurrierenden Ansatz zur Steigerung der Effizienz einer kommunalen Beschäftigungspolitik stellen kommunal finanzierte Lohnkostenzuschüsse dar. Da eine erwerbsorientierte Sozialhilfereform mit dem Angebot von Arbeitsplätzen durch einstellungsbereite Arbeitgeber steht und fällt, scheint eine systematische Weiterentwicklung der Sozialhilfe in Richtung eines Lohnkostenzuschusses dringend geboten. Ein solcher Vorstoß wird zum Beispiel aus Saarbrücken dokumentiert. Dort zahlt die Stadt einen Lohnkostenzuschuß von monatlich bis zu 1.600 DM, wenn Arbeitgeber Sozialhilfeempfänger für mindestens zwölf Monate zu tariflichen oder ortsüblichen Vergütungen einstellen. Mit diesem Modell wird also eine Umwandlung eines Sozialhilfetransfers in einen Lohnkostenzuschuß für die Aufnahme einer Beschäftigung im ersten" Arbeitsmarkt und nicht in einer öffentlich geförderten Beschäftigung versucht. Die mit einer solchen Neuausrichtung der Sozialhilfe verbundene Hoffnung auf die Schaffung zusätzlicher Arbeitsplätze nimmt auch die Diskussion um Varianten einer negativen Einkommensteuer auf. Aus der Großlösung eines integrierten Steuer-Transfer-Tarifs und der Ausdehnung des Steuertarifs um einen Negativbereich für Transferleistungen (Friedman 1968; Kronberger Kreis 1986; Mitschke 1994 und 1995) hat sich inzwischen in einer engeren beschäftigungspolitischen Ausdeutung die Grundüberlegung entwickelt, die Arbeitseinkommen von Erwerbstätigen mit individuellen Qualifikations- oder Produktivitätsdefiziten solange durch Lohnsubventionen aufzustocken, bis ein gesellschaftlich definiertes Mindesteinkommen erreicht wird (Scharpf 1994). Eine integrierte Einkommenshilfe für Geringverdiener würde den Tarifparteien die Möglichkeit eröffnen, die faktische Mindestlohnpolitik der Nichtbesetzung unterer Einkommensklassen durch eine Lohnspreizung im Bereich der qualifikationsschwächeren Arbeitnehmer und die Wiedereinführung von Leichtlohngruppen abzulösen und damit deren Heraustarifierung aus dem Arbeitsmarkt ein Stück zu korrigieren. Diese arbeitsmarktorientierte kleine" Lösung weist theoretisch zahlreiche Vorzüge auf: Sowohl die im Zuge der Qualifikationskaskade - der Verdrängung geringer- durch höherqualifizierte Arbeitnehmer - zu beobachtende Konzentration der Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiken auf Unqualifizierte wie auch deren dauerhafte Aussteuerung aus dem Arbeitsmarkt und die daraufhin einsetzende Kommunalisierung der Arbeitslosigkeit im Wege der Sozialhilfe könnten durch die Aufnahme von Beschäftigungen zu Marktbedingungen gelindert werden. Arbeits- und Transfersystem, die gegenwärtig hermetisch voneinander abgeschottet sind, erhielten wieder ein Scharnier. Dies ist um so wichtiger, als es durchaus dann vertikale Mobilität im Arbeitsmarkt gibt, wenn erst einmal wieder Tuchfühlung aufgenommen wurde und die Hysteresis der Arbeitslosigkeit überwunden werden konnte. Der Anreiz zur regulären Erwerbsarbeit würde gestärkt, jener zur Schwarzarbeit geschwächt. Bei den gegenwärtigen Anrechnungsmodalitäten ist Schwarzarbeit ökonomisch absolut rational. Bei höheren Freibeträgen könnte dagegen Erwerbstätigkeit ins Marktsystem zurückverlagert werden. Dies gilt insbesondere mit Blick auf die vorhandene Neigung zu hinzuverdienender Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Das Argument gewinnt dann noch an Gewicht, wenn Teilzeitbeschäftigung als ein Wiedereinstiegsmodell gesehen wird, die auch die Rückkehr zu einer Vollzeitbeschäftigung ebnen kann. Die Zahlung einer Einkommensaufstockung an Transferempfänger statt einer Lohnsubvention an Unternehmen mindert die Gefahr von Karussellgeschäften im Sinne der Substitution zuschußfreier durch bezuschußte Beschäftigung in den Unternehmen. Die in Abhängigkeit vom erzielten Arbeitseinkommen degressive Gestaltung einer Subvention stellt eine grundsätzliche Alternative zu einem selbst bei einer Tarifabsenkung ordnungspolitisch umstrittenen Zweiten Arbeitsmarkt" dar. Diese prinzipiellen Vorteile können auch für die Sozialhilfereform erschlossen werden. Unter Anreizgesichtspunkten unbedingt wünschenswert ist die Modifizierung einer Negativsteuer in Form eines anrechnungsfreien Zuverdiensts bei erwerbstätigen Sozialhilfeempfängern. Die Verankerung dieses Grundsatzes hätte allerdings nicht nur mögliche beschäftigungspolitische, sondern auch finanzielle Auswirkungen, die beide einem trade-off unterliegen: Je höher die anrechnungsfreien Zuverdienste festgesetzt werden und je höher damit die Prämie" für eine Arbeitsaufnahme ausfällt, um so mehr Arbeitseinkommensbezieher wachsen in einen Sozialhilfeanspruch hinein und um so teurer kann diese Lösung werden. Wenn zum Beispiel das vom Verfassungsgericht vorgegebene Existenzminimum von 12.000 DM mit einem Anrechnungssatz von 50% kombiniert würde, setzt die Besteuerung erst bei einem Jahreseinkommen von 24.000 DM ein. Kritiker einer veränderten Anrechnung befürchten, daß damit etwa zehn Millionen Menschen zum Kreis der Anspruchsberechtigten gehörten (Siebert 1995, S. 11). Die zusätzlichen Kosten infolge von Steuerausfällen bei einer verringerten Anrechnung werden je nach der Höhe des Grundfreibetrages und des Anrechnungssatzes auf 65 bis 173 Mrd. DM veranschlagt (DIW 1994). Doch die für sich genommen überzeugenden Einwände gegen eine verminderte Anrechnung müssen aber zumindest in drei Punkten relativiert werden. Zum einen sollte klar hervorgehoben werden, daß ein Ausgabenzuwachs der Reform insoweit zu Unrecht angelastet wird, als die Mehrbelastung allein auf die veränderte Anrechnung zurückgeführt wird. Tatsächlich aber tritt die Mehrbelastung auch bei konstanter Anrechnung allein deswegen auf, weil der steuerliche Grundfreibetrag von derzeit 5.616 DM auf mindestens 12.000 DM angehoben werden muß. Die DIW-Berechnung vergleicht damit irreführenderweise die differentiellen Aufkommenswirkungen der auf dem neuen Freibetrag beruhenden Negativsteuervarianten mit dem Aufkommen beim alten Freibetrag. Überschlägig ergäbe sich damit bei einem korrekten Vergleich auf der Basis des alten Freibetrages ein Einnahmenausfall von rund 35 statt der angegebenen 65 Mrd. DM. Zweitens müssen Berechnungen über die fiskalischen Wirkungen veränderter Anrechnungen zumindest die potentiellen Einsparungen und Mehreinnahmen gegenbuchen, die bei der Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit und dem Ausscheiden von Sozialhilfeempfängern aus dem Transferbezug realisiert werden können. Diese sind der Größenordnung nach zwar völlig unsicher und hängen von einem entsprechenden Arbeitsplatzangebot, der Bereitschaft zur Vereinbarung neuer Lohngruppen und der Reallohnelastizität der Arbeitsnachfrage ab. Daß es bei einer Anrechnung von 50% keine positive Arbeitsangebotseffekte der Transferempfänger gibt, kann nahezu sicher ausgeschlossen werden. Mit jedem Ausstieg aus dem Transfer und schon mit jedem besseres Mischungsverhältnis" zwischen Arbeits- und Transfereinkommen bzw. regulärer Aktivität und Inaktivität müssen Entlastungseffekte für die öffentlichen Fisci gegengerechnet werden. Zwar sind die Belastungen einer veränderten Anrechnung sicher, die Entlastungen dagegen unsicher, doch ist es völlig unbegründet, wenn Negativsteuermodelle als grundsätzlich zu teuer qualifiziert werden" (Hüther 1994, S. 133, Fn. 21). [Fn.16: Scherf(1994, S. 118) formuliert es so: „Sollten die Leistungsanreize wirken und zu (offizieller) Mehrbeschäftigung beitragen, so würde sich daraus auf Dauer auch eine gewisse Entlastung der öffentlichen Haushalte ergeben".] Der dritte Einwand schließlich gilt dem ehernen Ausgangspunkt der bisherigen Argumentation, daß eine Absenkung des Existenzminimums für arbeitsfähige Sozialhilfeempfänger nicht zur Disposition steht. Dies stellt aber prinzipiell eine Möglichkeit dar, den genannten trade-off auszuhebeln: Bei einer Absenkung des Existenzminimums - analog: des Grundfreibetrags - führt auch eine Senkung des Anrechnungssatzes solange nicht zu einer Mehrbelastung für den Staat, wie sie gerade die Minderausgaben des abgesenkten Existenzminimums ausgleicht. Für arbeitsfähige Sozialhilfeempfänger würde sich bei dieser Lösung zwar am verfügbaren Einkommen nichts ändern, wohl aber würden sie einen größeren Teil des verfügbaren Einkommens als im Status Quo aus Erwerbstätigkeit erzielen. [Fn.17: Im Prinzip ist dieser Weg für Erwerbstätige schon mit dem FKPG insofern beschritten worden, als der alte Erwerbstätigenzuschlag in einen Absetzbetrag nach § 76 Abs. 2a BSHG umgewandelt wurde. Damit hat sich das Existenzminimum verringert, aber die Einkommenssituation der betroffenen Empfänger ist unverändert geblieben (Hüther 1994, S. 129),] Auch wenn eine solche Lösung politisch kaum realisierbar sein dürfte, könnte sie immerhin doch eine Entscheidungshilfe in jenen Fällen sein, in denen Beschäftigungen möglich gewesen wären, aber zurückgewiesen worden sind. Eine Absenkung in all diesen Fällen eröffnete dann einen ökonomischen Anreiz zum Hinzuverdienst, um die Einkommenseinbuße auszugleichen. Insbesondere mit Blick auf die zunehmende Zahl jugendlicher Leistungsempfänger sollte eine solche Politik von sticks and carrots" nicht von vornherein verworfen werden. Ein mit Anreizen arbeitender Test auf die Verfügbarkeit stellte eine ordnungskonforme und überlegene Alternative zu der de jure bestehenden, de facto jedoch aus verständlichen Gründen zurückhaltend praktizierten Arbeitsverpflichtung für Sozialhilfeempfänger dar. Alles in allem hat eine behutsame Umsteuerung der Sozialhilfe in Richtung verstärkter Arbeitsanreize durchaus Chancen. Möglich sind prag- matische Lösungen etwa der Art, den Absetzbetrag ganz abzuschaffen und ausgehend von einem Existenzminimum von 12.000 DM einen Hinzuverdienst von höchstens weiteren 12.000 DM zuzulassen. Bei einem Anrechnungssatz von 50% ergäbe dies ein verfügbares monatliches Nettoeinkommen von 1.500 DM gegenüber einem Status Quo von nur 1.130 DM (Spermann 1995). Dieser Modus könnte die ergänzende Sozialhilfe - und eventuell auch die artverwandte Arbeitslosenhilfe - zur Gänze ablösen und den Weg für eine erwerbsorientierte Verwendung von Sozialtransfers bereiten. Die Debatte um eine Reform des Sozialstaats hat nach anfänglich schrillen Tönen inzwischen eine neue Qualität erreicht. Die Neue Sachlichkeit" erwächst vor allem aus der wachsenden Erkenntnis einer Interdependenz zwischen Sozialpolitik und Arbeitsmarktentwicklung. Letztlich entscheidet sich am Arbeitsmarkt Wohl und Wehe der sozialen Sicherungssysteme. Gleichzeitig stellen sie in einigen hier dargelegten Punkten eine definitive Hypothek für die Entwicklung der Beschäftigung dar. Als vermutlich gescheitert muß jedenfalls inzwischen der Versuch beurteilt werden, Sozialpolitik mit Mitteln der Lohnpolitik zu gestalten. Aus der hier vertretenen Perspektive ist dies ein maßgeblicher Grund für die zunehmende strukturelle Sockelarbeitslosigkeit, deren finanzielle Alimentation alle Sozialfisci auf das äußerste anspannt. Ein Schlüssel zur Entspannung des Problems liegt daher naturgemäß an den Scharnieren zwischen Sozial-, Finanz- und Tarifpolitik. Dies gilt sowohl für die zumindest relative, besser aber noch absolute Entlastung des Faktors Arbeit von Kosten, für die er nicht verantwortlich ist. Schon dieser erst langfristig zu verwirklichende Grundsatz würde die Tarifpolitik vermutlich entschlacken und verteilungspolitische Überfrachtungen ein Stück weit korrigieren. Aber die Tarifpolitik muß auch selbst in die Vorhand gehen und marktgerechte Löhne aushandeln, um bestehende Beschäftigung zu sichern, neue zu schaffen und auch persistente Arbeitslosigkeit aufknacken zu helfen. Weil dabei aber das Auftreten eines working poor" Phänomens nicht auszuschließen ist, muß die Sozialpolitik adäquate Instrumente zur ein- kommenspolitischen Absicherung eines solchen Kurswechsels bereithalten. Ein solches Instrument wurde mit einer Wege aus der Armutsfalle weisenden Reform der Sozialhilfe skizziert. Durch die Verzahnung der Sozialhilfe mit anderen Instrumenten der Arbeitsmarktpolitik im Sinne der Umwandlung in Lohnkostenzuschüsse einerseits und verbesserte Anrechnungsmodalitäten andererseits kann eine strategische Neuausrichtung der Sozialpolitik eingeleitet werden. Gerade die durch die Einführung der Pflegeversicherung mögliche Entlastung der Kommunen sollte dabei ein Startschuß für eine beschäftigungspolitische Umwidmung der eingesparten Mittel sein. Albeck, Hermann, 1995, Sozialhilfereform - ein Schritt zum Umbau des Sozialstaats"?, in: Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft V, S. 235-239. Bäcker, Gerhard/Hanesch, Walter, 1994, Sozialhilfeniveau und untere Arbeitnehmereinkommen, Expertise für das Ministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf. Barthel, Alexander, 1994, Sozialhilfe behindert Lohndifferenzierung, in: Arbeitgeber, S. 573-579. Becker, Joachim, 1994, Der erschöpfte Sozialstaat, Frankfurt a.M. Bohnet-Joschko, Sabine, 1994, Die negative Einkommensteuer - Option für die deutsche Steuer- und Sozialpolitik?, unveröffentlichtes Manuskript, Witten-Herdecke. Boss, Alfred, 1993, Zur Entwicklung der Arbeitseinkommen und der Transfereinkommen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, in: Die Weltwirtschaft, Heft 3, S. 311-330. Boss, Alfred, 1994, Explizite und implizite Besteuerung geringer Arbeitseinkommen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, in: Die Weltwirtschaft, Heft 4, S. 433-447. Breuer, Wilhelm/Engels, Dietrich, 1993, Der Abstand zwischen dem Leistungsniveau der Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt nach dem BSHG und den verfügbaren Arbeitnehmereinkommen unterer Lohn- und Gehaltsgruppen im Juli 1992, Gutachten des ISG-Instituts im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie und Senioren, Köln. Brinkmann, Christian et al., 1991, Arbeitslosigkeit und Sozialhilfebezug. Sonderuntersuchung der Bundesvereinigung der kommunalen Spitzenverbände in Zusammenarbeit mit der Bundesanstalt für Arbeit 1989, in: Mitteilungen aus der Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, Heft 1, S. 157-177. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, 1995, Referentenentwurf eines Gesetzes zur Reform des Sozialhilferechts, Stand: 22. Mai, Bonn. Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände, 1994, Sozialstaat vor dem Umbau, Köln. Burger, Norbert, 1995, Zur Reform des Sozialhilferechts, in: Der Städtetag, Heft 2, S. 61-62. Buttler, Friedrich, 1994, Finanzierung der Arbeitsmarktpolitik, lAB-Werkstattbericht Nr. 8, Nürnberg. Deutsche Bundesbank, 1995, Monatsbericht März, Frankfurt a.M. Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, 1994, Bürgergeld": Keine Zauberformel, DIW-Wochenbericht. Nr. 41, S. 689-696. Farny, Dieter, 1977, Art. Sozialversicherung, in: Handwörterbuch der Wissenschaft, Bd. 12, Stuttgart u.a., S. 160-169. Franz, Wolfgang, 1995, Die Lohnfindung in Deutschland in einer internationalen Perspektive: Ist das deutsche System ein Auslaufmodell? Diskussionspapier Nr. 24 der Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Statistik der Universität Konstanz, Konstanz. FitzRoy, Felix R./Funke, Michael, 1994, Skills, Wages and Employment in Eastern and Western Germany, unveröffentlichtes Manuskript. Friedman, Milton, 1968, The Case for the Negative Income Tax, in: Melvin Laird (ed.), Republican Papers, S. 202-220. Fritzsche, Bernd/von Löffelholz, Horst-Dietrich, 1994, Grenzbelastungen der Einkommen durch das Steuer-Transfer-System, in: RWI-Mitteilungen, Heft 3, S. 235-260. Hüther, Michael, 1994, Ansatzpunkte für einen Umbau des Sozialstaats, in: Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft III, S. 127-134. Institut Finanzen und Steuern, 1991, Finanzprobleme der Arbeitslosenversicherung, Grüner Brief Nr. 300, Bonn. Institut für Mittelstandsforschung Mannheim (Hg.), 1993, Belastung der Produktionsfaktoren Arbeit und Kapital durch Steuern und Sozialabgaben, Mannheim. Klös, Hans-Peter, 1994, Arbeitsmarktpolitik in der Beschäftigungskrise, Köln. 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OECD, 1995, The OECD Jobs Study. Taxation, Employment and Unemployment, Paris. Salowsky, Heinz/Seffen, Achim, 1993, Einkommenssicherung bei Krankheit im internationalen Vergleich, Köln. Scharpf, Fritz W., 1993, Von der Finanzierung der Arbeitslosigkeit zur Subventionierung niedriger Erwerbseinkommen, in: Gewerkschaftliche Monatshefte, Heft 7, S. 433- Scharpf, Fritz W., 1994, Für eine Subventionierung niedriger Erwerbseinkommen, in: Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft III, S. 111-114. Schellhaas, Manfred, 1994, Evaluationsmethoden für arbeitsmarktpolitische Programme - neuere internationale Erfahrungen, in: Schulze-Böing, Matthias/Johrendt, Norbert (Hg.), Wirkungen kommunaler Beschäftigungsprogramme: Methoden, Instrumente und Ergebnisse der Evaluation kommunaler Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Basel, S. 111-119. Scherf, Wolfgang, 1994, Die negative Einkommensteuer: ein problematisches Konzept der Steuer- und Finanzpolitik, in: Wirtschaftsdienst, Heft III, S. 114-118. 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ro	legislation	Romania	HOTĂRÂRE nr. 61 din 30 iunie 2020 referitoare la Comunicarea Comisiei către Parlamentul European, Consiliu, Comitetul Economic și Social European și Comitetul Regiunilor - O nouă Strategie industrială pentru Europa - COM (2020) 102 final Publicat în MONITORUL OFICIAL nr. 659 din 24 iulie 2020 În temeiul dispozițiilor art. 67 și art. 148 alin. (2) și (3) din Constituția României, republicată, precum și ale Protocolului nr. 1 privind rolul parlamentelor naționale în Uniunea Europeană, anexat Tratatului de la Lisabona de modificare a Tratatului privind Uniunea Europeană și a Tratatului de instituire a Comunității Europene, semnat la Lisabona la 13 decembrie 2007, ratificat prin Legea nr. 13/2008, în baza Raportului Comisiei pentru afaceri europene nr. LXII/233 din 24.06.2020, Senatul adoptă prezenta hotărâre. Articolul 1 Senatul României:1. salută lansarea procesului de reflecție privind beneficiile și vulnerabilitățile noii Strategii industriale pentru Europa; ... 2. consideră că Europa trebuie să devină lider mondial în sectorul industrial pentru a genera oportunități multiple cetățenilor, societății și economiei europene; ... 3. atrage atenția că această nouă Strategie pentru Europa a fost concepută înaintea pandemiei de COVID-19, ceea ce determină o reevaluare a acesteia în funcție de noul context. Acest fapt aduce în atenție nevoia acțiunii Uniunii Europene în domenii considerate mai curând responsabilitatea guvernelor, precum finanțarea sistemelor publice de sănătate și a industriei de profil. Noile cerințe incluse în Pilonul social european trebuie luate în considerare în ajustările strategiei. De asemenea, raportat la strategiile industriale anterioare, ultima propunere a Comisiei Europene nu aduce elemente de noutate și nici măsuri ... concrete de corelare între motoarele precizate, cum este cazul între tranziția ecologică și tranziția digitală;4. constată faptul că aprofundarea pieței unice este văzută în continuare ca o soluție la mai multe probleme economice, în condițiile în care aprofundarea pieței unice nu creează numai avantaje, ci și mari dezavantaje concretizate în inegalități, acces dificil la piață sau la finanțare a unor categorii de IMM-uri; ... 5. sugerează faptul că Strategia industrială pentru Europa trebuie să aibă în vedere și identificarea locală a oportunităților industriale, ca linie de acțiune; ... 6. solicită:a) corelarea mai clară a Strategiei industriale pentru Europa cu domeniul educației permanente și al cercetării, domenii de bază care pot asigura atât forța de muncă adecvată, cât și utilizatorii și consumatorii produselor industriale; ... b) punerea accentului pe o strategie consistentă de reindustrializare a Uniunii Europene, nu doar pe tranziția industriei actuale, în condițiile noilor tehnologii verzi și inteligente. ... ... Articolul 2 Prezenta hotărâre se publică în Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, iar opinia cuprinsă în prezenta hotărâre se transmite instituțiilor europene. Această hotărâre a fost adoptată de Senat în ședința din 30 iunie 2020, cu respectarea prevederilor art. 76 alin. (2) din Constituția României, republicată. p. PREȘEDINTELE SENATULUI, ROBERT-MARIUS CAZANCIUC București, 30 iunie 2020. Nr. 61. -----
cs	other	N/A	J. Kožiak 1. Závazky obecně Závazkový vztah - je vztah, ve kterém věřiteli vzniká právo na plnění a dlužníkovi vzniká povinnost splnit závazek Druhy závazků. - ppt stáhnout Prezentace na téma: "J. Kožiak 1. Závazky obecně Závazkový vztah - je vztah, ve kterém věřiteli vzniká právo na plnění a dlužníkovi vzniká povinnost splnit závazek Druhy závazků."— Transkript prezentace: J. Kožiak 1 2 Závazky obecně Závazkový vztah - je vztah, ve kterém věřiteli vzniká právo na plnění a dlužníkovi vzniká povinnost splnit závazek Druhy závazků Ze zákona Z právního úkonu (smlouva) Z dalších právních skutečností – např. rozhodnutí státního orgánu 2 3 Obchodní závazky Obchodní závazkový vztah Obtížně definovatelné, pragmatické hledisko Charakteristické rysy Právní vztah Soukromoprávní povaha Obligační charakter Specifické subjekty a/nebo specifický obsah 3 4 Vztah OZ a ObchZ Obecně zpravidla specialita ObchZ Závazkové vztahy – je třeba určit na základě dalších skutečností – typ závazku, postavení smluvních stran 4 5 Druhy obchodních závazků Obligatorní obchody Typové obchody (absolutní?) Relativní obchody Kombinované obchody Fakultativní obchody Absolutní neobchody 5 6 Relativní obchody § 261 odst. 1 Závazkové vztahy mezi podnikateli navzájem je-li při jejich vzniku zřejmé, že se týkají jejich podnikatelské činnosti 6 7 Relativní obchody § 261 odst. 2 Závazkové vztahy mezi podnikateli Při jejich podnikatelské činnosti a státem, územně samosprávnými jednotkami nebo nepodnikatelskými státními organizacemi Jestliže se týkají uspokojování veřejných potřeb 7 8 Typové obchody Tzv. „absolutní obchody“? Závazkové vztahy upravené především ObchZ ObčZ se použije v neupravených otázkách Patří sem Vztahy z obchodních smluv Závazkové vztahy v právu obchodních společností Vztahy z protisoutěžních deliktů 8 9 Kombinované obchody Typové občanskoprávní vztahy? Smluvní typ je upraven jen v ObčZ Strany splňují podmínky pro relativní obchody Použije se obecná část z ObchZ 9 10 Kombinované obchody 10 Patří sem: Smlouvy o převodu nemovitostí Výjimky – převod podniku, vklady do obchodních společností Nájemní smlouvy Výjimky – podnikatelský nájem dopravního prostředku Smlouvy o sdružení (konsorciu) podle § 829 ObčZ 11 Fakultativní obchody Nejsou typovými ani relativními obchody Normálně by podléhaly občanskoprávnímu režimu Strany sjednaly režim obchodního zákoníku § 262 odst. 1 Písemná forma povinná Nesmí se zhoršit postavení nepodnikatelské smluvní strany (dokonce se ke zhoršení nesmí ani „směřovat“) – obtížně splnitelné Korekce ochranou spotřebitele 11 12 Absolutní občanskoprávní vztahy Absolutní neobchody? Vyloučeny z úpravy obchodního zákoníku Pojistné smlouvy - § 267 odst. 7 ObchZ 12 13 13 Schéma dělení obchodních závazkových vztahů 14 14 Úprava obchodních závazků v NOZ Dekodifikace obchodního práva Zaniká dvojkolejnost závazkového práva Závazky upravuje NOZ – včetně těch se silnou obchodněprávní povahou (např. tiché společenství) Struktura úpravy – obecná část v NOZ, smluvní typ v NOZ Dekodifikace obchodního práva Zaniká dvojkolejnost závazkového práva Závazky upravuje NOZ – včetně těch se silnou obchodněprávní povahou (např. tiché společenství) Struktura úpravy – obecná část v NOZ, smluvní typ v NOZ 15 Obecná část závazkového práva Vznik závazků Změna závazků Zánik závazků Zajištění závazků § ObchZ Společné závazky Odpovědnost za škodu - § 373 – 386 ObchZ Odpovědnost za prodlení - § 365 – 372a ObchZ Promlčení závazků - § ObchZ 15 16 Vznik závazků a) ze smluv – pojmenovaných x nepojmenovaných b) z jiných právních úkonů - např. ručení c) ze zákona - např. daňová povinnost d) z jiných právních skutečností - způsobením škody - bezdůvodným obohacením - porušením smlouvy prodlením či vadností plnění - rozhodnutím státního orgánu – např. o zrušení a vypořádání podílového spoluvlastnictví soudem 16 § 1721 a násl. NOZ 17 Změna závazků Kumulativní novace Prodlení Změny v subjektech Postoupení pohledávky Převzetí dluhu Přistoupení k dluhu Poukázka 17 § 1879 a násl. NOZ 18 Zánik závazků Splněním – § ObchZ Složením do úřední úschovy Privativní novace Dohoda o narovnání Dohoda o zrušení Nemožnost plnění – právní, faktická Započtení pohledávek § 358 – 364 ObchZ Výpověď Neuplatnění práva – prekluze Splynutí 18 § 1908 a násl. NOZ 19 Zajištění závazků § Smluvní pokuta Ručení Bankovní záruka Uznání závazku Ostatní druhy zajištění – občanský zákoník Zástavní právo, zajišťovací převod práva, dohoda o srážkách ze mzdy, jistota 19 NOZ § 2018 a násl. - rozlišuje zajištění a utvrzení závazků (smluvní pokuta + uznání dluhu) NOZ § 2018 a násl. - rozlišuje zajištění a utvrzení závazků (smluvní pokuta + uznání dluhu) 20 Prodlení dlužníka - § 365 a násl. Dlužník nesplnil svou povinnost Řádně – plnění má vady Včas – plnění je pozdě Důsledky Odpovědnost za škodu Úrok z prodlení – viz občanské právo 2T repo+7% Možnost odstoupení – jen pokud to stanoví smlouva nebo zákon 20 21 Prodlení věřitele - § 370 a násl. Neposkytl potřebnou součinnost nebo nepřevezme plnění Vylučuje prodlení věřitele Možnost náhrady škody 21 22 Odpovědnost za škodu Objektivní odpovědnostní princip Kdo poruší povinnost, je povinen nahradit škodu, která tím vznikla, ledaže jsou dány okolnosti vylučující odpovědnost - § 373 Okolnosti vylučující odpovědnost Překážky nezávislé na vůli Které brání ve splnění Které nebylo možno rozumně odvrátit nebo předvídat 22 23 Odpovědnost za škodu § 373 a násl. ObchZ Použije se na porušení zákonné i smluvní povinnosti Pozor na speciální skutkové podstaty v OZ (např. škoda způsobená provozní činností) Způsob náhrady – v penězích, výjimečně uvedením v předešlý stav Rozsah náhrady Skutečná škoda x ušlý zisk Předvídatelnost škody 23 § 2909 a násl. NOZ 24 Promlčení § 387 a násl. ObchZ Promlčení (zaniká nárok) x Prekluze (zaniká právo) Délka promlčecí lhůty ObchZ 4 roky (výjimky – např. škoda na dopravované věci) OZ 3 roky (výjimky – např. nemovitosti) Počátek a běh promlčecích lhůt Počátek – zpravidla dnem kdy mohlo být právo poprvé vykonáno Stavení x přetržení 24 § 609 a násl. NOZ -Dispozitivnost -Základní lhůta 3 roky § 609 a násl. NOZ -Dispozitivnost -Základní lhůta 3 roky 25 Společné závazky Jednostranné x Dvoustranné x Vícestranné Jednoduché x Společné (jedna strana = jeden subjekt) (více subjektů na jedné straně) Společné = Dílčí x Solidární § 294 ObchZ – zásadně dílčí rovným dílem, solidarita musí být výslovně určena nebo vyplývat z podstaty Solidarita pasivní (dlužnická) x aktivní (věřitelská) 25 § 1868 a násl. NOZ 26 Uzavírání obchodně-právních smluv Obchodněprávní kontraktace Forma – bezformálnost, elektronická kontraktace, písemná forma... Sjednaná písemná forma + forma pro změny a zánik Obchodní podmínky Výklad obchodně-právních smluv 26 Stáhnout ppt "J. Kožiak 1. Závazky obecně Závazkový vztah - je vztah, ve kterém věřiteli vzniká právo na plnění a dlužníkovi vzniká povinnost splnit závazek Druhy závazků." Podobné prezentace J. Bejček, J. Kožiak 1. Reforma soukromého práva 1991 Základní obsah: - Rozsáhlá novelizace občanského zákoníku - Zrušení hospodářského zákoníku, zákoníku.
de	wikipedia	N/A	Mount Darbyshire ist ein hoher, markanter und unverschneiter Berg im ostantarktischen Viktorialand. Er ragt unmittelbar westlich der Warren Range auf. Der United States Geological Survey kartierte ihn anhand eigener Vermessungen und Luftaufnahmen der United States Navy aus den Jahren von 1956 bis 1961. Das Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names benannte ihn 1964 nach Major Leslie Lawrence Darbyshire (* 1929) vom United States Marine Corps, Pilot der Flugstaffel VX-6 von 1960 bis 1961 und von 1961 bis 1962. Weblinks (englisch) Mount Darbyshire auf geographic.org (englisch) Berg im Transantarktischen Gebirge Viktorialand
ro	wikipedia	N/A	1086 - 1087 - 1088 - 1089 - 1090 - 1091 - 1092 - 1093 - 1094 Aceasta este o listă a conducătorilor de stat din anul 1090: Europa Almoravizii: Iusuf ibn Tașfin (emir din dinastia Almoravizilor, 1061-1106) Anglia: William al II-lea Rufus (rege din dinastia Normandă, 1087-1100) Anjou: Foulques al IV-lea (conte, 1067-1129) Apulia și Calabria: Roger I Borsa (duce din dinastia normandă de Hauteville, 1085-1111) Aquitania: Guillaume al IX-lea (duce, 1086-1127; ulterior, conte de Toulouse, 1098-1100, 1114-1119) Aragon: Sancho I (rege, 1063-1094; ulterior, rege al Navarrei, 1076-1094) Armenia, statul Lori: Kvirike I (rege din dinastia Bagratizilor, 1048/1049-1089/1091) Armenia, statul Siunik: Grigore al V-lea (rege din dinastia Bagratizilor, ?-cca. 1091) (?) Austria: Leopold al II-lea (markgraf din dinastia Babenberg, 1075-1095) Bavaria: Welf I (duce din dinastia Welfilor, 1070-1101) Bizanț: Alexios I (împărat din dinastia Comnenilor, 1081-1118) Brabant: Henric al III-lea (conte, 1079-1095) Brandenburg: Lothar Udo al III-lea (markgraf, 1087-1106) Bretagne: Alain al IV-lea Fergent (duce, 1084-1112) Burgundia: Eudes I (duce din dinastia Capețiană, 1078-1102) Capua: Iordan I (principe din dinastia normandă Drengot, 1078-1091) Castilia: Alfonso al VI-lea (rege, 1072-1109; anterior, rege al Leonului, 1065-1070, 1072-1109) Cehia: Vratislav al II-lea (cneaz din dinastia Premysl, 1061-1092; rege, din 1085) Champagne: Eudes al III-lea (conte din casa de Blois-Champagne, 1089-cca. 1093) Croația: Ștefan al II-lea (rege din dinastia Trpimirovic, 1089-1090) Danemarca: Oluf I Hunger (rege din dinastia Estridsson, 1086-1095) Flandra: Robert I Frisonul (conte din dinastia lui Balduin, 1071-1093) Franța: Filip I (rege din dinastia Capețiană, 1060-1108) Gaeta: Reginald (duce, 1086-înainte de 1091) și Gualganus (duce, înainte de 1091) Germania: Henric al IV-lea (rege din dinastia de Franconia-Saliană, 1056-1105; anterior, duce de Bavaria, 1055-1061; ulterior, împărat occidental, 1084-1105) Gruzia: David al III-lea (sau al II-lea sau al IV-lea) Constructorul (rege din dinastia Bagratizilor, 1089-1125) Gruzia, statul Kakhetia: Kvirike al IV-lea (rege din dinastia Bagratizilor, 1084-1102) Hainaut: Balduin al II-lea (conte din casa de Flandra, cca. 1076-1098) Imperiul occidental: Henric al IV-lea (1084-1105; anterior, duce de Bavaria, 1055-1061; totodată, rege al Germaniei, 1056-1105) Istria: Henric I (markgraf, 1077-1090; totodată, conte de Weimar) și Engelbert I (markgraf din casa de Sponheim, 1090-1096) Kiev: Vsevolod I Iaroslavici (mare cneaz din dinastia Rurikizilor, 1078-1093) Leon: Alfonso al VI-lea (rege, 1065-1070, 1072-1109; totodată, rege al Castiliei, 1072-1109) Lorena Inferioară: Godefroi al IV-lea de Bouillon (duce din casa de Lorena-Ardennes, 1087/1089-1100; ulterior, apărător al Sfântului Mormânt, 1099-1100) Lorena Superioară: Thierry al II-lea cel Viteaz (duce din casa Lorena-Alsacia, 1070-1115) Luxemburg: Henric I (conte, înainte de 1089-1095 sau 1096) Montferrat: Guglielmo al II-lea (markgraf din casa lui Aleramo, 1084-cca. 1100) Muntenegru, statul Zeta: Constantin Bodin (rege, 1081-cca. 1101) Navarra: Sancho al V-lea (rege, 1076-1094; totodată, rege al Aragonului, 1063-1094) Neapole: Sergius al V-lea (sau al VI-lea) (duce, cca. 1053-cca. 1090) și Sergius al VI-lea (sau al VII-lea) (duce, 1090-1107) Normandia: Robert al II-lea Courteheuse (duce, 1087-1106) Norvegia: Olav al III-lea Haraldsson cel Pașnic (rege, 1066-1093) Olanda: Dirk al V-lea (conte, 1061-1091) Polonia: Vladislav I Herman (cneaz din dinastia Piasti, 1079-1102) Savoia: Humbert al II-lea cel Puternic (conte, 1080-1103) Saxonia: Magnus (duce din dinastia Billungilor, 1072-1106) Saxonia: Henric I de Ellenburg (markgraf din dinastia de Wettin, 1089-1103) Scoția: Malcolm al III-lea Canmore (rege, 1058-1093) Serbia: Vukan și Marko (jupani din dinastia lui Tihomilj, cca. 1083-?) (?) Sicilia: Roger I (conte din dinastia de Hauteville, 1062-1101) Spoleto: Matilda (ducesă, 1057-1082, 1086-1093; totodată, markgrafină de Toscana, 1052-1115) Statul papal: Clement al III-lea (antipapă, 1084-1100) și Urban al III-lea (papă, 1088-1099) Torino: Adelaida de Susa (markgrafă din familia Arduinicilor, 1034-1091) Toscana: Matilda (markgrafină din casa de Canossa, 1052-1115; ulterior, ducesă de Spoleto, 1057-1082, 1086-1093) și Welf (regent din dinastia Welfilor, 1089-1095; ulterior, duce de Bavaria, 1101-1120) Toulouse: Guillaume al IV-lea (conte, 1060/1061-1088/1093) și Raimond al IV-lea de Saint-Gilles (conte, 1088/1093-1105; ulterior, conte de Tripoli, 1102-1105) Ungaria: Ladislau I cel Sfânt (rege din dinastia Arpadiană, 1077-1095) Veneția: Vitale Falier (doge, 1084-1096) Verona: Liutold (markgraf din casa de Eppenstein, 1077-1090; totodată, duce de Carintia, 1077-1090) și Henric al IV-lea (markgraf din casa de Eppenstein, 1090-1122; totodată, duce de Carintia, 1090-1122) Africa Almoravizii: Iusuf ibn Tașfin (emir din dinastia Almoravizilor, 1061-1106) Fatimizii: al-Mustansir bi-llah (Abu Tamim Maadd ibn az-Zahir) (calif din dinastia Fatimizilor, 1036-1094) Hammadizii: al-Mansur ibn an-Nasr (emir din dinastia Hammadizilor, 1089-1105) Kanem-Bornu: Humai (Ume) (sultan, cca. 1085-cca. 1097) Zirizii: Abu Tahir Tamim ibn Muizz (emir din dinastia Zirizilor, 1062-1108) Asia Orientul Apropiat Armenia Mică: Ruben I (principe din dinastia Rubenizilor, 1080-1095) Bizanț: Alexios I (împărat din dinastia Comnenilor, 1081-1118) Califatul abbasid: Abu'l-Kasim Abdallah Uddat ad-Din al-Muktadi ibn Muhammad ibn al-Kaim (calif din dinastia Abbasizilor, 1075-1094) Fatimizii: al-Mustansir bi-llah (Abu Tamim Maadd ibn az-Zahir) (calif din dinastia Fatimizilor, 1036-1094) Ghaznavizii: Zahir ad-Daula Ibrahim ibn Masud (I) (sultan din dinastia Ghaznavizilor, 1059-1099) Ghurizii: Kutb ad-Din Hassan ibn Muhammad (sultan din dinastia Ghurizilor, ?-1100) (?) Selgiucizii: Djalal ad-Daula Abu'l-Fath Malik-Șah I ibn Alp Arslan (mare sultan din dinastia Selgiucizilor, 1072-1092) Selgiucizii din Kerman: Muhi'l-Din Imad ad-Daula Turan Șah I ibn Kavurd (sultan din dinastia Selgiucizilor, 1085-1097) Selgiucizii din Konya: interregnum (1086-1092) Selgiucizii din Siria: Tadj ad-Daula Abu Said Tutuș ibn Alp Arslan (sultan din dinastia Selgiucizilor, 1078-1095) Orientul Îndepărtat Birmania, statul Arakan: Thinhkaya (rege din prima dinastie de Pyina, 1078-1092) Birmania, statul Pagan: Kyanzittha (rege din dinastia Constructorilor de Temple, 1084-1112) Cambodgea, Imperiul Kambujadesa (Angkor): Jayavarman al VI-lea (împărat din dinastia Mahidharapura, 1085-1107) Cambodgea, statul Tjampa: Jaya Indravarman al II-lea (rege din cea de a noua dinastie, 1080-1081, 1086-1114/1120) China: Zhezong (împărat din dinastia Song de nord, 1086-1100) China, Imperiul Qidan Liao: Daozong (împărat, 1055-1101) China, Imperiul Xia de vest: Chongzong (împărat, 1086-1139) Coreea, statul Koryo: Sonjong (Wang Un) (rege din dinastia Wang, 1084-1094) Ghaznavizii: Zahir ad-Daula Ibrahim ibn Masud (I) (sultan din dinastia Ghaznavizilor, 1059-1099) Ghurizii: Kutb ad-Din Hassan ibn Muhammad (sultan din dinastia Ghurizilor, ?-1100) (?) India, statul Chalukya apuseană: Vikramaditya al VI-lea (rege, 1076-1127) India, statul Chola: Rajendra al III-lea Kulottunga Chola I (rege, 1071-1122 sau 1127) India, statul Hoysala: Vinayaditya al II-lea (rege, 1047-1098) și Ereyanga (rege, 1063/1098-1100) Japonia: Horikaua (împărat, 1086-1107) Kashmir: Kalaca (rege din prima dinastie Lohara, 1064-1090), Utkarca (rege din prima dinastie Lohara, 1090) și Harșa (rege din prima dinastie Lohara, 1090-1102) Nepal: Harșadeva (rege din dinastia Thakuri, 1082/1085-1098) Sri Lanka: Vijayabahu I (Kitti) (Șrisanghabodhi) (rege din dinastia Silakala, 1058/1059-1114) Vietnam, statul Dai Co Viet: Ly Nhan-tong (rege din dinastia Ly târzie, 1072-1127) America Toltecii: Huemac (conducător, 1047-1122) 1090 1090
en	caselaw	US	USDC-SDNY DOCUMENT ELECTRONICALLY FILED UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DOC#: SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK DATE FILED: 5/21/2021 Y.S., individually and on behalf of D.F., a child with a disability , Plaintiff, No. 21-CV-2159 (RA) v. ORDER NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, Defendant. RONNIE ABRAMS, United States District Judge: On March 12, 2020, Plaintiff Y.S. filed a complaint against Defendant New York City Department of Education alleging violations of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. On April 9, 2021, the Court granted Defendant’s request for an extension of its time to answer the Complaint, ordering a response by May 19, 2021. Defendant has not responded to the complaint. Defendant shall do so or seek an extension by no later than May 28, 2021. If Defendant fails to do so, and Plaintiff intends to move for default judgment, Plaintiff shall do so by June 11, 2021. SO ORDERED. Dated: May 21, 2021 New York, New York Ronnie Abrams United States District Judge
de	wikipedia	N/A	Der Kunstpreis Sigi-Sommer-Taler wird seit 2001 jährlich von der Münchner Faschingsgesellschaft Narrhalla verliehen. Mit dem Preis werden Künstler von Bühne, Funk, Film, Fernsehen oder Schriftsteller ausgezeichnet, die ihren Lebensmittelpunkt in München haben. Er ist nach dem Münchner Schriftsteller und Journalisten Siegfried Sommer benannt. Preisträger 2001 Erni Singerl (Laudator: Ottfried Fischer) 2002 Christian Springer (Laudator: Ottfried Fischer) 2003 Lisa Fitz (Laudator: Christian Springer) 2004 Fredl Fesl (Laudator: Andreas Giebel) 2005 Konstantin Wecker (Laudator: Werner Schmidbauer) 2006 Christian Ude (Laudator: Michael Radtke) 2007 Frank-Markus Barwasser (Laudator: Urban Priol) 2008 Michael Lerchenberg (Laudator: Ottfried Fischer) 2009 Waldemar Hartmann (Laudator: Peer Steinbrück) 2010 Michael Graeter (Laudator: Dr. Rolf Cyrax) 2011 Andreas Giebel (Laudator: Dr. Rolf Cyrax) 2012 Ottfried Fischer (Laudator: Andreas Giebel) 2013 Monika Gruber (Laudator: Christian Springer) 2014 Joseph Vilsmaier (Laudator: Josef Schmid) 2015 Hans-Jürgen Buchner (Laudator: Franz Xaver Bogner) 2016 Luise Kinseher (Laudator: Winfried Frey) 2017 Günter Grünwald (Laudator: Christian Springer) 2018 Helmut Schleich (Laudator: Dieter Hanitzsch) 2019 Volker Heißmann und Martin Rassau (Laudatorin: Barbara Stamm) Weblinks Sigi-Sommer-Taler Kultur (München) Auszeichnung (München) Kunstpreis Kulturpreis (Deutschland) Erstverleihung 2001 Regionale Auszeichnung Sommer, Sigi
en	caselaw	US	UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI SOUTHEASTERN DIVISION JAMES YATES and HANNAH YATES, ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) Case No. 1:18-cv-00227-SNLJ ) STATE FARM FIRE & CASUALTY CO.) ) Defendant. ) MEMORANDUM AND ORDER This is a suit on an insurance policy that comes before the Court on plaintiffs’ motion to “overrule objections and compel complete answers” to two of their requests for admissions and “accompanying interrogatories.” (ECF 34). Along with defendant’s objections, they read: [REQUEST FOR ADMISSION] 3. Admit that Defendant has not sent a denial letter, as defined by Missouri statute and relevant CSR to Plaintiffs as of August 13, 2019. RESPONSE: Admit that no denial letter was sent, but object to references to Missouri statutes and Code of State Regulations insofar as they are irrelevant. Reference to those make the request compound. This requires Defendant to admit that a denial letter for unspecified regulations and statutes has any application in this case. [REQUEST FOR ADMISSION] 4. Admit that between December 12, 2018 to present that Defendant never sent a letter to Plaintiffs advising them of the additional time needed for investigation or reasons therefor as defined by Missouri statute and relevant CSR. RESPONSE: Objection is made to this Request for Admissions insofar as it is irrelevant. §375.930.2 R.S.Mo. (2010) states that the applicable statute has been passed to regulate trade practices and is not intended to create or imply any private cause of action for violations of its provision. See also 1 Tufts v. Madesco Investment Corporation, 524 F.Supp. 484 (E.D. Mo. 1981). [INTERROGATORY] 1. If you did not admit Plaintiffs[’] request for admission dated August 13, 2019, Number 3, [i]dentify the document and specific language thereof containing such request. ANSWER: Objection is made to this Interrogatory on the same grounds as set forth in Response to Request for Admissions Number 3. [INTERROGATORY] 2. If you did not admit Plaintiffs[’] request for admission dated August 13, 2019, Number 4, [i]dentify the document and specific language thereof containing such request. ANSWER: Objection is made to this Interrogatory on the same grounds as set forth in the Objection to Plaintiffs[’] Fourth Request for Admissions. Both requests for admission vaguely refer to “Missouri statute and relevant CSR.” The only claim expressly invoking a Missouri statute is Count IV of plaintiffs’ first amended complaint. That claim, a statutory action under 375.420, asserts a vexatious refusal to pay claim against the insurer. By focusing their requests for admission on claims-handling-related issues—that is, the lack of denial letters and investigatory letters in this case—defendant says plaintiffs “seek to change the nature of the case,” converting it into a “claims practices” action under Missouri’s Unfair Claims Settlement Practices Act (“UCSPA”), §§ 375.1000 – 375.1018 RSMo. Defendant goes on to say “there is no private right of action” under the UCSPA, thereby rendering irrelevant plaintiffs’ requests. To defendant’s credit, the so-called “relevant CSR” plaintiffs point to, 20 C.S.R. 100-1.050, expressly “effectuates or aids in the interpretation” of the UCSPA—not Section 375.420—by describing the appropriate “standards for prompt, fair, and equitable 2 settlement of claims.” Nonetheless, this Court disagrees with defendant that plaintiffs somehow converted their claim or otherwise sought irrelevant information in their requests. In the context of a vexatious refusal-to-pay claim, there are a number of reasons why plaintiffs might seek a factual acknowledgment that defendant did not send certain claims-related correspondence. See, e.g., Tauvar v. American Fam. Mut. Ins. Co., 269 S.W.3d 436, 439 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008) (“The jury may consider a number of circumstances in determining whether an insurer's refusal to pay was vexatious, including the insurer's explanation of why it refused the claim and the nature of the insurer's investigation of the claim.”). Whether such information ultimately helps plaintiffs at trial is a question for another day. But, for purposes here, this Courts finds plaintiffs are entitled to seek factual confirmation under Rule 36 as to the correspondence that was, or was not, sent to them as part of defendant’s claims-handling process. See FED. R. CIV. P. 36(a)(1) (stating party may seek “the truth of any matter within the scope of Rule 26((b)(1)”); FED. R. CIV. P. 26(b)(1) (a party “may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense”). Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that plaintiffs’ “motion to determine the sufficiency of answers/objections to requests for admission and to overrule objections to interrogatories” (ECF 34) is GRANTED. Defendant’s objections are overruled, and defendant is hereby directed to respond to plaintiffs’ requests for admission and interrogatories in accordance with this Order within seven (7) days. So ordered this 31st day of October 2019. 3 STEPHEN N. LIMBAUGH, JR. UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 4
cs	wikipedia	N/A	Dalton Highway (Alaska Route 11) nebo hovorově Ice Road (ledová silnice) je aljašská silnice, která vede z města Fairbanks na sever do města Deadhorse na pobřeží Severního ledového oceánu. Tvoří důležitou zásobovací trasu a některé její části jsou sjízdné pouze v zimním období, kdy řeky a bažiny zamrznou a stanou se průjezdnými. Dalton Highway, známá pod názvem ledová silnice, se stala legendární pro řidiče kamionů, jejichž osudy zachycuje seriál Trucky na ledě. Průběh Významná severojižní silniční komunikace Dalton Highway začíná severně od Fairbanks, na křižovatce s Elliott Highway. Pokračuje severním směrem, až do města Deadhorse. Prochází přes: 90. kilometr: řeka Yukon 292. kilometr: Coldfoot 304. kilometr: Wiseman 399. kilometr: průsmyk Atigun 666. kilometr: Deadhorse Reference Externí odkazy Silnice v USA
cs	legislation	EU	21.12.2012 CS Úřední věstník Evropské unie L 352/16 PROVÁDĚCÍ NAŘÍZENÍ KOMISE (EU) č. 1246/2012 ze dne 19. prosince 2012, kterým se mění nařízení (ES) č. 616/2007 o otevření a správě celních kvót Společenství v odvětví drůbežího masa pocházejícího z Brazílie, Thajska a jiných třetích zemí a kterým se stanoví odchylka od uvedeného nařízení pro období 2012–2013 EVROPSKÁ KOMISE, s ohledem na Smlouvu o fungování Evropské unie, s ohledem na nařízení Rady (ES) č. 1234/2007 ze dne 22. října 2007, kterým se stanoví společná organizace zemědělských trhů a zvláštní ustanovení pro některé zemědělské produkty („jednotné nařízení o společné organizaci trhů“) (1), a zejména na čl. 144 odst. 1 a článek 148 ve spojení s článkem 4 uvedeného nařízení, vzhledem k těmto důvodům: (1) Dohody ve formě výměny dopisů mezi Evropskou unií a Brazílií a mezi Evropskou unií a Thajskem schválené rozhodnutím Rady 2012/792/EU (2) stanoví nová množství zpracovaného drůbežího masa, které má být přiděleno Brazílii, Thajsku a dalším třetím zemím. Nařízení Komise (ES) č. 616/2007 (3) by proto mělo být změněno tak, aby tato nová množství zohledňovalo. (2) Nařízení (ES) č. 616/2007 stanoví zvláštní metodu správy celních kvót založenou na původu dotčených produktů. Nové kvóty by měly být spravovány stejným způsobem. (3) Nařízení (ES) č. 616/2007 by proto mělo být odpovídajícím způsobem změněno. (4) Dohody s Brazílií a Thajskem vstoupí v platnost dne 1. března 2013, zatímco příslušné kvóty se otevírají ročně od 1. července do 30. června. Je tedy vhodné stanovit odchylky od některých ustanovení nařízení (ES) č. 616/2007, které má být změněno tímto nařízením. Zejména roční množství pro kvótový rok 2012/13 by mělo být poměrně sníženo. Vzhledem k tomu, že není možné předem podávat žádosti o nové kvóty, které mají vstoupit v platnost 1. března 2013, mělo by se od 1. března 2013 do 30. června 2013 použít jednorázové kvótové období a pro běžné období podávání žádostí stanovené v čl. 5 odst. 1 nařízení (ES) č. 616/2007 by se měla stanovit odchylka. Doba platnosti dovozních licencí by měla být odpovídajícím způsobem změněna. (5) Opatření stanovená tímto nařízením jsou v souladu se stanoviskem Řídícího výboru pro společnou organizaci zemědělských trhů, PŘIJALA TOTO NAŘÍZENÍ: Článek 1 Změna nařízení (ES) č. 616/2007 Nařízení (ES) č. 616/2007 se mění takto: 1) V článku 1 se odstavec 1 nahrazuje tímto: „1. Celní kvóty uvedené v příloze I tohoto nařízení se otevírají pro dovoz produktů uvedených v dohodách mezi Unií a Brazílií a mezi Unií a Thajskem, schválených rozhodnutím 2007/360/ES a rozhodnutím Rady 2012/792/EU (4). Uvedené celní kvóty se otevírají ročně pro období od 1. července do 30. června. 2) Článek 3 se nahrazuje tímto: „Článek 3 1. S výjimkou skupin 3, 4B, 5B a 6B se množství stanovené pro roční kvótové období rozděluje do čtyř podobdobí takto: a) 30 % v období od 1. července do 30. září; b) 30 % v období od 1. října do 31. prosince; c) 20 % v období od 1. ledna do 31. března; d) 20 % v období od 1. dubna do 30. června. 2. Roční množství stanovené pro kvóty ve skupinách 3, 4B, 5B a 6B se do podobdobí nerozděluje. 3. Roční množství stanovené pro kvóty ve skupinách 5 A a 5B se spravuje nejprve prostřednictvím přidělení dovozních práv a poté prostřednictvím vydání dovozních licencí.“ 3) Článek 4 se mění takto: a) V odstavci 1 prvním a druhém pododstavci se výraz „skupina 5“ nahrazuje výrazem „skupiny 5 A a 5B“. b) V odstavci 4 se výraz „skupiny 3, 6 a 8“ nahrazuje výrazem „skupiny 3, 6A, 6B a 8“. c) Odstavec 5 se mění takto: i) v prvním pododstavci se výraz „skupina 5“ nahrazuje výrazem „skupiny 5A a 5B“, ii) v druhém pododstavci písm. b) se výraz „skupiny 3, 6 a 8“ nahrazuje výrazem „skupiny 3, 6A, 6B a 8“, iii) ve třetím pododstavci se výraz „skupina 5“ nahrazuje výrazem „skupiny 5A a 5B“. d) V odstavci 6 se výraz „skupiny 3, 6 a 8“ nahrazuje výrazem „skupiny 3, 6A, 6B a 8“. e) V odstavci 7 třetím pododstavci se výraz „skupiny 3 a 6“ nahrazuje výrazem „skupiny 3, 6A a 6B“. 4) Článek 5 se mění takto: a) Odstavec 1 se nahrazuje tímto: „1. Žádosti o dovozní práva pro skupiny 5A a 5B a o dovozní licence pro ostatní skupiny lze podávat pouze během prvních sedmi dnů třetího měsíce předcházejícího každému kvótovému období nebo podobdobí.“ b) V odstavci 2 se výraz „skupina 5“ nahrazuje výrazem „skupiny 5A a 5B“ a výraz „skupiny 1, 4 a 7“ se nahrazuje výrazem „skupiny 1, 4A, 4B a 7“. c) Odstavec 3 se nahrazuje tímto: „3. Nejpozději čtrnáctý den měsíce, v němž byly žádosti podány, sdělí členské státy Komisi celková požadovaná množství, rozepsaná podle pořadového čísla a původu a vyjádřená v kilogramech.“ d) V odstavci 5 prvním a druhém pododstavci se výraz „skupina 5“ nahrazuje výrazem „skupiny 5A a 5B“. 5) Článek 6 se mění takto: a) Odstavec 1 se mění takto: i) v písmenu a) se výraz „skupina 5“ nahrazuje výrazem „skupiny 5A a 5B“, ii) písmeno b) se nahrazuje tímto: „b) u skupin 5A a 5B množství, na která byly vydány licence během daného kvótového období nebo podobdobí, a to nejpozději desátý den měsíce následujícího po každém kvótovém období nebo podobdobí.“ b) V odstavci 3 se druhý pododstavec nahrazuje tímto: „Na skupiny 3, 4B, 5B a 6B se sdělení uvedené v písm. a) prvního pododstavce nevztahuje.“ c) Odstavec 4 se nahrazuje tímto: „4. Množství, na která se vztahují odstavce 1 a 3, se vyjádří v kilogramech a rozdělí podle pořadového čísla. Množství, na která se vztahuje odstavec 2, se vyjádří v kilogramech a rozdělí podle pořadového čísla a původu.“ 6) V článku 7 se odstavec 1 nahrazuje tímto: „1. Odchylně od článku 22 nařízení Komise (ES) č. 376/2008 (5) jsou dovozní licence platné 150 dnů od prvního dne kvótového období nebo podobdobí, pro které byly vydány. V souladu s čl. 22 odst. 2 nařízení (ES) č. 376/2008 jsou však pro skupiny 5A a 5B licence platné 15 pracovních dnů od skutečného dne vydání licence. Dovozní práva jsou platná od prvního dne kvótového období nebo podobdobí, na které byla žádost podána, do 30. června téhož kvótového období. 7) Článek 8 se nahrazuje tímto: „Článek 8 1. Propuštění do volného oběhu v rámci kvót uvedených v článku 1 tohoto nařízení je podmíněno předložením osvědčení o původu vydaného brazilskými příslušnými orgány (pro skupiny 1, 4A, 4B, a 7) a thajskými příslušnými orgány (pro skupiny 2, 5A a 5B) podle článků 55 až 65 nařízení (EHS) č. 2454/93. 2. Odstavec 1 se nevztahuje na skupiny 3, 6A, 6B a 8.“ 8) Příloha I se nahrazuje zněním v příloze tohoto nařízení. Článek 2 Odchylky od nařízení (ES) č. 616/2007 Pro kvótové období od 1. července 2012 do 30. června 2013 a pokud jde o celní kvóty odpovídající pořadovým číslům 09.4251, 09.4252, 09.4253, 09.4254, 09.4255, 09.4256, 09.4257, 09.4258, 09.4259, 09.4260, 09.4261, 09.4262, 09.4263, 09.4264 a 09.4265 uvedeným v příloze I nařízení (ES) č. 616/2007 ve znění článku 1 tohoto nařízení se uplatní tyto odchylky: a) kvótové období se otevírá od 1. března do 30. června 2013 a roční množství se snižuje o 67 %; b) podobdobí stanovená v čl. 3 odst. 1 nařízení (ES) č. 616/2007 se nepoužijí; c) žádosti o dovozní licence a dovozní práva uvedené v čl. 5 odst. 1 uvedeného nařízení lze podávat pouze během prvních sedmi dnů ledna 2013; d) dovozní licence pro všechny skupiny kromě skupin 5A and 5B jsou platné od 1. března 2013 do 30. června 2013. Článek 3 Vstup v platnost a použitelnost Toto nařízení vstupuje v platnost dnem 1. ledna 2013. Toto nařízení je závazné v celém rozsahu a přímo použitelné ve všech členských státech. V Bruselu dne 19. prosince 2012. Za Komisi José Manuel BARROSO předseda (1) Úř. věst. L 299, 16.11.2007, s. 1. (2) Úř. věst. L 351, 21.12.2012, s. 47. (3) Úř. věst. L 147, 5.6.2007, s. 3. (4) Úř. věst. L 351, 21.12.2012, s. 47.“ (5) Úř. věst. L 114, 26.4.2008, s. 3.“ PŘÍLOHA „PŘÍLOHA I Solené nebo uzené drůbeží maso (1) Země Skupina číslo Periodicita správy Pořadové číslo Kód KN Celní sazba Roční množství (v tunách) Brazílie 1 čtvrtletně 09.4211 ex 0210 99 39 15,4 % 170 807 Thajsko 2 čtvrtletně 09.4212 ex 0210 99 39 15,4 % 92 610 Ostatní 3 ročně 09.4213 ex 0210 99 39 15,4 % 828 Přípravky z drůbežího masa kromě krůtího masa Země Skupina číslo Periodicita správy Pořadové číslo Kód KN Celní sazba Roční množství (v tunách) Brazílie 4A čtvrtletně 09.4214 1602 32 19 8 % 79 477 09.4251 1602 32 11 630 EUR/t 15 800 09.4252 1602 32 30 10,9 % 62 905 4B ročně 09.4253 1602 32 90 10,9 % 295 Thajsko 5A čtvrtletně 09.4215 1602 32 19 8 % 160 033 09.4254 1602 32 30 10,9 % 14 000 09.4255 1602 32 90 10,9 % 2 100 09.4256 1602 39 29 10,9 % 13 500 5B ročně 09.4257 1602 39 21 630 EUR/t 10 09.4258 ex 1602 39 85 (2) 10,9 % 600 09.4259 ex 1602 39 85 (3) 10,9 % 600 Ostatní 6A čtvrtletně 09.4216 1602 32 19 8 % 11 443 09.4260 1602 32 30 10,9 % 2 800 6B ročně 09.4261 1602 32 11 630 EUR/t 340 09.4262 1602 32 90 10,9 % 470 09.4263 1602 39 29 10,9 % 220 09.4264 ex 1602 39 85 (2) 10,9 % 148 09.4265 ex 1602 39 85 (3) 10,9 % 125 Přípravky z krůtího masa Země Skupina číslo Periodicita správy Pořadové číslo Kód KN Celní sazba Roční množství (v tunách) Brazílie 7 čtvrtletně 09.4217 1602 31 8,5 % 92 300 Ostatní 8 čtvrtletně 09.4218 1602 31 8,5 % 11 596“ (1) Působnost preferenčního režimu se určuje na základě kódu KN a splněním podmínky, že příslušné solené nebo uzené maso je drůbežím masem kódu KN 0207. (2) Zpracované kachní, husí maso a maso perliček obsahující 25 % hmotnostních nebo více, avšak méně než 57 % hmotnostních masa nebo drobů. (3) Zpracované kachní, husí maso a maso perliček obsahující méně než 25 % hmotnostních drůbežího masa nebo drobů.
pt	wikipedia	N/A	Terone, Teron ou ainda Têron ( — ) foi tirano de Acragas na Sicília de 488 a.C. até sua morte em 472 a.C.. Sogro de Gelão I, colaborou com este para a derrota dos cartagineses em Hímeras (480 a.C.). É celebrado por Píndaro em duas odes olímpicas. Ele reinou por dezesseis anos, e foi sucedido por seu filho Thrasydaeus. Invasão cartaginesa Quando Amílcar I de Cartago desembarcou na Sicília com planos de conquistar a ilha, a primeira cidade atacada foi Hímeras, defendida por Terone. Terone enviou um pedido de socorro a Gelão I, tirano de Siracusa. A vitória de Gelão I foi tão completa, contra um inimigo bem mais numeroso, que serviu até como inspiração para os gregos que, ao mesmo tempo, estavam lutando contra a invasão da Grécia por ; mas enquanto que no caso das Guerras Médicas tanto o rei quanto a maior parte do exército persa conseguiu voltar para casa, a totalidade dos cartagineses, incluindo seu general, foram mortos. Curiosidades Terone devolveu os ossos de Minos para Creta. Minos havia sido enterrado por seus companheiros, após ter sido assassinado por Cócalo, rei da Sicília, pois Cócalo não quis entregar Dédalo para Minos. Bibliografia Ligações externas A morte de Minos na Sicília (it.) Tiranos da Grécia Antiga Gregos do século VI a.C. Gregos do século V a.C.
en	wikipedia	N/A	Centro Pro Unione is a ministry of the Franciscan Friars of the Atonement, a Franciscan Anglican community founded in 1898 by Fr. Paul Wattson, SA, Servant of God, and M. Lurana White, SA, and welcomed into full communion with the Church of Rome in 1909 by St. Pius X. Among the charisms of the Congregation of the Atonement is the promotion of unity among all Christians. The Centro Pro Unione, fulfills this particular vocation. History The roots of the Centro go back at least to 1948, when the friars began collaborating with the ecumenical magazine “Unitas”, founded by the Jesuit P. Carlo Boyer and based in the convent of St. Brigida in p.zza Farnese in Rome. Between 1950 and 1960 a collaboration was developed with the Ladies of Bethany and the Foyer Unitas, for the welcoming of Orthodox and Protestant visitors to Rome. The Prayer Association “Pro Unione” (Lega di preghiera), conceived by Fr. Paul Wattson, was formed and directed by Fr. Celestine Leahy. The League provided the Italian translation, the printing and the dissemination of the texts for the “Week of Prayer for the Christian Unity”, which is celebrated every year from 18 to 25 January in the Northern hemisphere. In 1962, Princess Orietta Doria Pamphilj and her husband, Commander Frank Pogson, invited Foyer Unitas, the International Association Unitas and the League of Prayer “Pro Unione” to move to Pamphilj Palace in p.zza Navona. From that moment on, the noble dwelling became a center of ecumenical meeting, especially in the years of the Second Vatican Council. In 1968 the Friars ceased the English edition of the magazine “Unitas” and founded the Centro Pro Unione, which became a place of meeting, study, research and ecumenical dialogue and formation. The Centre began to coordinate, with other Italian ecumenical centers, the Italian edition of the “Week of Prayer for the Christian Unity”. In 1969 the Centro was officially inaugurated by the card. Johannes Willebrands. The Centro Pro Unione, to date, has a library specializing in the field of ecumenism, continues its work to promote ecumenical dialogue, through meetings and conferences and by maintaining an up-to-date documentation on the official theological dialogue, and continues to coordinate and disseminate the material useful for the yearly celebration of the “Week of Prayer for Christian Unity”. External links Official Website Franciscan Friars of the Atonement Catholic–Protestant ecumenism Christian ecumenical organizations
es	wikipedia	N/A	Cotton Dallas, conocido como Yung Bae, es un productor de Portland, su álbum más conocido es Bae. Biografía Nació en 1994 cuando Cotton Dallas, Yung Bae empezó como productor de música fuera de Portland, Oregón. Y asistió a la Oregon State University. Su primer álbum estuvo titulado Bae. Desde entonces se mudó y empezó a hacer música en la ciudad de Los Ángeles. Carrera Musical Yung Bae es un productor de Future funk, comenzó lanzando diferentes títulos en plataformas musicales como Bandcamp y más adelante estos tuvieron millones de streams en plataformas como Spotify Para 2019 entró la lista Billboard Dance to Watch y para ese mismo año hizo una gira mundial en apoyo con su álbum Bae, esta gira incluyó países como Singapur e importantes festivales como Coachella Discografía Referencias Compositores de Estados Unidos Disc jockeys de Estados Unidos
en	caselaw	US	Filed 6/22/21 P. v. Rodriguez CA5 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT THE PEOPLE, F081242, F081243 Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. Nos. BF165668A, v. BF169664A) EDUARDO VALDIVIAS RODRIGUEZ, OPINION Defendant and Appellant. THE COURT* APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. Charles R. Brehmer, Judge. Conness A. Thompson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Daniel B. Bernstein and Jennifer M. Poe, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. -ooOoo- * Before Detjen, Acting P.J., Smith, J. and Snauffer, J. Defendant Eduardo Valdivias Rodriguez entered into a plea agreement with a stipulated sentencing range. The trial court imposed a sentence that included one one-year prior prison term enhancement. Defendant contends on appeal that his one-year prior prison term enhancement should be stricken pursuant to Penal Code section 667.5, subdivision (b),1 as amended by Senate Bill No. 136 (2019–2020 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 136). The People agree. If the prior prison term enhancement is stricken, defendant’s sentence will remain within the range set by the plea agreement. Defendant and the People therefore further agree that remand for resentencing or to permit the prosecutor or the trial court to withdraw approval for the plea agreement is unnecessary. We agree with the parties that permitting the prosecutor and trial court an opportunity to withdraw from the plea agreement is not required but remand is appropriate for the trial court to resentence defendant to a sentence consistent with the plea agreement in light of the changed circumstances. We therefore vacate defendant’s sentence and remand with directions for the trial court to strike defendant’s prior prison term enhancement and resentence defendant. In all other respects, we affirm. PROCEDURAL SUMMARY The Charges Kern County Case No. BF165668A On November 7, 2016, the Kern County District Attorney filed an information in case No. BF165668A charging defendant with escape from electronic monitoring (§ 4532, subd. (b)(2); count 1) and failure to return to confinement (§ 4532, subd. (e); count 2). The information further alleged that defendant had suffered three prior serious felony “strike” convictions within the meaning of the “Three Strikes” law (§§ 667, subds. (b)–(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)–(d)) and had served four prior prison terms (§ 667.5, subd. (b)). 1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated. 2. On February 22, 2017, defendant pled no contest to count 1, admitted having suffered two prior strike convictions, and admitted having served four prior prison terms. Count 2 was dismissed on the People’s motion. On the same date, the trial court indicated it would impose a 15-year suspended sentence, with one year to be served in custody. The trial court then released defendant pending sentencing in six months on a Cruz2 waiver. Before sentencing took place, defendant was charged with new offenses. Kern County Case No. BF169664A On March 5, 2018, the Kern County District Attorney filed an amended information in case No. BF169664A charging defendant with inflicting corporal injury resulting in a traumatic condition on a person in a dating relationship (§ 273.5, subd. (a); count 1), dissuading a witness (§ 136.1, subd. (b)(2); count 2), and misdemeanor knowingly violating a protective order (§ 166, subd. (c)(1); count 3). As to count 1, the information further alleged defendant personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (e)) and committed the offenses while released from custody pending judgment (§ 12022.1). As to counts 1 and 2, the information further alleged defendant had suffered a prior strike conviction (§§ 667, subds. (b)–(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)–(d)) which also qualified as a prior serious felony conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)). The information alleged defendant had served three prior prison terms (§ 667.5, subd. (b)) with respect to count 1, and four prior prison terms with respect to count 2. The Plea Agreement and Sentence On March 6, 2018, defendant entered a plea agreement with a stipulated sentencing range of 20 to 22 years which resolved the charges in case Nos. BF165668A and BF169664A and violation of postrelease community supervision violations in case Nos. BV008116A and BV006755A. As to case No. BF169664A, defendant pled 2 People v. Cruz (1988) 44 Cal.3d 1247, 1249. 3. no contest to counts 1 and 2 pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement. Count 3 was dismissed on the prosecutor’s motion. As to count 1, he admitted personally inflicting great bodily injury and committing the offense while released from custody pending judgment. On counts 1 and 2, he admitted having suffered a prior strike conviction and prior serious felony conviction, and having served three prior prison terms. Defendant admitted that the prior prison terms were served for convictions of robbery (§ 211), assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)), and carrying a concealed dirk or dagger (§ 21310). On the same date, pursuant to the plea agreement, defendant admitted two violations of postrelease community supervision in case Nos. BV008116A and BV006755A. On April 5, 2018, the trial court sentenced defendant to a total term of 21 years eight months in prison as follows: on count 1 of case No. BF169664A, four years (the lower term of two years doubled due to the prior strike conviction), plus a three-year infliction of great bodily injury enhancement, a two-year commission of the offense while on prejudgment release enhancement, a five-year serious felony conviction enhancement, and a one-year prior prison term enhancement; on count 2 of case No. BF169664A, four years (the middle term of two years doubled due to the prior strike conviction) to be served consecutively to the term on count 1; on count 1 of case No. BF165668A, two years eight months (one-third of the middle term of four years doubled due to the prior strike conviction) to be served consecutively to the term on count 1 of case No. BF169664A; on the violations of postrelease community supervision in case Nos. BV008116A and BV006755A, concurrent terms of 180 days with credit for time served. The Prior Appeal and Remand On April 19, 2018, defendant filed notices of appeal. On September 30, 2018, before defendant’s appeal was final, the Governor signed Senate Bill No. 1393 which, effective January 1, 2019, amended sections 667(a) and 4. 1385(b) to allow a trial court to exercise its discretion to strike or dismiss a prior serious felony conviction for sentencing purposes. (2017–2018 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2018, ch. 1013, §§ 1–2.) On October 10, 2019, we vacated defendant’s sentence and remanded the matter to the trial court with direction to “consider whether to exercise its discretion to strike the prior serious felony conviction enhancement (§ 667, subd. (a)).” We affirmed in all other respects. On May 20, 2020, after the parties briefed the issue, the trial court declined to strike the prior serious felony conviction enhancement. On May 26, 2020, defendant filed notices of appeal. DISCUSSION3 A. Defendant’s Prior Prison Term Enhancement Must Be Stricken Defendant argues his prior prison term enhancement must be stricken based on the retroactive application of Senate Bill 136. The People agree, as do we. Effective January 1, 2020, Senate Bill 136 amended section 667.5, subdivision (b) to limit application of prior prison term enhancements to only prior prison terms that were served for sexually violent offenses as defined by Welfare and Institutions Code section 6600, subdivision (b). (§ 667.5, subd. (b).) (Stats. 2019, ch. 590, § 1.) That amendment applies retroactively to all cases not yet final on Senate Bill 136’s effective date. (People v. Lopez (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 337, 341–342, citing In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 742.) Here, the trial court imposed a one-year section 667.5, subdivision (b) prior prison term enhancement. While the trial court did not identify which of defendant’s three admitted prior prison terms served as the basis for the enhancement, the terms were 3 Because defendant raises only sentencing issues, the facts underlying the offenses are not relevant and are omitted from this opinion. 5. served for robbery (§ 211), assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)), and carrying a concealed dirk or dagger (§ 21310), none of which is a sexually violent offense as defined in Welfare and Institutions Code section 6600, subdivision (b). On January 1, 2020, defendant’s case was not yet final. Therefore, as the parties agree, defendant is entitled to the ameliorative benefit of Senate Bill 136’s amendment to section 667.5, subdivision (b). Defendant’s prior prison term enhancement must therefore be stricken. Generally, where an appellate court strikes a portion of a sentence, remand for “ ‘a full resentencing as to all counts is appropriate, so the trial court can exercise its sentencing discretion in light of the changed circumstances.’ ” (People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 893.) That rule applies equally to resentencing after reversal of a count of conviction or striking of an enhancement. (See ibid., citing with approval People v. Sanchez (1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 768, 771–772 [consideration of all sentencing choices on remand is appropriate after reversal for erroneous application of a section 12022.1 on-bail enhancement]; People v. Lopez, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 342.) However, the full resentencing rule is limited when a plea agreement specifies the punishment to be imposed because a trial court “ ‘may not proceed as to the plea other than as specified in the plea.’ ” (People v. Barton (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 1145, 1156.) A plea agreement is a form of contract to which a court consents to be bound by approving the agreement. (People v. Segura (2008) 44 Cal.4th 921, 929–930.) A trial court “may approve or reject [a negotiated plea] agreement, but the court may not ... [approve the agreement and then] effectively withdraw its approval by later modifying the terms of the agreement it had approved.” (Id. at pp. 931−932; see § 1192.5.) Therefore, when a portion of an agreed-upon sentence must be stricken, remand for resentencing would be futile and thus not appropriate if no amended sentence could conform with the terms of 6. the plea agreement. (See Barton, at p. 1156; People v. Hernandez (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 942, 957.)4 Here, the parties negotiated a sentencing range—20 to 22 years’ imprisonment. The trial court accepted the plea and sentenced defendant to a term of 21 years eight months. When defendant’s prior prison term enhancement is stricken, defendant’s remaining term will be 20 years eight months. That sentence falls within the sentencing range negotiated by the parties and approved by the trial court. As the parties agree, striking the prior prison term enhancement therefore does not run afoul of the plea agreement and does not require us to remand to permit the prosecutor or trial court to withdraw from the plea agreement. (See People v. Hernandez, supra, 55 Cal.App.5th at pp. 954, 958–959.) However, remand to resentence defendant to a term consistent with the plea agreement, in light of changed circumstances, would not be futile. The remaining sentence after striking defendant’s prior prison term enhancement would not be the highest available term permissible under the plea agreement5 nor has the trial court 4 We also note that a trial court cannot ignore a change in the law and decline to modify an agreed-upon sentence as based on the terms of a plea agreement. (See Doe v. Harris (2013) 57 Cal.4th 64, 66 [“That the parties enter into a plea agreement ... does not have the effect of insulating them from changes in the law that the Legislature has intended to apply to them.”].) A defendant is entitled to the benefit of ameliorative changes in the law like that effectuated by Senate Bill 136. Such unknown future benefits cannot be waived by plea bargain. (§ 1016.8, subds. (a) & (b).) 5 For instance, the trial court could modify the sentence to impose the middle term of six years (rather than the low term of four years) on count 1 of case No. BF169664A, the upper term of six years (rather than the middle term of four years) on count 2 of case No. BF169664A, and strike the great bodily injury enhancement attached to count 1 of case No. BF169664A to arrive at the original sentence of 21 years eight months. We do not take a position on whether that would constitute an appropriate sentence. We note only that because the trial court has a calculation method available to it that would allow it to reach the same sentence, remand is appropriate for the trial court to resentence defendant. (See People v. Torres (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1420, 1431–1433.) 7. indicated that it certainly would not resentence defendant to the same term of 21 years eight months using a different calculation method. (People v. Gastelum (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 757, 772–773; see People v. Flores (2020) 9 Cal.5th 371, 431–432; People v. Buycks, supra, 5 Cal.5th at p. 893.) We will therefore remand the matter to the trial court to resentence defendant in compliance with the plea agreement. In resentencing defendant, the trial court cannot impose a higher sentence than the 21 years eight months it originally imposed. (People v. Torres, supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1431–1433; People v. Mustafaa (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 1305, 1310–1312.) DISPOSITION The sentence is vacated and the matter remanded to the superior court with directions to strike the prior prison term enhancement (§ 667.5, subd. (b)) and resentence defendant to a sentence consistent with the plea agreement that does not exceed 21 years eight months. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed. 8.
ro	wikipedia	N/A	Prințesa Victoria se poate referi la: Prințesa Victoria a Regatului Unit (dezambiguizare), mai multe persoane Prințesa Victoria a Franței (1733–1799), fiica regelui Ludovic al XV-lea al Franței Prințesa Victoria de Saxa-Coburg-Kohary (1822-1857), soția lui Louis, Duce de Nemours Victoria de Baden (1862–1930), soția regelui Gustav al V-lea al Suediei Prințesa Victoria de Hesse (1863–1950), soția Prințului Louis de Battenberg, nepoata reginei Victoria Prințesa Viktoria a Prusiei (1866–1929), al cincilea copil al împăratului Frederic al III-lea al Germaniei Prințesa Victoria Margaret a Prusiei (1890–1923), fiica lui Frederic Leopold al Prusiei Prințesa Victoria Luise a Prusiei (1892–1980), fiica împăratului Wilhelm al II-lea al Germaniei Victoria, prințesă a Suediei (n. 1977) Nume compus Prințesa Victoria Kamāmalu (1838–1866), moștenitoare aparentă în timpul domniei regelui Kamehameha al V-lea Prințesa Viktoria Charlotte a Prusiei (1860–1919), Ducesă de Saxa-Meiningen Prințesa Elena Victoria de Schleswig-Holstein (1870–1948), nepoata reginei Victoria Prințesa Viktoria Alix Helena de Hesse (1872–1918), țarină a Rusiei, nepoata reginei Victoria Prințesa Victoria Kaiulani (1875–1899), moștenitoare aparentă în timpul domniei reginei Liliuokalani Prințesa Victoria Melita de Saxa-Coburg și Gotha (1876–1936), fiica lui Alfred, Duce de Saxa-Coburg și Gotha, nepoata reginei Victoria Prințesa Victoria Alice de Battenberg (1885–1969), mama Prințului Filip, Duce de Edinburgh, strănepoata reginei Victoria Prințesa Victoria Patricia de Connaught (1886–1974), fiica Prințului Arthur, Duce de Connaught și Strathearn, nepoata reginei Victoria Victoria Eugenie de Battenberg (1887–1969), regină a Spaniei, nepoata reginei Victoria Prințesa Victoria Alexandra Mary a Marii Britanii (1897–1965), strănepoata reginei Victoria
cs	contracts	EU	29.8.2013 CS Úřední věstník Evropské unie L 231/13 ROZHODNUTÍ SMÍŠENÉHO VÝBORU EHP č. 39/2013 ze dne 15. března 2013, kterým se mění příloha XI (Elektronické komunikace, audiovizuální služby a informační společnost) Dohody o EHP SMÍŠENÝ VÝBOR EHP, s ohledem na Dohodu o Evropském hospodářském prostoru (dále jen „Dohoda o EHP“), a zejména na článek 98 této dohody, vzhledem k těmto důvodům: (1) Prováděcí rozhodnutí Komise 2011/829/EU ze dne 8. prosince 2011, kterým se mění rozhodnutí 2006/771/ES o harmonizaci rádiového spektra pro zařízení krátkého dosahu (1), by mělo být začleněno do Dohody o EHP. (2) Příloha XI Dohody o EHP by proto měla být odpovídajícím způsobem změněna, PŘIJAL TOTO ROZHODNUTÍ: Článek 1 V bodě 5cz (rozhodnutí Komise 2006/771/ES) přílohy XI Dohody o EHP se doplňuje nová odrážka, která zní: „— 32011 D 0829: prováděcí rozhodnutí Komise 2011/829/EU ze dne 8. prosince 2011 (Úř. věst. L 329, 13.12.2011, s. 10).“ Článek 2 Znění prováděcího rozhodnutí 2011/829/EU v islandském a norském jazyce, která mají být zveřejněna v dodatku EHP Úředního věstníku Evropské unie, jsou platná. Článek 3 Toto rozhodnutí vstupuje v platnost dnem 16. března 2013 za předpokladu, že Smíšenému výboru EHP jsou učiněna veškerá oznámení podle čl. 103 odst. 1 Dohody o EHP (2). Článek 4 Toto rozhodnutí bude zveřejněno v oddíle EHP a v dodatku EHP Úředního věstníku Evropské unie. V Bruselu dne 15. března 2013. Za Smíšený výbor EHP předseda Gianluca GRIPPA (1) Úř. věst. L 329, 13.12.2011, s. 10. (2) Nebyly oznámeny žádné ústavní požadavky.
de	legislation	EU	17. 9. 92 Amtsblatt der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Nr. L 272/49 VERORDNUNG (EWG) Nr. 2696/92 DER KOMMISSION vom 16. September 1992 zur Festsetzung der Einschleusungspreise und der Abgaben bei der Einfuhr für Eieralbumin und Milchalbumin DIE KOMMISSION DER EUROPAISCHEN Da der Einschleusungspreis und die Abschöpfung für Eier GEMEINSCHAFTEN — in der Schale durch die genannte Verordnung geändert worden sind, müssen auch die durch die Verordnung gestützt auf den Vertrag zur Gründung der Europäischen (EWG) Nr. 2816/91 festgesetzten Einschleusungspreise Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft, und Abgaben bei der Einfuhr für Eieralbumin und Milchalbumin entsprechend geändert werden. gestützt auf die Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 2783/75 des Rates vom 29. Oktober 1975 über die gemeinsame Handelsre Gemäß Artikel 101 Absatz 1 der Entscheidung gelung für Eieralbumin und Milchalbumin ('), geändert 91 /482/EWG des Rates vom 25. Juli 1991 über die Asso ziation der überseeischen Länder und Gebiete mit der durch die Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 4001 /87 (2) insbeson dere auf Artikel 2 Absatz 2 und Artikel 5 Absatz 5 zweiter Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft ^ werden bei der Unterabsatz, Einfuhr von Erzeugnissen mit Ursprung in den überseei schen Ländern und Gebieten keine Abschöpfungen in Erwägung nachstehender Gründe : erhoben ; gemäß Artikel 101 Absatz 4 der genannten Entscheidung wird jedoch bei der Einfuhr von Die Einschleusungspreise und Abgaben bei der Einfuhr bestimmten Erzeugnissen mit Ursprung in den überseei für die in Artikel 1 der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 2783/75 schen Ländern und Gebieten eine Angabe erhoben, um genannten Erzeugnisse müssen nach den in der Verord zu verhindern, daß diese Erzeugnisse vorteilhafter als nung (EWG) Nr. 1679/90 der Kommission vom 28 . Juni vergleichbare andere, von Spanien oder Portugal in die 1990 zur Festsetzung der Einschleusungspreise und der Gemeinschaft in ihrer Zusammensetzung am Abgaben bei der Einfuhr für Eieralbumin und Milchal 31 . Dezember 1985 eingeführte Erzeugnisse behandelt werden . bumin (3) beschriebenen Berechnungsmethoden für jeweils drei Monate im voraus festgesetzt werden . Die in dieser Verordnung vorgesehenen Maßnahmen entsprechen der Stellungnahme des Verwaltungsaus Da die Einschleusungspreise und Abgaben bei der schusses für Geflügelfleisch und Eier — Einfuhr für Eieralbumin und Milchalbumin zuletzt durch die Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 1789/92 der Kommission (4) HAT FOLGENDE VERORDNUNG ERLASSEN : für die Zeit vom 1 . Juli bis zum 30. September 1992 fest gesetzt worden sind, ist eine Neufestsetzung für die Zeit vom 1 . Oktober bis zum 31 . Dezember 1992 erforderlich . Artikel 1 Diese Festsetzung muß auf der Grundlage des Einschleu Die in Artikel 2 der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 2783/75 sungspreises und der Abschöpfung für Eier in der Schale vorgesehenen Abgaben bei der Einfuhr sowie die in für den gleichen Zeitraum erfolgen. Artikel 5 derselben Verordnung vorgesehenen Einschleu Dieser Einschleusungspreis und diese Abschöpfung sind sungspreise für die in Artikel 1 derselben Verordnung genannten Erzeugnisse werden im Anhang festgesetzt. durch die Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 2694/92 der Kommis sion vom 16. September 1992 zur Festsetzung der Artikel 2 Einschleusungspreise und Abschöpfungen für Eier () fest gesetzt worden. Diese Verordnung tritt am 1 . Oktober 1992 in Kraft. Diese Verordnung ist in allen ihren Teilen verbindlich und gilt unmittelbar in jedem Mitgliedstaat. Brüssel, den 16. September 1992 Für die Kommission Ray MAC SHARRY Mitglied der Kommission (') ABl. Nr. L 282 vom 1 . 11 . 1975, S. 104. (2) ABl. Nr. L 377 vom 31 . 12. 1987, S. 44. O ABl. Nr. L 157 vom 22. 6. 1990, S. 16. O ABl. Nr. L 182 vom 2. 7. 1992, S. 59. () Siehe Seite 42 dieses Amtsblatts. («) ABl. Nr. L 263 vom 19. 9. 1991 , S. 1 . ---pagebreak--- Nr. L 272/50 Amtsblatt der Europäischen Gemeinschaften 17. 9. 92 ANHANG zur Verordnung der Kommission vom 16. September 1992 zur Festsetzung der Ein schleusungspreise und der Abgaben bei der Einfuhr für Eieralbumin und Milchalbumin (') KN-Code Einschleusungspreis Abschöpfungsbetrag ECU/100 kg ECU/ 100 kg 3502 10 91 386,73 140,52 3502 10 99 51,83 19,04 3502 90 51 386,73 140,52 3502 90 59 51,83 19,04 (') Gemäß Artikel 101 Absatz 1 der Entscheidung 91 /482/EWG werden bei der Einfuhr von Erzeugnissen mit Ursprung in den überseeischen Ländern und Gebieten keine Abschöpfungen erhoben.
en	caselaw	Canada	COURT OF APPEAL FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA Citation: A.L. Sott Financial (FIR) Inc. v. PDF Training Inc., 2008 BCCA 35 Date: 20080124 Docket: CA032562 Between: A.L. Sott Financial (FIR) Inc. Appellant/Respondent by Cross Appeal ( Plaintiff ) And PDF Training Inc., Edward J. Cooke and Maureen Palfreyman-Cooke also known as Maureen Mabel Palfreyman, Dubrulle French Culinary School Ltd., Dubrulle French Culinary School Ltd. doing business as Dubrulle International Culinary & Hotel Institute of Canada, the said Dubrulle International Culinary & Hotel Institute of Canada Respondents/Appellants by Cross Appeal ( Defendants ) And John Paul Johnson Defendant Before: The Honourable Madam Justice Rowles The Honourable Mr. Justice Smith The Honourable Mr. Justice Chiasson H. Silber Counsel for the Appellant N. Kambas Counsel for the Respondents Place and Date of Hearing: Vancouver, British Columbia 11 & 12 October 2007 Place and Date of Judgment: Vancouver, British Columbia 24 January 2008 Written Reasons by : The Honourable Mr. Justice Chiasson Concurred in by: The Honourable Madam Justice Rowles The Honourable Mr. Justice Smith Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Mr. Justice Chiasson: Background [1] A.L Sott Financial (FIR) Inc., a company controlled by Mr. Arnold Silber, owns a building in Vancouver on West 2nd Avenue. PDF Training Inc. is a company controlled by Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman. It is not a company of substance. Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman also control Dubrulle International Culinary & Hotel Institute of Canada, which operates a culinary school. Dubrulles lease of premises in which it operated the school was due to expire on September 30, 2000. [2] In January 2000, negotiations concerning renting the West 2nd building began between Mr. Silber and Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman. PDF was to be the tenant and Dubrulle a sub-tenant. In early March 2000, an offer to lease was executed. Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman were to provide personal guarantees of $250,000. Amendments to the agreement were proposed by PDF, to which Mr. Silber agreed, but since the amendments would delay the lease, Mr. Silber stipulated that the amendments were conditional on PDF paying a non-refundable $36,667 to A.L. Sott to compensate for lost rent. [3] On July 10, 2000, a second offer to lease was executed (the Offer to Lease). It is the document at issue between the parties in this litigation. [4] PDF was to receive possession on the earlier of: the day a building permit was issued for tenant improvements or October 1, 2000, provided it had executed the landlords form of lease. A building permit was not issued by October 1, 2000. [5] In late August or early September 2000, Mr. Cooke obtained a key to the premises and during September 2000 physical work was undertaken in the building on behalf of PDF. It resulted in a claim by A.L. Sott of damages for trespass. [6] Paragraph 9 of the Offer to Lease stated PDF would pay to the Landlord a management fee of __% of the Basic Rent. A draft landlords form of lease was delivered to PDF on October 2, 2000. The number 5 was inserted in the blank. PDF refused to accept the insertion and took the position there was no agreement to pay a management fee. [7] During the next two months the parties discussed a number of issues related to the lease, including their disagreement concerning the management fee. A.L. Sott remained adamant that a management fee was required. No lease was offered to PDF that did not contain a requirement to pay a management fee. [8] In early December, Mr. Cooke decided that PDF would not lease the premises. A.L. Sott took the position that PDF was a tenant and sent notices of rent and taxes due. [9] On December 11, 2000, A.L. Sott filed a petition against PDF, Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman seeking a declaration the Offer to Lease constituted an enforceable contract and judgment for amounts owing under it. That proceeding was converted to this action on January 11, 2001. On February 5, 2001, A.L. Sott gave notice it intended to re-enter the building and to re-let it as agent for PDF without terminating the lease. The building was leased to West Marine Canada Corp. on February 7, 2001. On March 26, 2002, A.L. Sott gave notice it was terminating the lease due to the non-payment of rent and other charges and advised it would seek damages incurred by PDFs wrongful repudiation of the lease agreement. [10] In paras. 2 and 3 of her reasons for judgment, which are found at 2004 BCSC 1646, 1 B.L.R. (4th) 53, 25 R.P.R. (4th) 94, Madam Justice Neilson stated the positions of the parties at trial: The plaintiff claims damages for breach of contract against PDF, and against Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman pursuant to their guarantees. It also seeks damages for trespass against all defendants, on the basis that they had no authority to enter the building and begin demolition. The defendants say that there was no enforceable agreement between the parties. Alternatively, the plaintiff fundamentally breached the agreement by failing to deliver a final lease in accordance with the terms of the offer to lease. They deny that they entered the building without authority. PDF counterclaims to recover the costs it incurred in the transaction. [11] The defendant John Paul Johnson was described in the pleadings as a demolition contractor retained by the other defendants. Mr. Johnson did not enter an appearance and default judgment was taken against him, with damages to be assessed (para. 9). [12] In the result, Neilson J. held PDF, Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman liable for trespass and awarded A.L. Sott $274,446 in damages. She concluded A.L. Sott fundamentally breached the Offer to Lease by failing to deliver a lease that did not require a management fee and awarded PDF $112,227.68 damages. The claims against Dubrulle were dismissed. A separate order was made concerning costs. [13] A.L. Sott appealed seeking judgment against PDF for unpaid rent, $250,000 against Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman, increased damages for trespass, judgment against Dubrulle, punitive damages, dismissal of the counterclaim of PDF and special costs in favour of A.L. Sott. Mr. Cooke, Ms. Palfreyman and PDF cross-appealed seeking dismissal of the trespass claim, setting aside the trespass damages and an increase in the damages for breach of contract. [14] For the reasons that follow I would dismiss the appeal and cross-appeal. The trial judgment [15] After setting out the background of the parties and their negotiations in paras. 1 33, the trial judge discussed the facts related to A.L. Sotts allegation of trespass in paras. 34 66. She noted that witnesses for A.L. Sott testified that Mr. Cooke was given access to the building for the limited purpose of determining what work was required to reconfigure the premises to be suitable for a cooking school. Mr. Cooke agreed he did not have a development permit, but gave a number of reasons for undertaking demolition work in the building. In para. 63, the judge observed: [.] the building was essentially taken back to the studs. The wiring and mechanical systems were removed. Only one light was left. The plumbing was dismantled. An upstairs window was broken and used as a chute to throw out debris. The evidence varied as to whether load-bearing walls were removed. [.] [16] After reviewing the law applicable to trespass, the judge addressed the liability of the respondents: [181] It is true that the plaintiff gave PDF a key to the building. Mr. Cooke conceded, however, that this was provided for a limited purpose. The demolition clearly went far beyond that. Authority to enter a building for a particular purpose does not provide a defence to trespass if the building is entered and used for another purpose: Gross v. Wright , [1923] 1 W.W.R. 882 (S.C.C.) at 891. [182] Mr. Cooke said that his dealings with Mr. Nicholsfigueiredo, Ms. Bumen, Mr. Michaels, and his structural engineer, left him with the impression or understanding that the work was justified. I found Mr. Cookes evidence on these matters vague and unsatisfactory. It was often internally inconsistent. It was also inconsistent with the evidence of Mr. Nicholsfigueiredo, Ms. Bumen and Mr. Michaels. Where their evidence conflicted with Mr. Cookes, I prefer their versions of the events and conversations. [.] [187] I conclude that the defendants have offered no justification for entering the building and performing the demolition. Those actions were an unauthorized intrusion on the plaintiffs property, and constitute trespass. [188] I have used the plural defendants advisedly to this point. It is now necessary to examine the role of each in ascertaining whether all are liable in trespass, as the plaintiff contends. [189] I have no difficulty in finding that PDF committed trespass. It was a party to the Offer to Lease, and the tenant under the proposed final lease. The work was done at its direction and for its benefit. [.] [195] Ms. Palfreyman did not testify. As a party to this action, she is a central participant, and it was clearly within her power to give evidence. No explanation was offered for her failure to do so. In these circumstances, I find I may draw an inference that her evidence would have been unfavourable to her position, or at the least would not have supported it: R. v. Jolivet , [2000] 1 S.C.R. 751 at paras. 22-27; Murray v. Saskatoon , [1952] 2 D.L.R. 499 at 506-7. [196] On all of the evidence, I conclude that Ms. Palfreyman knew that the demolition was being carried out without authority, that she condoned it, and, at the very least, that she assisted with the financial arrangements for it. [197] I agree with the plaintiff that Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman were involved with PDF in a concerted action for a common purpose in carrying out the demolition, to pave the way for tenant improvements under the lease. Each of them aided, counselled, directed or joined the trespass and all three are accordingly jointly liable in trespass: Horseshoe Bay Retirement Society et al v. S.I.F. Development Corp et al (1990), 3 C.C.L.T. (2d) 75 (B.C.S.C.) at 78-9. [198] As well, I find Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman are personally liable for trespass on the principles set out in Craig v. North Shore Heli Logging Ltd. (1997), 34 B.C.L.R. (3d) 330 (S.C.) at 340-342. There, the plaintiff sued a corporation and its sole director for trespass arising from logging timber on the plaintiffs property. Smith J. found both the company and the director were joint tortfeasors, stating: The corporate defendant Heli Logging is an empty shell devoid of assets and operation. It has conducted no business since 1989. Mr. Zilahi has always been the alter ego of Heli Logging. It was his deliberate actions that caused the damages experienced by the plaintiffs. It would be hollow compensation indeed, if the plaintiffs' award for damages was not enforceable against the person whose conduct is the subject matter of this action. [199] I conclude that the situation here is similar. PDF is a company without substance. Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman are its only directors and officers. Their deliberate actions led to the trespass. [200] With respect to Dubrulle, the plaintiff argues that it should be liable in trespass because the demolition was done for its benefit. I disagree. Dubrulle was simply one of several sub-tenants that were to occupy the building. It was not otherwise involved. I find that insufficient to attract liability. [17] Turning to damages for trespass the judge stated: [204] An award of damages for trespass should restore the plaintiff as nearly as possible to the same position it would have been in had the trespass not occurred. [205] Typically, damages are measured either by the diminution in value of the land, or by the cost of restoration to its original condition. In some situations, consequential losses have also been awarded: Maeckelburg v. Radium Waterworks District (1982), 24 L.C.R. 286 (B.C.S.C.), affd (1983), 53 B.C.L.R. 90 (C.A.); McLachlan v. CIBC et al (1987), 13 B.C.L.R. (2d) 300 (S.C.), affd (1989), 35 B.C.L.R. (2d) 100 (C.A.) [ McLachlan ]. [206] Damages are generally measured as at the date of the breach of duty. However, fairness may require that the date of assessment be later to ensure that the plaintiff is properly compensated: Begusic et al v. Clark, Wilson & Co. et al (1991), 57 B.C.L.R. (2d) 273 (C.A.) at para. 65. [207] An award of damages is an assessment, based on the evidence available. It is not a precise mathematical calculation: McLachlan (B.C.S.C.) at 197-198, and (B.C.C.A.) at 695. The overriding requirement is that it be reasonable, practical, and fair to all parties: Kates v. Hall (1991), 53 B.C.L.R. (2d) 322 (C.A.) at 330-331. [208] I have concluded that the plaintiffs damages should be measured by the cost of restoring the building to a leaseable condition in early 2001, and related consequential losses. The plaintiffs intention was to lease, rather than sell, the building. When the parties obligations under the Offer to Lease ceased in early December, it was left with a building that was more difficult to lease because of the demolition. [.] [18] The judge stated in para. 220, restoration of the building to its precise original state is not a reasonable measure of damages and held in para. 223, a reasonable award is the cost of restoring the building to a condition that permitted [A.L. Sott] to rent it for the same amount as prior to the demolition. She found A.L. Sott was entitled to recover reasonable costs of [] upgrades because the trespass removed the opportunity of the building being used without conforming to City requirements (para. 234). The judge concluded the reconstruction would take four to eight weeks and allowed consequential damages lost rent, insurance, taxes and utilities for the period January 1 February 28, 2001 and in the result awarded damages of $274,466 for trespass. She refused to award punitive damages. [19] Concerning the breach of contract claim, the judge reviewed the law concerning the interpretation of contracts and the provisions of the Offer to Lease. She then considered what terms were essential to a binding agreement and had this to say: [115] I have concluded that the introductory words of the Offer to Lease, and section 16, established that the parties intended to agree. It remains to consider whether the Offer to Lease contained agreement on the essential terms: identity of the parties, a description of the premises, the commencement date and the duration of the term, and the rent. [116] It is clear that the parties reached agreement on the first three of these. Their dispute centres on whether they agreed to the rent. Two questions arise. Is the management fee in section 9 properly construed as part of the rent? If so, did the parties agree on a management fee? [20] In para. 122 the judge concluded, any management fee payable [] is properly construed as a part of rent and stated in para. 146, I find that the Offer to Lease was an enforceable agreement, which, properly construed, did not require PDF to pay a management fee. [21] Concerning the position of A.L. Sott the judge stated: [154] The plaintiff was intransigent on this issue. Each draft of the final lease required payment of a 5% management fee. The only concession it made was an offer to reduce it to 4%. The day before the term was to commence, the rent demanded by the plaintiff under the Offer to Lease included a 4% management fee. [155] I have earlier found that on a proper construction of the Offer to Lease, no management fee was payable. I have also found that if the parties could not agree to an additional term in the final lease, section 16 required that the final lease incorporate the terms and conditions of the Offer to Lease. It also required that the final lease be provided within a reasonable period. [156] I find that the plaintiff breached its obligations under sections 9 and 16 of the Offer to Lease by failing to deliver a final lease, within a reasonable period, that did not require payment of a management fee. [22] In answer to A.L. Sotts position that the breach was not fundamental, the judge had this to say: [159] In short, I find that the plaintiffs breach produced serious and material consequences for PDF. The commercial setting and benefits contemplated by the parties under the Offer to Lease became unworkable. PDF was unable to access or take possession of the building. It was thus deprived of the substantial benefit of the agreement. I find that the plaintiff fundamentally breached the Offer to Lease. [23] In para. 165, the judge concluded PDF, Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman were entitled to treat A.L. Sotts fundamental breach as a repudiation of the Offer to Lease. The judge then discussed whether PDF affirmed the contract or accepted the repudiation and found: [171] [] I find that PDFs failure to pay rent or take possession of the premises on December 1, 2000 were clearly acts inconsistent with the continuation of the Offer to Lease. I conclude that these adequately communicated acceptance of repudiation to the plaintiff. The obligations of the parties under the Offer to Lease therefore came to an end in early December, 2000. [172] PDF thus had no obligation to pay rent. The plaintiffs claim for breach of contract against PDF is accordingly dismissed, as is its claim against Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman pursuant to their guarantees. [24] On its counterclaim, PDF was awarded $112,277.68: the return of deposits of $5,000 and $67,121.43, plus $40,156.25 for the cost of work to ready the premises for occupancy. [25] In separate oral reasons [ A.L. Sott Financial v. PDF Training Inc. et al (18 March 2005), Vancouver S006569 (B.C.S.C.)], Neilson J. dealt with costs. She concluded the trespass and contract claims were discrete and awarded the appellant 50% of its costs of the main action and the respondents 50% of their costs of the main action. PDF was given 100% of its costs of the counterclaim. The appellant was awarded special costs related to certain discovery of documents issues and the respondents were not to recover their costs of giving discovery on those issues. Costs payable to Dubrulle were to be paid by PDF, Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman. Costs were to be at Scale 3. Positions of the parties [26] In its factum, the appellant identifies the alleged errors of the judge as follows: · construing the Offer to Lease as not providing for the payment of a management fee; · concluding that the conduct of the appellant amounted to a fundamental breach of the Offer to Lease; · concluding that if there had been a fundamental breach of the Offer to Lease, PDF had communicated its acceptance of the appellants repudiation of the Offer to Lease; · concluding that Dubrulle was not jointly and severally liable for the trespass committed against the appellant; · erring in the test she applied in the assessment of damages for wilful trespass and further erring in the measure of damages she found on the test she did employ; · concluding that punitive damages should not be awarded to the appellant; · granting judgment to PDF on its counterclaim; · concluding that special costs of the trial should not be awarded against the respondents. [27] The respondents state the issues on appeal are whether the judge erred in fact or in law: · finding that the appellant fundamentally breached the July 10, 2000 Offer to Lease by failing to provide a final lease within the time and with the terms and conditions set forth in the July 10, 2000 Offer to Lease; · finding that Dubrulle French Culinary School Ltd. was not jointly and severally liable for trespass; · applying the test she applied in the assessment of damages; · holding that punitive damages should not be awarded to the appellant; · granting judgment to PDF on its counterclaim. [28] The respondents cross-appeal seeks to overturn the judges finding of trespass. The appellant contends the cross-appeal should be dismissed. Discussion [29] At the hearing of the appeal, the appellant stated there are two principal issues: whether PDF breached the Offer to Lease by failing to pay rent and abandoning the premises the claim against Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman on their $250,000 guarantee flows out of this; and the assessment of damages for trespass, which was not based on diminution in value. The appellant presented an outline of the damages it seeks totalling $567,102.82. [30] The appellant says other errors concerning damages for trespass were taking into account factors that should not have been included and failing to base consequential damages on the time it took to rent the premises as opposed to the time it would take to restore the building. [31] The appellant also asserts Dubrulle should have been held liable for trespass. [32] On appeal, the appellant seeks $100,000 in punitive damages against the respondents and asserts if punitive damages are awarded, it should be entitled to special costs. It did not pursue special costs as a stand-alone claim and says if no punitive damages are awarded, there should be no special costs. [33] I shall address the issue of punitive damages later in these reasons, but conceptually the appellant is in error linking punitive damages to special costs. Damages is a remedy connected to a substantive wrong. Special costs flow out of the conduct of litigation. [34] An examination of the alleged errors of the trial judge shows that many are based on her findings of fact. Housen v. Nikolaisen , 2002 SCC 33, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 235 provides guidance for this Courts review: 21 [.] the standard of review is not to verify that the inference can be reasonably supported by the findings of fact of the trial judge, but whether the trial judge made a palpable and overriding error in coming to a factual conclusion based on accepted facts, which implies a stricter standard. 22 [.] Although we agree that it is open to an appellate court to find that an inference of fact made by the trial judge is clearly wrong, we would add the caution that where evidence exists to support this inference, an appellate court will be hard pressed to find a palpable and overriding error. As stated above, trial courts are in an advantageous position when it comes to assessing and weighing vast quantities of evidence. In making a factual inference, the trial judge must sift through the relevant facts, decide on their weight, and draw a factual conclusion. Thus, where evidence exists which supports this conclusion, interference with this conclusion entails interference with the weight assigned by the trial judge to the pieces of evidence. 23 We reiterate that it is not the role of appellate courts to second-guess the weight to be assigned to the various items of evidence. If there is no palpable and overriding error with respect to the underlying facts that the trial judge relies on to draw the inference, then it is only where the inference-drawing process itself is palpably in error that an appellate court can interfere with the factual conclusion. The appellate court is not free to interfere with a factual conclusion that it disagrees with where such disagreement stems from a difference of opinion over the weight to be assigned to the underlying facts. [.] [.] 25 Although the trial judge will always be in a distinctly privileged position when it comes to assessing the credibility of witnesses, this is not the only area where the trial judge has an advantage over appellate judges. Advantages enjoyed by the trial judge with respect to the drawing of factual inferences include the trial judge's relative expertise with respect to the weighing and assessing of evidence, and the trial judge's inimitable familiarity with the often vast quantities of evidence. This extensive exposure to the entire factual nexus of a case will be of invaluable assistance when it comes to drawing factual conclusions. In addition, concerns with respect to cost, number and length of appeals apply equally to inferences of fact and findings of fact, and support a deferential approach towards both. [.] It is our view that the trial judge enjoys numerous advantages over appellate judges which bear on all conclusions of fact, and, even in the absence of these advantages, there are other compelling policy reasons supporting a deferential approach to inferences of fact. We conclude, therefore, by emphasizing that there is one, and only one, standard of review applicable to all factual conclusions made by the trial judge -- that of palpable and overriding error. [Emphasis in original.] [35] In H.L. v. Canada (Attorney General) , 2005 SCC 25, [2005] 1 S.C.R. 501 Fish J. emphasized that the majority reasons in Housen should not be taken to have decided that inferences of fact drawn by a trial judge are impervious to review though unsupported by the evidence (para. 73). He said (at para. 74): I would explain the matter this way. Not infrequently, different inferences may reasonably be drawn from facts found by the trial judge to have been directly proven. Appellate scrutiny determines whether inferences drawn by the judge are reasonably supported by the evidence. If they are, the reviewing court cannot reweigh the evidence by substituting, for the reasonable inference preferred by the trial judge, an equally or even more persuasive inference of its own. This fundamental rule is, once again, entirely consistent with both the majority and the minority reasons in Housen . [Emphasis in original.] [36] A core issue is whether the Offer to Lease required a management fee. The appellant asserts that because there was a provision in the Offer to Lease dealing with a management fee, but with the quantum or percentage left blank, the trial judge should have implied agreement by the parties to a reasonable fee and established it. The appellant agrees with the judges statement of the law in para. 133: The principles governing implication of contractual terms were usefully summarized by Kirkpatrick J. in [ Sacks v. Canada Mortgage & Housing Corp. (2001), 42 R.P.R. (3d) 240 (B.C.S.C.)] at paras. 135-36. These indicate that a term will be implied only where it is necessary to give business efficacy to the contract. It must be so obvious that it goes without saying. It may not contradict an express term of the contract. No term should be implied if the contract is effective without it. Judges are warned not to make contracts for the parties. [37] The judge continued: [134] I find that those principles have no application here, on a proper construction of section 9. Section 9 states that PDF will be directly responsible for the repair, replacement, maintenance and operation of the premises, and for paying the operating costs associated with those activities. PDF is to pay the plaintiffs costs and expenses in conducting periodic inspections of the premises, and shall pay a management fee of ___% If PDF is not properly performing its maintenance obligations, the plaintiff is entitled to take them over at PDFs expense. Specifically, the plaintiff may take over the property management of the Premises. [135] In my view, on a plain and literal interpretation of section 9, PDF is to perform the tasks related to management of the building, unless and until a periodic inspection by the plaintiff reveals it is not doing so properly. PDF will pay the costs of those inspections. The provision for a management fee, however, is blank because it is PDF who is responsible for the management. PDF will only become liable to pay the plaintiffs property management costs if the plaintiff finds it necessary to take over the management duties. [136] The plaintiff argues that it would nevertheless incur its own internal management expenses. Since this is a triple net lease, it says it is a necessary inference that those expenses will be charged back to PDF in a reasonable amount. I disagree. [.] She concluded in para. 137, implication of a reasonable management fee is not obvious, nor necessary to give effect to the parties intentions []. [38] Construction of the provisions of a contract generally is a question of mixed fact and law ( Hayes v. Weyerhaeuser , 2008 BCCA 31; Petty v. Telus Corp. , 2002 BCCA 135, 164 B.C.A.C. 152). In this case, the trial judge looked at the surrounding circumstances of the Offer to Lease, noting there had been no discussion of a management fee, reviewed the language of the Offer to Lease and considered the need to imply a reasonable fee in order to give business efficacy to the parties bargain. I see no reviewable error which would allow this Court to interfere with her finding that the parties did not agree to a management fee. [39] The judge held the appellant breached the Offer to Lease by failing to deliver a draft lease that did not require a management fee. The appellant contends this breach was not fundamental and asserts the appellant could have signed the lease under protest pursuant to s-s. 62(2)(d) of the Law and Equity Act , R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 253. [40] Subsection 62(2) is permissive. It states a party may elect to perform the contract in accordance with the requirements of the other party; and s-s. 62(7) says [n]othing in this section limits the right of a party to recover compensation on any other basis. In my view, PDF was not obliged to proceed under protest. [41] In para. 159 the judge stated her reasons for concluding the appellants breach was fundamental and constituted repudiation. They were factual and based on evidence available to the judge. I see no basis on which this Court properly could interfere. [42] The appellant contends the respondents did not communicate acceptance of the appellants repudiation. The judge correctly noted there is no requirement for a particular mode of such communication. She reviewed the conduct of the parties, including a letter from the respondents lawyer stating the respondents would not sign a lease requiring a management fee and took into account no rent was paid and no effort was made by PDF to take possession. In para. 171, the judge concluded the respondents had communicated acceptance of the appellants repudiation. That was a finding of fact and there was evidence available to the judge to support it. I see no basis on which this Court properly could interfere. [43] The appellant asserts the judge erred awarding to PDF the deposits and costs of refurbishing because the money actually was paid by Mr. Cooke and Ms. Palfreyman. The judge dealt with this contention in para. 254 stating: It is true that the funds did not come directly from PDF. I find, however, that the only reasonable interpretation is that the funds were paid by the other defendants as agents of PDF, to discharge its obligations as tenant under the Offer to Lease and Addendum. [44] It is clear the payments were an obligation of PDF and the judge found they were made on behalf of PDF. [45] There is ample evidence to support this finding of fact by the judge. I see no basis for this Court to interfere with it. [46] The appellants contention the judge erred in declining to find Dubrulle liable fails for the same reason. She looked carefully at the role played by Dubrulle and concluded in para. 200, as a fact, Dubrulle was not involved in the trespass. [47] It is convenient now to address the counterclaim. [48] The respondents assert the judge erred in finding they committed trespass based on the course of dealings between the parties. Their submissions on the point were advanced to the trial judge. She canvassed the course of dealings of the parties at length. She also considered the relationship between Mr. Cooke, Ms. Palfreyman and PDF and stated in para. 187: I conclude that the defendants have offered no justification for entering the building and performing the demolition. Those actions were an unauthorized intrusion on the plaintiffs property, and constitute trespass. [49] The respondents candidly agreed they are asking this Court to find the judge should not have rejected their assertion that they thought they were entitled to do what they did. In para. 182, the judge specifically rejected Mr. Cookes evidence and stated her preference for the evidence of others. The respondents have advanced no basis on which this Court properly could interfere with the judges findings of fact and her determination that the respondents actions constitute trespass. [50] The parties also differ concerning the judges assessment of damages for trespass. The appellant contends it was too low; the respondents state it was too high. [51] Part of the appellants contention concerning the damages for trespass is the assertion the judge erred by limiting the period of consequential damages to the time required to reconstruct the building, eight weeks, as opposed to the longer period it took to rent the premises. In my view, the appellants position is flawed because it overlooks causation. [52] The respondents trespass required rebuilding which resulted in lost revenue until the premises were useable. The need to find a new tenant and the time it took to do so, flowed from the appellants repudiation of the Offer to Lease. It was not linked causally to the trespass. [53] The appellant asserts the judge erred by failing to assess damages based on a diminution of value as opposed to the cost to reconstruct. It is clear the judge was well aware of these different approaches to damages. She stated in para. 205, [t]ypically, damages are measured either by the diminution in value of the land, or by the cost of restoration to its original condition. [54] The appellant asserts it bought the property to rent, not to sell it. The judge agreed with this contention. Evidence was led to suggest the rental value was diminished by reason of the trespass. Evidence also was led dealing with the cost of rebuilding. The buildings income producing potential should be unaffected if the building were restored to its previous rentable condition. I do not think the judge erred in her approach to assessing damages for trespass. [55] The parties raise a number of issues concerning the judges appreciation of the evidence related to the cost of rebuilding. The respondents say no consideration should have been given to installing a second story in the premises because West Marine did not want a second story. The appellant asserts the judge looked at reconstructing the base building and it had two floors. The significance of the second floor issue arises out of the report of Mr. Chercover, an expert called by the appellant. He estimated costs of construction between $145,000 - $200,000, which included seismic upgrading and two floors. [56] Assessing damages based on projected costs of rebuilding is unlikely to be capable of scientific precision and a court is not required to proceed on that basis. The judge correctly stated the law in para. 207: An award of damages is an assessment, based on the evidence available. It is not a precise mathematical calculation: McLachlan (B.C.S.C.) at 197-198, and (B.C.C.A.) at 695. The overriding requirement is that it be reasonable, practical, and fair to all parties: Kates v. Hall (1991), 53 B.C.L.R. (2d) 322 (C.A.) at 330-331. [57] It is apparent in this case the trial judge struggled with the evidence she was given. She rejected merely following the costs incurred by West Marine (para. 212). In para. 214, she stated she approached with caution the estimates of the parties experts. She concluded it was not reasonable to assess damages based on restoring the building to its precise original state (para. 220). After considering evidence that the City would require certain upgrades, the judge concluded in para. 234, [] the plaintiff is entitled to recover reasonable costs of the upgrades. The trespass by the defendants removed any opportunity that the plaintiff, or anyone else, had of using the building without conforming to City requirements. [58] Turning to the evidence, the judge stated in para. 235 she considered Mr. Chercovers estimates to be too generous and she discounted them. The judge noted she was forced to provide an arbitrary estimate of the costs of upgrades, due to the competing evidence of the experts (paras. 227, 235). [59] I see no error in principle by the judge. She correctly stated the law and reviewed at length the evidence that was available to her. I would not disturb her finding of the quantum of damages for trespass. [60] I turn to punitive damages, an award of which is discretionary. The trial judge had this to say in para. 249: I am unable to find support for the plaintiffs contention that the defendants used the demolition as leverage in the negotiations over the final lease. There was no power imbalance between the parties. Nor did the trespass violate a deeply personal interest of the plaintiff. The appellant has identified no error in law that would allow this Court to interfere with the trial judges finding of fact and exercise of discretion refusing an award of punitive damages. [61] I would dismiss this appeal and cross-appeal. The Honourable Mr. Justice Chiasson I agree: The Honourable Madam Justice Rowles I agree: The Honourable Mr. Justice Smith
en	contracts	US	Exhibit 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION -OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the quarterly report of Health Revenue Assurance Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof, I, Todd Willis, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge: 1. The quarterly report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 2. The information contained in the quarterly report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Todd Willis Todd Willis Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Dated: May 20, 2014 In connection with the quarterly report of Health Revenue Assurance Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof, I, Gina Hicks, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge: 1. The quarterly report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 2. The information contained in the quarterly report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Gina Hicks Gina Hicks Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Dated: May 20, 2014
es	wikipedia	N/A	Bernardo III, margrave de Baden-Baden (7 de octubre de 1474 - 29 de junio de 1536) heredó en 1515 parte del territorio de su padre en Baden. Gobernó su parte desde 1515 hasta 1536. Sus dos hermanos, Ernesto y Felipe heredaron las otras partes; después de que Felipe muriera, él y Ernesto se dividieron la parte de Felipe. Esto creó dos ramas de gobernantes: la "línea bernardina" (católica) gobernó Baden-Baden la "línea ernestina" (protestante) gobernó Baden-Durlach La línea bernardina se extinguió en 1771, lo que permitió al margrave Carlos Federico de la línea ernestina reunir el margraviato de Baden. Bernardo creció en la corte del emperador Maximiliano I y marchó a España con su amigo Felipe I, el hijo de Maximiliano. En la concordia de Villafáfila (1506), Fernando se retiró a Aragón y Felipe fue proclamado rey de Castilla en las Cortes de Valladolid con el nombre de Felipe I. El margrave Bernardo tendió en sus últimos años hacia el protestantismo e introdujo la Reforma en la parte superior del margraviato. Después de su muerte, sus tierras fueron divididas entre sus hijos: Cristóbal II recibió Baden-Baden-Rodemachern y Filiberto I, el resto de Baden-Baden. Sin embargo, como sus herederos eran menores de edad, las tierras permanecieron juntas bajo la regencia de su viuda Francisca. Matrimonio y descendencia Bernardo III se casó en 1535, dos años antes de su muerte, con Francisca de Luxemburgo, condesa de Brienne y Ligny (m. 17 de junio de 1566), la hija de Carlos I, conde de Ligny. Tuvieron dos hijosː el joven, Cristóbal, nació después de la muerte de Bernardo: Filiberto (22 de enero de 1536-3 de octubre de 1569) Cristóbal (26 de febrero de 1537-2 de agosto de 1575). Bernardo, sin embargo, tuvo numerosos hijos fuera del matrimonio, de los cuales se conocen seis varones (Bernardo, Felipe, Juan, Jorge, Gaspar y Melchor). En 1532, el emperador Carlos V declaró a Jorge, Gaspar y Melchor príncipes legítimos, y más tarde también a Bernardo y Felipe. Estos hijos no podían heredar, pero recibieron una pensión después de la muerte de su padre. Ancestros Véase también Margraviato de Baden Anexo:Soberanos de Baden Referencias y fuentes Friedrich von Weech (1875), "Bernhard III., Markgraf von Baden", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (en alemán), 2, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 416 Johann Christian Sachs: Einleitung in die Geschichte der Marggravschaft und des marggrävlichen altfürstlichen Hauses Baden, Karlsruhe 1764–1770, vol. 3, p. 195-214 Margraves de Baden del siglo XVI (casa de Zähringen) Margraves de Baden-Baden
nl	legislation	EU	Avis juridique important \| 31986R1743 Verordening (EEG) nr. 1743/86 van de Commissie van 4 juni 1986 houdende wederinstelling van de heffing van invoerrechten van toepassing op chroomoxyden en chroomhydroxyden van tariefpost 28.21 van het gemeenschappelijk douanetarief, van oorsprong uit China, waarvoor de in Verordening (EEG) nr. 3599/85 van de Raad vermelde tariefpreferenties zijn verleend Publicatieblad Nr. L 151 van 05/06/1986 blz. 0022 - 0022 *****VERORDENING (EEG) Nr. 1743/86 VAN DE COMMISSIE van 4 juni 1986 houdende wederinstelling van de heffing van invoerrechten van toepassing op chroomoxyden en chroomhydroxyden van tariefpost 28.21 van het gemeenschappelijk douanetarief, van oorsprong uit China, waarvoor de in Verordening (EEG) nr. 3599/85 van de Raad vermelde tariefpreferenties zijn verleend DE COMMISSIE VAN DE EUROPESE GEMEENSCHAPPEN, Gelet op het Verdrag tot oprichting van de Europese Economische Gemeenschap, Gelet op Verordening (EEG) nr. 3599/85 van de Raad van 17 december 1985 houdende toepassing van algemene tariefpreferenties voor het jaar 1986 op bepaalde industrieprodukten van oorsprong uit ontwikkelingslanden (1), inzonderheid op artikel 13, Overwegende dat op grond van de artikelen 1 en 10 van genoemde verordening schorsing van invoerrechten wordt toegekend aan alle in bijlage III vermelde landen en gebieden die niet in kolom 4 van bijlage I voorkomen, in het kader van de preferentiële tariefplafonds die zijn vastgelegd in kolom 9 van genoemde bijlage I; dat volgens de bepalingen van artikel 11 van genoemde verordening, zodra de betreffende individuele plafonds op het niveau van de Gemeenschap zijn bereikt, op elk ogenblik kan worden overgegaan tot de wederinstelling van de heffing van invoerrechten bij invoer van de betrokken produkten van oorsprong uit elk land of gebied in kwestie; Overwegende dat voor chroomoxyden en chroomhydroxyden van tariefpost 28.21 van het gemeenschappelijk douanetarief het individuele plafond werd vastgesteld op 550 000 Ecu; dat op 3 juni 1986 de invoer in de Gemeenschap van de produkten van oorsprong uit China door afboeking het betreffende plafond heeft bereikt; dat het aangewezen is de rechten voor de betreffende produkten weder in te stellen ten opzichte van China, HEEFT DE VOLGENDE VERORDENING VASTGESTELD: Artikel 1 Met ingang van 8 juni 1986 wordt de heffing van invoerrechten, die krachtens Verordening (EEG) nr. 3599/85 was geschorst, weer ingesteld bij invoer in de Gemeenschap van de volgende produkten van oorsprong uit China: 1.2 // // // Nr. van het gemeen- schappelijk douanetarief // Omschrijving // // // 28.21 (NIMEXE-code 28.21-alle nummers) // Chroomoxyden en chroomhydroxyden // // Artikel 2 Deze verordening treedt in werking op de derde dag volgende op die van haar bekendmaking in het Publikatieblad van de Europese Gemeenschappen. Deze verordening is verbindend in al haar onderdelen en is rechtstreeks toepasselijk in elke Lid-Staat. Gedaan te Brussel, 4 juni 1986. Voor de Commissie COCKFIELD Vice-Voorzitter (1) PB nr. L 352 van 30. 12. 1985, blz. 1.
en	wikipedia	N/A	The LCDR Tiger class was a class of twenty-four steam locomotives. They were designed by Thomas Russell Crampton for the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) as general purpose passenger locomotives. During 1859–60 the LCDR board considered the need for new locomotives to operate lines then under construction. After consultation with various engineers, including Charles Patrick Stewart (of Sharp, Stewart and Company), Robert Sinclair (of the Eastern Counties Railway) and Crampton, they decided upon forty new locomotives: eight first class fast locomotives, seventeen general purpose passenger locomotives, and fifteen goods locomotives. After discussion with William Martley, the quantities needed for the two passenger types were revised to 5 and 24 respectively. Tenders were sought, and these were considered in July 1860, when orders were placed with several firms for what were to become the Echo, Tiger and Acis classes. The Tiger class, comprising 24 general purpose passenger locomotives, were ordered from three firms: Peto, Brassey and Betts were to build ten at £3,280 each; Slaughter, Grüning & Co. were to build six at £3,300 each; and R. & W. Hawthorn & Co. would build eight at £3,415 each. As with the Echo and Acis classes, the locomotives were equipped with the Cudworth coal-burning firebox. They were delivered to the LCDR between August 1861 and August 1862. During 1862–65, the locomotives were rebuilt with the wheel arrangement. Like other LCDR locomotives delivered prior to 1874, the locomotives had no numbers at first, being distinguished by name. In November 1875, William Kirtley (who had replaced Martley following the latter's death in 1874) allotted the class letter G. The locomotives were then given the numbers 3–26. Withdrawal began in January 1892, and by the time that the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR) was formed at the start of 1899, nine remained in service. Of these, four were transferred directly to the duplicate list and had their LCDR numbers suffixed with the letter A; four had their numbers increased by 459 to avoid duplication with former South Eastern Railway locomotives; and one was both increased by 459 and suffixed A. The last one was withdrawn in March 1907. Lethe was renamed Sphynx in August 1862, because the railway staff found the name difficult to pronounce. Notes References Tiger 4-4-0 locomotives 2-4-0 locomotives Railway locomotives introduced in 1861 Avonside locomotives Hawthorn locomotives Scrapped locomotives Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
de	wikipedia	N/A	Budizko (latinisiert Budisco) ist der sorbische Name der Siedlung und Burg Grimschleben, eines heutigen Ortsteils von Nienburg (Saale). Der Ortsname stammt vom altsorbischen Budsko und bezieht sich auf die Lage gegenüber der Mündung des Flusses Buda (heute Bode). Burganlage Die Burganlage bestand aus einer großen runden Hauptburg und zwei in größerem Abstand halbkreisförmig vorgelagerten Wällen und war etwa 350 × 400 m groß. Die ursprüngliche Anlage stammt vermutlich aus der späten Bronzezeit. Geschichte In slawischer Zeit erhielt die Anlage an der Saale als westliche Grenzburg der Sorben eine besondere Bedeutung. Auf der Westseite der Saale lagen ihr die germanischen Burgen Nienburg und Altenburg gegenüber. Hier stellte die Bode die Grenze zwischen dem Schwabengau und dem Nordthüringgau dar. Die alte Burg lag genau gegenüber der Bodemündung. 927 kam die Burg unter die Herrschaft der sächsischen Liudolfinger. Der slawische Name wird noch in Urkunden des späten 10. und des frühen 11. Jahrhunderts erwähnt. Im Besitz des Klosters Nienburg verlor er sich dann rasch. Literatur Bernhard Heese: Budizco-Grimschleben: ein Ort mit tausendjähriger Geschichte, erschienen 1935 Weblinks http://slawenburgen.npage.de/sachsen-anhalt.html Einzelnachweise Sorbische Geschichte Burg im Salzlandkreis Geographie (Nienburg (Saale)) Bauwerk in Nienburg (Saale) Burg in Europa
en	contracts	US	Exhibit 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION -OXLEY ACT OF 2002 The undersigned, the Chief Executive Officer of Ontarget360 Group Inc. (the “Company”), certifies that, to his knowledge: 1. The report of the Company for the six month period ended March 31, 2014 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on this date (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company. Date: May 15, 2014 By: /s/Christopher Neuert Christopher Neuert
it	wikipedia	N/A	Ottocentoottantasette (887) è il numero naturale dopo l'886 e prima dell'888. Proprietà matematiche È un numero dispari. È un numero primo. È un numero primo sicuro. È un numero primo di Eisenstein. È un numero intero privo di quadrati. È un numero nontotiente in quanto dispari e diverso da 1. È un numero congruente. È un numero malvagio. È parte della terna pitagorica (887, 393384, 393385). Astronomia 887 Alinda è un asteroide della fascia principale. NGC 887 è una galassia spirale della costellazione della Balena. Astronautica Cosmos 887 è un satellite artificiale russo. Altri progetti
en	caselaw	US	214 F.2d 853 94 U.S.App.D.C. 205, 54-2 USTC P 49,044 LEWIS,v.UNITED STATES. No. 12009. United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit. Argued March 24, 1954.Decided June 10, 1954. Mr. Walter E. Gallagher, Washington, D.C., with whom Mr. Myron G. Ehrlich, Washington, D.C., was on the brief, for appellant. Mr. Lewis A. Carroll, Asst. U.S. Atty., Washington, D.C., with whom Messrs. Leo A. Rover, U.S. Atty., and Kenneth D. Wood and Alexander L. Stevas, Asst. U.S. Attys., Washington, D.C., were on the brief, for appellee. Before EDGERTON, BAZELON and WASHINGTON, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM. 1 This is an appeal from a decision of the Municipal Court of Appeals, holding that the occupational tax imposed by Chapter 27A of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. § 3290 (1952), on the business of accepting wagers, is constitutional in its application to the District of Columbia. United States v. Lewis, D.C.Mun.App.1953, 100 A.2d 40. That decision is clearly correct, in view of United States v. Kahriger, 345 U.S. 22, 73 S. Ct. 510, 97 L. Ed. 754, rehearing denied 1953, 345 U.S. 931, 73 S. Ct. 778, 97 L. Ed. 1360. 'Of course Congress may tax what it also forbids.' United States v. Stafoff, 1923, 260 U.S. 477 at page 480, 43 S. Ct. 197 at page 199, 67 L. Ed. 358. 2 Affirmed.
pl	legislation	EU	17.9.2011 PL Dziennik Urzędowy Unii Europejskiej L 241/22 ROZPORZĄDZENIE WYKONAWCZE KOMISJI (UE) NR 927/2011 z dnia 16 września 2011 r. ustanawiające standardowe wartości celne w przywozie dla ustalania ceny wejścia niektórych owoców i warzyw KOMISJA EUROPEJSKA, uwzględniając Traktat o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej, uwzględniając rozporządzenie Rady (WE) nr 1234/2007 z dnia 22 października 2007 r. ustanawiające wspólną organizację rynków rolnych oraz przepisy szczegółowe dotyczące niektórych produktów rolnych („rozporządzenie o jednolitej wspólnej organizacji rynku”) (1), uwzględniając rozporządzenie wykonawcze Komisji (UE) nr 543/2011 z dnia 7 czerwca 2011 r. ustanawiające szczegółowe zasady stosowania rozporządzenia Rady (WE) nr 1234/2007 w odniesieniu do sektorów owoców i warzyw oraz przetworzonych owoców i warzyw (2), w szczególności jego art. 136 ust. 1, a także mając na uwadze, co następuje: Rozporządzenie wykonawcze (UE) nr 543/2011 przewiduje, w zastosowaniu wyników wielostronnych negocjacji handlowych Rundy Urugwajskiej, kryteria do ustalania przez Komisję standardowych wartości celnych dla przywozu z państw trzecich, w odniesieniu do produktów i okresów określonych w części A załącznika XVI do wspomnianego rozporządzenia, PRZYJMUJE NINIEJSZE ROZPORZĄDZENIE: Artykuł 1 Standardowe wartości celne w przywozie, o których mowa w art. 136 rozporządzenia wykonawczego (UE) nr 543/2011, są ustalone w załączniku do niniejszego rozporządzenia. Artykuł 2 Niniejsze rozporządzenie wchodzi w życie z dniem 17 września 2011 r. Niniejsze rozporządzenie wiąże w całości i jest bezpośrednio stosowane we wszystkich państwach członkowskich. Sporządzono w Brukseli dnia 16 września 2011 r. W imieniu Komisji, za Przewodniczącego, José Manuel SILVA RODRÍGUEZ Dyrektor Generalny ds. Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich (1) Dz.U. L 299 z 16.11.2007, s. 1. (2) Dz.U. L 157 z 15.6.2011, s. 1. ZAŁĄCZNIK Standardowe wartości celne w przywozie dla ustalania ceny wejścia niektórych owoców i warzyw (EUR/100 kg) Kod CN Kod krajów trzecich (1) Standardowa stawka celna w przywozie 0702 00 00 MK 34,9 ZZ 34,9 0707 00 05 EG 135,3 TR 112,0 ZZ 123,7 0709 90 70 TR 130,5 ZZ 130,5 0805 50 10 AR 72,2 CL 84,2 TR 67,0 UY 73,0 ZA 78,9 ZZ 75,1 0806 10 10 EG 186,0 MK 85,4 TR 105,5 US 271,3 ZZ 162,1 0808 10 80 AR 148,7 CL 152,7 NZ 110,8 US 183,8 ZA 117,7 ZZ 142,7 0808 20 50 AR 217,1 CN 73,8 TR 125,8 ZA 162,6 ZZ 144,8 0809 30 TR 136,6 ZZ 136,6 (1) Nomenklatura krajów ustalona w rozporządzeniu Komisji (WE) nr 1833/2006 (Dz.U. L 354 z 14.12.2006, s. 19). Kod „ZZ” odpowiada „innym pochodzeniom”.
en	caselaw	US	360 F. Supp. 1212 (1973) COUNTY OF WYOMING, NEW YORK, Plaintiff, v. ERIE LACKAWANNA RAILWAY COMPANY et al., Defendants. Civ. No. 1971-172. United States District Court, W. D. New York. June 18, 1973. 1213 Stakel, Suttell & Found (Wallace J. Stakel, Batavia, N. Y., of counsel), for plaintiff. Brown, Kelly, Turner, Hassett & Leach, Buffalo, N. Y. (John E. Leach, Buffalo, N. Y., of counsel), for defendant Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. Smith, Murphy & Schoepperle, Buffalo, N. Y. (Frank G. Godson, Buffalo, N. Y., of counsel), for defendant Hartford Accident and Indemnity Co. Ohlin, Damon, Morey, Sawyer & Moot, Buffalo, N. Y. (James S. McAskill, Buffalo, N. Y., of counsel), for defendant Insurance Co. of North America. Heffernan, Sweet & Murphy, Buffalo, N. Y. (Eugene J. Murphy, Buffalo, N. 1214 Y., of counsel), for defendant Casimer N. Tomicki. Hartman, Schlesinger & Schlosser, Mount Holly, N. J. (Francis J. Hartman, Mount Holly, N. J., of counsel); for defendants James Barnett and James E. Oyer. CURTIN, District Judge. In this action the plaintiff County of Wyoming [hereinafter referred to as Wyoming] seeks a declaration of its rights under certain insurance policies issued by defendants Aetna Casualty & Surety Company [hereinafter referred to as Aetna), Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company [hereinafter referred to as Hartford], and Insurance Company of North America [hereinafter referred to as INA]. The policies are the following: (1) Comprehensive Liability Policy Number 15 AL 119506 CM issued by Aetna [hereinafter referred to as the Aetna policy]. (2) Casualty Insurance Policy Number 32 C 699326 issued by Hartford [hereinafter referred to as Hartford policy X]. (3) Casualty Insurance Policy Number 32 C 698992 issued by Hartford [hereinafter referred to as Hartford policy II], and (4) Contractors' Catastrophe Liability Policy Number XBC 1 18 15 issued by INA [hereinafter referred to as the INA policy]. Aetna has moved for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The facts giving rise to the dispute between Wyoming and the insurance companies are as follows.[1] On July 14, 1969 at the intersection of the track of the defendant Erie Lackawanna Railway Company [hereinafter referred to as Erie Lackawanna] and County Road 38 in the Town of Genesee Falls, there occurred a collision between an Erie Lackawanna train and a road paving machine owned by the defendant Midland Asphalt Corporation [hereinafter referred to as Midland]. At the time of the accident, County Road 38 was being resurfaced by a Wyoming highway crew under the supervision of Leon Cook, who was employed by Wyoming as a foreman. The road paving machine and its operator, Donnel Werth, had been hired for the operation under an oral contract between Wyoming and Midland and were subject to Cook's instructions and directions.[2] Loaded at the front with gravel from a Wyoming dump truck which it pushed as it moved along, the road paving machine emitted asphalt from the back. As the machine started to cross the track, Werth looked at the crossing signal lights and saw that they were not flashing. Thereafter he did not look at them again or check down the track,[3] for he was watching the back of the machine in order to stop the asphalt near the edge of the track. He knew that Cook had sent men down the track in both directions to watch for approaching trains. While the machine was on the track, one of the sentries signaled Cook that a train was coming, and Cook in turn signaled Werth, who jumped from the machine. The train struck the machine but not the dump truck, which had already cleared the track[4] under its own power on Cook's 1215 instruction. As a result of the accident, Erie Lackawanna commenced against Wyoming and Midland a suit in which Midland filed two cross-claims against Wyoming and a counterclaim against the railroad. Erie Lackawanna Railway Co. v. County of Wyoming, New York, Civil No. 1969-361. Suits by three members of the crew of the train against the railroad, Wyoming and Midland followed. Tomicki v. Erie Lackawanna Railroad Co., Civil No. 1970-332; Barnett v. Erie Lackawanna Railroad Co., Civil No. 1970-333. The complaint cites 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332 and 2201 as the bases for the court's jurisdiction in this matter. Before proceeding to the merits, two questions relating to these statutory provisions must be disposed of. On the face of the complaint, there does not exist the complete diversity of citizenship required for federal jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. See Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 267, 2 L. Ed. 435 (1806). The plaintiff Wyoming and defendants Midland, Tomicki, Barnett and Oyer are all residents of New York for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Complete diversity may be achieved, however, by dropping the aforementioned defendants from the action. It is settled that, in the exercise of its "inherent powers . . . to perfect federal jurisdiction," a court may drop nondiverse parties and allow an action to proceed in their absence. Kerr v. Compagnie De Ultramar, 250 F.2d 860, 864 (2d Cir. 1958). This may be done, however, only if the court, after considering the factors set forth in Rule 19(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, determines that the nondiverse parties are not "indispensable." See Jett v. Phillips & Associates, 439 F.2d 987, 990 (10th Cir. 1971); Kerr v. Compagnie De Ultramar, supra, 250 F.2d at 863. The decision whether parties are indispensable is a practical one which "can only be determined in the context of particular litigation." Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson, 390 U.S. 102, 118, 88 S. Ct. 733, 742, 19 L. Ed. 2d 936 (1968). In the instant case, there is no reason why a determination of the rights and obligations existing under the various insurance policies cannot be fully made in the absence of the injured members of the crew of the Erie Lackawanna train, Tomicki, Barnett and Oyer.[5] Nor will the interests of the three individuals be prejudiced if they are dropped.[6] At least one other court has held that an injured person is not a required party in an action to determine the coverage of an insurance policy, see Allstate Insurance Co. v. Philip Leasing Co., 214 F. Supp. 273, 276 (D.S.D.1963), and, although there is a decision to the contrary, see United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Ditoro, 206 F. Supp. 528, 532-533 (M.D.Pa.1962), "[g]iven the Supreme Court's decision in the Provident Tradesmens case [supra], it is unlikely that the injured party would be declared indispensable under Rule 19(b) today." 7 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 1619, at 193 (1972). 1216 Whether Midland is an indispensable party is a slightly more difficult problem. It appears that a judgment rendered in Midland's absence will adequately protect the interests of Wyoming and the insurance companies.[7] The question is whether Midland's interests will be so prejudiced by a judgment rendered in its absence that the action should not proceed without it. Wyoming and Midland may both be insured persons under a given insurance policy with fixed limits of liability. In the event that judgment were rendered against each of them in the actions brought by Erie Lackawanna and the crewmen of the train, it is possible that the insurance fund would be exhausted by claims against Wyoming before Midland had had the opportunity to assert its interest in the fund.[8]See Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson, supra, 390 U.S. at 114-115, 88 S. Ct. 733. The possibility of prejudice to Midland is more theoretical than actual, however, for the estimate of damages suffered by the injured persons is far less than the aggregate coverage under the various insurance policies. In any event, Midland's interest in the insurance fund could be protected by a provision in the judgment requiring that no payments be made under a policy until Midland had had an opportunity to present its claims against the fund. Id. at 115, 88 S. Ct. 733. Turning to the second jurisdictional problem, a court may in its discretion decline to entertain an action for a declaratory judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 2201. Sears, Roebuck and Co. v. Zurich Insurance Co., 422 F.2d 587, 588 (7th Cir. 1970); Lebowich v. O'Connor, 309 F.2d 111, 112 (2d Cir. 1962). The question of an insurance company's duty to defend an insured is of course a controversy ripe for declaratory relief. Sears, Roebuck and Co. v. Zurich Insurance Co., supra, 422 F.2d at 589. Cf. Crowley's Milk Co. v. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., 426 F.2d 752 (2d Cir. 1970). Some courts have held, however, that a court should decline to entertain an action for declaratory relief where there is a dispute among insurance companies over which of them is to provide a defense and one company has assumed responsibility for rendering a defense. See, e. g., Farmers Elevator Mutual Insurance Co. v. Carl J. Austad & Sons, Inc., 366 F.2d 555, 557 (8th Cir. 1966). On the other hand, a company's reluctant assumption of the task of providing a defense which it claims should be some other company's burden places the insured in "an undesirable position." Universal Underwriters Insurance Co. v. Wagner, 367 F.2d 866, 871 (8th Cir. 1966), and under some circumstances may present a potential conflict of interest between the insured and the insurer. Rexco Industries, Inc. v. Commercial Insurance Co. of Newark, New Jersey, 326 F. Supp. 958, 959 (D.P.R.1971). The court believes that it should exercise its discretion in favor of entertaining the instant action. Implicit in Crowley's Milk Co. v. American Mutual 1217 Liability Insurance Co., supra, is an approval of a district court's willingness to resolve disputes over coverage under various insurance policies. Furthermore, all of the cases arising out of the accident in question are pending in federal court, and a determination of the instant action should expedite resolution of the other actions. Turning to the merits of the case, it is first necessary to describe the relevant provisions of the various insurance policies. Definitions of terms and exclusions and other restrictions on applicable provisions will be referred to only to the extent that they are necessary to an understanding of the provisions. The Aetna policy provides comprehensive automobile liability and comprehensive general liability coverage to insured persons as defined therein. The automobile liability coverage applies to damages "caused by an occurrence and arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use, including loading and unloading, of any automobile," but excludes "property damage to . . . property rented to" insured persons. The general liability coverage applies simply to damages "caused by an occurrence" with several exclusions, including, first, "property damage to . . . property . . . rented to" insured persons and, second, damages "arising out of the ownership, maintenance, operation, use, loading or unloading of (1) any automobile . . . owned or operated by or rented or loaned to the named insured." For purposes of the policy, the term automobile means "a land motor vehicle, trailer or semi-trailer designed for travel on public roads, (including any machinery or apparatus attached thereto), but does not include mobile equipment." Mobile equipment, in turn, is defined as "a land vehicle (including any machinery or apparatus attached thereto), whether or not self-propelled, . . . designed or maintained for the sole purpose of affording mobility to equipment of the following types forming an integral part of or permanently attached to such vehicle: . . . graders, scrapers, rollers and other road construction or repair equipment." Persons insured under the automobile portion of the Aetna policy include (1) the named insured, Wyoming, (2) "any other person while using an owned automobile or a hired automobile with the permission of the named insured, provided his actual operation or (if he is not operating) his other actual use thereof is within the scope of such permission" and (3) "any other person or organization but only with respect to his or its liability because of acts or omissions of" the foregoing insured persons. A hired automobile is defined as "an automobile not owned by the named insured which is used under contract in behalf of, or loaned to, the named insured." A printed provision of the general liability portion of the Aetna policy includes as persons insured not only the named insured, Wyoming, but also with respect to the operation, for the purpose of locomotion upon a public highway, of mobile equipment registered under any motor vehicle registration law, (i) any employee of the named insured while operating any such equipment in the course of his employment, and (ii) any other person while operating with the permission of the named insured any such equipment registered in the name of the named insured and any person or organization legally responsible for such operation, but only if there is no other valid and collectible insurance available, either on a primary or excess basis, to such person or organization. . . . In addition, a typewritten endorsement adds as a person insured under this portion of the policy "any employee of the NAMED INSURED while acting within the scope of his duties as such." Hartford policy I, designating Wyoming as the named insured and 1218 Midland as the contractor, provides owners' protective liability insurance. The policy applies to damages "caused by an occurrence and arising out of (1) operations performed for the named insured by the contractor . . . or (2) acts or omissions of the named insured in connection with his general supervision of such operations." None of the parties has argued that Hartford policy I applies to the accident in question, apparently on the ground that it covers only operations in which Midland was acting as a general contractor for Wyoming, whereas at the time and place of the accident their relationship was that of a lessor and a lessee. No declaration of Wyoming's rights under Hartford policy I will therefore be made, and the policy will not be discussed further. In many respects, Hartford Policy II is similar to the Aetna policy. The provisions outlining coverage under the comprehensive automobile liability and comprehensive general liability portions of the policy are like those in the Aetna policy. The printed definitions of automobile, mobile equipment and hired automobile are identical to those in the Aetna policy. Finally, the provisions relating to insured persons are the same as those in the Aetna policy except that Midland rather than Wyoming is the named insured. In one significant respect, however, Hartford policy II differs from the Aetna policy. In spite of the printed definitions of automobile and mobile equipment, the road paving machine involved in the accident is listed on the typewritten schedule of owned automobiles falling under the automobile liability coverage. The INA policy provides contractors' liability insurance with Midland as the named insured. Referring to Hartford policy II as one of the underlying policies,[9] the INA policy provides for coverage of damages caused by an occurrence, and (1) With respect to any . . . property damage . . . not within the terms of the coverage of underlying insurance but within the terms of coverage of this insurance;[10] or (2) If the limits of the underlying insurance are exhausted because of personal [or] property damage . . . during the period of this policy. . . . In addition to certain persons named as insured persons in the printed portion of the policy, a typewritten endorsement adds as a person insured "any person while using, with the permission of the Named Insured, any automobile . . . owned by . . . the Named Insured and any person or organization legally responsible for the use thereof, provided the actual operation or other actual use is within the scope of such permission."[11] In determining Wyoming's rights under the various insurance policies, the initial question facing the court is whether the Midland road paving machine was an automobile under the Aetna policy and Hartford policy II, or whether it was mobile equipment. It is an axiom of insurance law, as well as general contract law, that, in interpreting an agreement, one looks first and foremost to the intent of the parties as expressed or implied by the language of the agreement. See Waiters v. Great 1219 American Indemnity Co., 12 N.Y.2d 967, 969, 238 N.Y.S.2d 960, 189 N.E.2d 495 (1963). It is clear from the definitions in the Aetna policy that the parties intended vehicles like the road paving machine to be classified as mobile equipment. One does not reach the same conclusion under Hartford policy II, however. By including the road paving machine in the typewritten schedule of automobiles covered by the automobile liability portion of the policy and agreeing upon a separate premium for coverage of the vehicle, the parties indicated their intention to classify the road paving machine as an automobile for purposes of the policy. See Britten v. City of Eau Claire, 260 Wis. 382, 387-389, 51 N.W.2d 30 (1952). It is settled law that, where there exist both printed and (type)written clauses that are inconsistent with each other, the (type)written term will prevail over the printed. Poel v. Brunswick-Blake-Collender Co., 216 N.Y. 310, 322, 110 N.E. 619 (1915); Heyn v. New York Life Insurance Co., 192 N.Y. 1, 6, 84 N.E. 725 (1908); Kratzenstein v. Western Assurance Co., 116 N.Y. 54, 57, 22 N.E. 221 (1889); Feldman v. Fiat Estates, Inc., 25 A.D.2d 750, 751, 268 N.Y.S.2d 949 (1966); Laurino v. Hewman, 10 A.D.2d 725, 199 N.Y.S.2d 279 (1960).[12] The next question is whether Cook, the Wyoming foreman, was using the Midland road paving machine within the meaning of the provision of the automobile liability portion of Hartford policy II extending coverage to a person "using an owned automobile . . . with the permission of the named insured [Midland], provided his actual operation or (if he is not operating) his other actual use thereof is within the scope of such permission."[13] In determining whether a person is using a vehicle, the courts have focused upon the degree of control which he exercises over its operation. See Hake v. Eagle Picher Co., 406 F.2d 893, 895-896 (7th Cir. 1969), either in the narrow sense of signaling the operator whose vision is obscured in order to guide the movement of the vehicle, see Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. v. Steenberg Construction Co., 225 F.2d 294, 295-297 (8th Cir. 1955); Woodrich Construction Co. v. Indemnity Insurance Co., 252 Minn. 86, 93-95, 89 N.W.2d 412 (1958); Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. v. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., 28 N.J.Super. 17, 18-21, 99 A.2d 815 (1953), or in the broad sense of supervising and giving instructions to the operator. See Hake v. Eagle Picher Co., supra, 406 F.2d at 895-896; Indemnity Insurance Co. of North America v. Pacific Clay Products Co., 13 Cal. App. 3d 304, 308-311, 91 Cal. Rptr. 452 (1970). See also Tri-State Concrete, Inc. v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 5 A.D.2d 384, 387, 172 N.Y.S.2d 123 (1958) ("We equate supervision to use . . ."). In the instant case, the facts previously stated establish under either 1220 test a degree of control by Cook of the operation of the road paving machine sufficient to say that he was using the machine. Occupied in ending the laying of the asphalt and unable to watch for an approaching train or a mechanical signal thereof, Werth was dependent upon Cook and the men Cook sent up the track to notify him of any approaching trains. Furthermore, Cook, who was in charge of the resurfacing project for his employer Wyoming, gave instructions and directions to Werth and coordinated the operation of the road paving machine with the other work done in connection with the project.[14] The case of J. Scheer & Sons Co. v. Travelers Indemnity Co., 35 Misc. 2d 262, 229 N.Y.S.2d 248 (1962), does not dictate a conclusion contrary to that reached here. In Scheer, the floor of a garage into which a truck had backed to make a delivery collapsed. The court held that the customer's watching the truck back in to make certain that it cleared a sprinkler head protruding from the ceiling of the garage and so informing the driver constituted a "commonplace act of accommodation [which] did not take the control of the truck out of the hands of the chauffeur . . . or make [the customer] a participant in such control." Id. at 265, 229 N.Y.S.2d at 251. Like the cases previously cited, Scheer indicates that one must look to the degree of control exercised by a nonoperator in determining whether he is a user of a vehicle. Although the facts in Scheer were not considered sufficient to establish the degree of control necessary to find the nonoperator to be a user, Scheer presented a factual situation very different from that involved in the instant case. In Scheer there was one simple communication during a single delivery, while here there was a sequence of instructions and directions given in accordance with rights of supervision acquired under a contract to hire the road paving machine and its operator for construction work extending over several days. The foregoing determinations of the status of the Midland road paving machine and the Wyoming foreman Cook have the following consequences for Wyoming's coverage under the various insurance policies. Because the road paving machine was mobile equipment for purposes of the Aetna policy, Wyoming, as the named insured, has the right to primary coverage under the general liability portion of the policy for the claim against it by Erie Lackawanna in Erie Lackawanna Railway Co. v. County of Wyoming, New York, Civil No. 1969-361, for the first cross-claim (for indemnification) against it by Midland in that case and for the claims by the injured crewmen of the Erie Lackawanna train in Tomicki v. Erie Lackawanna Railroad Co., Civil No. 1970-332, and Barnett v. Erie Lackawanna Railroad Co., Civil No. 1970-333. It is not owed coverage by Aetna for Midland's second cross-claim (for property damage to the road paving machine) in the first mentioned case, however, for the general liability portion of the policy does not apply to property damage to property rented to insured persons. Turning to Hartford policy II, coverage must be found under the automobile liability portion of the policy rather than under the general liability portion because, for purposes of the policy, the road paving machine is classified as an automobile owned by the named insured Midland. Cook is a person insured under this portion of the policy because at the time of the collision *1221 between the road paving machine and the train he was using the machine with Midland's permission. Wyoming, in turn, is a person insured under this part of the policy because it may be subject to "liability because of acts or omissions" of Cook. See N. Y. County Law § 53(1) (McKinney's Consol.Laws c. 11, 1972). Consequently, Wyoming is entitled to primary coverage under the automobile liability portion of Hartford policy II for the claims against it by Erie Lackawanna and the injured crewmen and for Midland's first cross-claim. It is not entitled to coverage under Hartford policy II for Midland's second cross-claim, however, because the automobile liability part of the policy excludes property damage to property rented to insured persons. The INA policy refers to Hartford policy II as an underlying policy and thus, for purposes of its own typewritten endorsement, incorporates the latter's designation of the road paving machine as an automobile. Upon exhaustion of the limits of the automobile liability portion of Hartford policy II, the INA policy therefore provides coverage to Cook and Wyoming, Cook because he was using an automobile owned by the named insured Midland, and Wyoming because it was an "organization legally responsible for the use thereof." See N. Y. County Law § 53(1) (McKinney 1972). Wyoming therefore has the right to excess coverage under the INA policy for the claims against it by Erie Lackawanna and the injured crewmen and for Midland's first cross-claim. In addition, because Wyoming is a person insured by virtue of the typewritten endorsement to the INA policy and Midland's second cross-claim relates to "property damage . . . not within the terms of the coverage of the underlying" Hartford policy II, Wyoming is entitled to coverage from INA on the second cross-claim. Judgment should be submitted on notice to all parties. So ordered. NOTES [1] The facts relating to the accident are revealed in depositions filed in Erie Lackawanna Railway Co. v. County of Wyoming, New York, Civil No. 1969-361. [2] For example, Cook determined the depth of the asphalt to be laid and informed Werth, who put the road paving machine in the gear required to maintain the speed necessary to result in the laying of that depth. [3] Because of the noise of the diesel engine of the road paving machine, Werth would not have been able to hear either a crossing bell indicating an approaching train or the whistle of an approaching train. [4] Apparently none of the parties disputes the fact that the Wyoming dump truck had completed its task of unloading gravel into the road paving machine and had moved beyond the track. In light of this fact, the court does not believe it can be said that the collision between the road paving machine and the train arose from the unloading of the truck, triggering coverage under the automobile liability portion of the Aetna policy. Of course, even a determination that the accident arose out of the unloading of the truck would not alter the fact that it also arose out of the use of the road paving machine. Hence, in light of the instant decision, such a determination would result only in a change in the amounts of coverage to be provided by the various insurance companies and not in a variation of the allocation of responsibility for providing coverage. [5] In response to a letter from the court dated August 11, 1972, counsel for Wyoming and the insurance companies indicated that they did not believe the three injured crewmen are required for an adequate adjudication of rights under the various insurance policies. [6] In response to the court's letter referred to in footnote 5, supra, counsel for Barnett and Oyer indicated that he saw no prejudice to his clients which would result from their being dropped from the suit. Counsel for Tomicki did not respond to the court's letter. [7] The responses of Wyoming and the insurance companies to the court's letter referred to in footnote 5, supra, concur in this view. [8] The potential adversity of interest between Wyoming and Midland suggests to the court that the dropping of Midland is to be preferred to its realignment as a plaintiff, suggested by Wyoming and the insurance companies in their responses to the court's letter referred to in footnote 5, supra, as a means of producing diversity. Even if Midland's failure to appear would foreclose it from challenging a judgment obtained by Wyoming, cf. Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson, 390 U.S. 102, 114, 88 S. Ct. 733, 19 L. Ed. 2d 936 (1968), the court would be inclined to exercise its discretion, see Jett v. Phillips & Associates, 439 F.2d 987, 991 (10th Cir. 1971), in favor of dropping rather than realigning Midland. Realignment of Midland as a plaintiff would result in an explicit declaration of its rights under the various insurance policies without it having been served with notice that such a determination was to be made. In this respect, the court notes that Hartford's answer seeks a declaration of Midland's rights although no cross-claim was served on Midland. [9] Although the INA policy refers to "Aetna Casualty & Security [sic] Co. 32C698992," it is clear from the context that the reference should be to Hartford Accident and Indemnity Co. 32 C 698992, the policy herein referred to as Hartford policy II. [10] This coverage is subject to an insured's retained limit of $10,000. [11] The endorsement was apparently made pursuant to a provision of the policy naming as a person insured, "at the option of the Named Insured and subject to the terms of the coverage of this insurance, any additional Insured(s) included in the underlying insurance listed in Schedule A, but only to the extent that insurance is provided for such additional Insured(s) thereunder." [12] The contention that the road paving machine had to be listed as an automobile in Hartford policy II in order to satisfy the requirements of the New York Vehicle and Traffic Law must be rejected. The Law specifically provides for the registration of "road building machine[s]," N.Y. Vehicle & Traffic Law § 401(7) (F)(a) (McKinney's Consol.Laws, c. 71, Supp.1972), and the financial security provisions, id. § 310 et seq., apply simply to "motor vehicles" without distinguishing between automobiles and mobile equipment. See id. §§ 311(2), 312(1). The Law's definition of motor vehicle, "[e]very vehicle operated or driven upon a public highway which is propelled by any power other than muscular power" with exceptions not here relevant, id. § 125, is broad enough to encompass the road paving machine. [13] There is no doubt that Cook was not operating the road paving machine. Operation of a vehicle by an individual "involves his direction and control of its mechanism as its driver for the purpose of propelling it." Maryland Casualty Co. v. Marshbank, 226 F.2d 637, 639 (3d Cir. 1955). Under the foregoing definition, there is likewise no doubt that Worth was operating the machine. [14] Compare Hake v. Eagle Picher Co., 265 F. Supp. 331, 334-335 (W.D.Wis.1966), in which summary judgment was denied where depositions disclosed a dispute over whether the operator of one company's truck was subject to the instructions and supervision of employees of another company.
de	wikipedia	N/A	Das Haus Adelheidstraße 12 ist eine denkmalgeschützte Villa in der Stadt Quedlinburg in Sachsen-Anhalt. Architektur und Geschichte Die Villa entstand im Jahr 1905 an einem Straßenabschnitt, in welchem die Adelheidstraße einen kleinen Knick vollzieht. Architekt war der Quedlinburger Max Schneck. Markant ist ein halbrunder Treppenturm, der noch über Bleiverglasungen verfügt, die chinesisch anmutend im Stil der Chinoiserie gestaltet ist. Zur Straßenseite besteht ein Risalit sowie an der Südecke ein Eckerker. Die Fassadengestaltung erfolgte in Formen des Jugendstils mit floralem, grafischem und teilweise teppichartigen Dekorationen. Die Einfriedung des Vorgartens nimmt die Gestaltung des Hauses auf. Unmittelbar nördlich grenzt das gleichfalls denkmalgeschützte Haus Adelheidstraße 12a an. Siehe auch Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Quedlinburg Literatur Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 7: Falko Grubitzsch, unter Mitwirkung von Alois Bursy, Mathias Köhler, Winfried Korf, Sabine Oszmer, Peter Seyfried und Mario Titze: Landkreis Quedlinburg. Teilband 1: Stadt Quedlinburg. Fliegenkopf, Halle 1998, ISBN 3-910147-67-4, S. 47. Kulturdenkmal in Quedlinburg Villa in Quedlinburg Erbaut in den 1900er Jahren Adelheidstraße (Quedlinburg)
pl	wikipedia	N/A	Łajsce – wieś w Polsce położona w województwie podkarpackim, w powiecie jasielskim, w gminie Tarnowiec. We wsi jest kościół filialny należący do rzymskokatolickiej parafii Chrystusa Króla i NMP Królowej w Łubnie Opacym, w dekanacie Krosno III, archidiecezji przemyskiej. Historia W czasie okupacji niemieckiej mieszkająca we wsi rodzina Pietruszków udzieliła pomocy Żydom, NN Majler, NN Zwas, Marii Lehrman, Heli (lub Chaja) Lehrman, Dawidowi Lehrman,. W 1989 roku Instytut Jad Waszem podjął decyzję o przyznaniu Helenie, Andrzejowi i Czesławowi Pietruszce tytułu Sprawiedliwych wśród Narodów Świata. W latach 1975–1998 wieś administracyjnie należała do województwa krośnieńskiego. Części wsi Nazwa tej miejscowości brzmiała Łaszczę (1277 r.), Lassce (1354 r.), Lazszcze, Laiscze. Pochodzi od wyrazu łaz - teren świeżo wyrobiony do uprawy z pniaków, krzewów; miejsce wypalone po zaroślach. Osada płaciła dziesięcinę kolegium św. Floriana na Kleparzu pod Krakowem i to świadczy, że istniała ona już pod koniec XII wieku. Była wówczas w posiadaniu Bogoriów. W roku 1848 Ignacy Jordan sprzedał wieś Władysławowi Bielańskiemu, a po nim w spadku Łajsce otrzymał jego syn Gustaw. Przypisy Linki zewnętrzne Słownik geograficzno-historyczny ziem polskich w średniowieczu Gmina Tarnowiec – sołectwo Łajsce Tarnowiec (gmina) Wsie w powiecie jasielskim
en	caselaw	US	Matter of Camille L. (Dawn F.) (2019 NY Slip Op 02275) Matter of Camille L. (Dawn F.) 2019 NY Slip Op 02275 Decided on March 26, 2019 Appellate Division, First Department Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431. This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports. Decided on March 26, 2019 Sweeny, J.P., Richter, Tom, Kapnick, Oing, JJ. 8785 [*1]In re Camille L., A Child Under Eighteen Years of Age, etc., andDawn F., Respondent-Appellant, Administration for Children's Services, Petitioner-Respondent. Daniel R. Katz, New York, for appellant. Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel, New York (Jessica Miller of counsel), for respondent. Dawne A. Mitchell, The Legal Aid Society, New York (Claire V. Merkine of counsel), attorney for the child. Appeal from a temporary order of protection, Family Court, Bronx County (Monica Shulman, J.), entered on or about December 20, 2017, which expired on April 27, 2018, and directed respondent mother Dawn F. to refrain from certain conduct against the subject child, unanimously dismissed, without costs, as moot. The mother's appeal from the temporary order of protection is moot, since the order has expired by its own terms and was superseded by an order of fact-finding and disposition (see Matter of Zoey A. [Felicia A.], 139 AD3d 528 [1st Dept 2016]; Matter of Fawaz A. [Franklyn B.C.], 112 AD3d 550 [1st Dept 2013]). Contrary to the mother's argument, we find no exception to the mootness doctrine (see Matter of Veronica P. v Radcliff A139. 24 NY3d 668 [2015]; Matter of Hearst Corp. v Clyne, 50 NY2d 707, 714-715 [1980]). Were we to review the expired order, we would find that Family Court did not abuse its discretion by issuing a temporary order of protection, because there was good cause shown (see Family Ct Act § 1029[a]). ACS brought the petition, alleging that the mother neglected the child by failing to provide her with proper supervision and guardianship, as a result of her unattended mental illness. According to the petition, the mother refused to take her medication for schizophrenia, and she disrupted the child's life by repeatedly filing false claims that the child was being sexually abused. THIS CONSTITUTES THE DECISION AND ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT, APPELLATE DIVISION, FIRST DEPARTMENT. ENTERED: MARCH 26, 2019 CLERK
sv	wikipedia	N/A	Nora tingslag var ett tingslag i Örebro län i Nora domsaga. Tingslaget bildades 1904 av Nora och Hjulsjö bergslags tingslag samt Grythytte och Hällefors bergslags tingslag. Tingslaget upphörde den 1 januari 1951 då det uppgick i Lindes och Nora domsagas tingslag. Omfattning Socknarna i häraderna Nora och Hjulsjö bergslag Grythytte och Hällefors bergslag Källor Nationella arkivdatabasen för uppgifter om domsagor, tingslag och tingsrätter Elsa Trolle Önnerfors: Domsagohistorik - Lindesbergs tingsrätt (del av Riksantikvarieämbetets Tings- och rådhusinventeringen 1996-2007) Noter Tingslag i Örebro län
en	contracts	US	EXHIBIT 10.4 (y) NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTIONS ISSUED UNDER AMENDED AND RESTATED RYDER SYSTEM, INC. 2012 EQUITY AND INCENTIVE COMPENSATION PLAN 2016 TERMS AND CONDITIONS The following terms and conditions apply to the non-qualified stock option (“Option”) granted by Ryder System, Inc. (the “Company”) under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Plan”) during the 2016 calendar year, as specified in the Stock Option Award Notification (the “Notification”) for the Option which references these terms and conditions. Certain terms of the Option, including the number of Shares subject to the Option, the exercise price, the vesting schedule and the expiration date, are set forth in the Notification. The terms and conditions contained herein may be amended by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Committee”) as permitted by the Plan. Capitalized terms used herein and not defined shall have the meaning ascribed to such terms in the Plan or in the Notification. 1. General. The Option represents the right to purchase Shares on the terms and conditions set forth herein, in the Notification and the Plan, the applicable terms, conditions and other provisions of which are incorporated by reference herein. A copy of the Plan and the documents that constitute the “Prospectus” for the Plan under the Securities Act of 1933 have been made available to the Participant prior to or along with delivery of the Notification. In the event there is an express conflict between the provisions of the Plan and those set forth in these terms and conditions, the terms and conditions of the Plan shall govern. 2. Exercisability of Option. Subject to Sections 4 and 5 below, the Option shall vest and become exercisable pursuant to the vesting schedule set forth in the Notification and shall remain exercisable until the expiration date set forth in the Notification, or such other expiration date designated by the Committee pursuant to Section 7 of the Plan (the “Expiration Date”). 3. Exercise Procedures. The Option, to the extent exercisable, may be exercised by delivering to the Company’s stock administrator, notice of intent to exercise in the manner designated by the stock administrator on behalf of the Company which may vary based on the Participant’s position with the Company. Payment of the aggregate exercise price and applicable withholding taxes shall be made in the manner, consistent with the Plan and these terms and conditions, designated by the stock administrator on behalf of the Company. 4. Termination of Option; Forfeiture. Notwithstanding the vesting and expiration dates set forth in the Notification, the Option will terminate upon or following the termination of the Participant’s employment with the Company and its Subsidiaries as described below. Except as otherwise provided in Section 4(d) and 5(a) below, upon the Participant’s termination of employment for any reason, the unvested portion of the Option will immediately terminate. For purposes of these terms and conditions, a Participant shall not be deemed to have terminated his or her employment with the Company and its Subsidiaries if he or she is then employed by the Company or another Subsidiary without a break in service. (a) Resignation by the Participant or Termination by the Company or a Subsidiary other than for Cause: Except as otherwise provided in this Section 4 or Section 5(b) below, the vested portion of the Option will terminate at 12:01 a.m. on the 91st day following the Participant’s last day of employment (but not later than the Expiration Date), provided that if the Participant dies during such 90 day period, such portion of the Option will terminate no earlier than 12:01 a.m. on the first anniversary of the date of death (but not later than the Expiration Date) and -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- provided further that, if, upon such termination, the Participant is entitled to severance benefits in the form of salary continuation, then the vested portion of the Option will terminate at 12:01 a.m. on the 91st day following the date that salary continuation is no longer payable to the Participant (but not later than the Expiration Date). Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Participant is terminated by the Company or a Subsidiary without Cause and is subsequently re-employed by the Company or a Subsidiary prior to 12:01 a.m. on the 91st day following the later of (i) the last day of employment or (ii) if applicable, the date that salary continuation is no longer payable to the Participant, but in either case, not later than the Expiration Date, then the vested, but unexercised, portion of the Options will remain exercisable until the Expiration Date, unless terminated earlier pursuant hereto. In the event that the Participant voluntarily terminates his or her employment with the Company or a Subsidiary and is subsequently re-employed by the Company or a Subsidiary prior to 12:01 a.m. on the 91st day following the Participant’s last day of employment (but not later than the Expiration Date), then the vested, but unexercised, portion of the Options will remain exercisable until the Expiration Date, unless terminated earlier pursuant hereto. (b) Retirement: If a Participant’s employment terminates for any reason (other than for Cause, death or Disability) at a time when he or she is eligible for Retirement, then the vested portion of the Option will terminate upon the Expiration Date. (c) Termination due to Death: If a Participant’s employment terminates on account of the Participant’s death, the vested portion of the Option will expire upon the Expiration Date. Following the Participant’s death, the right to exercise such vested portion will pass to the Participant’s Beneficiary. (d) Termination due to Disability: If a Participant’s employment terminates on account of the Participant’s Disability, the unvested portion of the Option that would otherwise have become vested during the three years following Disability will continue to vest as scheduled (without regard to subsequent status changes). The vested portion of the Option, including the portion that becomes vested pursuant to the preceding sentence, will expire upon the Expiration Date. (e) Termination for Cause: Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 4, the entire Option, including the vested portion, will terminate immediately upon the Participant’s termination of employment for Cause. To the extent the Participant exercised any portion of the Option during the one year period immediately prior to the date of such termination of employment for Cause, the Company shall have the right to reclaim and receive from the Participant all Shares delivered to the Participant upon such exercise, or to the extent the Participant has transferred such Shares, the after-tax equivalent value thereof (as of the date the Shares were transferred by the Participant) in cash, and in each case upon receipt thereof, the Company shall return the exercise price paid by the Participant. (f) Proscribed Activity: If, during the Proscribed Period but prior to a Change of Control, the Participant engages in a Proscribed Activity, then any portion of the Option still outstanding shall terminate and the Company shall have the right to reclaim and receive from the Participant all Shares delivered to the Participant upon the exercise of the Option during the one year period immediately prior to, or at any time following, the date of the Participant’s termination of employment, or to the extent the Participant has transferred such Shares, the after-tax equivalent value thereof (as of the date the Shares were transferred by the Participant) in cash, and in each case upon receipt thereof, the Company shall return the exercise price paid by the Participant. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. Change of Control. (a) Treatment of the Option: In the event of a Change of Control, the Committee may take such actions with respect to the Option as it deems appropriate pursuant to the Plan; provided that if the Option continues in effect after a Change of Control and the Participant’s employment is terminated by the Company without Cause, the Participant terminates employment for Good Reason, or the Participant’s employment is terminated on account of death, Disability or Retirement, in each case, upon or within 24 months following the Change of Control, any unvested portion of the Option shall become fully vested upon such termination of employment. (b) Option Termination: Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary and except as otherwise determined by the Committee prior to a Change of Control in accordance with Section 7 or 8 of the Plan, in the event of a Change of Control, any portion of the Option which is vested as of the Change of Control or becomes vested upon or following the Change of Control (whether pursuant to this Section 5 or otherwise) shall remain outstanding until the Expiration Date, but subject to earlier termination under the circumstances described in Sections 4(e) and (f) above. (c) Termination of Employment Prior to a Change of Control: For purposes of this Section 5, the term Option shall refer only to those Options that are outstanding at the time of the Change of Control and not to any unvested Options that have terminated pursuant to Section 4 above, provided that, if (i) the Participant’s employment was terminated by the Company other than for Cause or Disability during the 12 month period prior to the Change of Control, (ii) during such 12 month period, the Participant does not engage in a Proscribed Activity, and (iii) the Committee determines, in its sole and absolute discretion, that the decision related to such termination was made in contemplation of the Change of Control, within 30 days following the Change of Control, with respect to any portion of the Option which the Participant forfeited upon the Participant’s termination of employment, the Participant shall receive a lump sum cash payment per Share equal to the excess, if any, of the Fair Market Value of a Share on the date that the Change of Control occurs, over the exercise price per Share subject to the Option. In addition, in the event that a Participant’s employment terminates on account of Disability prior to a Change of Control, any portion of the Option which is unvested and outstanding as of the Change of Control and would otherwise vest during the three years following Disability in accordance with Section 4(d) above shall become fully vested upon the Change of Control. 6. U.S. Federal, State and Local Income Withholding. The Participant is solely responsible for the satisfaction of all taxes that may arise in connection with the Option, and the Option may not be exercised unless the Participant makes arrangements satisfactory to the Company to ensure that its withholding tax obligations will be satisfied. At the time of taxation, the Company shall have the right to deduct from other compensation or from amounts payable with respect to the Option, including by withholding Shares otherwise issuable upon the exercise of the Option, an amount equal to the federal (including FICA), state and local income and payroll taxes and other amounts as may be required by law to be withheld with respect to the Option. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company may satisfy any tax obligations it may have in any other jurisdiction outside the U.S. in any manner it deems, in its sole and absolute discretion, to be necessary or appropriate. 7. Definitions. (a) “Proscribed Activity” means any of the following: (i) the Participant’s breach or violation of (A) any written agreement between the Participant and the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, including any agreement relating to nondisclosure, noncompetition, nonsolicitation and/or nondisparagement, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to the extent such agreements are enforceable under applicable law, or (B) any legal obligation it may have to the Company; (ii) the Participant’s direct or indirect unauthorized use or disclosure of confidential information or trade secrets of the Company or any Subsidiary, including, but not limited to, such matters as costs, profits, markets, sales, products, product lines, key personnel, pricing policies, operational methods, customers, customer requirements, suppliers, plans for future developments, and other business affairs and methods and other information not readily available to the public; (iii) the Participant’s direct or indirect engaging or becoming a partner, director, officer, principal, employee, consultant, investor, creditor or stockholder in/for any business, proprietorship, association, firm or corporation not owned or controlled by the Company or its Subsidiaries which is engaged or proposes to engage in a business competitive directly or indirectly with the business conducted by the Company or its Subsidiaries in any geographic area where such business of the Company or its Subsidiaries is conducted, provided that the Participant’s investment in 1% or less of the outstanding capital stock of any corporation whose stock is listed on a national securities exchange shall not be treated as a Proscribed Activity; (iv) the Participant’s direct or indirect, either on the Participant’s own account or for any person, firm or company, soliciting, interfering with or inducing, or attempting to induce, any employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to leave his or her employment or to breach his or her employment agreement; (v) the Participant’s direct or indirect taking away, interfering with relations with, diverting or attempting to divert from the Company or any Subsidiary any business with any customer of the Company or any Subsidiary, including (A) any customer that has been solicited or serviced by the Company within one year prior to the date of termination of the Participant’s employment with the Company and (B) any customer with which the Participant has had contact or association, or which was under the supervision of the Participant, or the identity of which was learned by the Participant as a result of the Participant’s employment with the Company; (vi) following the Participant’s termination of employment, the Participant’s making of any remarks disparaging the conduct or character of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or their current or former agents, employees, officers, directors, successors or assigns; or (vii) the Participant’s failure to cooperate with the Company or any Subsidiary, for no additional compensation (other than reimbursement of expenses), in any litigation or administrative proceedings involving any matters with which the Participant was involved during the Participant’s employment with the Company or any Subsidiary. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in these terms and conditions restricts or prohibits the Participant from initiating communications directly with, responding to any inquiries from, providing testimony before, providing confidential information to, reporting possible violations of law or regulation to, or from filing a claim or assisting with an investigation directly with, a self-regulatory authority or a government agency or entity, including the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Department of Labor, the National Labor Relations Board, the Department of Justice, the Securities and Exchange Commission, Congress, and any agency Inspector General (collectively, the “Regulators”), or from making other disclosures that are protected under the whistleblower provisions of state or federal law or regulation. The Participant does not need the prior authorization of the Company to engage -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in such communications with the Regulators, respond to such inquiries from the Regulators, provide confidential information or documents to the Regulators, or make any such reports or disclosures to the Regulators. The Participant is not required to notify the Company that the Participant has engaged in such communications with the Regulators. If the Participant primarily provides services in California, subsection (iii) above shall not apply to the Participant and subsection (v) above shall apply to the Participant only to the extent that the Participant uses or discloses confidential information of the Company or any if its Subsidiaries in performing such Proscribed Activity and to the extent permitted by applicable law. (b) “Proscribed Period” means the period beginning on the date of termination of the Participant’s employment and ending on the later of (A) the one year anniversary of such termination date or (B) if the Participant is entitled to severance benefits in the form of salary continuation, the date on which salary continuation is no longer payable to the Participant. (c) “Retirement” means termination of employment for any reason (other than for Cause or by reason of death or Disability) upon or following attainment of age 55 and completion of 10 years of service, or upon or following attainment of age 65 without regard to years of service; provided that, Retirement shall not be deemed to occur unless such termination of service constitutes a separation from service, as defined by Section 409A of the Code. 8. Company Policies. The Option and any Shares or cash delivered pursuant to the Option shall be subject to all applicable clawback or recoupment policies, share trading policies and other policies that may be implemented by the Company’s Board of Directors from time to time. 9. Other Benefits. No amount accrued or paid under this Award shall be deemed compensation for purposes of computing a Participant’s benefits under any retirement plan of the Company or its Subsidiaries, nor affect any benefits under any other benefit plan now or subsequently in effect under which the availability or amount of benefits is related to the Participant’s level of compensation.
es	legislation	EU	Avis juridique important \| 31995D0333 95/333/CE: Decisión de la Comisión, de 28 de julio de 1995, por la que se aprueba el programa comunitario de intervenciones estructurales en el sector de la pesca, la acuicultura y la transformación y comercialización de sus productos en Finlandia [objetivo no 5 a) con excepción de las regiones del objetivo no 6 - período 1995-1999] (El texto en lengua finesa es el único auténtico) Diario Oficial n° L 192 de 15/08/1995 p. 0044 - 0046 DECISIÓN DE LA COMISIÓN de 28 de julio de 1995 por la que se aprueba el programa comunitario de intervenciones estructurales en el sector de la pesca, la acuicultura y la transformación y comercialización de sus productos en Finlandia [objetivo n° 5 a) con excepción de las regiones del objetivo n° 6 - período 1995-1999] (El texto en lengua finesa es el único auténtico) (95/333/CE)LA COMISIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEAS, Visto el Tratado constitutivo de la Comunidad Europea, Visto el Reglamento (CE) n° 3699/93 del Consejo, de 21 de diciembre de 1993, por el que se definen los criterios y condiciones de las intervenciones comunitarias con finalidad estructural en el sector de la pesca, la acuicultura y la transformación y comercialización de sus productos (1), y, en particular, el apartado 2 de su artículo 4, Considerando que el 24 de marzo de 1995, el gobierno de la República de Finlandia presentó a la Comisión el documento único de programación contemplado en el apartado 1 del artículo 3 del Reglamento (CE) n° 3699/93; Considerando que dicho documento incluye, entre otras cosas, la descripción de los ámbitos de intervención y las solicitudes de ayuda del instrumento financiero de orientación de la pesca (IFOP), así como observaciones sobre la utilización de los recursos del Banco Europeo de Inversiones (BEI) y los demás instrumentos financieros previstos para la realización del programa comunitario en el sector de la pesca, la acuicultura y la transformación y comercialización de sus productos, en lo sucesivo denominado « el sector »; Considerando que determinadas regiones de Finlandia pueden optar al objetivo n° 6 de los Fondos estructurales con arreglo al Protocolo n° 6 sobre las disposiciones especiales relativas al objetivo n° 6 en el marco de los Fondos estructurales en Finlandia y Suecia (2); que este nuevo objetivo prioritario se añade a los otros cinco objetivos de los Fondos estructurales y se aplica en base al Reglamento (CEE) n° 2052/88 del Consejo, de 24 de junio de 1988, relativo a las funciones de los Fondos con finalidad estructural y a su eficacia, así como a la coordinación entre sus intervenciones, con las del Banco Europeo de Inversiones y con las de los demás instrumentos financieros existentes (3), modificado por el Reglamento (CE) n° 3193/94 (4); que las intervenciones estructurales en los sectores de tales regiones se integran en la programación general del objetivo n° 6; Considerando que es conveniente adoptar una decisión única sobre el programa comunitario de intervenciones estructurales en el sector correspondiente a las regiones de Finlandia, que no puedan optar al objetivo n° 6; Considerando que, de conformidad con el artículo 3 del Reglamento (CEE) n° 4253/88 del Consejo, de 19 de diciembre de 1988, por el que se aprueban disposiciones de aplicación del Reglamento (CEE) n° 2052/88, en lo relativo, por una parte, a la coordinación de las intervenciones de los Fondos estructurales y, por otra, de éstas con las del Banco Europeo de Inversiones y con las de los demás instrumentos financieros existentes (5), modificado por el Reglamento (CE) n° 3193/94, corresponde a la Comisión, en el marco de la cooperación, coordinar y garantizar la coherencia entre la ayuda de los Fondos y la intervención del BEI y los demás instrumentos financieros, incluidos los de la CECA y de las demás medidas con finalidad estructural; Considerando que el BEI participa en la elaboración del programa comunitario de conformidad con las disposiciones del apartado 1 del artículo 8 del Reglamento (CEE) n° 4253/88, aplicables por analogía a la elaboración del programa comunitario; que dicho Banco ha declarado que está dispuesto a contribuir a la realización de este documento sobre la base de las dotaciones de préstamos previstas en la presente Decisión y de acuerdo con las disposiciones estatutarias que la regulan; Considerando que en el párrafo segundo del artículo 2 del Reglamento (CEE) n° 1866/90 de la Comisión, de 2 de julio de 1990, por el que se establecen las disposiciones relativas a la utilización del ecu en la ejecución presupuestaria de los Fondos estructurales (6), cuya última modificación la constituye el Reglamento (CE) n° 2745/94 (7), se establece que en las decisiones de la Comisión por las que se apruebe un documento único de programación la ayuda comunitaria disponible para la totalidad del período y su distribución anual han de fijarse en ecus a los precios del año de la decisión y dan lugar a una indización; que esta distribución anual debe ser compatible con la progresividad de los créditos de compromiso que figura en el Anexo III del Reglamento (CEE) n° 2052/88 en su versión modificada por el Acta de adhesión (8); que la indización se basa en un único tipo anual que corresponde a los tipos aplicados anualmente al presupuesto comunitario en función de los mecanismos de adaptación técnica de las perspectivas financieras; Considerando que el Reglamento (CEE) n° 2080/93 del Consejo, de 20 de julio de 1993, por el que se establecen las disposiciones de aplicación del Reglamento (CEE) n° 2052/88 en lo referente al instrumento financiero de orientación de la pesca (1), establece en su artículo 1 las medidas en cuya financiación puede participar el IFOP; que el Reglamento (CE) n° 3699/93 establece los criterios y condiciones aplicables a las intervenciones comunitarias con finalidad estructural en el sector; Considerando que el programa comunitario se ha elaborado de acuerdo con el Estado miembro interesado en el marco de la cooperación tal y como se define en el artículo 4 del Reglamento (CEE) n° 2052/88; Considerando que el programa comunitario reúne las condiciones e incluye los datos establecidos en el artículo 14 del Reglamento (CEE) n° 4253/88; que la solicitud de ayuda cumple, además, las condiciones fijadas en el apartado 2 del artículo 33 del Reglamento (CEE) n° 4253/88; Considerando que el Reglamento Financiero, de 21 de diciembre de 1977, aplicable al presupuesto general de las Comunidades Europeas (2), cuya última modificación la constituye el Reglamento (CECA, CE, Euratom) n° 2730/94 (3), establece en su artículo 1 que las obligaciones jurídicas contraídas respecto a medidas cuya realización se extienda a más de un ejercicio financiero tendrán una fecha límite de ejecución que deberá comunicarse al beneficiario, en la forma adecuada, al concedérsele la ayuda; Considerando que se cumplen todas las demás condiciones establecidas para la concesión de la ayuda del IFOP; Considerando que las medidas previstas en la presente Decisión se ajustan al dictamen del Comité de gestión permanente de las estructuras pesqueras, HA ADOPTADO LA PRESENTE DECISIÓN: Artículo 1 Queda aprobado el programa comunitario de intervenciones estructurales comunitarias en el sector de la pesca, la acuicultura y la transformación y comercialización de sus productos en Finlandia al amparo del objetivo n° 5 a) con excepción de las regiones del objetivo n° 6, para el período del 1 de enero de 1995 al 31 de diciembre de 1999. Artículo 2 El programa comunitario constará de los siguientes datos fundamentales: a) ámbitos de intervención seleccionados para la acción conjunta, objetivos específicos cuantificados, evaluación de la repercusión prevista y coherencia con las políticas económicas y sociales de Finlandia; los ámbitos de intervención son los siguientes: - ajuste del esfuerzo pesquero, - renovación y modernización de la flota pesquera, - acuicultura, - zonas marinas protegidas, - infraestructuras portuarias, - transformación y comercialización de productos, - promoción de productos, - otras medidas (estudios, asistencia técnica, etc.); b) ayudas del IFOP establecidas en los artículos 3 y 4; c) disposiciones detalladas de aplicación del programa comunitario que incluirán: - las modalidades de seguimiento y evaluación, - las disposiciones de ejecución financiera, - las normas de cumplimiento de las políticas comunitarias; d) formas de comprobación de la adicionalidad y una primera evaluación de la misma. Artículo 3 La ayuda del IFOP concedida en virtud del presente programa comunitario asciende a un importe máximo de 23 millones de ecus a precios de 1995. Los gastos efectivos podrán ser subvencionados por el IFOP a partir del 1 de enero de 1995. Las modalidades de concesión de la ayuda financiera, incluida la participación financiera del IFOP en los diferentes ámbitos y medidas que forman parte del presente programa comunitario, se recogen en el plan de financiación. Las necesidades de financiación nacional que se indican en el plan de financiación se podrán cubrir parcialmente mediante los préstamos comunitarios del BEI y de los demás instrumentos de préstamo. Artículo 4 A efectos de indización, la distribución anual de la asignación global máxima prevista para la ayuda del IFOP será la siguiente: >SITIO PARA UN CUADRO> Artículo 5 El compromiso presupuestario correspondiente al primer tramo queda fijado en 4,14 millones de ecus. Los compromisos de los tramos posteriores se basarán en el plan de financiación y el estado de ejecución, del programa comunitario. Artículo 6 Las modalidades de concesión de la ayuda se podrán modificar posteriormente en función de las adaptaciones que se introduzcan, de acuerdo con los importes disponibles y las normas presupuestarias, de conformidad con el procedimiento establecido en el apartado 5 del artículo 25 del Reglamento (CEE) n° 4253/88. Artículo 7 Se concederá ayuda comunitaria por los gastos correspondientes a las acciones cubiertas por el presente programa comunitario sobre las que el Estado miembro haya establecido disposiciones jurídicamente obligatorias y respecto de las que se hayan comprometido los medios financieros necesarios a más tardar el 31 de diciembre de 1999. La fecha límite para la contabilización de los gastos correspondientes a esas medidas queda fijada en el 31 de diciembre del año 2001. Artículo 8 El programa comunitario deberá llevarse a cabo de conformidad con las disposiciones del Derecho comunitario y, concretamente, las de los artículos 6, 30, 48, 52 y 59 del Tratado y de las Directivas comunitarias por las que se coordinan los procedimientos de celebración de contratos. Artículo 9 El destinatario de la presente Decisión será la República de Finlandia. Hecho en Bruselas, el 28 de julio de 1995. Por la Comisión Emma BONINO Miembro de la Comisión
fi	other	N/A	VISK - § 527 Genetiivisubjekti ja muut täydennykset ja määritteet SISÄLLYS > RAKENNE > Infinitiivit ja partisiipit > Partisiippien tehtävät ja partisiippilausekkeen rakenne > Partisiippilauseke > Partisiippilausekkeen rakenne > § 527 Genetiivisubjekti ja muut täydennykset ja määritteet Partisiippilauseke koostuu partisiipista ja siihen mahdollisesti liittyvistä täydennyksistä ja määritteistä, jotka ovat samanlaisia kuin vastaavalla finiittiverbillä. Partisiipin objekti voi olla kaikissa objektin sijoissa, eikä hallitseva lause vaikuta sijaan (» § 938). Subjekti: valtioneuvoston ratkaistavaksi vrt. valtioneuvosto ratkaisee \| Subjekti ja Adverbiaalimäärite: Kremerin yksin soittama \| Objekti: ympäristönsuojelua koskevia \| Objekti ja adverbiaalimäärite: STS-Pankin syksyllä 1992 ostaneessa \| Adverbiaalitäydennys: ulkomaanmatkoistaan puhuvia \| Objekti ja adverbiaalitäydennys: kansallista päätösvaltaa kansainväliselle toimielimelle siirtävistä Partisiippiin ei kuitenkaan voi liittyä predikatiivia (vihainen oleva opettaja), A-infinitiivin perusmuotoa (myöhästyä aikova oppilas) eikä referatiivirakennetta (sodan alkavan pelkääviä ihmisiä). Agenttipartisiipilla on aina genetiivisubjekti (agenttilauseke) tai sitä vastaava possessiivisuffiksi. Possessiivisuffiksia käytetään pronominin genetiivin ohella, ensimmäisessä ja toisessa persoonassa myös yksinään (a). Jos agenttipartisiipilla on hallitsevan rakenteen subjektin kanssa samatarkoitteinen subjekti, tämän osoittaa pelkkä possessiivisuffiksi (b) (» § 1454 huom.). Useita järjestämiämme tilaisuuksia on viime aikoina moitittu liian rohkeiksi, – –. (l) ~ useita meidän järjestämiämme tilaisuuksia Kiertueella tytöt selvittävät pohjalaistarhoilla tekemiään vapautustoimia ja keskustelevat kiinnostuneiden kanssa kettutarhauksesta. (l) \| Me selvitämme tekemiämme vapautustoimia. Agenttipartisiippi on ainoa systemaattisesti subjektillinen partisiippi, mutta muuten se muistuttaa valenssisuhteiltaan passiivin partisiippeja (» § 529). Genetiivisubjekti voi liittyä myös passiivin VA-partisiippiin (c), etenkin essiivi- ja translatiivimuotoiseen (» § 533). Kieltopartisiippiin se liittyy rakennetyypissä jonkun ulottumattomissa (» § 526 huom.). Meidän taseissamme ei ole miljardien mentäviä aukkoja. (l) \| – – pakkauksissa käytetään tuoteselosteessa kansainvälistä kaikkien ymmärrettävää kieltä. (l) Toisin kuin passiivin partisiippien implisiittinen subjekti, genetiivisubjekti voi olla myös eloton- tai abstraktitarkoitteinen (d). Tästä johtuu, että agenttipartisiippina voi esiintyä moni sellainenkin verbi, josta ei voi muodostaa finiittistä yksipersoonaista passiivia eikä passiivin partisiippia (e). Kaikkialla oli pahvin peittämiä pakkauksia, joitakin matkalle pakattuja huonekaluja ja kuljetuslavoja lähetyksineen. (k) \| Se perintö ja kruunu, jota isä hänelle tarjoaa, on veren ja väkivallan tahraama, – –. (la) \| Rakkaus – – tekee heistä vaistojen ja viettien paiskeltavia marionetteja. (l) Lisäksi lähiaikoina selvitetään, miten tupakan sisältämä nikotiini aiheuttaa riippuvuutta ja kuinka vaarallista se on. (l) ~ sisälletty nikotiini Huom. Partisiipin genetiivisubjektia on tähänastisissa kieliopeissa kutsuttu agentiksi, mikä perustunee siihen, että agenttipartisiippirakenne vastaa pitkälti indoeurooppalaisten kielten agentillista passiivia (» § 1331, 1333). Tässä kieliopissa sitä pidetään useiden muidenkin infiniittisten rakenteiden (minun tullessani, anna minun mennä) genetiivisubjektiin verrattavana subjektina, vaikka sen yhteys passiivisiin rakenteisiin puoltaa myös agentti-nimitystä.
en	wikipedia	N/A	Syn otechestva (), which translates as Son of the Fatherland, was a Russian literary magazine published in the 19th century in St. Petersburg from 1812 to 1852. It was influential in the development of social thought and literature in Russia. The magazine was edited by Nicholas Gretsch between 1812 and 1837. His main assistant was Faddei Bulgarin. Syn otechestva was Russia's most influential magazine between the Napoleonic wars and the Decembrist Revolt. It grew increasingly conservative after Nicholas I's accession to the throne, losing a liberal-minded readership to Sovremennik and Otechestvennye Zapiski. In 1837 Gretsch and Bulgarin sold Syn otechestva to Aleksandr Smirdin. Later editors included Nikolai Polevoy, Aleksandr Nikitenko, and Osip Senkovsky. Another magazine of the same name was published in Russian from 1856 to 1861 and a newspaper with the same name was published in Russian from 1862 to 1901. References External links Editions of Syn otechestva available for download at Google Books Defunct literary magazines published in Europe Defunct magazines published in Russia Magazines established in 1812 Magazines disestablished in 1852 Magazines published in Saint Petersburg Russian-language magazines Literary magazines published in Russia
en	wikipedia	N/A	The Beginning and the End () is a 1960 Egyptian film directed by Salah Abouseif and based on the 1950 novel by the same name. It was the first film adapted from a novel written by Naguib Mahfouz. The Beginning and the End is the 7th in the top 10 films of the list of the Top 100 Egyptian films of all time. At the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival in 1961, the film was nominated for the Grand Prix award. For her role as Nefisah, Sanaa Gamil won the award for Best Supporting Actress. Plot The film portrays the lives of the members of an Egyptian family, who are three brothers, their sister Nefisah (Sanaa Gamil) and their mother (Amina Rizk), after the family's patriarch's death. The older brother Sultan (Farid Shawki) turns to crime, while the younger brother, Hassan, leaves Cairo to work in another city. The youngest brother, Hassanein (Omar Sharif), aspires to be an officer, and in order to achieve that he puts his family into financial difficulties. Nefisah falls in love and has an affair with the local grocer's son (Salah Mansour) and when he doesn't marry her, she works as a prostitute to support her brother. The tragic ending of the film is one of the most memorable in Egyptian films; Nefisah gets arrested by the police and her brother Hassanien bails her out. After an intense argument between her and her brother, Nefisah commits suicide by throwing herself in the Nile followed by her brother, who throws himself in too. Cast Omar Sharif as Hassanien Sanaa Gamil as Nefisah Farid Shawki as Sultan Amina Rizk as the mother Salah Mansour as the grocer's son Amal Zayed Music by Fouad El Zahery. References External links 1960 films 1960s Arabic-language films Films based on Egyptian novels Films directed by Salah Abu Seif 1960 drama films Films based on works by Naguib Mahfouz Egyptian drama films
it	other	N/A	Non esiste il “diritto” al suicidio - L-JUS Ott 8, 2018 \| Art. 580 Codice Penale, Article 580 of the Italian Criminal Code, Assisted Suicide, Diritto al suicidio, Eutanasia, Euthanasia, Fascicolo Speciale - Ottobre 2018, Right to Suicide, Self-determination, Suicidio assistito Il presente articolo appare nel fascicolo speciale di L-Jus, pubblicato a ottobre 2018, dal titolo “L’agevolazione al suicidio davanti alla Corte Costituzionale. Documenti e considerazioni”. Premessa. – Le ragioni invocate a fondamento dell’eutanasia e del suicidio assistito[1] si possono ricondurre, alla luce di un’analisi approfondita, a due grandi correnti di pensiero, rispettivamente ispirate al primato dell’interesse sociale e al primato dell’autonomia dell’individuo[2]. Le due correnti, che presentano al loro interno numerose varianti, spesso interagiscono tra loro, ma vanno concettualmente distinte con accuratezza in quanto conducono a risultati molto diversi; la prima apre la strada alla eutanasia delle persone non consenzienti, mentre la seconda ha per obiettivo la legalizzazione dell’omicidio e del suicidio delle sole persone adulte e mentalmente competenti[3]. La prima corrente, molto più risalente nel tempo, si fa eco della tradizione utilitaristica e delle moderne tendenze eugeniche[4], ponendosi il quesito in ordine alle regole legali idonee ad assicurare il maggior benessere collettivo ai costi minori per la società. I suoi esponenti, attivi negli Stati Uniti a partire dagli inizi del secolo scorso e, soprattutto, nel ventennio ’20 – ’40[5], incentrarono il loro interesse sul “merciful method”, considerando l’eutanasia uno strumento per rimuovere dalla società soggetti viventi “[...] so monstrous, so deficient, so hopelessly insane that continued existence has for them no satisfactions and entails a heavy burden on society”[6]. Gli esponenti di tale corrente, presa consapevolezza delle atrocità commesse in nome dell’eutanasia nella Germania nazionalsocialista[7], in particolare nel periodo 1939-1941 durante la seconda guerra mondiale[8], abbandonarono nel dopoguerra i riferimenti alle teorie di impronta eugenistica che avevano caratterizzato l’incontro del darwinismo con lo scientismo a base razziale[9], ripiegando progressivamente sulla più sfumata teoria della “qualità della vita”[10]. Vi sarebbero, invero, vite non meritevoli di essere vissute, per essere venute meno, o per non essere mai divenute attuali, tutte o talune funzioni proprie dell’essere umano: coscienza, sensazioni, immaginazione, memoria, sensibilità e sessualità, capacità di relazionarsi e di comunicare con gli altri, capacità di deliberare, di decidere e di agire. “Qualità della vita” è una frase straordinariamente elastica, che, in quanto rinvia a concezioni antropologiche implicite, offre la possibilità di deduzioni assai diverse, soprattutto quando si tratta di valutarla in neonati o bambini, nonché in persone prive della capacità di intendere e di pazienti in stato comatoso. Un indice dell’estrema variabilità delle opinioni sta nella diversità delle opinioni degli eticisti che ricorrono al criterio della «qualità di vita»[11]. Per Singer, ad esempio, gli esseri umani incapaci di relazioni sociali «significative» hanno un diritto alla vita minore delle scimmie antropoidi[12]. Per J. Rachels, invece, occorrerebbe appoggiarsi alla distinzione fra avere la vita (la vita biologica) ed essere vivi (avere una biografia)[13].Tali definizioni, indubbiamente suggestive sul piano emotivo, non hanno la precisione giuridica necessaria per fornire un orientamento sicuro all’interprete, tale da consentire soluzioni ragionevolmente uguali tra i diversi soggetti. Il secondo filone di pensiero, che è divenuto via via sempre più incisivo nel mondo occidentale[14], valorizza il principio dell’autodeterminazione del soggetto e, più specificamente, il diritto di ciascun individuo di scegliere autonomamente i riferimenti valoriali e i modelli di vita a sé consentanei e, ultimamente, il diritto a porre termine alla propria vita con il suicidio. Alla luce dello spostamento del focus della questione sul concetto di autodeterminazione, il suicidio assistito ha assunto un rilievo sempre maggiore rispetto all’eutanasia. Per quanto, infatti, le due fattispecie presentino una cifra valoriale analoga, il suicidio assistito evidenzia in modo più pregnante dell’eutanasia la centralità del soggetto cui è tolta la vita. Nel suicidio assistito, infatti, è decisiva non soltanto la volontarietà della decisione di morte, e, quindi, l’autodeterminazione mentale, che ricorre pure nell’eutanasia[15], ma anche l’autofabbricazione del proprio annientamento, con l’attivazione e il controllo diretto del decorso causale verso l’esito mortale[16]. Per quanto, dunque, il tema in ordine alla “qualità della vita” sia sempre presente nel dibattito etico e giuridico relativo alla illiceità o liceità giuridica delle condotte che provocano, direttamente o indirettamente, la morte di una persona, è evidente l’opportunità di dirigere in modo particolare l’attenzione sul fatto del suicidio e sul concetto di autodeterminazione per chiarirne la natura e la rispettiva cifra valoriale nell’ordinamento[17]. L’approfondimento sul tema appare particolarmente opportuno oggi alla luce del dibattito apertosi a seguito della vicenda Cappato, che il prossimo 23 ottobre 2018 sarà oggetto del giudizio di costituzionalità della Corte Costituzionale italiana[18]. Il suicidio: la definizione e .... – Prima di verificarne il significato assiologico, è indispensabile focalizzare con precisione in cosa consista il fatto del suicidio al fine di distinguerlo dalle situazioni che, pur presentando qualche connotato simile, non corrispondono affatto al suicidio, neppure in una prospettiva analogica. Proprio i giuristi teorici, a cui spesso si sono adeguati gli orientamenti della giurisprudenza, hanno contribuito nel corso del tempo a offuscare l’idea dell’uccisione volontaria e, ancor più, del suicidio, ampliandone oltre misura i confini. Ciò vale, in primo luogo, per l’erroneo e fuorviante concetto della “eutanasia passiva”, che sarebbe integrata dall’omissione di pratiche che avrebbero (in via ipotetica) potuto protrarre nel tempo la vita della persona. Poiché v’è una certa equivalenza tra azione ed omissione, anche l’eutanasia e il suicidio possono costituire l’esito terminale di un’omissione o di una serie di omissioni. Senonché, la rilevanza penale dell’omissione dipende dalla violazione volontaria di un obbligo giuridico di prestare (da parte del medico) e di accettare (da parte del paziente) il trattamento medico idoneo a impedire l’evento mortale che si è concretamente verificato. L’obbligo del medico di curare il paziente va ricostruito in virtù di un complesso di regole che si ricavano dalle varie branche della scienza medica e che trovano applicazione concreta tramite il discernimento prudenziale del medico. In capo al medico non sussiste affatto un obbligo giuridico di “impedire la morte” del paziente, bensì un obbligo di prestargli le cure e i sostegni vitali (igiene, alimentazione, idratazione, fin quando concretamente possibili senza che esse provochino danni ulteriori al paziente o sofferenze aggiuntive)[19] proporzionati al tipo e al progresso della patologia. Inoltre, il medico non è tenuto a prestare al paziente i trattamenti, anche utili e proporzionati, che costui rifiuta in virtù di una decisione cosciente e libera[20]. L’astensione da o la limitazione di trattamenti medici per abbreviare l’agonia o la rinuncia a farmaci o a cure sproporzionate, che lasciano alla patologia di compiere il suo corso naturale, nulla hanno a che spartire con la provocazione volontaria della morte[21]. Lo stesso vale per atti di tipo apparentemente attivo, come il distacco del respiratore, quando sia evidente la futilità del suo uso per l’impossibilità di ripristinare le funzioni vitali del paziente[22]. Ugualmente va detto per atti effettivamente di tipo attivo, come la somministrazione di analgesici o di sedativi in dosi proporzionate all’obiettivo di alleviare il dolore e le sofferenze della persona, anche se ciò può anticipare, come effetto collaterale, il momento della morte[23]. La provocazione attiva della morte non ha alcuna cifra valoriale simile all’alleviamento delle sofferenze del malato e alla cessazione di terapie che si sono rivelate futili e sproporzionate rispetto allo scopo di migliorare le condizioni di vita del paziente[24]. Da quest’ultimo punto di vista, va da sé che la rinuncia ai trattamenti o alle cure irragionevoli o eccessive o troppo invasive o troppo dolorose, ritenute tali anche quando il giudizio sia impregnato di pregiudizi o di paure soggettive e irrazionali, non equivale affatto alla volontà del suicidio. E ciò vale anche nel caso in cui i trattamenti rifiutati avrebbero in sé la potenzialità di impedire la morte o di procrastinarla in termini significativi o di recuperare condizioni di salute ragionevolmente accettabili. Le considerazioni sopra svolte per escludere che ricorrano, in moltissime situazioni concrete, profili di illiceità penale, sotto la specie vuoi di eutanasia vuoi di suicidio assistito, vanno ricondotte al principio giuridico che definisce l’essenza dell’atto umano volontario. Ciò che conferisce la formalità essenziale all’atto esterno, attivo od omissivo che sia, è l’oggetto terminativo specifico della volontà. L’atto esterno, tanto nell’esteriorità di azione od omissione quanto nell’esteriorità del suo risultato, è, rispetto all’oggetto terminativo della volontà, come la materia in relazione alla forma. Un determinato evento biologico (id est: la morte di un essere umano), nella sua materia indifferenziata, come evento meramente naturale, non può essere definito suicidio in virtù della mera possibilità di ricollegarlo a una condotta attiva od omissiva del soggetto che muore, come a una condizione sine qua non, quando si prescinda dall’oggetto della volontà, che conferisce la forma essenziale alla condotta esterna e all’evento. A fondamento dell’atto volontario sta l’intenzione dell’evento prodotto dalla condotta. Una importante pronuncia risalente al 1994 del Committee on Medical Ethics (Walton Committee), dichiarando la proibizione dell’uccisione intenzionale come “the cornerstone of law and of social relationships. “[25], escludeva, con riferimento alla somministrazione di dosi crescenti di medicamenti idonei ad abbreviare la vita, che la condotta del medico, spesa con l’obiettivo di alleviare la sofferenza e senza l’intenzione di uccidere, fosse da considerarsi illecita. L’intenzione ha, infatti, un significato cruciale per giudicare la natura dell’atto “If this intentions is to relief of pain or severe distress, and the treatment given is appropriate to that end, them the possible double effect should be no obstacle to such treatment being given. Some may suggest that intention is not readily ascertainable. But juries are asked every day to assess intention in all sorts of cases”[26]. Il richiamo al parere del Comitato etico britannico è prezioso perché costituisce la concretizzazione in un atto giuridico di una verità scientifica fondamentale, già espressa nel 1957 da Pio XII, che l’intenzione è un concetto indispensabile per valutare il significato della deliberazione morale, giacché riconnette i mezzi e i fini all’interno del piano concreto dell’azione volta a conseguire un determinato risultato[27]. Nell’intenzione è compreso ogni segmento del piano dell’individuo, considerato sia sotto la formalità dello scopo che dei mezzi per conseguirlo. I segmenti del piano sono espressi con frasi del tipo: “tentare di”, “in ordine a”, “con obiettivo di”, “nell’ambito del piano di”[28]. Nel diritto italiano questa fraseologia descrive icasticamente, nel testo dell’art. 56 del codice penale, il tentativo di qualsiasi delitto – stadio attraverso cui occorre necessariamente passare per realizzarlo – ove si legge che “risponde di delitto tentato, se l’azione non si compie o l’evento non si verifica”: “chi compie atti idonei, diretti in modo non equivoco a commetterlo”[29]. Il Supremo Collegio italiano a Sezioni Unite penali nella pronuncia del 24 aprile 2014, giudicando significativamente un caso in cui gli imputati non solo erano stati in grado di prevedere, ma addirittura avevano previsto il possibile verificarsi dell’evento, in una situazione esistenziale in cui il disvalore giuridico, etico e sociale del loro comportamento era eccezionalmente intenso, ha escluso la sussistenza del ‘dolo’, dunque della volontà colpevole. Ciò perché è essenziale riscontrare la sussistenza della dimensione volitiva dell’atto ai fini della responsabilità penale per il delitto di omicidio volontario. Al punto 37 della motivazione la sentenza sottolinea il rinnovato interesse scientifico del concetto di intenzione, “contro il cognitivismo rigidamente determinista” [30]. Ciò implica di restituire “[...] succo contenutistico e dignità scientifica allo stesso concetto di intenzione: un concetto sintetizzabile come orientamento dell’individuo a un risultato nei termini non già di un puro desiderio, ma di un concreto attivarsi (o di un altrettanto finalizzato non attivarsi) per il conseguimento di uno scopo”[31]. Se la volontà dell’evento terminativo della condotta è ciò che fornisce la definizione giuridica dell’atto, il suicidio allora è l’atto di colui che, conoscendo con precisione tutti gli elementi che connotano la sua situazione esistenziale e riconducendo a se stesso la causa dell’evento, dirige la propria intenzione verso la distruzione della propria vita, scegliendo i mezzi idonei per realizzarla[32]. Essenziale, dunque, prima ancora dell’intenzione e della scelta dei mezzi, è il fatto che il soggetto riconduca la causa della morte alla sua omissione, e non al progredire naturale della malattia. L’esperienza ci dice che ciò non accade nella grandissima parte, se non nella totalità dei casi, in cui il paziente rinuncia a determinati trattamenti. Egli, infatti, in tali casi, riconduce alla malattia, e non a se stesso, la causa della sua morte. Segue: la fallacia dell’estensione del concetto di suicidio. – V’è una profonda differenza tra la volontà e il desiderio, con cui, molto frequentemente, anche tra i penalisti, essa è confusa. Si può desiderare di morire, per le angosce circa il futuro e i dolori attuali, per la perdita di ogni speranza e per il timore di affrontare situazioni oscure e incerte. Il desiderio è lo sfondo su cui nasce la volontà. Ma essa prende concretezza con il formarsi dell’intenzione, per poi completarsi con il giudizio, con la scelta dei mezzi e con la risoluzione finale. Il momento in cui intervengono specificamente la ragione e la libertà, come dimensione attiva del volere, inizia con il formarsi dell’intenzione: “Confondere la volontà con il desiderio significa impoverire la complessa dinamica della condotta umana, che nasce bensì dal desiderio, ma si specifica e attualizza in specifici atti di volontà, cui sono inerenti la direzione e il giudizio della ragione. Confondere la volontà con il desiderio significa conseguentemente perdere di vista il momento in cui si esercita precisamente la libertà della persona, distogliere lo sguardo dal momento in cui si radicano «merito» e «colpa», momento da cui scaturisce la libertà personale” [33]. La distinzione tra ciò che si ha l’intenzione di usare come mezzo o di perseguire come fine (la scelta dei mezzi per distruggere la vita e il fine della sua distruzione) e ciò che è accettato come effetto collaterale non dipende dal fatto che gli effetti collaterali siano desiderati o non desiderati, accettati con favore ovvero con riluttanza. Anche se gli effetti collaterali fossero accettati come un bene, ma se non sono stati oggetto dell’intenzione, lì non c’è volontà di suicidio[34]. Taluno può accogliere la morte come una benedizione perché mette termine a una condizione di angoscia, di povertà o di solitudine, ovvero perché – in una dimensione di fede – essa apre le porte a una vita nuova e più piena. L’erronea concezione causale della condotta umana, espressa dalla formula della condicio sine qua non , ha finito per far assimilare al suicidio, o a far considerare come suicidio, tutte le situazioni di vita in cui l’evento della morte è sopravvenuto anche soltanto per l’interferenza di un’azione od omissione della vittima. Ciò vale in generale per tutti i casi in cui il soggetto rinuncia a un determinato intervento o a un determinato farmaco che pure potrebbero allontanare il momento della morte. La rinuncia a determinate cure, quando esse sono praticabili senza infliggere particolari sofferenze e sono proporzionate, può eventualmente implicare una colpa morale per il soggetto, alla luce di un’etica deontica, ma non integra affatto la fattispecie del suicidio. A maggior ragione ciò deve dirsi quando le cure sono incerte nel loro valore terapeutico; ovvero non offrono miglioramenti significativi nella concreta situazione del paziente; ovvero si pongono come ripetizioni sfibranti di atti medici che arrecano sofferenza; e ancora quando sono economicamente gravose per sé o per la propria famiglia; ovvero procurano ansie e angosce per parenti anziani o anch’essi malati; o infine quando impediscono il normale svolgimento della vita di persone impegnate nel lavoro necessario per il sostentamento proprio e della famiglia. Il giudizio sulla proporzionatezza delle cure e sul loro carattere futile si colora legittimamente, nel giudizio del paziente, di profili di desiderabilità soggettiva che non entrano nel fuoco del giudizio oggettivo del medico. Nel “lasciarsi morire”, dunque, non è affatto implicita una volontà suicidaria. Peraltro, il “lasciarsi morire” definisce una categoria amplissima che ricomprende situazioni variegate, ciascuna caratterizzata da una cifra etica molto diversa. Infine, va ricordato che la vita è un bene, protetto in sommo grado dal diritto, ma non è il bene supremo dell’essere umano. Già il poeta pagano Giovenale aveva detto: “Summum crede nefas animam praeferre pudori./ Et propter vitam vivendi perdere caussas”[35]. Al di là della vita biologica v’è la vita spirituale. In particolare, colui che viene ucciso perché si è rifiutato di compiere un atto contrario alla sua coscienza, impostogli come condizione per aver salva la vita, non si suicida, anche se il suo rifiuto entra nel plesso delle condizioni senza le quali la morte non gli sarebbe accaduta. Non si suicida colui che rinuncia al soccorso offertogli da terze persone per evitare che la vita di costoro sia messa a repentaglio. Non si suicida colui che, trovandosi insieme con altri nella situazione in cui soltanto alcuni possono essere salvati, rinuncia alla salvezza per sé, lasciando che siano gli altri a sfuggire alla morte. Non si suicida colui che rifiuta di inserirsi in una lista di attesa, ovvero lascia che altri lo sopravanzino, lista istituita per il trapianto del cuore o dei reni o del fegato o di un altro organo vitale, ritenendo eticamente egoistica la pretesa di accedere a risorse scarse a preferenza di terzi. Non si suicida colui che rifiuta di ricercare farmaci che presentano costi elevatissimi al fine di non gravare sulla vita della propria famiglia o della stessa comunità civile in cui è inserito. Gli esempi che affiorano nella vita quotidiana sono numerosissimi. Tutti mettono in luce che il bene della vita biologica non è il bene supremo della persona e che a esso si può – e talora si deve – rinunciare per un bene superiore. E’ un bene altissimo, che, tuttavia, può entrare in bilanciamento, soprattutto nella valutazione del soggetto gravemente malato, con il suo bene spirituale e con il bene della giustizia, imponendo una comparazione con le opportunità offerte alle altre persone. Talora le motivazioni per cui il paziente rinuncia alle cure sono eticamente nobili e perfettamente razionali; in altre occasioni sono meno nobili ovvero puramente irrazionali, perché poggiano sull’impulso degli affetti e delle emozioni, soprattutto sul timore del dolore e sulla paura dell’ignoto; in altre occasioni ancora sono né nobili né ignobili, né razionali né irrazionali, ma difficilmente precisabili nel loro significato etico, perché trovano origine nella stanchezza per la vita, nello sfibramento delle energie fisiche e della volontà e, soprattutto, nella depressione psichica o nella solitudine affettiva e nello svanire di ogni speranza[36]. Coloro che sono professionalmente vicini a queste persone nei momenti in cui il desiderio di vivere sembra scomparire dovranno trovare in se stessi l’energia morale per dare il sostegno e l’attenzione curativa comunque praticabile secondo le regole della loro arte, medica o infermieristica, e offrire, senza moralismi di sorta, ma con attitudine empatica, le ragioni della vicinanza e della solidarietà a coloro che soffrono per la malattia. Ma in queste situazioni, anche se talora affiora il desiderio del suicidio, non vi è la volontà di esso. Il divieto del suicidio assistito mira a prevenire che il medico o l’infermiere concorrano a trasformare in volontà l’eventuale desiderio, abbandonando il malato nella sua solitudine esistenziale[37]. Le ragioni per cui il suicidio non integra alcun diritto della persona umana. – Che il suicidio non costituisca oggetto di un diritto[38], è evidente. Il suicidio non entra infatti nel fuoco della tutela giuridica perché il suo carattere è di completa avulsione dal diritto, siccome atto che si oppone alla sua intrinseca struttura, che è essenzialmente relazionale. Se fosse oggetto di un diritto, implicherebbe un obbligo di astenersi dall’impedirlo in capo agli altri e la conseguente illiceità del contegno di chi tentasse di impedirlo o di chi spendesse una condotta per salvare la vittima dell’atto autolesivo. Ciò implicherebbe il rovesciamento dell’asse giuridico che regge l’ordinamento, imperniato sulla tutela dei valori basici della vita, della salute, della libertà e, a monte, della dignità oggettiva della persona, come risulta inderogabilmente dall’art. 3, co. 1° della Costituzione, che fonda l’uguaglianza di tutti i cittadini avanti alla legge sulla “pari dignità sociale”. L’art. 2 della Carta, peraltro, contempla a carico di tutti i soggetti un dovere inderogabile di solidarietà politica, economica e sociale, che è correlativo al riconoscimento e alla garanzia dei diritti inviolabili dell’uomo. Se, poi, per assurdo, si prevedesse il diritto a essere assistiti nel compiere il suicidio, abrogando la disposizione di cui all’art. 580 c.p., si imporrebbe un obbligo a carico di taluno – in particolare, a carico del medico che assiste il paziente – di uccidere volontariamente un’altra persona. Né l’aporia sarebbe sanata dalla possibilità che l’ordinamento consentisse al singolo chiamato a uccidere l’obiezione della propria coscienza[39]. Se, infatti, il suicidio fosse un diritto, sarebbe comunque necessario che l’ordinamento trovasse comunque un soggetto per compiere l’atto. Come prima detto, il suicidio è un atto che non può logicamente partecipare all’universo del diritto in quanto postula una decisione che si colloca nella dimensione della mera soggettività, alla stregua di un gesto che esprime l’assoluta signoria del soggetto su se stesso, senza riguardo per il diritto. Ove lo si volesse “giuridicizzare”, come suicidio assistito, collocandolo nella dimensione intersoggettiva, si perverrebbe ugualmente alla dissoluzione della relazione intersoggettiva e all’oggettivazione dei membri del rapporto. Infatti, o la vittima è signore della coscienza dell’operatore, ovvero l’operatore è signore della vita del soggetto. L’uno o l’altro dei membri del rapporto è ridotto a un oggetto[40]. Ma, di più: entrambi i membri del rapporto sono ridotti a oggetto, perché il riconoscimento dell’altro come persona è costitutivo anche della dignità del soggetto che deve riconoscere. Chi non riconosce l’altro come persona si comporta come il padrone nei confronti dello schiavo. Annullando la personalità di questi, annulla anche la personalità propria. La riflessione dell’io su di sé implica necessariamente il riconoscimento dell’altro come persona. Oltre a rivelare empiricamente l’inclinazione dell’uomo alla sociabilità, la relazionalità postula la parità ontologica degli esseri umani, per cui nessun uomo può denegare dignità e valore all’altro senza denegarli a se stesso[41]. Da qui il già richiamato fondamentale principio giuridico contemplato nel co. 1 dell’art. 3 della Costituzione. Per questi motivi, sul piano logico della teoria del diritto, il comando giuridico è diretto anche al soggetto in cui si incentra il valore di persona: “[...] questo significa che egli è tenuto, al pari di tutti gli altri soggetti, al dovere di astenersi dal compiere azioni che possano ledere il valore giuridico della propria persona” [42]. Poiché tale valore costituisce un principio generale dell’ordinamento, è giocoforza attrarre interpretativamente anche la condotta del soggetto della tutela nel dovere di astensione che è l’espressione essenziale della garanzia giuridica[43]. Sul piano sostanziale, poi, il valore espresso dalla norma generale “[...] non è nel potere della volontà di colui che ne è il portatore”[44]. Si tratta di un valore oggettivo, che non è disponibile. Ciò non tanto perché il soggetto sia privo del potere di disposizione di un bene particolare, come accade nelle ipotesi di indisponibilità di alcuni interessi che hanno per oggetto un bene specifico, quanto perché la negazione della propria qualità di persona è incompatibile con il valore formale che la sua persona ha in base all’insieme dei valori dell’ordinamento. Sì che la negazione della sua qualità di persona “[...] implica una vera e propria qualificazione di illiceità, discendente dal dovere di astensione che si indirizza allo stesso soggetto portatore del valore giuridico, impedendogli di compiere atti di violazione del valore di cui esso stesso, nella sua persona, è portatore”[45]. Il suicidio, dunque, è espressione di un mero potere di fatto. In quanto nega il valore di un principio fondamentale dell’ordinamento è anche un fatto illecito. Per questo motivo esso può essere lecitamente impedito, come l’ordinamento giuridico di tutte le nazioni civili prevede. L’aiuto al suicidio, dunque, in quanto contributo a un fatto intrinsecamente illecito, è legittimamente oggetto di una proibizione penale. Le ragioni di politica criminale che rendono giuridicamente conveniente la proibizione penale dell’aiuto al suicidio. – Un tema ulteriore attiene alla convenienza giuridica e sociale della proibizione penale dell’aiuto al suicidio. Si tratta di una questione che attiene al circuito della politica, sulla cui distinzione dal circuito della costituzionalità ha di recente opportunamente richiamato l’attenzione Domenico Pulitanò[46]. L’orizzonte entro il quale il problema è frequentemente inscritto concerne il cosiddetto paternalismo penale, visto come corollario del principio di separazione del diritto dalla morale. La dottrina giuridica germanica di ispirazione rigidamente individualistica e liberale si è fatta protagonista ormai da svariati anni della polemica contro il paternalismo. Proprio con riferimento al tema oggetto del presente scritto, per esempio, all’entrata in vigore del nuovo § 217 StGB: “Geschäftsmäßige Förderung der Selbsttötung”[47], Gunnar Duttge ha stigmatizzato criticamente la nuova norma con l’accusa di “Paternalismus durch Recht”[48]. Altri Autori, pur ammettendo la conformità al Grundgesetz del nuovo § 217, hanno discusso l’intera questione sotto il medesimo angolo visuale, discettando approfonditamente sui confini tra paternalismo legittimo e non legittimo[49]. La dottrina italiana, con maggiore acribia, si è soffermata spesso sul concetto di paternalismo, prendendo le distanze dalla formulazione estrema di Joel Feinberg, incentrata sull’harm principle[50]. Il filosofo americano giunge a negare, in sintonia con il liberalismo più radicale, che ricorra un qualsivoglia profilo di ingiustizia nel caso in cui la vittima abbia prestato consenso all’offesa, quale sia il bene cui essa sia diretta. Questa, in definitiva, è l’idea guida dell’eccezione di illegittimità costituzionale dell’ordinanza milanese pronunciata il 14 febbraio 2018[51]. Prima di scendere in concreto all’esame delle ragioni fondamentali per cui gli ordinamenti penali proibiscono conformemente alla Costituzione l’assistenza al suicidio, vanno svolti due rilievi, rispettivamente di principio e di fatto. Sul piano dei princìpi, che sia possibile discutere del fondamento delle incriminazioni senza un previo discorso morale tra le persone, mettendo in disparte l’etica, è cosa priva di ragionevolezza, poiché l’unità dell’uomo, insieme ente empirico e spirituale, postula una certa coerenza tra le valutazioni di tipo giuridico e quelle di tipo morale[52]. Al riguardo merita ricordare che lo stesso Immanuel Kant, rigido sostenitore dell’autonomia del diritto dalla morale, ha riconosciuto proprio nell’antigiuridicità del suicidio il punto fondamentale di incontro tra valutazione morale e valutazione giuridica[53]. Che sussista un dovere giuridico, oltre che morale, verso se stesso è essenziale per il filosofo di Königsberg: l’unità dell’essere umano nelle componenti soggettiva ed oggettiva implica di definire sul piano logico-giuridico la relazione dell’azione esterna non soltanto come interpersonale, ma anche come intrapersonale nel rapporto dell’uomo con se stesso[54]. In punto di fatto va rilevato che la dottrina italiana, affrontando approfonditamente il tema del paternalismo e distinguendolo tra forme “dispotiche” e “tutorie”, ha riscontrato tracce consistenti, esplicite o dirette, di “paternalismo tutorio” soprattutto nella Costituzione e nel codice penale[55]. Vanno ricordati numerosi articoli della Costituzione diretti alla tutela dei figli minori, dentro e fuori della famiglia (es. artt. 30, 34), nonché a tutela dei lavoratori (soprattutto l’art. 36, che statuisce, con ricadute su tutto il diritto del lavoro, il principio fondamentale che: “Il lavoratore ha diritto ad una retribuzione proporzionata alla quantità e alla qualità del suo lavoro e in ogni caso sufficiente ad assicurare a sé e alla famiglia una esistenza libera e dignitosa”, nonché l’art. 37 sulla tutela del lavoro femminile e minorile). Nella legislazione penale, poi, il paternalismo tutorio costituisce l’indirizzo, caratterizzante l’intento politico-criminale oggi prevalente, di tutelare il soggetto debole con maggiore incisività che in passato[56]. Ciò premesso in via generale, sembra veramente incongruo ravvisare nel suicidio assistito una forma di tutela paternalistica dispotica della persona umana. E’, infatti, fallace ritenere che la scelta di uccidersi sia una decisione che riguarda soltanto se stesso (self-regarding), senza che ciò abbia un impatto sulla collettività. Non si tratta certo di riesumare il discorso, astratto e formalistico, che il suicidio sottrae il soggetto all’adempimento dei doveri di solidarietà verso gli altri, e neppure la narrazione, non falsa ma incompleta, che la morte tragica di una persona ha riflessi sul bene che riguarda coloro (anzitutto i familiari) verso cui il soggetto ha doveri secondo giustizia. Si tratta piuttosto di questo: la scelta di uccidersi e, soprattutto, la richiesta ad altri di essere aiutati o assistiti nell’uccidersi, postula come fondamento filosofico, morale e giuridico almeno uno dei due seguenti giudizi: i) che, in certe condizioni o circostanze, la vita umana non conserva un intrinseco valore e una irrinunciabile dignità; ii) che la vita della persona non ha alcuna rilevanza per la società, anzi, che la vita sociale sarebbe migliore se quella persona non ci fosse. Il primo giudizio frustra il principio fondamentale che la vita umana è un valore che non può essere discriminato in base alle condizioni fisiche o mentali della singola persona, rendendo intrinsecamente inintelligibile anche il divieto dell’eutanasia o del suicidio assistito non volontariamente richiesto o addirittura eseguito contro la volontà della persona. Il secondo giudizio, poi, che la vita umana è indifferente per la società, presenta una logica interna e un significato valoriale che inducono ad ammettere anche l’aiuto al suicidio non volontario[57]. La ratio dell’omicidio del consenziente o dell’assistenza al suicidio, in altri termini, contiene logicamente in sé l’idea che l’uccisione non è un danno sociale e giuridico, ma o è moralmente e socialmente irrilevante, o, addirittura, costituisce un beneficio per la società. La portata di questa idea, che la norma permissiva accredita, ha un effetto pregiudizievole per l’intero corpo sociale, soprattutto per coloro la cui vita è fragile, in quanto dipendente integralmente dagli altri sia per l’assistenza sanitaria che per il sostegno morale o economico. Il riconoscimento giuridico del suicidio assistito possiede l’intrinseca ingiustizia di negare in maniera indeterminatamente espansiva presso tutta la collettività e, soprattutto, presso i soggetti poveri e vulnerabili, la tranquilla certezza del loro diritto alla vita senza alcuna restrizione. Questo rilievo prescinde dal discorso relativo al cosiddetto ‘piano inclinato’ – che rappresenta, peraltro, un’evidenza riscontrabile in quelle società in cui sono state introdotte legislazioni permissive[58]. L’incertezza indotta dalla cancellazione del divieto rappresenta un pregiudizio immediato e diretto per l’intero corpo sociale e, in particolare, per coloro che, privi di disponibilità economiche e di opportunità lavorative, afflitti da gravi traversie di salute o abbandonati in solitudine o versanti in condizione di depressione, non possono non temere che la loro bassa qualità di vita induca la collettività e, in definitiva, loro stessi, a convincersi di essere un peso indesiderabile per gli altri. Non è per ragioni paternalistiche che la comunità politica vieta il suicidio assistito, né per ragioni religiose o morali, sul rilievo che la vita sarebbe da considerarsi sacra: queste considerazioni possono aggiuntivamente valere per coloro che sono sostenuti dalla fede religiosa in ordine all’esistenza e alla provvidenza di Dio[59]. La proibizione del suicidio assistito ha la sua ratio nello scopo di proteggere tutte le persone dal rischio di considerare la loro vita come priva di valore, ovvero come indegna di essere vissuta allorché ricorrano determinate circostanze soggettive od oggettive impedienti un pieno sviluppo di sé nel mondo circostante. Da un punto di vista analogico il divieto del suicidio assistito sembra corrispondere sul piano giuridico al significato che ha sul piano morale la Regola d’oro, comune a molte tradizioni sapienziali, nelle sue due espressioni, ma soprattutto in quella negativa, nel suo valore più largo e profondo. Per un verso, come principio universale, è sinonimo della reciprocità del riconoscimento e, dall’altro, nella sua forza pedagogica, opera come istanza “alla costruzione dell’intersoggettività mediante la prescrizione del coltivare, come essenza propria dell’io, l’essere per altri”[60] Il bene comune protetto dalla proibizione del suicidio assistito. – La Corte Suprema americana nella decisione 26 giugno 1997 si è espressa all’unanimità nel senso della conformità alla Costituzione della proibizione del suicidio assistito[61]. La motivazione del Presidente della Corte William Rehnquist focalizza le ragioni, tutt’altro che paternalistiche, che stanno a fondamento razionale della proibizione. Il primo motivo, in qualche misura assorbente tutti gli altri, è l’interesse universale dello Stato alla preservazione della vita umana. “The State’s prohibition on assisted suicide, like all homicide laws, both reflects and advances its commitment to this interest”[62]. L’interesse, di carattere simbolico, costituisce un principio dell’ordinamento. Proietta, tuttavia, come suole accadere per le norme simboliche, spesso incomprese dai giuristi teorici, rilevanti riflessi pratici sull’intero sistema giuridico, perché, stigmatizzando negativamente l’uccisione di sé come degli altri, conferisce forza alla nozione del limite nelle relazioni umane. Con il divieto del suicidio assistito la legge pone sotto la protezione della legge la vita di ciascuna persona, dall’inizio al suo termine naturale, senza riguardo alla condizione fisica e mentale di ciascuno. In secondo luogo il divieto mette in luce l’interesse dello Stato alla prevenzione del suicidio. La legge sottolinea l’esigenza che il suicidio sia considerato un serio problema sociale che concerne la salute del corpo sociale; che se ne identifichino e se ne trattino le cause in vista della sua prevenzione, sul rilievo che le persone che tentano il suicidio, siano essi malati terminali o meno, soffrono spesso di depressione o di altri disturbi mentali. L’esperienza insegna che, dopo la richiesta del suicidio o il tentativo, molti soggetti dichiarano che si sarebbero astenuti dalla richiesta o dal tentativo se la loro depressione e la loro sofferenza fossero state trattate sul piano psichiatrico o psicologico, esprimendo gratitudine verso coloro che li hanno salvati o sostenuti moralmente. Dunque: “[...] legal physician assisted suicide could make it more difficult for the State to protect depressed or mentally ill persons, or those who are suffering from untreated pain, from suicidal impulses”[63]. In terzo luogo lo Stato ha il preciso interesse di tutelare l’etica e l’integrità della professione medica, che sarebbero minate nel valore essenziale della fiducia che deve caratterizzare l’alleanza terapeutica tra il medico e il paziente: in direzione opposta, la legalizzazione del suicidio assistito offuscherebbe la linea di distinzione “[...] between healing and harming”[64]. In quarto luogo lo Stato ha interesse a proteggere i gruppi di persone vulnerabili, inclusi i poveri, gli anziani e i disabili, dall’abuso, dalla negligenza e dagli errori dei medici e degli altri soggetti professionali addetti alla loro assistenza. Il rischio di essere vittima di condotte dannose, nel caso di legalizzazione del suicidio medico assistito, sarebbe particolarmente accentuato per le persone la cui autonomia e il cui benessere sono già compromessi dalla povertà, dalla mancanza di accesso a buone cure mediche, dell’età avanzata o dell’appartenenza a gruppi sociali discriminati in base alla razza o alla marginalità sociale. L’atteggiamento di diffidenza verso i portatori di handicap, unito alla tendenza a risparmiare i costi della sanità pubblica o a sgravare le compagnie assicurative, rendono indispensabile la protezione compensativa di costoro da parte della legge. Inoltre la permissione del suicidio assistito potrebbe sospingere le persone deboli a esentare le loro famiglie dal notevole peso finanziario legato ai costi per le cure nel periodo finale della vita. Il testo della decisione sottolinea che l’interesse dello Stato va oltre alla semplice protezione dalla coercizione dei soggetti vulnerabili, ma si estende “[...] to protecting disabled and terminally ill people from prejudice, negative and inaccurate stereotypes, and “societal indifference”[65]. La proibizione del suicidio assistito riflette e rafforza la politica dello Stato volta a che “[...] lives of terminally ill, disabled, and elderly people must be no less valued than the lives of the young and healthy, and that a serious disabled persons; suicidal impulses should be interpreted and treated the same way as anyone else’s”[66]. Infine, la Corte Suprema non trascura la considerazione, che si potrebbe ricondurre all’argomento del “piano inclinato”, in virtù della quale la permissione del suicidio assistito aprirebbe la via all’eutanasia volontaria e, persino, a quella involontaria o a quella decisamente non voluta. Infatti, nel suicidio legale è inerente l’intrinseca tendenza verso l’estensione delle pratiche verso una platea sempre più ampia di interessati. Anzitutto, nei casi di decisione surrogata tramite l’esercizio dei poteri di rappresentanza e dell’istituto delle direttive anticipate; poi, nei casi di pazienti inabili a somministrarsi il veleno ovvero non dotati dell’energia psichica e del coraggio di somministrarselo. Onde un diritto, che si pretenderebbe limitato, verrebbe a configurarsi come una “broader license, which could prove extremely difficult to police and contain”[67]. La svalutazione dello “slippery slope”, peraltro, non tiene conto del fatto che, seppure il risultato finale (id est: l’irrompere dell’eutanasia non volontaria) non sia preso seriamente in considerazione all’inizio del processo, esso, tuttavia, emerge come necessità logica gradino dopo gradino, all’esito di un percorso che riscontra di volta in volta le somiglianza tra le varie situazioni. Il divieto del suicidio assistito, pertanto, secondo la Corte Suprema, non vìola il 14° Emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti, neanche se applicata ad adulti malati terminali che desiderano affrettare la morte con farmaci proibiti dai medici, fermo restando il loro diritto di ottenere la somministrazione di cure palliative, “The difficulty in defining terminal illness and the risk that a dying patient’s request for assistance in ending his or her life might not be truly voluntary justifies the prohibitions on assisted suicide we uphold here”[68]. L’autodeterminazione a favore del suicidio assistito: i limiti ontologici dell’autodeterminazione. – L’argomento speso attualmente con maggiore forza a sostegno del suicidio assistito concerne il principio dell’autodeterminazione del soggetto. Ronald Dworkin, in vari scritti, ma soprattutto in Life’s Dominion[69], si è massimamente impegnato a orientare la scienza giuridica e la giurisprudenza internazionale verso il riconoscimento del suicidio assistito sul rilievo che l’autonomia del soggetto, caratterizzante l’intera esistenza dell’individuo, non deve essere limitata, nel periodo finale della vita, dalla struttura medica che sembra deputata a estendere implacabilmente e impersonalmente la sua durata[70]. L’autonomia individuale non dovrebbe essere mai compressa. Il suicidio assistito sarebbe indispensabile per restaurare il senso del pieno controllo su di sé dell’individuo in prossimità del fine vita: si tratterebbe di una estensione logica dello statuto relativo alla libertà individuale affinché alla vita venga messo termine secondo il desiderio di ciascuno. Dworkin ha partecipato altresì alla stesura e all’invio della lettera dei filosofi (The Philosopher’s Brief) alla Corte Suprema Americana nel 1997, come Amici Curiae a sostegno della causa del suicidio assistito[71]. La lettera in questione, sottoscritta, oltre che da Dworkin, da Thomas Nagel, Robert Nozick, John Rawls, Thomas Scanlon e Judith Jarvis Thomson, ribadisce l’argomento dell’autonomia, evocando altresì il timore che il diniego del diritto al suicidio favorisca l’accanimento terapeutico[72]. Ma il vero obiettivo è il riconoscimento del diritto al suicidio assistito, che dovrebbe essere inserito nella lista delle decisioni personali protette dalla clausola del due process (due process clause), prevista dal 14° Emendamento della Costituzione americana. Poiché l’argomento si presenta come decisivo, tanto che l’ordinanza della Corte di Assise di Milano se ne appropria, giungendo ad affermare che il suicidio integrerebbe un “diritto della persona a decidere della propria vita”[73], occorre approfondire il tema dell’autodeterminazione per collocarlo all’interno del quadro valoriale della Costituzione repubblicana. Va detto in primo luogo che la narrazione in ordine a un concetto di autodeterminazione quasi assoluto sfugge allo statuto dell’agentività umana, che è relativo a un soggetto sempre in-situazione, non dell’uomo astratto, autoreferenziale, estraneo alle relazioni con gli altri. L’uomo agisce non soltanto in forza di desideri, bensì anche di credenze, di aspettative, di valori, di responsabilità, di riconoscimento da parte degli altri. La sua vita è vita- in-relazione, non vita di una monade isolata dal resto del mondo. L’autodeterminazione autoreferenziale non è data nel mondo reale, poiché la decisione umana è sempre il frutto di una serie di condizioni, ciascuna delle quali possiede una peculiare efficacia a seconda dei momenti e dei luoghi in cui è assunta. Se ciò è vero per ogni azione umana in ogni tempo della vita, ancor più è vero per le azioni spese in situazioni estreme, quando si è dipendenti dagli altri per la stessa esistenza in vita e quando la decisione concerne la scelta tra la vita e la morte[74][75]. Come dice Patricia S. Mann, la potenzialità agentiva della persona, a causa della fragilità fisica e psichica, quasi svanisce nelle situazioni in cui: “we confront mystery, uncertainty, aporia” [76]. L’idealizzazione astratta dell’autonomia individuale, nata nel recinto esclusivista dell’individualismo, oscura l’inadeguatezza basilare di una nozione auto-referenziale delle azioni e delle scelte delle persone. Per comprendere in modo concreto la complessità delle scelte e dell’azione umana occorre tener conto tanto dei desideri auto-referenziali, quanto dei sentimenti di responsabilità verso gli altri quanto delle attese del riconoscimento del sé da parte degli altri. Il significato dell’azione è impoverito se non si tiene conto della complessità e dell’interferenza dei vari fattori che concorrono nelle scelte personali. Essi sono variamente distribuiti a seconda delle situazioni in cui il soggetto si trova a decidere. Più egli versa in condizioni di fragilità e di dipendenza, più la scelta è influenzata dall’atteggiamento degli altri nei suoi confronti, in particolare dall’atteggiamento che il soggetto percepisce in ordine al valore che gli altri attribuiscono alla sua esistenza. Più egli percepisce che tale apprezzamento scema in coloro che lo circondano, più si rafforzano le tendenze suicidarie e si consolidano i presupposti psicologici per la richiesta di essere ucciso. Invece di esprimere l’autodeterminazione libera della persona, spesso la richiesta di suicidio esprime piuttosto l’esito di una sconfitta esistenziale. La permissione legale del suicidio assistito modifica radicalmente la cifra valoriale delle varie relazioni che il malato intrattiene con il nucleo dei familiari, dei conviventi e degli amici, nonché con il personale medico e infermieristico. Affiora così un processo di degradazione antropologica[77], che trasforma progressivamente il significato delle relazioni più significative della persona. La persistenza di una malattia incurabile costituisce fonte di sofferenza non soltanto per il paziente, ma anche per i suoi parenti e amici. L’afflizione per la sofferenza fa sorgere il desiderio, frammisto alla pietà, della sua rapida cessazione e della liberazione, tanto per il malato quanto per sé. Questi desideri, che sorgono inevitabilmente nel cuore di ognuno, anche senza alcuna malevolenza, venati purtuttavia spesso dalla coscienza del loro carattere egoistico, sono destinati a cambiare di senso una volta che il suicidio assistito sia divenuto legale. Nel fuoco della decisione in ordine alla richiesta di morte non potrà non entrare la considerazione ‘altruistica’ di liberare gli altri dai costi e dalla spendita del tempo necessario per attendere all’assistenza di un soggetto condannato a una morte prossima. Le relazioni con l’umanità circostante non potranno non subire una torsione impregnata dal desiderio di morte[78]. Un mutamento per certi versi analogo concerne la relazione medico-paziente. Dworkin e i sottoscrittori della Lettera dei filosofi denunciano l’ostinazione curativa dei medici che si porrebbe in contrasto con la libertà del paziente. Dato e non concesso che prevalga tra i medici un atteggiamento di aggressività curativa e non, piuttosto, di abbandono terapeutico, è evidente che la legalizzazione del suicidio assistito trasforma la relazione medico-paziente in modo radicale. Nella tradizione della medicina ippocratica lo scopo del medico è la cura per la guarigione ovvero per il lenimento della sofferenza nella prospettiva della vita. L’introduzione del suicidio assistito rende i medici parti attive nel processo decisionale verso la morte, di cui essi dovrebbero essere il fattore causale terminale. L’assuefarsi alla prospettiva di morte renderà una porzione crescente di medici in sintonia con l’assistenza al suicidio:“[...] growing proportion of doctors will find themselves sympathetic to this practice, and will find themselves comfortable with recommending it to their patients”[79]. Ancora più evidente sarà la trasformazione dell’atteggiamento nel mondo delle strutture ospedaliere e delle compagnie di assicurazione[80]. In quanto ispirate ai princìpi dell’efficienza e del profitto le une e le altre favoriranno scelte organizzative e finanziarie favorevoli al suicidio assistito: “In legalising assisted suicide, we will be legalising a method of death which will be very much more convenient as well as more cost-effective than current methods of dying. In our society, where almost everyone is pressed for time, and many are pressed for money, individual notions of agency and the fabric of social agency relations may evolve very quickly to reflect its conveniences and cost efficiency”[81]. In realtà la permissione del suicidio assistito renderà la decisione sempre meno frutto dell’autodeterminazione e sempre più effetto dell’eterodeterminazione di fattori esterni scaturenti dai valori, dalle aspettative e dai desideri di coloro che circondano il malato. Le scelte individuali si calano – e sono condizionate – dai modelli di riconoscimento e di accettazione culturale consolidati nel contesto sociale. La vita contemporanea mostra che tali modelli sono ispirati all’efficienza, alla preoccupazione per i costi economici e per lo spreco del tempo: l’imperativo sociale contemporaneo è nel senso che il tempo deve essere dedicato non tanto all’assistenza, quanto al lavoro e allo svago. Tali modelli premono sulla mentalità comune per favorire una conclusione rapida del processo di malattia. A questi (dis)valori non potrà non sfuggire la scelta del soggetto fragile. Lungi dal rappresentare l’autodeterminazione della volontà libera, il suicidio assistito risulterà la conseguenza di un complesso di fattori causali che offusca l’inclinazione naturale del soggetto a permanere nell’esistenza secondo la cifra valoriale di una relazione costruttiva con l’intera compagine sociale. A questo quadro vanno aggiunte alcune considerazioni in ordine al pregiudizio che il suicidio assistito reca all’integrità e all’efficacia del rapporto curativo all’interno delle strutture ospedaliere e di assistenza ai malati. Uno psichiatra americano, Michael Teitelman, ha esposto in uno scritto, significativamente intitolato Not in the House[82], quattro argomenti per invocare, ove il suicidio assistito sia reso legale, che, comunque, esso non sia praticato in ospedale. I quattro argomenti sono: i) il nesso tra malattia, depressione e propensione al suicidio in un quadro giuridico in cui il suicidio assistito sia legale; ii) il logico passaggio dal suicidio assistito all’eutanasia attiva ove sia compiuto il primo step del suicidio assistito; iii) la destabilizzazione dell’ethos della medicina con l’irruzione del suicidio assistito: iv) la degradazione del significato dell’ospedale nella considerazione sociale. Con il primo rilievo Teitelman osserva che la legalizzazione del suicidio assistito indurrebbe i medici a uccidere pressoché sempre i soggetti malati di depressione[83], anche se gli interventi psicoterapeutici o psicofarmacologici potrebbero guarire il paziente dalla depressione ed estinguere il suo interesse al suicidio[84]. L’ospedalizzazione, infatti, di malati con patologie prolungate, progressive e normalmente fatali come il cancro, i disordini neurovegetativi (sclerosi multipla e sclerosi amiotrofica laterale), i deficit cardiaci gravi, l’AIDS, avviene quando la sintomatologia diventa severa ovvero quando sopravvengono complicazioni nel trattamento. L’ingresso in ospedale di questi pazienti segna al contempo un grave deterioramento fisico e una forte demoralizzazione psicologica, che favoriscono la richiesta del suicidio. Il secondo argomento concerne gli aspetti tecnici del suicidio assistito, confrontati con l’uccisione diretta da parte del medico. L’assunzione orale autosomministrata pone non di rado difficoltà pratiche e implica incertezza su un esito immediato e senza sofferenze. L’infusione letale endovenosa da parte del medico, che abbatte il sistema nervoso centrale rappresenta una via più diretta e immediata: evita con sicurezza sofferenze per il paziente; non postula la coscienza e la volontà attuale del malato né richiede la sua cooperazione. E’ inevitabile che, sia per ragioni pratiche che per un sentimento di compassione, lo staff medico tenderà a sostituire le infusioni letali endovenose all’assunzione orale autosomministrata. Ciò, peraltro, renderebbe meno controllabile il comportamento dello staff medico, aprendo la strada all’eutanasia volontaria[85]. Il terzo argomento riguarda tanto le dinamiche psicologiche e interpersonali all’interno dello staff medico quanto la qualità delle cure praticate al malato nelle fasi finali di vita. Il suicidio assistito potrebbe demotivare, anche sotto l’influenza delle strutture sanitarie e delle società assicurative, i medici in ordine alla qualità e quantità della cura, nuocendo all’integrità etica della professione medica e alla sua identità come professione che ha per vocazione la guarigione o, in ogni caso, la cura del paziente. Inoltre, l’ospedale è uno spazio pubblico che coinvolge l’attività di soggetti estranei al mondo del paziente. Nel suicidio assistito sarebbero necessariamente coinvolti medici, dirigenti sanitari, comitato etico, consulenti psichiatrici e infermieri, suddivisi in almeno tre strati professionali. Se il suicidio deve rispondere a un atto che scaturisce dalla libertà intima del soggetto, le modalità del suo compimento descriverebbero un quadro opposto a quello della privacy che deve rispettare la dignità del morente. Né va dimenticata la condizione degli altri pazienti in condizioni gravi, nei cui confronti la pratica della sedazione profonda, utilizzata come modalità palliativa, potrebbe essere anticipata per affrettarne ingiustamente la morte. Vista la cosa dal punto di vista dello staff ospedaliero, l’introduzione del suicidio assistito rischia di trasformare il suicidio assistito da scelta esistenziale del paziente in una procedura che il sistema sanitario fornisce, in maniera equivalente alla cura a partire dal momento in cui tramonta la possibilità di prestare terapie efficaci[86]. Teitelman svolge in conclusione del suo scritto una riflessione di etica pubblica assai pregnante. L’ospedale è, nella considerazione contemporanea, un luogo che suscita reazioni ambivalenti. Per un verso è visto, come nella tradizione della cristianità occidentale, alla stregua di un luogo di cura e di assistenza, ove le energie dei medici e del personale infermieristico sono spese per il bene del malato; per un altro verso, però, in conseguenza della trasformazione aziendalistica del sistema sanitario, si sono scatenate tensioni sempre più vive dei familiari del malato per la scarsa qualità e quantità delle terapie e dell’assistenza, spesso motivate da accuse al personale sanitario di ricercare il profitto economico e il successo personale, piuttosto che di prestare l’attenzione dovuta ai malati. L’introduzione del suicidio assistito rischierebbe di trasformare l’ospedale lungo la linea di degrado sopra evocata. L’ospedale rischierebbe di passare, nell’immaginario collettivo, soprattutto di coloro che nutrono sfiducia, per la loro marginalizzazione sociale, nelle istituzioni, come il luogo nel quale alcuni sono uccisi dagli altri per il loro tornaconto sotto l’auspicio dello Stato[87]. L’autodeterminazione nel quadro dei valori costituzionali. – Poiché nella realtà l’autodeterminazione autoreferenziale non esiste, in quanto costituisce il frutto di un individualismo ideologico che nega i limiti della condizione umana – nega, soprattutto, l’essenziale finitudine umana –, è evidente che la Costituzione repubblicana, nata in un’epoca storica che ha conosciuto l’incontro tra il solidarismo cristiano e le aspirazioni all’uguaglianza dei movimenti di matrice socialista, non accoglie in modo acritico e indiscriminato il principio dell’autodeterminazione personale. Né si è formato con il tempo alcun ‘diritto vivente costituzionale’ che abbia modificato i princìpi fondamentali della Carta. Piuttosto, essa inserisce l’autodeterminazione all’interno di un quadro complessivo di valori guidati dal principio della dignità oggettiva, senza discriminazioni di sorta, dell’uomo, considerato “sia come singolo sia nelle formazioni sociali ove si svolge la sua personalità” (art. 2 Cost.)[88]. Con realismo ontologicamente fondato, la Costituzione contempla, pertanto, in stretta relazione tra loro, i diritti fondamentali con i doveri di solidarietà a livello politico, economico e sociale. La stretta correlazione tra i diritti e i doveri postula un principio superiore, quello sorgivo della dignità, che rinvia al fondamento comune dei diritti e dei doveri, proclamato al 1° comma dell’art. 3 Cost.. La dignità non è forgiata dalla libertà. E’ vero il contrario. Come dice Antonio Ruggeri: “Una libertà senza limiti è infatti...una “non libertà”, costituzionalmente non riconoscibile e storicamente non riconosciuta, altrimenti scadendo e snaturandosi in licenza o arbitrio. Diversamente, una dignità soggetta a limiti sarebbe una contradictio in adiecto”[89]. La volontà della persona svolge certamente un ruolo di primaria importanza nelle vicende della vita; essa però va incontro a limiti “secondo quanto è proprio di ogni diritto (o più in genere, valore) fondamentale (eccezion fatta, appunto, della dignità)”[90]. Se l’autodeterminazione venisse prima della dignità, la misura di quest’ultima varierebbe da uomo a uomo e condurrebbe allo smarrimento della stessa dignità[91]. La dignità invece è indisponibile[92]. Sul piano costituzionale la dignità umana è valore fondamentale, richiamato oltre che nel già visto art. 3, 1° co., che fonda l’uguaglianza di tutti gli uomini davanti alla legge sulla “pari dignità sociale”, anche nell’art. 41, 2° co., che configura la dignità umana come limite all’iniziativa economica privata. Né vanno dimenticati l’art. 27, 3° co. alla cui stregua le pene non possono consistere in “trattamenti contrari al senso di umanità” e il 4° co., che vieta in modo assoluto la pena di morte. L’art. 22 stabilisce che nessuno può essere privato, per motivi politici “della capacità giuridica, della cittadinanza, del nome”; l’art. 698, 1° co. del codice di rito penale vieta la consegna della persona “quando vi è ragione di ritenere che l’imputato o il condannato verrà sottoposto ad atti persecutori o discriminatori per motivi di razza, di religione, di sesso, di nazionalità, di lingua, di opinioni politiche o di condizioni personali o sociali ovvero a trattamenti crudeli, disumani o degradanti o comunque ad atti che configurano violazione di uno dei diritti fondamentali della persona”. Nella Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione Europea proclamata a Nizza il 7 dicembre 2000, che oggi ha assunto lo stesso valore giuridico dei Trattati, per effetto dell’art. 6, n. 1 del Trattato sull’Unione Europea[93], la “dignità della persona umana non è soltanto un diritto fondamentale in sé, ma costituisce la base stessa dei diritti fondamentali”[94]. Le spiegazioni predisposte dal Presidium della Convenzione Europea che aveva redatto la Carta e che ne costituiscono uno strumento di interpretazione focalizzano nella dignità il valore fondante dei diritti fondamentali. Come conseguenza: “che nessuno dei diritti sanciti nella presente Carta può essere usato per recare pregiudizio alla dignità altrui e che la dignità umana fa parte della sostanza stessa dei diritti sanciti nella Carta”[95]. La dignità della persona, come qualcosa di originario che connota l’umanità dell’uomo, che non è data da una norma e che non consegue a un antecedente empirico, spetta all’uomo per la semplice “novità” di essere venuto al mondo[96]. L’uomo, insignito di questa dignità originaria, che lo rende autonomo e artefice del proprio destino, deve al contempo meritarla come oggetto del compito inderogabile che sostiene l’intera sua vita contro il Gestell economico-tecnologico e contro gli innumerevoli idola che si ergono continuamente nell’esistenza sopra, accanto e contro di lui. Assai pregnante è il rilievo di Giampaolo Azzoni, secondo cui la dignità umana va vista “non solo come limite all’autodeterminazione, ma, insieme, come modo dell’autonomia, cioè di una volontà libera (non eteronoma e non contraddittoria) che consideri la persona nella sua integrità e non la riduca ad una sua parte”[97]. Se la dignità si esaurisse nell’autodeterminazione, secondo l’assunto di Dworkin per cui la dignità esprimerebbe la coerenza delle scelte di vita[98] scaturenti dall’autodeterminazione individuale, affiorerebbero immediatamente tre aporie insolubili: i) la prima, concernente la contraddizione dell’uomo tra sé e sé, perché soltanto ipoteticamente e dall’esterno si potrebbe individuare quale sia l’atto di autodeterminazione che conferirebbe integrità alla molteplicità innumerevole delle autodeterminazioni dell’uomo nella sua esistenza; ii) la seconda, concernente l’introduzione di una radicale disuguaglianza delle persone tra loro, perché sarebbero portatrici di dignità soltanto le persone capaci di una pura e trasparente autodeterminazione, e non quelle che di ciò non sono capaci, o assolutamente, per l’incapacità di intendere, o parzialmente, per le ferite inferte all’intelletto e alla volontà dalle occorrenze della vita; iii) la terza, concernente l’irrimediabile separazione che verrebbe eretta tra ciascun uomo e tutti gli altri uomini e tra ciascuno e ogni singolo altro uomo, con la rottura del vincolo ontologico che avvince gli esseri umani tra loro in una solidarietà intragenerazionale e transgenerazionale. La dignità umana implica dei limiti all’autodeterminazione individuale. Questi limiti sono suscettibili di un giudizio, in una certa misura discrezionale, che spetta pronunciare alla prudenza politica delle istituzioni responsabili del governo della società alla luce del principio statuito dall’art. 1 della Costituzione repubblicana. Sussiste però un nucleo essenziale di atti contro gli altri e anche contro di sé contrari alla dignità umana che possono – e talora debbono – essere stigmatizzati come contrari al diritto e alla giustizia. Tra questi, la dazione di se stessi in schiavitù, l’automutilazione[99], l’esposizione ad atti di sadismo sessuale, la vendita di organi del corpo che rendono la persona priva dell’indispensabile funzionalità personale e sociale e, infine, la vita stessa. La dignità umana è un limite all’autodeterminazione: essa non è disponibile perché la “dignità umana è ciò che deve essere prima di tutto attribuito all’uomo perché all’uomo originariamente appartiene”[100] [101] [1] Per una visione filosofica unitaria ragionata dei due temi v. R. Spaemann, Death-suicide-euthanasia, in The Dignity of the Dying Person. Proceedings of the fifth Assembly of the Pontifical Academy for Life (Vatican City, 24-27 February 1999), edited by J.D.V. Correa, E. Sgreccia, Roma, 2000, 123 ss.; per la posizione filosofica opposta v. C.A. Viano, Ragioni e modi dell’eutanasia, in Bioetica, 2/2003, 206-215. Per una presentazione del tema dell’aiuto al suicidio versus omicidio del consenziente F. Mantovani, Aspetti giuridici dell’eutanasia, in Riv. it. dir. proc. pen., 1988. 448 ss.; Id. Suicidio assistito: aiuto al suicidio od omicidio del consenziente?, in Giust. pen., 2017, 31-41; L. Cornacchia, Algunas Reflexiones en torno al suicidio y la eutanasia, in Cuadernos de politica criminal, 83, Madrid, 2004, 91-116; Id., Vittima ed eutanasia, in Aa.Vv., Ruolo e tutela della vittima in diritto penale, a cura di E. Venafro e C. Piemontese, Torino, 2004; G. Duttge, Sterbehilfe aus rechtsphilosophischer Sicht, in Goltdammer’s Archiv für Strafrecht, 2001, 158 ss.;K. Engisch, Suizid und Euthanasie nach deutschen Recht, in A. Eser (Hrsg.), Suizid und Euthanasie als human und sozialwissenschaftliches Problem, Stuttgart, 1976, 312 ss.; G. Jakobs, Zum Unrecht der Selbsttötung und der Tötung auf Verlangen – Zugleich zum Verhältnis von Rechtlichkeit und Sittlichkeit, in Festschrift für Arth. Kaufmann zum 70, Geburstag, 1993, Heidelberg, 459 ss.; A. Kaufmann, Euthanasie Selbsttötung Tötung auf Verlangen, in Medizinrecht, 1983, 121 ss. [2] Cfr. N.M. Gorsuch, The future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia, Princeton, 2006: specificamente per il tema dell’autonomia: 86-101; per il tema dell’utilitarismo: 102-142. Per contributi recenti in lingua anglosassone v. C. Paterson, Assisted Suicide and Euthaanasia, Burlington, 2008; K. Yuill, Assisted Suicide. The Liberal, Humanist Case Against Legalization, New York, 2015. [4] Il termine eugenics compare per la prima volta nel volume di F. Galton, Inquiries Into Human Faculty and Its Development, Londra, 1883. Galton, cugino di Darwin, è considerato l’iniziatore dell’eugenismo moderno, su cui cfr. D.J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics. Genetics and the Uses of Human Eredity, Berkeley, 1986, con amplissima bibliografia, cui si rinvia. [5] Nel 1938 fu fondata l’ESA: Euthanasic Society of America. Sulla storia del movimento in America v. I. Dowbiggin, A Merciful End. The Euthanasia Movement in Modern America, New York, 2003. Il movimento ebbe negli Stati Uniti e, più in generale, nel mondo di lingua anglosassone, una portata vastissima, coinvolgendo personalità con spiccate qualifiche scientifiche e con una disponibilità immensa di risorse economiche. Per quanto non sia semplice ricondurre a unità le varie tendenze che confluirono nell’ESA e ne resero notevole l’influenza nel mondo anglosassone, merita segnalare la centralità di una sorta di ‘religione naturalistica’, imperniata sull’idea dell’autoliberazione dell’umanità grazie alla scienza. Tra i suoi maggiori esponenti vanno ricordati Charles Francis Potter (The Preacher and I: An Autobiography, New York, 1951, e Creative Personality: The next step in Evolution, New York, 1950) e Inez Celia Philbrick, che ebbe un ruolo decisivo nel fare avanzare la causa dell’eutanasia nel XX secolo (Inez C. Philbrick, 70, Fights for the First Mercy-Killing Law; Further Reflections on Euthanasia, citati in Dowbiggin, n. 41 e 46: 45-50 di A Merciful, cit.). [6] Così I. C. Philbrick, “Further Reflections on Euthanasia”, citata da I. Dowbiggin, A Merciful End, cit., 47. [7] Per una narrazione dell’eutanasia all’interno del progetto genocidario nazionalsocialista v. per tutti H. Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution, Chapel Hill and London, 1995. [8] Come è noto, a differenza della legge sulla sterilizzazione («Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses» promulgata il 25 luglio 1933) il decreto relativo all’eutanasia non rientrò strettamente nello schema della legalità formale. Emanato nell’ottobre del 1939 e retrodatato al 1 settembre per connetterlo direttamente al giorno dello scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale, fu giustificato in base al potere del Führer di vita e morte nel Terzo Reich. Il decreto affidava al dr. Karl Brandt, medico personale di Hitler, “la responsabilità di espandere l’autorità dei medici, i quali devono essere designati per nome, perché ai pazienti incurabili secondo il miglior giudizio umano disponibile (menschlichem Ermessen) del loro stato di salute possa essere concessa una morte pietosa (Gnadentod)” (cfr. Doc. 630-PS, Nuremberg Medical Case, I, 893, citato in R.J. Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, tr. it. I medici nazisti, Milano, 1988, 91; G. Aly, Die Belasteten. »Euthanasie« 1935-1945. Eine Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, 2013, tr. it. Zavorre. Storia dell’Aktion T4: l’«eutanasia» nella Germania nazista 1939-1945, Torino, 2017). La narrazione eutanasica utilitaristica in Germania ha avuto peraltro una lunga storia al cui centro sta il famoso scritto da K. Binding e A. Hoche, Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens. Ihr Maß und ihre Form, Leipzig, 1920. Su di essa cfr. M. Ronco, voce Eutanasia , in Digesto discipline pen., Torino, 2010, 226-246. [9] Cfr. R. Weikart, Darwinism and Death: Devaluing Human Life in Germany, 1859-1918, Berkeley, maggio 2000. L’incontro ebbe peraltro origine nel mondo anglosassone, come sopra visto sub n. 3. [10] Spiega con chiarezza il cambiamento di prospettiva Dowbiggin, A Merciful, cit., 63-96. Sulla qualità della vita v. M. Faggioni, La qualità di vita e la salute alla luce dell’antropologia cristiana, in Pontificia Academia Pro Vita, Qualità della vita ed etica della salute. Atti dell’undicesima assemblea generale della Pontificia Accademia per la vita (Città del Vaticano, 21-23 febbraio 2005), a cura di E. Sgreccia e I. Carrasco De Paula, Città del Vaticano 2006; nonchè gli scritti degli autori seguenti tutti raccolti nello stesso volume: A. Serani-Merlo, P.P. Marin, B. Zegers Prado, La qualità della vita in geriatria, ivi, 171-177; P. Ventura-Juncá, La qualità di vita in medicina neonatale, ivi, 178-193; W. Póltawska, Menomazione mentale e valore della vita, ivi, 194-200; J. Lelkens, Qualità di vita in pazienti con tumore con prognosi infausta, ivi, 201-214; N. Simard, Qualità di vita e pazienti con AIDS, ivi, 215-226; L. Postiglione, Qualità di vita ed ambiente, ivi, 227-236; G.L. Gigli, M. Valente, Qualità di vita e stato vegetativo, ivi, 237-253. [11] Molto rilevante è stato il dibattito che, a partire dal 1982, ha interessato la giurisprudenza e gli organi governativi e legislativi olandesi, e fino all’entrata in vigore della legge 10.04.2001, n. 137, che, a certe condizioni, non punisce più l’eutanasia consensuale e l’istigazione al suicidio. Questo dibattito è improntato da elementi tanto afferenti all’autodeterminazione quanto alla qualità della vita. Infatti, l’eutanasia e il suicidio assistito non sono punibili secondo la legge olandese allorché, ricorrendo il consenso del paziente, l’uccisione si avvalga del “parere del medico sulla qualità della vita”. Cfr. J. Keown, Further Reflections on Euthanasia in the Netherlands in the light of the Remmelink Report and the van der Maas Survey’ in Luke Gormally (ed) Euthanasia, Clinical Practice and the Law (The Linacre Centre, 1994) 229. Sull’eutanasia il dibattito olandese ha rivestito grande importanza. Se ne dà conto integralmente nei volumi J. Griffiths, A. Bood, H. Weyers, Euthanasia & Law in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, 1999 e J. Griffiths, H. Weyers, M. Adams, Euthanasia and law in Europe, London, 2008.Questi libri sono stati scritti da scienziati, medici e giuristi, che sostengono in modo argomentativamente approfondito l’eutanasia e il suicidio assistito. In qualche modo può dirsi che l’Olanda ha costituito nell’ultima parte del secolo scorso il laboratorio ove è stata sperimentata la via per legalizzare l’eutanasia e il suicidio assistito nel modo. V. la spiegazione nel prologo del volume di Griffiths et. al., Euthanasia & Law in the Netherlands, cit.. [12] P. Singer, Rethinking Life and Death, New York, 1996; tr. it., Ripensare la vita, Milano, 2000,, passim, sopratutto 166-223. [13] J. Rachels, The end of Life. Eutanasia and Morality, New York, 1986.; Id. Uccidere, lasciar morire, e il valore della vita, in Bioetica, 1993, passim e, in specie, 277. [14] L’interesse nel suicidio assistito può essere visto, dal punto di vista dei cambiamenti culturali e religiosi, intervenuti a partire dagli anni Sessanta e Settanta del secolo scorso, come frutto della tendenza di vedere la morte non più come “something that happens to you”, bensì come “something you do” (così M.P. Battin, Physician-Assisted Suicide. Safe, Legal, Rare?, in Physician Assisted Suicide. Expanding the Debate, ed. by M.P. Battin, R. Rhodes, A. Silvers, New York, London, 1998, 63.. [15] Anche se correttamente C. Roxin osserva che “se un essere umano vuole veramente morire si può inferire, con certezza assoluta, non dalla sua parola, cioè dal desiderio di essere ucciso rivolto a un altro, ma solo dalla sua attuazione, cioè dall’omicidio proprio” (C. Roxin, Der Schutz des Lebens aus der Sicht des Juristen, in H. Blaha, P. Gutjahr-Löser, E. Niebler, Schutz des Lebens – Rechts auf Tod, München, 1978, 93. [16] In concreto, ricorre il delitto di aiuto al suicidio tutte le volte in cui il dominio finalistico della condotta che cagiona la morte non sfugge al soggetto che si toglie la vita; ricorre, invece il delitto di omicidio del consenziente allorché tale soggetto perde il controllo del decorso esecutivo e la morte consegue all’intervento determinante del soggetto terzo. Cfr. in proposito la perspicua sentenza Cass., Sez. I, 6 febbraio 1998, n. 3147, Munaò, in Riv. it. med. leg., 2000, 569. [17] Sulla normativa italiana relativa all’eutanasia e al suicidio assistito cfr. S. Canestrari, Bioetica e diritto penale. Materiali per una discussione, Torino, 2012; S. Tordini Cagli, Principio di autodeterminazione e consenso dell’avente diritto, Bologna, 2008; S. Canestrari, G. Cimbalo, G. Pappalardo (a cura di), Eutanasia e diritto. Confronto tra discipline, Torino, 2003; M.B. Magro, Eutanasia e diritto penale, Torino, 2001; S. Seminara, Riflessioni in tema di suicidio e di eutanasia, in Riv. it. dir. proc. pen., 1995, 670-727. [18] Cfr. Proc. Rep. Milano, richiesta di archiviazione 23 maggio 2017; G.I.P. Milano, ordinanza 10 luglio 2017; Corte Ass. Milano, ordinanza 14 febbraio 2018. Fra i commenti: D. Pulitanò, Il diritto penale di fronte al suicidio, in Dir. pen. cont., 2018, 7-8, 57-76; M. D’Amico, Sulla (il)legittimità costituzionale della norma penale che incrimina l’istigazione al suicidio: alcune considerazioni critiche a margine del caso Cappato, in Giur. pen. web, 2017, 11; A. Massaro, Il caso Cappato di fronte al giudice delle leggi: illegittimità costituzionale dell’aiuto al suicidio?, in Dir. pen. cont., 14 giugno 2018; P. Fimiani, Le responsabilità penali nelle scelte di fine vita. In attesa della Corte costituzionale nel caso Cappato, in Dir. pen. cont., 22 maggio 2018. [19] La legge sulle DAT sembra porre nella assoluta disponibilità del paziente il rifiuto della alimentazione e idratazione. Sul punto criticamente, M. Ronco, Testamento biologico: è un diritto disporre sulla propria sorte?, in www.centrostudilivatino.it. Per un’interpretazione equilibrata L. Eusebi, Decisioni sui trattamenti sanitari o «diritto di morire»? I problemi interpretativi che investono la legge n. 219/2017 e la lettura del suo testo nell’ordinanza di rimessione alla Corte costituzionale dell’art. 580 c.p., in Riv. it. med. leg., 2018, 415-438. [20] Il rifiuto dei trattamenti, sia chirurgici che farmacologici, non costituisce un implicito riconoscimento del diritto all’eutanasia. Infatti, il rifiuto dei trattamenti “...serve per limitare l’intervento di altri sul corpo della persona: vale cioè per impedire che un atto di forza come può essere un intervento chirurgico, possa trasformarsi in un atto di violenza. Dal punto di vista morale, il dovere di non intervenire sul corpo altrui senza il suo consenso si fonda sull’idea che il corpo altrui non è violabile perché esiste un nesso inscindibile tra l’essere persona umana e l’essere persona corporea. Ogni violenza fatta sul corpo è una violenza fatta sulla persona umana”, così A. Pessina, Eutanasia. Della morte e di altre cose, Siena, 2007, 41. Dal punto di vista giuridico il divieto di intervenire sul corpo altrui senza il consenso della persona è previsto all’art. 32, co. 2 Cost. Sul riconoscimento che è inammissibile sottoporre a un trattamento sanitario coattivo il paziente consapevole che rifiuti i trattamenti o le cure, la sensibilità delle posizioni dottrinali espresse stanno in un ventaglio che va dall’accentuazione del rifiuto di cure come espressione di un diritto soggettivo, perfetto e tendenzialmente assoluto (cfr. P. Veronesi, Il corpo e la Costituzione, Milano, 2007; M. Mori, Dal vitalismo medico alla moralità dell’eutanasia, in Bioetica, 1999, I; S. Rodotà, Il paradosso dell’uguaglianza davanti alla morte, in S. Semplici, Il diritto di morire bene, Bologna, 2002) a posizioni più prudenti e realistiche “attente a sottolineare la realtà effettiva del malato e dei suoi familiari, altamente fragili e condizionabili, anche soprattutto al momento della formazione della volontà e del consenso che è libero, se è informato, e se la comunicazione è effettivamente adeguata”, così G. Razzano, Dignità nel morire, eutanasia e cure palliative nella prospettiva costituzionale, Torino, 2014, 85-108; sul punto, in particolare, 91-92. V. in questa seconda prospettiva, A. Ruggeri, Le dichiarazioni di fine vita tra rigore e pietas costituzionale, in www.forumcostituzionale.it, aprile 2009; L. Eusebi, Autodeterminazione e affidamento in ambito medico, in L’arco di Giano, 2013, 1, 57-65; A. Nicolussi, Al limite della vita: rifiuto e rinuncia ai trattamenti sanitari, in Quad. cost., 2010, 269; M. Cartabia, Alcuni interrogativi su libertà e autodeterminazione, in Il diritto e la vita: un dialogo italo-spagnolo su aborto ed eutanasia, a cura di A. D’Aloia, Napoli, 2011. L’art. 32 del Codice di Deontologia medica sui Doveri del medico nei confronti dei soggetti fragili prevede che «1. Il medico tutela il minore, la vittima di qualsiasi abuso o violenza e la persona in condizioni di vulnerabilità o fragilità psico-fisica, sociale o civile in particolare quando ritiene che l’ambiente in cui vive non sia idoneo a proteggere la sua salute, la dignità e la qualità di vita. [...] 3. Il medico, in caso di opposizione del rappresentante legale a interventi ritenuti appropriati e proporzionati, ricorre all’Autorità competente [...]»; l’art. 33 sulla Informazione e comunicazione con la persona assistita stabilisce che il medico «[...] 2. Il medico adegua la comunicazione alla capacità di comprensione della persona assistita o del suo rappresentante legale, corrispondendo a ogni richiesta di chiarimento, tenendo conto della sensibilità e reattività emotiva dei medesimi, in particolare in caso di prognosi gravi o infauste, senza escludere elementi di speranza [...]». Cfr. pure il documento del Comitato Nazionale di Bioetica del 2008 per il quale «l’atto di rinuncia/rifiuto delle cure [...] non deve appiattirsi sul solo livello formale, ma investire l’intero percorso relazionale fra paziente e medico». Sulla stessa linea la Guida del Consiglio d’Europa sul processo decisionale relativo ai trattamenti medici di fine vita, Consiglio d’Europa, dicembre 2014, in www.coe.int. Sul tema del rifiuto di cure cfr. l’importante dibattito sulla Riv.it. med. leg.del 2014 (483-591) con contributi di L. Eusebi, Introduzione al focus (I). Menomazioni gravi della salute: “Diritto di vivere” o “diritto di morire”? Questioni aperte circa le dichiarazioni di rifiuto delle terapie, ivi, 483-493, A. Vallini, Introduzione al focus (II). Il diritto di rifiutare le cure e i suoi risvolti: spunti per una discussione multidisciplinare, ivi, 495-503; A. Gargani, Jus imperfectum? L’esercizio del diritto di rifiutare le cure tra esigenze di garanzia e prospettive di riforma, ivi, 505-527; L. Cornacchia, Profili giuridico-penali del rifiuto delle cure, ivi, 529-546; S. Cacace, Il rifiuto del trattamento sanitario, a scanso d’ogni equivoco, ivi, 547- 561; D. Rodriguez, Il rifiuto delle cure nella prospettiva del codice di deontologia medica: una guida per la pratica clinica?, ivi, 563-591. [21] Sul punto v. Pessina, Eutanasia, cit., 25-40. [22] Sul tema v. Scelte di confine in medicina. Sugli orientamenti dei medici rianimatori, a cura di A. Pessina, Milano, 2004, con contributi di A. Pessina, A. Giannini, E.M. Tacchi, A. Colombetti e con le raccomandazioni della SIAARTI (Raccomandazioni per l’ammissione e la dimissione dalla terapia intensiva e per la limitazione dei trattamenti in terapia intensiva). [23] Il tema fu oggetto più di sessanta anni addietro del memorabile Discorso del Santo Padre Pio XII ai partecipanti al IX congresso della Società Italiana di Anestesiologia intorno a tre quesiti religiosi e morali concernenti l’analgesia, Roma, 24 febbraio 1957. [24] Sul tema della futilità delle cure cfr. E. Pellegrino, Decision at the end of life: the use and abuse of the concept of futility, in The Dignity of the Dying Person, cit., 219-241. L’Autore sottolinea in particolare che la futilità non è un principio morale, bensì la specificazione empirica del principio di beneficienza, consistendo nella valutazione empirica secondo criteri probabilistici del risultato delle cure, del loro beneficio per il paziente e del peso che esse comportano per lui (ibidem, 225), Il concetto di futilità, che integra e completa i tradizionali criteri di ordinarietà/straordinarietà delle cure e proporzionatezza/sproporzionatezza, bilancia tra loro i tre criteri dell’efficacia del beneficio e del peso non in un modo di tipo matematico, bensì morale, tenendo conto che il giudizio circa l’efficacia ha carattere oggettivo, dipendendo dai dati scientifici e dal dominio di esperienza del medico; il giudizio circa il beneficio è di carattere soggettivo e si incentra sulla convinzione del paziente in ordine al suo proprio bene; il giudizio circa il peso riguarda i costi fisici, emotivi o sociali imposti al paziente dal trattamento. Questo giudizio è di carattere sia oggettivo che soggettivo, prevalentemente oggettivo per il medico, in ordine soprattutto agli aspetti fattuali; soggettivo e personale per il paziente (ibidem, 225-230). Sullo stesso tema cfr. pure E. Pellegrino, D.C. Thomasma. For the Patient’s Good, New York, 1987. Più in generale, S. Younger, Who Defines Futility?, in Journal of the American medical Association, 1988, 260, 2094-2095; The American Medical Association Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, Medical Futility in End-of-Life Care, Report of the Council on Ethical ancd Judicial Affairs, in Journal of the American medical Association, 1999, 281, 937-941. [25] House of Lords Paper, 21-I of 1993-94, para 237. [26] Ibidem, para 242-243. [27] L’intenzione svolge un ruolo causale fondamentale nel passaggio dal soggetto all’azione, costituendo, insieme alla presupposizione della libertà e alla persistenza di un fine, una parte rilevante del fenomeno della razionalità umana, così M. Ronco, Riflessioni sulla struttura del dolo, in Scritti Patavini, II, Torino, 2017, 1379-1380. Sul tema cfr. M.E. Bratman, Intention, Plans, and Pratical Reason, Cambridge, 1999, 128-138, nonché, più in generale, sulla razionalità umana al cui centro sta l’intenzione J.R. Searle, Rationality in Action, 2001, tr. it. La razionalità dell’azione, Milano, 2003. Sottolinea l’importanza di una rivalutazione dell’«Intent» e del «Double Effect Principle», N.M. Gorsuch, The future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia, cit., 53-57. [28] Cfr. J. Finnis, A Philosophical Case Against Euthanasia, in J. Keown (ed.), Euthanasia Examined: Ethical, Clinical and Legal Perspectives, Cambridge, 1995, 26. [29] Significativo è che le Sezioni Unite della Corte di Cassazione hanno evidenziato la centralità dell’intenzione anche con riferimento al dolo del tentativo e alla configurabilità nel tentativo del dolo eventuale: Cass., Sez. Un., 18 giugno 1983, in Giust. pen., 1983, II, 673. [30] Cass., Sez. Un., 24 aprile 2014, n. 38343, in Riv. it. dir. proc. pen., 2014, 1925 ss., con commenti di G. Fiandaca, Le Sezioni Unite tentano di diradare il “mistero” del dolo eventuale e di M. Ronco, La riscoperta della volontà nel dolo, nonché G. De Vero, Dolo eventuale e colpa cosciente: un confine tuttora incerto. Considerazioni a margine della sentenza delle Sezioni Unite sul caso ThyssenKrupp, in Riv. it. dir. proc. pen., 2015, 77-94; M. Romano, Dolo eventuale e Corte di cassazione a sezioni unite: per una rivisitazione della c.d. accettazione del rischio, in Riv. it. dir. proc. pen., 2015, 559-588. [32] Ronco, Riflessioni sulla struttura del dolo, cit., 1384. [33] Ibidem, 1376-1377. [34] Tra i filosofi contemporanei v. J. Finnis, A philosophical case, cit., 27. [35] Giovenale, Satire, VIII, 83-84. [36] Sulla esperienza della morte v. M. Bizzotto, Esperienza della morte e speranza. Un dibattito sulla morte nella cultura contemporanea, Milano, 2000; B. N. Schumacher, Confrontations avec la mort. La philosophie contemporaine et la question de la mort, Paris, 2005; E. Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying, New York, 1969, tr. it. La morte e il morire, Assisi, 1996; G. Marchioro, Dentro il dolore. Psicologia oncologica e relazione d’aiuto, Milano, 2007; F. Ostaseski, Saper accompagnare. Aiutare gli altri e se stessi ad affrontare la morte, Milano, 2006; F. Urso, A. Sapori, L’accompagnamento pastorale del morente e le cure di fine vita, Roma, 2007. [37] v. W.T. Reich, Abbattere le mura che isolano i morenti: per un’etica del prendersi cura, in Alle frontiere della vita. Eutanasia ed etica del morire/2°, Atti del convegno internazionale di studi (Messina, 13-14 novembre 2001), a cura di M. Gensabella Furnari, Soveria Mannelli, 2003, 35-52. [38] Nel dibattito filosofico contemporaneo il tema è stato posto soprattutto da H. Jonas, tr. it. Il diritto di morire, a cura di P.P. Portinaro, Genova 1991; Id., Technik, Medizin und Ethik. Zur Praxis des Prinzips Verantwortung. Frankfurt/M., Insel, 1985, tr. it. Tecnica, medicina ed etica. Prassi del principio responsabilità, a cura di P. Becchi, Torino, 1997. Il tema è connesso alle potenzialità dell’uomo tecnologico capace, secondo Jonas, di abbattere i confini della natura e ancor più della fede: Id., Philosophical Essays: From the Ancient Creed to Technological Man, Chicago, 1974, tr. it. Dalla fede antica all’uomo tecnologico, a cura di A. Dal Lago, Bologna, 2001. Sui rischi dell’asserito “diritto” di morire, L. Eusebi, Dignità umana e indisponibilità della vita. Sui rischi dell’asserito “diritto” di morire, in Bioetica e dignità umana. Interpretazioni a confronto a partire dalla Convenzione di Oviedo, a cura di E. Furlan, Milano, 2009, 203-220; M. Portigliatti Barbos, Diritto a morire, in Digesto pen., IV, Torino, 1990, 1; in senso contrario: S. Seminara, Sul diritto di morire e sul divieto di uccidere, in Dir. pen. proc., 2004, 533; Todini Cagli, Riflessioni in tema di diritto di morire con dignità e di aiuto a morire, in Giust. pen., 2000, II, 193; problematicamente v., con riferimento al caso Welby, F. Viganò, Esiste un “diritto a essere lasciati morire in pace”? Considerazioni in margine al caso Welby, in Dir. pen. proc., 2007, 5. Per la considerazione dell’antigiuridicità del suicidio, V. Vitale, L’antigiuridicità strutturale del suicidio, in Riv. int. fil. dir., 1983, ; A. R. Vitale, L’eutanasia come problema biogiuridico, Milano, 2017. [39] Per tutti G. Rocchi, Coscienza senza diritti? Obiezione di coscienza: quadro nazionale e prospettive, Intervento al Convegno del Centro Studi Livatino, Roma 21 ottobre 2016, in www.centrostudilivatino.it. [40] Così S. Cotta, Aborto ed eutanasia: un confronto, in Diritto Persona Mondo Umano, Torino, 1989, 234-235. [41] Così pure Cotta, Persona, ivi, 80-81. [42] D. Messinetti, voce «Personalità (diritti della)», in Enc. del dir., XXXIII, Milano, 1982, 362. [46] D. Pulitanò, Il diritto penale di fronte al suicidio, in Diritto penale contemporaneo, 7/2018, 75. [47] Gesetz zur Strafbarkeit der geschäftsmäßigen Förderung der Selbsttötung vom 03.12.2015, in Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang, 2015, Teil I, Nr. 49, ausgegeben am 09.12.2015, Seite 2177(BGBl. I S. 2177). [48] G. Duttge, Die „geschäftsmäßige Suizidassistenz“ (§ 217 StGB): Paradebeispiel für illegitimen Paternalismus!, [49] M. Kubiciel, Zur Verfassungskonformität des § 217 StGB, in ZIS 6/2016. [50] Sulla tematica del paternalismo, sviluppata da J. Feinberg in scritti ripetitivi, cui hanno attinto abbondantemente le teoriche liberali contemporanee del diritto penale, cfr, Id, Legal Paternalism, in Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 1, 1971, 106-124; Id., Harm to Self, Oxford University Press, 1986. Naturalmente, a monte di Feinberg, conviene soffermarsi su J. S. Mill, On Liberty, London, 4° ed., 1869 e, a valle su R. Dworkin, Paternalism, in The Monist, 56, 1972, 64-84. [51] Corte Ass. Milano, ordinanza 14 febbraio 2018. [52] Così, sia pure implicitamente, Pulitanò, Il diritto penale di fronte al suicidio, cit., 61: “La possibilità di un discorso morale tra persone, relativo a rapporti tra persone, poggia sul riconoscimento degli altri come persone umane, di pari dignità e di pari diritti”. [53] I. Kant, Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, Akademieausgabe Bd. IV, 421 s.; Id., Metaphysik der Sitten, Rechtslehre, Einleitung, VI, 240 s. Anche Tommaso d’Aquino riconosce sussistente un dovere giuridico dell’uomo verso se stesso, anche se, con precisazione acutissima, chiarisce che, laddove si contrappongano nell’uomo, come nel suicidio, l’agente e il paziente, si può parlare di una giustizia verso se stessi soltanto per analogia, poiché il diritto è essenzialmente relatio ad alterum: “Cum vero aliquis agit quod in bonum proprium vel malum vergit [...] licet non debeatur ei retributio inquantum est bonum vel malum singularis personae, quae est eadem agenti, nisi forte a seipso secundum quandam similitudinem, prout est iustitia hominis ad seipsum”(T. d’Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Prima Secundae, Q. 21, A.3, R). Sulla condanna del suicidio da parte di Kant dalla Fondazione della metafisica di costumi (1785) in avanti cfr. il volume Sull’etica del suicidio. Dalle Riflessioni e Lezioni di Immanuel Kant con i Preparativi di un infelice alla morte volontaria di un Anonimo del Settecento, a cura di A. Aportone, Firenze, 2003. [54] Sul tema cfr. il commento del penalista germanico di ispirazione kantiana di M. Köhler, Die Rechtspflicht gegen sich selbst, in Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik / Annual Review of Law and Ethics Vol. 14, 2006, 425-446, spec. 438-439: “Rechtslogisch ist das äußere Handlungsverhältnis also nicht erst interpersonal zu definieren, sondern intern äußerlich (oder: intrapersonal) im Verhältnis der Person zu sich [...] verletzt es aber einheitlich, sowohl die ethische Pflicht der Selbsterhaltung, als auch und vorrangig die Rechtspflicht im Selbstverhältins. Selbstbestimmung (Autonomie) als handelnd-gesetzgebend ist nicht anders denkbar als unter Voraussetzung ihres leiblich-geistigen Potenzials in menschlicher Individualität; sich dagegen zu wenden, ist deshalb als Akt erlaubter Selbstbestimmung ausgeschlossen“. [55] A. Spena, Esiste il paternalismo penale? Un contributo al dibattito sui principi di criminalizzazione, in Riv. it. dir. proc. pen., 2014, 1209-1248. Sul tema v. anche M. Romano, Danno a se stessi, paternalismo legale e limiti del diritto penale, in A. Cadoppi (cur.), Laicità, valori e diritto penale, Milano, 2010; D. Pulitanò, Paternalismo penale, in Studi in onore di Mario Romano, Napoli, 2011. [56] Cfr. in particolare Spena, Esiste il paternalismo, cit., 1219-1222. [57] Così Finnis, A philosophical case, cit., 33-34. [58] I dati statistici relativi all’Olanda e al Belgio sono indiscutibilmente indicativi di un aumento crescente delle pratiche di morte ‘legale’ nel corso degli anni. Focalizzando l’attenzione sull’Olanda, i dati statistici denunciano chiaramente l’incremento quantitativo e, soprattutto, il trend in salita. Dal 2001 al 2010, nei primi 9 anni di vigenza della legge, l’aumento è stato relativamente moderato. Si passa infatti dai 1882 casi del 2002 ai 3136 casi del 2010. Dal 2010 al 2016 la crescita è, invece, impressionante. Il numero dei soggetti uccisi su richiesta o suicidatisi con l’aiuto di un terzo è raddoppiato. In 6 anni si è passati dai 3136 casi del 2010 ai 6091 casi del 2016, fino a toccare la percentuale del 4% sul numero totale di morti. Le pratiche di morte concernono anche i minori. Come noto, essi sono abilitati, a partire dall’età di 12 anni, a richiedere l’eutanasia o il suicidio assistito. Fino all’età di 16 anni è richiesta anche l’approvazione dei genitori o del tutore. Dall’età di 18 anni i giovani hanno il ‘diritto’ di richiedere l’eutanasia senza il loro coinvolgimento. Le statistiche pubblicate confermano il verificarsi di un impressionante ‘pendio scivoloso’ che conduce alla generalizzazione dell’eutanasia e del suicidio assistito. Conferme importanti si ricavano dall’estensione qualitativa dei casi di eutanasia e di suicidio assistito. Il tema cruciale riguarda la soppressione delle persone incapaci di intendere e di volere e dei malati psichici. I casi ad essi relativi compaiono nelle statistiche soltanto a partire dal 2012 e dal 2013. Poi divengono sempre più frequenti. Nel 2012 in Olanda ricorrono 42 casi di demenza e 14 casi di disordini psichiatrici; nel 2013, 97 di demenza e 42 di disordini psichiatrici; nel 2014, 81 di demenza e 41 di disordini psichiatrici; nel 2015, 109 di demenza e 56 di disordini psichiatrici; nel 2016, 141 casi di demenza e 60 di disordini psichiatrici. In Belgio non compaiono casi di disturbi mentali o del comportamento fino al 2013. Nel 2014 ricorrono 61 casi, e nel 2015, 63 casi. L’eutanasia dei malati psichici è il punto di passaggio decisivo dalle soppressioni fondate sul principio dell’assoluta ‘autodeterminazione’ a quelle fondate sul principio della ‘qualità della vita’. Invero, i soggetti non più assistiti dalla piena coscienza fruirebbero di un’esistenza non più meritevole di essere vissuta. Dunque, potrebbero e dovrebbero essere uccisi, anche se non risulta la loro volontà attuale di morire. A questo scopo soccorrono le Disposizioni Anticipate di Trattamento. Il percorso verso la generalizzazione, quantitativa e qualitativa, dell’eutanasia e del suicidio assistito è destinato ad avanzare fino all’equiparazione del diritto alla vita con il ‘diritto alla morte’. L’obiettivo è di cancellare il requisito legislativo relativo all’esistenza di una malattia, fisica o anche psichica, che provoca sofferenze insopportabili al malato. I ministri della sanità e del benessere, nonché della sicurezza e della giustizia hanno inviato al Parlamento il 12 ottobre 2016 una lettera che espone l’intento del governo olandese di includere nella legge un supplemento vòlto a garantire il suicidio assistito “for people who regard their life as completed” (Letter of 12 October 2016 from the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport and the Minister of Security and Justice to the House of Representatives on the government position on ‘completed life’, in https://www.government.nl/documents/letters/2016/10/12/the-government-position-on-completed-life). La prospettiva è di estendere il ‘diritto alla morte’ a coloro la cui sofferenza non ha alcuna dimensione medica. Infatti il sistema attuale non offre alcuna possibilità per coloro che considerano la loro vita come compiuta e che desiderano la morte. Il governo olandese intende rispondere alla domanda crescente di coloro che “want to be able to end their lives with dignity and at a time of their own choosing if life has become unbearable for them” (ibidem). La durata della vita, infatti, è cosa buona per molti, “but not for everyone” (ibidem). Se la persona non ha più prospettive di vita e nutre il desiderio di morire, “the rationale underlying the protection of human life comes under pressure, because life no longer has any value for them” (ibidem). L’autonomia individuale correrebbe il rischio di diventare un concetto vuoto “if an individual who regards their life as completed cannot end their life without the help of other people while at the same time those other people are prohibited from offering help” (ibidem). La conclusione della proposta è la cancellazione completa del divieto dell’assistenza al suicidio. L’attenzione dovrebbe essere spostata dall’atto di colui che uccide alla volontà di colui che vuole essere ucciso. Questo è il diritto fondamentale, che lo Stato ha l’obbligo di garantire. Infatti: “The government aspires not only to acknowledge that right to autonomy, but also to give it practical form so that we can do justice to a legitimate and growing wish that deserves our attention” (ibidem). Il ‘diritto alla morte’ postula un correlativo dovere di uccidere. Per maggiori approfondimenti cfr. M. Ronco, ‘Pendio scivoloso’, in www.centrostudilivatino.it. Già nel 1995 era anticipato il tema del piano inclinato: cfr. J. Keown, Euthanasia in the Netherlands: sliding down the slippery slope?, in Euthanasia examined, cit., 261-296; sul piano logico v. Y. Kamisar, Physician-Assisted Suicide: the last bridge to active voluntary euthanasia, ivi, 225-260. [59] Sull’incongruità di una distinzione aprioristica tra una bioetica religiosa e una bioetica laica, che darebbe un’impronta diversa alle scelte giuridiche sul fine vita, si è pronunciato recentemente Pulitanò, Il diritto penale di fronte al suicidio, cit., 64. La contrapposizione è in G. Fornero, Bioetica cattolica e bioetica laica, Milano, 2009. Sul piano giuridico impernia impropriamente il tema dell’eutanasia sul contrasto tra “etica della sacralità della vita” ed “etica della qualità della vita”, C. Tripodina, Il diritto nell’età della tecnica. Il caso dell’eutanasia, Napoli, 2004. [60] Così C. Vigna e S. Zanardo, Prefazione a AA.VV., La Regola d’oro come etica universale, a cura di C. Vigna e S. Zanardo, Milano, 2005, XI, nel volume vanno segnalati, per le implicazioni sui temi oggetto del presente scritto, B. De Mori, La reciprocità ‘per il bene’ come luogo di incontro tra i diritti e la Regola d’oro, ivi, 579-609 e G. Zanini, La Regola d’oro e il rapporto medico-paziente, ivi, 611-621. [61] V. la decisione in Physician Assisted Suicide. Expanding the Debate edited by M.P. Battin, R. Rhodes and A. Silvers, New York and London, 1998, Appendix A, 377-427. [62] Ibidem, 385. [63] Ibidem, 386. [64] Ibidem, 387. [65] Ibidem, 387. [67] Ibidem, 388. [68] Ibidem, 389. [69] R. Dworkin, Life’s Dominion, New York, 1994. [70] Ibidem, 179-180 [71] Physician Assisted Suicide, cit., Appendix C, The Philosopher’s Brief, 431-441. [72] I predetti filosofi morali e politici, pur proclamando di professare opinioni diverse su svariati aspetti concernenti la moralità pubblica e la politica, esprimono la loro unità, tuttavia, “in their conviction that respect for foundamental principles of liberty and justice, as well as for the American Constitutional tradition, requires that the decisions of The Court of Appels [che aveva ritenuto la legge dello Stato di Washington contraria al 14° Emendamento] be affirmed”. Così nell’introduzione alla lettera spedita nell’Interest of the Amici Curiae, in Physician Assisted Suicide, cit., Appendix C, 431. [73] Corte Ass. Milano, ordinanza 14 febbraio 2018. [74] Così P.S. Mann, Meanings of Death, in Physician Assisted Suicide, cit., 20. [75] La legalizzazione presenta rischi particolari per gli anziani (v. L. Pickering Francis, Assisted Suicide. Are The Elderly a Special Case?, in Physician Assisted Suicide, cit., 75-90) e per i disabili (v. J. Bickenbach, Disability and Life-Ending Decisions, ivi, 123-132, nonché A. Silvers, Protecting the Innocents from Physician-Assisted Suicide, ivi, 133-148 e F. Ackerman, Assisted Suicide, Terminal Illness, Severe Disability, and the Double standard, ivi, 149-161). [76] P.S. Mann, Meanings of Death, cit., 19. [77] La fenomenologia della degradazione antropologica riferita nel testo è ampiamente ispirata dallo scritto di Patricia Mann, citato alla n. 73, 19-25. [78] Così ibidem. [79] Ibidem, 21. [80] V. M. Matthews Jr., Would Physician-Assisted Suicide. Save the Healthcare System Money?, in Physician Assisted Suicide, cit., 312-322. [81] Ibidem, 22. [82] M. Teitelman, Not in the House. Arguments for a Policy of Excluding Physician-Assisted Suicide from the Pratice of Hospital Medicine, in Physician Assisted Suicide, cit., 203-222. [83] Il nesso tra malattia, depressione e propensione al suicidio è stata descritta ampiamente nella letteratura medica. La depressione, sotto diagnosticata già nella popolazione comune, è di difficile diagnosi soprattutto tra i pazienti affetti da patologie gravi per la sovrapponibilità dei criteri diagnostici che la concernono con i sintomi della malattia di base del paziente: scarsa energia, perdita di appetito e di peso, disturbi del sonno, fragilità nella concentrazione e disturbi della malattia a breve termine. Cfr. H.M. Chochinov, K.G. Wilson, M. Enns, e S. Lander, Prevalence of Depression in the Terminally Ill: Effects of Diagnostic Criteria and Symptom Threshold Judgments“, in American Journal of Psychiatry, 151 (4), 1994, 537-540. [84] M. Teitelman, Not in the House, cit., 208-210. [85] Ibidem, 211-213. [86] Ibidem, 213-217. [87] Ibidem, 217-218, in particolare il punto in cui Teitelman osserva che l’introduzione del suicidio assistito nella pratica ospedaliera rischierebbe di dare la percezione sociale dell’ospedale “as a locus in which some people are killed by others for someone else’s benefit” (217). [88] Sulla dignità umana nella nuova disciplina della bioetica v. E. Furlan, Dignità umana e bioetica: risorse e problemi di una nozione fondamentale, in Bioetica e dignità umana, cit., 7-54; A. Bompiani, La genesi della Convenzione Europea sui diritti dell’uomo e la biomedicina: una ricostruzione storica, ivi, 57-75; R. Andorno, La tutela della dignità umana: fondamento e scopo della Convenzione di Oviedo, ivi, 77-109; P. Becchi, Il dibattito sulla dignità umana: tra etica e diritto, ivi, 113-142; M. Reichlin, Dignità umana: ragioni di un paradigma morale, ivi, 143-161, il quale, riaffermando la rilevanza del teorema della dignità umana, mette in guardia dal collegarlo a prospettive che pecchino di un ingenuo naturalismo ovvero a una immagine esclusivamente biologica e non dinamica della natura umana. A beneficio dei giuristi Reichlin insegna che tale teorema non deve essere invocato in funzione immediatamente normativa, bensì in un complesso esplicativo che pone in correlazione la dignità con i princìpi giuridici pure rilevanti nei singoli casi (161). [89] A. Ruggeri, Appunti per uno studio sulla dignità dell’uomo, secondo diritto costituzionale, in Rivista telematica giuridica dell’Associazione Italiana dei Costituzionalisti, 1/2011, 3. Contra G. Gemma, Dignità umana: un disvalore costituzionale?, in Quad. cost., 2/2008, 379 ss; sulla stessa linea L. Risicato, Dal “diritto di vivere” al “diritto di morire”. Riflessioni sul ruolo della laicità nell’esperienza penalistica, Torino, 2008 e G. Fiandaca, Il diritto di morire tra paternalismo e liberalismo penale, in Foro it., 6/2009, V, 227 ss.. [90] Ruggeri, Appunti, cit., 5. [91] Ibidem. V. anche M.A. Glendon, Il fondamento dei diritti umani: il lavoro incompiuto, ora in Id., Tradizioni in subbuglio, a cura di P.G. Carozza e M. Cartabia, Soveria Mannelli, 2007, 98, secondo cui “i diritti umani sono fondati sul dovere di ciascuno di portare a compimento la propria dignità, che a sua volta obbliga a rispettare la ‘donata’ scintilla di dignità presente negli altri, qualunque cosa costoro ne abbiano fatto”. V. anche R. Spaemann, Tre lezioni sulla dignità della vita umana, Torino, 2011; in particolare sulla connessione della dignità con la questione dei diritti Id., Über den Begriff der Menschenwürde, in Id., Grenzen. Zur ethischen Dimension des Handelns, Stuttgart, 2001, 107-122. Nello stesso senso v. anche V. Mathieu, Privacy e dignità dell’uomo. Una teoria della persona, Torino, 2004, secondo il quale la dignità è il rapporto non oggettivabile della persona con la sua origine e con il suo fine spirituale (95). La tutela della dignità prevista dalla legge non è da... bensì per ... . La dignità è il diritto della persona al pieno sviluppo del suo io intimo e profondo. [92] In questo senso l’individuo privato della dignità soffre una “negazione della sua stessa umanità”: così G. Silvestri, Considerazioni sul valore costituzionale della dignità della persona, in www.associazionedeicostituzionalisti.it; v. pure L. Eusebi, Dinnanzi all’ “altro” che ci è problema: l’ “incostituzionalità” di ogni configurazione dell’ “altro” come nemico, in Arch. giur., 4/2009, 433 ss., spec. 448 ss. [93] Trattato sull’Unione Europea come modificato dal Trattato di Lisbona del 13 dicembre 2007, entrato in vigore dal 1 dicembre 2009. [94] Spiegazioni relative alla Carta dei diritti fondamentali (2007/C303/02). Cfr. anche B. Malvestiti, Criteri di non bilanciabilità della dignità umana, relazione al Convegno Diritti fondamentali e diritti sociali, organizzato dall’Istituto di Storia, Filosofia e Diritto ecclesiastico e dall’Istituto di Studi storici dell’Università degli Studi di Macerata (22-23 novembre 2011). [95] Sulla dignità nella Carta dei diritti fondamentali si vedano ex multis G. Monaco, La tutela della dignità umana: sviluppi giurisprudenziali e difficoltà applicative, in La Politica del Diritto, 2011, 45 ss.; F. Sacco, Note sulla dignità umana nel «diritto costituzionale europeo», a cura di S. Panunzio, I diritti fondamentali e le Corti in Europa, Napoli, 2005, 596 ss.. Evidente è il riflesso nella Carta di Nizza del Grundgesetz tedesco del 1949, che all’art. 1 sancisce l’intangibilità della dignità dell’uomo e il dovere di ogni potere statale di rispettarla e proteggerla, riconoscendo altresì i diritti umani fondamentali e inviolabili come conseguenza della stessa dignità (cfr. T. Maunz–G. Dürig, Grundgesetz, Kommentar, Beck-online). [96] Così Mathieu, Privacy e dignità, cit., 138. [97] G. Azzoni, Dignità umana e diritto privato, in Ragion Pratica, 38/ giugno 2012, 93 ora in Id., Nomofanie. Esercizi di filosofia del diritto, 2° ed., Torino, 2018, 233-254. [98] V. la critica alla tesi di Dworkin in A. Nicolussi, Rifiuto e rinuncia ai trattamenti e obblighi del medico, in Studi in onore di Mario Romano, Napoli, 2011, 2897. [99] Significativa è l’introduzione nell’ordinamento dell’art. 583 bis c.p. (art. 6, co. 1, L. 9 gennaio 2006 n. 7) del delitto denominato “Pratiche di mutilazione degli organi genitali femminili”. [100] Azzoni, Dignità umana, cit., 96. [101] L’esame di dottrina e giurisprudenza consente di riconoscere la prevalenza di un orientamento volto a riconoscere il principio secondo cui la dignità dell’uomo costituisce un limite invalicabile all’autodeterminazione soggettiva. Ex multis v. M. Levinet, Dignité contre dignité. L’épilogue de l’affaire du «lancer de nains» devant le Comité des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies, in Revue trim. des droits de l’homme, 2003, 1024 ss.; M. Ailincai, Propos introductifs, in La Revue des droits de l’homme, Édition électronique, 8/2015; G. Bernard, L’évolution de la notion de dignité en droit, intervento al Convegno organizzato dall’Institut international de recherche en éthique biomédicale, Parigi, 5-6 dicembre 2007; A.C. Aune, Le phénomène de multiplication des droits subjectifs en droit des personnes et de la famille, Aix-en Provence, 2007. PreviousPerché un numero speciale di L-JUS
de	wikipedia	N/A	Team Kolles ist ein deutsches Motorsport-Team von Teamchef Colin Kolles. Von 2006 bis 2009 war es unter dem Namen Futurecom bei der DTM am Start. 2009 und 2010 nahm es am 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans teil sowie 2009 an der Le Mans Series. Das Nachfolgerteam ist byKolles Racing, das ab 2015 in der FIA World Endurance Championship mitfährt. Geschichte Anfänge in der Deutschen Formel 3 Das Team Kolles mit Sitz in Greding im mittelfränkischen Landkreis Roth wurde im Jahre 2000 gegründet und trat anfangs in der Deutschen Formel-3-Meisterschaft an. Bereits ein Jahr später konnte Kolles-Pilot Pierre Kaffer mit seinem Team vier Rennsiege erringen und lange Zeit um die Meisterschaft kämpfen. Am Ende der Saison 2001 stand für Kaffer ein vierter Platz in der Fahrerwertung zu Buche. DTM Zwischen 2006 und 2009 nahm das Team, anfangs noch unter dem Namen Futurecom, mit Audi-Werksunterstützung an der DTM teil. Zum Einsatz kamen jeweils zwei Jahre alte Fahrzeuge mit Audi-A4-Silhouette, mit denen das Team keinen Punkterfolg einfahren konnte. In der Debütsaison steuerte Vanina Ickx das erste Fahrzeug, während das zweite Cockpit zu Beginn der Saison an Olivier Tielemans vergeben wurde. Schon nach drei Rennen wurde er gegen Jeroen Bleekemolen ausgetauscht, der selber wiederum nur zwei Rennen bestritt, bis er durch Nicolas Kiesa ersetzt wurde. Aus gesundheitlichen Gründen konnte Kiesa jedoch zu den letzten beiden Rennen nicht antreten, bei denen er von Thed Björk vertreten wurde. Vanina Ickx behielt ihr Cockpit auch für die Saison 2007. Ihr Teamkollege wurde Adam Carroll, der zur Saisonhalbzeit nach fünf Rennen in die GP2-Serie wechselte. Sein Fahrzeug übernahm anschließend Markus Winkelhock. 2008 befanden sich die Fahrzeuge von Kolles wieder in festen Händen. Das erste Fahrzeug wurde an Katherine Legge vergeben, während das zweite Fahrzeug an Christijan Albers ging. Dieser war von Colin Kolles in seiner Funktion als Teamchef des Spyker-F1-Teams noch im Vorjahr aus der Formel 1 entlassen worden und erhielt bei ihm nun wieder ein Cockpit in der DTM. 2009 wurde die DTM-Fahrzeugflotte von Kolles auf einen dritten Audi A4 aufgestockt. Für das Team gingen Christian Bakkerud, Tomáš Kostka und Johannes Seidlitz an den Start, wobei Letzterer mit gerade einmal 18 Jahren bei seinem ersten Rennen der bisher jüngste Rennfahrer in der Geschichte der DTM war. Le Mans Series und 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans Zur Saison 2009 erwarb das Team zwei Audi R10 TDI, mit denen es seitdem in der Le Mans Series antritt. Ein Fahrzeug teilten sich die Piloten Charles Zwolsman junior, Andrew Meyrick und Narain Karthikeyan, an dessen Stelle beim ersten Saisonrennen in Barcelona noch Michael Krumm am Steuer saß. Das zweite Fahrzeug pilotierten Christijan Albers und Christian Bakkerud, die bei drei von fünf Rennen auch von Giorgio Mondini unterstützt wurden. Nach einem schwierigen Auftaktrennen, bei dem ein Fahrzeug ausfiel und das andere das Ziel nach Problemen nur mit mehreren Runden Rückstand erreichte, konnten beim folgenden 1000-Kilometer-Rennen von Spa-Francorchamps beide Fahrzeuge mit den Plätzen sechs und sieben Meisterschaftspunkte einfahren. Auf eine weitere Nullrunde folgte beim 1000-km-Rennen auf dem Nürburgring schließlich mit Platz vier durch Karthikeyan, Meyrick und Zwolsman das beste Ergebnis. Auch der Saisonabschluss in Silverstone verlief erfolgreich, als die Fahrzeuge die Plätze fünf und sechs belegten und sich erneut in den Punkterängen platzieren konnten. In der Teamwertung erzielten die beiden Kolles-Teams schließlich die Ränge sieben und zehn. Den Höhepunkt des Jahres bildete für das Team Kolles die Teilnahme am 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans 2009. Die bewährten Fahrzeuge überstanden die große Distanz weitgehend problemlos. Charles Zwolsman und André Lotterer brachten ihren Wagen nach 24 Stunden auf Platz sieben ins Ziel, obwohl sich ihr Teamkollege Narain Karthikeyan kurz vor dem Start bei einem Sturz von der Boxenmauer die Schulter verrenkte und nicht am Rennen teilnehmen konnte, sodass Zwolsman und Lotterer das Rennen als Zweierteam bestreiten mussten. Christian Bakkerud, Christijan Albers und Giorgio Mondini im zweiten Kolles-Audi lagen bei Rennende auf Platz neun und rundeten damit den erfolgreichen Ausgang des Rennens aus Sicht von Kolles ab. Seit 2010 ist die Mannschaft um Colin Kolles beim Hispania Racing F1 Team in der Formel 1 engagiert. An der Le Mans Series nahm sie seitdem nicht mehr teil. Allerdings kehrte das Team Kolles mit seinen beiden Audi R10 TDI erneut nach Le Mans zum 24-Stunden-Rennen 2010 zurück. Am Steuer des ersten Fahrzeugs wechselten sich Christophe Bouchut, Scott Tucker und Manuel Rodrigues ab, während das zweite Fahrzeug von Christijan Albers, Oliver Jarvis und Christian Bakkerud besetzt wurde. Bereits nach 182 Runden waren Bouchut, Tucker und Rodrigues zur Aufgabe gezwungen. Hingegen verlief das Rennen für Bakkerud, Jarvis und Albers lange Zeit ohne Probleme. Nachdem mehrere Konkurrenten auf den vorderen Plätzen ausgefallen waren, fand das Trio sich in der Schlussphase des Rennens bereits auf Platz vier wieder. Damit hatte das Team die Aussicht auf den bisher größten Erfolg seit seinem Bestehen. Nur zweieinhalb Stunden vor dem Rennende und nach 331 absolvierten Runden fiel der Audi R10 TDI wegen Getriebeschadens aus. Seit 2015 nimmt Kolles mit seinem unter österreichischer Lizenz fahrenden Team an der FIA-Langstrecken-Weltmeisterschaft teil. Kolles & Heinz Union Zur Nachwuchsförderung gründete Colin Kolles zusammen mit Werner Heinz das Team Kolles & Heinz Union, das seit 2009 zwei Fahrzeuge in der Formel-3-Euroserie einsetzt. Als Fahrer kamen Robert Wickens, Carlo van Dam, Johan Jokinen, Nick Tandy und Edoardo Mortara zum Einsatz, die aber ohne Punkterfolg blieben. Einzelergebnisse in der DTM Weblinks byKolles Racing Offizielle Homepage Einzelnachweise Kolles Kolles Kolles Kolles Sport (Landkreis Roth)
da	legislation	Denkmark	Den fulde tekst Skrivelse om Lønsumsafgift og moms – almene boligorganisationer - rettelse til SKM2009.320.SKAT - styresignal Det fremgår af SKM2009.320.SKAT, at der kan ske ekstraordinær genoptagelse fra og med den afgiftsperiode, der er helt eller delvis sammenfaldende med afgiftsperioden fra den 1. juli 1996. Den anførte afgiftsperiode er ikke korrekt. I den sag, hvor SKAT som følge af Højesterets dom i SKM2008.542.HR tog bekræftende til genmæle ved Landsretten, var den første ikke forældede afgiftsperiode afgiftsperioden fra den 1. april 1996. Der kan derfor ske ekstraordinær genoptagelse fra og med den afgiftsperiode, der er helt eller delvis sammenfaldende med afgiftsperioden fra den 1. april 1996. , den 14. maj 2009
en	wikipedia	N/A	Zanha golungensis is a species of fruit plants from the family Sapindaceae that can be found in Cameroon and Zimbabwe. The species reaches in height, and has leaflets that come in 3–7 pairs. While young, the leaves are pubescent, and by maternity, they might become elliptically oblong. The plant's apex is often acuminated and obtuse, the base of which is cuneate. Their inflorescence is in diameter, which ends with a congested subspherical thyrse. The sepals are with petals ranging up to 2 × 1.5 cm. The fruit that the plant gives is either pink or yellow, and is both spherical and ellipsoid. References External links Sapindaceae Flora of Africa Plants described in 1896
de	wikipedia	N/A	Eleonore Astfalck (* 13. November 1900 in Nürnberg; † 12. Juni 1991 in Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)) war eine Pionierin der Heil- und Sozialpädagogik in der Zeit vor 1933. Nach ihrer Emigration setzte sie ihre Arbeit in England fort, von wo aus sie 1946 nach Deutschland zurückkehrte, zuerst an die Odenwaldschule, und ab 1950 als Leiterin an die sozial- und heilpädagogische Einrichtung Immenhof in der Lüneburger Heide. Sie zählt zu den Reformerinnen der Heimerziehung und Heilpädagogik in Deutschland. Leben vor der Emigration Eleonore (auch Nora gerufen) Astfalck war eins von vier Kindern des Ingenieurs Wiland Astfalck und seiner Frau Auguste. Nach mehreren beruflich bedingten Umzügen kam die Familie 1920 nach Berlin. Eleonore wurde hier beim Verein Jugendheim zur Hortnerin ausgebildet und arbeitete danach in den Jahren 1923 bis 1927 zunächst als Erzieherin in der Freie Schulgemeinde Wickersdorf, in einem Heim für schwererziehbare Kinder in Rodaun bei Wien und in einem Erholungsheim für tuberkulosegefährdete Kinder im Harz. Irgendwann in dieser Zeit war sie auch Mitglied in einer der ersten Wandervogel-Gruppen für Mädchen. Aufgrund ihrer praktischen Erfahrungen konnte Eleonore Astfalck beim Verein Jugendheim die Jugendleiterinnenausbildung beginnen. In diesem Zusammenhang lernte sie auch Hilde Lion kennen, die hier als Kursleiterin in der Jugendleiterinnenausbildung wirkte. Lion machte Astfalck das Angebot, als Lehrerin in die Kindergärtnerinnenausbildung des Vereins Jugendheim, an das Sozialpädagogische Seminar zu wechseln. Sie nahm an, und unterrichtete fortan von 1928 bis 1933 angehende Kindergärtnerinnen in pädagogischen, sozialpädagogischen und berufspraktischen Themen. Dabei lernte sie die Werklehrerin Johanna Nacken kennen, womit eine über vierzigjährige Lebens- und Arbeitsgemeinschaft ihren Anfang nahm, die die beiden Frauen zusammen mit Hilde Lion auch in die Emigration führte. Neben ihrer Lehrtätigkeit engagierte sich Eleonore Astfalck in einer Jugendstube des Vereins, dem „Jugendheim Charlottenburg“, wo sie Mitarbeiterin von Anna von Gierke war. Sie kümmerte sich hier – von 1932 bis 1933 dann hauptberuflich – vor allem um arbeitslose Jugendliche, die vorwiegend aus kommunistischen oder sozialdemokratischen Familien stammten. Diese Tätigkeit führte dazu, dass Astfalcks Name nach der Machtergreifung auf einer Schwarzen Liste der Nazis stand und sie Deutschland verließ. Exil in England 1933 ging Eleonore Astfalck zunächst mit einer jüdischen Familie in die Schweiz. Dort erreichte sie am 1. März 1934 ein Brief von Hilde Lion, in dem diese sie bat, zusammen mit ihr eine Schule für deutsche Flüchtlingskinder in England aufzubauen. Am 19. März 1934 traf Astfalck in Stoatley Rough ein und übernahm dort die Stelle einer „Hausmutter“ und als Lehrerin für Hauswirtschaft. Auf der Webseite „The Five Principal Teachers at Stoatley Rough“ (zu der dort neben ihr Hilde Lion, Emmy Wolff, Luise Leven und Johanna Nacken gezählt werden) heißt es, dass sich viele ehemalige Schüler auch später noch „zärtlich an sie erinnern“. Woran das gelegen haben mag beschreibt Eleonore Astflack rückblickend in einem Brief vom 27. August 1983 an Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: Rückkehr nach Deutschland 1946 kehrte Eleonore Astfalck als Mitarbeiterin von Minna Specht an die Odenwaldschule nach Deutschland zurück. Sie arbeitete als Lehrerin und Erzieherin, und gerade diese Doppelfunktion bereitete ihr Probleme, da es ihr schwer fiel, die Balance zwischen unterrichtender und erzieherischer Tätigkeit zu halten. Sie berichtet davon, dass sie hierin durchaus Unterstützung von den weiblichen Lehrkräften erhalten habe, doch allem Anschein nach litt sie unter der Vernachlässigung des erzieherischen Aspekts ihrer Tätigkeit. Aus diesem Dilemma befreite sie Lotte Lemke, die Geschäftsführerin der Arbeiterwohlfahrt (AWO), die ihr anbot, die Leitung des Immenhofs in der Lüneburger Heide zu übernehmen. Diese 1927 eingeweihte Einrichtung „als Heim für schwer erziehbare Mädchen“ spielt in der Geschichte der AWO eine bedeutsame Rolle. Er „war eine Modelleinrichtung mit Vorbildcharakter, in der die sozialistische Fürsorgeerziehung im Gegensatz zur bürgerlichen Fürsorgeerziehung ihre Erfüllung fand“. „Im Mai 1933 wurde die AWO von den Nationalsozialisten enteignet. Der Immenhof ging in das Eigentum der 'NSDAP Amt für Volkswohlfahrt' über. 1950 durfte die AWO die Anlagen wieder betreiben und kurze Zeit später ging der Immenhof wieder in ihr Eigentum über.“ Dies war die Situation, in der nun also Eleonore Astfalck die Leitung des Immenhofs übernahm und ihn – wiederum gemeinsam mit Johanna Nacken – aufbaute. Was sie angestoßen haben, was daraus im Laufe der Jahre wurde, klingt bei Wesemann beeindruckend: „Eine Verwaltungsbaracke wurde behelfsmäßig zu einer Schule umfunktioniert, bis 1962 ein neuer Schul- und Verwaltungstrakt erbaut wurde. Insgesamt waren in den 60er-Jahren ungefähr 200 Kinder und Jugendliche in dem Internat. Die 'Heimvolkschule Immenhof' war in pädagogischen Kreisen durchaus als schulisches Reformprojekt, aber auch als Reformprojekt der Heimerziehung, überregional anerkannt. Ab 1969 folgten weitere Neubauten und 1970 wurde sogar die erste Schwimmhalle gebaut. Eine Reithalle bildete 1981 den Abschluss der Bauaktivitäten.“ Nüchterner (und dennoch beeindruckend) sieht das Astfalck in ihrem Rückblick aus dem Jahre 1960 selber. Waren anfangs noch viele Luftbrückenkinder zu betreuen, verstärkte sich unter Astfalcks Leitung allmählich die heilpädagogische Arbeit nit Kindern, die aus schwierigen häuslichen Verhältnissen kamen. Ausgehend von ihren eigenen Erfahrungen an der Odenwaldschule versuchte sie einen Spagat zwischen öffentlicher Schule und eigener Heimschule, denn im Zweifelsfall hatte für sie die therapeutische Arbeit mit den Kindern in der „geschützten“ Heimschule Vorrang gegenüber der „abschlussorientierten Wissensvermittlung“ und den öffentlichen Schulen. Andere Ansatzpunkte für Neuerungen waren die von ihr initiierten Mutter-Kind-Kuren, die Aufnahme von geistig und körperlich behinderten Kindern zusammen mit ihren Müttern ins Heim oder die Aufnahme von blinden Müttern mit ihren Kindern. DDR-Bürgern, die in Gefängnissen eingesessen waren, ermöglichte sie Ferienaufenthalte. „Insgesamt leitete Eleonore Astfalck den Immenhof, der unter ihrer Führung zum Vorbild vieler ähnlicher Einrichtungen avancierte und sich in der ‚Fachwelt‘ und darüber hinaus eines guten Rufes und vieler Besucher erfreute, zwei Jahrzehnte.“ Nach ihrer Pensionierung übersiedelte Eleonore Astfalck nach Celle. Sie unterrichtete noch bis 1977 an der „Schule für Frauenberufe“, einer zweijährigen Berufsfachschule für Kinderpflegerinnen. Ehrenamtlich engagierte sie sich zudem in der Stafgefangenen-, Familien-, Alten- und Hausaufgabenhilfe sowie in der Verbandsarbeit der AWO. Kurz vor ihrem 90. Geburtstag reiste Eleonore Astfalck noch einmal zu einem Treffen mit ehemaligen Jugendheimerinnen in Israel, „wo diese mit Selbstverständlichkeit ihre Sozialarbeit nach Jugendheimweise machen. Nora Astfalck bewegte sich mit ihren fast 90 Jahren noch wie die Jüngste von uns, und zu Hause in Deutschland machte sie noch Schularbeiten mit den Türkenkindern!“ Trotz dieses vielfältigen Engagements und trotz der Ehrungen zu ihrem 90. Geburtstag ist sie aber für Berger eine „vergessene Pädagogin“, deren Lebenswerk noch immer darauf wartet „auf eine Aufnahme in die Geschichte der Heil-/Sozialpädagogik. Immerhin gehörte sie zu den ‚deutschen Pädagogen und Pädagoginnen, die nach 1933 die Reformpädagogik im Exil weiterführten und lebten‘.“ Ehrungen Zu ihrem 90. Geburtstag wurde Eleonore Astfalck das Verdienstkreuz am Bande des Niedersächsischen Verdienstordens verliehen. Ebenfalls zu ihrem 90. Geburtstag erhielt sie die Marie-Juchacz-Plakette der Arbeiterwohlfahrt (AWO). In Wiehl ist das AWO-Familienzentrum nach Eleonore Astfalck benannt. Literatur Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (aktualisierte Fassung: Hermann Schnorbach): Die Pädagogik der Landerziehungsheime im Exil, in: Inge Hansen-Schaberg (Hg.): Landerziehungsheim-Pädagogik, Neuausgabe, Reformpädagogische Schulkonzepte, Band 2, Schneider Verlag Hohengehren GmbH, Baltmannsweiler, 2012, ISBN 978-3-8340-0962-3, S. 183–206. Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: Pädagogik im Exil nach 1933. Erziehung zum Überleben. Bilder einer Ausstellung. dipa-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1990, ISBN 3-7638-0520-6 Astfalck, Eleonore, in: Joseph Walk (Hrsg.): Kurzbiographien zur Geschichte der Juden 1918–1945. München : Saur, 1988, ISBN 3-598-10477-4, S. 201 Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: Astfalck, Eleonore, in: Hugo Maier (Hrsg.): Who is who der Sozialen Arbeit. Freiburg : Lambertus, 1998 ISBN 3-7841-1036-3, S. 47f. Weblinks The Five Principal Teachers at Stoatley Rough Manfred Berger: Eleonore Astfalck – Ihr Leben und Wirken, BHP-Info 17 2002/4, S. 18–22. Bilder vom ehemaligen Immenhof in Hützel Eleonore Astfalck in der Nachlassdatenbank des Deutschen Bundesarchivs und Eleonore Astfalck im Archiv der deutschen Frauenbewegung Manfred Wesemann: Immenhof (Hützel). Kinder und Jugendheim 1910 – 1990 Seit 2007 gibt es die Webseite Kinderheim Immenhof (in Hützel) – die Seite der Ehemaligen Kinder des Kinder- und Jugendheimes Immenhof in Hützel. Die Seite enthält unter anderem auch viel Bildmaterial aus der Zeit des Neuanfangs nach 1945. Einzelnachweise Person der sozialen Arbeit Pädagoge (20. Jahrhundert) Emigrant aus dem Deutschen Reich zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus AWO-Funktionär Träger des Verdienstkreuzes des Niedersächsischen Verdienstordens (am Bande) Träger der Marie-Juchacz-Plakette Deutscher Geboren 1900 Gestorben 1991 Frau
cs	wikipedia	N/A	Chronické střevní záněty zahrnují skupinu zánětlivých onemocnění tenkého nebo tlustého střeva různé příčiny, které se vyznačují vleklým nebo opakujícím se (recidivujícím) průběhem. Klasifikace chronických střevních zánětů Idiopatické střevní záněty Patří sem Crohnova choroba, ulcerózní kolitida a indeterminovaná kolitida. Pojmenování idiopatické poukazuje na neznámou příčinu nemocí. Vznikají na podkladě kombinace dědičných vloh podmiňujících abnormální reakce imunitního systému a spouštěcích faktorů zevního prostředí, přesný mechanizmus ale není dosud objasněn. Starší pojmenování nespecifické střevní záněty vznikl již v první polovině 20. století na odlišení od chronických zánětů infekčních, zvláště tuberkulózy (označované tehdy jako specifický zánět). Mikroskopické kolitidy Základními typy jsou kolagenní kolitida a lymfocytární kolitida, vzácnější kolitida s minimálními změnami, perikryptová eozinofilní kolitida a Brainerdský průjem Někdy se také řadí k idiopatickým střevním zánětům vzhledem k tomu, že jejich příčina není známa a patrně vznikji také kombinací genetické predispozice a působení faktorů zevního prostředí. Při mikroskopické kolitidě na rozdíl od idiopatické kolitidy v užším smyslu slova nenacházíme změny makroskopicky (při endoskopickém vyšetření či rentgenových zobrazovacích vyšetřeních, tyto jsou vyjádřeny jen v mikroskopickém obraze. Ischemická kolitida Je zánětlivé postižení střeva v důsledku poruchy jeho prokrvení. Existují různé formy dle lokalizace či tíže poruchy prokrvení. Postradiační enterokolitida Vzniká na střevě postiženém ozařováním nádorů lokalizovaných v jeho blízkosti. Diverzní kolitida Zánět postihující část střeva (obvykle tlustého) po jeho vyřazení z funkce. Jde o nemocné po operačním vytvoření vývodu (stomie) střeva, u nichž zůstává konečník či přilehlá část tlustého střeva zachovalá, ale neprochází jimi stolice. Chronické infekční záněty Střevo může být postiženo v rámci infekce cytomegalovirem, tuberkulózou, AIDS, střevními parazitárními nemocemi a vzácněji řadou dalších infekcí včetně sexuálně přenosných nemocí Behçetova nemoc Postižení střeva spolu s postižením řady dalších orgánů může být v rámci této autoimunitní systémové vaskulitidy - postižení cévní stěny. Vzácněji může doprovázet i jiné autoimunitní nemoci. Postižení polékové Chronické zánětlivé změny se mohou rozvinout například při dlouhodobém užívání nesteroidních antirevmatik Vzácnější příčiny Ke vzniku střevního zánětu může dojít po transplantaci kostní dřeně, u pacientů s poruchami imunity, při neléčeném chronickém selhání ledvin nebo při ukládání abnormálních bílkovin ve střevní stěně v rámci amyloidózy. Projevy chronických střevních zánětů Projevy se liší dle typu zánětu, jeho tíže, lokalizace či doby trvání. Mezi základní projevy patří průjem, bolesti břicha, úbytek na váze, krev ve stolici, chudokrevnost, případně zvracení. Můžou se také projevit řadou mimostřevních potíží, zejména kožních či kloubních. Léčba chronických střevních zánětů Také zavisí na příčině. Jen zřídka je však příčina známa a je možné ji odstranit. Většinou se používají protizánětlivé léky jako kortikosteroidy, aminosalicyláty (sulfasalazin, mesalazin), imunosupresiva, biologická léčba, antibiotikum či v indikovaných případech chirurgická léčba. Reference Externí odkazy 6. Pacientská organizace: Občanské sdružení pacientů s idiopatickými střevními záněty „Pacienti IBD“ - www.crohn.cz Nemoci trávicí soustavy Gastroenterologie
en	contracts	US	MARKETOCRACY ADDENDUM TO THE FUND ADMINISTRATION SERVICING AGREEMENT THIS ADDENDUM dated as of this 6th day of October, 2006, to the Fund Administration Servicing Agreement dated as of December 13, 2000, as amended, (the "Agreement"), is entered by and between MARKETOCRACY CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“MCM”), an investment advisor for MARKETOCRACY FUNDS, a Delaware statutory trust (the “Trust”) and U.S. BANCORP FUND SERVICES, LLC, a Wisconsin limited liability company (“USBFS”). RECITALS WHEREAS, the parties have entered into a Fund Administration Servicing Agreement; and WHEREAS, the parties desire to modify said Agreement; and WHEREAS, Section 7 of the Agreement allows for its modification by a written instrument executed by both parties. NOW, THEREFORE, the parties agree that the following provisions shall be added following Section 13 of the Agreement: 14.Additional Services to be provided by USBFS MCM desires USBFS to provide, and USBFS agrees to provide, the services that are listed below (each, a “System”).Each System is described and may be subject to additional terms and conditions specified in its respective exhibit noted below, as such may be amended from time to time: Eagle Portal (Appendix I) MCM hereby acknowledges that exhibits are an integral part of this Agreement and, to the extent services included in Appendix I are selected by MCM, such services shall also be subject to the terms of this Agreement.To the extent the terms and conditions of this Agreement conflict with the terms and conditions included in Appendix I, as applicable, the exhibits shall control.The provisions ofAppendix I, as applicable, shall continue in effect for as long as this Agreement remains in effect, unless sooner terminated pursuant to Section 7 hereof. 15.System Maintenance MCM understands that USBFS will perform periodic maintenance to the System(s), which may cause temporary service interruptions.To the extent possible, USBFS shall notify MCM of all planned outages and will perform any necessary maintenance during non-business hours. 16.Additional Representations and Warranties The parties hereby warrant that neither party shall knowingly insert into any interface, other software, or other program provided by such party to the other hereunder, any “back door,” “time bomb,” “Trojan Horse,” “worm,” “drop dead device,” “virus” or other computer software code or routines or hardware components designed to disable, damage or impair the operation of any System, program or operation hereunder.For failure to comply with this warranty, the non-complying party shall immediately replace all copies of the affected work product, System or software.All costs incurred with replacement including, but not limited to, cost of media, shipping, deliveries and installation, shall be borne by such party. 17.Proprietary Rights A.MCM acknowledges and agrees that by virtue of accessing the System(s), it shall not obtain any rights in or to any of the software, templates, screen and file formats, interface protocols, formats and development tools and instructions, hardware, processes, trade secrets, instruction manuals, enrollment authorization, authentication and other business processes, proprietary information or distribution and communication networks used to allow access to the System(s) owned by or licensed to USBFS.Any interface and other software or programs provided to MCM in order to provide connectivity to the System(s) shall be used by MCM only for the period during which this Agreement is in effect and only in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, and shall not be used by MCM to provide connectivity to or through any other system or person without USBFS’s prior written approval.MCM shall not copy, decompile or reverse engineer any software or programs provided to MCM hereunder.MCM also agrees not to take any action which would mask, delete or otherwise alter any on-screen disclaimers and copyright, trademark and service mark notifications, or any “point and click” features relating to acknowledgment and acceptance of such disclaimers and notifications. B.MCM agrees that USBFS would not have an adequate remedy at law in the event of MCM’s breach or threatened breach of its obligations under this Section 14 of this Agreement and that USBFS would suffer irreparable injury and damage as a result of any such breach.Accordingly, in the event MCM breaches or threatens to breach the obligations set forth in this Section of this Agreement, in addition to and not in lieu of any legal or other remedies USBFS may pursue hereunder or under applicable law, MCM hereby consents to the granting of equitable relief (including the issuance of a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction or permanent injunction) against it by a court of competent jurisdiction, without the necessity of proving actual damages or posting any bond or other security therefore, prohibiting any such breach or threatened breach.In any proceeding upon a motion for such equitable relief, MCM’s ability to answer in damages shall not be interposed as a defense to the granting of such equitable relief.The provisions of this Section relating to equitable relief shall survive termination of this Agreement. C.Each party acknowledges and agrees that it obtains no rights in or to any of the software, hardware, processes, trade secrets, and proprietary information or distribution and communication networks of the other hereunder. Except in the normal course of business and in conformity with Federal copyright law or with the other party’s consent, neither party nor any of its affiliates shall disclose, use, copy, decompile or reverse engineer any software or other programs provided to such party by the other in connection herewith. 2 18.Additions to Standard of Care; Indemnification; Limitation of Liability A. USBFS shall not be liable for any loss or damages resulting from fraudulent, unauthorized, or otherwise improper use of any identification or security codes or systems access mechanisms assigned by USBFS in connection with access to the System(s), except a loss or damages arising out of or relating to the USBFS’s refusal or failure to comply with the terms of this Agreement or from its bad faith, gross negligence, or willful misconduct in the performance of its duties under this Agreement. B.MCM understands that certain services made available through the System(s) are provided through the use of the equipment, software, and other related services pursuant to certain contracts between various vendors and USBFS.MCM agrees to release and hold harmless USBFS against any and all claims, demands, losses, expenses and liabilities of any and every nature (including reasonable attorneys’ fees) (collectively, “Liabilities”) which may arise from or by reason of MCM or the Trust’s use of such equipment, software or services provided by such vendors to USBFS, except Liabilities arising out of or relating to the USBFS’s refusal or failure to comply with the terms of this Agreement or from its bad faith, gross negligence, or willful misconduct in the performance of its duties under this Agreement. C.USBFS CANNOT AND DOES NOT GUARANTEE AVAILABILITY OF THE SYSTEM(S).Accordingly, USBFS’s sole liability to MCM or any third party (including end users) for any claims, notwithstanding the form of such claims (e.g., contract, negligence, or otherwise), arising out of the delay of or interruption in the System(s) to be provided by USBFS hereunder shall be to use its best reasonable efforts to commence or resume the System(s) as promptly as is reasonably possible. D.Because the ability of USBFS to deliver the System(s) is dependent upon the Internet and equipment, software, systems, data and services provided by various telecommunications carriers, equipment manufacturers, firewall providers and encryption system developers and other vendors and third parties, USBFS shall not be liable for delays or failures to perform its obligations hereunder to the extent that such delays or failures are attributable to circumstances beyond its reasonable control which interfere with the delivery of the System(s) by means of the Internet or any of the equipment, software and services which support the Internet provided by such third parties.USBFS shall also not be liable for the actions or omissions of any third party wrongdoers (i.e., hackers not employed by USBFS or its affiliates) or of any third parties involved in the System(s) and shall not be liable for the selection of any such third party, unless USBFS selected the third party in bad faith or in a grossly negligent manner. 3 19.Warranties MCM acknowledges that it is responsible for determining the suitability and accuracy of the information provided through its access to the System(s).USBFS MAKES NO WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THE SUITABILITY AND ACCURACY OF THE SYSTEM(S).However, USBFS will assist MCM in verifying the accuracy of any of the information available to the MCM through the System(s). 20.Addition to File Security and Retention; Confidentiality USBFS and its agents will provide reasonable security to ensure that unauthorized third parties do not have access to MCM’s or the Trust’s databases, files, and other information provided by MCM or the Trust to USBFS for use with the System(s), the names of end users or end user transaction or account data (collectively, “Trust Files”).USBFS’s security provisions with respect to the System(s), MCM’s or the Trust’s web site(s) and the Trust Files will be no less protected than USBFS’s security provisions with respect to its own proprietary information.USBFS agrees that any and all Trust Files maintained by USBFS for the MCM or the Trust hereunder shall be available for inspection by the Trust’s regulatory authorities during regular business hours, upon reasonable prior written notice to USBFS, and will be maintained and retained in accordance with applicable requirements of the 1940 Act.USBFS will not use, or permit the use of, names of end users for the purpose of soliciting any business, product, or service whatsoever except where the communication is necessary and appropriate for USBFS’s delivery of the System(s). 4 Appendix I Eagle Portal (a/k/a “Advisor Information Source”, or “AIS”) for Marketocracy Funds USBFS utilizes the Eagle Portal, a web-based report delivery system that generates holdings, position, and tax reports. Data from IDC, CPORT, S&P, and GICs populate the data warehouse from which reports are generated. Reports can be customer run or scheduled for automatic delivery to a portal inbox.This is an internal software application which is maintained and monitored by internal staff. Duties and Responsibilities of USBFS USBFS shall: A. Provide access to the System 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, subject to scheduled maintenance and events outside of USBFS’s reasonable control.Unless an emergency is encountered, no routine maintenance will occur during the hours of 8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Central Time. B. Supply necessary software to access the System, if necessary. C. Provide training and connectivity support as outlined in the standard pricing model included herein. D. Maintain and support the System, which shall include providing error corrections, minor enhancements and interim upgrades to the System and providing help desk support to provide assistance to MCM’s or the Trust’s employees and agents with their use of the System.Maintenance and support, as used herein, shall not include (i) access to or use of any substantial added functionality, new interfaces, new architecture, new platforms, new versions or major development efforts, unless made generally available by USBFS to System customers, as determined solely by USBFS or (ii) maintenance of customized features. E. Provide monthly invoices of fees as stated in the standard pricing model or the fee schedule. F. Establish systems to guide assist and permit End Users (as defined below) who access the System from MCM’s or the Trust’s web site(s) to electronically perform inquiries and create and transmit transaction requests to USBFS. G. Address and mail, at MCM’s expense, notification and promotional mailings and other communications provided by MCM or the Trust to shareholders regarding the availability of the System. H. Issue to each shareholder, financial adviser or other person or entity who desires to make inquiries concerning MCM or perform transactions in accounts with MCM using the System (the “End User”) a unique user ID and password for authentication purposes, which may be changed upon an End User’s reasonable request in accordance with policies to be determined by USBFS and MCM.USBFS will require the End User to use his/her user ID and password in order to access the System. 5 I. Utilize encryption and secure transport protocols intended to prevent fraud and ensure confidentiality of End User accounts and transactions.In no event shall USBFS use encryption weaker than a 40-bit RC4 Stream.USBFS will take reasonable actions, including periodic scans of Internet interfaces and the System, to protect the Internet web site that provides the System and related network, against viruses, worms and other data corruption or disabling devices, and unauthorized, fraudulent or illegal use, by using appropriate virus detection and destructive software and by adopting such other security procedures as may be necessary. J. Establish and provide to MCM written procedures, which may be amended from time to time by USBFS with the written consent of MCM, regarding End User access to the System.Such written procedures shall establish security standards for the System, including, without limitation: (1)Encryption/secure transport protocols. (2)End User lockout standards (e.g., lockout after three unsuccessful attempts togain access to the System). (3)User ID and password issuance and reissuance standards. (4)Access standards, including limits on access to End Users whose accounts are codedfor privilege. (5)Automatic logoff standards (e.g., if the session is inactive for longer than 15 minutes). K. Ensure that the HTTPS Server is accessible via the Internet. Duties and Responsibilities of MCM MCM shall: A. Provide and maintain, at its own expense, one or more personal computers for accessing the System that will accommodate and be compatible with the software provided by USBFS. B. Follow any and all procedures necessary to access the System as may be set forth in any user guide or instruction manual provided and which may be amended or supplemented from time to time. C. Provide for the security of all codes and system access mechanisms relating to the System and implement such security procedures and/or devices to ensure the integrity of the System when accessed by MCM from its principal place of business. 6 D. MCM hereby acknowledges that all programs, software, manuals and other written information relating to the System shall remain the exclusive property of USBFS at all times. E. MCM acknowledges that it is responsible for determining the suitability and accuracy of the information obtained through its access to the System.USBFS MAKES NO WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THE SUITABILITY AND ACCURACY OF FUND DATA, SYSTEMS, INDUSTRY INFORMATION AND PROCESSES ACCESSED THROUGH THE SYSTEM. However, USBFS will assist MCM in verifying the accuracy of any of the information made available to MCM through the System and covered by this Agreement. F. In the event of termination of this Agreement, MCM and the Trust shall immediately end its access to the System and return all codes, system access mechanisms, programs, manuals and other written information to USBFS, and shall destroy or erase all such information on any diskettes or other storage medium, unless such access continues to be permitted pursuant to a separate agreement between MCM and USBFS that is in effect. G. Assume exclusive responsibility for the consequences of any instructions it may give to USBFS, for MCM’sor the Trust’s or End Users’ failure to properly access the System in the manner prescribed by USBFS, and for MCM’s or the Trust’s failure to supply accurate information to USBFS. H. Promptly notify USBFS of any problems or errors with the System of which MCM becomes aware or any changes in policies or procedures of MCM requiring changes to the System. I. Comply, and instruct End Users to comply, with all the End User enrollment and authorization procedures. J. Obtain and pay for connectivity to the HTTPS Server. K. Have the proper equipment and software to enable End Users to access the HTTPS Server and download the files and obtain all related maintenance, including support in the event of download problems. FEES:No additional fees for the Advisor Information Service 7 Except to the extent supplemented hereby, the Agreement shall remain in full force and effect. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Addendum to be executed by a duly authorized officer on one or more counterparts as of the date and year first written above. MARKETOCRACYU.S. BANCORP FUND SERVICES, LLC CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC By: /s/ Kendrick KamBy: /s/ Michael McVoy Name:Kendrick Kam Name:Michael McVoy Title:PresidentTitle:Sr. Vice President 8
fi	wikipedia	N/A	Kauriin kääntöpiiri on leveyspiiri 23° 26′ 21,48′′ astetta eteläistä leveyttä, eli sijaitsee maan akselin kaltevuuskulman etäisyydellä päiväntasaajasta. Se on eteläisin kohta, jonne Aurinko voi paistaa kohtisuoraan eli zeniitistä. Tämä tapahtuu kerran vuodessa pohjoisen pallonpuoliskon talvipäivänseisauksen aikaan joulukuussa eli silloin, kun eteläisellä pallonpuoliskolla on kesäpäivänseisaus. Nimi Kauriin kääntöpiiri johtuu siitä, että antiikin aikana Auringon ollessa kääntöpiiriin nähden zeniitissä se näkyi Maasta katsottuna tähtitaivaalla Kauriin tähdistön suunnassa. Kauriin kääntöpiirillä sijaitsevat valtiot ja meret Kauriin kääntöpiiri kulkee seuraavien valtioiden ja merten kautta, lueteltuina päivämäärärajalta alkaen itään päin: {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" \| Koordinaatit ! scope="col" \| Valtio, alue tai meri ! scope="col" \| Huomautus \|-valign="top" \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| Tyynimeri \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| Kulkee hieman Tongaan kuuluvan Minerva Reefsin pohjoispuolitse ja () Ranskan Polynesiaan kuuluvan Tubuain saaren eteläpuolitse \|- \| ! scope="row" \| Chile \| \|-valign="top" \| ! scope="row" \| Argentiina \| provinssit Jujuy, Salta ja Formosa \|-valign="top" \| ! scope="row" \| Paraguay \| \|-valign="top" \| ! scope="row" \| \| Osavaltiot Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná ja São Paulo \|-valign="top" \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| Atlantin valtameri \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| \|- \| ! scope="row" \| Namibia \| \|- \| ! scope="row" \| Botswana \| \|- \| ! scope="row" \| Etelä-Afrikka \| Limpopon provinssi \|-valign="top" \| ! scope="row" \| Mosambik \| \|- \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| Intian valtameri \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| Mosambikin kanaali \|-valign="top" \| ! scope="row" \| Madagaskar \| \|- \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| Intian valtameri \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| \|-valign="top" \| ! scope="row" \| \| Länsi-Australia, Pohjoisterritorio ja Queensland \|-valign="top" \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| Korallimeri \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| \|-valign="top" \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| Tyynimeri \| style="background:#b0e0e6;" \| \|} Katso myös Kravun kääntöpiiri Leveyspiiri Aiheesta muualla Simon Reeven juontama neliosainen televisio-ohjelma Kauriin kääntöpiirillä (engl. Tropic of Capricorn) vuodelta 2007, missä kuljetaan maailman ympäri Kauriin kääntöpiiriä pitkin, kotisivu Luonnonmaantiede Leveyspiirit Seulonnan keskeiset artikkelit de:Wendekreis (Breitenkreis)#Südlicher Wendekreis
cs	other	N/A	TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. Třinec IČO 18050646 kontakty (23.01.2019) \| Finance.cz TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. Třinec IČO: 18050646 Společnost Třinecké železárny a.s. patří k průmyslovým podnikům s nejdelší tradicí hutní výroby v České republice, a která má uzavřený hutní výrobní cyklus. Od roku 1996 je majoritním vlastníkem třineckých železáren akciová společnost Moravia Steel. Historie společnosti sahá až do roku 1939, kdy proběhl první odpich slévárenského železa a následně se začalo s budováním slévárny a smaltovny. Původním výrobním sortimentem železáren byla např. kamna, plotny, lité nádobí, sloupy, schodiště, ploty a mříže, odlitky pro strojírenství a umělecké předměty. Od počátku 20. století dochází k rozvoji, železárny byly zvětšovány a modernizovány, přičemž ve dvacátých letech 20. století patřily k nejmodernějším hutním závodům. Rozvoj a modernizace výroby pokračovalai v době socialismu. Od roku 1989 dochází k postupné privatizaci společnosti a jejich majoritním vlastníkem se stává v roce 1996 akciová společnost Moravia Steel. Lité a válcované polotovary Základní údaje o TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. IČO: 18050646 Obchodní společnost TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s., se sídlem Průmyslová 1000, Staré Město, 739 61 Třinec, IČO 180 50 646, převzala celé jmění (včetně práv a povinností z pracovněprávních vztahů) zanikající obchodní společnosti Sochorová válcovna TŽ, a.s., se s ídlem Třinec - Staré Město, Průmyslová 1000, PSČ 739 70, IČO 258 72 940, která zanikla v důsledku fúze sloučením do společnosti TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s., jakožto nástupnické společnosti. 30.6.2014 Počet členů statutárního orgánu: 5 23.6.2014 - 16.10.2014 Počet členů dozorčí rady: 6 23.6.2014 - 16.10.2014 Obchodní společnost TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s., se sídlem Průmyslová 1000, Staré Město, 739 61 Třinec, IČO 180 50 646, převzala část jmění (včetně práv a povinností z pracovněprávních vztahů) zanikající obchodní společnosti Strojírny Třinec, a.s., se sídlem Třinec - Staré Město, Průmyslová 1038, PSČ 739 65, IČO 253 63 654, která zanikla v důsledku rozdělení společnosti ve formě rozštěpení sloučením, přičemž část jmění uvedená v článku IX.1. Projektu rozdělení přešla na nástupnickou společnost TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZ ÁRNY, a.s., a druhá část jmění uvedená v článku IX.2. Projektu rozdělení na nástupnickou společnost D 5, akciová společnost, Třinec, se sídlem Třinec - Staré Město, Průmyslová 1026, PSČ 739 65, IČO 476 74 539. 31.8.2013 Mimořádná valná hromada společnosti TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a. s. konaná dne 31. července 2013 rozhodla o přechodu akcií emitovaných společností ve vlastnictví ostatních akcionářů na hlavního akcionáře podle § 183i a násl. obchodního zákoníku, takto: 1. Mimořádná valná hromada určuje, že na základě písemného prohlášení podle § 156 odst. 7 obchodního zákoníku, vydaného bankou Česká spořitelna, a.s., IČO: 452 44 782, sídlo: Praha 4, Olbrachtova 1929/62, PSČ 140 00, jako osobou, která vykonává úschovu ne bo uložení akcií podle zvláštního právního předpisu, dokládajícího počet akcií emitovaných Společností ve vlastnictví společnosti MORAVIA STEEL a.s., se sídlem Třinec - Staré Město, Průmyslová 1000, PSČ 739 70, IČO: 634 74 808, zapsané v obchodním rejstří ku vedeném Krajským soudem v Ostravě, oddíl B, vložka 1297 (dále jen „MORAVIA STEEL a.s.“), je MORAVIA STEEL a.s. hlavním akcionářem Společnosti s celkem 7 894 843 kusy akcií na majitele v listinné podobě se jmenovitou hodnotou 1 000 Kč (slovy : jeden tisíc korun českých) na akcii, jejichž souhrnná jmenovitá hodnota tedy činí 97,349 % (zaokrouhleno na 3 desetinná místa) základního kapitálu Společnosti, přičemž s nimi spojený podíl na hlasovacích právech ve Společnosti činí 97,349 % (zaokrouhlen o na 3 desetinná místa). 2. Mimořádná valná hromada konstatuje a osvědčuje, že MORAVIA STEEL a.s. je ve smyslu ustanovení § 183i odst. 1 Obchodního zákoníku hlavním akcionářem Společnosti, kterému svědčí právo výkupu účastnických cenných papírů (akcií) Společnosti od dosavadních vlastníků ostatních účastnických cenných papírů (akcionářů) na jeho osobu podle ustanovení § 183i a násl. Obchodního zákoníku. 3. Mimořádná valná hromada dále osvědčuje, že hlavní akcionář, MORAVIA STEEL a.s., doložil potvrzením vydaným dne 29.07.2013 (slovy: dvacátého devátého července roku dva tisíce třináct) společností CYRRUS CORPORATE FINANCE, a.s., se sídlem Brno, Veveří 11 1, PSČ 616 00, IČO: 277 58 419, zapsanou v obchodním rejstříku vedeném Krajským soudem v Brně, oddíl B, vložka 5249, která je obchodníkem s cennými papíry v rozsahu povolení uděleného podle příslušných právních předpisů, (dále jen „CYRRUS CORPORATE FINANCE, a.s.“) že před konáním mimořádné valné hromady hlavní akcionář předal finanční prostředky potřebné k poskytnutí protiplnění ostatním akcionářům Společnosti, tj. částku ve výši 390 261 300 Kč (slovy: tři sta devadesát milionů dvě stě šedesát jedna tisíc tři sta korun českých) tomuto obchodníkovi s cennými papíry za účelem jejich výplaty oprávněným osobám dle ustanovení § 183m Obchodního zákoníku. 4. Mimořádná valná hromada rozhoduje o přechodu všech ostatních účastnických cenných papírů (akcií) takto: všechny ostatní kmenové akcie Společnosti na majitele v listinné podobě, každá o jmenovité hodnotě 1 000 Kč (slovy: jeden tisíc korun českých), kter é nejsou ve vlastnictví hlavního akcionáře MORAVIA STEEL a.s., v celkovém počtu 215 020 ks (slovy: dvě stě patnáct tisíc dvacet kusů) přecházejí na hlavního akcionáře, MORAVIA STEEL a.s., a to za podmínek stanovených v ustanoveních § 183i a násl. Obchodní ho zákoníku. Vlastnické právo k těmto akciím ostatních akcionářů přejde na hlavního akcionáře uplynutím jednoho měsíce od zveřejnění zápisu tohoto usnesení valné hromady do obchodního rejstříku v Obchodním věstníku. 5. Mimořádná valná hromada určuje, že výše protiplnění za každou jednu kmenovou akcii Společnosti na majitele v listinné podobě o jmenovité hodnotě 1 000 Kč (slovy: jeden tisíc korun českých) činí částku 1 815 Kč (slovy: jeden tisíc osm set patnáct korun českých) a že přiměřenost výše protiplnění je doložena znaleckým posudkem č. 239-34/2013 ze dne 14. června 2013 vypracovaným dle ustanovení § 183m odst. 1 Obchodního zákoníku znaleckým ústavem - společností NSG Morison znalecký ústav s.r.o., IČO: 246 64 6 51, se sídlem Praha 1 - Staré Město, Jakubská 647/2, PSČ 110 00, znalecký ústav pro obor ekonomika zapsaný v seznamu ústavů kvalifikovaných pro znaleckou činnost Ministerstva spravedlnosti ČR. Konečná výše protiplnění zahrnuje nad rámec ocenění znaleckým posudkem na částku 1 733 Kč (slovy: jeden tisíc sedm set třicet tři koruny české) zvýšení o částku 82 Kč (slovy: osmdesát dvě koruny české) za jednu kmenovou akcii Společnosti na majitele v listinné podobě o jmenovité hodnotě 1 000 Kč (slovy: jeden tisíc korun českých), tj. na celkovou částku 1 815 Kč (slovy: jeden tisíc osm set patnáct korun českých). 6. Mimořádná valná hromada určuje, že protiplnění bude poskytnuto oprávněným osobám obchodníkem s cennými papíry, společností CYRRUS CORPORATE FINANCE, a.s., bez zbytečného odkladu po splnění podmínek dle § 183m odst. 2 Obchodního zákoníku, tj. po předlož ení akcií Společnosti k rukám výše uvedeného pověřeného obchodníka s cennými papíry CYRRUS CORPORATE FINANCE, a.s. podle § 183l odst. 5 Obchodního zákoníku postupem podle článku 7 tohoto rozhodnutí valné hromady Společnosti. 7. V souladu s ustanovením § 183l odst. 5 Obchodního zákoníku mají oprávněné osoby povinnost předložit akcie Společnosti do 30 dnů po přechodu vlastnického práva na hlavního akcionáře MORAVIA STEEL a.s. Nepředloží-li oprávněné osoby tyto akcie do měsíce, případně v dodatečné lhůtě určené Společností, která nesmí být kratší než 14 dnů, postupuje Společnost podle § 214 odst. 1 až 3 Obchodního zákoníku, tj. v případě prodlení akcionáře s předložením akcií Společnosti i po provedení všech Obchodním zákoníkem stanovených kroků budou nepředložené akcie prohlášeny za neplatné. Dosavadní vlastníci akcií resp. jiné oprávněné osoby předloží akcie Společnosti v pracovních dnech připadajících na pondělí, úterý a středu v době od 9.00 do 12.00 a od 13.00 do 16.00 hodin v Brně v sídle společnosti CYRRUS CORPORATE FINANCE, a.s., obchod níka s cennými papíry pověřeného Společností k výplatě protiplnění nebo v obslužném místě v Domě kultury Trisia v Třinci - Lyžbicích, nám. Svobody č. 526, v pracovních dnech připadajících na pondělí, úterý a středu v době od 9.00 do 12.00 a od 13.00 do 16 .00. 8. CYRRUS CORPORATE FINANCE, a.s. vyplatí oprávněným osobám výše uvedené protiplnění v korunách českých, a to dle volby oprávněné osoby buď na náklady MORAVIA STEEL a.s. bezhotovostním převodem na bankovní účet určený oprávněnou osobou při předání akcií S polečnosti anebo na náklady dané oprávněné osoby poštovní poukázkou zaslanou na adresu jí uvedenou při předání akcií Společnosti. V případě, že protiplnění bude vyšší než 350 000,- Kč, musí být platba protiplnění v souladu se zákonem č. 254/2004 Sb. v pla tném znění provedena bezhotovostním převodem ve prospěch účtu oprávněné osoby. 9. V případě, že bude adresa či bankovní spojení pro zaslání protiplnění sdělováno jindy než při předložení akcií, musí být takové sdělení opatřeno úředně ověřeným podpisem oprávněné osoby či jejího zástupce na základě plné moci, jejíž originál nebo ověře ná kopie s úředně ověřeným podpisem zmocnitele musí být rovněž doložena. 10. Při předložení akcií Společnosti jinou než oprávněnou osobou je povinna se tato osoba prokázat plnou mocí udělenou ji k takovému účelu a opatřenou úředně ověřeným podpisem oprávněné osoby. 11. Jsou-li akcie Společnosti zastaveny, bude protiplnění v souladu s ustanoveními § 183l odst. 4 a 183m odst. 4 Obchodního zákoníku poskytnuto zástavnímu věřiteli. 12. Mimořádná valná hromada Společnosti pověřuje představenstvo Společnosti k provedení veškerých kroků potřebných k zápisu usnesení této mimořádné valné hromady do obchodního rejstříku a k realizaci dalších kroků vyžadovaných právními předpisy v této sou vislosti. Mimořádná valná hromada společnosti dále pověřuje představenstvo Společnosti k poskytnutí potřebné součinnosti hlavnímu akcionáři v souvislosti s výplatou protiplnění oprávněným osobám. 12.8.2013 - 2.12.2013 Obchodní společnost TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s., se sídlem Třinec - Staré Město, Průmyslová 1000, PSČ 739 70, IČ 180 50 646, převzala celé jmění (včetně práv a povinností z pracovněprávních vztahů) zanikající obchodní společnosti FERROMORAVIA, s.r.o., se síd lem Staré Město, Tovární 1688, PSČ 686 02, IČ 634 80 085, která zanikla v důsledku fúze sloučením do společnosti TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s., jakožto nástupnické společnosti. 31.8.2011 Obchodní společnost TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s., se sídlem Třinec - Staré Město, Průmyslová 1000, PSČ 739 70, IČ 18050646, převzala celé jmění ( včetně práv a povinností z pracovněprávních vztahů ) zanikající obchodní společnosti VÁLCOVNA TRUB TŽ, a.s., se s ídlem Ostrava - Vítkovice, Výstavní 1032, IČ 258 25 291, která zanikla v důsledku fúze sloučením do společnosti TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s., jakožto nástupnické společnosti. 31.8.2010 Prodej části podniku: Smlouvou o prodeji části podniku ze dne 31.10.1999 byla část podniku Třinecké železárny, a.s. se sídlem v Třinci prodána nabyvateli: Třinecké gastroslužby, s.r.o. se sídlem v Třinci, areál Třineckých železáren, a.s., PSČ: 739 70. 29.11.1999 Prodej části podniku: Smlouvou o prodeji části podniku ze dne 29.3.1999 byla část podniku TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. se sídlem v Třinci, tvořená organizační složkou "Divize SD-Slévárny", prodána nabyvateli: Slévárny Třinec, a.s. se sídlem Třinec, areál Třineckých železáren, a.s. Třinec, ke dni 31.3.1999. 24.6.1999 Prodej části podniku: Smlouvou o prodeji části podniku ze dne 28.3.1997 byla část podniku TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. se sídlem v Třinci prodána nabyvateli: TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY - strojírenská výroba, a.s. se sídlem v Třinci, areál Třineckých železáren, a.s., Třinec, ke dni 1.4.1997. 29.8.1997 Odštěpný závod: N á z e v : Třinecké železárny, a.s. Třinec, odštěpný závod Lom a vápenka Varín S í d l o : Varín Předmět činnosti: výkon hornické činnost, trhacích prací velkého i malého rozsahu v lomech Polom a Kosová v rozsahu povolení ze dne 2.1.1991 vydaného Obvodním baňským úřadem v Bánské Bystrici podle zák. č. 51/1988 Sb. V e d o u c í : Ing. Jozef Polko, bytem Lubĺonská 4/27, Žilina. 16.2.1993 - 7.3.1997 Vznik: Akciová společnost TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, A.S. byla založena jednorázově Fondem národního majetku České republiky ze sídlem v Praze, Gorkého nám. 32 jako jediným zakladatelem na základě zakladatelské listiny a přijatých stanov. 3.2.1993 Způsob založení: Akciová společnost byla založena jednorázově dle ustanovení par. 25 zák. č. 104/90 Sb. 25.2.1991 a přijatých stanov. 21.3.1991 - 3.2.1993 Aktuální kontaktní údaje TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a. s. Průmyslová 1000 STARÉ MĚSTO 739 61 TŘINEC 1 Kontakty na TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. IČO: 18050646 Průmyslová 1000 , Třinec 739 61 28.11.2012 Průmyslová 1000 , 739 70 Třinec-Staré Město Česká republika 26.7.2000 - 28.11.2012 21.3.1991 - 26.7.2000 Průmyslová 1000, Třinec 739 61 Průmyslová 1000, Staré Město, 73961 Třinec Obory činností TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. IČO: 18050646 Silniční motorová doprava - nákladní provozovaná vozidly nebo jízdními soupravami o největší povolené hmotnosti přesahující 3,5 tuny, jsou-li určeny k přepravě zvířat nebo věcí 16.10.2014 galvanizérství, smaltérství 11.2.2011 montáž, opravy, revize a zkoušky elektrických zařízení 23.7.2009 montáž, opravy, revize a zkoušky plynových zařízení a plnění nádob plyny 23.7.2009 montáž, opravy, revize a zkoušky zdvihacích zařízení 23.7.2009 ostraha majetku a osob 23.7.2009 výroba a hutní zpracování železa, drahých a neželezných kovů a slitin 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 výroba koksu, surového dehtu a jiných pevných paliv 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 výroba stavebních hmot, porcelánových, keramických a sádrových výrobků 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 výroba elektronických součástek, elektrických zařízení a výroba a opravy elektrických strojů, přístrojů a elektronických zařízení pracujících na malém napětí 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 výroba měřících, zkušebních, navigačních, optických a fotografických přístojů a zařízení 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 opravy a údržba potřeb pro domácnost, předmětů kulturní povahy, výrobků jemné mechaniky, optických přístojů a měřidel 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 nakládání s odpady (vyjma nebezpečných) 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 poskytování software, poradenství v oblasti informačních technologií, zpracování dat, hostingové a související činnosti a webové portály 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 velkoobchod a maloobchod 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 mimoškolní výchova a vzdělávání, pořádání kurzů, školení, včetně lektorské činnosti 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 vydavatelské činnosti, polygrafická výroba, knihařské a kopírovací práce 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 zasilatelství a zastupování v celním řízení 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 výzkum a vývoj v oblasti přírodních a technických věd nebo společenských věd 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 testování, měření, analýzy a kontroly 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 pronájem a půjčování věcí movitých 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 služby v oblasti administrativní správy a služby organizačně hospodářské povahy 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 výroba kovových konstrukcí a kovodělných výrobků 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 povrchové úpravy a svařování kovů a dalších materiálů 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 skladování, balení zboží, manipulace s nákladem a techniské činnosti v dopravě 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 poradenská a konzultační činnost, zpracování odborných studií a posudků 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 provádění trhacích a ohňostrojných prací 13.12.2007 vedení spisovny 24.10.2005 výroba kovových konstrukcí, kotlů, těles a kontejnerů 29.12.2004 - 23.7.2009 montáž, opravy, rekonstrukce, revize a zkoušky vyhrazených tlakových zařízení a periodické zkoušky nádob na plyny 29.12.2004 - 23.7.2009 skladování zboží a manipulace s nákladem 29.12.2004 - 23.7.2009 poskytování služeb v oblasti bezpečnosti a ochrany zdraví při práci 9.9.2002 výroba, montáž, opravy, rekonstrukce, revize a zkoušky vyhrazených tlakových zařízení a periodické zkoušky nádob na plyny 9.9.2002 - 29.12.2004 montáž, údržba a servis telekomunikačních zařízení 9.9.2002 - 23.7.2009 nákup, prodej a skladování paliv a maziv včetně jejich dovozu s výjimkou výhradního nákupu, prodeje a skladování paliv a maziv ve spotřebitelském balení do 50 kg na jeden kus balení - velkoobchod 9.9.2002 - 23.7.2009 montáž, opravy, revize a zkoušky vyhrazených plynových zařízení a plnění nádob plyny 9.9.2002 - 23.7.2009 zastupování v celním řízení 9.9.2002 - 23.7.2009 montáž, opravy, revize a zkoušky vyhrazených elektrických zařízení 9.9.2002 - 23.7.2009 montáž, opravy, revize a zkoušky vyhrazených zdvihacích zařízení 9.9.2002 - 23.7.2009 výroba vyhrazených zdvihacích zařízení 9.9.2002 - 23.7.2009 výroba rozvaděčů nízkého napětí 9.9.2002 - 23.7.2009 opravy silničních vozidel 9.9.2002 - 13.9.2012 provozování drážní dopravy 15.5.2002 provozování železniční dráhy - vlečky 15.5.2002 výroba a dovoz chemických látek a chemických přípravků klasifikovaných jako extremně hořlavé, vysoce hořlavé, toxické, karcinogenní, toxické pro redukci 15.5.2002 - 23.7.2009 výroba a dovoz chemických látek a chemických přípravků klasifikovaných jako zdraví škodlivé 15.5.2002 - 23.7.2009 služby v oblasti administrativní správy a služby organizačně hospodářské povahy u fyzických a právnických osob 15.5.2002 - 23.7.2009 výroba plynu 2.1.2001 celně-deklarační činnost 2.1.2001 - 9.9.2002 rozvod plynu 2.1.2001 - 25.8.2003 výzkumné a vývojové činnosti v oblasti hutnictví železných a neželezných kovů 2.1.2001 - 23.7.2009 testování, měření a analýzy - provozování středisek kalibrační služby 2.1.2001 - 23.7.2009 pronájem a půjčování věcí movitých-pronájem dopravních prostředků 2.1.2001 - 23.7.2009 nákup, prodej a skladování paliv a maziv včetně jejich dovozu s výjimkou výhradního nákupu, prodeje a skladování paliv a maziv ve spotřebitelském balení do 50 kg na jeden kus balení 29.5.1998 - 9.9.2002 poskytování telekomunikačních služeb 29.5.1998 - 31.7.2006 koupě zboží za účelem jeho dalšího prodeje a prodej 29.5.1998 - 23.7.2009 služby v oblasti zavádění a prověřování systémů řízení podle norem řízení jakosti 29.5.1998 - 23.7.2009 vydávání a distribuce týdeníku Třinecký - Trzyniecki Hutník 29.5.1998 - 23.7.2009 podnikání v oblasti nakládání s nebezpečnými odpady 20.10.1997 výroba dřevěných palet 20.10.1997 - 2.1.2001 výroba, instalace a opravy elektronických zařízení 20.10.1997 - 23.7.2009 výkon zeměměřičských činností 7.3.1997 technicko-organizační činnost v oblasti požární ochrany 7.3.1997 poskytování technických služeb k ochraně majetku a osob 7.3.1997 projektová činnost ve výstavbě 7.3.1997 - 2.1.2001 hodnocení záření z radonu a dalších přírodních radionuklidů 7.3.1997 - 2.1.2001 hostinská činnost 7.3.1997 - 2.1.2001 směnárenská činnost 7.3.1997 - 2.1.2001 služby soukromých detektivů 7.3.1997 - 2.1.2001 provozování střelnic 7.3.1997 - 2.1.2001 montáž, opravy, údržba a revize vyhrazených elektrických zařízení a výroba rozvaděčů nízkého napětí 7.3.1997 - 9.9.2002 výroba, montáž, opravy, rekonstrukce, revize a zkoušky vyhrazených tlakových zařízení, kotlů a tlakových nádob, periodické zkoušky nádob na plyny 7.3.1997 - 9.9.2002 montáž, opravy, revize a zkoušky vyhrazených plynových zařízení, plnění tlakových nádob na plyny 7.3.1997 - 9.9.2002 výroba, montáž, GO, rekonstrukce a revize a revizní zkoušky provozní způsobilosti vyhrazených zdvihacích zařízení 7.3.1997 - 9.9.2002 provádění staveb včetně jejich změn, udržovacích prací na nich a jejich odstraňování 7.3.1997 - 9.9.2002 galvanizérství 7.3.1997 - 9.9.2002 opravy motorových vozidel 7.3.1997 - 9.9.2002 zřizování, montáž, údržba a servis telekomunikačních zařízení 7.3.1997 - 9.9.2002 poradenská činnost na úseku bezpečnosti práce 7.3.1997 - 9.9.2002 hodnocení fyzikálních a chemických faktorů pracovního prostředí 7.3.1997 - 9.9.2002 hodnocení fyzické zátěže na pracovišti 7.3.1997 - 9.9.2002 měření emisí a imisí, kromě měření emisí motorových vozidel 7.3.1997 - 25.8.2003 slévárenství 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 výroba cementového zboží a umělého kameniva 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 servis dýchací techniky 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 nástrojářství 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 kovoobráběčství 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 podnikání v oblasti nakládání s odpady 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 činnost účetních poradců 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 vedení účetnictví 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 ostatní vzdělávání dospělých a organizování školení 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 revizní a kontrolní činnost v oblasti požární ochrany 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 podniky zajišťující ostrahu majetku a osob 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 výroba, opravy a montáž měřidel 7.3.1997 - 23.7.2009 zprostředkování obchodu a služeb 7.3.1997 - 21.10.2010 psychologické poradenství a diagnostika 7.3.1997 - 13.9.2012 výroba, rozvod a skladování, prodej technických plynů 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 výroba a prodej žáruvzdorných hmot a dílů 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 vydávání a distribuce týdeníku Hutník 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 revize a zkoušky vyhrazených plynových zařízení 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 výroba a opravy ostatních motorových dopravních prostředků 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 montáž, oprava, údržba vyhrazených elektrických zařízení a výroba rozvaděčů nízkého napětí 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 revize elektrických zařízení 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 projektová činnost v investiční výstavbě 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 provádění investičních staveb 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 provádění průmyslových staveb 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 provádění bytových a občanských staveb 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 činnost organizačních a ekonomických poradců 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 provádění lektorské činnosti instruktora lešenářské techniky 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 výroba, mont., GO, rek. a provádění rev. zkoušek vyhr. zdvih. zař. 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 provádění dopravních staveb 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 slévání železných a neželezných obecných kovů 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 truhlářství 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 tesařství 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 galvanizace kovů 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 montáž a opravy telekomunikačních zařízení 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 zřizování poplašných zařízení 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 výroba, montáž, opravy, rekonstrukce a periodické zkoušky vyhrazených tlakových zařízení 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 revize a zkoušky provozovaných kotlů a tlakových nádob 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 montáž, opravy a revize vyhrazených plynových zařízení, plnění tlakových nádob na plyny 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 výroba nástrojů 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 broušení a leštění kovů 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 kovoobrábění 7.10.1994 - 7.3.1997 stavba strojů s mechanickým pohonem 7.10.1994 - 2.1.2001 mechanické, chemické zkoušení výrobků a materiálů a ověřování kvality 7.10.1994 - 23.7.2009 výroba hutních výrobků 7.10.1994 - 23.7.2009 výroba a prodej koksu a vedlejších koksochemických výrobků 7.10.1994 - 23.7.2009 pronájem nebytových prostor a veřejných prostranství 7.10.1994 - 23.7.2009 výroba, instalace a opravy elektrických strojů a přístrojů 7.10.1994 - 23.7.2009 automatizované zpracování dat 7.10.1994 - 23.7.2009 poskytování software 7.10.1994 - 23.7.2009 kovářství 7.10.1994 - 23.7.2009 zámečnictví 7.10.1994 - 23.7.2009 ubytovací služby 7.10.1994 - 21.10.2010 projektování elektrických zařízení 7.10.1994 - 21.10.2010 1. Výzkum, vývoj a výroba zejména - hutních a slévárenských výrobků, - koksu a vedlejších koksochemických výrobků - stavebních a žáruvzdorných hmot a dílů - strojů a zařízení včetně robotů a manipulátorů - technických plynů - řetězů a - kovových konstrukcí 21.3.1991 - 7.10.1994 2. těžba a zpracování zejména vápence a štěrkopísků 21.3.1991 - 7.10.1994 3. zužitkování, zpracování a úprava odpadů 21.3.1991 - 7.10.1994 4. obchodní činnost včetně zahraniční 21.3.1991 - 7.10.1994 5. služby v oblasti hromadného zpracovávání dat 21.3.1991 - 7.10.1994 6. provádění stavebních a strojírenských oprav a rekonstrukcí 21.3.1991 - 7.10.1994 7. technickoporadenské služby a inženýrské činnost 21.3.1991 - 7.10.1994 8. ubytovací a restaurační služby ve vlastních zařízeních 21.3.1991 - 7.10.1994 9. bytové hospodářství 21.3.1991 - 7.10.1994 Ostatní hlasové služby 31.7.2006 Pronájem okruhů 31.7.2006 Služby přístupu k síti Internet 31.7.2006 Výstavní 1132/95 , Ostrava 703 00 1011047144 Průmyslová 1000 , Třinec 739 61 1001071263 1011122723 1011047187 Tovární 1688 , Staré Město 686 03 1011047152 Tovární 1511 , Staré Město 686 03 1011047161 Třinecká 733 , Buštěhrad 273 43 1011047179 1011122731 1001071271 Živnost č. 19 Vedení spisovny 99 , Třinec 739 61 1001071298 Živnost č. 20 Provádění trhacích prací Živnost č. 21 Provádění ohňostrojných prací Živnost č. 23 Silniční motorová doprava - nákladní provozovaná vozidly nebo jízdními soupravami o největší povolené hmotnosti přesahující 3,5 tuny, jsou-li určeny k přepravě zvířat nebo věcí Živnost č. 28 Směnárenská činnost Živnost č. 31 Výroba, montáž, opravy, rekonstrukce, revize a zkoušky vyhrazených tlakových zařízení a periodické zkoušky nádob na plyny Živnost č. 32 Výroba, montáž, generální opravy, rekonstrukce, revize a revizní zkoušky provozní způsobilosti vyhrazených zdvihacích zařízení Živnost č. 34 Provádění průmyslových staveb Živnost č. 35 Provádění inženýrských staveb (včetně technické vybavenosti sídlišťních celků) Živnost č. 37 výroba,mont.,GO,rek.a provádění rev.zkoušek vyhr. zdvih. zařízení \činnost v rozsahu oprávnění vydaného orgánem dozoru\ Živnost č. 38 Provádění bytových a občanských staveb Živnost č. 39 Revize a zkoušky provozovaných kotlů a tlakových nádob Živnost č. 40 Výroba kovových konstrukcí, kotlů, těles a kontejnerů Živnost č. 41 Výroba vyhrazených zdvihacích zařízení Živnost č. 42 Revize a zkoušky vyhrazených plynových zařízení Živnost č. 43 Výroba a opravy ostatních motorových dopravních prostředků (pokud nejsou uvedeny v příloze č. 1) Živnost č. 44 Provádění dopravních staveb Živnost č. 45 Provádění lektorské činnosti instruktora lešenářské techniky Živnost č. 47 montáž,oprava,údržba vyhr. elektrických zař.a výroba rozvaděčů NN \činnost v rozsahu oprávnění vydaného orgánem dozoru\ Živnost č. 48 Montáž, opravy, údržba a revize vyhrazených elektrických zařízení a výroba rozvaděčů nízkého napětí Živnost č. 49 Jiné ubytovací možnosti, ubytovací služby Živnost č. 50 Výroba rozvaděčů nízkého napětí Živnost č. 51 Ostatní zpracovatelský průmysl výroba, rozvod, skladování a prodej technických plynů Živnost č. 53 Koupě zboží za účelem jeho dalšího prodeje a prodej, včetně leasingu Živnost č. 54 Tisk novin, vydávání a distribuce týdeníku Hutník Živnost č. 55 Činnost organizačních a ekonomických poradců Živnost č. 56 Pronájem nebytových prostor a veřejných prostranství Živnost č. 57 Výroba a prodej koksu a vedlejších koksochemických výrobků Živnost č. 58 Výroba a prodej žáruvzdorných hmot a dílů Živnost č. 59 výroba,montáž,opravy,rek. a period. zkoušky vyhr. tlak. zařízení /činnost v rozsahu oprávnění vydaného orgánem dozoru/ Živnost č. 60 tesařství Živnost č. 61 revize elektrických zařízení /činnost v rozsahu oprávnění vydaného orgánem dozoru/ Živnost č. 63 montáž,opr.a revize vyhr. plyn. zař., plnění tlak. nádob na plyny /činnost v rozsahu oprávnění vydaného orgánem dozoru/ Živnost č. 64 Výroba hutních výrobků Živnost č. 65 Mechanické, chemické zkoušení výrobků a materiálů a ověřování kvality Živnost č. 66 Montáž, údržba a servis telekomunikačních zařízení Živnost č. 67 kovoobrábění Živnost č. 68 Galvanizérství Živnost č. 69 broušení a leštění kovů, mimo nožů, nůžek a jednoduchých nástrojů Živnost č. 70 Leštění kovů Živnost č. 71 zámečnictví Živnost č. 72 Nástrojářství Živnost č. 73 Stavba strojů s mechanickým pohonem Živnost č. 74 Poskytování software {prodej hotových programů na základě smlouvy s autory nebo vyhotovování programů na zakázku} Živnost č. 75 Automatizované zpracování dat Živnost č. 76 Podnikání v oblasti nakládání s odpady Živnost č. 77 Podnikání v oblasti nakládání s odpady Živnost č. 78 Výroba, opravy a montáž měřidel Živnost č. 79 Ostraha majetku a osob a služby soukromých detektivů Živnost č. 80 Služby soukromých detektivů Živnost č. 81 Provozování střelnic Živnost č. 82 Hostinská činnost Živnost č. 83 Opravy silničních vozidel Živnost č. 84 Psychologické poradenství a diagnostika Živnost č. 85 Vedení účetnictví Živnost č. 86 Revizní a kontrolní činnost v oblasti požární ochrany Živnost č. 87 Měření emisí a imisí, kromě měření emisí motorových vozidel Živnost č. 88 Ostatní vzdělávání dospělých a organizování školení Živnost č. 89 Zprostředkování obchodu a služeb Živnost č. 90 Servis dýchací techniky Živnost č. 91 Výroba cementového zboží a umělého kameniva Živnost č. 92 Činnost účetních poradců Živnost č. 93 Hodnocení fyzické zátěže na pracovišti Živnost č. 94 Výroba, instalace a opravy elektronických zařízení Živnost č. 95 Hodnocení záření z radonu a dalších přírodních radionuklidů Živnost č. 96 Hodnocení fyzikálních a chemických faktorů pracovního prostředí Živnost č. 97 Poradenská činnost na úseku bezpečnosti práce Živnost č. 98 Výroba dřevěných palet Živnost č. 99 Vydávání a distribuce týdeníku Třinecký-Trzyniecki Hutník Živnost č. 100 Služby v oblasti zavádění a prověřování systémů řízení podle norem řízení jakosti Živnost č. 101 Nákup, prodej a skladování paliv a maziv včetně jejich dovozu s výjimkou výhradního nákupu, prodeje a skladování paliv a maziv ve spotřebitelském balení do 50 kg na jeden kus balení - velkoobchod Živnost č. 102 Poskytování telekomunikačních služeb Živnost č. 103 Celně - deklarační činnost Živnost č. 104 Zastupování v celním řízení Živnost č. 105 Výzkumné a vývojové činnosti v oblasti hutnictví železných a neželezných kovů Živnost č. 106 Pronájem a půjčování movitých věcí - pronájem dopravních prostředků Živnost č. 107 Testování, měření a analýzy - provozování středisek kalibrační služby Živnost č. 108 Služby v oblasti administrativní správy a služby organizačně hospodářské povahy u fyzických a právnických osob Živnost č. 109 Výroba a dovoz chemických látek a chemických přípravků klasifikovaných jako zdraví škodlivé Živnost č. 110 Výroba a dovoz chemických látek a chemických přípravků klasifikovaných jako extremně hořlavé, vysoce hořlavé, toxické, karcinogenní, toxické pro reprodukci Živnost č. 111 Poskytování telekomunikačních služeb Živnost č. 112 Skladování zboží a manipulace s nákladem Živnost č. 113 Silniční motorová doprava - nákladní provozovaná vozidly nebo jízdními soupravami o největší povolené hmotnosti přesahující 3,5 tuny, jsou-li určeny k přepravě zvířat nebo věcí Vedení firmy TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. IČO: 18050646 Společnost zastupují a za ni podepisují nejméně dva členové představenstva společně, přičemž jedním z těchto členů musí být předseda nebo místopředseda představenstva. Podepisování za společnost se provádí tak, že k vyznačené obchodní firmě společnosti př ipojí svůj podpis oprávněné osoby s uvedením údaje o své funkci nebo o svém pracovním zařazení. 8.3.2017 Společnost zastupují a za ni podepisují nejméně dva členové představenstva společně, přičemž jedním z těchto členů musí být předseda nebo místopředseda představenstva. Podepisování za společnost se provádí tak, že k vyznačené obchodní firmě společnosti př ipojí svůj podpis oprávněné osoby s uvedením údaje o své funkci nebo o svém pracovním zařazení. V souladu s ustanovením § 164 odst. 3 zákona č. 89/2012 Sb., občanský zákoník, je osobou pověřenou právním jednáním vůči zaměstnancům společnosti člen představenstva Ing. Ivo Žižka. 12.4.2016 - 8.3.2017 Společnost zastupují a za ni podepisují nejméně dva členové představenstva společně, přičemž jedním z těchto členů musí být předseda nebo místopředseda představenstva. Podepisování za společnost se provádí tak, že k vyznačené obchodní firmě společnosti př ipojí svůj podpis oprávněné osoby s uvedením údaje o své funkci nebo o svém pracovním zařazení. 16.10.2014 - 12.4.2016 Jednání: Společnost je zastupována představenstvem jako statutárním orgánem. Představenstvo zavazuje společnost tak, že jménem představenstva jednají a podepisují nejméně dva členové představenstva společně, přičemž jedním z těchto členů musí být předseda nebo místopředseda představenstva. Podepisování za společnost se provádí tak, že k vytištěnému nebo napsanému názvu společnosti připojí svůj podpis oprávněné osoby. 18.3.1996 - 16.10.2014 Jednání: Za společnost jednají buď společně všichni členové představenstva, nebo společně předseda nebo místopředseda a jeden člen představenstva, anebo samostatně jeden člen představenstva. 3.2.1993 - 18.3.1996 Podepisování: Podepisování za společnost se děje tak, že k vytištěnému nebo napsanému názvu společnosti připojí svůj podpis předseda představenstva, popř. v době nepřítomnosti předsedy jeho místopředseda, a vždy nejméně další jeden člen představenstva. 21.3.1991 - 3.2.1993 Ing. Jan Czudek 16.10.2014 Ing. Česlav Marek 16.10.2014 202, Třinec 739 61 Ing. Henryk Huczala 16.10.2014 223, Komorní Lhotka 739 53 Ing. Ivo Žižka 16.10.2014 Ing. Radomíra Pekárková 22.10.2015 Ing. Josef Lištvan 21.3.1991 - 29.3.1991 Rybářská 1135, Třinec 739 61 Ing. Miroslav Bednarz 21.3.1991 - 29.3.1991 Třinec X, čp. 10 Česká republika Ing. Gustav Hojdysz, Csc. 21.3.1991 - 16.9.1991 Ing. Jiří Dobřanský 21.3.1991 - 16.9.1991 A. Zápotockého č. 739 , Třinec VI Česká republika RNDr. Jaroslav Raab 29.3.1991 - 16.9.1991 Ing. Jaroslav Dušek 29.3.1991 - 3.2.1993 Lacinova č. 229 , 272 01 Kladno 2 Česká republika Ing. Jiří Brabec 29.3.1991 - 3.2.1993 Leninova 0 , Praha 4 Česká republika Ing. Rudolf Vrátný 29.3.1991 - 3.2.1993 0 739 12 Čeladná Česká republika Ing. Jiří Dobřanský 16.9.1991 - 3.2.1993 A. Zápotockého 739 , Třinec VI Česká republika Ing. Jaroslav Dušek 3.2.1993 - 7.10.1994 Ing. Ivan Samek 3.2.1993 - 7.10.1994 Ing. Vladimír Rozbroj 21.3.1991 - 14.2.1996 Šeříková 377, Třinec 739 61 Ing. Jiří Dobřanský 3.2.1993 - 14.2.1996 Zápotockého 73 , Třinec VI Česká republika Ing. Ladislav Novotný 29.3.1991 - 18.3.1996 Na Dlouhých 781/82, Plzeň 312 00 Prof.Ing. Zdeněk Böhm 29.3.1991 - 18.3.1996 Českobratrská 363/5, Ostrava 702 00 Ing. Gustav Hojdysz, Csc. 16.9.1991 - 18.3.1996 RNDr. Jaroslav Raab 16.9.1991 - 18.3.1996 Ing. Otakar Jurečka 3.2.1993 - 18.3.1996 Komerční 597/4, Ostrava 710 00 Ing. Jaroslav Borák 7.10.1994 - 18.3.1996 Ing. Norbert Kraus 7.10.1994 - 18.3.1996 ing. Bronislav Cienciala 14.2.1996 - 18.3.1996 ing. Ivo Dubš 14.2.1996 - 18.3.1996 Milan Šrejber 18.3.1996 - 7.3.1997 ing. František Kopřiva 18.3.1996 - 20.10.1997 RNDr. Jaroslav Raab 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 ing. Bronislav Cienciala 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 ing. Ivo Dubš 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 ing. Rudolf Ovčaří 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 Odboje 120/7, Český Těšín 737 01 ing. Vojtěch Trochta 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 ing. Miroslav Lukšík 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 Lysá 547 , Želechovice Česká republika ing. Tomáš Chrenek CSc. 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 ing. Svatopluk Kufa CSc. 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 ing. Vladimír Franc 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 Teplická 271/38, Praha 190 00 Ing. Ján Moder 7.3.1997 - 29.5.1998 Liščie Nivy 10 , Bratislava Slovenská republika Ing. Pavel Kalvoda 20.10.1997 - 29.5.1998 Ing. Evžen Balko 29.5.1998 - 15.9.1999 Ing. Tadeáš Kufa CSc. 29.5.1998 - 15.9.1999 Ing. Jaroslava Ciahotná 29.5.1998 - 15.9.1999 Třinec-Oldřichovice 286 Česká republika Ing. Pavel Michálek 29.5.1998 - 18.1.2000 Radvanická 617/121, Ostrava 715 00 Ing. Jaroslava Ciahotná 15.9.1999 - 18.10.2000 Ing. Bohuslav Bernátek 18.1.2000 - 8.11.2000 Beskydská 731, Třinec 739 61 Ing. Jaroslava Ciahotná 18.10.2000 - 30.4.2001 739 58 Třinec-Oldřichovice 286 Česká republika Ing. Evžen Balko 18.10.2000 - 30.4.2001 Ing. Bohuslav Bernátek 8.11.2000 - 30.4.2001 1274, Bystřice 739 95 Ing. Jiří Cienciala CSc. 29.5.1998 - 15.5.2002 Ing. Jaroslava Ciahotná 30.4.2001 - 15.5.2002 Ing. Bohuslav Bernátek 30.4.2001 - 15.5.2002 Ing. Jan Czudek 18.10.2000 - 3.12.2003 od 26.6.2000 do 9.9.2003 Ing. Jan Lasota 30.4.2001 - 3.12.2003 Nad úvozem 264, Třinec 739 61 Ing. Jiří Cienciala CSc. 15.5.2002 - 3.12.2003 od 9.1.1998 do 3.3.2003 Ing. Jaroslava Ciahotná 15.5.2002 - 3.12.2003 od 27.11.2000 do 3.3.2003 739 53 Česká republika Ing. Bohuslav Bernátek 15.5.2002 - 3.12.2003 od 13.12.1999 do 9.9.2003 od 27.11.2000 do 9.9.2003 Ing. Jiří Cienciala CSc. 3.12.2003 - 15.12.2003 od 3.3.2003 do 9.9.2003 Ing. Jaroslava Ciahotná 3.12.2003 - 15.12.2003 350 , 739 53 Komorní Lhotka Česká republika Ing. Karel Klimek CSc., MBA 3.12.2003 - 5.3.2007 od 9.9.2003 do 27.11.2006 235, Milíkov 739 81 Ing. Bohuslav Bernátek 3.12.2003 - 5.3.2007 Ing. Jan Czudek 3.12.2003 - 5.3.2007 Ing. Jan Lasota 3.12.2003 - 1.12.2008 od 9.9.2003 do 29.9.2008 Ing. Jiří Cienciala CSc. 15.12.2003 - 1.12.2008 Ing. Jaroslava Ciahotná 15.12.2003 - 1.12.2008 Ing. Jan Czudek 5.3.2007 - 1.12.2008 od 27.11.2006 do 29.9.2008 Ing. Jiří Cienciala CSc. 1.12.2008 - 21.1.2009 Ing. Petr Matuszek 5.3.2007 - 23.7.2009 od 27.11.2006 do 22.6.2009 Pod Zvonek 889/44, Český Těšín 737 01 Ing. Jaroslava Ciahotná 1.12.2008 - 23.7.2009 od 29.9.2008 do 31.5.2009 Ing. Jan Czudek 1.12.2008 - 23.7.2009 od 29.9.2008 do 22.6.2009 Ing. Česlav Marek 5.3.2007 - 21.10.2010 Ing. Rostislav Wozniak 23.7.2009 - 21.10.2010 od 22.6.2009 do 30.6.2010 Plk. Velebnovského 175, Jablunkov 739 91 Ing. Česlav Marek 21.10.2010 - 14.2.2012 od 27.11.2006 do 27.11.2011 Ing. Jiří Cieńciała CSc. 21.1.2009 - 26.3.2012 od 29.9.2008 do 31.12.2011 Ing. Jan Czudek 23.7.2009 - 26.3.2012 od 22.6.2009 do 9.1.2012 Ing. Petr Popelář MBA 11.2.2011 - 26.3.2012 Václava Košaře 86/21, Ostrava 700 30 Ing. Česlav Marek 14.2.2012 - 26.3.2012 od 28.11.2011 do 9.1.2012 Ing. Jan Lasota 1.12.2008 - 13.9.2012 od 29.9.2008 do 28.5.2012 Ing. Ivo Žižka 21.10.2010 - 13.3.2013 od 1.7.2010 do 2.12.2013 Ing. Henryk Huczala 23.7.2009 - 20.10.2013 od 22.6.2009 do 2.12.2013 223 , 739 53 Komorní Lhotka Česká republika Ing. Jan Czudek 26.3.2012 - 2.12.2013 od 29.9.2008 do 7.10.2013 od 10.1.2012 do 7.10.2013 Ing. Česlav Marek 26.3.2012 - 13.1.2014 od 28.11.2011 do 2.12.2013 od 10.1.2012 do 2.12.2013 Ing. Petr Popelář MBA 26.3.2012 - 13.1.2014 od 1.12.2010 do 2.12.2013 Ivo Žižka 13.3.2013 - 13.1.2014 Ing. Henryk Huczala 20.10.2013 - 13.1.2014 Henryk Huczala 13.1.2014 - 23.6.2014 Petr Popelář 13.1.2014 - 23.6.2014 od 2.12.2013 do 31.3.2014 Jan Czudek 2.12.2013 - 16.10.2014 Česlav Marek 13.1.2014 - 16.10.2014 Ivo Žižka 13.1.2014 - 16.10.2014 Ing. Henryk Huczala 23.6.2014 - 16.10.2014 Ing. Radomíra Pekárková 23.6.2014 - 22.10.2015 Ing. Tomáš Chrenek Ph.D. 26.5.2016 Ing. Evžen Balko 26.5.2016 Vlčkova 1018/15 , 811 06 Bratislava - Staré Mesto Slovenská republika Ing. Jozef Blaško PhD. 26.5.2016 Trnavská 2057 , 4011 Košice - Západ Slovenská republika František Ligocki 26.5.2016 311, Jablunkov 739 91 Ing. Ján Moder 31.5.2017 Marcel Pielesz 8.12.2017 19, Třinec 739 61 Ing. Josef Lištvan 3.2.1993 - 18.3.1996 Ing. Rudolf Ovčaří 3.2.1993 - 18.3.1996 Ing. Vlastimil Pekař 3.2.1993 - 18.3.1996 Bezručova 1211/5, Český Těšín 737 01 Bohumil Blahoňovský 3.2.1993 - 18.3.1996 Na aleji 113, Třinec 739 61 Anna Konderlová 3.2.1993 - 18.3.1996 Prof.Ing. Milan Žídek Dr.Sc. 3.2.1993 - 18.3.1996 Slavíkova 1393/10, Ostrava 708 00 Karel Pientok 3.2.1993 - 7.3.1997 Pavel Slanec 18.3.1996 - 7.3.1997 Legií 501, Roztoky 252 63 Karel Chlebek 3.2.1993 - 29.5.1998 Třinec II, 87 Česká republika ing. René Holeček 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 ing. Vladimír Trochta 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 ing. Jakub Tomšej 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 ing. Jan Starý 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 Bohumil Keller 18.3.1996 - 29.5.1998 Jana Palacha 1215, Mladá Boleslav 293 01 Ing. Anton Jura 7.3.1997 - 29.5.1998 Sídlisko Kvp - Starozagorská 1392 , Košice Slovenská republika Ing. Rudolf Ovčaří 29.5.1998 - 18.10.2000 Ing. Ivo Dubš 29.5.1998 - 18.10.2000 Ing. Tomáš Chrenek CSc. 29.5.1998 - 18.10.2000 Jan Kotas 3.2.1993 - 15.5.2002 Bystřice I, 1011 Česká republika Ing. Věslav Maroszczyk CSc. 7.3.1997 - 15.5.2002 Kopernikova 681, Třinec 739 61 Ing. Ján Moder 29.5.1998 - 15.5.2002 Dr. Hans Kurt Zöllner 25.4.2001 - 25.8.2003 Ing. Ivo Dubš 18.10.2000 - 3.12.2003 od 9.1.1998 do 9.4.2003 Ing. Tomáš Chrenek CSc. 18.10.2000 - 3.12.2003 od 26.6.2000 do 9.4.2003 Jan Kotas 15.5.2002 - 3.12.2003 od 10.9.1992 do 12.9.2003 739 95 Bystřice I, 1011 Česká republika Ing. Ján Moder 15.5.2002 - 3.12.2003 Dr. Hanns Kurt Zöllner 25.8.2003 - 3.12.2003 Jan Stašák 3.12.2003 - 15.12.2003 Kolonie 387/3, Český Těšín 737 01 Ing. Ľubomír Blaško 25.8.2003 - 25.8.2004 od 16.6.2003 do 12.6.2004 Dr. Hanns Kurt Zöllner 3.12.2003 - 12.9.2005 od 26.6.2000 do 27.6.2005 od 9.9.2003 do 27.6.2005 Ing. Jozef Blaško PhD. 29.12.2004 - 12.9.2005 Dr. Hanns Kurt Zöllner 12.9.2005 - 24.10.2005 František Ligocki 15.5.2002 - 5.3.2007 od 14.9.2001 do 15.11.2006 Ing. Evžen Balko 25.8.2003 - 2.8.2007 od 16.6.2003 do 25.6.2007 Ing. Tomáš Chrenek CSc. 3.12.2003 - 2.8.2007 od 9.9.2003 do 25.6.2007 Ing. Ján Moder 3.12.2003 - 2.8.2007 Ing. Ivo Dubš 3.12.2003 - 2.8.2007 od 9.9.2003 do 11.6.2007 Ing. Jozef Blaško PhD. 12.9.2005 - 2.8.2007 od 27.6.2005 do 25.6.2007 Dr. Hanns Kurt Zöllner 24.10.2005 - 2.8.2007 od 5.9.2005 do 25.6.2007 Ing. Oldřich Cieslar 3.12.2003 - 1.12.2008 od 12.9.2003 do 14.11.2008 Školní 97 , 735 62 Mosty u Českého Těšína Česká republika Jiří Stašák 15.12.2003 - 1.12.2008 Ing. Tomáš Chrenek Ph.D. 2.8.2007 - 23.8.2011 František Ligocki 5.3.2007 - 14.2.2012 od 15.11.2006 do 15.12.2011 Ing. Ján Moder 2.8.2007 - 13.9.2012 od 25.6.2007 do 25.6.2012 Dr. Hanns Kurt Zöllner 2.8.2007 - 13.9.2012 Ing. Evžen Balko 2.8.2007 - 13.9.2012 Ing. Jozef Blaško PhD. 2.8.2007 - 13.9.2012 Pablo Alarcón Espinosa 2.8.2007 - 13.9.2012 Serrano Galvache 42 , Madrid Španělské království Ing. Tomáš Chrenek Ph.D.,CSc. 23.8.2011 - 13.9.2012 Ing. Roman Mitręga MBA 1.12.2008 - 13.3.2013 od 14.11.2008 do 5.9.2012 458, Bystřice 739 95 Vladislav Heczko 1.12.2008 - 13.1.2014 od 14.11.2008 do 31.12.2013 František Ligocki 14.2.2012 - 13.1.2014 od 15.12.2011 do 31.12.2013 Ing. Tomáš Chrenek Ph.D., CSc. 13.9.2012 - 13.1.2014 od 25.6.2012 do 31.12.2013 Ing. Ján Moder 13.9.2012 - 13.1.2014 Dr. Hanns Kurt Zöllner 13.9.2012 - 13.1.2014 6314 Unterägeri, Zimmelstrasse 68 Ing. Evžen Balko 13.9.2012 - 13.1.2014 Ing. Jozef Blaško 13.9.2012 - 13.1.2014 Pablo Alarcón Espinosa 13.9.2012 - 13.1.2014 Jiří Cieńciała 13.3.2013 - 13.1.2014 od 12.10.2012 do 31.12.2013 Tomáš Chrenek 13.1.2014 - 23.6.2014 Ján Moder 13.1.2014 - 23.6.2014 Evžen Balko 13.1.2014 - 23.6.2014 Ing. Tomáš Chrenek 23.6.2014 - 8.7.2014 Ing. Evžen Balko 23.6.2014 - 15.7.2014 Jozef Blaško 13.1.2014 - 16.10.2014 Jiří Cieńciała 13.1.2014 - 16.10.2014 Ing. Ján Moder 23.6.2014 - 16.10.2014 Ing. Evžen Balko 15.7.2014 - 16.10.2014 Ing. Tomáš Chrenek Ph.D. 8.7.2014 - 22.7.2015 František Ligocki 13.1.2014 - 26.5.2016 od 1.1.2014 do 10.4.2016 Ing. Ján Moder 16.10.2014 - 26.5.2016 od 31.3.2014 do 10.4.2016 Ing. Evžen Balko 16.10.2014 - 26.5.2016 Ing. Jozef Blaško PhD. 16.10.2014 - 26.5.2016 Doc.Ing. Jiří Cieńciała CSc. 16.10.2014 - 26.5.2016 Ing. Tomáš Chrenek Ph.D. 22.7.2015 - 26.5.2016 Zvončeková 8007/65B , 831 06 Bratislava - Rača Slovenská republika Ing. Evžen Balko 26.5.2016 - 26.5.2016 Vlčkova 1018 , 811 06 Bratislva - Staré Mesto Slovenská republika Ing. Ján Moder 26.5.2016 - 31.5.2017 Kuzmányho 827/3 , 811 06 Bratislava - Staré Mesto Slovenská republika Doc. Ing. Jiří Cieńciała CSc. 26.5.2016 - 27.7.2017 od 11.4.2016 do 31.3.2017 Vlastníci firmy TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. IČO: 18050646 zakladni 8 109 860 000 Kč 100% 13.12.2007 zakladni 8 109 860 000 Kč - 3.2.1993 - 13.12.2007 zakladni 6 831 370 000 Kč - 29.3.1991 - 3.2.1993 zakladni 100 000 Kč - 21.3.1991 - 29.3.1991 Kmenové akcie na jméno 1 000 Kč 8 109 863 16.10.2014 Kmenové akcie na jméno 1 000 Kč 8 109 863 23.6.2014 - 16.10.2014 Kmenové akcie na jméno 1 000 Kč 8 109 863 2.10.2013 - 23.6.2014 Akcie na majitele 1 000 Kč 8 109 863 13.12.2007 - 2.10.2013 Akcie na majitele 1 000 Kč 8 109 863 3.2.1993 - 13.12.2007 Akcie na jméno 100 000 Kč 1 29.3.1991 - 3.2.1993 Akcie na jméno 6 831 280 000 Kč 1 29.3.1991 - 3.2.1993 Akcie na jméno 100 000 Kč 1 21.3.1991 - 29.3.1991 Sbírka Listin TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. IČO: 18050646 B 146/SL 160 ostatní výpis ze zápisu představenstva Krajský soud v Ostravě 29.6.2015 27.8.2015 31.8.2015 1 B 146/SL 159 ostatní Návrh na rozdělení zisku r. 2014 Krajský soud v Ostravě 14.7.2015 23.7.2015 1 B 146/SL 157 výroční zpráva [2014] vč. účetní závěrky s příl., audit, zpráva o vztazích Krajský soud v Ostravě 14.7.2015 23.7.2015 103 B 146/SL 156 notářský zápis, stanovy společnosti NZ 116/2014, N 133/2014 Krajský soud v Ostravě 27.5.2014 8.10.2014 21.10.2014 5 B 146/SL 155 notářský zápis NZ 154/2014, N 173/2014 Krajský soud v Ostravě 17.6.2014 8.10.2014 21.10.2014 27 B 146/SL 154 ostatní Výpis ze zápisu z mimoř. zas. představenstva č. 7/2014 Krajský soud v Ostravě 27.5.2014 8.10.2014 21.10.2014 1 B 146/SL 153 účetní závěrka [2013], výroční zpráva [2013], zpráva o vztazích, zpráva auditora Krajský soud v Ostravě 24.7.2014 24.7.2014 121 B 146/SL 152 rozhod. o statut. orgánu Výpis ze zápisu z mimoř. zas. představenstva č.04/2014 Krajský soud v Ostravě 31.3.2014 17.6.2014 24.6.2014 1 B 146/SL 151 rozhod. o statut. orgánu Výpis ze zápisu DR č.01/2014 Krajský soud v Ostravě 31.3.2014 17.6.2014 24.6.2014 2 B 146/SL 150 změna právní formy, fúze Nz 78/2014 - Projekt fúze Krajský soud v Ostravě 15.4.2014 17.4.2014 17.4.2014 9 B 146/SL 143 stanovy společnosti úplné znění k 2.10.2013 Krajský soud v Ostravě 28.11.2013 5.12.2013 22 B 146/SL 142 rozhod. o statut. orgánu Výpis ze zápisu zas. předst. Krajský soud v Ostravě 8.10.2013 28.11.2013 5.12.2013 1 B 146/SL 141 rozhod. o statut. orgánu Výpis ze zápisu DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 7.10.2013 28.11.2013 5.12.2013 1 B 146/SL 140 ostatní rozděl. zisku r. 2012 Krajský soud v Ostravě 16.7.2013 18.7.2013 1 B 146/SL 139 účetní závěrka [2012], výroční zpráva [2012], zpráva o vztazích, zpráva auditora s příl. Krajský soud v Ostravě 16.7.2013 18.7.2013 107 B 146/SL 138 změna právní formy, fúze Příloha č.1 Krajský soud v Ostravě 13.5.2013 13.5.2013 22 B 146/SL 137 změna právní formy, fúze Projekt rozdělení formou odštěpení sloučením Krajský soud v Ostravě 13.5.2013 13.5.2013 24 B 146/SL 136 ostatní - oznámení o odst.z funkce Krajský soud v Ostravě 8.3.2013 21.3.2013 1 B 146/SL 135 ostatní - Zápis ze zasedání DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 5.9.2012 8.3.2013 21.3.2013 2 B 146/SL 134 ostatní - protokol velební komise Krajský soud v Ostravě 8.3.2013 21.3.2013 1 B 146/SL 133 rozhod. o statut. orgánu - výpis ze zápisu č.04/2012 Krajský soud v Ostravě 14.8.2012 10.9.2012 19.9.2012 1 B 146/SL 132 rozhod. o statut. orgánu zápis č. 06/2012 z DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.6.2012 10.9.2012 19.9.2012 2 B 146/SL 131 stanovy společnosti Krajský soud v Ostravě 27.7.2012 10.9.2012 19.9.2012 22 B 146/SL 130 notářský zápis NZ 121/2012 Krajský soud v Ostravě 16.7.2012 10.9.2012 19.9.2012 26 B 146/SL 129 ostatní -oznam. o odstoupení z funkce Krajský soud v Ostravě 14.5.2012 10.9.2012 19.9.2012 1 B 146/SL 128 rozhod. o statut. orgánu - Zápis ze zasedání DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 5.12.2011 13.9.2012 13.9.2012 2 B 146/SL 127 rozhod. o statut. orgánu - Zápis ze zasedání DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 10.10.2011 13.9.2012 13.9.2012 1 B 146/SL 126 výroční zpráva r.2011 s úč.záv.,§66a/9,aud. Krajský soud v Ostravě 12.7.2012 16.7.2012 103 B 146/SL 125 ostatní - návrh na rozděl.zisku r.2011 Krajský soud v Ostravě 12.7.2012 16.7.2012 1 B 146/SL 123 rozhod. o statut. orgánu - Zápis z předst. Krajský soud v Ostravě 9.1.2012 26.3.2012 5.4.2012 2 B 146/SL 122 rozhod. o statut. orgánu - Zápis ze zasedání předst. Krajský soud v Ostravě 14.11.2011 7.2.2012 21.2.2012 2 B 146/SL 120 ostatní - Potvrzení volební komise Krajský soud v Ostravě 7.2.2012 21.2.2012 1 B 146/SL 119 ostatní - Závěr.protokol voleb.komise Krajský soud v Ostravě 7.2.2012 21.2.2012 1 B 146/SL 118 výroční zpráva r.2010 s úč.z.,§66a/9,zpr.aud. Krajský soud v Ostravě 22.8.2011 31.8.2011 102 B 146/SL 117 ostatní -návrh př.na úhr.ztráty 2010 Krajský soud v Ostravě 22.8.2011 31.8.2011 1 B 146/SL 116 změna právní formy, fúze - NZ 124/2011 Krajský soud v Ostravě 30.6.2011 27.7.2011 25.8.2011 32 B 146/SL 115 zpráva auditora vč.zahaj.rozv.k 1.1.2011,příl. Krajský soud v Ostravě 5.4.2011 6.5.2011 6.5.2011 23 B 146/SL 114 účetní závěrka r. 2010 vč. příl., zpr. audit. Krajský soud v Ostravě 10.3.2011 6.5.2011 6.5.2011 50 B 146/SL 113 změna právní formy, fúze - Návrh Projektu fúze Krajský soud v Ostravě 2.5.2011 6.5.2011 6.5.2011 7 B 146/SL 112 rozhod. o statut. orgánu - zápis ze zasedání DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 10.1.2011 10.2.2011 11.2.2011 1 B 146/SL 111 podpisové vzory - Popelář Krajský soud v Ostravě 10.2.2011 11.2.2011 2 B 146/SL 110 stanovy společnosti k 30.6.2010 Krajský soud v Ostravě 30.6.2010 5.10.2010 27.10.2010 22 B 146/SL 109 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -záp.z představ.person.zm. Krajský soud v Ostravě 30.6.2010 5.10.2010 27.10.2010 5 B 146/SL 108 ostatní -ozn.o odst. z fce Ing.Wozniak Krajský soud v Ostravě 20.6.2010 5.10.2010 27.10.2010 1 B 146/SL 107 podpisové vzory +ČP-Ing.Ivo Žižka Krajský soud v Ostravě 23.7.2010 5.10.2010 27.10.2010 2 B 146/SL 106 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -výp.z záp.DR-odst.a volba Krajský soud v Ostravě 7.7.2010 5.10.2010 27.10.2010 2 B 146/SL 105 výroční zpráva r.2009 s úč.z.nekon.,aud.,§66a Krajský soud v Ostravě 5.10.2010 27.10.2010 120 B 146/SL 104 notářský zápis NZ 150/2010 vč. zm. stanov Krajský soud v Ostravě 30.6.2010 23.7.2010 1.9.2010 25 B 146/SL 103 změna právní formy, fúze - Projekt fúze Krajský soud v Ostravě 23.7.2010 1.9.2010 94 B 146/SL 102 notářský zápis NZ 151/2010-Rozh.jed.akc.-fúze Krajský soud v Ostravě 30.6.2010 23.7.2010 1.9.2010 99 B 146/SL 101 účetní závěrka r. 2009 vč. přílohy + auditor Krajský soud v Ostravě 31.5.2010 1.6.2010 48 B 146/SL 99 změna právní formy, fúze - Návrh Projektu fúze Krajský soud v Ostravě 3.5.2010 12.5.2010 12.5.2010 6 B 146/SL 98 účetní závěrka r. 2009 vč. příl., zpr.audit. Krajský soud v Ostravě 12.5.2010 12.5.2010 8 B 146/SL 100 zpráva auditora vč. zahaj. rozvahy k 1.1.2010 Krajský soud v Ostravě 15.3.2010 12.5.2010 12.5.2010 11 B 146/SL 97 stanovy společnosti - ÚZ od 22/6/09 Krajský soud v Ostravě 22.6.2009 30.9.2009 30.9.2009 22 B 146/SL 96 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -záp.č.02/09 DRvč.potvrz.volby Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.5.2009 30.9.2009 30.9.2009 4 B 146/SL 95 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -záp.č.8/09z předs.odv.a volba Krajský soud v Ostravě 22.6.2009 22.7.2009 27.7.2009 7 B 146/SL 94 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -záp.č.03/09 z DR-jm.čl.předst Krajský soud v Ostravě 22.6.2009 22.7.2009 27.7.2009 3 B 146/SL 93 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -záp.č.02/09 DR-odst.,hosp. Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.5.2009 22.7.2009 27.7.2009 3 B 146/SL 92 notářský zápis NZ 135/2009+změny Stanov Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.5.2009 22.7.2009 27.7.2009 24 B 146/SL 91 podpisové vzory Ing.Wozniak,Ing.Huczala Krajský soud v Ostravě 24.6.2009 22.7.2009 27.7.2009 4 B 146/SL 90 výroční zpráva r.2008 s úč.z.,př,aud.,§66a/9 Krajský soud v Ostravě 22.7.2009 27.7.2009 119 B 146/SL 89 podpisové vzory -Ing. Jiří Cienciala, CSc. Krajský soud v Ostravě 13.10.2008 28.11.2008 2.12.2008 2 B 146/SL 88 podpisové vzory -Ing. Jaroslava Ciahotná Krajský soud v Ostravě 13.10.2008 28.11.2008 2.12.2008 2 B 146/SL 87 podpisové vzory -Ing. Jan Czudek Krajský soud v Ostravě 13.10.2008 28.11.2008 2.12.2008 2 B 146/SL 86 podpisové vzory -Ing. Jan Lasota Krajský soud v Ostravě 13.10.2008 28.11.2008 2.12.2008 2 B 146/SL 85 podpisové vzory -Ing. Roman Mitrega, MBA Krajský soud v Ostravě 19.11.2008 28.11.2008 2.12.2008 2 B 146/SL 84 podpisové vzory -Vladislav Heczko Krajský soud v Ostravě 18.11.2008 28.11.2008 2.12.2008 2 B 146/SL 83 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -protokol voleb komise do DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 14.11.2008 28.11.2008 2.12.2008 1 B 146/SL 82 rozhod. o statut. orgánu výpis záp.č.17/08 mimoř.předst Krajský soud v Ostravě 29.9.2008 28.11.2008 2.12.2008 1 B 146/SL 81 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -zápis č. 3/2008 z DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 29.9.2008 28.11.2008 2.12.2008 4 B 146/SL 80 výroční zpráva r.2007,úč.z.,§66a/9 Krajský soud v Ostravě 30.7.2008 31.7.2008 120 B 146/SL 79 notářský zápis NZ 171/2008 RVH-hosp.r.2007 Krajský soud v Ostravě 23.6.2008 30.7.2008 31.7.2008 6 B 146/SL 78 ostatní -návr.předst.na rozd.zis.r.07 Krajský soud v Ostravě 23.6.2008 30.7.2008 31.7.2008 1 B 146/SL 77 notářský zápis Nz 361/2007 stanovy Krajský soud v Ostravě 19.11.2007 12.12.2007 19.12.2007 6 B 146/SL 76 stanovy společnosti úpl.zn. Krajský soud v Ostravě 19.11.2007 12.12.2007 19.12.2007 20 B 146/SL 75 podpisové vzory Pablo Alarcón Espinosa Krajský soud v Ostravě 3.7.2007 1.8.2007 4.9.2007 2 B 146/SL 74 podpisové vzory Dr. Hanns Kurt Zöllner Krajský soud v Ostravě 27.6.2007 1.8.2007 4.9.2007 4 B 146/SL 73 podpisové vzory Ing. Jozef Blaško, PhD. Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.6.2007 1.8.2007 4.9.2007 2 B 146/SL 72 podpisové vzory Ing. Tomáš Chrenek, PhD. CSc. Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.6.2007 1.8.2007 4.9.2007 2 B 146/SL 71 podpisové vzory Ing. Ján Moder Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.6.2007 1.8.2007 4.9.2007 2 B 146/SL 70 podpisové vzory Ing. Evžen Balko Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.6.2007 1.8.2007 4.9.2007 2 B 146/SL 69 notářský zápis NZ 215/2007 Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.6.2007 1.8.2007 4.9.2007 16 B 146/SL 68 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -zápis č. 05/07 z mimoř.zas.DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.6.2007 1.8.2007 4.9.2007 3 B 146/SL 67 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -zápis č. 03/07 ze zased.DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 11.6.2007 1.8.2007 4.9.2007 4 B 146/SL 66 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -odstoupení z DR Ing. Dubš Krajský soud v Ostravě 18.5.2007 1.8.2007 4.9.2007 2 B 146/SL 65 stanovy společnosti úpl.zn. Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.6.2007 20.7.2007 21.8.2007 20 B 146/SL 64 výroční zpráva r. 2006,kon.úč.z.zp.a.,§ 66a/9 Krajský soud v Ostravě 20.7.2007 21.8.2007 119 B 146/SL 63 notářský zápis Nz 215/2007 osv. VH Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.6.2007 20.7.2007 21.8.2007 16 B 146/SL 62 rozhod. o statut. orgánu výpis ze zápisu č. 14/2006 Krajský soud v Ostravě 27.11.2006 2.3.2007 8.3.2007 1 B 146/SL 61 rozhod. o statut. orgánu zápis č.4/2006 ze zas DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 6.2.2007 2.3.2007 8.3.2007 4 B 146/SL 60 rozhod. o statut. orgánu záv.protokol o výsl.voleb DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 15.11.2006 2.3.2007 8.3.2007 2 B 146/SL 59 podpisové vzory Marek,Matuszek,Ligocki Krajský soud v Ostravě 2.3.2007 8.3.2007 6 B 146/SL 58 stanovy společnosti ÚPZ Krajský soud v Ostravě 26.6.2006 17.8.2006 4.9.2006 21 B 146/SL 57 notářský zápis NZ 231/2006,hosp.r.2005 Krajský soud v Ostravě 26.6.2006 28.7.2006 14.8.2006 13 B 146/SL 56 výroční zpráva r. 2005,úč.z.,zpr.aud.,§66a/9 Krajský soud v Ostravě 7.8.2006 110 B 146/SL 55 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -zápis z DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 5.9.2005 31.10.2005 5 B 146/SL 54 podpisové vzory Dr.H.K.Zöllner,Ing.Joz.Blaško Krajský soud v Ostravě 6.10.2005 4 B 146/SL 53 notářský zápis Nz 262/2005,zm.Stan.,hosp.r04 Krajský soud v Ostravě 27.6.2005 6.10.2005 13 B 146/SL 52 rozhod. o statut. orgánu -protokol o volbě do DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 14.9.2001 6.10.2005 1 B 146/SL 51 účetní závěrka r.2004vč.ú,z,§ 66a + kons.ú.z. Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.7.2005 3.8.2005 150 B 146/SL 50 podpisové vzory Ing.Joz.Blaško Krajský soud v Ostravě 13.9.2004 6.1.2005 1 B 146/SL 49 rozhod. o statut. orgánu zápis č. 04/2004 - DR Krajský soud v Ostravě 22.9.2004 6.1.2005 5 B 146/SL 48 posudek znalce č. 90/2004 Krajský soud v Ostravě 7.12.2004 29.12.2004 3.1.2005 25 B 146/SL 47 výroční zpráva r.2003 vč.ú.z.,§66a/9,vč.kons. Krajský soud v Ostravě 21.7.2004 23.7.2004 182 B 146/SL 46 rozhod. o statut. orgánu zápis ze zasedání DR 07/2003 Krajský soud v Ostravě 9.9.2003 4.12.2003 6 B 146/SL 45 rozhod. o statut. orgánu zápis ze zasedání DR 01/2003 Krajský soud v Ostravě 3.3.2003 4.12.2003 2 B 146/SL 44 rozhod. o statut. orgánu zápis ze zased. předst.12/03 Krajský soud v Ostravě 9.9.2003 4.12.2003 3 B 146/SL 43 rozhod. o statut. orgánu zápis ze zased.předs. 03/2003 Krajský soud v Ostravě 3.3.2003 4.12.2003 2 B 146/SL 42 notářský zápis NZ 353/2003 zm.Stan.,volba Krajský soud v Ostravě 9.9.2003 4.12.2003 9 B 146/SL 41 stanovy společnosti Krajský soud v Ostravě 9.9.2003 4.12.2003 19 B 146/SL 40 podpisové vzory 11x Krajský soud v Ostravě 16.10.2003 4.12.2003 17 B 146/SL 4 notářský zápis NZ 224/2003 volba,hosp.02,změn Krajský soud v Ostravě 16.6.2003 3.10.2003 8.10.2003 8 B 146/SL 12 výroční zpráva r. 2002 Krajský soud v Ostravě 23.7.2003 1.8.2003 101 B 146/SL 37 výroční zpráva r. 2002 konsolidovaná Krajský soud v Ostravě 18.7.2003 24.7.2003 141 B 146/SL 3 notářský zápis NZ 207/2002,zm.Stan.,hosp.01 Krajský soud v Ostravě 10.6.2002 13.9.2002 10 B 146/SL 39 výroční zpráva r. 2001 vč.úč.a konsol.úč.uzáv Krajský soud v Ostravě 2.9.2002 5.9.2002 183 B 146/SL 38 rozhod. o statut. orgánu zápis z dozorčí rady 05/2001 Krajský soud v Ostravě 27.8.2001 27.5.2002 3 B 146/SL 36 notářský zápis NZ 261/01-stanovy Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.6.2001 27.5.2002 30 B 146/SL 35 výroční zpráva r. 1999 Krajský soud v Ostravě 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 54 B 146/SL 34 výroční zpráva r. 1998 Krajský soud v Ostravě 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 41 B 146/SL 33 účetní závěrka r. 1998+konsolidovaná úč.uz. Krajský soud v Ostravě 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 84 B 146/SL 32 účetní závěrka r. 1999+konsolidovaná úč.uz. Krajský soud v Ostravě 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 89 B 146/SL 31 ostatní -rozh.ministra průmyslu 19/91 Krajský soud v Ostravě 27.3.1991 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 7 B 146/SL 30 stanovy společnosti I.dodatek Krajský soud v Ostravě 10.12.2001 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 2 B 146/SL 29 zakladatelské dokumenty -zakladatelský plán Krajský soud v Ostravě 25.2.1991 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 4 B 146/SL 28 stanovy společnosti rozhodnutí VH Krajský soud v Ostravě 10.12.2001 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 14 B 146/SL 27 stanovy společnosti Krajský soud v Ostravě 8.3.1996 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 16 B 146/SL 26 stanovy společnosti Krajský soud v Ostravě 12.12.1995 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 16 B 146/SL 25 stanovy společnosti Krajský soud v Ostravě 26.6.2000 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 19 B 146/SL 24 notářský zápis NZ 315/96 vč.Stanov Krajský soud v Ostravě 31.10.1996 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 26 B 146/SL 23 notářský zápis NZ 214/2000-změny Krajský soud v Ostravě 26.6.2000 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 5 B 146/SL 22 notářský zápis NZ 235/99-zm.Stanov Krajský soud v Ostravě 28.6.1999 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 6 B 146/SL 21 notářský zápis NZ 456/99-vyd.dluhop. Krajský soud v Ostravě 13.12.1999 11.12.2001 20.12.2001 3 B 146/SL 20 notářský zápis NZ 131/96 vč.stanov Krajský soud v Ostravě 8.3.1996 11.12.2001 19.12.2001 32 B 146/SL 19 notářský zápis NZ 238/95 zm.Stanov Krajský soud v Ostravě 12.12.1995 11.12.2001 19.12.2001 8 B 146/SL 18 notářský zápis NZ 115/94 vč. stanov Krajský soud v Ostravě 23.6.1994 11.12.2001 19.12.2001 24 B 146/SL 17 notářský zápis NZ 228/93 Krajský soud v Ostravě 19.8.1993 11.12.2001 19.12.2001 4 B 146/SL 16 notářský zápis NZ 89/93 vč.stanov Krajský soud v Ostravě 14.4.1993 11.12.2001 19.12.2001 29 B 146/SL 15 notářský zápis NZ 1343/92 vč.stanov Krajský soud v Ostravě 10.9.1992 11.12.2001 19.12.2001 26 B 146/SL 14 notářský zápis NZ 14/98 vč. stanov Krajský soud v Ostravě 9.1.1998 11.12.2001 19.12.2001 24 B 146/SL 13 notářský zápis NZ 219/97 Krajský soud v Ostravě 28.8.1997 11.12.2001 19.12.2001 5 B 146/SL 9 výroční zpráva r. 2000 Krajský soud v Ostravě 1.8.2001 15.8.2001 74 B 146/SL 11 účetní závěrka r. 2000 Krajský soud v Ostravě 1.8.2001 15.8.2001 49 B 146/SL 10 účetní závěrka r. 2000-konsolidovaná úč.z. Krajský soud v Ostravě 1.8.2001 15.8.2001 27 B 146/SL 8 podpisové vzory 6x Krajský soud v Ostravě 2.2.2001 27.3.2001 9.5.2001 8 B 146/SL 7 rozhod. o statut. orgánu zápis č. 13/2000 Krajský soud v Ostravě 27.11.2000 27.3.2001 9.5.2001 3 B 146/SL 6 rozhod. o statut. orgánu zápis č. 07/2000 Krajský soud v Ostravě 27.11.2000 27.3.2001 9.5.2001 3 B 146/SL 5 účetní závěrka r. 1997 Krajský soud v Ostravě 17.2.1999 17.2.1999 48 B 146/SL 2 účetní závěrka r. 1996 Krajský soud v Ostravě 14.10.1997 14.10.1997 45 Hodnocení TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. Výpis dat pro firmu TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. obsahuje pouze taková data, která lze dle zákona č. 101/2000 Sb., o ochraně osobních údajů, zveřejňovat i bez souhlasu subjektu těchto údajů. výpis firmy TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a. s., 18050646 na obchodním rejstříku výpis firmy TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s., 18050646 na živnostenském rejstříku výpis firmy TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s., 18050646 na Datových schránkách TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. - 18050646 - Třinec , Průmyslová 1000 Třinecké gastroslužby, s.r.o. - 25838148 - Třinec , Průmyslová 1035 Třinecké vzdělávání, s.r.o. - 25887963 - Třinec 1 Králodvorské železárny, a.s. - 14803828 - Praha , U průhonu 466/22