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[ "Clarence Thomas. Regarding capital punishment, Thomas was among the dissenters in Atkins v. Virginia and Roper v. Simmons, which held that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the application of the death penalty to certain classes of persons. In Kansas v. Marsh, his opinion for the court indicated a belief that the constitution affords states broad procedural latitude in imposing the death penalty, provided they remain within the limits of Furman v. Georgia and Gregg v. Georgia, the 1976 case in which the court had reversed its 1972 ban on death sentences if states followed procedural guidelines.", "Capital punishment in the United States. Lethal injection was held to be a constitutional method of execution by the U.S. Supreme Court in two cases: Baze v. Rees (2008) and Glossip v. Gross (2015).[118][119]", "Capital punishment in the United States. The U.S. Supreme Court has placed two major restrictions on the use of the death penalty. First, the case of Atkins v. Virginia, decided on June 20, 2002,[26] held that the execution of intellectually disabled inmates is unconstitutional. Second, in 2005, the court's decision in Roper v. Simmons[27] struck down executions for offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the crime.", "Capital punishment. In the United States, Michigan was the first state to ban the death penalty, on 18 May 1846.[58] The death penalty was declared unconstitutional between 1972 and 1976 based on the Furman v. Georgia case, but the 1976 Gregg v. Georgia case once again permitted the death penalty under certain circumstances. Further limitations were placed on the death penalty in Atkins v. Virginia (death penalty unconstitutional for people with an intellectual disability) and Roper v. Simmons (death penalty unconstitutional if defendant was under age 18 at the time the crime was committed). In the United States, 18 states and the District of Columbia ban capital punishment.", "Gregg v. Georgia. Gregg v. Georgia, Proffitt v. Florida, Jurek v. Texas, Woodson v. North Carolina, and Roberts v. Louisiana, 428 U.S. 153 (1976), reaffirmed the United States Supreme Court's acceptance of the use of the death penalty in the United States, upholding, in particular, the death sentence imposed on Troy Leon Gregg. Referred to by a leading scholar as the July 2 Cases[1] and elsewhere referred to by the lead case Gregg, the Supreme Court set forth the two main features that capital sentencing procedures must employ in order to comply with the Eighth Amendment ban on \"cruel and unusual punishments\". The decision essentially ended the de facto moratorium on the death penalty imposed by the Court in its 1972 decision in Furman v. Georgia 408 U.S. 238 (1972).", "List of United States Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment. The U.S. Supreme Court has issued numerous rulings on the use of capital punishment (the death penalty). While some rulings applied very narrowly, perhaps to only one individual, other cases have had great influence over wide areas of procedure, eligible crimes, acceptable evidence and method of execution.", "Capital punishment in the United States. In 1977, the Supreme Court's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman. Previously, the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States, and at the time of the decision, Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense.", "Gregg v. Georgia. The July 2 Cases mark the beginning of the United States' modern legal conversation about the death penalty. Major subsequent developments include forbidding the death penalty for rape (Coker v. Georgia), restricting the death penalty in cases of felony murder (Enmund v. Florida), exempting the mentally handicapped (Atkins v. Virginia) and juvenile murderers (Roper v. Simmons) from the death penalty, removing virtually all limitations on the presentation of mitigating evidence (Lockett v. Ohio, Holmes v. South Carolina), requiring precision in the definition of aggravating factors (Godfrey v. Georgia, Walton v. Arizona), and requiring the jury to decide whether aggravating factors have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt (Ring v. Arizona).", "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The first significant general challenge to capital punishment that reached the Supreme Court was the case of Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972). In a 5–4 decision, the Supreme Court overturned the death sentences of Furman for murder, as well as two other defendants for rape. Of the five justices voting to overturn the death penalty, two found capital punishment to be unconstitutionally cruel and unusual, while three found that the statutes at issue were implemented in a random and capricious fashion, discriminating against blacks and the poor. Furman v. Georgia did not hold – even though it is sometimes claimed that it did – that capital punishment is per se unconstitutional.[34]", "Capital punishment in the United States. In the 1980 case Godfrey v. Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that murder can be punished by death only if it involves a narrow and precise aggravating factor.[25]", "Capital punishment in the United States. In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional. The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision, however, and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result. The narrowest opinions, those of Byron White and Potter Stewart, expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases, but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law. Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty. Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment.", "Human rights in the United States. The 1972 US Supreme Court case Furman v. Georgia 408 U.S. 238 (1972) held that arbitrary imposition of the death penalty at the states' discretion constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This was preceded with the Supreme Court of California's ruling in California v. Anderson 64 Cal.2d 633, 414 P.2d 366 (Cal. 1972), which classified capital punishment as cruel and unusual and outlawed the use of capital punishment in California (however, this was reversed the same year through a ballot initiative, Proposition 17). It was reinstated nationally in 1976 after the US Supreme Court rulings Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976), Jurek v. Texas, 428 U.S. 262 (1976), and Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U.S. 242 (1976).[139] As of January 25, 2008, the death penalty has been abolished in the District of Columbia and fourteen states, mainly in the Northeast and Midwest.[140]", "Furman v. Georgia. Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972) was a criminal case in which the United States Supreme Court struck down all death penalty schemes in the United States in a 5–4 decision, with each member of the majority writing a separate opinion.[1]:467–8 Following Furman, in order to reinstate the death penalty, states had to at least remove arbitrary and discriminatory effects, to satisfy the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[1]:468", "Gregg v. Georgia. In the July 2 Cases, the Court's goal was to provide guidance to states in the wake of Furman. In Furman only one basic idea could command a majority vote of the Justices: capital punishment, as then practiced in the United States, was cruel and unusual punishment because there were no rational standards that determined when it was imposed and when it was not. The question the Court resolved in these cases was not whether the death sentence imposed on each of the individual defendants was cruel, but rather whether the process by which those sentences were imposed was rational and objectively reviewable.", "Capital punishment in the United States. All executions were suspended through the country between September 2007 and April 2008. At that time, the U.S. Supreme Court was examining the constitutionality of lethal injection in Baze v. Rees. This was the longest period with no executions in the United States since 1982. The Supreme Court ultimately upheld this method in a 7-2 ruling.", "Furman v. Georgia. The Court's decision forced states and the U.S. Congress to rethink their statutes for capital offenses to ensure that the death penalty would not be administered in a capricious or discriminatory manner.[6]", "Capital punishment in the United States. The possibility of challenging the constitutionality of the death penalty became progressively more realistic after the Supreme Court of the United States decided Trop v. Dulles in 1958, when the court said explicitly for the first time that the Eighth Amendment's cruel and unusual clause must draw its meaning from the \"evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society\", rather than from its original meaning. Also in the 1932 case Powell v. Alabama, the court made the first step of what would be later be called \"death is different\" jurisprudence, when it held that any indigent defendant was entitled to a court-appointed attorney in capital cases - a right that was only later extended to non-capital defendants in 1963, with Gideon v. Wainwright.", "Capital punishment in New York. In the July 1972 decision in Furman v. Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the existing death penalty procedures across the United States. The moratorium lasted until 1976, when the Court ruled in Gregg v. Georgia that states could resume capital punishment under reworked statutes.", "Capital punishment in the United States. Traditionally, Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus, not Section 1983, is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death.[93] In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case, however, the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death, but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out. Therefore, the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit. Yet, as Clarence Hill's own case shows, lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay. Further, the Court's decision in Baze v. Rees, upholding a lethal injection method used by many states, has narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983.", "Furman v. Georgia. The decision ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty. This case led to a de facto moratorium on capital punishment throughout the United States, which came to an end when Gregg v. Georgia was decided in 1976 to allow the death penalty.", "Capital punishment in California. The debate over capital punishment was played out in a somewhat similar fashion on the national level. On June 29, 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in Furman v. Georgia, holding all capital punishment statutes then in effect in the United States to be unconstitutional. On July 2, 1976, the Supreme Court, in Gregg v. Georgia, reviewing capital punishment laws enacted in response to its Furman decision, found constitutional those statutes that allowed a jury to impose the death penalty after consideration of both aggravating and mitigating circumstances. On the same date, the Court held that statutes imposing a mandatory death penalty were unconstitutional.[12]", "Capital punishment in the United States. In Furman v. Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court considered a group of consolidated cases. The lead case involved an individual convicted under Georgia's death penalty statute, which featured a \"unitary trial\" procedure in which the jury was asked to return a verdict of guilt or innocence and, simultaneously, determine whether the defendant would be punished by death or life imprisonment. The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2, 1967.", "Roper v. Simmons. Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005), was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that it is unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed while under the age of 18. The 5-4 decision overruled the Court's prior ruling upholding such sentences on offenders above or at the age of 16, in Stanford v. Kentucky, 492 U.S. 361 (1989), overturning statutes in 25 states that had the penalty set lower.", "Lethal injection. In 2006, the Supreme Court ruled in Hill v. McDonough that death-row inmates in the United States could challenge the constitutionality of states' lethal injection procedures through a federal civil rights lawsuit. Since then, numerous death-row inmates have brought such challenges in the lower courts, claiming that lethal injection as currently practiced violates the ban on \"cruel and unusual punishment\" found in the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[44][45] Lower courts evaluating these challenges have reached opposing conclusions. For example, courts have found that lethal injection as practiced in California,[46] Florida,[47] and Tennessee[48] is unconstitutional. Other courts have found that lethal injection as practiced in Missouri,[49] Arizona,[50] and Oklahoma[51] is constitutionally acceptable.", "History of the Supreme Court of the United States. Other rulings include Landmark Communications v. Virginia in which the court ruled for fining a newspaper for revealing the identity of a judge under investigation by state commissioner H. Warrington Sharp. The Burger Court also established a moratorium on capital punishment in Furman v. Georgia (1972), holding that states generally awarded death sentences arbitrarily and inconsistently. The moratorium, however, was lifted four years later in Gregg v. Georgia (1976). Also in United States v. Nixon (1974), the court ruled that the courts have the final voice in determining constitutional questions and that no person, not even the President of the United States, is completely above law.", "Gregg v. Georgia. The defendants in each of the five cases urged the Court to go further than it had in Furman by holding once and for all that capital punishment was cruel and unusual punishment that violated the Eighth Amendment. However the Court responded that \"The most marked indication of society's endorsement of the death penalty for murder is the legislative response to Furman.\" Both Congress and 35 states had complied with the Court's dictates in Furman by either specifying factors to be weighed and procedures to be followed when imposing a death sentence, or dictating that the death penalty would be mandatory for specific crimes. Furthermore, a referendum in California had overturned the California Supreme Court's earlier decision (California v. Anderson) holding that the death penalty violated the California constitution. The fact that juries remained willing to impose the death penalty also contributed to the Court's conclusion that American society did not believe in 1976 that the death penalty was unconstitutional.", "Capital punishment in the United States. On July 2, 1976, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Gregg v. Georgia[22] and upheld 7-2 a Georgia procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases. At the first proceeding, the jury decides the defendant's guilt; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first-degree murder, the death penalty will not be imposed. At the second hearing, the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist, whether any mitigating factors exist, and, in many jurisdictions, weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty - either death or life in prison, either with or without parole. The same day, in Woodson v. North Carolina[23] and Roberts v. Louisiana,[24] the court struck down 5-4 statutes providing a mandatory death sentence.", "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. States with capital punishment rewrote their laws to address the Supreme Court's decision, and the Court then revisited the issue in a murder case: Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976). In Gregg, the Court found, in a 7–2 ruling, that Georgia's new death penalty laws passed Eighth Amendment scrutiny: the statutes provided a bifurcated trial in which guilt and sentence were determined separately; and, the statutes provided for \"specific jury findings\" followed by state supreme court review comparing each death sentence \"with the sentences imposed on similarly situated defendants to ensure that the sentence of death in a particular case is not disproportionate.\" Because of the Gregg decision, executions resumed in 1977.", "Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States. In Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988), the U.S. Supreme Court first held unconstitutional imposition of the death penalty for crime committed aged 15 or younger.", "Capital punishment in the United States. Other states which abolished the death penalty for murder before Gregg v. Georgia include: Minnesota in 1911, Vermont in 1964, Iowa and West Virginia in 1965 and North Dakota in 1973. Hawaii abolished the death penalty in 1948 and Alaska in 1957, both before their statehood. Puerto Rico repealed it in 1929 and the District of Columbia in 1981. Arizona and Oregon abolished the death penalty by popular vote in 1916 and 1964 respectively, but both reinstated it, again by popular vote, some years later: Arizona in 1918 and Oregon in 1978.[19] Puerto Rico and Michigan are the only two U.S. jurisdictions to have explicitly prohibited capital punishment in their constitutions: in 1952 and 1964, respectively.", "Capital punishment in the United States. There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977. In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia, reducing all death sentences pending at the time to life imprisonment.[4]", "Gregg v. Georgia. The Court was determined to simultaneously save capital punishment in the United States and impose some reasoned basis for carrying it out. That reasoning flows from the Eighth Amendment's cruel and unusual punishment clause. Although capital punishment, per se, was not found by the Court to be cruel and unusual, it must still be carried out in a manner consistent with the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society. In the Court's view, the country's history with capital punishment suggests that those evolving standards of decency could not tolerate a return to the mandatory death penalty for murder that had prevailed in medieval England." ]

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[ "Politics of Trinidad and Tobago. The President is elected by an electoral college, which consists of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for a five-year term. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President from among the members of Parliament; following legislative elections, the person with the most support among the elected members of the House of Representatives is appointed Prime Minister, usually the leader of the winning party. The cabinet is appointed from among the Members of Parliament, which constitutes elected Members of the House of Representatives and appointed Members of the Senate", "Elections in Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago elects on national level a House of Representatives (the Lower House of its legislature). The head of government (the Prime Minister) is chosen from among the elected representatives on the basis of his or her command of the support of the majority of legislators. The Parliament of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago has two chambers. The House of Representatives has 41 members, elected for a maximum five-year term in single-seat constituencies. The Senate has 31 members: 16 Government Senators appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, 6 Opposition Senators appointed on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition and 9 so-called Independent Senators appointed by the President to represent other sectors of civil society. The president is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of the members of both houses of Parliament. Other elected bodies include the Local Government bodies in Trinidad (2 cities, 3 boroughs, 9 Regional Corporations)[1] and the Tobago House of Assembly which handles local government in the island of Tobago and is entrenched in the Constitution.", "Trinidad and Tobago presidential election, 2018. The President of Trinidad and Tobago is indirectly elected for a 5-year term by an electoral college comprising all 41 members of the House of Representatives and all 31 members of the Senate.", "President of Trinidad and Tobago. Under the 1976 constitution, the President is the nominal source of executive power. Like the British Sovereign (and heads of state in other Westminster systems), he or she \"reigns but does not rule\". In practice, executive authority is exercised by the Prime Minister and his or her cabinet, on behalf of the President. The President appoints as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in the House of Representatives, and also appoints members of the Senate on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition. The President must be at least 35 years old (although no President has been younger than 59), a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago, and at the time of nomination must have been resident in the country for an unbroken period of ten years.", "List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago. Under the 1976 Constitution, the constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the President replaced the Monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President was elected by Parliament for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate served as Acting President.", "Trinidad and Tobago. The Prime Minister is elected from the results of a general election which takes place every five years. The President is required to appoint the leader of the party who in his opinion has the most support of the members of the House of Representatives to this post; this has generally been the leader of the party which won the most seats in the previous election (except in the case of the 2001 General Elections). Tobago also has its own elections, separate from the general elections. In these elections, members are elected and serve in the Tobago House of Assembly.[52]", "Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago is a republic with a two-party system and a bicameral parliamentary system based on the Westminster System. The head of state of Trinidad and Tobago is the President, currently Paula Mae Weekes. The head of government is the Prime Minister, currently Keith Rowley. The President is elected by an Electoral college consisting of the full membership of both houses of Parliament.", "President of Trinidad and Tobago. The President of Trinidad and Tobago is the head of state of Trinidad and Tobago and the commander-in-chief of the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force. The office was established when the country became a republic in 1976, before which the head of state was Queen Elizabeth II. The last Governor-General, Sir Ellis Clarke, was sworn in as the first President on 1 August 1976 under a transitional arrangement. He was formally chosen as President by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament on 24 September 1976, which is now celebrated as Republic Day.", "President of the Senate. The President of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago, who is generally elected from the government benches, chairs debates in the chamber and stands in for the country's president during periods of absence or illness (Constitution, section 27).[8] A Vice-President of the Senate is also elected from among the senators. The current President of the Senate is Christine Kangaloo.", "Politics of Trinidad and Tobago. The politics of Trinidad and Tobago function within the framework of a unitary state regulated by a parliamentary democracy modelled on that of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, from which the country gained its independence in 1962. Under the 1976 republican Constitution, the British monarch was replaced as head of state by a President chosen by an electoral college composed of the members of the bicameral Parliament, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.", "President of Trinidad and Tobago. The current President of Trinidad and Tobago is Paula-Mae Weekes. The official residence of the President is President's House, previously known as Government House when it was used by the Governors-General and Governors of the islands.", "Trinidad and Tobago presidential election, 2018. On 5 January 2018, the name of Paula-Mae Weekes, a judge of the Turks and Caicos Islands Court of Appeal, was put forward by the PNM government of Prime Minister Keith Rowley in hopes of reaching a consensus with the UNC-led parliamentary opposition of Kamla Persad-Bissessar, which later indeed endorsed her nomination as well. As Weekes was the only nominated candidate on election day, she was deemed elected without the need for a vote. Paula-Mae Weeks thus became the first woman to take office as president of Trinidad and Tobago on 19 March 2018.[1]", "Trinidad and Tobago presidential election, 2018. To win the election a candidate must gain a plurality of votes cast, whereby a quorum comprising the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 10 Senators and 12 other member of the House of Representatives must be met for the election to be considered valid. If only one candidate should be nominated to run in the election, he or she shall be considered to have been elected president without the need for a vote to take place.[2]", "Politics of Trinidad and Tobago. The country has remained a member of the Commonwealth, and has retained the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London as its highest court of appeal. The view of Ernest TC-Singh is that the general direction and control of the government rests with the Cabinet, led by a Prime Minister. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are answerable (at least in theory) to the House of Representatives. The 41 members of the House are elected to terms of at least five years. Elections may be called earlier by the president at the request of the prime minister or after a vote of no confidence in the House of Representatives. In 1976, the voting age was reduced from 21 to 18. The Senate's 31 members are appointed by the President: 16 on the advice of the prime minister, six on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and nine independents selected by the President from among outstanding members of the community. Local government is through nine Regional Corporations and five municipalities. Tobago was given a measure of self-government in 1980 and is governed by the Tobago House of Assembly. In 1996, Parliament passed legislation which gave Tobago greater self-government. In 2005 Parliament approved a proposal by the independent Elections and Boundaries Commission to increase the number of seats in the House of Representatives from 36 to 41.", "Elections in Trinidad and Tobago. Until 1925 Trinidad and Tobago was a British Colony ruled through a pure, unelected Crown Colony system, although elected Borough and Municipal Councils existed in Port of Spain and San Fernando. The first elections to the Legislative Council took place in 1925. Seven of the thirteen unofficial members were elected, six unofficials were nominated by the Governor, and twelve official members sat in the Legislative Council on an ex-officio basis. The Governor had the right to an ordinary vote and an additional casting vote, to break any tie. The franchise was determined by income, property and residence qualifications, and was limited to men over the age of 21 and women over the age of 30. The 1946 elections were the first with universal adult suffrage, during which time there existed an even number of elected and unelected members (excluding the Governor).", "Trinidad and Tobago presidential election, 2018. Indirect presidential elections will be held in Trinidad and Tobago on 19 January 2018.", "Trinidad and Tobago. Parliament consists of the Senate (31 seats) and the House of Representatives (41 seats).[53] The members of the Senate are appointed by the president. Sixteen Government Senators are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, six Opposition Senators are appointed on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition and nine Independent Senators are appointed by the President to represent other sectors of civil society. The 41 members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people for a maximum term of five years in a \"first past the post\" system.", "Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad is split into 14 regional corporations and municipalities, consisting of 9 regions and 5 municipalities, which have a limited level of autonomy. The various councils are made up of a mixture of elected and appointed members. Elections are due to be held every three years, but have not been held since 2003, four extensions having been sought by the government. The island of Tobago is governed by the Tobago House of Assembly:", "Politics of Trinidad and Tobago. The Parliament of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago has two chambers. The House of Representatives has 41 members, elected for a five-year term in single-seat constituencies. The Senate has 31 members: 16 Government Senators appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, six Opposition Senators appointed on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition and nine Independent Senators appointed by the President to represent other sectors of civil society.", "Politics of Trinidad and Tobago. note: Tobago has a unicameral House of Assembly, with 15 members (12 elected) serving four-year terms; in the 2005 elections the PNM won.", "Trinidad and Tobago presidential election, 2018. Anthony Carmona\nIndependent", "Politics of Trinidad and Tobago. Local government in Tobago is handled by the Tobago House of Assembly.", "List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago. From 1962 to 1976 the head of state under the Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962 was the Queen of Trinidad and Tobago, Elizabeth II, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen was represented in Trinidad and Tobago by a Governor-General. Trinidad and Tobago became a republic under the Constitution of 1976 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President.", "Tobago House of Assembly. The Tobago House of Assembly (THA) is a unicameral autonomous legislative body responsible for the island of Tobago within the twin-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago. The THA was established in 1980[1] to rectify some of the disparities in the relationship between the two islands, though a prior body using the same name existed from 1768–1874.[2] In addition to the normal local government functions the THA handles many of the responsibilities of the central government, but has limited ability to collect taxes and impose local law or zoning regulations. The THA consists of: one Presiding Officer, twelve elected assemblymen, and four appointed councillors. Three of the councillors are appointed on the advice on the Chief Secretary and one on the advice of the Minority Leader. The Chief Secretary is the leader of the majority party in the assembly.[3]", "History of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad was ruled as a crown colony with no elected representation until 1925. Although Tobago had an elected Assembly, this was dissolved prior to the union of the two islands. In 1925 the first elections to the Legislative Council were held. Seven of the thirteen members were elected, the others were nominated by the Governor. The franchise was determined by income, property and residence qualifications, and was limited to men over the age of 21 and women over the age of 30. The 1946 elections were the first with universal adult suffrage.", "Tobago House of Assembly. In the 2013 elections, the TOP was defeated in a landslide by the PNM, losing the 4 seats it held previously, giving the PNM complete control of the THA.[5] However, Chief Seceretary Orville London has asked Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar to introduce a bill in the country's parliament that would change the country's constitution to allow the President of the Republic to choose two independent councillors at his/her discretion to serve as opposition in the THA in the event of a 12-0 election result.[6]", "Elections in Trinidad and Tobago. Elections in Trinidad and Tobago gives information on election and election results in Trinidad and Tobago.", "List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago. The Governor-General was the representative of the Monarch in Trinidad and Tobago and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of Trinidad and Tobago without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government.", "Trinidad and Tobago presidential election, 2018. Paula-Mae Weekes\nIndependent", "São Tomé and Príncipe. The president of the republic is elected to a five-year term by direct universal suffrage and a secret ballot, and must gain an outright majority to be elected. The president may hold up to two consecutive terms. The prime minister is appointed by the president, and the fourteen members of cabinet are chosen by the prime minister.", "National Association of Athletics Administrations of Trinidad & Tobago. Current president is former sprinter and 1978 Commonwealth Games relay silver medallist Ephraim Serrette. He took office in 2006,[5] and was re-elected in 2010 for the period 2010-2013.[6] In spite of calls for resignation of the entire executive over drug issues forcing sprinters Semoy Hackett and Kelly-Ann Baptiste to withdraw from the 2013 IAAF World Championships, he was re-elected in November 2013.[7][8]", "List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago. The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne." ]

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[ "Go-fast boat. During the era of Prohibition in the United States, these boats joined the ranks of \"rum-runners\" transferring illegal liquor from larger vessels waiting outside U.S. territorial waters to the mainland. The high speed of such craft enabled them to avoid interception by the Coast Guard. More recently the term \"cigarette boat\" has replaced the term \"rum-runner\". The present era of cigarette boats, dating from the 1960s, owes much of their design to boats designed for offshore powerboat racing, particularly by designer and builder Donald Aronow. During this period, these boats were used by drug smugglers to transfer drugs across the Caribbean to the United States.", "Cigarette. By 1830, the cigarette had crossed into France, where it received the name cigarette; and in 1845, the French state tobacco monopoly began manufacturing them.[16]", "Nausicaa. William Faulkner named the cruise ship Nausikaa in his 1927 novel Mosquitoes.", "George B. McClellan. The Fire Department of New York operated a fireboat named George B. McClellan from 1904 to 1954.[103] While this vessel is sometimes said to be named after the General, it was actually named after his son, who was Mayor of New York City, when the vessel was launched.[104]", "Frank Mundus. He said that the name of his boat was inspired by the fact that his profile resembled that of Jiminy Cricket.", "Camel (cigarette). Camel is a brand of cigarettes that was introduced by American company R.J. Reynolds Tobacco in 1913. Most current Camel cigarettes contain a blend of Turkish tobacco and Virginia tobacco. Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the city where R.J. Reynolds was founded, is nicknamed \"Camel City\" because of the brand's popularity.[1]", "Camel (cigarette). The Reynolds company commissioned Fred Otto Kleesattel in 1913 to draw the original camel.", "Cigarette smoking for weight loss. In 1968, shortly after the enactment of the Cigarette Advertising Code, Philip Morris introduced a new brand of cigarettes called Virginia Slims. Following in the footsteps of Lucky Strike, Virginia Slims were marketed specifically to young, affluent, and independent women with the tagline created by the advertising agency, Leo Burnett, “You’ve Come a Long Way Baby,” referencing the history of women’s liberation. With a colorful, pastel package and female-oriented print advertising featuring beautiful and elegant women, Philip Morris sought to create a cigarette that embodied women’s concerns with glamour, style and body image. Moreover, the brand created rift in the market that differentiated between men’s and women’s cigarettes.", "Cigarette filter. Smoked cigarette butts and cigarette tobacco are toxic to water organisms such as the marine topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) and the freshwater fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).[20]", "Tasmanian devil. A catamaran, called the Devil Cat, was named for, and based on, the Tasmanian devil. Operating on the world's longest distance high speed ferry service, the catamaran crossed Bass Strait between George Town in Tasmania, and Station Pier, at Port Phillip, Port Melbourne in Victoria, during 1997–2002.", "Cigarette. The cigarette has evolved much since its conception; for example, the thin bands that travel transverse to the \"axis of smoking\" (thus forming circles along the length of the cigarette) are alternate sections of thin and thick paper to facilitate effective burning when being drawn, and retard burning when at rest. Synthetic particulate filters may remove some of the tar before it reaches the smoker.", "Pall Mall (cigarette). The Pall Mall brand was introduced in 1899 by the Black Butler Company (UK) in an attempt to cater to the upper class with the first \"premium\" cigarette. It is named after Pall Mall, a well-known street in London.", "Cigarette lighter receptacle. The electrical cigar-lighter was invented and patented in the early 1880s by the German inventor Friedrich Wilhelm Schindler (de).[citation needed] In the 1890s, these tools were sold as electrical cigar lighters (Cigarrenanzünder), and later as Zigarrenanzünder in the major German warehouse catalogues.[citation needed] Probably in the 1920s they were renamed \"cigarette lighters\", as cigarettes overtook cigars in sales.", "Cigarette. A cigarette, or cigaret, is a small cylinder of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end causing the cigarette to smoulder and allowing smoke to be inhaled from the other end, which is held in or to the mouth; in some cases, a cigarette holder may be used, as well. Most modern manufactured cigarettes are filtered, and also include reconstituted tobacco and other additives.[1]", "Menthol cigarette. Menthol cigarettes were first developed by Lloyd \"Spud\" Hughes of Mingo Junction, Ohio in 1924,[1] though the idea did not become popular until the Axton-Fisher Tobacco Company acquired the patent in 1927, marketing them nationwide as \"Spud Menthol Cooled Cigarettes\".[citation needed] Spud brand menthol cigarettes went on to become the fifth most popular brand in the U.S. by 1932,[2] and it remained the only menthol cigarette on the market until the Brown & Williamson Tobacco Company created the Kool brand in 1933.[citation needed] The Camel menthol cigarette was suggested and designed by Charles George as an independent designer. RJR initially rejected the idea stating that Salem was their one and only Menthol cigarette and would not change. The Camel menthol cigarette was introduced two years later in 1990 or thereabouts. RJR fails to confirm or acknowledge the acceptance of the idea and has ignored the inventor's request for acknowledgement and payment.[citation needed]", "Nicotine marketing. \"On Giving Up Smoking\". Punch or The London Charivari. London. 1934-11-07. p. 506. ; this was an old joke even in 1934[76]", "Staten Island Ferry. In 1923, the steam turbine-powered ferryboats William Randolph Hearst, Rodman Wanamaker, and George W. Loft were built. The names of the \nboats, which were all derived from those of prominent New York City businessmen, were kept secret until the vessels were unveiled.[248] All of these boats had a length of 205 feet (62 m), a width of 45 feet (14 m), a draft of 16 feet (4.9 m), and a gross tonnage of 875.[245] George W. Loft shared her name with another boat used up the Hudson River, and so the other boat had to be renamed.[249] Used mostly on the 39th Street route,[250] these boats went into service in June 1924[107] and were out of documentation by 1954.[245]", "Clipper Round the World Yacht Race. The origins of the term \"Clipper\" in the race name comes from the historic tea clippers. In the 1830s tea clippers were small, fast, cargo carrying sailing ships. Premium prices were paid for the season's first consignment of tea from China to reach London. In the Great Tea Race of 1866, four such ships held an unofficial race, and this inspired the name of the modern day race. The eight Clipper 60 yachts were initially named after tea clippers including Ariel, Blackadder, Taeping and Thermopylae.[citation needed]", "Tobacco. The English word \"tobacco\" originates from the Spanish and Portuguese word \"tabaco\". The precise origin of this word is disputed, but it is generally thought to have derived at least in part, from Taino, the Arawakan language of the Caribbean. In Taino, it was said to mean either a roll of tobacco leaves (according to Bartolomé de las Casas, 1552) or to tabago, a kind of Y-shaped pipe used for sniffing tobacco smoke (according to Oviedo; with the leaves themselves being referred to as cohiba).[4][5]", "PT boat. Nicknamed \"the mosquito fleet\" – and \"devil boats\" by the Japanese – the PT boat squadrons were heralded for their daring and earned a durable place in the public imagination that remains strong into the 21st century.", "Cigar. In time, Spanish and other European sailors adopted the practice of smoking rolls of leaves, as did the Conquistadors, and smoking primitive cigars spread to Spain and Portugal and eventually France, most probably through Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal, who gave his name to nicotine. Later, tobacco use spread to Italy and, after Sir Walter Raleigh's voyages to the Americas, to Britain. Smoking became familiar throughout Europe—in pipes in Britain—by the mid-16th century.", "Parliament (cigarette). Parliament cigarettes appeared in the 1956 James Bond novel Diamonds Are Forever. Ian Fleming specifically mentions the brand with the line \"She (Tiffany Case) picked up her third Martini and looked at it. Then very slowly, in three swallows, she drank it down. She put down the glass and took a Parliament out of the box beside her plate and bent towards the flame of Bond’s lighter.\".", "Camel (cigarette). Camel cigarettes were originally blended to have a milder taste in contrast to brands that, at the time of its introduction, were considered much harsher. They were advance-promoted, prior to official release, by a careful advertising campaign that included \"teasers\" which merely stated that \"the Camels are coming\"[2] (a play on the old Scottish folk song, \"The Campbells Are Coming\"). This marketing style was a prototype for attempts to sway public opinion that coincided with the United States' entry into World War I, and later World War II. Another promotion strategy was the use of a Circus camel, 'Old Joe', which was driven through town and used to distribute free cigarettes. The brand's catch-phrase slogan, used for decades, was \"I'd walk a mile for a Camel!\"", "HMS Beagle. Nicotiana benthamiana, a species of tobacco being used as a platform for the production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins, was first collected for scientific study on the north coast of Australia by Benjamin Bynoe during this voyage.[31]", "MS St. Louis. Built by the Bremer Vulkan shipyards in Bremen for the Hamburg America Line, the St. Louis was a diesel-powered ship and properly referred to with the prefix \"MS\" or \"MV\", but she is often known as the \"SS St. Louis\". The ship was named after the city of St. Louis, Missouri. Her sistership was the Milwaukee. The St. Louis regularly sailed the trans-Atlantic route from Hamburg to Halifax, Nova Scotia and New York and made cruises to the Canary Islands, Madeira and Morocco. The St. Louis was built for both transatlantic liner service and for leisure cruises.[citation needed]", "Cigarette. The first patented cigarette machine was by Juan Nepomuceno Adorno of Mexico in 1847.[17] However, production climbed markedly when another cigarette-making machine was developed in the 1880s by James Albert Bonsack, which vastly increased the productivity of cigarette companies, which went from making about 40,000 hand-rolled cigarettes daily to around 4 million.[18]", "Maverick (film). The steamboat used in the film—dubbed the Lauren Belle—was the Portland, the last remaining sternwheel tugboat in the US; at the time it belonged to the Oregon Maritime Museum in Portland. Over several weeks, the boat was decorated to alter its appearance to resemble a Mississippi-style gambling boat, including the addition of two decorative chimneys.[8] In August 1993, the production requested permission to film scenes of the riverboat along the Columbia River in Washington State. The artificial smoke released by the boat's chimney was considered to violate air-quality laws in Washington and Oregon and required approval for the scenes before their scheduled filming date in September 1993.[9] After filming concluded, the decorations were removed and the boat was returned to its original state.[8]", "Motorboat. The eminent inventor Frederick William Lanchester recognized the potential of the motorboat and over the following 15 years, in collaboration with his brother George, perfected the modern motorboat, or powerboat. Working in the garden of their home in Olton, Warwickshire, they designed and built a river flat-bottomed launch with an advanced high-revving engine that drove via a stern paddle wheel in 1893. In 1897, he produced a second engine similar in design to his previous one but running on benzene at 800 r.p.m. The engine drove a reversible propeller. An important part of his new engine was the revolutionary carburettor, for mixing the fuel and air correctly. His invention was known as a \"wick carburetor\", because fuel was drawn into a series of wicks, from where it was vaporized. He patented this invention in 1905.[5]", "Cigarette filter. In 1925, Hungarian inventor Boris Aivaz patented the process of making a cigarette filter from crepe paper.[5]", "Cigarette Smoking Man. In the eleventh-season episode \"My Struggle III,\" the Cigarette-Smoking Man reveals his name to be Carl Gerhard Busch (the name of series creator Chris Carter's grandfather).[6]", "Cigarette. The common name for the remains of a cigarette after smoking is a cigarette butt. The butt is typically about 30% of the cigarette's original length. It consists of a tissue tube which holds a filter and some remains of tobacco mixed with ash. They are the most numerically frequent litter in the world.[79] Cigarette butts accumulate outside buildings, on parking lots, and streets where they can be transported through storm drains to streams, rivers, and beaches.[80] It is also called a fag-end or dog-end.[81]", "Camel (cigarette). In 1913, R.J. Reynolds developed an innovation: the packaged cigarette.[2] Most tobacco users who smoked cigarettes preferred to roll their own, and there was thought to be no national market for pre-packaged cigarettes.[2] Reynolds worked to develop a flavor he thought would be more appealing than past products, creating the Camel cigarette, so named because it used Turkish paper,[2] in imitation of then-fashionable Egyptian cigarettes. Reynolds undercut competitors on the cost of the cigarettes, and within a year, he had sold 425 million packs of Camels.[2]" ]

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[ "Pallet. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sanctions six pallet dimensions,[8] detailed in ISO Standard 6780: Flat pallets for intercontinental materials handling—Principal dimensions and tolerances:[9]", "Pallet. No universally accepted standards for pallet dimensions exist. Companies and organizations utilize hundreds of different pallet sizes around the globe.[7] While no single dimensional standard governs pallet production, a few different sizes are widely used.", "Pallet. The Australian standard pallet is a pallet size commonly found in Australia but found rarely elsewhere. It is a square pallet originally made of hardwood 1,165 mm × 1,165 mm (45.87 in × 45.87 in) in size which fits perfectly in the RACE container of the Australian Railway. They are ill-suited for the standard 20 feet (6.1 m) and 40 feet (12 m) ISO shipping containers used around the globe.[1] Australian standard pallets are usually manufactured in hardwood, but 1165 × 1165 mm pallets can also be manufactured using lighter timber suitable for use as disposable pallets using 16 millimetre boards. Extensively used in storage and warehousing, they are popular pallets for racking, with the right shape and size to be removed from transport and directly onto warehouse racking for storage.", "Australian standard pallet. Australian standard pallets are defined by Australian Standard AS:4068-1993 Flat pallets for materials handling.[2] They are usually manufactured in Hardwood, but 1165 × 1165 mm pallets can also be manufactured using lighter timber suitable for use as disposable pallets using 16 millimetre boards. Australian standard pallets are extensively used in Australian storage and warehousing as racking pallets because they can be removed from transport directly onto warehouse racking for storage.", "Australian standard pallet. The Australian standard pallet is designed for use with the RACE container of Australian railways. Originally the pallet was specified at 46 × 46 inches (from a nominal size of 48 × 48 inches, or 4 ft × 4 ft),[3] but this has been metricated to the marginally smaller 1165 × 1165 mm dimensions. Two pallets will fit closely side-by-side in a RACE container. They can be stacked on two levels and one container can thus hold 20 pallets. A standard railway wagon carries three containers and can thus hold 60 pallets.[4]", "Pallet. Two-way pallets are designed to be lifted by the deckboards. The standard 48x40 North American pallet, or GMA pallet, has stringers of 48 inches and deckboards of 40 inches, and was standardized by the Grocery Manufacturers Association.[2] A standard wooden pallet (48 in × 40 in × 6 in or 122 cm × 102 cm × 15 cm) with a static load bearing capacity of 3 short tons (2.7 long tons; 2.7 t) and a 1-short-ton (0.89-long-ton; 0.91 t) dynamic capacity, will weigh approximately 33 to 48 lb (15 to 22 kg) Lightweight plastic pallets can weigh as little as 3 to 15 pounds (1.4 to 6.8 kg), while heavier models may weight up to 30 pounds (14 kg).[3] Standard GMA pallets can hold up to 4,600 pounds (2,100 kg). GMA pallets typically weighs 37 pounds (17 kg), and are 6 1⁄2 inches (170 mm) tall. Their deck boards measure 3 1⁄4 inches (83 mm) wide and are 5⁄16 inch (7.9 mm) thick each.[4] Other dimensions of pallets have different weight capacities.[5][6]", "Pallet. DOD Unit loads generally use 40 in × 48 in (1,016 mm × 1,219 mm) pallets, are less than 4,000 lb (1,814 kg), weatherproof, and stack 16 ft (4.88 m) high. They often use steel pallets, steel straps with notched seals, outdoor plywood, and plastic film. The standard describes tests for stacking, transport, sling, forklift and pallet jack, impact, drop tests, tip, water-retention, and disassembly.", "Australian standard pallet. They are 1165 × 1165 mm in size and fit exactly in the RACE (container) of the Australian railways. They are ill-suited for the standard 20 feet (6.1 m) and 40 feet (12 m) ISO shipping containers used around the globe.[1]", "Australian standard pallet. Two-thirds of palletized transport within Australia uses the 1165 × 1165 standard pallet. For external use, where goods are to be shipped in ISO containers, an 1100 × 1100 mm pallet is used.[1] This is a pallet size widely used by Japan and Korea, but is also specified in the Australian standard for pallets.[2]", "Pallet. In addition to the other standards it publishes, the European Committee for Standardization, also known as the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), produces standards for pallets. While the standards are voluntary in nature, many companies and organizations involved in transportation have adopted them. The major standard for pallets produced by CEN is ICS: 55.180.20 General purpose pallets[17]", "Australian standard pallet. A 2002 report commissioned by the Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services examined the possibility of replacing the Australian standard pallet with the ISO standard size of 1200×1000 mm. Two thirds of Australia's trade is with countries that use either this size, or the near equivalent US standard size of 48×40 inches so changing to this standard would be less costly than to other standard pallet sizes.[7] The report concluded that making this change would be worth a net present value of $2.5 billion at a discount rate of 30%, or $5.1 billion at discount rate of 20%.[8]", "EUR-pallet. The EUR-pallet's dimensions are defined in the following standards:", "Pallet. ISO TC 51 states its scope of work entailing the \"standardization of pallets in general use in the form of platforms or trays on which goods may be packed to form unit loads for handling by mechanical devices\".[14] The Technical Committee works in conjunction with other Technical Committees focused on transportation infrastructure to develop interrelated standards. TC 51 is responsible for developing ISO Standard 6780: Flat pallets for intercontinental materials handling—Principal dimensions and tolerances as well as sixteen other standards related to pallet construction and testing.", "Pallet. A number of different organizations and associations around the world work towards establishing and promulgating standards for pallets. Some strive to develop universal standards for pallet dimensions, types of material used in construction, performance standards, and testing procedures. Other organizations choose to focus on pallet standards for a specific industry (such as groceries) or type of material (such as wood).", "EUR-pallet. To accommodate EUR-pallets, there are derivative intermodal containers that are about 2 inches (5 cm) wider — these are commonly known as “pallet-wide” containers.[6] These containers feature an internal width of 2440 mm for easy loading of two 1200 mm long pallets side by side - many sea shipping providers in Europe allow these, as overhangs on standard containers are sufficient to fit them in the usual interlock spaces. Especially the 45 ft pallet-wide high-cube shortsea container has gained wide acceptance, as these containers can replace the A-Behälter swap bodies with a length of 13,670 mm (44 ft 10 in) that are common for truck transport in Europe. The EU has started a standardization for pallet-wide containerization in the EILU (European Intermodal Loading Unit) initiative.[7]", "Pallet. Wooden pallets typically consist of three or four stringers that support several deckboards, on top of which goods are placed.[1] In a pallet measurement, the first number is the stringer length and the second is the deckboard length. Square or nearly square pallets help a load resist tipping.", "EUR-pallet. Derivatives of the EUR-pallet have been developed for specific uses. The EUR-pallet - also EUR-1-pallet - was followed by the EUR-2-pallet and EUR-3-pallet, which are both 1200x1000 mm, which is close to the standard American pallet type of 40 by 48 inches (1,016 mm × 1,219 mm). For use in retail stores, the EUR-6-pallet is half the size of the EUR-pallet, 600x800 mm.[5] ISO standards have also been published for these Euro-pallet types.", "Australian standard pallet. Australian standard pallets are square hardwood pallets that are standard in Australia and non-standard anywhere else in the world.", "EUR-pallet. The EUR/EPAL-pallet is 1,200 by 800 by 144 millimetres (47.2 in × 31.5 in × 5.7 in); it is a four-way pallet made of wood that is nailed with 78 special nails in a prescribed pattern.", "Pallet. The Australian Standard Pallet dates back to World War II, while ISO containers date to the late 1950s. Although the pallet's dimensions pre-date the ISO containers, it requires less dunnage, is square, and leaves less wasted space than other pallets, including the GMA pallet. In 2010, Australia adopted the globally accepted ISPM 15 wood packaging material regulations (before this time it was hardwood and more expensive).[13]", "Pallet. Heavy duty IPPC two-way entry wooden pallets from Germany (DE) are approximately 44 inches (1,118 mm) wide by 48 inches (1,219 mm) long, have three wood stringers that are a nominal 4 inches (102 mm) high by 3 inches (76 mm) wide timber, and weigh about 80 pounds (36 kg). Their deck is fully covered by 30 mm (1.18 in) plywood, and has a heavy metal \"Z\" clip at the middle edge of each side.", "Australian standard pallet. They have a load limit of 2 tonnes.[2]", "Pallet. The lack of a single international standard for pallets causes substantial continuing expense in international trade. A single standard is difficult because of the wide variety of needs a standard pallet would have to satisfy: passing doorways, fitting in standard containers, and bringing low labor costs. For example, organizations already handling large pallets often see no reason to pay the higher handling cost of using smaller pallets that can fit through doors.", "Pallet. A pallet /ˈpælɪt/ is a flat transport structure, which supports goods in a stable fashion while being lifted by a forklift, a pallet jack, a front loader, a jacking device, or a crane; sometimes, a pallet is inaccurately called a skid (which has no bottom deck boards). A pallet is the structural foundation of a unit load which allows handling and storage efficiencies. Goods or shipping containers are often placed on a pallet secured with strapping, stretch wrap or shrink wrap and shipped. Since its invention in the twentieth century, its use has dramatically supplanted older forms of crating like the wooden box and the wooden barrel, as it works well with modern packaging like corrugated boxes and intermodal containers commonly used for bulk shipping.", "EUR-pallet. Globalization has made for a decline of the EUR/EPAL system since the EUR-pallets do not fit well into ISO containers. It is still the most widespread pallet type in the world, with an estimate of 350 to 500 million EUR-pallets being in circulation.[2] One of the advantages is that the 800 mm width fits through normal doors (the most common DIN door type is 850 mm by 2000 mm).", "EUR-pallet. The four common sizes of EUR-pallets[5] (alongside ISO alternative sizes)[8] are:", "Pallet. Paper pallets, also referred to as \"ecopallets\", are often used for light loads, but engineered paper pallets are increasingly used for loads that compare with wood. Paper pallets are also used where recycling and easy disposal is important. New designs of ecopallets have been made from just two flat pieces of corrugated board (no glue/staples) and weigh just 4.5 kg (9.9 lb), offering dramatic freight savings. Ecopallets are also ISPM 15 exempt, negating fumigation and barrier \"slip\" sheets. They are cleaner, safer, and provide a cost-saving eco-friendly alternative to other pallet materials. Some engineered Corrugated pallets offer a significant reduced height, providing substantial freight cost reduction. Low profile hand pallet trucks allow picking up pallets as low as 25 mm.", "Pallet. Of the top pallets used in North America, the most commonly used by far is the Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA) pallet, which accounts for 30% of all new wood pallets produced in the United States.[10] The ISO also recognizes the GMA pallet footprint as one of its six standard sizes.", "Pallet. This organization maintains MIL-STD-1660, the standard description of palletized unit loads for the U.S. Military and some allies.[16]", "Pallet. Containerization for transport has spurred the use of pallets because shipping containers have the smooth, level surfaces needed for easy pallet movement. Many pallets can handle a load of 1,000 kg (2,205 lb). Today, over half a billion pallets are made each year and about two billion pallets are in use across the United States alone.", "Pallet. Although pallets come in all manner of sizes and configurations, all pallets fall into two very broad categories: \"stringer\" pallets and \"block\" pallets. Various software packages exist to assist the pallet maker in designing an appropriate pallet for a specific load, and to evaluate wood options to reduce costs.", "Pallet. Due to the International Plant Protection Convention (abbreviated IPPC), most pallets shipped across national borders must be made of materials that are incapable of being a carrier of invasive species of insects and plant diseases. The standards for these pallets are specified in ISPM 15." ]

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[ "Townshend Acts. The Townshend Acts placed an indirect tax on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea. These goods were not produced within the colonies and had to be imported from Britain. This form of generating revenue was Townshend's response to the failure of the Stamp Act, which served as the first form of direct taxation placed upon the colonies. However, the import duties proved to be similarly controversial. Colonial indignation over the Townshend Acts was predominantly driven by John Dickinson's anonymous publication of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, as well as the Massachusetts Circular Letter. As a result of widespread protest and non-importation of British goods in colonial ports, Parliament began to partially repeal the Townshend duties.[3] In March 1770, most of the indirect taxes from the Townshend Acts were repealed by Parliament under Frederick Lord North. However, the import duty on tea was retained in order to demonstrate to the colonists that Parliament withheld the sovereign authority to tax its colonies an accordance with the Declaratory Act of 1766. The British government continued in its attempt to tax the colonists without their consent. Retaining the Townshend Acts' taxation on imported tea, re-enforced by the Tea Act of 1773, subsequently led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773, which in turn sparked the Intolerable Acts in 1774. The American Revolution soon followed.", "American Revolution. In 1767, the Parliament passed the Townshend Acts which placed duties on a number of essential goods, including paper, glass, and tea, and established a Board of Customs in Boston to more rigorously execute trade regulations. The new taxes were enacted on the belief that Americans only objected to internal taxes and not to external taxes such as custom duties. The Americans, however, argued against the constitutionality of the act because its purpose was to raise revenue and not regulate trade. Colonists responded by organizing new boycotts of British goods. These boycotts were less effective, however, as the Townshend goods were widely used.", "Taxation history of the United States. The Townshend Revenue Act were two tax laws passed by Parliament in 1767; they were proposed by Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer. They placed a tax on common products imported into the American Colonies, such as lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea. In contrast to the Stamp Act of 1765, the laws were not a direct tax that people paid daily, but a tax on imports that was collected from the ship's captain when he unloaded the cargo. The Townshend Acts also created three new admiralty courts to try Americans who ignored the laws.[2]", "Townshend Acts. The original stated purpose of the Townshend duties was to raise a revenue to help pay the cost of maintaining an army in North America.[19] Townshend changed the purpose of the tax plan, however, and instead decided to use the revenue to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges.[20] Previously, the colonial assemblies had paid these salaries, but Parliament hoped to take the \"power of the purse\"[21] away from the colonies. According to historian John C. Miller, \"Townshend ingeniously sought to take money from Americans by means of parliamentary taxation and to employ it against their liberties by making colonial governors and judges independent of the assemblies.\"[22]", "Townshend Acts. The first of the Townshend Acts, sometimes simply known as the Townshend Act, was the Revenue Act of 1767.[8] This act represented the Chatham ministry's new approach for generating tax revenue in the American colonies after the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766.[9] The British government had gotten the impression that because the colonists had objected to the Stamp Act on the grounds that it was a direct (or \"internal\") tax, colonists would therefore accept indirect (or \"external\") taxes, such as taxes on imports.[10] With this in mind, Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, devised a plan that placed new duties on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea that were imported into the colonies.[11] These were items that were not produced in North America and that the colonists were only allowed to buy from Great Britain.[12]", "History of taxation in the United States. The Townshend Revenue Act were two tax laws passed by Parliament in 1767; they were proposed by Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer. They placed a tax on common products imported into the American Colonies, such as lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea. In contrast to the Stamp Act of 1765, the laws were not a direct tax that people paid daily, but a tax on imports that was collected from the ship's captain when he unloaded the cargo. The Townshend Acts also created three new admiralty courts to try Americans who ignored the laws.[2]", "Samuel Adams. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament took a different approach to raising revenue, passing the Townshend Acts in 1767 which established new duties on various goods imported into the colonies. These duties were relatively low because the British ministry wanted to establish the precedent that Parliament had the right to impose tariffs on the colonies before raising them.[69] Revenues from these duties were to be used to pay for governors and judges who would be independent of colonial control. To enforce compliance with the new laws, the Townshend Acts created a customs agency known as the American Board of Custom Commissioners, which was headquartered in Boston.[70]", "Boston Tea Party. The Tea Act retained the three pence Townshend duty on tea imported to the colonies. Some members of Parliament wanted to eliminate this tax, arguing that there was no reason to provoke another colonial controversy. Former Chancellor of the Exchequer William Dowdeswell, for example, warned Lord North that the Americans would not accept the tea if the Townshend duty remained.[34] But North did not want to give up the revenue from the Townshend tax, primarily because it was used to pay the salaries of colonial officials; maintaining the right of taxing the Americans was a secondary concern.[35] According to historian Benjamin Labaree, \"A stubborn Lord North had unwittingly hammered a nail in the coffin of the old British Empire.\"[36]", "Boston Tea Party. Eliminating some of the taxes was one obvious solution to the crisis. The East India Company initially sought to have the Townshend duty repealed, but the North ministry was unwilling because such an action might be interpreted as a retreat from Parliament's position that it had the right to tax the colonies.[26] More importantly, the tax collected from the Townshend duty was used to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges.[27] This was in fact the purpose of the Townshend tax: previously these officials had been paid by the colonial assemblies, but Parliament now paid their salaries to keep them dependent on the British government rather than allowing them to be accountable to the colonists.[28]", "Townshend Acts. The Townshend Acts were a series of British acts passed beginning in 1767 and relating to the British American colonies in North America. The acts are named after Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who proposed the program. Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading \"Townshend Acts\", but five acts are often mentioned: The Revenue Act of 1767, the Indemnity Act (1767), the New York Restraining Act (1767), the Commissioners of Customs Act (1767), and the Vice Admiralty Court Act (1767).[1] The purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.[2] The Townshend Acts were met with resistance in the colonies, prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768, which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770.", "Townshend Acts. It would be inaccurate to claim that a major part of the Townshend Acts had been repealed. The revenue-producing tea levy, the American Board of Customs and, most important, the principle of making governors and magistrates independent all remained. In fact, the modification of the Townshend Duties Act was scarcely any change at all.[71]", "Townshend Acts. The Townshend duty on tea was retained when the 1773 Tea Act was passed, which allowed the East India Company to ship tea directly to the colonies. The Boston Tea Party soon followed, which set the stage for the American Revolution.", "Townshend Acts. The Revenue Act was passed in conjunction with the Indemnity Act of 1767,[15] which was intended to make the tea of the British East India Company more competitive with smuggled Dutch tea.[16] The Indemnity Act repealed taxes on tea imported to England, allowing it to be re-exported more cheaply to the colonies. This tax cut in England would be partially offset by the new Revenue Act taxes on tea in the colonies.[17] The Revenue Act also reaffirmed the legality of writs of assistance, or general search warrants, which gave customs officials broad powers to search houses and businesses for smuggled goods.[18]", "Tea Act. Proposals were made that the Townshend tax also be waived, but North opposed this idea, citing the fact that those revenues were used to pay the salaries of crown officials in the colonies.", "Boston Tea Party. Even with the Townshend duty in effect, the Tea Act would allow the East India Company to sell tea more cheaply than before, undercutting the prices offered by smugglers, but also undercutting colonial tea importers, who paid the tax and received no refund. In 1772, legally imported Bohea, the most common variety of tea, sold for about 3 shillings (3s) per pound.[37] After the Tea Act, colonial consignees would be able to sell it for 2 shillings per pound (2s), just under the smugglers' price of 2 shillings and 1 penny (2s 1d).[38] Realizing that the payment of the Townshend duty was politically sensitive, the company hoped to conceal the tax by making arrangements to have it paid either in London once the tea was landed in the colonies, or have the consignees quietly pay the duties after the tea was sold. This effort to hide the tax from the colonists was unsuccessful.[39]", "Townshend Acts. Some members of Parliament objected because Townshend's plan was expected to generate only £40,000 in yearly revenue, but he explained that once the precedent for taxing the colonists had been firmly established, the programme could gradually be expanded until the colonies paid for themselves.[23] According to historian Peter Thomas, Townshend's \"aims were political rather than financial\".[24]", "Townshend Acts. Townshend also faced the problem of what to do about the New York Provincial Assembly, which had refused to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act because its members saw the act's financial provisions as levying an unconstitutional tax.[34] The New York Restraining Act,[35] which according to historian Robert Chaffin was \"officially a part of the Townshend Acts\",[36] suspended the power of the Assembly until it complied with the Quartering Act. The Restraining Act never went into effect because, by the time it was passed, the New York Assembly had already appropriated money to cover the costs of the Quartering Act. The Assembly avoided conceding the right of Parliament to tax the colonies by making no reference to the Quartering Act when appropriating this money; they also passed a resolution stating that Parliament could not constitutionally suspend an elected legislature.[37]", "Townshend Acts. On the 5th of March 1770— the same day as the Boston Massacre although news traveled slowly at the time, and neither side of the Atlantic were aware of this coincidence—Lord North, the new Prime Minister, presented a motion in the House of Commons that called for partial repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act.[68] Although some in Parliament advocated a complete repeal of the act, North disagreed, arguing that the tea duty should be retained to assert \"the right of taxing the Americans\".[68] After debate, the Repeal Act[69] received the Royal Assent on 12 April 1770.[70]", "Townshend Acts. The newly created American Customs Board was seated in Boston, and so it was there that the Board concentrated on strictly enforcing the Townshend Acts.[54] The acts were so unpopular in Boston that the Customs Board requested naval and military assistance. Commodore Samuel Hood complied by sending the fifty-gun warship HMS Romney, which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768.[55]", "Boston Tea Party. In 1767, to help the East India Company compete with smuggled Dutch tea, Parliament passed the Indemnity Act, which lowered the tax on tea consumed in Great Britain, and gave the East India Company a refund of the 25% duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies.[14] To help offset this loss of government revenue, Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, which levied new taxes, including one on tea, in the colonies.[15] Instead of solving the smuggling problem, however, the Townshend duties renewed a controversy about Parliament's right to tax the colonies.", "Townshend Acts. The colonists' objection to \"internal\" taxes did not mean that they would accept \"external\" taxes; the colonial position was that any tax laid by Parliament for the purpose of raising revenue was unconstitutional.[10] \"Townshend's mistaken belief that Americans regarded internal taxes as unconstitutional and external taxes constitutional\", wrote historian John Phillip Reid, \"was of vital importance in the history of events leading to the Revolution.\"[13] The Townshend Revenue Act received the royal assent on 29 June 1767.[14] There was little opposition expressed in Parliament at the time. \"Never could a fateful measure have had a more quiet passage\", wrote historian Peter Thomas.[14]", "Townshend Acts. Following the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the British Empire was deep in debt. To help pay some of the costs of the newly expanded empire, the British Parliament decided to levy new taxes on the colonies of British America. Previously, through the Trade and Navigation Acts, Parliament had used taxation to regulate the trade of the empire. But with the Sugar Act of 1764, Parliament sought, for the first time, to tax the colonies for the specific purpose of raising revenue. American colonists argued that there were constitutional issues involved.[4]", "John Hancock. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament took a different approach to raising revenue, passing the 1767 Townshend Acts, which established new duties on various imports and strengthened the customs agency by creating the American Customs Board. The British government believed that a more efficient customs system was necessary because many colonial American merchants had been smuggling. Smugglers violated the Navigation Acts by trading with ports outside of the British Empire and avoiding import taxes. Parliament hoped that the new system would reduce smuggling and generate revenue for the government.[36]", "Boston Tea Party. Parliament finally responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770, except for the tea duty, which Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert \"the right of taxing the Americans\".[18] This partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement by October 1770.[19] From 1771 to 1773, British tea was once again imported into the colonies in significant amounts, with merchants paying the Townshend duty of three pence per pound.[20] Boston was the largest colonial importer of legal tea; smugglers still dominated the market in New York and Philadelphia.[21]", "Townshend Acts. Merchants in the colonies, some of them smugglers, organized economic boycotts to put pressure on their British counterparts to work for repeal of the Townshend Acts. Boston merchants organized the first non-importation agreement, which called for merchants to suspend importation of certain British goods effective 1 January 1769. Merchants in other colonial ports, including New York City and Philadelphia, eventually joined the boycott.[50] In Virginia, the non-importation effort was organized by George Washington and George Mason. When the Virginia House of Burgesses passed a resolution stating that Parliament had no right to tax Virginians without their consent, Governor Lord Botetourt dissolved the assembly. The members met at Raleigh Tavern and adopted a boycott agreement known as the \"Association\".[51]", "Taxation of Colonies Act 1778. Parliaments' effort to tax the colonies without the consent of the colonists, especially as enacted in the Townshend Acts of 1767 and the Tea Act of 1773, had been a major cause of the American Revolution. This act noted that those taxes had \"been found by experience to occasion great uneasiness and disorders\"[3] and that his Majesty desired \"to restore the peace and welfare of all his Majesty's Dominions\".", "Tea Act. In the 1760s and early 1770s, the East India Company had been required to sell its tea exclusively in London on which it paid a duty which averaged two shillings and six pence per pound.[1] Tea destined for the North American colonies would be purchased by merchants specializing in that trade, who transported it to North America for eventual retail sale. The markups imposed by these merchants, combined with tea tax imposed by the Townshend Acts of 1767 created a profitable opportunity for American merchants to import and distribute tea purchased from the Dutch in transactions and shipments that violated the Navigation Acts and were treated by British authorities as smuggling. Smugglers imported some 900,000 pounds (410,000 kg) of cheap foreign tea per year. The quality of the smuggled tea did not match the quality of the dutiable East India Company tea, of which the Americans bought 562,000 pounds (255,000 kg) per year.[2] Although the British tea was more appealing in taste, some Patriots like the Sons of Liberty encouraged the consumption of smuggled tea as a political protest against the Townshend taxes.", "Townshend Acts. The most influential colonial response to the Townshend Acts was a series of twelve essays by John Dickinson entitled \"Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania\", which began appearing in December 1767.[41] Eloquently articulating ideas already widely accepted in the colonies,[41] Dickinson argued that there was no difference between \"internal\" and \"external\" taxes, and that any taxes imposed on the colonies by Parliament for the sake of raising a revenue were unconstitutional.[42] Dickinson warned colonists not to concede to the taxes just because the rates were low, since this would set a dangerous precedent.[43]", "East India Company. When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act, they boycotted the company tea. Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act, it also validated the Townshend Acts, setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future. The arrival of tax-exempt Company tea, undercutting the local merchants, triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution.", "Townshend Acts. To better collect the new taxes, the Commissioners of Customs Act of 1767 established the American Board of Customs Commissioners, which was modeled on the British Board of Customs.[25] The Board was created because of the difficulties the British Board faced in enforcing trade regulations in the distant colonies.[26] Five commissioners were appointed to the board, which was headquartered in Boston.[27] The American Customs Board would generate considerable hostility in the colonies towards the British government. According to historian Oliver M. Dickerson, \"The actual separation of the continental colonies from the rest of the Empire dates from the creation of this independent administrative board.\"[28]", "Townshend Acts. The American Board of Customs Commissioners was notoriously corrupt according to historians. Political scientist Peter Andreas argues:", "Tea Act. The administration of Lord North saw an opportunity to achieve several goals with a single bill. If the Company were permitted to directly ship tea to the colonies, this would remove the markups of the middlemen from the cost of its tea, and reducing or eliminating the duties paid when the tea was landed in Britain (if it was shipped onward to the colonies) would further reduce the final cost of tea in the colonies, undercutting the prices charged for smuggled tea. Colonists would willingly pay for cheaper Company tea, on which the Townshend tax was still collected, thus legitimizing Parliament's ability to tax the colonies." ]

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[ "Purple martin. Fall migration is also staggered, as birds head south when the breeding season is over. Some birds leave as early as July and others stay as late as October. Martins generally migrate over land, through Mexico and Central America. When not breeding, martins form large flocks and roost together in great numbers. This behavior begins just prior to the southern migration and continues on the wintering grounds.[2]", "Purple martin. Wintering in South America, purple martins migrate to North America in spring to breed. Spring migration is somewhat staggered, with arrivals in southern areas such as Florida and Texas in January, but showing up in the northern United States in April and in Canada as late as May. Males usually arrive at a site before females.[2]", "Purple martin. The purple martin migrates to the Amazon basin in winter. Its winter range extends into Ecuador[8] but does not seem to ascend far up the Andean foothills.", "Purple martin. Purple martins' breeding range is throughout temperate North America.[6] Their breeding habitat is open areas across eastern North America, and also some locations on the west coast from British Columbia to Mexico.[7] Martins make their nests in cavities, either natural or artificial. In many places, humans put up real or artificial hollow gourds, or houses for martins, especially in the east, where purple martins are almost entirely dependent on such structures. As a result, this subspecies typically breeds in colonies located in proximity to people, even within cities and towns. This makes their distribution patchy, as they are usually absent from areas where no nest sites are provided. Western birds often make use of natural cavities such as old woodpecker holes in trees or saguaro cacti.[2][5]", "Purple martin. Purple martins are a kind of swallow, of the genus Progne. Like other members of this genus, they are larger than most of the other swallows. The average length from bill to tail is 20 cm (7.9 in). Adults have a slightly forked tail. Adult males are entirely black with glossy steel blue sheen, the only swallow in North America with such coloration. Adult females are dark on top with some steel blue sheen, and lighter underparts. Subadult females look similar to adult females minus the steel blue sheen and browner on the back. Subadult males look very much like females, but solid black feathers emerge on their chest in a blotchy, random pattern as they molt to their adult plumage.[2]", "Purple martin. Purple martins suffered a severe population crash in the 20th century widely linked to the release and spread of European starlings in North America. Starlings and house sparrows compete with martins for nest cavities. Where purple martins once gathered by the thousands, by the 1980s they had all but disappeared. [9]", "Purple martin. The population of eastern purple martins (nominate form P. s. subis) is dependent on artificial martin houses of wood or aluminum and fake plastic gourds, supplied by individuals and organizations fond of the bird. This tradition was in place even before the population crash; Native Americans are said to have hollowed out gourds and erected them for this purpose. The situation requires ongoing maintenance, as European starlings and house sparrows compete with martins as cavity-nesters, and will fight with martins over nest sites. Starlings have even been known to kill purple martins, especially nestling young, and house sparrows have been known to evict purple martins from their nests. Thus, unmonitored purple martin houses are often overtaken by more aggressive, non-native species.[2] Purple martin proponents are motivated by the concern that the purple martin would likely vanish from eastern North America were it not for this assistance.[10]", "Purple martin. Males arrive in breeding sites before females, and establish their territory. A territory can consist of several potential nest sites. After forming a pair, both the male and female inspect available nest sites. This process is complicated by the fact that artificial nest sites could be houses with many rooms, clustered gourds, or single gourds. The nest is made inside the cavity of such artificial structures and retains a somewhat flat appearance. The nest is a structure of primarily three levels: the first level acts as a foundation and is usually made up of twigs, mud, small pebbles and in at least a few reported cases, small river mollusk shells were used; the second level of the nest is made up of grasses, finer smaller twigs; the third level of construction composing the nest, is a small compression usually lined with fresh green leaves where the eggs are laid. Three to six eggs are laid, and the female is the main incubator, with some help from the male. Purple martins are generally known to raise only a single brood. Fledging, when the young leave the nest, occurs at about one month, after which the parents continue to feed the fledgling young.[2]", "Purple martin. The first record of this species in Europe was a single bird on Lewis, Scotland, on 5–6 September 2004, and the second was on the Azores on 6 September 2004.", "Purple martin. The purple martin (Progne subis) is the largest North American swallow. These aerial acrobats have speed and agility in flight, and when approaching their housing, will dive from the sky at great speeds with their wings tucked.", "Purple martin. Purple martins are fairly noisy, chirping and making sounds that have been described as chortles, rattles, and croaks.[5] The various calls are said to be \"throaty and rich\" and can be rendered as tchew-wew, pew pew, choo, cher, zweet and zwrack. The males have a gurgling and guttural courtship song, a dawn song, and even a subsong used at the end of the breeding season.[5][12] Tapes of purple martin song are sold to attract martins to newly established birdhouses.", "Purple martin. Purple martins are aerial insectivores, meaning that they catch insects from the air. The birds are agile hunters and eat a variety of winged insects. Rarely, they will come to the ground to eat insects. They usually fly relatively high, so, contrary to popular opinion, mosquitoes do not form a large part of their diet.[2] Recent research, however, does indicate that the Purple Martin feeds on invasive fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) and that they may make up a significant portion of their diet.[11]", "Common house martin. The common house martin returns to the breeding grounds a few days after the first barn swallows; like that species, particularly when the weather is poor, it seldom goes straight to the nesting sites, but hunts for food over large fresh water bodies.[17] There are records of migrant house martins staying to breed in Namibia and South Africa instead of returning north.[10] As would be expected for a long distance migrant, it has occurred as a vagrant eastwards to Alaska and west to Newfoundland, Bermuda and the Azores.[6][18]", "Common house martin. There are normally two broods each year, the nest being reused for the second brood, and repaired and used again in subsequent years. Hatching success is 90%, and fledging survival 60–80%. Third broods are not uncommon, though late nestlings are often left to starve. The average annual mortality for adults nesting in the Western Palaearctic is 40–60%, with most deaths outside the breeding season.[6] A study of British breeders gave an average adult survival rate of just under 40%, but ranging from 25% to 70%. Rainfall in the African wintering grounds is a major factor in adult survival, although wet weather in the breeding areas has very little effect.[19] Although individuals aged 10 and 14 years have been recorded, most survive less than five years.[6] For weeks after leaving the nest the young congregate in ever-increasing flocks which, as the season advances, may be seen gathering in trees or on housetops, or on the wires with swallows. By the end of October, most martins have left their breeding areas in western and central Europe, though late birds in November and December are not uncommon, and further south migration finishes later anyway.[6]", "Purple martin. The species of this genus are very closely related, and some view the purple martin, gray-breasted martin, snowy-bellied martin, and southern martin, as a superspecies.[5]", "Hummingbird. Most North American hummingbirds migrate southward in fall to spend winter in Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, or Central America. A few southern South American species also move north to the tropics during the southern winter. A few species are year-round residents of California and southwestern desert regions of the USA. Among these are Anna's hummingbird, a common resident from southern Arizona and inland California, and buff-bellied hummingbird, an uncommon resident in subtropical woodlands of southern Texas east through the Gulf coast to the Atlantic coast of Florida. Ruby-throated hummingbirds migrate from as far north as Ontario, Canada, in summer, returning to Mexico, South America, southern Texas, and Florida to winter.[92]", "Common house martin. Breeding birds return to Europe between April and May, and nest building starts between late March in North Africa and mid-June in Lapland. The nest is a neat closed convex cup fixed below a suitable ledge, with a narrow opening at the top. It is constructed by both sexes with mud pellets collected in their beaks, and lined with grasses, hair or other soft materials. The mud, added in successive layers, is collected from ponds, streams or puddles.[6] House sparrows frequently attempt to take over the nest during construction, with the house martins rebuilding elsewhere if they are successful. The entrance at the top of the cup is so small once it is complete that sparrows cannot take over the nest.[17]", "Killdeer. They are migratory in northern areas and winter as far south as northern South America. They are rare vagrants to western Europe, usually late in the year.", "Common house martin. The common house martin (Delichon urbicum), sometimes called the northern house martin or, particularly in Europe, just house martin, is a migratory passerine bird of the swallow family which breeds in Europe, north Africa and temperate Asia; and winters in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical Asia. It feeds on insects which are caught in flight, and it migrates to climates where flying insects are plentiful. It has a blue head and upperparts, white rump and pure white underparts, and is found in both open country and near human habitation. It is similar in appearance to the two other martin species of the genus Delichon, which are both endemic to eastern and southern Asia. It has two accepted subspecies.", "The Color Purple (musical). In 1932, Shug brings her lover Grady over for Easter. After learning the extent of Celie's anger towards God, Shug invites her to come back to Memphis with her so they can enjoy the simple joys of life (\"The Color Purple\"). After sitting down to dinner (\"Church Ladies' Easter\"), Celie tells Mister that she is leaving and Squeak announces she is leaving as well.", "Escape the Fate. Starting July 24, 2010, they set off on tour for South and Central America, the country's toured are Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela.[24] Escape the Fate were set to take on a United States, Canada, and Europe tour prior to release of the album, with Bullet for My Valentine, Drive A and Black Tide, but later forfeited their spot due to Max Green admitting to rehab.[23][25][26]", "Summer vacation. In Venezuela, summer holidays begin in late June or early July and end in late September or early October.", "Summer vacation. In Southern Argentina, the school year ends in early- or mid-December and starts late February or early March. Also the majority of students get two weeks of holidays during winter, which varies depending on the region of the country from early June to late July or mid-July to early August.", "José de San Martín. On 12 July 1821, after seizing partial control of Lima, San Martín was appointed Protector of Peru, and Peruvian independence was officially declared on 28 July. On 22 July 1822, after a closed-door meeting with fellow libertador Simón Bolívar at Guayaquil, Ecuador, Bolívar took over the task of fully liberating Peru. San Martín unexpectedly left the country and resigned the command of his army, excluding himself from politics and the military, and moved to France in 1824. The details of the 22 July meeting would be a subject of debate by later historians.", "Snow goose. In Central America, vagrants are frequently encountered during winter.[7]", "Quaternary extinction event. South America had been isolated as an island continent for many millions of years, and had a wide range of fauna found nowhere else, although many of them became extinct during the Great American Interchange about 3 million years ago, such as the Saparassodonta family. Those that survived the interchange included the ground sloths, glyptodonts, litopterns, pampatheres, phorusrhacids (terror birds) and notoungulates; all managed to extend their range to North America.[151][152][3] In the Pleistocene, South America remained largely unglaciated except for increased mountain glaciation in the Andes, which had a two-fold effect- there was a faunal divide between the Andes,[153][154] and the colder, arid interior resulted in the advance of temperate lowland woodlands, tropical savannas and deserts at the expense of rainforests.[155][156][157][158][159] Within these open environments, megafauna diversity was extremely dense, with over 40 genera recorded from the Guerrero member of Luján Formation alone.[160][161][162][163] Ultimately, by the mid-Holocene, all the preeminent genera of megafauna became extinct- the last specimens of Doedicurus and Toxodon have been dated to 4,555 BCE and 3,000 BCE respectively.[164][165][166][167] Their smaller relatives remain, including anteaters, tree sloths, armadillos; New World marsupials: opossums, shrew opossums, and the monito del monte (actually more related to Australian marsupials).[168] Intense human habitation was established circa 11,000 BCE, however partly disputed evidence of pre-clovis habitation occurs since 46,000 BCE and 20,000 BCE, such as at the Serra da Capivara National Park (Brazil) and Monte Verde (Chile) sites.[112][116] Today the largest land mammals remaining in South America are the wild camels of the Lamini group, such as the guanacos and vicuñas, and the Tapirus genus, of which Baird's tapir can reach up to 400 kg. Other notable surviving large fauna are peccaries, marsh deer (Capreolinae), giant anteaters, spectacled bears, maned wolves, pumas, ocelots, jaguars, rheas, emerald tree boas, boa constrictors, anacondas, american crocodiles, caimans, and giant rodents such as capybaras.", "Common house martin. The subspecies D. u. urbicum breeds across temperate Eurasia east to central Mongolia and the Yenisei River, and in Morocco, Tunisia and northern Algeria,[9] and migrates on a broad front to winter in sub-Saharan Africa. D. u. lagopodum breeds eastwards of the Yenisei to Kolyma and south to northern Mongolia and northern China; it winters in southern China and Southeast Asia.[6]", "Purple martin. This species was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 as Hirundo subis.[3] The current genus name refers to Procne (Πρόκνη), a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow to save her from her husband. She had killed their son to avenge the rape of her sister. The specific subis is Latin and refers to a type of bird that breaks eagles’ eggs; it may have been applied to this species because of its aggression towards birds of prey when it is nesting.[4]", "House wren. Migrant populations are nesting within 6 weeks of returning from winter quarters, leaving theoretically time for a second brood.[7][13] In the subtropical montane forest of northwestern Argentina and similar habitat, the southern house wren breeds in the rainy summer months from late October to late December.[11]", "Autumn leaf color. In some areas of Canada and the United States, \"leaf peeping\" tourism is a major contribution to economic activity. This tourist activity occurs between the beginning of color changes and the onset of leaf fall, usually around September and October in the Northern Hemisphere and April to May in the Southern Hemisphere.", "Summer vacation. In Brazil, summer break lasts between 50 and 60 days; from late November - early December, to early February, typically February 14–25. In addition, for the majority of Brazilian students there are two to three weeks off for Winter in July.", "Purple. The purple sea urchin from Mexico." ]

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[ "Roald Dahl. Dahl's first published work, inspired by a meeting with C. S. Forester, was A Piece of Cake on 1 August 1942. The story, about his wartime adventures, was bought by The Saturday Evening Post for US$1,000 (a substantial sum in 1942) and published under the title Shot Down Over Libya.[78]", "Roald Dahl bibliography. Dahl's first script was for a stage work, The Honeys, which appeared on Broadway in 1955. He followed this with a television script, \"Lamb to the Slaughter\", for the Alfred Hitchcock Presents series. He also co-wrote screenplays for film, including for You Only Live Twice (1967) and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968).[12][13] In 1982 Dahl published the first of three editions of poems—all aimed at children. The following year he edited a book of ghost stories.[14] He also wrote several works of non-fiction, including three autobiographies, a cookery book, a safety leaflet for the British railways and a book on measles, which was about the death of his daughter Olivia from measles encephalitis.[14][15]", "Roald Dahl bibliography. During the Second World War Dahl was a pilot in the Royal Air Force (RAF) until he crashed in the Libyan desert; the subsequent injuries left him unfit to fly. He was posted to Washington as an assistant air attaché, ostensibly a diplomatic post, but which also included espionage and propaganda work.[5] In 1942 the writer C.S. Forester asked him to provide details of his experiences in North Africa which Forester hoped to use in an article in The Saturday Evening Post. Instead of the notes which Forester expected, Dahl sent a finished story for which he was paid $900. The work led to The Gremlins, a serialised story in Cosmopolitan about a mischievous and fictional RAF creature, the gremlin; the work was published as Dahl's first novel in 1943.[6] Dahl continued to write short stories, although these were all aimed at the adult market. They were sold to magazines and newspapers, and were later compiled into collections, the first of which was published in 1946.[7] Dahl began to make up bedtime stories for the children, and these formed the basis of several of his stories.[8][9] His first children's novel, James and the Giant Peach, was published in 1961,[10] which was followed, along with others, by Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964), Fantastic Mr Fox (1970), Danny, the Champion of the World (1975), The BFG (1982) and Matilda in 1988.[11]", "Roald Dahl. His first children's book was The Gremlins, published in 1943, about mischievous little creatures that were part of Royal Air Force folklore.[79] The RAF pilots blamed the gremlins for all the problems with the aircraft.[80] While at the British Embassy in Washington, Dahl sent a copy to the First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt who read it to her grandchildren,[79] and the book was commissioned by Walt Disney for a film that was never made.[81] Dahl went on to create some of the best-loved children's stories of the 20th century, such as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, James and the Giant Peach, The Witches, Fantastic Mr Fox, The BFG, The Twits and George's Marvellous Medicine.[6]", "Roald Dahl bibliography. Roald Dahl (1916–1990) was a British author and scriptwriter,[1] and \"the most popular writer of children's books since Enid Blyton\", according to Philip Howard, the literary editor of The Times.[2] The death of an elder sister and his father within a few months when he was three gave his writing \"a black savagery\".[3] He was raised by his Norwegian mother, who took him on annual trips to Norway, where she told him the stories of trolls and witches present in the dark Scandinavian fables. Dahl was influenced by the stories, and returned to many of the themes in his children's books.[4] His mother also nurtured a passion in the young Dahl for reading and literature.[3]", "British literature. Roald Dahl is a prominent author of children's fantasy novels, like Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 1964, which are often inspired from experiences from his childhood, with often unexpected endings, and unsentimental, dark humour.[137] Popular school stories from this period include Ronald Searle's St Trinian's.", "Roald Dahl. Dahl first attended the Cathedral School, Llandaff. At the age of eight, he and four of his friends (one named Thwaites) were caned by the headmaster after putting a dead mouse in a jar of gobstoppers at the local sweet shop,[6] which was owned by a \"mean and loathsome\" old woman called Mrs Pratchett.[6] This was known among the five boys as the \"Great Mouse Plot of 1924\".[17] A favourite sweet among British schoolboys between the two World Wars, Dahl would later refer to gobstoppers in his literary creation, Everlasting Gobstopper.[18]", "Roald Dahl. In 2008, the UK charity Booktrust and Children's Laureate Michael Rosen inaugurated The Roald Dahl Funny Prize, an annual award to authors of humorous children's fiction.[119][120] On 14 September 2009 (the day after what would have been Dahl's 93rd birthday) the first blue plaque in his honour was unveiled in Llandaff.[121] Rather than commemorating his place of birth, however, the plaque was erected on the wall of the former sweet shop (and site of \"The Great Mouse Plot of 1924\") that features in the first part of his autobiography Boy. It was unveiled by his widow Felicity and son Theo.[121] The anniversary of Dahl's birthday on 13 September is celebrated as \"Roald Dahl Day\" in Africa, the United Kingdom and Latin America.[122][123][124]", "Children's literature. Mary Norton wrote The Borrowers (1952), featuring tiny people who borrow from humans. Dodie Smith's The Hundred and One Dalmatians was published in 1956, and Roald Dahl rose to prominence with his children's fantasy novels, often inspired from experiences from his childhood, with often unexpected endings, and unsentimental, dark humour.[42] Dahl was inspired to write Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964), featuring the eccentric candymaker Willy Wonka, having grown up near two chocolate makers in England who often tried to steal trade secrets by sending spies into the other's factory. His other works include James and the Giant Peach (1961), Fantastic Mr. Fox (1971), The Witches (1983), and Matilda (1988). Starting in 1958, Michael Bond published humorous stories about Paddington Bear.", "Roald Dahl. Roald Dahl (English: /ˈroʊ.əld ˈdɑːl/,[1] Norwegian: [ˈruːɑl ˈdɑːl]; 13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and fighter pilot.[2] His books have sold more than 250 million copies worldwide.[3]", "Roald Dahl bibliography. As at 2015, Dahl's works have been translated into 59 languages and have sold more than 200 million books worldwide.[16] His awards for contribution to literature include the 1983 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement, and the British Book Awards' Children's Author of the Year in 1990. In 2008 The Times placed Dahl 16th on its list of \"The 50 greatest British writers since 1945\".[17] He has been referred to by an anonymous writer for The Independent as \"one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century\"[18] On Dahl's death in 1990, Howard considered him \"one of the most widely read and influential writers of our generation\".[2]", "Roald Dahl. Born in Wales to Norwegian parents, Dahl served in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, in which he became a flying ace and intelligence officer, rising to the rank of acting wing commander. He rose to prominence in the 1940s with works for both children and adults and he became one of the world's best selling authors.[4][5] He has been referred to as \"one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century\".[6] His awards for contribution to literature include the 1983 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement, and the British Book Awards' Children's Author of the Year in 1990. In 2008, The Times placed Dahl 16th on its list of \"The 50 greatest British writers since 1945\".[7]", "Revolting Rhymes. Revolting Rhymes is a collection of Roald Dahl poems published in 1982. A parody of traditional folk tales in verse, Dahl gives a re-interpretation of six well-known fairy tales, featuring surprise endings in place of the traditional happily-ever-after finishes. The poems are illustrated by Quentin Blake. It is the shortest children's book he has written.", "Roald Dahl. Regarded as \"one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century\",[6] Dahl was named by The Times one of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945.[7] He ranks amongst the world's best-selling fiction authors with sales estimated at over 250 million,[3][5][8] and his books have been published in almost 60 languages.[4] In 2003 four books by Dahl, led by Charlie and the Chocolate Factory at number 35, ranked among the Top 100 in The Big Read, a survey of the British public by the BBC to determine the \"nation's best-loved novel\" of all time.[131] In surveys of UK teachers, parents and students, Dahl is frequently ranked the best children's writer.[132][133] In a 2006 list for the Royal Society of Literature, Harry Potter creator J. K. Rowling named Charlie and the Chocolate Factory one of her top ten books every child should read.[134] In 2012, Matilda was ranked number 30 among all-time best children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. The Top 100 included four books by Dahl, more than any other writer: Matilda, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, The Witches, and The BFG.[135] In 2012, Dahl was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life he most admires.[136][137] In a 2017 UK poll of the greatest authors, songwriters, artists and photographers, Dahl was named the greatest storyteller of all time, ranking ahead of Dickens, Shakespeare, Rowling and Spielberg.[138]", "Roald Dahl. Roald Dahl was born in 1916 at Villa Marie, Fairwater Road, in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales, to Norwegian parents, Harald Dahl and Sofie Magdalene Dahl (née Hesselberg).[12] Dahl's father had emigrated to the UK from Sarpsborg in Norway, and settled in Cardiff in the 1880s. His mother came over and married his father in 1911. Dahl was named after the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen. His first language was Norwegian, which he spoke at home with his parents and his sisters Astri, Alfhild and Else. Dahl and his sisters were raised in the Lutheran faith, and were baptised at the Norwegian Church, Cardiff, where their parents worshipped.[13]", "Roald Dahl. Throughout his childhood and adolescent years, Dahl spent the majority of his summer holidays with his mother's family in Norway, and wrote about many happy memories from those expeditions in Boy: Tales of Childhood, such as when he replaced the tobacco in his half–sister's fiancé's pipe with goat droppings.[31] He only experienced one unhappy memory of his holidays in Norway at around the age of eight, when his adenoids were removed by a doctor.[32] His childhood and first job selling kerosene in Midsomer Norton and surrounding villages in Somerset are subjects in Boy: Tales of Childhood.[33]", "Roald Dahl. Dahl was exceptionally tall, reaching 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) in adult life.[27] He played a number of sports, including cricket, football, golf and was made captain of the squash team.[28] As well as having a passion for literature, he also developed an interest in photography[15] and often carried a camera with him. During his years at Repton, Cadbury, the chocolate company, would occasionally send boxes of new chocolates to the school to be tested by the pupils.[29] Dahl would dream of inventing a new chocolate bar that would win the praise of Mr Cadbury himself; and this proved the inspiration for him to write his third children's book, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964), and to include references to chocolate in other children's books.[30]", "James and the Giant Peach. James and the Giant Peach is a popular children's novel written in 1961 by British author Roald Dahl. The original first edition published by Alfred Knopf featured illustrations by Nancy Ekholm Burkert. There have been reillustrated versions of it over the years, done by Michael Simeon for the first British edition, Emma Chichester Clark, Lane Smith and Quentin Blake. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1996.", "Roald Dahl. Roald Dahl died on 23 November 1990, at the age of 74 of a rare cancer of the blood, myelodysplastic syndrome, in Oxford,[110] and was buried in the cemetery at St Peter and St Paul's Church in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, England. According to his granddaughter, the family gave him a \"sort of Viking funeral\". He was buried with his snooker cues, some very good burgundy, chocolates, HB pencils and a power saw. Today, children continue to leave toys and flowers by his grave.[111] In November 1996, the Roald Dahl Children's Gallery was opened at the Buckinghamshire County Museum in nearby Aylesbury.[112] The main-belt asteroid 6223 Dahl, discovered by Czech astronomer Antonín Mrkos, was named in his memory in 1996.[113][114]", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise). Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 1964 children's book by British author Roald Dahl. The story features the adventures of young Charlie Bucket inside the chocolate factory of eccentric chocolatier Willy Wonka. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was first published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1964 and in the United Kingdom by George Allen & Unwin in 1967.", "Roald Dahl. In honour of Dahl, the Royal Gibraltar Post Office issued a set of four stamps in 2010 featuring Quentin Blake's original illustrations for four of the children's books written by Dahl during his long career; The BFG, The Twits, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, and Matilda.[125] A set of six stamps was issued by Royal Mail in 2012, featuring Blake's illustrations for Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, The Twits, The Witches, Matilda, Fantastic Mr Fox, and James and the Giant Peach.[126] Dahl's influence has extended beyond literary figures. For instance film director Tim Burton recalled from childhood \"the second layer [after Dr. Seuss] of connecting to a writer who gets the idea of the modern fable – and the mixture of light and darkness, and not speaking down to kids, and the kind of politically incorrect humour that kids get. I've always like that, and it's shaped everything I've felt that I've done.\"[127] Steven Spielberg read The BFG to his children when they were young, stating the book celebrates the fact that it's OK to be different as well as to have an active imagination: \"It's very important that we preserve the tradition of allowing young children to run free with their imaginations and magic and imagination are the same thing.\"[128] Actress Scarlett Johansson named Fantastic Mr Fox one of the five books that made a difference to her.[129]", "The Witches (novel). The Witches is a children's dark fantasy novel by the British writer Roald Dahl. It was published in 1983 by Jonathan Cape in London, with illustrations by Quentin Blake (like many of Dahl's works). The story is set partly in Norway and partly in the United Kingdom, and features the experiences of a young British boy and his Norwegian grandmother in a world where child-hating evil witches secretly exist.", "Fantastic Mr Fox. Fantastic Mr Fox is a children's novel written by British author Roald Dahl. It was published in 1970, by George Allen & Unwin in the UK and Alfred A. Knopf in the U.S., with illustrations by Donald Chaffin. The first UK Puffin paperback, first issued in 1974, featured illustrations by Jill Bennett. Later editions have featured illustrations by Tony Ross (1988) and Quentin Blake (1996). The story is about Mr Fox and how he outwits his farmer neighbours to steal their food from right under their noses. In 2009, it was adapted into a film by Wes Anderson.", "Roald Dahl. From 1929, he attended Repton School in Derbyshire. Dahl had unhappy experiences of the school, describing an environment of ritual cruelty and acting as personal servants for older boys along with terrible beatings; these violent experiences are described in Donald Sturrock's biography of Dahl.[22] There are echoes of these darker experiences in Dahl's writings and his hatred of cruelty and corporal punishment.[23] According to Boy: Tales of Childhood, a friend named Michael was viciously caned by headmaster Geoffrey Fisher, who later became the Archbishop of Canterbury and went on to crown Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. (However, according to Dahl's biographer Jeremy Treglown,[24] the caning took place in May 1933, a year after Fisher had left Repton and the headmaster concerned was in fact J. T. Christie, Fisher's successor.) This caused Dahl to \"have doubts about religion and even about God\".[25] He was never seen as a particularly talented writer in his school years, with one of his English teachers writing in his school report \"I have never met anybody who so persistently writes words meaning the exact opposite of what is intended.\"[26]", "The BFG. Between 1986, and 1998, the novel was adapted into a newspaper comic by journalist Brian Lee and artist Bill Asprey. It was published in the Mail on Sunday and originally a straight adaptation, with scripts accepted by Roald Dahl himself. After a while the comic started following its own storylines and continued long after Dahl's death in 1990.[22]", "Roald Dahl. In 1983 Dahl reviewed Tony Clifton's God Cried, a picture book about the siege of West Beirut by the Israeli army during the 1982 Lebanon War.[72] Dahl's review stated that the book would make readers \"violently anti-Israeli\", writing, \"I am not anti-Semitic. I am anti-Israel.\"[73] Dahl told a reporter in 1983, \"There's a trait in the Jewish character that does provoke animosity ... I mean there is always a reason why anti-anything crops up anywhere; even a stinker like Hitler didn't just pick on them for no reason.\"[73] Dahl maintained friendships with a number of Jews, including philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin, who said, \"I thought he might say anything. Could have been pro-Arab or pro-Jew. There was no consistent line. He was a man who followed whims, which meant he would blow up in one direction, so to speak.\"[73] Amelia Foster, director of the Roald Dahl Museum in Great Missenden, states, \"This is again an example of how Dahl refused to take anything seriously, even himself. He was very angry at the Israelis. He had a childish reaction to what was going on in Israel. Dahl wanted to provoke, as he always provoked at dinner. His publisher was a Jew, his agent was a Jew... and he thought nothing but good things of them. He asked me to be his managing director, and I'm Jewish.\"[74]", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was first published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1964 and in the United Kingdom by George Allen & Unwin, 11 months later. The book has been adapted into two major motion pictures: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory in 1971, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005. The book's sequel, Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, was written by Roald Dahl in 1971 and published in 1972. Dahl had also planned to write a third book in the series but never finished it.[1]", "Danny, the Champion of the World. Danny, the Champion of the World is a 1975 children's book by Roald Dahl. The plot centres on Danny, a young English boy, and his father, William, who live in a Gypsy caravan fixing cars for a living and partake in poaching pheasants. It was first published in 1975 in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. and in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape.", "Roald Dahl. In 2016, marking the centenary of Dahl's birth, Rennie compiled The Oxford Roald Dahl Dictionary which includes many of his invented words and their meaning.[95] Rennie commented that some of Dahl's words have already escaped his world, for example, Scrumdiddlyumptious: \"Food that is utterly delicious\".[95] In his poetry, Dahl gives a humorous re-interpretation of well-known nursery rhymes and fairy tales, providing surprise endings in place of the traditional happily-ever-after. Dahl's collection of poems Revolting Rhymes is recorded in audiobook form, and narrated by actor Alan Cumming.[96]", "Children's literature. The American Library Association began awarding the Newbery Medal, the first children's book award, in 1922.[68] The Caldecott Medal for illustration followed in 1938.[69] The first book by Laura Ingalls Wilder about her life on the American frontier, Little House in the Big Woods appeared in 1932.[22]:471 In 1937 Dr. Seuss published his first book, entitled, And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street. The young adult book market developed during this period, thanks to sports books by popular writer John R. Tunis', the novel Seventeenth Summer by Maureen Daly, and the Sue Barton nurse book series by Helen Dore Boylston.[70]:11", "Roald Dahl. Some of his short stories are supposed to be extracts from the diary of his (fictional) Uncle Oswald, a rich gentleman whose sexual exploits form the subject of these stories.[89] In his novel My Uncle Oswald, the uncle engages a temptress to seduce 20th century geniuses and royalty with a love potion secretly added to chocolate truffles made by Dahl's favourite chocolate shop, Prestat of Piccadilly, London.[89] Memories with Food at Gipsy House, written with his wife Felicity and published posthumously in 1991, was a mixture of recipes, family reminiscences and Dahl's musings on favourite subjects such as chocolate, onions and claret.[90][91]", "Roald Dahl. At this time Dahl met the noted novelist C. S. Forester, who was also working to aid the British war effort. Forester worked for the British Information Service and was writing propaganda for the Allied cause, mainly for American consumption.[51] The Saturday Evening Post had asked Forester to write a story based on Dahl's flying experiences; Forester asked Dahl to write down some RAF anecdotes so that he could shape them into a story. After Forester read what Dahl had given him, he decided to publish the story exactly as Dahl had written it.[52] The original title of the article was \"A Piece of Cake\" but the title was changed to \"Shot Down Over Libya\" to make it sound more dramatic, despite the fact that Dahl had not actually been shot down; it appeared in the 1 August 1942 issue of the Post. Dahl was promoted to flight lieutenant (war-substantive) in August 1942.[53] Later he worked with such other well-known officers as Ian Fleming and David Ogilvy, promoting Britain's interests and message in the U.S. and combating the \"America First\" movement.[54]" ]

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[ "Diamond cutting. Diamond cutting, as well as overall processing, is concentrated in a few cities around the world. The main diamond trading centers are Antwerp, Tel Aviv, and Dubai from where roughs are sent to the main processing centers of India and China.[1] Diamonds are cut and polished in Surat, India and the Chinese cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen.[2] India in recent years has held between 19–31% of the world market in polished diamonds and China has held 17% of the world market share in a recent year.[1] Another important diamond center is New York City.[3]", "Diamond mining in India. The town of Karwan, near the fortress city of Golkonda, now a suburb of Hyderabad, became the world's largest diamond-cutting and diamond-trading center. Golconda was not close to diamond mines, but owed its status as a diamond center to its location on a major trade route from the mines to the south and east. The diamonds became known as Golconda Diamonds, and in Europe, the word Golconda came to mean a place of great wealth.", "Bharat Diamond Bourse. The cutting and polishing of diamonds occurs mainly in the city of Surat, which is also known as 'Diamond City'. The cutting and polishing units in Surat vary from large firms employing several thousands of diamond cutting and polishing workers to very small informal enterprises having a few workers. The larger Cutting and Polishing of Diamonds (CPD) units have relatively better work and employment conditions and even provide for elaborate benefits. Most of the CPD units are owned by Kathiawadis, who were originally farmers from Northern Gujarat region. The whole diamond cutting and polishing industry is largely community oriented, where most of the owners and workers are Kathiawadis. [9] In the recession of 2008, while many of the small and medium-sized CPD units were closed down with lay-off of workers, there were still some big CPD enterprises who managed to retain their workforce. This was primarily because of the paternal approach of owners, by which they consider workers as extended family members [10]", "Diamond. Once purchased by Sightholders (which is a trademark term referring to the companies that have a three-year supply contract with DTC), diamonds are cut and polished in preparation for sale as gemstones ('industrial' stones are regarded as a by-product of the gemstone market; they are used for abrasives).[77] The cutting and polishing of rough diamonds is a specialized skill that is concentrated in a limited number of locations worldwide.[77] Traditional diamond cutting centers are Antwerp, Amsterdam, Johannesburg, New York City, and Tel Aviv. Recently, diamond cutting centers have been established in China, India, Thailand, Namibia and Botswana.[77] Cutting centers with lower cost of labor, notably Surat in Gujarat, India, handle a larger number of smaller carat diamonds, while smaller quantities of larger or more valuable diamonds are more likely to be handled in Europe or North America. The recent expansion of this industry in India, employing low cost labor, has allowed smaller diamonds to be prepared as gems in greater quantities than was previously economically feasible.[62]", "Bharat Diamond Bourse. India’s diamond industry, which is estimated to grow by an average 10 to 15 percent each year in the next five years, accounts for 70 - 75 percent of total diamond exports in the world and employs 850,000 people, making it the largest cutting hub by value and number of employees. Last year, the country’s import of rough diamonds rose 24.5 percent to 149.8 million carats against a year earlier, and export of cut and polished diamonds witnessed a surge of 28.3 percent to 59.9 million carats. The old market is located at Opera House and Prasad Chambers (Charni Road).", "Economy of India. The particular strength of this sub-sector is in precision cutting, polishing and processing small diamonds (below one carat).[173] India is also a hub for processing of larger diamonds, pearls and other precious stones. Statistically, 11 out of 12 diamonds set in any jewellery in the world are cut and polished in India.[178] It is also a major hub of gold and other precious-metal-based jewellery. Domestic demand for gold and jewellery products is another driver of India's GDP.[176]", "Dharmanandan Diamonds. Dharmanandan Diamonds (also known as DDPL) is an Indian diamond manufacturing company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India and has manufacturing facility in Surat, Gujarat, India, that manufacture diamond and Jewelry.", "India–Russia relations. India is currently the world's largest cutting & polishing centre for diamonds. Both countries have agreed to streamline their bilateral trade in diamonds through reductions in regulations and tariffs. Indian Prime Minister Modi stated in an interview, \"I made three proposals to President Putin. First, I would like Alrosa to have direct long-term contracts with more Indian companies. I am pleased to know that they are moving in this direction. Second, I want Alrosa and others to trade directly on our diamond bourse. We have decided to create a Special Notified Zone where mining companies can trade diamonds on consignment basis and re-export unsold ones. Third, I asked to reform regulation so that Russia can send rough diamonds to India and reimport polished diamonds without extra duties\".[49][50] Analysts predict through streamlined procedures and initiatives bilateral trade in this area will significantly increase.[46]", "Diamond cutting. Diamond cutting is the practice of changing a diamond from a rough stone into a faceted gem. Cutting diamond requires specialized knowledge, tools, equipment, and techniques because of its extreme difficulty.", "Economy of India. The gems and jewellery industry has been economically active in India for several thousand years.[177] Until the 18th century, India was the only major reliable source of diamonds.[173] Now, South Africa and Australia are the major sources of diamonds and precious metals, but along with Antwerp, New York, and Ramat Gan, Indian cities such as Surat and Mumbai are the hubs of world's jewellery polishing, cutting, precision finishing, supply and trade. Unlike other centres, the gems and jewellery industry in India is primarily artisan-driven; the sector is manual, highly fragmented, and almost entirely served by family-owned operations.", "Diamond cutting. The first guild of diamond cutters and polishers (diamantaire) was formed in 1375 in Nuremberg, Germany,[citation needed] and led to the development of various types of \"cut\". This has two meanings in relation to diamonds. The first is the shape: square, oval, and so on. The second relates to the specific quality of cut within the shape, and the quality and price will vary greatly based on the cut quality. Since diamonds are one of the hardest materials, special diamond-coated surfaces are used to grind the diamond down. The first major development in diamond cutting came with the \"Point Cut\" during the later half of the 14th century: the Point Cut follows the natural shape of an octahedral rough diamond crystal, eliminating some waste in the cutting process.", "Diamond. A large trade in gem-grade diamonds exists. Although most gem-grade diamonds are sold newly polished, there is a well-established market for resale of polished diamonds (e.g. pawnbroking, auctions, second-hand jewelry stores, diamantaires, bourses, etc.). One hallmark of the trade in gem-quality diamonds is its remarkable concentration: wholesale trade and diamond cutting is limited to just a few locations; in 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in Surat, India.[60] Other important centers of diamond cutting and trading are the Antwerp diamond district in Belgium, where the International Gemological Institute is based, London, the Diamond District in New York City, the Diamond Exchange District in Tel Aviv, and Amsterdam. One contributory factor is the geological nature of diamond deposits: several large primary kimberlite-pipe mines each account for significant portions of market share (such as the Jwaneng mine in Botswana, which is a single large-pit mine that can produce between 12,500,000 and 15,000,000 carats (2,500 and 3,000 kg) of diamonds per year[61]). Secondary alluvial diamond deposits, on the other hand, tend to be fragmented amongst many different operators because they can be dispersed over many hundreds of square kilometers (e.g., alluvial deposits in Brazil).", "Diamond mining in India. India continued to be the world's leading source - and nearly the only source - of diamonds until diamonds were discovered in Brazil in 1726. At first, Brazilian diamonds were reputed to be inferior, and did not command as high a price as the Indian article. To obtain better prices, Portuguese traders began shipping Brazilian diamonds through Goa, and then to Europe to be sold as genuine Golconda diamonds. Indian diamond mining declined rapidly in the 1700s, due to a combination of exhaustion of known deposits and competition from Brazil.[5]", "Diamond mining in India. Diamond mining in India extends back into antiquity. From ancient times, India was the source of nearly all the world's known diamonds, and until the discovery of diamonds in Brazil in 1726, India was the only place where diamonds were mined. India has not been a major diamond-producing country since the 1700s, but diamond mining continues. In 2013, India mined 37,515 carats of diamonds, from one industrial-scale mine and many artisanal mines; this was less than one-tenth of one percent of the world production of 132.9 million carats.[1]", "Diamond mining in India. Diamonds were reported from numerous places across India, but most of the diamond mining took place by placer mining in the drainages of the Pennar and Krishna rivers in modern Andhra Pradesh state. Placer mining took place along the Krishna River for 300 km below Sangram. The most intensive mining was in a 60 km zone along the river, from the Kollur Mine to Paritala. This area was the source of many legendary gems, including the Koh-i-noor, Nizam, Hope, Regent, Great Mogul, and Orlov diamonds.[3]", "Bank of Baroda. International expansion continued in 1976 with the opening of a branch in Oman and another in Brussels. The Brussels branch was aimed at Indian firms from Mumbai (Bombay) engaged in diamond cutting and jewellery having business in Antwerp, a major center for diamond cutting.", "Diamond cutting. The diamond cutting process includes these steps; planning, cleaving or sawing, bruting, polishing, and final inspection.[4]", "Coimbatore district. Coimbatore is also referred to as \"the Pump City\" as it supplies two thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps.[57] The district is one of the largest exporters of jewellery[61] renowned for making cast jewellery and machine made jewellery . It is also a major diamond cutting center in South India.[62][63][64][65] The city is home to about 3000 jewellery manufacturing companies and to over 40,000 goldsmiths.[66][67][68]", "Diamond tool. Some of the features of Diamond Wire Cutting are: Non-percussive, fumeless and quiet\nSmooth cutting face\nUnlimited cutting depth\nHorizontal, vertical and angled cutting of circular openings up to 2500mm diameter\nPlunge cutting facility which allows blind and rebated openings to be formed\nRemote controlled operation for increased safety", "Bharat Diamond Bourse. It is located in the G Block of the Bandra Kurla Complex, between the Mumbai suburbs of Bandra and Kurla.[5] It has an inflow of some 20,000 - 30,000 people daily.[6][7] BDB handles 60% of diamond exports from India.", "Diamond mining in India. As of 2017, there was one industrial-scale diamond mine in India, the Majhgawan mine, near the town of Panna, Madhya Pradesh. The deposit is in a kimberlite or lamproite pipe 6.5 ha in area, and yields 10 carats to the ton. Mining is done by an open pit, which was 85 m deep as of 2011. Exploration drilling has established that the pipe continues down to at least 330 m.[8] The mine is owned by the National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), employs 199 people, and has a productive capacity of 84,000 carats per year. The mine began regular production in 1967, and to date, has yielded slightly more than a million carats of diamonds.[9]", "Diamond cutting. Sawing is the use of a diamond saw or laser to cut the diamond rough into separate pieces.", "Child labour in India. According to the 1999 ILO paper,[59] India annually cuts and polishes 70 percent of the world’s diamonds by weight, or 40 percent by value. Additionally, India contributes 95 percent of the emeralds, 85 percent of the rubies, and 65 percent of the sapphires worldwide. India processes these diamonds and gems using traditional labour-intensive methods. About 1.5 million people are employed in the diamond industry, mostly in the unorganised sector. The industry is fragmented into small units, each employing a few workers. The industry has not scaled up, organised, and big operators absent.[59]", "Dharmanandan Diamonds. DDPL mainly focuses on cutting and polishing quality diamonds, which it eventually sells to retailers and jewelers across the globe. The company manufactures diamonds in various shapes and size, ranging from 0.01 carat to 10 carat and distributes its products through its sales offices at Hong Kong, United States and Belgium. Moreover, it also enables consumers to buy diamonds and Jewellery online through its website. \nIn 2008, Dharmanandan Diamonds achieved status of Sightholder[1] and is on De Beers Global Sightholder Sales's (DBGSS) list since then. As of March 2016, the company has more than 6400 employees, with revenue of US$925 million.", "Diamond. The production and distribution of diamonds is largely consolidated in the hands of a few key players, and concentrated in traditional diamond trading centers, the most important being Antwerp, where 80% of all rough diamonds, 50% of all cut diamonds and more than 50% of all rough, cut and industrial diamonds combined are handled.[62] This makes Antwerp a de facto \"world diamond capital\".[63] The city of Antwerp also hosts the Antwerpsche Diamantkring, created in 1929 to become the first and biggest diamond bourse dedicated to rough diamonds.[64] Another important diamond center is New York City, where almost 80% of the world's diamonds are sold, including auction sales.[62]", "Diamond mining in India. Diamond mining as an industry appears to have originated between 800 and 600 B.C. in India.[2]", "Diamond tool. A diamond tool is a cutting tool with diamond grains fixed on the functional parts of the tool via a bonding material or another method. As diamond is a superhard material, diamond tools have many advantages as compared with tools made with common abrasives such as corundum and silicon carbide.", "Fair trade. The company's founder, Martin Rapaport, as well as Kimberley Process initiators Ian Smillie and Global Witness, are among several industry insiders and observers who have called for greater checks and certification programs among many other programs that would ensure protection for miners and producers in developing countries. Smillie and Global Witness have since withdrawn support for the Kimberley Process. Other concerns in the diamond industry include working conditions in diamond cutting centers as well as the use of child labor. Both of these concerns come up when considering issues in Surat, India.[134]", "Diamond cutting. In the 18th century there was a trend for recutting Indian diamonds to suit English tastes. The Koh-i-Noor's original cut weighed a little over 186.00 carats. When it was recut to an oval-shapped brilliant, almost 80 carats were lost.[6][self-published source]", "Coimbatore. Coimbatore is also referred to as \"the Pump City\" as it supplies nearly 50% of India's requirements of motors and pumps.[93] The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery renowned for diamond cutting, cast and machine made jewellery.[94][95][96][97] There are about 3,000 jewellery manufacturers employing over 40,000 goldsmiths.[98][99][100]", "De Beers. The International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research (IIDGR) was set up by De Beers in 2008, with the aim of providing a range of services and equipment in the field of diamond verification. It is based in London, Antwerp and, from 2015, in Surat, India. The IIDGR works only on diamonds that meet the requirements of the United Nations’ World Diamond Council Kimberley Process.", "Tiruchirappalli. From the late 1980s, a synthetic gem industry was developed in the city; the gemstones are cut and polished in Tiruchirappalli district and in Pudukottai district.[193] In 1990, the Indian government launched a scheme to increase employment by boosting the production of American diamonds and training local artisans in semi-automated machinery and technology. The local gem industry was reportedly generating annual revenues of ₹100 million (equivalent to ₹420 million or US$6.3 million in 2017) by the mid-1990s.[194] Concerns have been raised over the employment of children aged 9–14 in the gem cutting and polishing industry.[194][195] As a result, in 1996, Tiruchirappalli district was selected to be involved in the National Child Labour Project and in the running of special schools to educate working children.[196]" ]

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[ "Yacht charter. Yacht chartering is the practice of renting, or chartering, a sailboat or motor yacht and travelling to various coastal or island destinations. This is usually a vacation activity, but it also can be a corporate event.", "Yacht charter. There are two main kinds of charter: bareboat and crewed. Bareboat charters involve a person renting a boat or cabin and skippering it themselves if they are renting the whole yacht. The other way is gathering up a group and renting the yacht with them. Most bareboat companies also offer courses to teach basic seamanship and prepare people for bareboat chartering. These companies also sometimes provide skippered charters, meaning that boat comes with a skipper but no additional crew.[1]", "Bareboat charter. A bareboat charter or demise charter is an arrangement for the chartering or hiring of a ship or boat, whereby no crew or provisions are included as part of the agreement; instead, the people who rent the vessel from the owner are responsible for taking care of such things.", "Chartering (shipping). Chartering is an activity within the shipping industry whereby a shipowner hires out the use of his vessel to a charterer. The contract between the parties is called a charterparty (from the French \"charte partie\", or \"parted document\"). The three main types of charter are: demise charter, voyage charter, and time charter.", "Bareboat charter. There are legal differences between a bareboat charter and other types of charter arrangements, commonly called time or voyage charters. In a voyage or time charter, the charterer charters the ship (or part of it) for a particular voyage or for a set period of time. In these charters the charterer can direct where the ship will go but the owner of the ship retains possession of the ship through its employment of the master and crew. In a bare-boat or demise charter, on the other hand, the owner gives possession of the ship to the charterer and the charterer hires its own master and crew. The bare-boat charterer is sometimes called a \"disponent owner\". The giving up of possession of the ship by the owner is the defining characteristic of a bareboat or demise charter.", "Yacht charter. Crewed charter means the yacht comes with a crew. This can be anything from a 35-foot boat with a two-person team serving as captain and chef to a 300-foot boat with a squad of 30 or more crew members including stewardesses, engineers, mates, deckhands, scuba dive masters, and the like.", "Yacht charter. Skippered charter mean that the yacht is rented with a professional crew consisting of a skipper/captain who is responsible for the maneuvering of the yacht. In several cases the skipper is aided by other crew members as well.", "Yacht charter. 1. Un-inspected passenger yachts. Also known as 6-packs which are so named because they carry only six or fewer paying passengers.[2]", "Bareboat charter. While bareboat technically refers to any boat that can be chartered without a skipper or crew, typically bareboating refers to sailing yachts, including catamarans.", "Yacht charter. Skippered charter is normally used for larger yachts for which a skipper/captain with documented special nautical skills and experience is required.", "Chartering (shipping). A charterer may also be a party without a cargo who takes a vessel on charter for a specified period from the owner and then trades the ship to carry cargoes at a profit above the hire rate, or even makes a profit in a rising market by re-letting the ship out to other charterers.", "Bareboat charter. In yachting a bareboat charter is usually for a short period. There are hundreds of bareboat yacht charter brokers or agent companies. These companies offer yacht finding and travel organisation services similar to travel agent only more specialized. Their purpose is to use their experience and networks to locate a client's ideal bareboat in terms of price and location. Much like online travel agencies that sell unsold inventory of airline tickets and hotel rooms at a fraction of the price, there are now also last minute bareboat charter brokers where travellers can find excellent rates.", "Bareboat charter. In the USA there is an additional legal distinction with regard to bareboat versus for hire, or \"skippered\" charters. When persons pool their finances to bareboat so that the qualified master among them may skipper for the group, even though the master is not ostensibly a paid skipper, he/she now takes on the legal responsibilities of one. This can have far-reaching consequences in the event of negative occurrences at sea.", "Yacht charter. 2. Inspected passenger ships. Inspected charters are designed to carry groups larger than six passengers. These charter vessels can range from large sailing yachts to dinner cruise ships. These charters are designed to carry up to several hundred passengers. Inspected vessels can offer many different features that an un-inspected passenger yacht can not. Features like catering, live music, or a DJ are available on these larger ships.[citation needed]", "Chartering (shipping). Depending on the type of ship and the type of charter, normally a standard contract form called a charter party is used to record the exact rate, duration and terms agreed between the shipowner and the charterer.", "Boat. A boat is a watercraft of a large range of type and size. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on their larger size, shape, and cargo or passenger capacity.", "Yacht. A yacht /ˈjɒt/ is a recreational boat or ship. The term originates from the Dutch word jacht \"hunt\", and was originally defined as a light fast sailing vessel used by the Dutch navy to pursue pirates and other transgressors around and into the shallow waters of the Low Countries. After its selection by Charles II of England as the vessel to carry him to England from the Netherlands for his restoration in 1660 it came to be used to mean a vessel used to convey important persons.", "Oil tanker. The act of hiring a ship to carry cargo is called chartering. Tankers are hired by four types of charter agreements: the voyage charter, the time charter, the bareboat charter, and contract of affreightment.[46] In a voyage charter the charterer rents the vessel from the loading port to the discharge port.[46] In a time charter the vessel is hired for a set period of time, to perform voyages as the charterer directs.[46] In a bareboat charter the charterer acts as the ship's operator and manager, taking on responsibilities such as providing the crew and maintaining the vessel.[47] Finally, in a contract of affreightment or COA, the charterer specifies a total volume of cargo to be carried in a specific time period and in specific sizes, for example a COA could be specified as 1 million barrels (160,000 m3) of JP-5 in a year's time in 25,000-barrel (4,000 m3) shipments.[48] A completed chartering contract is known as a charter party.[48]", "Yacht charter. There are also two sub categories of yacht charters:", "Chartering (shipping). There are three main types of charter:", "Bareboat charter. Bareboat hire has become increasingly common since the mid-1990s and in particular since the early 2000s. There has been increasing demand for yacht vacations and many experienced and semi-experienced ‘yachties’ now consider it easier and cheaper to hire a bareboat, rather than own their own yacht. While both the international leisure travel industry (particularly outdoor activities based vacations) and the boating industry have boomed in the last decade, so too has the bareboat charter industry which incorporates both of these pursuits.", "Chartering (shipping). Variations on these types include:", "Luxury yacht. Some yachts are used exclusively by their private owners, others are operated all year round as charter businesses, and a large number are privately owned but available for charter part-time. The weekly charter rate of luxury yachts around the world ranges from tens of thousands to over a million dollars/euros. Expenses of approximately 20–30%, such as food, fuel, and berthing are charged as an extra, called the advance provisioning allowance. The luxury yacht charter industry functions effectively because private yacht owners mitigate their running costs with charter income as well as keeping their yachts and crew in top running order. Conversely, private charterers charter yachts (rather than owning them) because it is generally considered to be less expensive, and less hassle, than owning a yacht and it also provides them with extra choice related to yacht type, location and crew.[4]", "Bareboat charter. In a bareboat charter no administration or technical maintenance is included as part of the agreement. The charterer obtains possession and full control of the vessel along with the legal and financial responsibility for it. The charterer pays for all operating expenses, including fuel, crew, port expenses and P&I and hull insurance.", "Yacht charter. 6-pack yachts are great for smaller groups of six or less, and these yachts have a variety of types and sizes. For example, six packs can be sailing yachts, fishing boats, or power yachts and anything in between. While this type of charter is the least expensive of the two, you will still need a licensed captain, or skipper with you at all times. On six-pack charters you can choose your menue and the type of cruise you wish to take be it bay sailing or an ocean voyage.", "Freight rate. In ship chartering, freight is the price which a charterer pays a shipowner for the use of a ship in a voyage charter.[4]", "Yacht charter. Having become quite popular in the last few years cabin charters represent the ideal solution to enjoy sailing cruises for those who don’t yet have the skills for a bareboat charter or those who want to board a crewed luxury yacht, but can’t justify the cost.", "Yacht. In modern use of the term, yachts differ from working ships mainly by their leisure purpose. There are two different classes of yachts: sailing and power boats. With the rise of the steamboat and other types of powerboat, sailing vessels in general came to be perceived as luxury, or recreational vessels. Later the term came to encompass large motor boats for primarily private pleasure purposes as well.", "Sea captain. It is also more frequently used than captain with privately owned noncommercial or semi-commercial vessels, such as small yachts and other recreational boats, mostly in cases where the person in command of the boat may not be a licensed or professional captain, suggesting the term is less formal. In the U.S., a \"skipper\" who is in command of a charter vessel that carries paying passengers must be licensed by a state or the USCG. If the vessel carries over six paying passengers, it must be an \"inspected vessel\" and a higher class license must be obtained by the skipper/master depending on the vessel's gross tons.", "Yacht. Sailing is an economical and environmentally friendly means of propulsion. A hybrid type of vessel is a motor sailing yacht that can use either sail or propulsion (or both) as conditions dictate.", "Boat. Small boats are typically found on inland waterways such as rivers and lakes, or in protected coastal areas. However, some boats, such as the whaleboat, were intended for use in an offshore environment. In modern naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard a ship. Anomalous definitions exist, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet (300 m) long on the Great Lakes being known as oreboats.", "Luxury yacht. A Luxury yacht (also super-yacht, large yacht and mega-yacht) is a very expensive, privately owned, professionally crewed sailing or motor yacht." ]

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[ "Grammy Award. With 31 Grammy Awards, Sir Georg Solti is the artist with the most Grammy wins.[23] Alison Krauss is the biggest winner among female artists with 27 awards.[24] U2, with 22 Grammy Awards, holds the record for most awards won by a group.[25]", "Grammy Award records. Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79.[9][10]", "Grammy Award records. The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti, a Hungarian-British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty-two years. He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996.[1][2]", "Grammy Award records. The Record for Most Grammys won in one night is eight. Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 and Santana tied Jackson's record in 2000.[7]", "Grammy Award records. Quincy Jones with 27 awards holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a producer (and eleven of those were awarded for production duties. Jones also received Grammys as an arranger and a performing artist). Some producers have also won awards as engineers, mixers and/or mastering engineers.", "Grammy Award records. U2 holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a group. They have won 22 awards.", "Grammy Award records. Michael Jackson holds the record for most Grammy nominations in one night with 12 nominations.", "List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards. Quincy Jones (born 1933), an American record producer, actor and composer, received his fourth distinct award in 2016. Between 1964 and 2016, Jones received a total of 31 awards — the highest number of awards of any grand slam winner. He also has the most Grammy wins (28) by a grand slam winner.", "Grammy Award records. Pat Metheny and his band the Pat Metheny Group have won 20 Grammy Awards in total, including seven consecutive awards for seven consecutive albums.[5] Metheny held the record for Grammy wins in the most different categories as of the 2005 Grammy Awards:", "Grammy Award records. The record for most Grammy nominations without a win is 24, held by Morten Lindberg.", "Grammy Award records. Al Schmitt, with 20 awards, has won more Grammy Awards than any other engineer or mixer.", "Grammy Award records. Georg Solti has won a total of 31 Grammy Awards.", "Grammy Award records. After Franklin, Jimmy Sturr, Bill Cosby and John Williams are tied for second place for consecutive Grammy wins in the same category:", "Roberta Flack. The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Flack has received four awards from thirteen nominations.[30]", "Bruce Springsteen. Springsteen has won 20 Grammy Awards out of 49 nominations.", "Grammy Award records. The three biggest Grammy Awards are Record of the Year, Album of the Year and Song of the Year. Seven artists have won all three in one night. Adele is the only artist in Grammy history to accomplish this twice.", "Grammy Award records. The record most Grammys won by a female artist in one night is six. Beyoncé and Adele each won six in 2010 and 2012, respectively.", "Beyoncé. Beyoncé has won 22 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child, making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys, behind Alison Krauss[396][397] and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with a total of 62 nominations.[398] \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\",[27] \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Drunk in Love\" have each won Best R&B Song. Dangerously in Love, B'Day and I Am... Sasha Fierce have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album, while Lemonade has won Best Urban Contemporary Album. Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and Amy Winehouse, with Adele equaling this in 2012.[399]", "Dolly Parton. Parton has earned nine Grammy Awards (including her 2011 Lifetime Achievement Grammy) and a total of 46 Grammy Award nominations, the most nominations of any female artist in the history of the prestigious awards, a record tied by Beyoncé.[110][111]", "Grammy Award records. Santana's Supernatural and U2's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb hold the record for most honoured album having won nine awards. Supernatural won nine awards in 2000 and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won three awards in 2005 and won a further six in 2006 giving it a total of nine awards.", "Grammy Award records. Aretha Franklin holds the record for winning the most consecutive Grammys in the same category. She won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance every year from 1968 to 1975, for an eight-year winning streak. She also won in this category in 1982, 1986, and 1988, giving her 11 wins in the category.", "Billy Joel. Joel had Top 40 hits in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, achieving 33 Top 40 hits in the US, all of which he wrote himself. He is also a six-time Grammy Award winner who has been nominated for 23 Grammy Awards. He has sold more than 150 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling artists of all time.[6]", "Grammy Award records. Only ten artists have been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night.", "Simon & Garfunkel. The Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Simon & Garfunkel have won 9 total competitive awards, 4 Hall of Fame awards, and a Lifetime Achievement Award.[119]", "Grammy Award records. Michael Jackson won eight in 1984.", "Josh Tillman. The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Josh received four nominations.[62][63]", "Grammy Award records. The record for most Album of the Year wins is four.", "List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards. Marvin Hamlisch (1944–2012), a composer, received his fourth distinct award in 1995. Between 1973 and 2001, Hamlisch received a total of 12 awards. Hamlisch has the most Oscars of any Grand Slam winners (three). In 1974 he became the first winner to have won a \"General Field\" Grammy – taking Song of the Year and Best New Artist. He was also the first Grand Slam winner to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work – an Oscar and a Grammy for song \"The Way We Were\".", "Grammy Award records. Ray Charles holds the record for most posthumous awards won in one night. He was awarded five Grammy Awards in 2005 including Album of the Year.", "Grammy Award records. Throughout the history of the Grammy Awards, many significant records have been set. This page only includes the competitive awards which have been won by various artists. This does not include the various special awards that are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences such as Lifetime Achievement Awards, Trustees Awards, Technical Awards or Legend Awards. The page however does include other non-performance related Grammys (known as the Craft & Production Fields) that may have been presented to the artist(s).", "Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Frank Sinatra has the most nominations for Record of the Year for an artist and a male artist with seven nominations; he won the award once in 1967 for \"Strangers in the Night\". The Beatles have the most Record of the Year nominations for a group; they had four nominations (\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"Yesterday\", \"Hey Jude\", and \"Let It Be\") but never won the award. Barbra Streisand and Beyoncé have the most Record of the Year nominations amongst female artists with five nods. Streisand has been nominated (\"Happy Days Are Here Again\", \"People\", \"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)\", \"You Don't Bring Me Flowers\", (with Neil Diamond) and \"Woman in Love\") but has never received the award.[5] Beyoncé was nominated for \"Say My Name\" as part of Destiny's Child and four times as a solo act with \"Crazy in Love\", \"Irreplaceable\", \"Halo\", and \"Formation\".", "List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards. Alan Menken (born 1949), composer and songwriter, received his fourth distinct award in 2012. Between 1989 and 2012, Menken received a total of 21 awards. He has the most Oscar wins (8) by a grand slam winner and is the second most prolific Oscar winner in the music categories after Alfred Newman. He is also notable for frequently having multiple songs from the same film nominated for major awards." ]

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[ "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2011 Swedish-American psychological thriller film based on the novel of the same name by Stieg Larsson. This film adaptation was directed by David Fincher and written by Steven Zaillian. Starring Daniel Craig and Rooney Mara, it tells the story of journalist Mikael Blomkvist (Daniel Craig)'s investigation to find out what happened to a woman from a wealthy family who disappeared 40 years prior. He recruits the help of computer hacker Lisbeth Salander (Rooney Mara).", "Michael Nyqvist. He has garnered recent international attention starring as Mikael Blomkvist in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Swedish title: Män som hatar kvinnor), The Girl Who Played with Fire (Swedish title: Flickan som lekte med elden), and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (Swedish title: Luftslottet som sprängdes) of Stieg Larsson's Millennium series.[16]", "Daniel Craig. He co-starred with Hugh Jackman in a limited engagement of the drama A Steady Rain, on Broadway, which played from 10 September through 6 December 2009 at the Schoenfeld Theatre.[66] His performance received praise from the New York Times, with the reviewer writing \"Mr. Craig, a highly reputable stage actor in London (“Angels in America,” “A Number”) before he became the screen’s sixth James Bond, creates a more complete portrait as Joey.\"[67] In August 2010, Craig was cast as crusading journalist Mikael Blomkvist in David Fincher's 2011 adaptation of Stieg Larsson's novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo.[68] In 2011, he starred in Dream House, a psychological thriller directed by Jim Sheridan and co-starring Rachel Weisz, Naomi Watts and Marton Csokas.[69] It garnered mostly negative reviews and low box office results. Craig co-starred with Harrison Ford and Olivia Wilde in Cowboys & Aliens, an American science fiction Western film, based on Scott Mitchell Rosenberg's 2006 graphic novel of the same name.[70][71] Craig provided his voice to Steven Spielberg's animated film The Adventures of Tintin in 2011, playing the villainous pirate Ivan Ivanovitch Sakharine and his descendent Red Rackham in a dual role.[72]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo received positive reviews from critics, with particular note to the cast, tone, score and cinematography. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 86%, based on 224 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's consensus states, \"Brutal yet captivating, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is the result of David Fincher working at his lurid best with total role commitment from star Rooney Mara.\"[76] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score, the film received an average score of 71 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[77]", "Noomi Rapace. Noomi Rapace (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈnuːmɪ raˈpasː] ( listen);[1] née Norén; born 28 December 1979) is a Swedish actress.[2] She achieved fame with her portrayal of Lisbeth Salander in the Swedish film adaptations of the Millennium series: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Girl Who Played with Fire, and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest.[3] In 2011, she was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo.", "Noomi Rapace. In 2009, she played the role of Lisbeth Salander in the Swedish-produced film adaptation of the best-selling novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, for which she won the Guldbagge Award (Sweden's top film award) and was nominated for a BAFTA Award and European Film Award. She reprised this role in the sequels The Girl Who Played with Fire, and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (all three were subsequently recut as a six-part miniseries aired on Swedish television called Millennium).", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film). The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Swedish: Män som hatar kvinnor – literally – Men who hate women) is a 2009 Swedish drama thriller film based on the novel of the same name by Swedish author/journalist Stieg Larsson. It is the first book in the trilogy known as the Millennium series, published in Sweden in 2005. By August 2009, it had been sold to 25 countries outside Scandinavia and had been seen by more than 6 million people in the countries where it was already released. Directed by Niels Arden Oplev, the film stars Michael Nyqvist and Noomi Rapace.", "Mikael Blomkvist. In the 2009 Swedish version of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and its two sequels, Blomkvist is played by Michael Nyqvist. In the 2011 English adaptation, Blomkvist is played by Daniel Craig. In The Girl in the Spider's Web, he will be portrayed by Sverrir Gudnason.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). In November 2015, it was announced that Sony was planning on rebooting the franchise with an adaptation of The Girl in the Spider's Web, a 2015 novel by David Lagercrantz that was a continuation of the original Millennium trilogy after series creator Stieg Larsson died in 2004.[131] At the time, Alicia Vikander was considered a favorite to take over the role of Salander.[132]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). The performances were a frequent topic in the critiques. Mara's performance, in particular, was admired by commentators. A revelation in the eyes of Entertainment Weekly's Owen Gleiberman, he proclaimed that her character was more important than \"her ability to solve a crime\".[87] Her \"hypnotic\" portrayal was noted by Justin Chang of Variety,[88] as well as Salon critic Andrew O'Hehir, who wrote, \"Rooney Mara is a revelation as Lisbeth Salander, the damaged, aggressive computer geek and feminist revenge angel, playing the character as far more feral and vulnerable than Noomi Rapace’s borderline-stereotype sexpot Goth girl.\"[89] Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club enjoyed the chemistry between Mara and Craig,[90] as did David Germain of the Associated Press; \"Mara and Craig make an indomitable screen pair, he nominally leading their intense search into decades-old serial killings, she surging ahead, plowing through obstacles with flashes of phenomenal intellect and eruptions of physical fury.\"[91] Although Puig found Mara inferior to Rapace in playing Salander, with regard to Craig's performance, he said that the actor shone.[79] This was supported by Morgenstern who avouched that Craig \"nonetheless finds welcome humor in Mikael's impassive affect\".[84] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said the film was given a more assured quality than the original because of Fincher's direction and the lead performances, although he believed this did not always work to the film's advantage, preferring the original version's \"less confident surface\" where \"emotions were closer to the surface.\"[92]", "Steven Berkoff. Berkoff was the main character voice in Expelling The Demon (1999), a short animation with music by Nick Cave. It received the award for Best Film at the Ukraine Film Festival. He has a cameo in the 2008 film The Cottage. Berkoff appeared in the 2010 British gangster film The Big I Am as \"The MC\", and in the same year portrayed the antagonist in The Tourist. Berkoff portrayed Dirch Frode, attorney to Henrik Vanger (Christopher Plummer), in David Fincher's 2011 adaptation of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. Another 2011 credit is the independent film, Moving Target. He also stars in Katherine of Alexandria (2014) playing the role of Liberius.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). In November 2016, Fede Álvarez was announced as the new director.[133] The Girl in the Spider's Web will be the first in the book series to be produced into an English-language film in its initial adaptation.[134] Knight will serve as screenwriter, together with Alvarez and Jay Basu.[135] In March 2017, it was confirmed that the film would have an entirely new cast and was scheduled to be released on October 5, 2018.[136][137] In September 2017, Claire Foy was officially cast for the role of Lisbeth Salander in the new film.[138]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). In Stockholm, Sweden, journalist Mikael Blomkvist (Daniel Craig), co-owner of Millennium magazine, has lost a libel case brought against him by businessman Hans-Erik Wennerström (Ulf Friberg). Lisbeth Salander (Rooney Mara), a brilliant but troubled investigator and hacker, compiles an extensive background check on Blomkvist for business magnate Henrik Vanger (Christopher Plummer), who has a special task for him. In exchange for the promise of damning information about Wennerström, Blomkvist agrees to investigate the disappearance and assumed murder of Henrik's grandniece, Harriet, 40 years ago. After moving to the Vanger family's compound, Blomkvist uncovers a notebook containing a list of names and numbers that no one has been able to decipher.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). In addition to numerous awards, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was included on several year-end lists by film commentators and publications. It was named the best film of 2011 by MTV and James Berardinelli of ReelViews.[93][94] The former wrote, \"The director follows up the excellent Social Network with another tour de force, injecting the murder mystery that introduces us to outcast hacker Lisbeth Salander [...] and embattled journalist [...] with style, intensity and relentless suspense. Mara is a revelation, and the film's daunting 160-minute runtime breezes by thanks to one heart-racing scene after the next. Dark and tough to watch at times, but a triumph all around.\"[93] The film came second in indieWire's list of \"Drew Taylor's Favorite Films Of 2011\",[95] while reaching the top ten of seven other publications,[96] including the St. Louis Post-Dispatch,[97] San Francisco Chronicle,[98] and the New Orleans Times-Picayune.[99] The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was declared one of the best films of the year by the American Film Institute,[100] as well as the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures.[101]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film). The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was well received by critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a normalized score of 86% based on 168 reviews, with an average score of 7.2/10 and declares it \"Certified Fresh\". The critical consensus is: \"Its graphic violence and sprawling length will prove too much for some viewers to take, but Noomi Rapace's gripping performance makes The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo an unforgettable viewing experience.\"[4] Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 76% based on reviews from 36 critics.[5] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars, noting that \"[the film] is a compelling thriller to begin with, but it adds the rare quality of having a heroine more fascinating than the story\".[6]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). In one sequence the character Martin Vanger plays the song \"Orinoco Flow\" by Enya before beginning his torture of Mikael Blomkvist. David Fincher, the director, said that he believed that Martin \"doesn’t like to kill, he doesn’t like to hear the screams, without hearing his favorite music\" so therefore the character should play a song during the scene.[31] Daniel Craig, the actor who played Blomkvist, selected \"Orinoco Flow\" on his iPod as a candidate song. Fincher said \"And we all almost pissed ourselves, we were laughing so hard. No, actually, it’s worse than that. He said, ‘Orinoco Flow!’ Everybody looked at each other, like, what is he talking about? And he said, ‘You know, “Sail away, sail away...”’ And I thought, this guy is going to make Blomkvist as metro as we need.\"[31]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). Salander, who is under state legal guardianship due to diagnosed mental incompetency, is appointed a new guardian, lawyer Nils Bjurman (Yorick van Wageningen), after her previous guardian Holger Palmgren suffers a stroke. Bjurman, a sexual sadist, abuses his authority to extort sexual favors from Salander and violently rapes her, not realizing she has a hidden video camera on her bag. At their next meeting she stuns him with a taser, rapes him with a dildo, and marks him as a rapist with a tattoo on his chest and stomach. Threatening to disclose the video recording, she blackmails him into writing a glowing progress report and granting her full control of her money.", "30 Nights of Paranormal Activity with the Devil Inside the Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. After living in a psychiatric hospital, Dana (Kathryn Fiore) along with her husband, Aaron (Flip Schultz) attempt to move into their new house where her father (French Stewart) has murdered the entire cast of The Artist during his exorcism. Dana finds herself dealing with various others who live in the house, including an evil spirit and a teenage daughter (Olivia Alexander) who is infatuated with their neighbor Abraham Lincoln (Ben Morrison).", "30 Nights of Paranormal Activity with the Devil Inside the Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. 30 Nights of Paranormal Activity with the Devil Inside the Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Craig Moss and starring Kathryn Fiore, Flip Schultz, and Olivia Alexander.[1] The film parodies several films and generally follows the plots of Paranormal Activity and The Devil Inside.[2]", "The Girl in the Spider's Web (film). On November 4, 2015, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Sony Pictures Entertainment was planning to start a new film series of the Millennium series starting from the book The Girl in the Spider's Web by David Lagercrantz.[10] Rooney Mara and Daniel Craig, who acted in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, would not be back for the film, while new actors would be cast, and David Fincher would also not return.[10] Steven Knight was announced to be in talks to adapt the novel, while the producers would be Scott Rudin, Amy Pascal, and Elizabeth Cantillon, along with Yellow Bird's Berna Levin, Søren Stærmose, and Ole Sondberg.[10] TheWrap reported that Sony had showed interest to cast Alicia Vikander for the role of Lisbeth Salander.[11] However, while promoting Carol, Mara stated that she was still signed for the sequel: \"As far as I know I'm doing it until someone tells me otherwise [...] I'm doing it unless someone tells me that I'm not—and then I still might do it,\" she said.[12]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film). Salander, who was ruled mentally incompetent as a child, is appointed a new legal guardian, Nils Bjurman (Peter Andersson), after her previous guardian suffers a stroke. Bjurman, a sexual sadist, forces Salander to perform fellatio on him in return for the money she needs to buy a new computer; he withholds the full amount she has requested. At her next meeting with Bjurman, he beats and rapes her. Having used a hidden camera to record Bjurman raping her, Salander returns to take her revenge, torturing and threatening to ruin him unless he gives her full control of her life and finances. She then uses a tattoo gun to brand Bjurman's abdomen with the message \"I am a sadist pig and a rapist\".", "The Girl Who Played with Fire (film). The Girl Who Played with Fire (Swedish: Flickan som lekte med elden) is a 2009 Swedish thriller film directed by Daniel Alfredson, and the sequel to The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. It is based on the best-selling novel of the same name by the late Swedish author and journalist Stieg Larsson, the second in his Millennium series.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (soundtrack). The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is an ambient soundtrack by Trent Reznor (of Nine Inch Nails) and Atticus Ross, for David Fincher's film of the same name. It was released on December 9, 2011.[1] This is the second soundtrack that Reznor and Ross have worked on together, the previous being the Oscar-winning[2] The Social Network, also for Fincher. The album was released on Mute Records outside North America.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). Sony Pictures Entertainment began development on the film in 2009. It took the company a few months to obtain the rights to the novel, while recruiting Zaillian and David Fincher. The casting process for the lead roles was exhaustive and intense; Craig faced scheduling conflicts, and a number of actresses were sought for the role of Lisbeth Salander. The script took over six months to write, which included three months of analyzing the novel.", "The Girl Who Played with Fire (film). Daniel Alfredson takes over from Niels Arden Oplev, who directed The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, the first part of the trilogy.", "Lisbeth Salander. In 2009, the Swedish film and television studio Yellow Bird produced a trilogy of films based upon the first three novels. In these films, Salander is played as an adult by Noomi Rapace and as a child by Tehilla Blad. Rapace received a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role nomination in 2011.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). In September 2014, Fincher stated that a script for Played with Fire had been written that was \"extremely different from the book,\" and that, despite the long delay, he was confident that the film would be made because Sony \"already has spent millions of dollars on the rights and the script\".[127] Mara, when asked about potential sequels, expressed much less optimism about them, though she stated that she was still very interested in continuing on in the role.[128][129][130]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). Pre-release screenings occurred in London, New York City, and Stockholm. Critics gave the film favorable reviews, praising its bleak tone and lauding Mara and Craig's performances. With a production budget of $90 million, the film grossed $232.6 million over its theatrical run. In addition to being included in several publications' best-of lists, the film was a candidate for numerous awards, and ultimately won nine accolades, including an Academy Award for Best Film Editing.[3] Rooney Mara's performance earned her a first Oscar nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role.[4][5][6]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). David Denby of The New Yorker asserted that the austere, but captivating installment presented a \"glancing, chilled view\" of a world where succinct moments of loyalty coexisted with constant trials of betrayal.[78] To USA Today columnist Claudia Puig, Fincher captures the \"menace and grim despair in the frosty Scandinavian landscape\" by carefully approaching its most gruesome features.[79] Puig noted a surfeit of \"stylistic flourishes\" and \"intriguing\" changes in the narrative, compared to the original film.[79] In his three-and-a-half star review, Chris Knight of the National Post argued that it epitomized a so-called \"paradoxical position\" that was both \"immensely enjoyable and completely unnecessary\".[80] Rene Rodriguez of The Miami Herald said that the \"fabulously sinister entertainment\" surpassed the original film \"in every way\".[81] The film took two-and-a-half stars from Rolling Stone commentator Peter Travers, who concluded: \"Fincher's Girl is gloriously rendered but too impersonal to leave a mark.\"[82] A. O. Scott, writing for The New York Times, admired the moments of \"brilliantly orchestrated\" anxiety and confusion, but felt that The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was vulnerable to the \"lumbering proceduralism\" that he saw in its literary counterpart, as evident with the \"long stretches of drab, hackneyed exposition that flatten the atmosphere\".[83] The Wall Street Journal's Joe Morgenstern praised Cronenweth's cinematography, which he thought provided for glossy alterations in the film's darkness; \"Stockholm glitters in nighttime exteriors, and its subway shines in a spectacular spasm of action involving a backpack.\"[84] Rex Reed of The New York Observer professed that despite its occasional incomprehensibility, the movie was \"technically superb\" and \"superbly acted\".[85] In contrast, Kyle Smith of New York Post censured the film, calling it \"rubbish\" and further commenting that it \"demonstrates merely that masses will thrill to an unaffecting, badly written, psychologically shallow and deeply unlikely pulp story so long as you allow them to feel sanctified by the occasional meaningless reference to feminism or Nazis.\"[86]", "Millennium (novel series). Yellow Bird and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer partnered with Columbia Pictures to produce an English-language adaptation of the first novel. The film is written by Steven Zaillian, directed by David Fincher and produced by Scott Rudin, with Daniel Craig as Mikael Blomkvist and Rooney Mara as Lisbeth Salander. Along with Dragon Tattoo, Fincher and Zaillian have signed a two-picture deal to adapt The Girl Who Played with Fire, and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest, which may be shot back to back. In January 2012, it was announced that Sony was \"moving forward\" with the adaptations of The Girl Who Played with Fire and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest.[33][34] Zaillian wrote the original screenplays, but Sony brought in Andrew Kevin Walker to revise them. The studio had hoped to have the same people involved in the sequels as in the first film, with Fincher directing and Daniel Craig and Rooney Mara starring, but scheduling has been difficult.[35] On 4 November 2015, it was announced that an adaptation of The Girl in the Spider's Web was being considered and that Craig and Mara would not be reprising their roles.[36]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). Blomkvist's daughter Pernilla (Josefin Asplund) visits him and notes that the numbers from the notebook are Bible references. Blomkvist tells Vanger's lawyer, Dirch Frode (Steven Berkoff), that he needs help with his research, and Frode recommends Salander based on the work she did researching Blomkvist himself. Blomkvist hires Salander to investigate the notebook's content. She uncovers a connection to a series of murders of young women from 1947 through 1967, with the women either being Jewish or having Biblical names; many of the Vangers are known antisemites. During the investigation, Salander and Blomkvist become lovers. Henrik's openly national socialist brother Harald identifies Martin (Stellan Skarsgård), Harriet's brother and operational head of the Vanger empire, and Blomkvist marks Martin as a possible suspect. Salander's research uncovers evidence that Martin and his deceased father, Gottfried, committed the murders.", "The Girl in the Spider's Web. In March 2017, it was confirmed that the film would have an entirely new cast and was scheduled to be released on October 5, 2018.[17][18][19][20] In May 2017, Variety reported that Claire Foy is the top pick for the main role.[15][21] Scott Rudin, Søren Stærmose, Ole Søndberg, Amy Pascal, Elizabeth Cantillon, Eli Bush, and Berna Levin produced the film, which is executive produced by Anni Faurbye Fernandez, Line Winther Skyum Funch, Johannes Jensen, and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo director David Fincher.[15]" ]

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[ "The Rifleman. The Rifleman is an American Western television program starring Chuck Connors as rancher Lucas McCain and Johnny Crawford as his son Mark McCain. It was set in the 1870s and 1880s in the fictional town of North Fork, New Mexico Territory. The show was filmed in black-and-white, half-hour episodes. The Rifleman aired on ABC from September 30, 1958, to April 8, 1963, as a production of Four Star Television. It was one of the first prime time series on American television to show a widowed parent raising a child.", "Johnny Crawford. Crawford was nominated for an Emmy Award, at age 13, for his role as Mark McCain, the son of Lucas McCain, played by Chuck Connors, in the Four Star Television series The Rifleman, which originally aired from 1958 to 1963. Throughout The Rifleman's five seasons, a remarkable on-screen chemistry existed between Connors and Crawford in the depiction of their father-son relationship. They were still close friends when Connors died on November 10, 1992, and Crawford gave a eulogy at Connors' memorial service.", "Robert L. Crawford Jr.. In 1959, Crawford's appearance on the CBS anthology series Playhouse 90 was nominated for Best Single Performance on the 11th Primetime Emmy Awards. That year's Emmy Awards also nominated Crawford's younger brother, Johnny Crawford, for his recurring portrayal of Mark McCain, son of Lucas McCain, on The Rifleman.[8]", "List of The Rifleman episodes. The Rifleman is an American Western television program that starred Chuck Connors as homesteader Lucas McCain and Johnny Crawford as his son, Mark McCain. The series was set in the 1880s in the town of North Fork, New Mexico Territory and was filmed in black-and-white with a half hour running time. The Rifleman aired on ABC from September 30, 1958 to April 8, 1963 as a production of Four Star Television.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. Andy Moon (George D. Wallace) and his young son (Eugene Mazzola) take shelter at the McCain ranch.", "Johnny Crawford. John Ernest Crawford (born March 26, 1946) is an American character actor, singer, and musician. At age 12, Crawford rose to fame for playing Mark McCain, the son of Lucas McCain (played by Chuck Connors), in the popular ABC Western series, The Rifleman, which originally aired from 1958 to 1963. Crawford first performed before a national audience as a Mouseketeer.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. An unarmed outlaw (Richard Devon) robs the stage of a lot of money after the outlaw informs Lucas that his son, Mark, is being held hostage at the McCain ranch and will be killed within the hour unless Lucas cooperates.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. Lucas respects a dying man's (James Barton) wishes by telling the son (James Franciscus) that his father is a partner in the McCain ranch in order to get him to North Fork, but Lucas finds trouble when the man dies before telling his son the truth.", "The Rifleman. The series was set during the 1880s; a wooden plaque next to the McCain home states that the home was rebuilt by Lucas McCain and his son Mark in August 1881.[citation needed]", "List of The Rifleman episodes. A singer (Phyllis Avery) asks Lucas to care for her daughter in an effort to hide the child from its bigoted father (John Dehner).", "The Rifleman. The series centers on Lucas McCain, a Union Civil War veteran and widower. McCain had been a lieutenant in the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment, and he had received a battlefield commission at the Battle of Five Forks just before the end of the war.[2] Having previously been a homesteader, McCain buys a ranch outside the fictitious town of North Fork, New Mexico Territory, in the pilot episode. He and his son Mark had come from Enid, Oklahoma, following the death of his wife when his son was six years old.[citation needed]", "List of The Rifleman episodes. Lucas takes in an orphaned boy (Lee Kinsolving) and teaches him how to use a gun, not knowing that the boy plans on killing the banker (Harlan Warde) he believes is responsible for his father's death.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. A man (Royal Dano) hires two private detectives to find his long-lost son. They presume him to be dead and try to take Mark to pass him off as the son in order to collect the money.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. Lucas (Chuck Connors) and Mark McCain (Johnny Crawford) finally find the ranch they have been looking for, but the ranch comes with a price, and Lucas may have to decide between the ranch and his son's life.\nGuest stars: Dennis Hopper, Leif Erickson, Sidney Blackmer, R. G. Armstrong, Charles Arnt, Mickey Simpson, Kathleen Mulqueen, Virginia Aldridge, Mathew McCue (uncredited), Howard Wright (uncredited), Archie Butler (uncredited), Bobby Somers (uncredited), and Jesse Wayne (uncredited).", "List of The Rifleman episodes. The daughter (Jennifer Lea) of a prosperous rancher (Douglas Kennedy) is found murdered.", "Maverick (TV series). The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw (1991) featured Jack Kelly as Bart Maverick for the last time. The film united Kelly with various other Western characters and actors, including Bat Masterson (Gene Barry), Wyatt Earp (Hugh O'Brian), the Rifleman (Chuck Connors) and his son Mark (Johnny Crawford), Caine from Kung Fu (David Carradine), The Westerner (Brian Keith), a thinly disguised Virginian (James Drury) and Trampas (Doug McClure, who had appeared briefly as a hotel clerk in a first season Maverick episode), and Cheyenne Bodie (Clint Walker). As each hero appears onscreen, a few bars of the theme song from his original series plays in the background.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. Eddie's daughter (Gloria DeHaven), who is withholding criminal information and stolen money, comes to meet her father (John Harmon) and causes trouble for Lucas.", "The Rifleman. The February 17, 1959 episode of The Rifleman was a spin-off for an NBC series, Law of the Plainsman, starring Michael Ansara as Marshal Sam Buckhart. In the episode \"The Indian\", Buckhart comes to North Fork to look for Indians suspected of murdering a Texas Ranger and his family.[5]", "List of The Rifleman episodes. Three gunfighters (John Anderson, Steven Marlo, Dennis Cross) use a cowardly barber (Whit Bissell) and his son to talk Lucas into a gunfight so they can kill Lucas and take over the town.", "The Rifleman. The series was created by Arnold Laven and developed by Sam Peckinpah, who would become a director of Westerns. Peckinpah, who wrote and directed many early episodes, based many characters and plots on his own childhood on a ranch. His insistence on violent realism and complex characterizations, as well as his refusal to sugarcoat the lessons he felt the Rifleman's son needed to learn about life, put him at odds with the show's producers at Four Star. Peckinpah left the show and created a short-lived series, The Westerner, with Brian Keith.[citation needed]", "List of The Rifleman episodes. Teenaged Heller (Gigi Perreau) and her brother (Don Grady) are badly mistreated by their drunken stepfather (Peter Whitney).", "List of The Rifleman episodes. The body of a notorious outlaw, the Domino Kid, is brought in by Colly Vane (Robert Culp), who doesn't get the reward for he shot the man in the back.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. After a boy (Paul Carr) admits to his father that he and the school teacher (Patricia Barry) are in love, the rancher chases the advocator for women's rights out of town. Lucas wants to learn the truth.", "William Schallert. Schallert appeared in supporting roles on numerous television programs starting in the early 1950s, including four episodes (and three different characters) in Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre between 1958 and 1961. He was in three episodes of The Rifleman and four episodes of Gunsmoke : season 3, episode 16 \"Twelfth Night\" in 1957, season 4, episode 16 \"Gypsum Hills Feud\" in 1958, and as Col. Grant in season 7, episode 27 \"Wagon Girls\" in 1962, and banker Ezra Thorpe in \"The Money Store\" season 14 ,episode 14. Schallert portrayed farmer Sam Becker in a 1961 episode of The Andy Griffith Show, whose newborn son is delivered by Andy. He appeared in The Partridge Family as a very humble folk-singing guitar player in \"Stage Fright\", in 1971. He appeared three times as Major Karl Richmond on NBC's Steve Canyon, starring Dean Fredericks in the title role.[citation needed]", "List of The Rifleman episodes. Lucas takes in an orphaned teen (Dennis Hopper) being raised by his abusive uncle after trouble is caused at the school.", "Roger Ewing. Ewing's Gunsmoke character was superseded by that of Newly O'Brien, portrayed by Buck Taylor,[3] son of character actor Dub Taylor. After his acting career ended, Ewing returned to his previous work as a photographer.[4]", "List of The Rifleman episodes. Shortly after his arrival to marry Isabelle (Alice Backes), John Jupiter (Peter Whitney) is taunted and beaten.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. After two of Oat Jackford's cowhands burn the McCain house, drag Lucas, and steal his rifle, Lucas goes to hunt Jackford (Harold J. Stone) and his men to inform them that he and his boy are there to stay.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. Lucas' faith in his son's honesty is shaken when he hears rumors that Mark may be mixed up with some thieves.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. A bitter judge (George Macready) kidnaps Mark and plans to kill him to avenge his own son's hanging while Lucas watches.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. Johnny Gibbs (Jerome Courtland), Lucas McCain's fugitive brother-in-law, visits the McCain ranch.", "List of The Rifleman episodes. While ill with typhoid fever, Mark has a vision of his mother (Marian Seldes)." ]

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[ "Black Death. The Black Death is thought to have originated in the dry plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343.[5] From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships, spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe.", "Black Death. Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread north.[19] Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death.", "Black Death in England. The \"Black Death\" seems to have originated in Central Asia, where Yersina Pestis bacterium is endemic in the rodent population. It is unknown exactly what caused the outbreak, but a series of natural occurrences likely brought humans into contact with the infected rodents.[20] The epidemic reached Constantinople in the late spring of 1347, through Genoese merchants trading in the Black Sea.[21] From here it reached Sicily in October that same year, and by early 1348 it had spread all over the Italian mainland.[22] It spread rapidly through France, and had reached as far north as Paris in June 1348. Moving simultaneously westward, it arrived in the English province of Gascony around the same time.[23]", "Black Death migration. From Italy the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, the Crown of Aragon, the Crown of Castile, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then proceeded to spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen). Finally it spread to north-western Russia in 1351; however, the plague largely spared some parts of Europe, including the Kingdom of Poland, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, Milan and the modern-day France-Spain border.", "Black Death. There appear to have been several introductions into Europe. The plague reached Sicily in October 1347, carried by twelve Genoese galleys,[20] and rapidly spread all over the island. Galleys from Kaffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348, but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy. Towards the end of January, one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseille.[21]", "Black Death. From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland.[22] Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours, including the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent.[23][24]", "Black Death in England. Originating in China, it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony. The plague seems to have been spread by flea-infected rats, as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent. Rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y. pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat flea was the primary vector.", "Bubonic plague. In the Late Middle Ages (1340–1400) Europe experienced the most deadly disease outbreak in history when the Black Death, the infamous pandemic of bubonic plague, hit in 1347, killing a third of the human population.[where?] Some historians believe that society subsequently became more violent as the mass mortality rate cheapened life and thus increased warfare, crime, popular revolt, waves of flagellants, and persecution.[20] The Black Death originated in or near China and spread from Italy and then throughout other European countries. Arab historians Ibn Al-Wardni and Almaqrizi believed the Black Death originated in Mongolia. Chinese records also showed a huge outbreak in Mongolia in the early 1330s.[21] Research published in 2002 suggests that it began in early 1346 in the steppe region, where a plague reservoir stretches from the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea into southern Russia. The Mongols had cut off the trade route, the Silk Road, between China and Europe which halted the spread of the Black Death from eastern Russia to Western Europe. The epidemic began with an attack that Mongols launched on the Italian merchants' last trading station in the region, Caffa in the Crimea.[15] In late 1346, plague broke out among the besiegers and from them penetrated into the town. When spring arrived, the Italian merchants fled on their ships, unknowingly carrying the Black Death. Carried by the fleas on rats, the plague initially spread to humans near the Black Sea and then outwards to the rest of Europe as a result of people fleeing from one area to another.", "Black Death. The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries.[67] According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.[68] The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–1363; 1374; 1400; 1438–1439; 1456–1457; 1464–1466; 1481–1485; 1500–1503; 1518–1531; 1544–1548; 1563–1566; 1573–1588; 1596–1599; 1602–1611; 1623–1640; 1644–1654; and 1664–1667. Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century).[69] According to Geoffrey Parker, \"France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31.\"[70]", "Silk Road. Some studies indicate that the Black Death, which devastated Europe starting in the late 1340s, may have reached Europe from Central Asia (or China) along the trade routes of the Mongol Empire.[101] One theory holds that Genoese traders coming from the entrepot of Trebizond in northern Turkey carried the disease to Western Europe; like many other outbreaks of plague, there is strong evidence that it originated in marmots in Central Asia and was carried westwards to the Black Sea by Silk Road traders.[102]", "Medieval medicine of Western Europe. Medical catastrophes were more common in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance than they are today. During the Renaissance, trade routes were the perfect means of transportation for disease. Eight hundred years after the Plague of Justinian, the bubonic plague returned to Europe. Starting in Asia, the Black Death reached Mediterranean and western Europe in 1348 (possibly from Italian merchants fleeing fighting in Crimea), and killed 25 million Europeans in six years, approximately 1/3 of the total population and up to a 2/3 in the worst-affected urban areas. Before Mongols left besieged Crimean Kaffa the dead or dying bodies of the infected soldiers were loaded onto catapults and launched over Kaffa's walls to infect those inside. This incident was among the earliest known examples of biological warfare and is credited as being the source of the spread of the Black Death into Europe.", "Black Death migration. The disease is caused by Yersinia pestis, which is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of ground rodents in Central Asia.[1] Morelli et al. (2010) reported the origin of the plague bacillus to be in China.[1] An older theory places the first cases in the steppes of Central Asia, and others, such as the historian Michael W. Dols, argue that the historical evidence concerning epidemics in the Mediterranean and specifically the Plague of Justinian point to a probability that the Black Death originated in Central Asia,[2] where it then became entrenched among the rodent population.[3]", "Black Death migration. It is probable that the Mongols and merchant caravans inadvertently brought the plague from central Asia to the Middle East and Europe. The plague was reported in the trading cities of Constantinople and Trebizond in 1344.", "Second plague pandemic. Arab historians Ibn Al-Wardni and Almaqrizi believed the Black Death originated in Mongolia, and Chinese records show a huge outbreak in Mongolia in the early 1330s.[9] Europe was initially protected by a hiatus in the Silk Road, but a 1347 Mongolian siege at Caffa—the last Italian outpost on the Crimean Peninsula—spread it to the defenders, who carried it back with them that winter. It arrived at Genoa and Venice in January 1348, while simultaneously spreading through Asia Minor and into Egypt. The bubonic form was described graphically in Florence in The Decameron and Guy de Chauliac also described the pneumonic form at Avignon. It rapidly spread to France and Spain, by 1349 was in England, in 1350 was afflicting eastern Europe and it reached the centre of Russia by 1351. In most parts it blew itself out within about three years, though only temporarily.", "Black Death migration. Nevertheless, from Central Asia it was carried east and west along the Silk Road, by Mongol armies and traders making use of the opportunities of free passage within the Mongol Empire offered by the Pax Mongolica. It was reportedly first introduced to Europe at the trading city of Caffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls to infect the inhabitants.[4] The Genoese traders fled, bringing the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread.[5]", "Black Death. The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France, implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague, different from those in Britain and France, may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway, the Hanseatic cities or another site.[41]", "Feodosia. It is believed that the devastating pandemic the Black Death entered Europe for the first time via Kaffa in 1347, through the movements of the Golden Horde. After a protracted siege during which the Mongol army under Janibeg was reportedly withering from the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls, infecting the inhabitants, in one of the first cases of biological warfare. Fleeing inhabitants may have carried the disease back to Italy, causing its spread across Europe. However, the plague appears to have spread in a stepwise fashion, taking over a year to reach Europe from Crimea. Also, there were a number of Crimean ports under Mongol control, so it is unlikely that Kaffa was the only source of plague-infested ships heading to Europe. Additionally, there were overland caravan routes from the East that would have been carrying the disease into Europe as well.[8]", "Black Death migration. The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 18th centuries, and still occurs in isolated cases today.", "Black Death. In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris.[76] During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time.[77] The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 and 1490.[78] Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665,[79] reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years.[80] Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–1625, and again in 1635–1636, 1655, and 1664.[81] Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528.[82] The plague of 1576–1577 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population.[83] Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–1350.[84] The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.[85]", "Black Death migration. During the Great Plague of 1738, the epidemic struck again, this time in Eastern Europe, spreading from Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea, then onwards by ship to infect some in Tunisia. The destruction in several cities in what is now Romania (such as Timişoara) was formidable, claiming tens of thousands of lives.", "Black Death. The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis.[35] The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host. This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas, which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance. When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic.[35]", "Black Death migration. The plague of 1575–77 claimed some 50,000 victims in Venice. In 1634, an outbreak of plague killed 15,000 Munich residents.[17] Late outbreaks in central Europe include the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. About 200,000 people in Moscow died of the disease from 1654 to 1656.[18] Oslo was last ravaged in 1654.[19] In 1656 the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants.[20] Amsterdam was ravaged in 1663–1664, with a mortality given as 50,000.[21]", "History of Western civilization. In the Later Middle Ages the Black Plague struck Europe, arriving in 1348. Europe was overwhelmed by the outbreak of bubonic plague, probably brought to Europe by the Mongols. The fleas hosted by rats carried the disease and it devastated Europe. Major cities like Paris, Hamburg, Venice and Florence lost half their population. Around 20 million people – up to a third of Europe's population – died from the plague before it receded. The plague periodically returned over coming centuries.[13]", "Black Death. The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda.[10] Due to climate change in Asia, rodents began to flee the dried out grasslands to more populated areas, spreading the disease.[11] Nestorian graves dating to 1338–1339 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India.[12] In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China.[13] In China, the 13th-century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading. However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 1330s, a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after.[14] Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.[15][16]", "Bubonic plague. The plague is believed to be the cause of the Black Death that swept through Asia, Europe, and Africa in the 14th century and killed an estimated 50 million people.[1] This was about 25% to 60% of the European population.[1][7] Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose due to the demand for labor.[7] Some historians see this as a turning point in European economic development.[7] The term bubonic plague is derived from the Greek word βουβών, meaning \"groin\".[8] The term \"buboes\" is also used to refer to the swollen lymph nodes.[9]", "Black Death migration. This was the economic and social situation in which the predictor of the coming disaster, a typhoid (Infected Water) epidemic, emerged. Many thousands died in populated urban centres, most significantly Ypres. In 1318 a pestilence of unknown origin, sometimes identified as anthrax, targeted the animals of Europe, notably sheep and cattle, further reducing the food supply and income of the peasantry.", "Black Death migration. The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1346 to 1353. Its migration followed the sea and land trading routes of the medieval world. This migration has been studied for centuries as an example of how the spread of contagious diseases is impacted by human society and economics.", "Globalization and disease. The first recorded outbreak of plague occurred in China in the 1330s, a time when China was engaged in substantial trade with western Asia and Europe. The plague reached Europe in October 1347. It was thought to have been brought into Europe through the port of Messina, Sicily, by a fleet of Genoese trading ships from Kaffa, a seaport on the Crimean peninsula.[10] When the ship left port in Kaffa, many of the inhabitants of the town were dying, and the crew was in a hurry to leave. By the time the fleet reached Messina, all the crew were either dead or dying; the rats that took passage with the ship slipped unnoticed to shore and carried the disease with them and their fleas.[10]", "Globalization and disease. Bubonic plague is a variant of the deadly flea-borne disease plague, which is caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis, that devastated human populations beginning in the 14th century. Bubonic plague is primarily spread by fleas that lived on the black rat, an animal that originated in south Asia and spread to Europe by the 6th century. It became common to cities and villages, traveling by ship with explorers. A human would become infected after being bitten by an infected flea. The first sign of an infection of bubonic plague is swelling of the lymph nodes, and the formation of buboes. These buboes would first appear in the groin or armpit area, and would often ooze pus or blood. Eventually infected individuals would become covered with dark splotches caused by bleeding under the skin. The symptoms would be accompanied by a high fever, and within four to seven days of infection, more than half the victims would die.[10] During the 14th and 15th century, humans did not know that a bacterium was the cause of plague, and efforts to slow the spread of disease were futile.", "Black Death. The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.[1][2][3] The bacterium Yersinia pestis, which results in several forms of plague, is believed to have been the cause.[4] The plague created a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history.", "Asia. The Black Death, one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road.[35]", "Black Death. Modern researchers do not think that the plague ever became endemic in Europe or its rat population. The disease repeatedly wiped out the rodent carriers so that the fleas died out until a new outbreak from Central Asia repeated the process. The outbreaks have been shown to occur roughly 15 years after a warmer and wetter period in areas where plague is endemic in other species such as gerbils.[25][26]" ]

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[ "Thousand Islands. The Thousand Islands constitute an archipelago of 1,864 islands[1] that straddles the Canada–US border in the Saint Lawrence River as it emerges from the northeast corner of Lake Ontario. They stretch for about 50 miles (80 km) downstream from Kingston, Ontario. The Canadian islands are in the province of Ontario and the U.S. islands in the state of New York.", "Thousand Islands. The Thousand Islands archipelago is located at the outlet of Lake Ontario at the head of the Saint Lawrence River. The region is bisected by the Canada–United States border and covers portions of Jefferson and St. Lawrence counties in the U.S. state of New York, in addition to parts of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville and Frontenac County in the Canadian province of Ontario.", "Thousand Islands. Geologically, the islands are located where a branch of the Canadian Shield runs south across the river to join with the Adirondacks. The Thousand Islands-Frontenac Arch region was designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2002.[4]", "Thousand Islands. To be considered an island, a piece of land must stay above water throughout the year and support a living tree. Many of the islands are publicly owned. A group of 21 islands[19] form the Thousand Islands National Park, the oldest of Canada's national parks east of the Rocky Mountains. The park hosts campgrounds, inland walking trails, annual family events, as well as a national heritage building.[20]", "Thousand Islands. Several of the Thousand Islands viewed from New York toward Ontario", "Thousand Islands. The region was a part of the War of 1812 between the British Empire and the United States. Many sites from the war can be found, such as Fort Wellington in Prescott, Ontario and the garrison on Chimney Island, Mallorytown, Ontario. Museums about the war can be found on both the Canadian and American side of the river.", "Thousand Islands. Prior to European colonization, the Thousand Islands region was home to, or visited by, members of the Iroquois Confederacy and Ojibwa people. Their name for the islands was Manitouana or the \"Garden of the Great Spirit\".[17]", "Thousand Islands. The Thousand Islands Bridge connects New York State and Ontario by traversing Wellesley Island at the northernmost point of Interstate 81 in Jefferson County and meets Highway 137, which leads to Highway 401. The waterfront is served by New York State Routes 12 and 37 and by the Thousand Islands Parkway in Ontario. Ontario also has the Waterfront Trail alongside the Parkway for cyclists who wish to see the area in an alternative way.", "Thousand Islands. Thousand Islands near Ivy Lea, Ontario", "Thousand Islands. Passenger air service to the Thousand Islands region is available in both Ontario and New York. Watertown International Airport (ART) in Watertown, New York has daily service on American Airlines connecting through Philadelphia (PHL). Norman Rogers Airport (YGK) in Kingston, Ontario offers daily service on Air Canada connecting through Toronto Pearson. Both airports also offer private aviation services.", "Battle of the Thousand Islands. The engagement took place at Fort Lévis (about one mile (1.6 km) downstream from the modern Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge), Pointe au Baril (present-day Maitland, Ontario), and the surrounding waters and islands. The small French garrison at Fort Lévis held the much larger British army at bay for over a week, managing to sink two British warships and to cripple a third. Their resistance delayed the British advance to Montreal from the west.", "Battle of the Thousand Islands. The Battle of the Thousand Islands (also known as the Siege of Montreal) was an engagement fought on 16–24 August 1760, in the upper St. Lawrence River, among the Thousand Islands, along the present day Canada–United States border, by British and French forces during the closing phases of the Seven Years' War, as it is called in Canada and Europe, or the French and Indian War as it is referred to in the United States.", "Thousand Islands. A house on one of the islands in the region", "Thousand Islands. Brockville-Thousand Islands Regional Tackaberry Airport (IATA: XBR, TC LID: CNL3), also known as Brockville Municipal Airport, is a registered aerodrome located in Elizabethtown-Kitley Township, 4.8 nautical miles (8.9 km; 5.5 mi) northwest of the city of Brockville, Ontario, Canada.", "Thousand Islands. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many distinguished visitors made the region widely known as a summer resort. During the half century (1874–1912) of the resort's greatest prominence, most wealthy vacationers came from New York City, joined by prominent families from Chicago, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and other cities of the United States and Canada. Several grand hotels provided luxurious accommodations while steamboats offered extensive tours among the islands. Wealthy and middle-class summer residents built summer homes, and the region retains a historically important collection of vacation homes from this time.", "Thousand Islands. O boating on the rivers,\nThe voyage down the St. Lawrence, the superb scenery, the steamers,\nThe ships sailing, the Thousand Islands, the occasional timber-raft\nand the raftsmen with long-reaching sweep-oars,\nThe little huts on the rafts, and the stream of smoke when they cook\nsupper at evening.", "Battle of the Thousand Islands. After the fall of Quebec in the 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham, British Commander-in-Chief General Jeffrey Amherst prepared to launch a three-pronged attack to take Montreal. Columns were to advance along the Saint Lawrence River from Quebec to the northeast, up the Richelieu River from Lake Champlain to the south, and from Oswego on Lake Ontario to the west. The latter force, which Amherst led personally, numbered some 10,000 men and 100 siege guns.", "Thousand Islands. The Thousand Islands have long been a center for recreational boating. Large steam yachts, many designed by Nathanael Herreshoff, required distinctive yacht houses. The region was known also for innovative power boating during this period. Three local yacht clubs hosted the Gold Cup Races of the American Power Boat Association for nine consecutive years.[when?]", "Thousand Islands. Sociologists attempting to determine the true origin of Thousand Island dressing found that several conflicting origin stories exist, and that they vary between the various islands and villages of the Thousand Islands region. None appear to have any strong written evidence to support their specific claims.[28]", "Thousand Islands. The islands range in size from over 40 square miles (100 km2) to smaller islands occupied by a single residence, or uninhabited outcroppings of rocks. To count as one of the Thousand Islands, emergent land within the river channel must have at least one square foot (0.093 m2) of land above water level year-round, and support at least two living trees.[2][3]", "Battle of the Thousand Islands. After the battle, Amherst's force remained at Fort Lévis for another four days before continuing toward Montreal. The British advance cost Amherst at least 84 more men drowned in the rapids of the St. Lawrence (although Pouchot puts this number at 336). He went on to meet the forces from Quebec and Lake Champlain and completely surrounded Montreal. The three-pronged British forces totaling 17,000 men began to converge on the town, burning villages along the way and prompting mass desertions from the Canadian militia.[2] On 8 September, Montreal was surrendered by New France's governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil to avoid further bloodshed.[3]", "San Juan Islands. The San Juan Islands are an archipelago in the northwest corner of the contiguous United States between the U.S. mainland and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The San Juan Islands are part of the U.S. state of Washington.", "Battle of the Thousand Islands. On 7 August, French lookouts sighted Onondaga and Mohawk from their outpost at Ile aux Chevreuils, upstream from Fort Lévis. The French withdrew in a row galley, pursued by Onondaga and Mohawk. The two British vessels got lost in the maze of islands, and did not find their way back to the main channel for several days.", "Thousand Islands. Thirty New York state parks are managed as part of the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation's Thousand Islands Region,[21] including many that are located on river islands or along the New York shore. Many of these river parks were established in the late 19th and early 20th century as part of the St. Lawrence Reservation,[22] and were among New York's earliest land acquisitions for the purpose of preservation and recreational development.[23] Among the larger parks are Wellesley Island State Park, which includes the largest camping complex in the region,[24] and Robert Moses State Park.", "Saint Lawrence Lowlands. The lowlands are split into these sub-regions by intrusions from adjacent physiographic regions. Peninsular Ontario lowlands are separated from the lowlands of the lower St Lawrence at the Thousand Islands by the geologic feature called the Frontenac Axis, where ancient granites of the Canadian Shield cross over and become the Adirondacks. The next notable pinching occurs at Quebec City, where again the Shield meets the shore. Anticosti and Newfoundland, both being islands, are separated by stretches of open salt water.", "Magdalen Islands. The Magdalen Islands (French: les Îles de la Madeleine [lez‿il də la madˈlɛn]) are a small archipelago in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence with a land area of 205.53 square kilometres (79.36 sq mi). Though closer to Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, the islands are part of the Canadian province of Quebec.", "Battle of the Thousand Islands. By August 1760, the French were building Fort Lévis at Île Royale (present-day Chimney Island New York) in the St. Lawrence River. Captain Pierre Pouchot was assigned its defense. Pouchot had been taken prisoner after the siege of Fort Niagara, but he was later released in a prisoner exchange. Chevalier de Lévis' original design for the fort called for stone walls, 200 guns and some 2,500 troops. What Pouchot had was a small fort with wooden stockades, five cannon and 200 soldiers. Also under Pouchot's command were the corvettes l'Outaouaise and l'Iroquoise, crewed by 200 sailors and voyageurs. l'Iroquoise, under command of Commodore René Hypolite Pépin dit La Force, was armed with ten 12-pound cannon and swivel guns . l'Outaouaise, commanded by Captain Pierre Boucher de LaBroquerie carried ten 12-pounders, one 18-pound gun and swivel guns.", "List of Canadian islands by area. This is a list of Canadian islands, as ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2,500 km²; (965 square miles).", "Saint Lawrence River. The Saint Lawrence River includes Lake Saint-Louis south of Montreal, Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry-de-Valleyfield and Lac Saint-Pierre east of Montreal. It encompasses four archipelagoes: the Thousand Islands chain near Alexandria Bay, New York and Kingston, Ontario; the Hochelaga Archipelago, including the Island of Montreal and Île Jésus (Laval); the Lake St. Pierre Archipelago (classified biosphere world reserve by the UNESCO in 2000)[6] and the smaller Mingan Archipelago. Other islands include Île d'Orléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé. It is the second longest river in Canada.", "Thousand Islands. According to The Oxford Companion of Food and Drink, the name for Thousand Island dressing \"presumably comes from the Thousand Islands between the United States and Canada in the St. Lawrence River.\"[27] However, several different versions of the dressing's origin exist.[28] One common story describes how a fishing guide's wife, Sophia LaLonde, made the condiment as part of her husband George's shore dinner.[28] Often in this version, actress May Irwin requested the recipe after enjoying it.[29] Irwin in turn gave it to another Thousand Islands summer resident, George Boldt, who built Boldt Castle between 1900 and 1904. Boldt, as proprietor of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, instructed the hotel's maître d'hôtel, Oscar Tschirky, to put the dressing on the menu in 1894.[30][28]", "Sable Island. In the 1937 film Captains Courageous, the fishing boat passes Sable Island on the way to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Spencer Tracy's character Manuel later says his father died off Cape Sable. Sable Island is briefly featured in the 2000 feature film The Perfect Storm, which depicts the sinking of the fishing vessel Andrea Gail near Sable, although the island is erroneously portrayed with trees and a giant stone lighthouse. Sable Island is the setting for the 2002 film Touching Wild Horses starring Jane Seymour; however, little attempt was made to mimic the natural landscape of Sable, with trees and rocks abounding in the background of most every scene, Sandbanks Provincial Park in Ontario standing in for the island in the film.[50]", "Middle Island (Lake Erie). The 15-metre (49 ft) pyramidal square tower burned sometime afterward, but its stone foundation is visible. Located in Canadian waters, and hence indisputably under Canadian sovereignty, the island was privately owned for years by various U.S. owners. Subsequently, Middle Island was purchased in 1999 by the Nature Conservancy of Canada, and then donated to the Canadian national park system on September 6, 2000." ]

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[ "Overclocking. Graphics cards can be overclocked.[17] There are utilities to achieve this, such as EVGA's Precision, RivaTuner, AMD Overdrive (on AMD cards only), MSI Afterburner, Zotac Firestorm on Zotac cards, and the PEG Link Mode on Asus motherboards. Overclocking a GPU will often yield a marked increase in performance in synthetic benchmarks, usually reflected in game performance.[18] It is sometimes possible to see that a graphics card is being pushed beyond its limits before any permanent damage is done by observing on-screen artifacts. Two such discriminated \"warning bells\" are widely understood: green-flashing, random triangles appearing on the screen usually correspond to overheating problems on the GPU itself, while white, flashing dots appearing randomly (usually in groups) on the screen often mean that the card's RAM is overheating.[citation needed] It is common to run into one of those problems when overclocking graphics cards; both symptoms at the same time usually means that the card is severely pushed beyond its heat, clock rate, or voltage limits (If seen when not overclocked they indicate a faulty card.) If the clock speed is excessive but without overheating the artifacts are different. There is no general rule, but usually if the core is pushed too hard, black circles, or blobs appear on the screen and overclocking the video memory beyond its limits usually results in the application or the entire operating system crashing. After a reboot video settings are reset to standard values stored in the graphics card firmware, and the maximum clock rate of that specific card is now known.", "Overclocking. Flashing and unlocking can be used to improve performance of a video card, without technically overclocking.", "Overclocking. Overclocking is sometimes offered as a legitimate service or feature for consumers, in which a manufacturer or retailer tests the overclocking capability of processors, memory, video cards, and other hardware products. Several video card manufactures now offer factory-overclocked versions of their graphics accelerators, complete with a warranty, usually at a price intermediate between that of the standard product and a non-overclocked product of higher performance.", "Overclocking. Flashing refers to using the firmware of a different card with the same core and compatible firmware, effectively making it a higher model card; it can be difficult, and may be irreversible. Sometimes standalone software to modify the firmware files can be found, e.g. NiBiTor (GeForce 6/7 series are well regarded in this aspect), without using firmware for a better model video card. For example, video cards with 3D accelerators (most, as of 2011[update]) have two voltage and clock rate settings, one for 2D and one for 3D, but were designed to operate with three voltage stages, the third being somewhere between the aforementioned two, serving as a fallback when the card overheats or as a middle-stage when going from 2D to 3D operation mode. Therefore, it could be wise to set this middle-stage prior to \"serious\" overclocking, specifically because of this fallback ability; the card can drop down to this clock rate, reducing by a few (or sometimes a few dozen, depending on the setting) percent of its efficiency and cool down, without dropping out of 3D mode (and afterwards return to the desired high performance clock and voltage settings).", "Overclocking. Overclocking is configuration of computer hardware components to operate faster than certified by the original manufacturer, with \"faster\" specified as clock frequency in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). Commonly operating voltage is also increased to maintain a component's operational stability at accelerated speeds. Semiconductor devices operated at higher frequencies and voltages increase power consumption and heat.[1] An overclocked device may be unreliable or fail completely if the additional heat load is not removed or power delivery components cannot meet increased power demands. Many device warranties state that overclocking and/or over-specification voids any warranty.", "Overclocking. Some overclockers apply a potentiometer to the graphics card to manually adjust the voltage (which invalidates the warranty). This results in much greater flexibility, as overclocking software for graphics cards is rarely able to adjust the voltage. Excessive voltage increases may destroy the graphics card.", "Overclocking. The purpose of overclocking is to gain additional performance from a given component by increasing its operating speed. Normally, on modern systems, the target of overclocking is increasing the performance of a major chip or subsystem, such as the main processor or graphics controller, but other components, such as system memory (RAM) or system buses (generally on the motherboard), are commonly involved. The trade-offs are an increase in power consumption (heat) and fan noise (cooling) for the targeted components. Most components are designed with a margin of safety to deal with operating conditions outside of a manufacturer's control; examples are ambient temperature and fluctuations in operating voltage. Overclocking techniques in general aim to trade this safety margin by setting the device to run in the higher end of the margin, with the understanding that temperature and voltage must be more strictly monitored and controlled by the user. Examples are that operating temperature would need to be more strictly controlled with increased cooling, as the part will be less tolerant of increased temperatures at the higher speeds. Also base operating voltage may be increased to compensate for unexpected voltage drops and to strengthen signalling and timing signals, as low-voltage excursions are more likely to cause malfunctions at higher operating speeds.", "Overclocking. Overclocking offers several draws for overclocking enthusiasts. Overclocking allows testing of components at speeds not currently offered by the manufacturer, or at speeds only officially offered on specialized, higher-priced versions of the product. A general trend in the computing industry is that new technologies tend to debut in the high-end market first, then later trickle down to the performance and mainstream market. If the high-end part only differs by an increased clock speed, an enthusiast can attempt to overclock a mainstream part to simulate the high-end offering. This can give insight on how over-the-horizon technologies will perform before they are officially available on the mainstream market, which can be especially helpful for other users considering if they should plan ahead to purchase or upgrade to the new feature when it is officially released.", "Video card. The video BIOS or firmware contains a minimal program for initial set up and control of the video card. It may contain information on the memory timing, operating speeds and voltages of the graphics processor, RAM, and other details which can sometimes be changed. The usual reason for doing this is to overclock the video card to allow faster video processing speeds, however, this has the potential to irreversibly damage the card with the possibility of cascaded damage to the motherboard.", "Overclocking. Unlocking refers to enabling extra pipelines or pixel shaders. The 6800LE, the 6800GS and 6800 (AGP models only), Radeon X800 Pro VIVO were some of the first cards to benefit from unlocking. While these models have either 8 or 12 pipes enabled, they share the same 16x6 GPU core as a 6800GT or Ultra, but pipelines and shaders beyond those specified are disabled; the GPU may be fully functional, or may have been found to have faults which do not affect operation at the lower specification. GPUs found to be fully functional can be unlocked successfully, although it is not possible to be sure that there are undiscovered faults; in the worst case the card may become permanently unusable.", "BIOS. Some BIOS implementations allow overclocking, an action in which the CPU is adjusted to a higher clock rate than its manufacturer rating for guaranteed capability. Overclocking may, however, seriously compromise system reliability in insufficiently cooled computers and generally shorten component lifespan. Overclocking, when incorrectly performed, may also cause components to overheat so quickly that they mechanically destroy themselves.[20]", "Overclocking. Some cards have abilities not directly connected with overclocking. For example, Nvidia's GeForce 6600GT (AGP flavor) has a temperature monitor used internally by the card, invisible to the user if standard firmware is used. Modifying the firmware can display a 'Temperature' tab.", "Overclocking. Using only the benchmark scores, it may be difficult to judge the difference overclocking makes to the overall performance of a computer. For example, some benchmarks test only one aspect of the system, such as memory bandwidth, without taking into consideration how higher clock rates in this aspect will improve the system performance as a whole. Apart from demanding applications such as video encoding, high-demand databases and scientific computing, memory bandwidth is typically not a bottleneck, so a great increase in memory bandwidth may be unnoticeable to a user depending on the applications used. Other benchmarks, such as 3DMark, attempt to replicate game conditions.", "Overclocking. There are several things to be considered when overclocking. First is to ensure that the component is supplied with adequate power at a voltage sufficient to operate at the new clock rate. Supplying the power with improper settings or applying excessive voltage can permanently damage a component.", "Overclocking. Computer processors generally are overclocked by manipulating the CPU multiplier if that option is available, but the processor and other components can also be overclocked by increasing the base speed of the bus clock. Some systems allow additional tuning of other clocks (such as a system clock) that influence the bus clock speed that, again is multiplied by the processor to allow for finer adjustments of the final processor speed.", "Overclocking. Underclocking is almost always involved in the latter stages of Undervolting, which seeks to find the highest clock speed that a processor will stably operate at a given voltage. That is, while overclocking seeks to maximize clock speed with temperature and power as constraints, underclocking seeks to find the highest clock speed that a device can reliably operate at a fixed, arbitrary power limit. A given device may operate correctly at its stock speed even when undervolted, in which case underclocking would only be employed after further reductions in voltage finally destabilizes the part. At that point the user would need to determine if last working voltage and speed have satisfactorily lowered power consumption for their needs – if not then performance must be sacrificed, a lower clock is chosen (the underclock) and testing at progressively lower voltages would continue from that point. A lower bound is where the device itself fails to function and/or the supporting circuity cannot reliably communicate with the part.", "Overclocking. Any given component will ultimately stop operating reliably past a certain clock speed. Generally components will show some sort of malfunctioning behavior or other indication of compromised stability that alerts the user that a given speed is not stable, but there is always a possibility that a component will permanently fail without warning, even if voltages are kept within some pre-determined safe values. The maximum speed is determined by overclocking to the point of first instability, then accepting the last stable slower setting. Components are only guaranteed to operate correctly up to their rated values; beyond that different samples may have different overclocking potential. The end-point of a given overclock is determined by parameters such as available CPU multipliers, bus dividers, voltages; the user's ability to manage thermal loads, cooling techniques; and several other factors of the individual devices themselves such as semiconductor clock and thermal tolerances, interaction with other components and the rest of the system.", "Overclocking. Overclocking components can only be of noticeable benefit if the component is on the critical path for a process, if it is a bottleneck. If disc access or the speed of an Internet connection limit the speed of a process, a 20% increase in processor speed is unlikely to be noticed. Overclocking a CPU will not benefit a game limited by the speed of the graphics card.", "Overclocking. Technically any component that uses a timer (or clock) to synchronize its internal operations can be overclocked. Most efforts for computer components however focus on specific components, such as, processors (a.k.a. CPU), video cards, motherboard chip sets, and RAM. Most modern processors derive their effective operating speeds by multiplying a base clock (processor bus speed) by an internal multiplier within the processor (the CPU multiplier) to attain their final speed.", "Overclocking. Commercial system builders or component resellers sometimes overclock to sell items at higher profit margins. The seller makes more money by overclocking lower-priced components which are found to operate correctly and selling equipment at prices appropriate for higher-rated components. While the equipment will normally operate correctly, this practice may be considered fraudulent if the buyer is unaware of it.", "Overclocking. The speed gained by overclocking depends largely upon the applications and workloads being run on the system, and what components are being overclocked by the user; benchmarks for different purposes are published.", "Overclocking. In a professional production environment, overclocking is only likely to be used where the increase in speed justifies the cost of the expert support required, the possibly reduced reliability, the consequent effect on maintenance contracts and warranties, and the higher power consumption. If faster speed is required it is often cheaper when all costs are considered to buy faster hardware.", "Overclocking. Many motherboards are sold, and advertised, with extensive facilities for overclocking implemented in hardware and controlled by BIOS settings.[14]", "Overclocking. While most modern devices are fairly tolerant of overclocking, all devices have finite limits, generally for any given voltage most parts will have a maximum \"stable\" speed where they still operate correctly. Past this speed the device starts giving incorrect results, which can cause malfunctions and sporadic behavior in any system depending on it. While in a PC context the usual result is a system crash, more subtle errors can go undetected, which over a long enough time can give unpleasant surprises such as data corruption (incorrectly calculated results, or worse writing to storage incorrectly) or the system failing only during certain specific tasks (general usage such as internet browsing and word processing appear fine, but any application wanting advanced graphics crashes the system).", "Overclocking. Benchmarks are used to evaluate performance, and they can become a kind of \"sport\" in which users compete for the highest scores. As discussed above, stability and functional correctness may be compromised when overclocking, and meaningful benchmark results depend on correct execution of the benchmark. Because of this, benchmark scores may be qualified with stability and correctness notes (e.g. an overclocker may report a score, noting that the benchmark only runs to completion 1 in 5 times, or that signs of incorrect execution such as display corruption are visible while running the benchmark). A widely used test of stability is Prime95, which has built-in error checking that fails if the computer is unstable.", "Overclocking. Most OEM systems do not expose to the user the adjustments needed to change processor clock speed or voltage, which precludes overclocking (for warranty and support reasons). The same processor installed on a different motherboard offering adjustments will allow the user to change them.", "Overclocking. Overclocking has become more accessible with motherboard makers offering overclocking as a marketing feature on their mainstream product lines. However, the practice is embraced more by enthusiasts than professional users, as overclocking carries a risk of reduced reliability, accuracy and damage to data and equipment. Additionally, most manufacturer warranties and service agreements do not cover overclocked components nor any incidental damages caused by their use. While overclocking can still be an option for increasing personal computing capacity, and thus workflow productivity for professional users, the importance of stability testing components thoroughly before employing them into a production environment cannot be overstated.", "Overclocking. In overclocking circles, \"stress tests\" or \"torture tests\" are used to check for correct operation of a component. These workloads are selected as they put a very high load on the component of interest (e.g. a graphically intensive application for testing video cards, or different math-intensive applications for testing general CPUs). Popular stress tests include Prime95, Everest, Superpi, OCCT, AIDA64, Linpack (via the LinX and IntelBurnTest GUIs), SiSoftware Sandra, BOINC, Intel Thermal Analysis Tool and Memtest86. The hope is that any functional-correctness issues with the overclocked component will show up during these tests, and if no errors are detected during the test, the component is then deemed \"stable\". Since fault coverage is important in stability testing, the tests are often run for long periods of time, hours or even days. An overclocked computer is sometimes described using the number of hours and the stability program used, such as \"prime 12 hours stable\".", "Overclocking. Users unlock CPUs to allow underclocking, overclocking, and front side bus speed (on older CPUs) compatibility with certain motherboards, but unlocking invalidates the manufacturer's warranty and mistakes can cripple or destroy a CPU. Locking a chip's clock multiplier does not necessarily prevent users from overclocking, as the speed of the front-side bus or PCI multiplier (on newer CPUs) can still be changed to provide a performance increase. AMD Athlon and Athlon XP CPUs are generally unlocked by connecting bridges (jumper-like points) on the top of the CPU with conductive paint or pencil lead. Other CPU models (determinable by serial number) require different procedures.", "Overclocking. To further complicate matters, in process technologies such as silicon on insulator (SOI), devices display hysteresis—a circuit's performance is affected by the events of the past, so without carefully targeted tests it is possible for a particular sequence of state changes to work at overclocked rates in one situation but not another even if the voltage and temperature are the same. Often, an overclocked system which passes stress tests experiences instabilities in other programs.[12]", "Overclocking. Overclockability arises in part due to the economics of the manufacturing processes of CPUs and other components. In many cases components are manufactured by the same process, and tested after manufacture to determine their actual maximum ratings. Components are then marked with a rating chosen by the market needs of the semiconductor manufacturer. If manufacturing yield is high, more higher-rated components than required may be produced, and the manufacturer may mark and sell higher-performing components as lower-rated for marketing reasons. In some cases, the true maximum rating of the component may exceed even the highest rated component sold. Many devices sold with a lower rating may behave in all ways as higher-rated ones, while in the worst case operation at the higher rating may be more problematical.", "Overclocking. As an overclocked component operates outside of the manufacturer's recommended operating conditions, it may function incorrectly, leading to system instability. Another risk is silent data corruption by undetected errors. Such failures might never be correctly diagnosed and may instead be incorrectly attributed to software bugs in applications, device drivers, or the operating system. Overclocked use may permanently damage components enough to cause them to misbehave (even under normal operating conditions) without becoming totally unusable." ]

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[ "Books of Samuel. Samuel begins with the prophet Samuel's birth[5] and God's call to him as a boy. The story of the Ark of the Covenant that follows tells of Israel's oppression by the Philistines, which brought about Samuel's anointing of Saul as Israel's first king. But Saul proved unworthy and God's choice turned to David, who defeated Israel's enemies and brought the Ark to Jerusalem. God then promised David and his successors an everlasting dynasty.[6]", "Saul. The birth-narrative of the prophet Samuel is found at 1 Samuel 1–28. It describes how Samuel's mother Hannah requests a son from Yahweh, and dedicates the child to God at the shrine of Shiloh. The passage makes extensive play with the root-elements of Saul's name, and ends with the phrase hu sa'ul le-Yahweh, \"he is dedicated to Yahweh.\" Hannah names the resulting son Samuel, giving as her explanation, \"because from God I requested him.\" Samuel's name, however, can mean \"name of God,\" (or \"Heard of God\" or \"Told of God\") and the etymology and multiple references to the root of the name seems to fit Saul instead. The majority explanation for the discrepancy is that the narrative originally described the birth of Saul, and was given to Samuel in order to enhance the position of David and Samuel at the former king's expense.[21]", "Books of Samuel. The elders of Judah anoint David as king, but in the north Saul's son Ish-bosheth, or Ishbaal, rules over the northern tribes. After a long war, Ishbaal is murdered by Rechab and Baanah, two of his captains who hope for a reward from David; but David has them killed for killing God's anointed. David is then anointed King of all Israel. David captures Jerusalem and brings the Ark there. David wishes to build a temple, but Nathan tells him that one of his sons will be the one to build the temple. David defeats the enemies of Israel, slaughtering Philistines, Moabites, Edomites, Syrians and Arameans.", "Books of Samuel. Yahweh tells Samuel to anoint David of Bethlehem as king, and David enters Saul's court as his armour-bearer and harpist. Saul's son and heir Jonathan befriends David and recognises him as rightful king. Saul plots David's death, but David flees into the wilderness, where he becomes a champion of the Hebrews. David joins the Philistines, but continues secretly to champion his own people, until Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle at Mount Gilboa. At this point, David offers a majestic eulogy, where he praises the bravery and magnificence of both his friend Jonathan and King Saul.[7]", "Books of Samuel. The Book of Samuel is a theological evaluation of kingship in general and of dynastic kingship and David in particular.[34] The main themes of the book are introduced in the opening poem (the \"Song of Hannah\"): (1), the sovereignty of Yahweh, God of Israel; (2), the reversal of human fortunes; and (3), kingship.[35] These themes are played out in the stories of the three main characters, Samuel, Saul and David.", "Books of Samuel. David commits adultery with Bathsheba and plots the death of her husband, Uriah the Hittite; for this Yahweh sends disasters against his house. Nathan tells David that the sword shall never depart from his house. For the remainder of his reign there are problems. Amnon (one of David's sons) rapes his half-sister Tamar (one of David's daughters). Absalom (another son of David) kills Amnon, rebels against his father, and David flees from Jerusalem. Absalom is killed following the Battle of the Wood of Ephraim, David is restored as king, and he returns to his palace. Finally only two contenders for the succession remain, Adonijah and Bathsheba's son Solomon.", "Books of Samuel. The 6th century BC authors and editors responsible for the bulk of the history drew on many earlier sources, including (but not limited to) an \"ark narrative\" (1 Samuel 4:1–7:1 and perhaps part of 2 Samuel 6), a \"Saul cycle\" (parts of 1 Samuel 9–11 and 13–14), the \"history of David's rise\" (1 Samuel 16:14-2 Samuel 5:10), and the \"succession narrative\" (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2).[27] The oldest of these, the \"ark narrative,\" may even predate the Davidic era.[28]", "Samuel. Samuel is seen as a nabi (Arabic: نَـبِي‎, lit. 'prophet')[37] and seer in the Islamic faith. The narrative of Samuel in Muslims' literature focuses specifically on his birth and the anointing of Talut. Other elements from his narrative are in accordance with the narratives of other Prophets of Israel, as exegesis recounts Samuel's preaching against idolatry. Although he is mentioned in the Qur’an, his name is not given, but he is instead referred to as \"a Prophet.\"[38] According to Islamic history, the Israelites, after the time of the prophet Moses, wanted a king to rule over their country. Thus, God sent the prophet Samuel to anoint Saul as the first king for the Israelites. The Qur'an states:", "Saul. The First Book of Samuel gives three accounts of Saul's rise to the throne in three successive chapters:", "Saul. The Bible's tone with regard to Saul changes over the course of the narrative, especially around the passage where David appears, midway through 1 Samuel. Before, Saul is presented in positive terms, but afterward his mode of ecstatic prophecy is suddenly described as fits of madness, his errors and disobedience to Samuel's instructions are stressed and he becomes a paranoiac. This may indicate that the David story is inserted from a source loyal to the House of David; David's lament over Saul in 2 Samuel 1 then serves an apologetic purpose, clearing David of the blame for Saul's death.[22]", "Saul. After Samuel tells Saul that God has rejected him as king, David, a son of Jesse, from the tribe of Judah, enters the story: from this point on Saul's story is largely the account of his increasingly troubled relationship with David.", "Samuel. Samuel is described in the biblical narrative as being buried in Ramah.[27]", "Goliath. The Books of Samuel, together with the books of Joshua, Judges and Kings, make up a unified history of Israel stretching from the entry into Canaan to the early Babylonian exile of the 6th century BCE, which biblical scholars call the Deuteronomistic history. The first edition of the history was probably written at the court of Judah's King Josiah (late 7th century) and a revised second edition during the exile (6th century), with further revisions in the post-exilic period.[6][7]", "David. In the biblical narrative, David is a young shepherd, chosen by God for his pure heart, who first gains fame as a musician and later by killing Goliath. He becomes a favorite of King Saul and a close friend of Saul's son Jonathan. Worried that David is trying to take his throne, Saul turns on David. After Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle, David is anointed as King. David conquers Jerusalem, taking the Ark of the Covenant into the city, and establishing the kingdom founded by Saul. As king, David commits adultery with Bathsheba, leading him to arrange the death of her husband Uriah the Hittite. Because of this sin, God denies David the opportunity to build the temple, and his son Absalom tries to overthrow him. David flees Jerusalem during Absalom's rebellion, but after Absalom's death he returns to the city to rule Israel. Before his peaceful death, he chooses his son Solomon as successor. He is honored in the prophetic literature as an ideal king and an ancestor of a future Messiah, and many psalms are ascribed to him.", "Books of Samuel. The two Books of Samuel (Hebrew: Sefer Shmuel ספר שמואל‎‎), 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel, form part of the narrative history of Israel in the Nevi'im or \"prophets\" section of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, and are considered by many biblical scholars to belong to the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books (Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) which constitute a theological history of the Israelites and aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.[1] According to Jewish tradition, the book was written by Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan;[2] modern scholarly thinking is that the entire Deuteronomistic history was composed in the period c. 630–540 BC by combining a number of independent texts of various ages.[3][4]", "Books of Samuel. The most common view today is that an early version of the history was composed in the time of king Hezekiah (8th century BC); the bulk of the first edition dates from his grandson Josiah at the end of the 7th BC, with further sections added during the Babylonian exile (6th century BC) and the work was substantially complete by about 550 BC.[25] Further editing was apparently done even after then: for example, the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 almost certainly fixes the date of this story in the Persian or Hellenistic periods.[26]", "Books of Samuel. 1 and 2 Samuel were originally (and, in some Jewish bibles, still are[citation needed]) a single book, but the first Greek translation, produced around the second century BCE, divided it into two; this was adopted by the Latin translations used in the early Christian church of the West, and finally introduced into Jewish bibles around the early 16th century.[21] The modern Hebrew text, called the Masoretic text, differs considerably from the Greek, and scholars are still working at finding the best solutions to the many problems this presents.[22]", "David. Saul sets David over his army. All Israel loves David, but his popularity causes Saul to fear him (\"What else can he wish but the kingdom?\").[20] Saul plots his death, but Saul's son Jonathan, one of those who loves David, warns him of his father's schemes and David flees. He goes first to Nob, where he is fed by the priest Ahimelech and given Goliath's sword, and then to Gath, the Philistine city of Goliath, intending to seek refuge with King Achish there. Achish's servants or officials question his loyalty, and David sees that he is in danger there.[21] He goes next to the cave of Adullam, where his family join him.[22] From there he goes to seek refuge with the king of Moab, but the prophet Gad advises him to leave and he goes to the Forest of Hereth,[23] and then to Keilah, where he is involved in a further battle with the Philistines. Saul plans to besiege Keilah so that he can capture David, so David leaves the city in order to protect its inhabitants.[24] From there he takes refuge in the mountainous Wilderness of Ziph.[25]", "Books of Samuel. One of the main units within Samuel is the \"History of David's Rise\", the purpose of which is to justify David as the legitimate successor to Saul.[40] The narrative stresses that he gained the throne lawfully, always respecting \"the Lord's anointed\" (i.e. Saul) and never taking any of his numerous chances to seize the throne by violence.[41] As God's chosen king over Israel, David is also the son of God (\"I will be a father to him, and he shall be a son to me...\" – 2 Samuel 7:14).[42] God enters into an eternal covenant (treaty) with David and his line, promising divine protection of the dynasty and of Jerusalem through all time.[43]", "David (Bernini). The sculpture shows a scene from the Old Testament First Book of Samuel. The Israelites are at war with the Philistines whose champion, Goliath, has challenged the Israelite army to settle the conflict by single combat. The young shepherd David has just taken up the challenge, and is about to slay Goliath with a stone from his sling:", "Books of Samuel. The sources used to construct 1 and 2 Samuel are believed to include the following:[29]", "Books of Samuel. The Second Book of Samuel concludes with four chapters (chapters 21 to 24) which lie outside the chronological narrative of Saul and David. The narrative is resumed with the first Book of Kings, which relates how, as David lies dying, Bathsheba and Nathan ensure Solomon's elevation to the throne.", "Saul. Having forewarned the Kenites who were living among the Amalekites to leave, Saul goes to war and defeats the Amalekites. Saul kills all the men, women, children and poor quality livestock, but leaves alive the king and best livestock. When Samuel learns that Saul has not obeyed his instructions in full, he informs Saul that God has rejected him as king due to his disobedience. As Samuel turns to go, Saul seizes hold of his garments and tears off a piece; Samuel prophecies that the kingdom will likewise be torn from Saul. Samuel then kills the Amalekite king himself. Samuel and Saul each return home and never meet again after these events (1 Samuel 15:33-35).", "David. Apart from these, all that is known of David comes from the biblical literature. The Books of Samuel were substantially composed during the time of King Josiah at the end of the 7th century BCE, extended during the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE), and substantially complete by about 550 BCE, although further editing was done even after then—the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 \"almost certainly fixes the date of the story in the Persian or Hellenistic period\".[75] The authors and editors of Samuel drew on many earlier sources, including, for their history of David, the \"history of David's rise\" (1 Samuel 16:14–2 Samuel 5:10), and the \"succession narrative\" (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2).[76] The Book of Chronicles, which tells the story from a different point of view, was probably composed in the period 350–300 BCE, and uses Samuel as its source.[77]", "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy). According to standard source criticism, a number of distinct source texts were spliced together to produce the current Books of Samuel.[8] The most prominent in the early parts of the first book are the pro-monarchical source and the anti-monarchical source. In identifying these two sources, two separate accounts can be reconstructed. The anti-monarchical source describes Samuel as having thoroughly routed the Philistines, yet begrudgingly accepting the people's demand for a ruler, subsequently appointing Saul by cleromancy.[citation needed]", "Samuel. After 20 years of oppression, Samuel, who had gained national prominence as a prophet (1 Samuel 3:20), summoned the people to the hill of Mizpah, and led them against the Philistines. The Philistines, having marched to Mizpah to attack the newly amassed Israelite army, were soundly defeated and fled in terror. The retreating Philistines were slaughtered by the Israelites. The text then states that Samuel erected a large stone at the battle site as a memorial, and there ensued a long period of peace thereafter.", "David. A different tradition is recalled in 1 Samuel 27:1–4, namely that Saul ceased to pursue David because David took refuge a second time with Achish, the Philistine king of Gath.[30] Robert Jamieson, in the Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary, suggests that Saul and David had \"become irreconcilable\" despite the reconciliations described in 1 Samuel 24 and 1 Samuel 26.[31] Achish permits David to reside in Ziklag, close to the border between Gath and Judea, from where he leads raids against the Geshurites, the Girzites and the Amalekites, but leads Achish to believe he is attacking the Israelites in Judah, the Jerahmeelites and the Kenites. Achish believes that David had become a loyal vassal, but he never wins the trust of the princes or lords of Gath and at their request Achish instructs David to remain behind to guard the camp when the Philistines march against Saul.[32] David returns to Ziklag.[33] Jonathan and Saul are killed in battle,[34] and David is anointed king over Judah.[35] In the north, Saul's son Ish-Bosheth is anointed king of Israel, and war ensues until Ish-Bosheth is murdered.[36]", "Philistine captivity of the Ark. The ark narrative does not include any mention of Samuel; Bill Arnold suggests that it is \"in order to celebrate the power of Yahweh's ark.\"[1] Many scholars put 1 Samuel 4 - 6 together with 2 Samuel 6 and believe that it reflects an old source that was eventually incorporated into the History of David's Rise or into the later Deuteronomistic History.[2]", "Saul. The Qur'anic account[29] differs from the Biblical account (if Saul is assumed to be Talut) in that in the Bible the sacred Ark was returned to Israel before Saul's accession, and the test by drinking water is made in the Hebrew Bible not by Saul but by Gideon.[31]. However, the story of Saul in 1 Samuel 14 has parallels to Qur'an 2:246-251, faithfully accounting for the sacred Ark and the fasting test (1 Samuel 14:18; 1 Samuel 14:24-48; Quran 2:246–251 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)).", "Books of Samuel. According to passages 14b and 15a of the Bava Basra tractate of the Talmud, the book was written by Samuel up until 1 Samuel 25, which notes the death of Samuel, and the remainder by the prophets Gad and Nathan. Critical scholars from the 19th century onward have rejected this idea. Martin Noth in 1943 theorized that Samuel was composed by a single author as part of a history of Israel: the Deuteronomistic history (made up of Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings).[23] Although Noth's belief that the entire history was composed by a single individual has been largely abandoned, his theory in its broad outline has been adopted by most scholars.[24]", "David. A similar passage occurs in 1 Samuel 26, when David is able to infiltrate Saul's camp on the hill of Hachilah and remove his spear and a jug of water from his side while he and his guards lay asleep. In this account, David is advised by Abishai that this is his opportunity to kill Saul, but David declines, saying he will not \"stretch out [his] hand against the Lord’s anointed\".[28] Saul confesses that he has been wrong to pursue David, blesses him.[29]", "Books of Chronicles. The Chronicles narrative begins with Adam and the story is then carried forward, almost entirely by genealogical lists, down to the founding of the first Kingdom of Israel (1 Chronicles 1–9). The bulk of the remainder of 1 Chronicles, after a brief account of Saul, is concerned with the reign of David (1 Chronicles 11–29). The next long section concerns David's son Solomon (2 Chronicles 1–9), and the final part is concerned with the Kingdom of Judah with occasional references to the second kingdom of Israel (2 Chronicles 10–36). In the last chapter Judah is destroyed and the people taken into exile in Babylon, and in the final verses the Persian king Cyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and authorises the restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem, and the return of the exiles.[3]" ]

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[ "Will & Grace. Will & Grace entered off-network syndication in the fall of 2002 and aired locally till 2008. In 2002 WGN America acquired the cable rights to air the series, where it aired until 2005 when Lifetime Television acquired the cable rights to air the series. After eight years and the expiration of Lifetime's contract, the rights to the series were picked up by WeTV and Logo TV in the fall of 2013. The streaming service Hulu later picked up the show, in anticipation for the show's revival in the fall of 2017.", "Will & Grace (season 8). The eighth season of Will & Grace premiered to a live episode on September 29, 2005 and concluded on May 18, 2006, consisting of 24 episodes. The eighth season was the final season of the series' original run; the ninth season and series revival premiered on September 28, 2017.", "Eric McCormack. Will & Grace's eighth and (at the time) final season ended with the series finale on May 18, 2006. The finale garnered 18 million American viewers,[33] making it the most-watched entertainment telecast in six years.[34]", "Will & Grace. The series finale was heavily promoted by NBC, and McCormack, Messing, Mullally and Hayes appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Today Show to bid farewell, on May 10 and 18, respectively. NBC devoted a two-hour block in its primetime schedule on May 18, 2006, for the Will & Grace send-off. An hour-long series retrospective, \"Say Goodnight, Gracie\", featuring interviews with the cast, crew, and guest stars, preceded the hour-long series finale. Series creators and executive producers Kohan and Mutchnick, who had not served as writers since the season 4 finale, penned the script for \"The Finale\". Regarding the finale, Mutchnick stated, \"We wrote about what you want to have happen with people you love... All the things that matter in life, they end up having.\"[45]", "Will & Grace (season 5). The fifth season of Will & Grace premiered on September 26, 2002 and concluded on May 15, 2003. It consisted of 24 episodes.", "The Finale (Will & Grace). The series finale was heavily promoted by NBC, and the main cast members appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, The Today Show, and Live with Regis and Kelly to bid farewell.[7] NBC devoted a two-hour block in its primetime schedule on May 18, 2006, for the Will & Grace send-off. An hour-long series retrospective, \"Say Goodnight Gracie\", featuring interviews with the cast, crew, and guest stars, preceded the hour-long series finale.[8][9][10][11] The retrospective was viewed by an estimated 12.7 million viewers,[12] while the finale drew 18.43 million viewers[13] and a Nielsen rating of 11.5/18,[14] making it the most watched episode of the final two seasons of Will & Grace.[13]", "Will & Grace. The show debuted on Mondays beginning on September 21, 1998 and steadily gained in popularity, culminating when it moved to Thursday night as part of NBC's Must See TV line-up. The show ultimately became a highly rated television show in the United States, earning a top-twenty rating during four of its eight seasons, including one season at # 9. From 2001–2005, Will & Grace was the highest-rated sitcom among adults 18–49. However, when the show lost Friends as its lead-in after the 2003–04 season, Will & Grace began shedding viewers and slipped out of the top 20 during its last two seasons.", "Will & Grace (season 6). The sixth season of Will & Grace premiered on September 25, 2003 and concluded on April 29, 2004. It consisted of 24 episodes. Due to Debra Messing's pregnancy during the sixth season, Grace did not appear in five episodes: 6.6 \"Heart Like a Wheelchair\", 6.21 \"I Never Cheered for my Father\", 6.22 \"Speechless\", 6.23/6.24 \"I Do. Oh, No, You Didn't\".", "Will & Grace (season 3). The third season of Will & Grace premiered on October 12, 2000 and concluded on May 17, 2001. It consisted of 25 episodes.", "Will & Grace. In the United Kingdom, the series was aired on Channel 4 up until its season finale in 2006. No confirmation of the series returning to UK screens has yet been announced.", "Will & Grace. With a pending lawsuit and production beginning on other projects, Kohan and Mutchnick were absent on the Will & Grace set for most of its final seasons. They wrote the season 4 episode, \"A Buncha White Chicks Sittin' Around Talkin'\" and did not return to the writers' seat until the series finale four years later. Three years after NBC's countersuit and one year after the series ended, the legal battle between NBC and Kohan and Mutchnick ended in 2007 when all parties agreed on a settlement, with the series creators being awarded $49 million, of their original $65 million lawsuit.[42]", "Will & Grace (season 9). The ninth season of the American comedy series Will & Grace premiered on September 28, 2017.[1] It will consist of 16 episodes, and is the first of two planned reunion seasons following the series' initial final season in 2006.", "Will & Grace. Will & Grace is an American sitcom created by Max Mutchnick and David Kohan. Set in New York City, the show focuses on the relationship between best friends Will Truman (Eric McCormack), a gay lawyer, and Grace Adler (Debra Messing), a straight interior designer. The show was broadcast on NBC from September 21, 1998 to May 18, 2006, for a total of eight seasons, and restarted its run on NBC on September 28, 2017. During its original run, Will & Grace was one of the most successful television series with gay principal characters.[2]", "Will & Grace. NBC was positive about the project, but there was still some concern that the homosexual subject matter would cause alarm. Ellen DeGeneres' sitcom Ellen, which aired on ABC, was canceled the year before Will & Grace premiered because ratings had plummeted after the show became \"too gay.\"[27][28] Despite the criticism ABC received for DeGeneres's coming out episode, \"The Puppy Episode,\" Kohan said, \"there's no question that show made it easier for Will & Grace to make it on the air.\" He added: \"Will & Grace had a better shot at succeeding where Ellen failed, however, because Will has known about his homosexuality for 20 years. He's not exploring that awkward territory for the first time, as Ellen did. The process of self-discovery and the pain most gay men go through is fascinating, but the average American is put off by it.\"[29]", "Will & Grace. On September 26, 2016, the cast reunited for a 10-minute special (released online), urging Americans to vote in the 2016 presidential election.[8] After the success of the 10-minute reunion special, NBC announced that the network was exploring the idea of putting Will & Grace back into production.[9] In January 2017, NBC confirmed the series' return, for a ten-episode ninth season, for the 2017–18 television season.[10][11] The episode order was increased to 12 on April 5, 2017 and later to 16.[12] The season premiered on September 28, 2017.[13] On August 3, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a tenth season of 13 episodes.[12]", "Alive and Schticking. Will & Grace creators and executive producers David Kohan and Max Mutchnick were in favor of doing a live episode, and Kevin Reilly, who at the time served as NBC Entertainment President, thought it would be a good way to inaugurate the final season of the show. Since airing, \"Alive and Schticking\" has received mostly positive reviews from television critics, who enjoyed watching the mistakes made by the actors and their attempts to hide their laughter during the live broadcast. The episode acquired a Nielsen rating of 9.81 and garnered the series' highest rating in the 18–49 demographic since February 17, 2005, and biggest overall viewer total since February 24, 2005.", "Will & Grace. The show garnered a fair amount of criticism and negative reviews upon its debut in 1998, most of which compared the show to the recently canceled ABC sitcom Ellen. Some called it \"a gay Seinfeld\". One such review said, \"If Will & Grace can somehow survive a brutal time period opposite football and Ally McBeal, it could grow into a reasonably entertaining little anomaly – that is, a series about a man and a woman who have no sexual interest in one another. But don't bet on it. If it's doomed relationships viewers want, they'll probably opt for Ally.\"[43] As popular as the show came to be, particularly among gay viewers, Will & Grace continuously dealt with criticism for having a limited view of the gay community and for reinforcing stereotypes when some felt it should have torn them down.[44]", "Will & Grace (season 9). In January 2017, NBC announced that Will & Grace would return for a 12-episode limited series during the 2017–18 season.[2] At the time of the announcement, all four principal cast members (Debra Messing, Eric McCormack, Sean Hayes and Megan Mullally) had already confirmed their return to the revival.[3] An additional four episodes were ordered on August 3, 2017, for a total of 16, as well as a tenth season.[4]", "The Finale (Will & Grace). \"The Finale\" is the twenty-third episode of American television series Will & Grace's eighth season, which originally served as the series finale prior to the announcement of a 16-episode ninth season revival slated for the 2017–18 TV season. It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in the United States on May 18, 2006, when it was watched by an average of eighteen million viewers, making it the most watched episode of the final two seasons of Will & Grace. In the finale, Will and Grace have a falling-out that lasts for years. They each have a child with their respective partners, and eventually reconcile when their children (Laila and Ben) meet at college. Meanwhile, Karen's arch-enemy Beverley Leslie makes an offer to Jack which ultimately leads to Jack inheriting Beverley's fortune.", "Will & Grace. Lionsgate Home Entertainment has released all eight seasons of Will & Grace on DVD in Region 1, 2 and 4. The show was re-released and re-packaged on October 3, 2011 on region 2.", "Will & Grace. In December 2003, in the midst of the series' sixth season, executive producers and creators David Kohan and Max Mutchnick sued NBC and NBC Studios. Alleging that the network sold the rights to the series in an attempt to keep profits within the NBC family, Kohan and Mutchnick felt that they were cheated out of considerable profits by the network's not shopping of the show to the highest bidder. Another allegation against the network was that during the first four seasons of the series, the studio licensed the rights for amounts that were insufficient for covering production costs, thus leading to extraordinarily large production deficits.[40] Three months later, NBC filed a countersuit against Kohan and Mutchnick stating that the co-creators were expected to act as an independent third party in the negotiations between NBC and its subsidiary, NBC Studios (since subsumed into Universal Television).[41]", "The Finale (Will & Grace). The episode was written by series creators and executive producers David Kohan and Max Mutchnick, and directed by James Burrows. Filming took place at CBS Studio Center in Studio City, California in April 2006. The cast members took the news about the show ending well, but they became emotional as the final scene was being filmed. NBC heavily promoted the finale, and the main cast members appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Today Show to bid farewell. An hour-long series retrospective, \"Say Goodnight Gracie\", featuring interviews with the cast, crew, and guest stars, preceded the hour-long series finale. Since airing, the finale has received mixed reviews from television critics.", "Will & Grace. \"The Finale\" drew over 18 million viewers,[48][49] ranking # 8 for the week, easily making it the most watched episode of the final two seasons. While the series finale is considered a ratings success, it is far from being the most watched episode of Will & Grace—that accolade remains with the season four episode \"A Chorus Lie\", which aired on February 7, 2002 and ranked #8 for the week. When the show was at the height of its popularity (seasons 3–5), ranking in the Top 10 was a common occurrence, but the finale's Top 10 rank was the only such rank for season 8 and the first such rank since the season 7 premiere \"FYI: I Hurt, Too\".", "Eric McCormack. In January 2017, NBC closed a deal for a new, 10-episode season of Will & Grace, which is currently airing, during the 2017-18 season. The new show has been branded as a \"reboot\", or \"revival\", taking place 11 years after the original series' finale episode, and McCormack has reprised his role of the beloved Will Truman. In April 2017, the episode order was increased to 12 episodes.[35] In August 2017, it was extended again, to 16 episodes, and a second 13-episode season was ordered.[36] In March 2018, NBC ordered five more episodes for the revival's second season, bringing the total to 18 episodes, and also renewed the show for an 18-episode third season. Eric McCormack will be continuing his role of Will Truman for all of the announced seasons of the revival.[37]", "Will & Grace. Will & Grace was filmed in front of a live studio audience (most episodes and scenes) on Tuesday nights,[6] at Stage 17 in CBS Studio Center, a space that totals 14,000 sq ft (1,300 m2). Will and Grace's apartment is on display at the Emerson College Library, having been donated by series creator Max Mutchnick.[7] When the set was removed in April 2014, rumors came up about a cast reunion, but the actors involved denied that such a reunion was planned. It was merely moved to Emerson's new center in Los Angeles. A long-running legal battle between both the original executive producers and creators and NBC took place between 2003 and 2007. All seasons of the series have been released on DVD and the show has been broadcast in more than 60 countries.", "Will & Grace. In January 2017, NBC closed a deal for a new 10-episode season of the series, to air during the 2017-18 season. Hayes will executive produce this season as well as creators/executive producers Max Mutchnick and David Kohan. Veteran director James Burrows is on board to direct and executive produce.[37] In April 2017, the episode order was increased to 12 episodes.[38] In August 2017, it was extended again to 16 episodes, and a second 13-episode season was ordered.[39] The revival will also be filmed at Stage 22 at Universal Studios Hollywood as opposed to Stage 17 at CBS Studio Center.", "Will & Grace. Despite initial criticism for its particular portrayal of homosexual characters, it went on to become a staple of NBC's Must See TV Thursday night lineup and was met with continued critical acclaim. It was ensconced in the Nielsen top 20 for half of its network run. The show was the highest-rated sitcom among adults 18–49, from 2001 and 2005. Throughout its eight-year run, Will & Grace earned 16 Emmy Awards and 83 nominations. Each main actor, with the exception of Morrison, received an Emmy Award throughout the series. In 2014 the Writers Guild of America placed the sitcom at number 94 in their list of the 101 Best Written TV series of all time.[3] Since the final episode aired, the sitcom has been credited with helping and improving public opinion of the LGBT community, with former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden commenting that the show \"probably did more to educate the American public\" on LGBT issues \"than almost anything anybody has ever done so far\".[4] In 2014, the Smithsonian Institution added an LGBT history collection to their museum which included items from Will and Grace. The curator Dwight Blocker Bowers stated that the sitcom used \"comedy to familiarize a mainstream audience with gay culture\" that was \"daring and broke ground\" in American media.[5]", "Will & Grace. NBC went to sitcom director James Burrows to see what he thought of the homosexual subject matter and if an audience would be interested in the show.[31] Burrows liked the idea and when he first read the script in November 1997, he decided that he wanted to direct it. Burrows said, \"I knew that the boys had captured a genre and a group of characters I have never read before.\"[25] The filming of the pilot began in March 15, 1998. The actors behind Will and Grace, Eric McCormack and Debra Messing, were positive about the series and they thought it had the potential to last long on television. McCormack said: \"When shooting was finished that night, Debra and I were sitting on the couch and looking at each other and I said, ‘We’re gonna be on this set for a while.’ And we sort of clasped hands, but we didn’t want to say anything beyond that and jinx it.\"[32]", "Brandon Routh. On February 22, 2012, it was announced that Routh had been cast in David Kohan and Max Mutchnick's (the creators of Will & Grace), new CBS half-hour, multicamera comedy pilot, Partners. He played Michael Urie's character's steady partner, alongside David Krumholtz and his Table for Three co-star Sophia Bush.[20] The series was cancelled after only six episodes had aired.", "The Finale (Will & Grace). Setting the finale in several different time periods was criticized by some critics. Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said \"we endure a swirl of confusing, unnecessary sequences, from Grace's dream to current reality to two years later to their kids' first day of college to their kids' impending wedding. By the end, instead of being sad to bid adieu, we're just relieved not to have yet another disbelief-suspending flash-forward thrust upon us.\"[17] Jim Schembri of The Sydney Morning Herald wrote: \"The time-jumping device is overused and a tad awkward but, by and large, it’s a noble finale to one of the better standard three-wall sitcoms from America.\"[18] Amy Amatangelo of Zap2it commented that Will & Grace \"is a show that spent eight seasons predicated on the lasting friendship of Will and Grace, and we're supposed to believe that they spent over 20 years not talking to each other just because their lives went in different directions? That there is no way their friendship could have been sustained once they both found the love of their life?\"[19] Amatangelo enjoyed Jack and Karen's performance of \"Unforgettable\", but the rest of the finale she \"could have done without.\"[19]", "Will & Grace. There had been talk in 2008 that a spin-off was being developed by NBC entitled Jack & Karen, featuring Sean Hayes and Megan Mullally reprising their roles. Hayes initially showed interest in the spin-off but was ultimately put off by the short-lived Friends spin-off, Joey. Furthermore, Mullally's new work schedule in the form of her talk show, which was canceled several months later, did not allow her to pursue the spin-off at the time.[68]", "Will & Grace. In 2004, the cast of the show were listed in Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters.[62] In 2012, The Washington Post ranked Will & Grace the ninth-best NBC comedy of all time.[63]" ]

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[ "Thorax. The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ thorax \"breastplate, cuirass, corslet\"[1] via Latin: thorax) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen.[2][3] The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain.", "Mediastinum. The mediastinum (from Medieval Latin mediastinus, \"midway\"[2]) is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity surrounded by loose connective tissue, as an undelineated region that contains a group of structures within the thorax. The mediastinum contains the heart and its vessels, the esophagus, trachea, phrenic and cardiac nerves, the thoracic duct, thymus and lymph nodes of the central chest.", "Thorax. In the human body, the region of the thorax between the neck and diaphragm in the front of the body is called the chest. The corresponding area in an animal can also be referred to as the chest.", "Thorax. The contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs and the thymus gland); the (major and minor pectoral muscles, trapezius muscles and neck muscle); internal structures such as the diaphragm, esophagus, trachea and a part of the sternum known as the xiphoid process). Arteries and veins are also contained – (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery); bones (the shoulder socket containing the upper part of the humerus, the scapula, sternum, thoracic portion of the spine, collarbone, and the rib cage and floating ribs).", "Thorax. In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage, spine, and shoulder girdle.", "Thoracic cavity. It contains three potential spaces lined with mesothelium: the paired pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity. The mediastinum comprises those organs which lie in the centre of the chest between the lungs. The cavity also contains two openings one at the top, the superior thoracic aperture also called the thoracic inlet, and a lower inferior thoracic aperture which is much larger than the inlet.", "Thorax. In mammals, the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae, and the ribs. It extends from the neck to the diaphragm, and does not include the upper limbs. The heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic cavity, as well as many blood vessels. The inner organs are protected by the rib cage and the sternum. Thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds, but not in reptiles.", "Mediastinum. The mediastinum lies within the thorax and is enclosed on the right and left by pleurae. It is surrounded by the chest wall in front, the lungs to the sides and the spine at the back. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the organs of the thorax except the lungs. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck.", "Torso. Most critical organs are housed within the torso. In the upper chest, the heart and lungs are protected by the rib cage, and the abdomen contains most of the organs responsible for digestion: the stomach, which breaks down partially digested food via gastric acid; the liver, which respectively produces bile necessary for digestion; the large and small intestines, which extract nutrients from food; the anus, from which fecal wastes are egested; the rectum, which stores feces; the gallbladder, which stores and concentrates bile; the kidneys, which produce urine, the ureters, which pass it to the bladder for storage; and the urethra, which excretes urine and in a male passes sperm through the seminal vesicles. Finally, the pelvic region houses both the male and female reproductive organs.", "Heart. The human heart is situated in the middle mediastinum, at the level of thoracic vertebrae T5-T8. A double-membraned sac called the pericardium surrounds the heart and attaches to the mediastinum.[15] The back surface of the heart lies near the vertebral column, and the front surface sits behind the sternum and rib cartilages.[7] The upper part of the heart is the attachment point for several large blood vessels – the venae cavae, aorta and pulmonary trunk. The upper part of the heart is located at the level of the third costal cartilage.[7] The lower tip of the heart, the apex, lies to the left of the sternum (8 to 9 cm from the midsternal line) between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs near their articulation with the costal cartilages.[7]", "Respiratory tract. The lungs are the largest organs in the lower respiratory tract. The lungs are suspended within the pleural cavity of the thorax. The pleurae are two thin membranes, one cell layer thick, which surround the lungs. The inner (visceral pleura) covers the lungs and the outer (parietal pleura) lines the inner surface of the chest wall. This membrane secretes a small amount of fluid, allowing the lungs to move freely within the pleural cavity while expanding and contracting during breathing. The lungs are divided into different lobes. The right lung is larger in size than the left, because of the heart's being situated to the left of the midline. The right lung has three lobes – upper, middle, and lower (or superior, middle and inferior), and the left lung has two – upper and lower (or superior and inferior), plus a small tongue-shaped portion of the upper lobe known as the lingula. Each lobe is further divided up into segments called bronchopulmonary segments. Each lung has a costal surface, which is adjacent to the ribcage; a diaphragmatic surface, which faces downward toward the diaphragm; and a mediastinal surface, which faces toward the center of the chest, and lies against the heart, great vessels, and the carina where the two mainstem bronchi branch off from the base of the trachea.", "Sternum. The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the center of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury. Shaped roughly like a necktie, it is one of the largest and longest flat bones of the body. Its three regions are the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.[1] The word \"sternum\" originates from the Greek στέρνον, meaning \"chest\".", "Thorax. The anatomy of the chest can also be described through the use of anatomical landmarks. The nipple in the male is situated in front of the fourth rib or a little below; vertically it lies a little external to a line drawn down from the middle of the clavicle; in the female it is not so constant. A little below it the lower limit of the great pectoral muscle is seen running upward and outward to the axilla; in the female this is obscured by the breast, which extends from the second to the sixth rib vertically and from the edge of the sternum to the mid-axillary line laterally. The female nipple is surrounded for half an inch by a more or less pigmented disc, the areola. The apex of a normal heart is in the fifth left intercostal space, three and a half inches from the mid-line.", "Spider anatomy. The heart is located in the abdomen a short distance within the middle line of the dorsal body-wall, and above the intestine. Unlike in insects, the heart is not divided into chambers, but consists of a simple tube. The aorta, which supplies haemolymph to the cephalothorax, extends from the anterior end of the heart. Smaller arteries extend from sides and posterior end of the heart. A thin-walled sac, known as the pericardium, completely surrounds the heart.[11]", "Body cavity. The thoracic cavity consists of three cavities that fill the interior area of the chest.", "Mediastinum. Anatomists, surgeons, and clinical radiologists compartmentalize the mediastinum differently. For instance, in the radiological scheme of Felson, there are only three compartments (anterior, middle, and posterior), and the heart is part of the anterior mediastinum.[6][page needed]", "Heart. In reptiles, the heart is usually situated around the middle of the thorax, and in snakes, usually between the junction of the upper first and second third. There is a heart with three chambers: two atria and one ventricle. The ventricle is incompletely separated into two halves by a wall (septum), with a considerable gap near the pulmonary artery and aortic openings. In most reptilian species, there appears to be little, if any, mixing between the bloodstreams, so the aorta receives, essentially, only oxygenated blood.[120][122] The exception to this rule is crocodiles, which have a four-chambered heart.[123]", "Thoracic cavity. The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall (rib cage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia). The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum. There are two openings of the thoracic cavity, a superior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic inlet and a lower inferior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic outlet.", "Body cavity. The diaphragm divides the thoracic and the abdominal cavities. The abdominal cavity occupies the entire lower half of the trunk, anterior to the spine. Just under the abdominal cavity, anterior to the buttocks, is the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity is funnel shaped and is located inferior and anterior to the abdominal cavity. Together the abdominal and pelvic cavity can be referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity while the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities together can be referred to as the ventral body cavity.[2] Subdivisions of the Posterior (Dorsal) and Anterior (Ventral) Cavities The anterior (ventral) cavity has two main subdivisions: the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity is the more superior subdivision of the anterior cavity, and it is enclosed by the rib cage. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and the heart, which is located in the mediastinum. The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and separates it from the more inferior abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is the largest cavity in the body. Although no membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic cavity, it can be useful to distinguish between the abdominal cavity, the division that houses the digestive organs, and the pelvic cavity, the division that houses the organs of reproduction.[2]", "Pleural cavity. The costal and cervical portions and the periphery of the diaphragmatic portion of the parietal pleurae are innervated by the intercostal nerves. The mediastinal and central portions of the diaphragmatic pleurae are innervated by the phrenic nerves. The visceral pleurae covering the lung itself receive their innervation from the autonomic nervous system and have no sensory innervation. Only the parietal pleurae are sensitive to pain.", "Lung. The lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart in the rib cage. They are conical in shape with a narrow rounded apex at the top, and a broad concave base that rests on the convex surface of the diaphragm.[1] The apex of the lung extends into the root of the neck, reaching shortly above the level of the sternal end of the first rib. The lungs stretch from close to the backbone in the rib cage to the front of the chest and downwards from the lower part of the trachea to the diaphragm.[1] The left lung shares space with the heart, and has an indentation in its border called the cardiac notch of the left lung to accommodate this.[2][3] The front and outer sides of the lungs face the ribs, which make light indentations on their surfaces. The medial surfaces of the lungs face towards the centre of the chest, and lie against the heart, great vessels, and the carina where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi.[3] The cardiac impression is an indentation formed on the surfaces of the lungs where they rest against the heart.", "Sternum. The sternum is a long, flat bone, forming the middle portion of the front of the chest. The top of the sternum supports the clavicles (collarbones) and its edges join with the costal cartilages of the first seven pairs of ribs. The inner surface of the sternum is also the attachment of the sternopericardial ligaments.[2] Its top is also connected to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The sternum consists of three main parts, listed from the top:", "Heart. The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients, as well as assists in the removal of metabolic wastes.[2] In humans, the heart is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest.[3]", "Situs inversus. The condition affects all major structures within the thorax and abdomen. Generally, the organs are simply transposed through the sagittal plane. The heart is located on the right side of the thorax, the stomach and spleen on the right side of the abdomen and the liver and gall bladder on the left side. The heart's normal right atrium occurs on the left, and the left atrium is on the right. The lung anatomy is reversed and the left lung has three lobes while the right lung has two lobes. The intestines and other internal structures are also reversed from the normal, and the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics are also transposed.", "Thoracic vertebrae. The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped and as broad in the anteroposterior as in the transverse direction. At the ends of the thoracic region they resemble respectively those of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. They are slightly thicker behind than in front, flat above and below, convex from side to side in front, deeply concave behind, and slightly constricted laterally and in front. They present, on either side, two costal demi-facets, one above, near the root of the pedicle, the other below, in front of the inferior vertebral notch; these are covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and, when the vertebrae are articulated with one another, form, with the intervening intervertebral fibrocartilages, oval surfaces for the reception of the heads of the ribs.", "Pleural cavity. The visceral pleura receives its blood supply from the bronchial circulation, which also supplies the lungs. The parietal pleura receives its blood supply from the intercostal arteries, which also supply the overlying body wall.", "Lung. The lungs are surrounded by the pulmonary pleurae. The pleurae are two serous membranes; the outer parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the rib cage and the inner visceral pleura directly lines the surface of the lungs. Between the pleurae is a potential space called the pleural cavity containing a thin layer of lubricating pleural fluid. Each lung is divided into lobes by the infoldings of the pleura as fissures. The fissures are double folds of pleura that section the lungs and help in their expansion.[4]", "Anatomical terminology. In terms of anatomy, the body is divided into regions. In the front, the trunk is referred to as the \"thorax\" and \"abdomen\". The back as a general area is the dorsum or dorsal area, and the lower back is the lumbus or lumbar region. The shoulder blades are the scapular area and the breastbone is the sternal region. The abdominal area is the region between the chest and the pelvis. The breast is also called the mammary region, the armpit as the axilla and axillary, and the navel as the umbilicus and umbilical. The pelvis is the lower torso, between the abdomen and the thighs. The groin, where the thigh joins the trunk, are the inguen and inguinal area.", "Human body. Organs, structured collections of cells with a specific function,[12] sit within the body. Examples include the heart, lungs and liver. Many organs reside within cavities within the body. These cavities include the abdomen and pleura.", "Thorax. The shape of the chest does not correspond to that part of the thoracic skeleton that encloses the heart and lungs. All the breadth of the shoulders is due to the shoulder girdle, and contains the axillae and the heads of the humeri. In the middle line the suprasternal notch is seen above, while about three fingers' breadth below it a transverse ridge can be felt, which is known as the sternal angle and this marks the junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum. Level with this line the second ribs join the sternum, and when these are found the lower ribs can often be counted. At the lower part of the sternum, where the seventh or last true ribs join it, the ensiform cartilage begins, and above this there is often a depression known as the pit of the stomach.", "Rib cage. The spaces between the ribs are known as intercostal spaces; they contain the intercostal muscles, nerves, arteries, and veins.", "Lung. The lungs of birds contain millions of tiny parallel passages called parabronchi. Small sacs called atria radiate from the walls of the tiny passages; these, like the alveoli in other lungs, are the site of gas exchange by simple diffusion.[70] The blood flow around the parabronchi and their atria forms a cross-current process of gas exchange (see diagram on the right).[68][69]" ]

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[ "Heart. In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atria; and lower left and right ventricles.[4][5] Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart.[6] Fish, in contrast, have two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle, while reptiles have three chambers.[5] In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow.[3] The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.[7]", "Heart. The heart has four chambers, two upper atria, the receiving chambers, and two lower ventricles, the discharging chambers. The atria open into the ventricles via the atrioventricular valves, present in the atrioventricular septum. This distinction is visible also on the surface of the heart as the coronary sulcus.[17] There is an ear-shaped structure in the upper right atrium called the right atrial appendage, or auricle, and another in the upper left atrium, the left atrial appendage.[18] The right atrium and the right ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the right heart. Similarly, the left atrium and the left ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the left heart.[6] The ventricles are separated from each other by the interventricular septum, visible on the surface of the heart as the anterior longitudinal sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus.[17]", "Heart. The left heart has two chambers: the left atrium, and the left ventricle, separated by the mitral valve.[7]", "Systole. The mammalian heart has four chambers: the left atrium above the left ventricle (lighter pink, see graphic), which two are connected through the mitral (or bicuspid) valve; and the right atrium above the right ventricle (lighter blue), connected through the tricuspid valve. The atria are the receiving chambers for the circulation of blood and the ventricles are the discharging chambers.", "Mammal. The mammalian heart has four chambers, two upper atria, the receiving chambers, and two lower ventricles, the discharging chambers.[79] The heart has four valves, which separate its chambers and ensures blood flows in the correct direction through the heart (preventing backflow). After gas exchange in the pulmonary capillaries (blood vessels in the lungs), oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via one of the four pulmonary veins. Blood flows nearly continuously back into the atrium, which acts as the receiving chamber, and from here through an opening into the left ventricle. Most blood flows passively into the heart while both the atria and ventricles are relaxed, but toward the end of the ventricular relaxation period, the left atrium will contract, pumping blood into the ventricle. The heart also requires nutrients and oxygen found in blood like other muscles, and is supplied via coronary arteries.[80]", "Heart. In reptiles, the heart is usually situated around the middle of the thorax, and in snakes, usually between the junction of the upper first and second third. There is a heart with three chambers: two atria and one ventricle. The ventricle is incompletely separated into two halves by a wall (septum), with a considerable gap near the pulmonary artery and aortic openings. In most reptilian species, there appears to be little, if any, mixing between the bloodstreams, so the aorta receives, essentially, only oxygenated blood.[120][122] The exception to this rule is crocodiles, which have a four-chambered heart.[123]", "Heart. Small lymphatic networks called plexuses exist beneath each of the three layers of the heart. These networks collect into a main left and a main right trunk, which travel up the groove between the ventricles that exists on the heart's surface, receiving smaller vessels as they travel up. These vessels then travel into the atrioventricular groove, and receive a third vessel which drains the section of the left ventricle sitting on the diaphragm. The left vessel joins with this third vessel, and travels along the pulmonary artery and left atrium, ending in the inferior tracheobronchial node. The right vessel travels along the right atrium and the part of the right ventricle sitting on the diaphragm. It usually then travels in front of the ascending aorta and then ends in a brachiocephalic node.[31]", "Heart. The heart wall is made up of three layers: the inner endocardium, middle myocardium and outer epicardium. These are surrounded by a double-membraned sac called the pericardium.", "Heart. Fish have what is often described as a two-chambered heart,[126] consisting of one atrium to receive blood and one ventricle to pump it.[127] However, the fish heart has entry and exit compartments that may be called chambers, so it is also sometimes described as three-chambered[127] or four-chambered,[128] depending on what is counted as a chamber. The atrium and ventricle are sometimes considered \"true chambers\", while the others are considered \"accessory chambers\".[129]", "Atrium (heart). The atrium is the upper chamber in which blood enters the heart. There are two atria in the human heart, which receive blood – the left atrium from the lungs, and the right atrium from the venous circulation. The atria receive blood, and when the heart muscle contracts, pump blood to the ventricles. All animals with a closed circulatory system include at least one atrium / auricle (humans have two atria).", "Heart. The right heart consists of two chambers, the right atrium and the right ventricle, separated by a valve, the tricuspid valve.[7]", "Cardiac cycle. There are two atrial and two ventricle chambers of the heart; they are paired as the left heart and the right heart—that is, the left atrium with the left ventricle, the right atrium with the right ventricle—and they work in concert to traverse the cardiac cycle continuously, (see circular diagram at right margin). At the \"Start\" of the cycle, during ventricular diastole–early, the heart relaxes and expands while receiving blood into both ventricles through both atria; then, near the end of ventricular diastole–late, the two atria begin to contract (atrial systole), and each atrium pumps blood into the ventricle 'below' it.[2] During ventricular systole the ventricles are contracting and vigorously pulsing (or ejecting) two separated blood supplies from the heart—one to the lungs and one to all other body organs and systems—while the two atria are relaxed (atrial diastole). This coordination ensures that blood is efficiently collected and circulated throughout the body.[3]", "Heart. The heart has four valves, which separate its chambers. One valve lies between each atrium and ventricle, and one valve rests at the exit of each ventricle.[7]", "Atrium (heart). Humans have a four-chambered heart consisting of the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The atria are the two upper chambers. The right atrium receives and holds deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, anterior cardiac veins and smallest cardiac veins and the coronary sinus, which it then sends down to the right ventricle (through the tricuspid valve) which in turn sends it to the pulmonary artery for pulmonary circulation. The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood from the left and right pulmonary veins, which it pumps to the left ventricle (through the mitral valve) for pumping out through the aorta for systemic circulation.[2][3]", "Atrium (heart). In some fish, the circulatory system is very simple: a two-chambered heart including one atrium and one ventricle. Among sharks, the heart consists of four chambers arranged serially (and therefore called a serial heart): blood flows into the most posterior chamber, the sinus venosus, and then to the atrium which moves it to the third chamber, the ventricle, before it reaches the conus anteriosus, which itself is connected to the ventral aorta. This is considered a primitive arrangement, and many vertebrates have condensed the atrium with the sinus venosus and the ventricle with the conus anteriosus.[23]", "Atrium (heart). High in the upper part of the left atrium is a muscular ear-shaped pouch – the left atrial appendage. This appears to \"function as a decompression chamber during left ventricular systole and during other periods when left atrial pressure is high\".[8]", "Atrium (heart). The right atrium and right ventricle are often referred to as the right heart and similarly the left atrium and left ventricle are often referred to as the left heart. The atria do not have valves at their inlets [4] and as a result, a venous pulsation is normal and can be detected in the jugular vein as the jugular venous pressure.[5][6] \nInternally, there are the rough pectinate muscles and crista terminalis of His, which act as a boundary inside the atrium and the smooth walled part of the right atrium, the sinus venarum derived from the sinus venosus. The sinus venarum is the adult remnant of the sinus venous and it surrounds the openings of the venae cavae and the coronary sinus.\n[7] Attached to the right atrium is the right atrial appendage – a pouch-like extension of the pectinate muscles. The interatrial septum separates the right atrium from the left atrium and this is marked by a depression in the right atrium –the fossa ovalis. The atria are depolarised by calcium.", "Circulatory system. \"...the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit...\"", "Systole. The two ventricles are isolated electrically and histologically (tissue-wise) from the two atrial chambers by electrically impermeable collagen layers of connective tissue known as the cardiac skeleton. The cardiac skeleton is made of dense connective tissue which gives structure to the heart by forming the atrioventricular septum—which separates the atria from the ventricles—and the fibrous rings which serve as bases for the four heart valves.[5] Collagen extensions from the valve rings seal and limit electrical activity of the atria from influencing electrical pathways that cross the ventricles. These electrical pathways contain the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, and the Purkinje fibers. (Exceptions such as accessory pathways may occur in this firewall between atrial and ventricular electrical influence but are rare.)", "Cardiac cycle. The heart is a four-chambered organ consisting of right and left halves. The upper two chambers, the left and right atria, are entry-points into the heart, while the lower two chambers, the left and right ventricles, are responsible for contractions that send the blood through the circulation. The circulation is split into the pulmonary and systemic circulation. The role of the right ventricle is to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries. The role of the left ventricle is to pump newly oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.", "Vein. \"...the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit...\"", "Mondino de Luzzi. Mondino's description of the human heart, though inaccurate, is fairly detailed. He discusses three chambers: the right ventricle, the left ventricle, and a middle ventricle within the septum. The right ventricle is purported to contain a large opening, through which the heart draws blood originating in the liver, as well as the opening of the vena arterialis toward the lung. The left ventricle contains an orifice with three valves and the bivalvular opening of the arteria venalis, which allows the passage of a smoke-like vapor from the lungs. Despite these anatomical shortcomings, the vena chili (Mondino's name for the vena cava) is noteworthy in its accuracy. He then moves on to the lungs, describing the course of the vena arterialis (pulmonary artery) and the arteria venalis (pulmonary vein). This section of Anathomia also describes the pleura and notes the importance of distinguishing between pulmonary pathologies including true pleurisy, false pleurisy, and pneumonia.[20] His descriptions of the larynx and epiglottis are very rudimentary.[21]", "Ventricle (heart). A ventricle is one of two large chambers in the heart that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The atrium (an adjacent/upper heart chamber that is smaller than a ventricle) primes the pump. Interventricular means between the ventricles (for example the interventricular septum), while intraventricular means within one ventricle (for example an intraventricular block).", "Ventricle (heart). In a four-chambered heart, such as that in humans, there are two ventricles that operate in a double circulatory system: the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta.", "Fish anatomy. Fish have what is often described as a two-chambered heart,[34] consisting of one atrium to receive blood and one ventricle to pump it,[35] in contrast to three chambers (two atria, one ventricle) of amphibian and most reptile hearts and four chambers (two atria, two ventricles) of mammal and bird hearts.[34] However, the fish heart has entry and exit compartments that may be called chambers, so it is also sometimes described as three-chambered[35] or four-chambered,[36] depending on what is counted as a chamber. The atrium and ventricle are sometimes considered “true chambers”, while the others are considered “accessory chambers”.[37]", "Heart valve. The heart valves and the chambers are lined with endocardium. Heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles, or the ventricles from a blood vessel. Heart valves are situated around the fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton. The valves incorporate leaflets or cusps, which are pushed open to allow blood flow and which then close together to seal and prevent backflow. The mitral valve has two cusps, whereas the others have three. There are nodules at the tips of the cusps that make the seal tighter.", "Depolarization. Depolarization occurs in the four chambers of the heart: both atria first, and then both ventricles.", "Heart. The human heart is situated in the middle mediastinum, at the level of thoracic vertebrae T5-T8. A double-membraned sac called the pericardium surrounds the heart and attaches to the mediastinum.[15] The back surface of the heart lies near the vertebral column, and the front surface sits behind the sternum and rib cartilages.[7] The upper part of the heart is the attachment point for several large blood vessels – the venae cavae, aorta and pulmonary trunk. The upper part of the heart is located at the level of the third costal cartilage.[7] The lower tip of the heart, the apex, lies to the left of the sternum (8 to 9 cm from the midsternal line) between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs near their articulation with the costal cartilages.[7]", "Atrium (heart). During embryogenesis at about two weeks, a primitive atrium begins to be formed. It begins as one chamber which over the following two weeks becomes divided by the septum primum into the left atrium and the right atrium. The interatrial septum has an opening in the right atrium, the foramen ovale which provides access to the left atrium; this connects the two chambers, which is essential for fetal blood circulation. At birth, when the first breath is taken fetal blood flow is reversed to travel through the lungs. The foramen ovale is no longer needed and it closes to leave a depression (the fossa ovalis) in the atrial wall.", "Circulatory system. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The right atrium is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart. The blood that is returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the different organs of the body.", "Blue baby syndrome. The most common cause of blue baby syndrome,[citation needed] and the one which was the subject of the classic \"blue baby operation\" developed at Johns Hopkins in the 1940s,[1] is tetralogy of Fallot. In the normal heart, there are four separate chambers; the two top chambers, or atria, pump blood simultaneously into the two bottom chambers, or ventricles. Blood first enters the heart at the right atrium, which then empties blood into the right ventricle, which pumps the blood into the lungs through the pulmonary artery to get oxygen. From the lungs, the blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein; the left atrium empties into the left ventricle, which pumps the blood into the aorta and from there reaches the rest of the body. Because the left ventricle is responsible for getting blood to the entire body through the aorta, it is usually the biggest and strongest chamber of the heart.", "Serous membrane. For the heart, the layers of the serous membrane are called the parietal pericardium, and the visceral pericardium (sometimes called the epicardium). Other parts of the body may also have specific names for these structures. For example, the serosa of the uterus is called the perimetrium." ]

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[ "Scar (Disney). Scar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 32nd animated feature film The Lion King (1994). The character is voiced by English actor Jeremy Irons, while his singing voice is provided by both Irons and American actor Jim Cummings, the latter of whom was hired to replace Irons when the former damaged his singing voice. Subsequently, Scar makes minor appearances in the film's sequel The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1½ (2004), in both of which he is voiced entirely by Cummings, as well as appearing in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, in which the role of Scar was originated by American actor John Vickery.", "Scar (The Lion King). Chiwetel Ejiofor was officially chosen on November 1, 2017 for the role of Scar for the CGI live action remake, The Lion King (2019) directed by Jon Favreau, as he had impressed him after watching his antagonistic performance as Baron Mordo in the Marvel film Doctor Strange (2016).[48]", "Scar (Disney). A film that features the voices of several well-known A-list actors, namely Irons as Scar, Matthew Broderick as Simba, James Earl Jones as Mufasa and Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi,[85] The Lion King has since gone on to be acclaimed as \"one of the most impressive arrays of voice talents ever utilized in an animated film.\"[86] Critics have repeatedly singled out Irons' performance, praising it extensively: Cindy White of IGN called Irons' performance \"deliciously smarmy,\"[87] while Andy Patrizio of IGN wrote that Irons voices Scar \"in perfect Shakespearean villain mode.\"[88] Rolling Stone's Peter Travers hailed Irons for \"deliver[ing] a triumphantly witty vocal performance that ranks with Robin Williams' in Aladdin.\"[89] Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle commended Disney for \"nail[ing] the voice talents,\" specifically Irons.[90] The Philadelphia Daily News' Bill Wedo described Irons' voice as \"silken,\"[91] while Graham Young of the Birmingham Mail hailed the actor's performance as \"magnificent.\"[92] Radio Times' Tom Hutchinson wrote, \"Jeremy Irons [is] a vocal standout as the evil uncle Scar.\"[93] Annette Basile of Filmink echoed Hutchinson's statement, writing that Scar is \"voiced with relish by stand-out Jeremy Irons.\"[94] The Guardian's Philip French opined, \"Jeremy Irons is excellent as the suavely villainous lion Scar.\"[95] David Sterritt of The Christian Science Monitor exalted Irons' acting, describing him as \"positively brilliant.\"[96] Also hailing the film's cast as \"incredible,\" Desson Howe of The Washington Post highlighted Irons as a \"standout.\"[97] Praising the film for successfully combining \"grand-opera melodrama and low-comedy hi-jinks,\" the Orlando Sentinel's Jay Boyar concluded that \"One reason they work so well together is that even most of the serious sections contain an undercurrent of humor, provided ... by the deliciously droll voice-performance of Jeremy Irons as Scar.\"[98] Mathew DeKinder of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt that Irons successfully \"handle[s] all of the dramatic heavy lifting.\"[66]", "Scar (The Lion King). A film that features the voices of several well-known A-list actors, namely Irons as Scar, Matthew Broderick as Simba, James Earl Jones as Mufasa and Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi,[86] The Lion King has since gone on to be acclaimed as \"one of the most impressive arrays of voice talents ever utilized in an animated film.\"[87] Critics have repeatedly singled out Irons's performance, praising it extensively: Cindy White of IGN called Irons's performance \"deliciously smarmy,\"[88] while Andy Patrizio of IGN wrote that Irons voices Scar \"in perfect Shakespearean villain mode.\"[89] Rolling Stone's Peter Travers hailed Irons for \"deliver[ing] a triumphantly witty vocal performance that ranks with Robin Williams' in Aladdin.\"[90] Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle commended Disney for \"nail[ing] the voice talents,\" specifically Irons.[91] The Philadelphia Daily News' Bill Wedo described Irons's voice as \"silken,\"[92] while Graham Young of the Birmingham Mail hailed the actor's performance as \"magnificent.\"[93] Radio Times' Tom Hutchinson wrote, \"Jeremy Irons [is] a vocal standout as the evil uncle Scar.\"[94] Annette Basile of Filmink echoed Hutchinson's statement, writing that Scar is \"voiced with relish by stand-out Jeremy Irons.\"[95] The Guardian's Philip French opined, \"Jeremy Irons is excellent as the suavely villainous lion Scar.\"[96] David Sterritt of The Christian Science Monitor exalted Irons's acting, describing him as \"positively brilliant.\"[97] Also hailing the film's cast as \"incredible,\" Desson Howe of The Washington Post highlighted Irons as a \"standout.\"[98] Praising the film for successfully combining \"grand-opera melodrama and low-comedy hi-jinks,\" the Orlando Sentinel's Jay Boyar concluded that \"One reason they work so well together is that even most of the serious sections contain an undercurrent of humor, provided ... by the deliciously droll voice-performance of Jeremy Irons as Scar.\"[99] Mathew DeKinder of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt that Irons successfully \"handle[s] all of the dramatic heavy lifting.\"[67]", "Scar (The Lion King). Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell were originally considered for the role of Scar.[29] However, Curry left the role due to Home Alone 2: Lost in New York and the role was ultimately won by Jeremy Irons[24] because of his classical theater training; the directors had deliberately wanted Scar \"to come across as a Shakespearean character.\"[29] Successfully recruiting Irons for the film was considered an unprecedented achievement for the studio because, at the time, it was rare for a dramatic actor of Irons's caliber to agree to voice an animated character,[30] especially immediately after winning an Academy Award.[26] In fact, the Oscar-winning actor[31] nearly declined because, in fear of jeopardizing his successful career, he was \"[h]esitant to jump from a dramatic role to an animated feature.\"[32] Prior to The Lion King, Irons was famous for starring as several villains and antagonists in live-action films \"geared towards adults.\"[33] Although he had starred in a children's film before, the actor admitted that it did not mirror the success of The Lion King,[33] a film that has since gained notoriety for its cast of well known, award-winning Hollywood actors,[34] which animation historian Jerry Beck referred to in his book The Animated Movie Guide as \"the most impressive list of actors ever to grace an animated film.\"[35]", "Scar (Disney). English actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell were originally considered for the role of Scar.[29] However, Curry left the role due to Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, and the role was ultimately won by English actor Jeremy Irons[24] because of his classical theatre training; the directors had deliberately wanted Scar \"to come across as a Shakespearean character.\"[29] Successfully recruiting Irons for the film was considered an unprecedented achievement for the studio because, at the time, it was rare for a dramatic actor of Irons' caliber to agree to voice an animated character,[30] especially immediately after winning an Academy Award.[26] In fact, the Oscar-winning actor[31] nearly declined because, in fear of jeopardizing his successful career, he was \"[h]esitant to jump from a dramatic role to an animated feature.\"[32] Prior to The Lion King, Irons was famous for starring as several villains and antagonists in live-action films \"geared towards adults.\"[33] Although he had starred in a children's film before, the actor admitted that it did not mirror the success of The Lion King,[33] a film that has since gained notoriety for its cast of well known, award-winning Hollywood actors,[34] which animation historian Jerry Beck referred to in his book The Animated Movie Guide as \"the most impressive list of actors ever to grace an animated film.\"[35]", "Scar (The Lion King). Scar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film The Lion King (1994). The character is voiced by Jeremy Irons while his singing voice is provided by both Irons and Jim Cummings, the latter of whom was hired to replace Irons when the former damaged his singing voice. Subsequently, Scar makes minor appearances in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1½ (2004), in which he is voiced entirely by Cummings, and has a non speaking role in The Lion King 1½ as well as appearing in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, in which the role of Scar was originated by John Vickery.", "Scar (The Lion King). Scar was created in 1989 and was created by screenwriters Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts, and Linda Woolverton, and animated by Andreas Deja. The Pride Lands' reclusive heir presumptive, Scar is introduced in the first film as Simba's uncle and Mufasa's younger brother. Originally first-in-line to Mufasa's throne until he is suddenly replaced by Simba, Scar decides to lead an army of hyenas in his plot to take the throne by killing Mufasa and exiling Simba, ultimately blaming his brother's death on his nephew. Loosely based on King Claudius, the main antagonist of William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Scar's villainy was additionally inspired by Adolf Hitler. As the character's supervising animator, Deja based Scar's appearance on that of Irons himself, as well as the actor's Academy Award-winning performance as Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune (1990). Before Irons was cast, the directors had considered offering the role to actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell.", "Scar (Disney). Scar makes a brief cameo in Disney's animated feature film Hercules (1997) in the form of a limp lion skin coat worn by Hercules,[68] parodying the Nemean lion.[69] Ironically, Zazu somehow foresaw this predicament in the first film, when he sarcastically told Mufasa \"He'd make a very handsome throw rug\". Scar's supervising animator Andreas Deja also served as the supervising animator of Hercules.[70] The character appears in the 1994 video game The Lion King.[71] According to AllGame, Scar appears towards the end of video game as Simba finally \"must defeat his Uncle Scar\" and \"stop Scar and reclaim what is rightfully his.\"[72] Scar plays a similar role in the video game The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure (2000);[73] Simba's climactic \"battle with Scar concludes the first six levels of the game.\"[74] According to IGN, the video game features the voices of the film's cast, including Jeremy Irons as Scar.[73] Voiced by James Horan, Scar appears as a non-player character in Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure (2003)[75] and Kingdom Hearts II as a villain who ultimately transforms into a Heartless as a result of the character's own \"hatred and jealousy.\"[76]", "Scar (Disney). Scar was created in 1989 and was created by screenwriters Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton, and animated by Andreas Deja. The Pride Lands' reclusive heir presumptive, Scar is introduced in the first film as the uncle of Simba and younger brother of Mufasa. Originally first-in-line to Mufasa's throne until he is suddenly replaced by nephew Simba, Scar decides to lead an army of hyenas in his plot to take the throne by killing Mufasa and exiling Simba, ultimately blaming his brother's death on his nephew. Loosely based on King Claudius, the villain of William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Scar's villainy was additionally inspired by German politician Adolf Hitler. As the character's supervising animator, Deja based Scar's appearance on that of Irons himself, as well as the actor's Academy Award-winning performance as Claus von Bülow in the film Reversal of Fortune (1990). Before Irons was cast, the directors had considered offering the role to actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell.", "Scar (The Lion King). Scar makes a brief cameo in Disney's animated feature film Hercules (1997) in the form of a limp lion skin coat worn by Hercules,[69] parodying the Nemean lion.[70] This is also likely a reference to Zazu's remark (in the first film) that Scar would \"make a very handsome throw rug\". Scar's supervising animator Andreas Deja also served as the supervising animator of Hercules.[71] The character appears in the 1994 video game The Lion King.[72] According to AllGame, Scar appears towards the end of video game as Simba finally \"must defeat his Uncle Scar\" and \"stop Scar and reclaim what is rightfully his.\"[73] Scar plays a similar role in the video game The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure (2000);[74] Simba's climactic \"battle with Scar concludes the first six levels of the game.\"[75] According to IGN, the video game features the voices of the film's cast, including Jeremy Irons as Scar.[74] Voiced by James Horan, Scar appears as a non-player character in Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure (2003)[76] and Kingdom Hearts II as a villain who ultimately transforms into a Heartless as a result of the character's own \"hatred and jealousy.\"[77]", "Scar (The Lion King). \"Simba is also influenced by his delectably wicked uncle, Scar (Jeremy Irons). Scar arranges Mufasa's disturbing on-screen death in a manner that both banishes Simba to the wilderness and raises questions about whether this film really warranted a G rating ... For the grown-ups, there is Mr. Irons, who has been as devilishly well-captured by Disney's graphic artists (Scar's supervising animator: Andreas Deja) as Robin Williams was in Aladdin. Bored, wicked and royally sarcastic, Mr. Irons's Scar slithers through the story in grandiose high style, with a green-eyed malevolence that is one of film's chief delights. 'Oh, and just between us, you might want to work on that little roar of yours, hmm?' he purrs to Simba, while purporting to be a mentor to his young nephew. Scar, who also gives a reprise of Mr. Irons's best-known line from Reversal of Fortune, may not be much of a father figure, but he's certainly great fun.\"", "The Lion King. Matthew Broderick was cast as adult Simba early during production, and during the three years of voice acting only recorded with another actor once, and only discovered Moira Kelly voiced Nala at the premiere.[18] English actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell were originally considered for the role of Scar,[19] however, Curry left the role due to Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, and it was ultimately won by English actor Jeremy Irons.[20] Irons had at first refused the role due to not being comfortable going from the dramatic performance as Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune to a comedic role. But once he came in, Irons' performance even inspired the writers to incorporate more of his acting as von Bülow—adding one of that character's lines, \"You have no idea\"—and animator Andreas Deja to watch both Reversal of Fortune and Damage to pick up Irons's facial traits and tics.[16][21]", "Scar (The Lion King). Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly described Scar as \"a figure of both pity and evil, and of treacherous comedy\" with \"Irons ... filling this devious coward with elegantly witty self-loathing.\"[58] As an animator, Deja believes that \"If you have a great voice to work with, your work is half done.\"[59] Enjoying the way in which Irons \"has a way with words and phrasing,\"[59] Deja deliberately based much of Scar's appearance on the actor himself, specifically the shape of his mouth and facial expressions.[47] Several of the actor's physical attributes were incorporated into Scar's design, with Irons admitting to recognizing his own baggy eyes in his character.[26] Additionally, Deja studied Irons's performances in the films Reversal of Fortune (1990) and Damage (1992) for inspiration,[26][60] while refusing to watch Disney's The Jungle Book while working on The Lion King in order to avoid being influenced by the film's villain Shere Khan, a tiger.[61]", "Scar (The Lion King). Even film critics who generally disliked the film tended to enjoy Scar's characterization and Irons's performance. Terrence Rafferty of The New Yorker wrote, \"Among the celebrity voices on the soundtrack, two performances stand out,\" namely, \"Jeremy Irons, as the villainous lion Scar\" who \"does an elegant, funny George Sanders impersonation.\"[100] (Sanders himself had voiced Shere Khan for Disney in their 1967 version of The Jungle Book). Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun described Irons's voice as \"plummy-rich with rancid irony.\"[12] Television Without Pity's Ethan Alter admitted to enjoying Scar, praising the character as \"a fantastic villain and easily the most fully realized of the film's characters, thanks both to Jeremy Irons's marvelously wicked vocal performance and some clever character flourishes on behalf of the animators.\"[101] David Denby of New York, who otherwise criticized the film, felt that \"Irons ... sounds like he's having a better time than he's ever had in movies before.\"[102] In a rare lukewarm review, Anthony Quinn of The Independent felt that Irons's performance was too campy: \"more Liberace than George Sanders.\"[103]", "Scar (Disney). Scar is portrayed through paintings in The Lion Guard television film and appeared as a spirit in the one-hour long special The Rise of Scar, after the series-exclusive villains Janja (the main antagonist hyena) and Ushari (a cobra) learn how to summon him. Scar was voiced on the one-hour special by David Oyelowo.[77] The Lion Guard explains some of his backstory. When Scar was younger—as per tradition to all second born children of the current reigning \"Lion King\"—he led The Lion Guard who protected The Pride Lands and defended \"The Circle of Life\" from all enemies before Kion, and was given a power called \"The Roar of the Elders\" which when used, caused the lions of Pride Lands past to roar with him. However, that power went to his head and Scar vainly believed that with this power, he should be the king instead of Mufasa, but when the rest of The Lion Guard refused to aid him in his plot, Scar destroyed them with the Roar. As a result, Scar lost the Roar forever, as he had used it for evil. In the years that followed the Lion Guard's downfall, Scar continued to plot against his brother.", "Scar (Disney). \"Simba is also influenced by his delectably wicked uncle, Scar (Jeremy Irons). Scar arranges Mufasa's disturbing on-screen death in a manner that both banishes Simba to the wilderness and raises questions about whether this film really warranted a G rating ... For the grown-ups, there is Mr. Irons, who has been as devilishly well-captured by Disney's graphic artists (Scar's supervising animator: Andreas Deja) as Robin Williams was in Aladdin. Bored, wicked and royally sarcastic, Mr. Irons's Scar slithers through the story in grandiose high style, with a green-eyed malevolence that is one of film's chief delights. 'Oh, and just between us, you might want to work on that little roar of yours, hmm?' he purrs to Simba, while purporting to be a mentor to his young nephew. Scar, who also gives a reprise of Mr. Irons's best-known line from Reversal of Fortune, may not be much of a father figure, but he's certainly great fun.\"", "Scar (Disney). Even film critics who generally disliked the film tended to enjoy Scar's characterization and Irons' performance. Terrence Rafferty of The New Yorker wrote, \"Among the celebrity voices on the soundtrack, two performances stand out,\" namely, \"Jeremy Irons, as the villainous lion Scar\" who \"does an elegant, funny George Sanders impersonation.\"[99] (Sanders himself had voiced Shere Khan for Disney in their 1967 version of The Jungle Book). Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun described Irons' voice as \"plummy-rich with rancid irony.\"[12] Television Without Pity's Ethan Alter admitted to enjoying Scar, praising the character as \"a fantastic villain and easily the most fully realized of the film's characters, thanks both to Jeremy Irons' marvelously wicked vocal performance and some clever character flourishes on behalf of the animators.\"[100] David Denby of New York, who otherwise criticized the film, felt that \"Irons ... sounds like he's having a better time than he's ever had in movies before.\"[101] In a rare lukewarm review, Anthony Quinn of The Independent felt that Irons' performance was too campy: \"more Liberace than George Sanders.\"[102]", "Scar (The Lion King). As directors, Minkoff and Allers \"work[ed] very closely with the actors to create their performance.\"[36] Describing Irons as \"a gentleman and a brilliant actor,\" Allers revealed that the actor was constantly offering \"extra interpretations of lines which were fantastic.\"[5] Producer Don Hahn recalled that Irons \"really wanted to play with the words and the pacing,\" specifically referring to a scene in which Scar, voiced by Jeremy Irons, coaxes Simba onto a rock and tricks the young cub to stay there and await his father's arrival alone, dubbing it \"a father and son ... thing.\" According to Hahn, \"The comedy in [Irons's] inflection comes from Scar sounding so disdainful he can barely summon the will to finish the sentence.\"[26] Irons's physical appearance and mannerisms served as inspiration for Scar's supervising animator Andreas Deja, namely his flicking his paw in disgust.[26] Critics have cited physical similarities between Irons and Scar.[37]", "Scar (Disney). Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly described Scar as \"a figure of both pity and evil, and of treacherous comedy\" with \"Irons ... filling this devious coward with elegantly witty self-loathing.\"[57] As an animator, Deja believes that \"If you have a great voice to work with, your work is half done.\"[58] Enjoying the way in which Irons \"has a way with words and phrasing,\"[58] Deja deliberately based much of Scar's appearance on the actor himself, specifically the shape of his mouth and facial expressions.[47] Several of the actor's physical attributes were incorporated into Scar's design, with Irons admitting to recognizing his own baggy eyes in his character.[26] Additionally, Deja studied Irons' performances in the films Reversal of Fortune (1990) and Damage (1992) for inspiration,[26][59] while refusing to watch Disney's The Jungle Book while working on The Lion King in order to avoid being influenced by the film's villain Shere Khan, a tiger.[60]", "Scar (The Lion King). The success of The Lion King spawned a Broadway musical based on the film, directed by Julie Taymor with a book written by The Lion King co-director Roger Allers and screenwriter Irene Mecchi. American actor John Vickery originated the role of Scar. In one scene in the musical, Scar, during the song \"The Madness of King Scar\", tries to seduce a young adult Nala and make her his queen and mother of his children. Nala however, rejects Scar's advances and leaves Pride Rock.", "Scar (Disney). The success of The Lion King spawned a Broadway musical based on the film, directed by Julie Taymor with a book written by The Lion King co-director Roger Allers and screenwriter Irene Mecchi. American actor John Vickery originated the role of Scar. In one scene in the musical, Scar, during the song \"The Madness of King Scar\", tries to seduce a young adult Nala and make her his queen. Nala however, rejects Scar's advances and leaves Pride Rock.", "Scar (The Lion King). The Huffington Post ranked Scar first in its \"Definitive Ranking Of 25 Classic Disney Villains\" countdown.[111] Similarly, BuzzFeed also ranked Scar first in the website's \"Definitive Ranking Of The Top 20 Disney Villains\" list, with author Javi Moreno accusing the character of removing \"the innocence of an entire generation.\"[112] Scar also topped About.com's \"Top 10 Disney Villains\" countdown; author David Nusair concluded, \"There are few figures within Disney's body of work that are as deliciously reprehensible and vile as Scar ... heightened by Jeremy Irons' gloriously smug voice work.\"[113] Nusair also included Irons among the \"Top 5 Celebrity Voice Performances in Animated Films\", acknowledging the fact that although the actor \"has played a lot of villains over the course of his career ... none have had the lasting impact as Scar from The Lion King.\"[114] The Orlando Sentinel ranked Scar the sixth \"greatest Disney villain of all time\".[115] Similarly, Babble.com also placed the character at number six.[116] Included in the website's \"12 most famous Disney villains from worst to best\" countdown, Yahoo! Movies ranked Scar second best,[117] while Moviefone ranked the character sixth.[118] E! ranked Scar fifth, with author John Boone writing that the character \"plotted one of the most painful deaths in Disney history, so you know he'll never be forgotten.\"[119] Animation World Network ranked Scar the sixth best animated villain.[52]", "Scar (The Lion King). While recording Scar's song \"Be Prepared,\" Irons encountered challenges with his voice. The actor reportedly \"blew out his voice\" upon belting the line \"you won't get a sniff without me,\" rendering him incapable of completing the musical number.[42] Consequently, Disney was forced to recruit American voice actor Jim Cummings, who had also been providing the voice of The Lion King's laughing hyena Ed at the time,[43] to impersonate Jeremy Irons and record the entire of the song.[44] Jim Cummings told The Huffington Post that \"[s]tunt singing\" is actually something the actor continues to do regularly, having done the same for American actor Russell Means, voice of Chief Powhatan in Disney's Pocahontas (1995).[45] Critics observed that Irons \"fakes his way ... through 'Be Prepared' in the grand tradition of talk-singing,\" drawing similarities between him and American actor James Cagney and English actor Rex Harrison.[46] Deja revealed that, during a recording session, Irons's stomach was grumbling. Deja joked, \"The growling sound could be heard in his recording, so we had to record that part of his dialog all over again.\"[47] As a result of Irons's prominent British accent, critics have compared both the actor and Scar to Shere Khan, the villain of Disney's The Jungle Book (1967), voiced by English actor George Sanders.[26]", "Scar (The Lion King). As a character, Scar has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics, who greeted Irons's vocal performance with equal enthusiasm. However, Scar's violence, dark color palette and allegedly effeminate mannerisms were initially met with mild controversy, perceived by some as racist and homophobic. Nevertheless, Scar continues to be revered as one of Disney's greatest villains by various media publications, topping The Huffington Post's list and ranking within the top ten of similar lists published by Yahoo! Movies, the Orlando Sentinel, E! and CNN. Scar has also been ranked among the greatest villains in film history by Digital Spy and Entertainment Weekly.", "Scar (The Lion King). In a reference to the role that earned Irons an Academy Award, Claus von B端low in Reversal of Fortune (1990), the writers gave Scar one of von B端low's lines, \"You have no idea,\" which is uttered by Irons in a similar tone.[38][39] According to author Rachel Stein of New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism, Irons relies \"on his history of playing sexually perverse, socially dangerous male characters to animate his depiction of Scar.\"[40] On the contrary, Irons revealed to Connect Savannah that the similarities between the voices of Scar and von B端low were largely unintentional, explaining, \"Whatever voice came was arrived at by looking at the initial sketches, and from the freedom the directors gave me to try anything.\" Irons concluded, \"The fact that he may occasionally remind you of Claus, comes from the fact that they both share the same voice box.\"[41]", "Scar (Disney). The Huffington Post ranked Scar first in its \"Definitive Ranking Of 25 Classic Disney Villains\" countdown.[110] Similarly, BuzzFeed also ranked Scar first in the website's \"Definitive Ranking Of The Top 20 Disney Villains\" list, with author Javi Moreno accusing the character of removing \"the innocence of an entire generation.\"[111] Scar also topped About.com's \"Top 10 Disney Villains\" countdown; author David Nusair concluded, \"There are few figures within Disney's body of work that are as deliciously reprehensible and vile as Scar ... heightened by Jeremy Irons' gloriously smug voice work.\"[112] Nusair also included Irons among the \"Top 5 Celebrity Voice Performances in Animated Films\", acknowledging the fact that although the actor \"has played a lot of villains over the course of his career ... none have had the lasting impact as Scar from The Lion King.\"[113] The Orlando Sentinel ranked Scar the sixth \"greatest Disney villain of all time\".[114] Similarly, Babble.com also placed the character at number six.[115] Included in the website's \"12 most famous Disney villains from worst to best\" countdown, Yahoo! Movies ranked Scar second best,[116] while Moviefone ranked the character sixth.[117] E! ranked Scar fifth, with author John Boone writing that the character \"plotted one of the most painful deaths in Disney history, so you know he'll never be forgotten.\"[118] Animation World Network ranked Scar the sixth best animated villain.[51]", "Scar (The Lion King). Scar appears as a fiery spirit in a volcano in season 2 (voiced by David Oyelowo[78]) starting in the one-hour long special The Rise of Scar, when Kion unknowingly summons him after using the Roar of the Elders in anger when Janja the hyena provokes him. After being summoned, Scar conspires with Janja the other animals in the Outlands to take over the Pride Lands and defeat the new Lion Guard and Simba, who were initially unaware that Scar had returned.", "Scar (The Lion King). Before becoming involved with The Lion King, Deja had already developed a reputation for animating Disney villains.[47][52] Prior to animating Scar, Deja had just recently served as the supervising animator of Gaston and Jafar, the villains in Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1991) and Aladdin (1992), respectively.[26] Initially, Deja had been considering the idea of animating a hero as opposed to a villain for a change,[47] contemplating taking on the task of animating Simba instead.[54] However, Deja soon relented upon learning that Scar would be voiced by Irons, feeling that it would be \"fun\" to animate a character voiced by such a prestigious actor.[54] Meanwhile, Minkoff and Allers had already had Deja in mind for animating Scar long before the animator approached the directors about the position.[54] The level anthropomorphism used in The Lion King exceeded that of any Disney animated film by which it was preceded.[55] Because Scar is an animal as opposed to a human,[56] Deja and the animators experienced certain challenges and limitations when it came to instilling movement in the character,[56] and thus experimented with manipulating Scar's facial expressions, specifically the way in which he tilts his head condescendingly, raises his eyebrows and lifts his chin.[26] The animals were each drawn with certain human-like attributes and characteristics in order to help convey emotions and tell the story.[55] Meanwhile, the studio recruited live lions for the animators to study while drawing.[57] As the film's villain, Scar is the only lion drawn with claws.[16]", "Scar (The Lion King). Scar has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics, some of whom praised him as a better character than Simba.[79] Author Peter M. Nichols wrote in his book New York Times Essential Library: Children's Movies: A Critic's Guide to the Best Films Available on Video and DVD that Scar \"is the most interesting character in the film,\" describing Simba and Mufasa \"bores in comparison.\"[80] Janet Maslin of The New York Times called Scar a \"delectably wicked\" villain. Maslin went on to praise Irons's voice acting, writing that the actor \"slithers through the story in grandiose high style, with a green-eyed malevolence that is one of film's chief delights.\"[81] Leah Rozen of People described Scar as \"a flawless realization of Irons's special talent.\"[82] Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune lauded Scar as the film's \"best character,\" jokingly describing him as \"Irons' Claus von Bulow with fur.\"[83] Similarly, ComingSoon.net's Joshua Starnes hailed Scar as \"the best part of the film.\" Praising both Scar and Irons's acting, Starnes continued, \"He switches so quickly and easily from campy to deadly its like a showcase for how to do an over-the-top villain right.\"[84] Concluding that \"Villains are often the most memorable characters in a Disney animated film,\" Roger Ebert described Scar \"one of the great ones.\"[38] James Berardinelli of ReelViews reviewed, \"Gone is the buffoonery that has marked the recent trio of Ursula, Gaston, and Jafar,\" writing, \"Scar is a sinister figure, given to acid remarks and cunning villainy.\" Berardinelli concluded, \"The cold-hearted manner in which he causes Mufasa's death lets us know that this is not a lion to be trifled with.\"[85]", "Scar (The Lion King). Scar makes a brief cameo appearance in the film in Simba's nightmare. In the nightmare, an adult Simba runs down the cliff where his father died, attempting to rescue him. Scar intervenes, however, and then turns into Kovu and throws Simba off the cliff. Scar makes another cameo appearance in a pool of water, as a reflection, after Kovu is exiled from Pride Rock.", "Scar (Disney). Before becoming involved with The Lion King, Deja had already developed a reputation for animating Disney villains.[47][51] Prior to animating Scar, Deja had just recently served as the supervising animator of Gaston and Jafar, the villains in Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1991) and Aladdin (1992), respectively.[26] Initially, Deja had been considering the idea of animating a hero as opposed to a villain for a change,[47] contemplating taking on the task of animating Simba instead.[53] However, Deja soon relented upon learning that Scar would be voiced by Irons, feeling that it would be \"fun\" to animate a character voiced by such a prestigious actor.[53] Meanwhile, Minkoff and Allers had already had Deja in mind for animating Scar long before the animator approached the directors about the position.[53] The level anthropomorphism used in The Lion King exceeded that of any Disney animated film by which it was preceded.[54] Because Scar is an animal as opposed to a human,[55] Deja and the animators experienced certain challenges and limitations when it came to instilling movement in the character,[55] and thus experimented with manipulating Scar's facial expressions, specifically the way in which he tilts his head condescendingly, raises his eyebrows and lifts his chin.[26] The animals were each drawn with certain human-like attributes and characteristics in order to help convey emotions and tell the story.[54] Meanwhile, the studio recruited live lions for the animators to study while drawing.[56] As the film's villain, Scar is the only lion drawn with claws.[16]" ]

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[ "Paul (name). Its prevalence in nations with a Christian heritage is primarily due to its attachment to Saint Paul the Apostle, whose Greek name was Παῦλος, Paûlos, a transliteration from the Latin, also carrying the \"modest\" meaning of this name, and possibly chosen because of its similarity to his Jewish name Šaul. The name Paul is common, with variations, in all European languages (e.g. English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, German, Dutch, Scandinavian, Greek, Russian, Georgian).", "Paul (name). The name has existed since Roman times. It derives from the Roman family name Paulus or Paullus, from the Latin adjective meaning \"small\" or \"humble\".[1][2] During the Classical Age it was used to distinguish the minor of two people of the same family bearing the same name. The Roman patrician family of the Gens Aemilia included such prominent persons as Lucius Aemilius Paullus, Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, Tertia Aemilia Paulla (the wife of Scipio Africanus), and Sergius Paulus.", "Paul (name). Paul /pɔːl/ ( listen) is a common masculine given name in countries and ethnicities with a Christian heritage (Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism) and, beyond Europe, in Christian religious communities throughout the world. Paul – or its variations – can be a given name or surname.", "Paul the Apostle. Paul referred to himself as being \"of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of the Hebrews; as touching the law, a Pharisee\".[Phil. 3:5]", "Paul the Apostle. It has been popularly assumed that Saul's name was changed when he became a follower of Jesus Christ, but that is not the case.[5][20] His Jewish name was \"Saul\" (Hebrew: שָׁאוּל‬, Modern Sha'ul, Tiberian Šāʼûl, \"asked for, prayed for, borrowed\"), perhaps after the biblical King Saul, a fellow Benjamite and the first king of Israel. According to the Book of Acts, he inherited Roman citizenship from his father.[citation needed] As a Roman citizen, he also bore the Latin name of \"Paul\" – in biblical Greek: Παῦλος (Paulos),[21] and in Latin: Paulus.[22][Acts 16:37][22:25–28] It was quite usual for the Jews of that time to have two names, one Hebrew, the other Latin or Greek.[23][24][25]", "Paul the Apostle. Paul the Apostle (Latin: Paulus; Greek: Παῦλος, translit. Paulos, Coptic: ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ; c. 5 – c. 67), commonly known as Saint Paul and also known by his Jewish name Saul of Tarsus (Hebrew: שאול התרסי‎, translit. Sha'ul ha-Tarsi; Greek: Σαῦλος Ταρσεύς, translit. Saulos Tarseus),[4][5][6] was an apostle (though not one of the Twelve Apostles) who taught the gospel of the Christ to the first century world.[7]", "Paul the Apostle. In Acts 13:9, Saul is called \"Paul\" for the first time on the island of Cyprus–much later than the time of his conversion. The author (Luke) indicates that the names were interchangeable: \"Saul, who also is called Paul.\" He thereafter refers to him as Paul, apparently Paul's preference since he is called Paul in all other Bible books where he is mentioned, including those that he authored. Adopting his Roman name was typical of Paul's missionary style. His method was to put people at their ease and to approach them with his message in a language and style to which they could relate, as in 1 Cor 9:19–23.[5]", "Language of Jesus. The apostle's given name appears to be Simon, and he is given the Aramaic nickname, kēpā, meaning 'rock' or 'stone'. The final sigma (ς) is added in Greek to make the name masculine rather than feminine. That the meaning of the name was more important than the name itself is evidenced by the universal acceptance of the Greek translation, Πέτρος (Petros). It is not known why Paul uses the Aramaic name rather than the Greek name for Simon Peter when he writes to the churches in Galatia and Corinth.[32] He may have been writing at a time before Cephas came to be popularly known as Peter. According to Clement of Alexandria, there were two people named Cephas: one was Apostle Simon Peter, and the other was one of Jesus' Seventy Apostles.[33] Clement goes further to say it was Cephas of the Seventy who was condemned by Paul in Galatians 2 for not eating with the Gentiles, though this is perhaps Clement's way of deflecting the condemnation from Simon Peter. In any case the relationship of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism (which this involves) is still disputed.", "Paul (name). Paul's popularity has varied. In the United States, the 1990 census shows it ranked the 13th most common (male) name;[3] however, Social Security Administration data shows popularity in the top 20 until 1968, with steadily declining use until its 2015 rank of 200th.[4]", "Paulino. Paulino is a masculine given name. It is a Spanish and Portuguese form of the Roman family name Paulinus, which was itself derived from the Roman family name Paulus meaning \"small\" or \"humble\" in Latin.[1] Paulino is sometimes also a very popular Portuguese surname.", "Paul (name). Below are Pauls who are notable in their fields. This is not a comprehensive list of articles on people named Paul; see instead All pages beginning with \"Paul\".", "Paul the Apostle. Seven of the 13 letters that bear Paul's name – Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians and Philemon – were until recently almost universally accepted as being entirely authentic (dictated by Paul himself).[8][101][102][103] They are considered the best source of information on Paul's life and especially his thought.[8]", "Two Little Dickie Birds. These names seem to have been replaced with the apostles Peter and Paul in the 19th century.[1]", "Cryptic crossword. gives PAUL (\"apostle\"), by placing \"pal\" (\"friend\") outside of \"U\" (\"university\").", "Paul the Apostle. Professor Robert Eisenman of California State University, Long Beach argues that Paul was a member of the family of Herod the Great.[183] Eisenman makes a connection between Paul and an individual identified by Josephus as \"Saulus\", a \"kinsman of Agrippa\".[184] Another oft-cited element of the case for Paul as a member of Herod's family is found in Romans 16:11 where Paul writes, \"Greet Herodion, my kinsman\".", "Apostles. In his writings, Paul the Apostle, although not one of the original twelve, described himself as an apostle, one \"born out of due time\" (e.g., Romans 1:1, 1 Corinthians 15:8 and other letters). He was called by the resurrected Jesus himself during his Road to Damascus vision and given the name \"Paul\".[Acts 9:1–9] With Barnabas, he was allotted the role of apostle in the church.[Acts 13:2] He referred to himself as the apostle of the Gentiles.[Rom 11:13]", "Christian name. In view of the Hebrew practice of giving a name to the male child at the time of its circumcision on the eighth day after birth (Luke 1:59), it has been maintained that the custom of conferring a name upon the newly baptised was of Apostolic origin. For instance, the apostle of the Gentiles was called Saul before his conversion and Paul afterwards. But modern scholars[who?] have rejected this contention, since the baptism of St. Paul is recorded in Acts 9:18, but the name Paul does not occur before Acts 13:9 while Saul is found several times in the interval. There is no more reason to connect the name Paul with the Apostle's baptism than there is to account in the same way for the giving of the name Cephas or Peter, which is due to another cause[which?]. In the inscriptions of the catacombs and in early Christian literature, the names of Christians in the first three centuries did not distinctively differ from the names of the pagans around them. A reference to the Epistles of St. Paul indicates that the names of pre-Christian gods and goddesses were used by his converts after their conversion as before. Hermes occurs in Romans 16:14, with a number of other purely pagan names, Epaphroditus in Phil. 4:18, Phoebe, the deaconess, in Romans 16:1.[2]", "Paul (name). The feminine versions are Paula, Pauline, Paulina, and Paulette.", "Paul the Apostle. A legend later[when?] developed that his martyrdom occurred at the Aquae Salviae, on the Via Laurentina. According to this legend, after Paul was decapitated, his severed head rebounded three times, giving rise to a source of water each time that it touched the ground, which is how the place earned the name \"San Paolo alle Tre Fontane\" (\"St Paul at the Three Fountains\").[95][96] Also according to legend, Paul's body was buried outside the walls of Rome, at the second mile on the Via Ostiensis, on the estate owned by a Christian woman named Lucina. It was here, in the fourth century, that the Emperor Constantine the Great built a first church. Then, between the fourth and fifth centuries it was considerably enlarged by the Emperors Valentinian I, Valentinian II, Theodosius I, and Arcadius. The present-day Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls was built there in 1800.[95]", "Saint Peter. Paul of Tarsus called Peter as \"Cephas\",[143] in the same way that Jesus did.[144] This Hellenized Hebrew word of Aramaic ܟ݁ܺܐܦ݂ܳܐ (Cephas), was not a proper name, but Paul assigns him as such.", "Apostles. If the first view is correct then Paul may be referring to a female apostle[27][28] - the Greek name (Iounian) is in the accusative and could be either Junia (a woman) or Junias (a man)[29]. Later manuscripts add accents to make it unambiguously Junias, however while \"Junia\" was a common name, \"Junias\" was not[28], and both options are favoured by different Bible translations.", "Apostles. In the New Testament, the names of the majority of the apostles are Hebrew names, although some had Greek names.[3] Even Paul, the \"apostle of the Gentiles\", who said that Jesus revealed himself to him only after his ascension and appointed him to his mission,[4] was a Jew by birth and proud of it, although after his conversion he adopted the Roman cognomen Paulus, rendered in English as Paul, as his name.[Acts 13:9] Paul claimed with much insistency this title and its rights,[2] and made the case to the Corinthian Church that he was an apostle by the evidence of the fruits of his ministry, of which they themselves were.[1Cor 9:1–2]", "Paul the Apostle. The two main sources of information by which we have access to the earliest segments of Paul's career are the Bible's Book of Acts and the autobiographical elements of Paul's letters to the early church communities. Paul was likely born between the years of 5 BC and 5 AD.[29] The Book of Acts indicates that Paul was a Roman citizen by birth, more affirmatively describing his father as such,[citation needed] but Helmut Koester takes issue with the evidence presented by the text.[30][Acts 16:37][Acts 22:25–29]", "Paul the Apostle. He was from a devout Jewish family[31] in the city of Tarsus–one of the largest trade centers on the Mediterranean coast.[32] It had been in existence several hundred years prior to his birth. It was renowned for its university. During the time of Alexander the Great, who died in 323 BC, Tarsus was the most influential city in Asia Minor.[31]", "Pauline epistles. The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the 13 New Testament books which have the name Paul (Παῦλος) as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul the Apostle. Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents. They provide an insight into the beliefs and controversies of early Christianity and as part of the canon of the New Testament they are foundational texts for both Christian theology and ethics. The Epistle to the Hebrews, although it does not bear his name, was traditionally considered Pauline for a thousand years, but from the 16th century onwards opinion steadily moved against Pauline authorship and few scholars now ascribe it to Paul, mostly because it does not read like any of his other epistles in style and content.[1] Most scholars agree that Paul really wrote seven of the Pauline epistles, but that four of the epistles in Paul's name are pseudepigraphic; scholars are divided on the authenticity of two of the epistles.", "Paul the Apostle. The Bible reveals very little about Paul's family. Paul's nephew, his sister's son, is mentioned in Acts 23:16. Acts also quotes Paul referring to his father by saying he, Paul, was \"a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee\" (Acts 23:6). In Romans 16:7 he states that his relatives, Andronicus and Junia, were Christians before he was and were prominent among the apostles.", "Paul the Apostle. Some scholars see Paul (or Saul) as completely in line with 1st-century Judaism (a Pharisee and student of Gamaliel as presented by Acts),[114] others see him as opposed to 1st-century Judaism (see Marcionism), while the majority see him as somewhere in between these two extremes, opposed to \"Ritual Laws\" (for example the circumcision controversy in early Christianity) but in full agreement on \"Divine Law\". These views of Paul are paralleled by the views of Biblical law in Christianity.", "Saint Peter. He was later given the name כֵּיפָא (Kepha) in Aramaic, which was rendered in Greek (by transliteration and the addition of a final sigma to make it a masculine word) as Κηφᾶς, whence Latin and English Cephas (9 occurrences in the New Testament);[14] or (by translation with masculine termination) as Πέτρος, whence Latin Petrus and English Peter (156 occurrences in the New Testament).[15]", "To rob Peter to pay Paul. This phrase may have originated in Middle English as a collocation of common names – similar to, for example, Tom, Dick, and Harry – with the religious connotations accruing later,[10] or alternatively as a reference to Saint Peter and Saint Paul (who are often depicted jointly in Christian art and regarded similarly in theology).[2][3] One reason for the frequent use of the two names in expressions is the alliteration they form.[5] The aforementioned Peter and Paul were apostles of Christ; both were martyred in ancient Rome and have the same feast day (i.e. the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on June 29th). Today, the feast occurs with minimal notice, but it was widely celebrated within England in the Middle Ages. Many churches there were dedicated to the pair. All of that, combined with the medieval English people being almost universally Christian, made it quite common to hear these names together.[11]", "Christian ethics. Paul is also the source of the phrase \"Law of Christ\", though its meaning and the relationship of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism are still disputed. The Pauline writings are also the major source of the New Testament household code.", "Paul the Apostle. British Jewish scholar Hyam Maccoby contended that the Paul as described in the book of Acts and the view of Paul gleaned from his own writings are very different people. Some difficulties have been noted in the account of his life. Paul as described in the Book of Acts is much more interested in factual history, less in theology; ideas such as justification by faith are absent as are references to the Spirit, according to Maccoby. He also pointed out that there are no references to John the Baptist in the Pauline Epistles, although Paul mentions him several times in the book of Acts.", "Saint Peter. The combined name Σίμων Πέτρος (Simon Peter) appears 19 times in the New Testament. In some Syriac documents he is called, in English translation, Simon Cephas.[20]" ]

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[ "All I Ever Need Is You (song). \"All I Ever Need Is You\" is a popular song written by Jimmy Holiday and Eddie Reeves and recorded by Ray Charles for his 1971 album, Volcanic Action of My Soul. The most well-known version of the song is the hit single by Sonny & Cher which in 1971 reached number seven on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [1] and is their single of greatest longevity, spending 15 weeks on that chart. Their album by the same title sold over 500,000 copies reaching RIAA gold status.", "All I Ever Need Is You (song). “All I Ever Need Is You” was associated with two Grammy Award Nominations: 1972 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Sonny & Cher, All I Ever Need Is You; and 1973 “Best Country Instrumental Performance” Chet Atkins & Jerry Reed, Me and Chet[5] (album included “All I Ever Need Is You”). The song was recorded by Tom Jones, Sammi Smith and several others.", "All I Ever Need Is You (song). A 1984 Dutch version titled “Ik Meen ‘T” by recording artist Andre Hazes reached #1 for two weeks on March 9 and 16, 1985 on the pop singles chart in the Netherlands.[4]", "You're All I Need (song). The song is about a girlfriend that Nikki Sixx had who he believed cheated on him with Jack Wagner, an actor in General Hospital, who at the time had a single out called \"All I Need\". Nikki wrote his version and gave it to his girlfriend, but had no intention of recording it. However, the rest of the band praised the song and it was recorded for the Girls, Girls, Girls album. In Nikki's book The Heroin Diaries, a journal entry states that Tommy Lee was playing the song on the piano, and Nikki wrote the lyrics for the piano part.", "All I Ever Need Is You (song). Two versions made the country music charts: Ray Sanders (#18) in 1971, and Kenny Rogers and Dottie West (#1) in 1979.[3] The Rogers & West recording was included on four albums: Classics (Kenny Rogers and Dottie West album) in 1979 selling over 2,000,000 copies; Duets (Kenny Rogers album) in 1984 selling over 1,000,000 copies; 42 Ultimate Hits (Kenny Rogers album) in 2004 selling over 500,000 copies and 21 Number Ones (Kenny Rogers album) in 2006 selling over 500,000 copies.", "David Ruffin. Other notable recordings from Ruffin's solo career include \"I Lost Everything I've Ever Loved\" (1969); the gospel-inflected \"I'm So Glad I Fell For You\" (1970); \"Blood Donors Needed (Give All You Can)\" (1973); \"Common Man\" (1973) (which was sampled on the 2001 Jay-Z song \"Never Change\"); \"No Matter Where\" (1974); \"Who I Am\" (1975); \"Statue of a Fool\" (1975); and cover versions of the Jackson Five's \"I Want You Back\", \"Rainy Night in Georgia\" (popularized by Brook Benton) - both recorded for the shelved 1970 album; and Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes' \"I Miss You\" (1973), featuring Eddie Kendricks (later Kendrick).", "All I Ever Need Is You (song). \"All I Ever Need Is You\" by Sonny & Cher also topped the Easy Listening chart for five weeks late in 1971.[2] and was a top-ten single in both the United Kingdom and Canada. It has sold more than 2,250,000 copies world wide.", "Peter Cetera. 1997 brought You're the Inspiration: A Collection, a collection of all his duets from over the years, along with three re-recorded songs he had written while a member of Chicago—\"If You Leave Me Now\", \"You're the Inspiration\", and \"Baby, What a Big Surprise\"—and two brand new recordings, \"Do You Love Me That Much\", and \"She Doesn't Need Me Anymore\".[29] In a 1997 interview, Cetera said that he had to remake the three Chicago songs because Chicago band members refused to release the master recordings for River North Records to use for this album. Although Cetera was at first reluctant to revisit his Chicago material, he soon had a change of heart and said, \"'I viewed them as what I would do with the songs if they were new today.'\"[94] Additionally, this is the first of Cetera's solo albums to feature \"After All\", his 1989 number six duet with Cher from the soundtrack of the movie Chances Are.[29]", "You're All I Need (song). The song was praised by Jon Bon Jovi as \"the best ballad Mötley Crüe have ever written\". When informed of this Nikki Sixx laughed because of the gruesome meaning behind the song.", "Andrew Gold. Gold played on Cher's hit 1989 album Heart of Stone and, during the early '90s, wrote and composed hits for Trisha Yearwood as well as Wynonna Judd, for whom he co-wrote the #1 single \"I Saw The Light\" with Lisa Angelle. (Later, Gold would produce Angelle on her own album, which featured a number of songs on whose authorship and composition they collaborated.) He also produced singles for Vince Gill, wrote and produced tracks for Celine Dion, and arranged a cover of the Everly Brothers' hit “All I Have to Do Is Dream\" that was sung by stars Jeff Bridges and Karen Allen in the 1984 science-fiction film Starman.", "You're All I Need to Get By. Dionne Warwick recorded this song in 1969 for the album Soulful and Diana Ross recorded it for her 1970 album, Diana Ross. Ashford and Simpson produced Ross' version as well.", "Always (Irving Berlin song). \"Always\" is a popular song written by Irving Berlin in 1925, as a wedding gift for his wife Ellin McKay, whom he married in 1926, and to whom he presented the substantial royalties. Although legend (and Groucho Marx) claims Berlin wrote the song \"Always\" for The Cocoanuts, he never meant for the song to be included in the play.[1]", "All I Need (Matchbox Twenty song). \"All I Need\" is a song by the rock band Matchbox Twenty. It was released on their third studio album More Than You Think You Are. It was released in March 2004 in Australia as the fifth single from the album. This was Matchbox Twenty's last single until 2007. The song charted at #32 on the Australian ARIA Charts. It was written by lead singer Rob Thomas.", "All I Ever Wanted (Brian Melo song). The song was written by Chris Perry and Nicole Hughes. It was recorded September 2007, two months before the album's release.", "All You Need Is Love. \"All You Need Is Love\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released as a non-album single in July 1967. It was written by John Lennon[2] and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The Beatles performed the song over a pre-recorded backing track as Britain's contribution to Our World, the first live global television link. Watched by over 400 million in 25 countries, the programme was broadcast via satellite on 25 June 1967.[3] The song captured the utopian sentiments of the Summer of Love era and topped singles charts in Britain, the United States and many other countries.", "All the Way... A Decade of Song. The first single, \"That's the Way It Is\" is an optimistic uptempo song, co-written and co-produced by Max Martin, best known for his work with young pop artists.[3] Other highlights on All the Way... A Decade of Song include a remake of Roberta Flack's \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\", which Dion has performed acoustically in her Let's Talk About Love World Tour; the Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange ballad \"If Walls Could Talk\", with Shania Twain on background vocals; the power ballad \"I Want You to Need Me\" from Diane Warren; another, orchestrated power ballad \"Then You Look at Me;\" and a song Dion and René Angélil got married to, \"All the Way\", here in a virtual duet with Frank Sinatra.[1][2]", "All You Need Is Love. The song's use of quotations from other musical works follows an approach adopted by the Beatles in Harrison's composition \"It's All Too Much\",[22] which similarly reflects the ideology behind the hippie movement during the 1967 Summer of Love.[23] George Martin recalled that in \"All You Need Is Love\" \"the boys ... wanted to freak out at the end, and just go mad\".[24] During the long fade-out, elements of various other songs can be heard, including \"Greensleeves\", Invention No. 8 in F major (BWV 779) by J. S. Bach, \"In the Mood\", and the Beatles' own songs \"She Loves You\" and \"Yesterday\".[25] The first of these three pieces had been included in the arrangement by Martin. \"She Loves You\" and \"Yesterday\" were the result of improvisation by Lennon in rehearsals – he had also experimented with interpolating \"She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain\" – although it was McCartney who led \"She Loves You\" on the subsequent studio recording.[26]", "You're All I Need to Get By. In 2012, Christine Anu covered the song on her album, Rewind: The Aretha Franklin Songbook.", "All I Have to Do Is Dream. \"All I Have to Do Is Dream\" is a song made famous by the Everly Brothers, written by Boudleaux Bryant of the husband and wife songwriting team Felice and Boudleaux Bryant,[2] and published in 1958. The song is ranked No. 141 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song is in AABA form.[3]", "Rod Temperton. Rodney Lynn \"Rod\" Temperton (9 October 1949 – September/October 2016) was an English songwriter, record producer and musician. He initially made his mark as the keyboardist and main songwriter for the 1970s R&B, funk and disco band Heatwave, whose hit songs included \"Boogie Nights\" and \"Always and Forever\".", "All You Need Is Love. In the book The Beatles Anthology, McCartney and George Harrison say they were unsure whether \"All You Need Is Love\" was written for Our World, while Ringo Starr and George Martin, the Beatles' producer, assert that it was. McCartney said: \"It was certainly tailored to [the broadcast] once we had it. But I've got a feeling it was just one of John's songs that was coming anyway.\"[14]", "You're All I Need (song). \"You're All I Need\" is a song by American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe. It was released as the third and final single from the band's 1987 album Girls, Girls, Girls. A glam metal tune, its guitar solo contains a key change mid-way that is a classic example of diatonic chord progression. The song charted at 83 on the US Charts,[1] and 23 on the UK Charts.", "Everlasting Love. \"Everlasting Love\" is a song written by Buzz Cason and Mac Gayden, originally a 1967 hit for Robert Knight and since remade several times, most successfully by the Love Affair, as well as Town Criers, Carl Carlton, and Sandra. In 1989, U2 released a version of \"Everlasting Love\" as a B-side on various formats of the \"All I Want Is You\" single.", "All You Need Is Love. For Our World, the Beatles were asked to provide a song with a message that could be easily understood by everyone.[4] The band undertook the assignment at a time when they were committed to two film projects:[5] a planned television special, Magical Mystery Tour, and the animated feature Yellow Submarine, for which they were contractually obliged to United Artists to supply four new recordings.[6] \"All You Need Is Love\" was selected for Our World for its contemporary social significance over the Paul McCartney-written \"Your Mother Should Know\".[7][nb 1] In a statement to Melody Maker magazine, Brian Epstein, the band's manager, said of \"All You Need Is Love\": \"It was an inspired song and they really wanted to give the world a message. The nice thing about it is that it cannot be misinterpreted. It is a clear message saying that love is everything.\"[9][10] Lennon later attributed the song's simple lyrical statements to his liking of slogans and television advertising.[11] He likened the song to a propaganda piece,[12] adding: \"I'm a revolutionary artist. My art is dedicated to change.\"[11] Author Mark Hertsgaard views it as the Beatles' \"most political song yet\" up to 1967 and the origins of Lennon's posthumous standing as a \"humanitarian hero\".[13]", "Max Martin. In 2005, Max Martin wrote the first single-song for pop punk duo The Veronicas, \"4ever,\" with Lukasz \"Dr. Luke\" Gottwald for their debut studio album The Secret Life Of... (2005). Also he wrote \"Everything I'm Not,\" the second single-song of The Veronicas, the same year, again with Gottwald, Rami, Jessica Origliasso and Lisa Origliasso for the same album The Secret Life Of....", "Cliff Richard. In October 1986, \"All I Ask of You\", a duet that Richard recorded with Sarah Brightman from the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical version of The Phantom of the Opera reached No. 3 in the UK singles chart.[41] 1987 saw the release of his Always Guaranteed album, which became his best-selling album of all-new material, and included the two top-10 hit singles \"My Pretty One\" and \"Some People\".", "Jimmy James (singer). In 1999, drummer Russ Courtenay co-wrote the track \"Whatever You Need\", which appeared on Tina Turner's album, 24/7, and later on her All the Best and The Platinum Collection compilation albums. He is currently working on a project entitled 'Rainbow Beach'.", "Andrew Lloyd Webber. Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948)[2] is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre.[3] Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway. He has composed 13 musicals, a song cycle, a set of variations, two film scores, and a Latin Requiem Mass. Several of his songs have been widely recorded and were hits outside of their parent musicals, notably \"The Music of the Night\" and \"All I Ask of You\" from The Phantom of the Opera, \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" from Jesus Christ Superstar, \"Don't Cry for Me, Argentina\" from Evita, \"Any Dream Will Do\" from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and \"Memory\" from Cats. In 2001 The New York Times referred to him as \"the most commercially successful composer in history\".[4] Ranked the \"fifth most powerful person in British culture\" by The Daily Telegraph in 2008, the lyricist Don Black stated \"Andrew more or less single-handedly reinvented the musical.\"[5]", "You're All I Need to Get By. The original recording by Gaye and Terrell peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number-one on Billboard's Hot R&B/Soul Singles chart for five weeks,[1] becoming one of the longest-running number one R&B hits of 1968 and the most successful duet recording of Marvin Gaye's entire career. Given its global appeal, it also reached #19 on the British singles charts in late 1968, staying there for nineteen weeks.", "Dickey Lee. After the 1960s, Lee devoted his efforts to country music performing and songwriting. His 1970s country hits as a singer include two remakes of pop songs, Delaney & Bonnie's \"Never Ending Song of Love\" and Austin Roberts's \"Rocky\" (another bitter-sweet song, written by Jay Stevens of Springfield, MO – a.k.a. Woody P. Snow), in addition to original songs such as \"Angels, Roses, and Rain,\" and \"9,999,999 Tears.\" He also co-wrote several songs with Bob McDill, including \"Someone Like You\" (by Emmylou Harris), \"I've Been Around Enough To Know\" (first recorded by Jo-El Sonnier in 1973, but would became a #1 hit in 1984 for John Schneider), and \"The Door is Always Open\" (by several artists, most notably by Dave and Sugar).", "You're All I Need to Get By. Jacob Artist and Melissa Benoist sang this song on Season 4 of 'Glee' for the Valentine's Day episode 'I Do.'", "Rick Astley. Richard Paul Astley (/ˈrɪk ˈæstli/; born 6 February 1966) is an English singer, songwriter and radio personality. His 1987 song \"Never Gonna Give You Up\" was a No. 1 hit single in 25 countries and won the 1988 Brit Award for Best British Single.[1][2] By the time of his retirement in 1993, Astley had sold approximately 40 million records worldwide.[3][4][5]" ]

[ 8.7421875, 2.953125, 3.3125, 0.92138671875, 3.12890625, -8.21875, 4.74609375, -6.5078125, 1.6689453125, -8.0546875, -0.427978515625, 0.257080078125, 2.439453125, -0.86669921875, 4.1796875, -3.654296875, -1.4423828125, -0.7490234375, -0.6962890625, -1.77734375, 0.41259765625, 2.2578125, -0.305908203125, -0.62109375, -4.35546875, -4.24609375, -3.91796875, -0.99658203125, 0.0882568359375, -6.98828125, -1.740234375, -0.95068359375 ]

[ "Pi. This formula, unlike others before it, can produce any individual hexadecimal digit of π without calculating all the preceding digits.[139] Individual binary digits may be extracted from individual hexadecimal digits, and octal digits can be extracted from one or two hexadecimal digits. Variations of the algorithm have been discovered, but no digit extraction algorithm has yet been found that rapidly produces decimal digits.[141] An important application of digit extraction algorithms is to validate new claims of record π computations: After a new record is claimed, the decimal result is converted to hexadecimal, and then a digit extraction algorithm is used to calculate several random hexadecimal digits near the end; if they match, this provides a measure of confidence that the entire computation is correct.[127]", "Pi. For most numerical calculations involving π, a handful of digits provide sufficient precision. According to Jörg Arndt and Christoph Haenel, thirty-nine digits are sufficient to perform most cosmological calculations, because that is the accuracy necessary to calculate the circumference of the observable universe with a precision of one atom.[116] Accounting for additional digits needed to compensate for computational round-off errors, Arndt concludes that a few hundred digits would suffice for any scientific application. Despite this, people have worked strenuously to compute π to thousands and millions of digits.[117] This effort may be partly ascribed to the human compulsion to break records, and such achievements with π often make headlines around the world.[118][119] They also have practical benefits, such as testing supercomputers, testing numerical analysis algorithms (including high-precision multiplication algorithms); and within pure mathematics itself, providing data for evaluating the randomness of the digits of π.[120]", "Approximations of π. In 1996, Simon Plouffe derived an algorithm to extract the nth decimal digit of π (using base 10 math to extract a base 10 digit), and which can do so with an improved speed of O(n3(log n)3) time. The algorithm requires virtually no memory for the storage of an array or matrix so the one-millionth digit of π can be computed using a pocket calculator.[60] However, it would be quite tedious and impractical to do so.", "Pi. Two algorithms were discovered in 1995 that opened up new avenues of research into π. They are called spigot algorithms because, like water dripping from a spigot, they produce single digits of π that are not reused after they are calculated.[135][136] This is in contrast to infinite series or iterative algorithms, which retain and use all intermediate digits until the final result is produced.[135]", "Pi. Being an irrational number, π cannot be expressed exactly as a common fraction (equivalently, its decimal representation never ends and never settles into a permanent repeating pattern). Still, fractions such as 22/7 and other rational numbers are commonly used to approximate π. The digits appear to be randomly distributed. In particular, the digit sequence of π is conjectured to satisfy a specific kind of statistical randomness, but to date, no proof of this has been discovered. Also, π is a transcendental number; that is, a number that is not the root of any non-zero polynomial having rational coefficients. This transcendence of π implies that it is impossible to solve the ancient challenge of squaring the circle with a compass and straightedge.", "Pi. Machin reached 100 digits of π with this formula.[79] Other mathematicians created variants, now known as Machin-like formulae, that were used to set several successive records for calculating digits of π.[79] Machin-like formulae remained the best-known method for calculating π well into the age of computers, and were used to set records for 250 years, culminating in a 620-digit approximation in 1946 by Daniel Ferguson – the best approximation achieved without the aid of a calculating device.[80]", "Pi. Ancient civilizations required fairly accurate computed values for π for practical reasons, including the Egyptians and Babylonians. Around 250 BC the Greek mathematician Archimedes created an algorithm for calculating it. It was approximated to seven digits, using geometrical techniques, in Chinese mathematics, and to about five digits in Indian mathematics in the 5th century AD. The historically first exact formula for π, based on infinite series, was not available until a millennium later, when in the 14th century the Madhava–Leibniz series was discovered in Indian mathematics.[1][2] In the 20th and 21st centuries, mathematicians and computer scientists discovered new approaches that, when combined with increasing computational power, extended the decimal representation of π to many trillions of digits after the decimal point.[3] Practically all scientific applications require no more than a few hundred digits of π, and many substantially fewer, so the primary motivation for these computations is the quest to find more efficient algorithms for calculating lengthy numeric series, as well as the desire to break records.[4][5] The extensive calculations involved have also been used to test supercomputers and high-precision multiplication algorithms.", "Approximations of π. The Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula (BBP) for calculating π was discovered in 1995 by Simon Plouffe. Using base 16 math, the formula can compute any particular digit of π—returning the hexadecimal value of the digit—without having to compute the intervening digits (digit extraction).[59]", "Approximations of π. (The next sexagesimal digit is 0, causing truncation here to yield a relatively good approximation.)", "Approximations of π. These approximations have so many digits that they are no longer of any practical use, except for testing new supercomputers.[50] Properties like the potential normality of Ï€ will always depend on the infinite string of digits on the end, not on any finite computation.", "Pi. Another spigot algorithm, the BBP digit extraction algorithm, was discovered in 1995 by Simon Plouffe:[139][140]", "Approximations of π. with a convergence such that each additional 10 terms yields at least three more digits.", "Pi. Piphilology is the practice of memorizing large numbers of digits of π,[196] and world-records are kept by the Guinness World Records. The record for memorizing digits of π, certified by Guinness World Records, is 70,000 digits, recited in India by Rajveer Meena in 9 hours and 27 minutes on 21 March 2015.[197] In 2006, Akira Haraguchi, a retired Japanese engineer, claimed to have recited 100,000 decimal places, but the claim was not verified by Guinness World Records.[198]", "Pi. It produces about 14 digits of π per term,[125] and has been used for several record-setting π calculations, including the first to surpass 1 billion (109) digits in 1989 by the Chudnovsky brothers, 2.7 trillion (2.7×1012) digits by Fabrice Bellard in 2009, and 10 trillion (1013) digits in 2011 by Alexander Yee and Shigeru Kondo.[126][127] For similar formulas, see also the Ramanujan–Sato series.", "Pi. Digits in other number systems", "Approximations of π. This formula permits one to fairly readily compute the kth binary or hexadecimal digit of π, without having to compute the preceding k − 1 digits. Bailey's website[62] contains the derivation as well as implementations in various programming languages. The PiHex project computed 64 bits around the quadrillionth bit of π (which turns out to be 0).", "Approximations of π. with a convergence such that each additional five terms yields at least three more digits.", "Pi. In the Palais de la Découverte (a science museum in Paris) there is a circular room known as the pi room. On its wall are inscribed 707 digits of π. The digits are large wooden characters attached to the dome-like ceiling. The digits were based on an 1853 calculation by English mathematician William Shanks, which included an error beginning at the 528th digit. The error was detected in 1946 and corrected in 1949.[204]", "Pi. The first recorded algorithm for rigorously calculating the value of π was a geometrical approach using polygons, devised around 250 BC by the Greek mathematician Archimedes.[48] This polygonal algorithm dominated for over 1,000 years, and as a result π is sometimes referred to as \"Archimedes' constant\".[49] Archimedes computed upper and lower bounds of π by drawing a regular hexagon inside and outside a circle, and successively doubling the number of sides until he reached a 96-sided regular polygon. By calculating the perimeters of these polygons, he proved that 223/71 < π < 22/7 (that is 3.1408 < π < 3.1429).[50] Archimedes' upper bound of 22/7 may have led to a widespread popular belief that π is equal to 22/7.[51] Around 150 AD, Greek-Roman scientist Ptolemy, in his Almagest, gave a value for π of 3.1416, which he may have obtained from Archimedes or from Apollonius of Perga.[52] Mathematicians using polygonal algorithms reached 39 digits of π in 1630, a record only broken in 1699 when infinite series were used to reach 71 digits.[53]", "Pi. A record was set by the calculating prodigy Zacharias Dase, who in 1844 employed a Machin-like formula to calculate 200 decimals of π in his head at the behest of German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.[81] British mathematician William Shanks famously took 15 years to calculate π to 707 digits, but made a mistake in the 528th digit, rendering all subsequent digits incorrect.[81]", "Approximations of π. By the 5th century CE, π was known to about seven digits in Chinese mathematics, and to about five in Indian mathematics. Further progress was not made for nearly a millennium, until the 14th century, when Indian mathematician and astronomer Madhava of Sangamagrama, founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, discovered the infinite series for π, now known as the Madhava–Leibniz series,[19][20] and gave two methods for computing the value of π. One of these methods is to obtain a rapidly converging series by transforming the original infinite series of π. By doing so, he obtained the infinite series", "Pi. The development of computers in the mid-20th century again revolutionized the hunt for digits of Ï€. American mathematicians John Wrench and Levi Smith reached 1,120 digits in 1949 using a desk calculator.[107] Using an inverse tangent (arctan) infinite series, a team led by George Reitwiesner and John von Neumann that same year achieved 2,037 digits with a calculation that took 70 hours of computer time on the ENIAC computer.[108] The record, always relying on an arctan series, was broken repeatedly (7,480 digits in 1957; 10,000 digits in 1958; 100,000 digits in 1961) until 1 million digits were reached in 1973.[109]", "Approximations of π. The record as of December 2002 by Yasumasa Kanada of Tokyo University stood at 1,241,100,000,000 digits. The following Machin-like formulae were used for this:", "Pi. Because its most elementary definition relates to the circle, π is found in many formulae in trigonometry and geometry, especially those concerning circles, ellipses, and spheres. In more modern mathematical analysis, the number is instead defined using the spectral properties of the real number system, as an eigenvalue or a period, without any reference to geometry. It appears therefore in areas of mathematics and the sciences having little to do with the geometry of circles, such as number theory and statistics, as well as in almost all areas of physics. The ubiquity of π makes it one of the most widely known mathematical constants both inside and outside the scientific community; several books devoted to it have been published, the number is celebrated on Pi Day, and record-setting calculations of the digits of π often result in news headlines. Attempts to memorize the value of π with increasing precision have led to records of over 70,000 digits.", "Approximations of π. The last major attempt to compute π by this method was carried out by Grienberger in 1630 who calculated 39 decimal places of π using Snell's refinement.[47]", "Approximations of π. Over the years, several programs have been written for calculating Ï€ to many digits on personal computers.", "Approximations of π. Formulae of this kind are known as Machin-like formulae. Machin's particular formula was used well into the computer era for calculating record numbers of digits of Ï€,[26] but more recently other similar formulae have been used as well.", "Pi. As individual terms of this infinite series are added to the sum, the total gradually gets closer to π, and – with a sufficient number of terms – can get as close to π as desired. It converges quite slowly, though – after 500,000 terms, it produces only five correct decimal digits of π.[84]", "Pi. Since the advent of computers, a large number of digits of π have been available on which to perform statistical analysis. Yasumasa Kanada has performed detailed statistical analyses on the decimal digits of π and found them consistent with normality; for example, the frequencies of the ten digits 0 to 9 were subjected to statistical significance tests, and no evidence of a pattern was found.[22] Any random sequence of digits contains arbitrarily long subsequences that appear non-random, by the infinite monkey theorem. Thus, because the sequence of π's digits passes statistical tests for randomness, it contains some sequences of digits that may appear non-random, such as a sequence of six consecutive 9s that begins at the 762nd decimal place of the decimal representation of π.[23] This is also called the \"Feynman point\" in mathematical folklore, after Richard Feynman, although no connection to Feynman is known.", "Approximations of π. Records since then have all been accomplished on personal computers using the Chudnovsky algorithm. In 2009, Fabrice Bellard computed just under 2.7 trillion digits, and from 2010 onward, all records have been set using Alexander Yee's y-cruncher software. As of November 2016[update], the record stands at 22,459,157,718,361 (πe × 1012) digits.[28] The limitation on further expansion is primarily storage space for the computation.[29]", "Approximations of π. The Gauss–Legendre algorithm or Salamin–Brent algorithm was discovered independently by Richard Brent and Eugene Salamin in 1975. This can compute \n\n\n\nπ\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\pi }\n\n to \n\n\n\nN\n\n\n{\\displaystyle N}\n\n digits in time proportional to \n\n\n\nN\n\nlog\n⁡\n(\nN\n)\n\nlog\n⁡\n(\nlog\n⁡\n(\nN\n)\n)\n\n\n{\\displaystyle N\\,\\log(N)\\,\\log(\\log(N))}\n\n, much faster than the trigonometric formulae.", "Approximations of π. In October 2014, Sandon Van Ness, going by the pseudonym \"houkouonchi\" used y-cruncher to calculate 13.3 trillion digits of π.[36]" ]

[ -0.384521484375, -1.51171875, 0.2255859375, -1.822265625, -0.78759765625, -1.7578125, -1.453125, -1.4072265625, -0.33837890625, -1.994140625, -2.46875, -2.8125, -1.521484375, -1.6455078125, -2.52734375, -1.056640625, -2.798828125, -0.55712890625, -2.380859375, -1.34375, -2.359375, -1.943359375, -1.544921875, -1.1923828125, -1.494140625, -3.447265625, -2.56640625, -1.38671875, -0.29541015625, -0.60791015625, -1.8740234375, -2.47265625 ]

[ "Resident Evil. Resident Evil 2 follows a few months after the events of the first game when rats start infecting the population of Raccoon City with the T-Virus. Playing alternately as Claire Redfield, the sister of Chris from the first game, or Leon Kennedy, a rookie police officer starting on the day of the outbreak. The players must find and escape from the city while at the same time confronting the mad scientist William Birkin.", "Resident Evil 2. Resident Evil 2, known in Japan as Biohazard 2,[b] is a survival horror game developed and published by Capcom and released for the PlayStation in 1998. The player controls Leon S Kennedy and Claire Redfield, who must escape Raccoon City after its citizens are transformed into zombies by a biological weapon two months after the events of the original Resident Evil. The gameplay focuses on exploration, puzzles, and combat; the main difference from its predecessor are the branching paths, with each player character having unique storylines and obstacles.", "Resident Evil 2. As a survival horror game, Resident Evil 2 features the same basic gameplay mechanics as its predecessor, Resident Evil. The player explores a fictional city while solving puzzles and fighting monsters.[2] The game's two protagonists may be equipped with firearms, but limited ammunition adds a tactical element to weapon use.[2][3] On the status screen, the player can check the condition of the protagonists, use medicine to heal their wounds, and assign weapons.[4][5] The characters' current health can also be determined by their posture and movement speed. For example, a character will hold their stomach in pain if wounded, and will limp slowly if on the verge of death.[2] The protagonists may carry a limited number of items, and must store others in boxes placed throughout the game world, where they may later be retrieved.[2][6] Each protagonist is joined by a support partner during the course of the story. These characters accompany the player in certain scenes, and occasionally become playable.[1][7] Certain rooms contain typewriters that the player may use to save the game. However, each save expends one of a limited number of ink ribbons, which the player must collect in the game world.[8][9] The graphics of Resident Evil 2 are composed of real-time generated – and thus movable – polygonal character and item models, superimposed over pre-rendered backgrounds that are viewed from fixed camera angles.[2][10] The game uses tank controls, meaning that pressing up moves the character in the direction they face, down reverses them, and left and right rotates them, regardless of the perspective of the camera.[11]", "Resident Evil 2 (2019 video game). Resident Evil 2[a] is an upcoming survival horror game developed and published by Capcom. A remake of Resident Evil 2 (1998), it follows rookie police officer Leon S. Kennedy and college student Claire Redfield as they attempt to escape from Raccoon City during a zombie apocalypse. It is scheduled to be released worldwide for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on January 25, 2019.", "Resident Evil 2. The main addition over the preceding game is the \"Zapping System\",[12] by which each of the two playable characters are confronted with different puzzles and storylines in their respective scenarios.[2] After finishing the \"A\" scenario with one protagonist, a \"B\" scenario, in which the events are depicted from the other character's perspective, is unlocked.[2][13] The player has the option of starting the \"A\" scenario with either of the two protagonists, resulting in a total of four different scenarios.[14] Actions taken during the first playthrough affect the second. For example, the availability of certain items may be altered.[2] After each game, the player receives a ranking based on the total time taken to complete the scenario, and on the number of saves and special healing items used.[15] Depending on the player's accomplishments, bonus weapons and costumes may be unlocked as a reward.[13] The original version of Resident Evil 2 contains two stand-alone minigames: \"The 4th Survivor\" and \"The To-fu Survivor\". In both of these minigames, the player must reach the goal while fighting every enemy along the way with only the default item loadout.[16] All later versions (except the Nintendo 64 version) add a third minigame, \"Extreme Battle\", which consists of four playable characters and three stages.[16][17]", "Resident Evil: Revelations 2. Resident Evil: Revelations 2 is set between the events of Resident Evil 5 and Resident Evil 6.[6] Claire Redfield is the main protagonist and Barry Burton's daughter, Moira, plays a supporting role.[7] In December 2014, a new trailer revealed Barry as another playable protagonist and he is joined by Natalia Korda, a little girl with supernatural abilities. The official cinematic trailer was released in December 2014.[8] Resident Evil: Revelations 2 is a survival horror game which supports cooperative gameplay on console platforms.[9][10] The game has stealth elements as only one of the players uses guns. The other is more vulnerable, preferring to use weapons such as crowbars and bricks, or be used to find hidden items with a flashlight or special senses.", "Resident Evil: Revelations 2. Resident Evil: Revelations 2, known in Japan as Biohazard Revelations 2 (バイオハザード リベレーションズ 2, Baiohazādo Riberēshonzu Tsū), is an episodic survival horror video game developed and published by Capcom. It is the tenth major installment in the Resident Evil franchise (22nd overall). The game is a follow up to Resident Evil: Revelations and Resident Evil 5. This marks the return of Claire Redfield as the main protagonist, and the first time Barry Burton is a playable story character in the main series. The first installment was released in February 2015.", "Resident Evil 2. Development of Resident Evil 2 began one month after the completion of its predecessor in early 1996.[31] The first footage of the game was shown at the V Jump Festival '96 in July.[32] This early build, later dubbed \"Resident Evil 1.5\" by producer Shinji Mikami, differed drastically from the released version in its scenario, presentation and gameplay mechanics.[33][34] Its plot followed the same basic outline as that of Resident Evil 2, and featured a zombie outbreak in Raccoon City two months after the events of the first game. In this version of the story, however, Umbrella had already been closed down as a consequence of their illegal experiments.[35] The development team sought to retain the level of fear from the original game, and thus introduced to the narrative two new characters who lacked experience with terrifying situations: Leon S. Kennedy, largely identical to his persona in the final build, and Elza Walker, a college student and motorcycle racer vacationing in Raccoon City, her hometown.[34][35][36][37] Unlike the final version, the story paths of Leon and Elza did not cross, and each playable character had two support partners instead of just one.[36] Leon received help from fellow police officer Marvin Branagh and a researcher named Linda – an early version of Ada – while Elza was aided by Sherry Birkin and a man named John, who appeared in Resident Evil 2 as gun shop owner Robert Kendo.[36][38]", "Resident Evil 7: Biohazard. The player controls the protagonist, Ethan Winters, from a first-person perspective.[1] Although Ethan is a civilian who offers few combat skills,[2] he is able to arm himself with a variety of different weapons including handguns, shotguns, flamethrowers, explosives and chainsaws[3] against the Baker family, and a humanoid form of bacteria known as the \"Molded\". Additionally, he is able to quickly turn 180 degrees to avoid enemies, as well as block incoming attacks to reduce damage. Various portions of the game are spent being pursued by members of the Baker family, who if engaged in combat, can only be temporarily incapacitated. However, these encounters are avoidable by means of stealth, or running away.[4][5]", "Resident Evil 2 (2019 video game). Unlike the original Resident Evil 2, which uses tank controls and fixed camera angles, the remake features \"over-the-shoulder\" third-person shooter gameplay similar to Resident Evil 4.[2]", "Resident Evil 2. The story arcs introduced in Resident Evil 2 continue in drama albums and later game releases. Kyoko Sagiyama, Junichi Miyashita, Yasuyuki Suzuki, Noboru Sugimura, Hirohisa Soda and Kishiko Miyagi – screenwriters employed by Capcom's former scenario subsidiary Flagship – created two radio dramas, Chiisana Tōbōsha Sherry (lit. \"The Little Runaway Sherry\") and Ikiteita Onna Spy Ada (\"The Female Spy Ada Lives\"). The dramas were broadcast on Radio Osaka in early 1999, and later released by publisher Suleputer as two separate CDs, Biohazard 2 Drama Album.[131][132][133][134] Chiisana Tōbōsha Sherry begins shortly after the events of the game. Sherry is separated from Claire while fleeing from Umbrella soldiers sent to kill all witnesses of the viral outbreak. Raccoon City is burned down by the U.S. Government and Umbrella in an attempt to cover up the disaster. Sherry seeks refuge in the neighboring town of Stone Ville, and later escapes to Canada with the help of a girl named Meg, who vows to help her reunite with Claire.[131]", "Resident Evil 2. Resident Evil 2 received praise for its atmosphere, setting, graphics and audio, and it has appeared on several lists of the best games ever made; however, its controls, voice acting, inventory system and puzzles garnered some criticism. It is the most successful Resident Evil game for a single platform, selling over one million copies on PlayStation. It was ported to Windows, Nintendo 64, Dreamcast and GameCube, and a modified 2.5D version was released for the Game.com handheld. The story of Resident Evil 2 was retold and built upon in several later games, and has been adapted into a variety of licensed works. It was followed by Resident Evil 3: Nemesis in 1999. A remake, also titled Resident Evil 2, will be released for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One in January 2019.", "Resident Evil: Extinction. Two main characters were added to the film's cast: Albert Wesker (portrayed by Jason O'Mara) and Claire Redfield (portrayed by Ali Larter) from Resident Evil 2.[4]", "Resident Evil. Several other games follow the escapades of singular characters.", "Resident Evil: Revelations 2. The plot is set between the events of Resident Evil 5 and Resident Evil 6, in 2011. The story begins when Claire and her co-workers, including the newcomer and playable protagonist, Moira Burton, are at a party in the headquarters of the NGO, Terra Save, then they are attacked by unknown assailants and taken away to a deserted island.", "Resident Evil 2. On September 29, 1998, two months after the events of the first Resident Evil,[18] most citizens of the Midwestern American mountain community Raccoon City have been transformed into zombies by the T-virus, a biological weapon secretly developed by the pharmaceutical company Umbrella.[19][20] Leon S. Kennedy, a police officer on his first day of duty, and Claire Redfield, a college student looking for her brother Chris, make their way to the Raccoon Police Department.[19] They discover that most of the police force have been killed,[21] and that Chris has left town to investigate Umbrella's headquarters in Europe.[22] They split up to look for survivors and find a way out of the city.[23][24] While searching for an escape route, Claire meets a little girl, Sherry Birkin, who is on the run from an unknown creature, and Leon encounters Ada Wong, who claims to be looking for her boyfriend John, an Umbrella researcher.[23][25]", "Resident Evil 2. Real-world examples influenced several character designs by artists Isao Ohishi and Ryoji Shimogama. For example, Ohishi based Leon on his bloodhound, and Annette Birkin was modeled after actress Jodie Foster.[38] The police department in which Resident Evil 1.5 began had a more modern and realistic design, and was smaller than the final building seen in Resident Evil 2.[35][36] There were more encounters with surviving policemen, such as a superior officer of Leon called Roy.[36][38] The number of polygons used for enemy models was far lower than in the released version.[33] This allowed many zombies to appear on the screen, a method of invoking fear in the player that recurred throughout Resident Evil 1.5.[33][34] Furthermore, the game employed dynamic music, and frequently applied alterations to the pre-rendered backgrounds in response to events during the gameplay.[35] The playable characters could be equipped with gear, such as protective clothes that enhanced their defense and enabled them to carry more items.[39][40] The characters' polygonal models were altered by costume changes and by damage received from enemies.[39]", "Resident Evil. 1996's Resident Evil for the PlayStation follows protagonists Chris Redfield and Jill Valentine, who become trapped in a mansion in the mountains, trying to search for the survivors of the Bravo team of the special police unit S.T.A.R.S. They discover that the mansion conceals the Umbrella Corporation's base where they developed the T-Virus with their end-goal being the creation of a bio-weapon known as the Tyrant (for whom the virus named). Playing as either of the characters, the player must navigate the mansion alternately with the help of Barry Burton or Rebecca Chambers, until they are betrayed by Albert Wesker who was secretly planning to steal the T-Virus. Though appearing to be killed by the Tyrant, Wesker survived and masterminded some later events behind the scenes.", "Resident Evil 2 (2019 video game). Following its E3 2018 showing, Resident Evil 2 won the \"Best of Show\" award at the 2018 Game Critics Awards.[16]", "Resident Evil 2. The Dual Shock Ver. served as the basis for the majority of ports, such as the Windows 9x-based PC-CD version Resident Evil 2 Platinum. Aside from retaining all previously added features, the PC version can be run in higher resolutions.[61] A \"Data Gallery\" was added to the main menu, allowing the player to view movies, rough sketches, illustrations and 3D models.[61][62] In February 2006, a Japan-exclusive, Windows XP-compatible PC-DVD re-release was published. Developed by Sourcenext, it included high-quality FMVs encoded at a resolution of 640×480 pixels.[63][64] The Dreamcast version keeps the additions from the original PC release, and incorporates real-time display of the character's condition on the Visual Memory Unit peripheral.[65][66] The Japanese edition of the Dreamcast port was given the subtitle Value Plus and came with a playable demo of Resident Evil – Code: Veronica.[62] An unmodified port of the Dual Shock Ver. was released for the GameCube.[67] The initial PlayStation version was re-released on the Japanese PlayStation Network in 2007, while the service's North American counterpart received the Dual Shock Ver. two years later.[68][69][70]", "Resident Evil 2. Resident Evil 2 received critical acclaim. Its original PlayStation release holds an average score of 89 out of 100 points at Metacritic.[86] The majority of reviews praised Resident Evil 2 for its atmosphere, setting, graphics and audio, but criticized its controls, voice acting and certain gameplay elements.[b]", "Resident Evil: Revelations 2. The game feature the Raid Mode, a comeback from the first Revelations with new changes, more missions and characters. Altogether are 200 missions and 15 characters from the game series, that are too, scenarios and enemies from the Resident Evil 5, Resident Evil 6 and Resident Evil: Revelations. Through the mode, you can customize your passive and active skills, weapons and bought new ones. Also, the enemies would have special abilities like extra speed or strength. That mode can be played online or through split-screen with local co-op.[11]", "Resident Evil 2. Resident Evil 2 was directed by Hideki Kamiya, produced by Shinji Mikami — director of the first Resident Evil — and developed by a team of 40–50 over 21 months. The initial version of the game, commonly referred to as Resident Evil 1.5, differed drastically and was canceled when it was around two-thirds complete after Mikami decided it was inadequate. The final design introduced settings and a more cinematic presentation.", "Resident Evil 2 (2019 video game). To meet modern expectations, the team attempted to make the remake more realistic; for example, Leon no longer wears the large shoulder pads added to distinguish his model using low-polygon graphics. Though they strove to make a \"modern, accessible\" game, they focused on horror over action, hoping to preserve a claustrophobic feel.[13] Producer Tsuyoshi Kanda acknowledged the difficulty of making zombies scary, as they had became ubiquitous in entertainment media since the release of the original Resident Evil in 1996.[14] By removing the fixed camera angles, the team had to use different ways to conceal enemies, using elements such as room layout, lighting, and smoke.[14] The new camera system also affected the sound design, as it no longer made sense for sound to come from a fixed source.[14]", "Resident Evil: Revelations 2. Capcom announced that the team responsible for Resident Evil: Revelations would be responsible for the sequel and a playable version of the game would be seen at Capcom's 2014 Tokyo Game Show booth. It was stated not only would Chris Redfield and Jill Valentine not be part of Revelations 2, but the game would also not be tied to Revelations. However, the Revelations title would be used as its own series of games, existing to fill in gaps in the mythology of the Resident Evil series and expand upon lore for the main title series. During Tokyo Game Show, Michiteru Okabe explained further that the main Resident Evil series will remain more action-oriented, keeping it aimed at a wider audience to try and interest more people in the Resident Evil world. However, Revelations as a series will be fan-driven, intending to revel in the older horror style. With the side series, they hope to aim at their long-time fans and keep them supplied with something similar to the horror experience they fell in love with.[12] During Tokyo Game Show it was announced that Yūdai Yamaguchi, a director and writer known for his mix of horror and \"goofy gore\" with manga-based inspiration, was brought on to the Revelations 2 team as cutscene director.", "Resident Evil 2 (2019 video game). The original Resident Evil 2 was released for the PlayStation in 1998. Following the release of the 2002 remake of the first Resident Evil for GameCube,[3][4][5] Capcom considered a similar remake of Resident Evil 2 at the time, but series creator Shinji Mikami did not want to divert development away from Resident Evil 4.[6] In August 2015, Capcom announced that the remake was in development.[7] No further details were released until E3 2018, when Capcom revealed a trailer and gameplay footage.[8][9] Hideki Kamiya, director of the original Resident Evil 2, said that he had tried to push Capcom to create a remake of the game for years.[10]", "Resident Evil 2. Resident Evil 2 has been held in high regard in the years following its initial release, and was named the fourth best game on the PlayStation by Famitsu.[112] Electronic Gaming Monthly, IGN, Empire, Game Informer and Official UK PlayStation Magazine included it in their lists of the 100 best games of all time; it came in 62nd, 58th, 49th, 34th and sixth place, respectively.[a] Readers of Retro Gamer voted Resident Evil 2 the 97th top retro game, with the staff noting that it was \"considered by many to be the best in the long-running series\".[113] GameTrailers ranked it fourth on a list of the games that most needed remakes.[114]", "Resident Evil (film series). The films follow Alice (Milla Jovovich), a character created for the films, who battles the Umbrella Corporation, whose bioweapons have triggered a zombie apocalypse. Characters from the games also appear, including Jill Valentine, Carlos Olivera, Claire Redfield, Albert Wesker, Chris Redfield, Barry Burton, Leon S. Kennedy, Ada Wong and James Marcus.", "Resident Evil 2. A common point of criticism was the inventory system, which Sanchez called \"a pain\". He frowned upon the player's need to retrieve objects from item boxes,[101] and Mac Donald criticized the system for being unrealistic, as the boxes are \"[magically]\" interconnected and all items take the same amount of space when being carried, regardless of their size.[2] Furthermore, Mallinson and Mac Donald disapproved of certain puzzles, which they believed were out of place in a police station setting.[2][103] Sanchez thought that the puzzles were paced better than in the first game, but also found them less interesting and too easy for experienced players.[101] Sackenheim noted the game's brevity in his review, and remarked that the individual scenarios are not different enough to hold the interest of casual players until the end of the game.[90] He found the controls to be \"easy to pick up and play\", while Sanchez thought that aiming weapons was difficult.[90][101] Certain reviewers panned the voice acting, calling it \"cheesy\", \"terrible\" and \"barbaric\".[c]", "Alyson Court. In video games, she provided the voice of Claire Redfield in Resident Evil 2, Resident Evil Code: Veronica, Resident Evil: Degeneration,[6] Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles,[7][8] and Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City. Court did not reprise her role as Claire in the 2015 video game Resident Evil: Revelations 2, and will not be appearing in the remake of Resident Evil 2, as the third-party localization team overseeing voice acting and motion capture chose to go non-union.[9] In addition she directed the voice-over and motion-capture portions of the spin-off title Resident Evil: Outbreak, which did not feature Claire. In addition to voice acting, Court was also involved in the localization process of several Capcom games in North America. Among the most worthy were Mega Man X5 in 2001, in which she was directly responsible for the decision to rename the initial eight Maverick bosses to reference Guns N' Roses members, meant as a tribute for her then husband's love for the band. In 1998, Court reprised her role as Jubilee in Marvel vs. Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes.\nCourt is also the voice of Arkayna Goodfey / Mysticon Dragon Mage in the Nickelodeon/YTV program Mysticons.", "Resident Evil 4. The player controls the protagonist Leon S. Kennedy from a third-person perspective. The gameplay focuses on action and shootouts involving crowds of enemies in large open areas but still features some Horror elements. The camera is placed behind Leon and zooms in for an over-the-shoulder view when aiming a weapon, or a first-person view when aiming with a sniper rifle.[4] There is no crosshair for firearms, instead, every firearm has a laser sight. Unlike previous games where players can only shoot straight, up or down, players have more options. For example, shots to the feet can cause enemies to stumble, and shots to the arms can make them drop their weapons. Players can shoot down projectiles like thrown axes or scythes.[5]", "Resident Evil 2. After its initial release for the PlayStation in January 1998, Resident Evil 2 was reissued and ported to other systems, often gaining new features in the process. The first re-release was the Dual Shock Ver., which incorporated support for the vibration and analog control functions of the PlayStation's DualShock controller. Other additions include a new unlockable minigame called \"Extreme Battle\", and a \"Rookie\" mode that enables the player to start the main story with a powerful weapon that features infinite ammunition. The Japanese release of the Dual Shock Ver. contained a \"U.S.A. Version\" mode based on the difficulty level of Resident Evil 2's Western versions.[60]" ]

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[ "Pumpjack. It is used to mechanically lift liquid out of the well if not enough bottom hole pressure exists for the liquid to flow all the way to the surface. The arrangement is commonly used for onshore wells producing little oil. Pumpjacks are common in oil-rich areas.", "Pumpjack. A pumpjack (also called oil horse, oil jack, donkey pumper, nodding donkey, pumping unit, horsehead pump, rocking horse, beam pump, dinosaur, grasshopper pump, Big Texan, thirsty bird, cricket, or jack pump) is the overground drive for a reciprocating piston pump in an oil well.[1]", "Jack (device). A hydraulic jack uses a liquid, which is incompressible, that is forced into a cylinder by a pump plunger. Oil is used since it is self lubricating and stable. When the plunger pulls back, it draws oil out of the reservoir through a suction check valve into the pump chamber. When the plunger moves forward, it pushes the oil through a discharge check valve into the cylinder. The suction valve ball is within the chamber and opens with each draw of the plunger. The discharge valve ball is outside the chamber and opens when the oil is pushed into the cylinder. At this point the suction ball within the chamber is forced shut and oil pressure builds in the cylinder.", "Pumpjack. Depending on the size of the pump, it generally produces 5 to 40 litres (1 to 9 imp gal; 1.5 to 10.5 US gal) of liquid at each stroke. Often this is an emulsion of crude oil and water. Pump size is also determined by the depth and weight of the oil to remove, with deeper extraction requiring more power to move the increased weight of the discharge column (discharge head).", "Pumpjack. At the bottom of the tubing is the down-hole pump. This pump has two ball check valves: a stationary valve at bottom called the standing valve, and a valve on the piston connected to the bottom of the sucker rods that travels up and down as the rods reciprocate, known as the traveling valve. Reservoir fluid enters from the formation into the bottom of the borehole through perforations that have been made through the casing and cement (the casing is a larger metal pipe that runs the length of the well, which has cement placed between it and the earth; the tubing, pump, and sucker rod are all inside the casing).", "Pumpjack. Often, gas is produced through the same perforations as the oil. This can be problematic if gas enters the pump, because it can result in what is known as gas locking, where insufficient pressure builds up in the pump barrel to open the valves (due to compression of the gas) and little or nothing is pumped. To preclude this, the inlet for the pump can be placed below the perforations. As the gas-laden fluid enters the well bore through the perforations, the gas bubbles up the annulus (the space between the casing and the tubing) while the liquid moves down to the standing valve inlet. Once at the surface, the gas is collected through piping connected to the annulus.", "Pumpjack. When the rods at the pump end are travelling up, the traveling valve is closed and the standing valve is open (due to the drop in pressure in the pump barrel). Consequently, the pump barrel fills with the fluid from the formation as the traveling piston lifts the previous contents of the barrel upwards. When the rods begin pushing down, the traveling valve opens and the standing valve closes (due to an increase in pressure in the pump barrel). The traveling valve drops through the fluid in the barrel (which had been sucked in during the upstroke). The piston then reaches the end of its stroke and begins its path upwards again, repeating the process.", "Pumpjack. The polished rod has a close fit to the stuffing box, letting it move in and out of the tubing without fluid escaping. (The tubing is a pipe that runs to the bottom of the well through which the liquid is produced.) The bridle follows the curve of the horse head as it lowers and raises to create a vertical or nearly-vertical stroke. The polished rod is connected to a long string of rods called sucker rods, which run through the tubing to the down-hole pump, usually positioned near the bottom of the well.", "Chainsaw. At the end of the saw power head there are two oil holes, one on each side. These holes must match with the outlet of the oil pump. The pump pumps the oil through the hole in the lower part of the gauge. (See also below)", "Pumpjack. The prime mover runs a set of pulleys to the transmission, often a double-reduction gearbox, which drives a pair of cranks, generally with counterweights installed on them to assist the motor in lifting the heavy rod assembly. The cranks raise and lower one end of an I-beam which is free to move on an A-frame. On the other end of the beam is a curved metal box called a horse head or donkey head, so named due to its appearance. A cable made of steel—occasionally, fibreglass—called a bridle, connects the horse head to the polished rod, a piston that passes through the stuffing box.", "Pumpjack. Although the flow rate for a water well pumpjack is lower than that from a jet pump and the lifted water is not pressurised, the beam pumping unit has the option of hand pumping in an emergency, by hand-rotating the pumpjack cam to its lowest position, and attaching a manual handle to the top of the wellhead rod. Or in larger pumpjacks powered by engines, the engine can run off fuel stored in a reservoir or from natural gas delivered from the nearest gas grid. In some cases, this type of pump consumes less power than a jet pump and is therefore cheaper to run.", "Pumpjack. A pumpjack converts the rotary motion of the motor to a vertical reciprocating motion to drive the pump shaft, and is exhibited in the characteristic nodding motion. The engineering term for this type of mechanism is a walking beam. It was often employed in stationary and marine steam engine designs in the 18th and 19th centuries.", "Pumpjack. Modern pumpjacks are powered by a prime mover. This is commonly an electric motor, but internal combustion engines are used in isolated locations without access to electricity, or, in the cases of water pumpjacks, where three-phase power is not available (while single phase motors exist at least up to 60 hp,[3] providing power to single-phase motors above 10 horsepower can cause powerline problems,[4] and many pumps require more than 10 horsepower). Common off-grid pumpjack engines run on natural gas, often casing gas produced from the well, but pumpjacks have been run on many types of fuel, such as propane and diesel fuel. In harsh climates, such motors and engines may be housed in a shack for protection from the elements. Engines that power water pumpjacks often receive natural gas from the nearest available gas grid.", "Chainsaw. The oil is pumped from a small pump to a hole in the bar. From here the lower ends of each chain drive link take a portion of the oil into the gauge towards the bar nose. Pump outlet and bar hole must be aligned. Since the bar is moving out and inwards depending on the chain length, the oil outlet on the saw side has a banana style long shape.", "Hydraulic pump. Most pumps are working in open systems. The pump draws oil from a reservoir at atmospheric pressure. It is very important that there is no cavitation at the suction side of the pump. For this reason the connection of the suction side of the pump is larger in diameter than the connection of the pressure side. In case of the use of multi-pump assemblies, the suction connection of the pump is often combined. It is preferred to have free flow to the pump (pressure at inlet of pump at least 0.8 bar). The body of the pump is often in open connection with the suction side of the pump.", "Motor oil. In the crankcase of a vehicle engine, motor oil lubricates rotating or sliding surfaces between the crankshaft journal bearings (main bearings and big-end bearings), and rods connecting the pistons to the crankshaft. The oil collects in an oil pan, or sump, at the bottom of the crankcase. In some small engines such as lawn mower engines, dippers on the bottoms of connecting rods dip into the oil at the bottom and splash it around the crankcase as needed to lubricate parts inside. In modern vehicle engines, the oil pump takes oil from the oil pan and sends it through the oil filter into oil galleries, from which the oil lubricates the main bearings holding the crankshaft up at the main journals and camshaft bearings operating the valves. In typical modern vehicles, oil pressure-fed from the oil galleries to the main bearings enters holes in the main journals of the crankshaft.", "Pumpjack. Pumpjacks can also be used to drive what would now be considered old-fashioned hand-pumped water wells. The scale of the technology is frequently smaller than for an oil well, and can typically fit on top of an existing hand-pumped well head. The technology is simple, typically using a parallel-bar double-cam lift driven from a low-power electric motor, although the number of pumpjacks with stroke lengths 54 inches (137 cm) and longer being used as water pumps is increasing. An example can be found here.", "Extraction of petroleum. While the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient to force the oil to the surface, all that is necessary is to place a complex arrangement of valves (the Christmas tree) on the well head to connect the well to a pipeline network for storage and processing. Sometimes pumps, such as beam pumps and electrical submersible pumps (ESPs), are used to bring the oil to the surface; these are known as artificial lifting mechanisms.", "Pumpjack. The densely developed Kern River Oil Field, California: Hundreds of pumpjacks are visible in the full-size view. This style of development was common in the oil booms of the early 20th century.", "Pumpjack. In the early days, pumpjacks worked by rod lines running horizontally above the ground to a wheel on a rotating eccentric in a mechanism known as a central power.[2] The central power, which might operate a dozen or more pumpjacks, would be powered by a steam or internal combustion engine or by an electric motor. Among the advantages of this scheme was only having one motor to power all the pumpjacks rather than individual motors for each. However, among the many difficulties was maintaining system balance as individual well loads changed.", "Motor oil. Lubricating oil creates a separating film between surfaces of adjacent moving parts to minimize direct contact between them, decreasing heat caused by friction and reducing wear, thus protecting the engine. In use, motor oil transfers heat through conduction as it flows through the engine.[3] In an engine with a recirculating oil pump, this heat is transferred by means of air flow over the exterior surface of the [oil pan], airflow through an oil cooler and through oil gases evacuated by the Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) system. While modern recirculating pumps are typically provided in passenger cars and other engines similar or larger in size, total loss oiling is a design option that remains popular in small and miniature engines.", "Pumpjack. A Mark II pumping unit in Ector County, Texas", "Pumpjack. Antique pumpjack, West Kern Oil Museum, Taft, California", "Pumpjack. The cranks themselves also produce counterbalance due to their weight, so on pumpjacks that do not carry very heavy loads, the weight of the cranks themselves may be enough to balance the well load.", "Pumpjack. A Lufkin 912D conventional pumpjack with 192-, 165-, 139-, and 113-inch stroke lengths, set on a 113-inch stroke", "Scaffolding. A pump-jack is a type of portable scaffolding system. The scaffold rests on supports attached to two or more vertical posts. The user raises the scaffolding by pumping the foot pedals on the supports, like an automobile jack.[29]", "Oil well. After a flow path is made, acids and fracturing fluids may be pumped into the well to fracture, clean, or otherwise prepare and stimulate the reservoir rock to optimally produce hydrocarbons into the wellbore. Finally, the area above the reservoir section of the well is packed off inside the casing, and connected to the surface via a smaller diameter pipe called tubing. This arrangement provides a redundant barrier to leaks of hydrocarbons as well as allowing damaged sections to be replaced. Also, the smaller cross-sectional area of the tubing produces reservoir fluids at an increased velocity in order to minimize liquid fallback that would create additional back pressure, and shields the casing from corrosive well fluids.", "Oil well. In many wells, the natural pressure of the subsurface reservoir is high enough for the oil or gas to flow to the surface. However, this is not always the case, especially in depleted fields where the pressures have been lowered by other producing wells, or in low permeability oil reservoirs. Installing a smaller diameter tubing may be enough to help the production, but artificial lift methods may also be needed. Common solutions include downhole pumps, gas lift, or surface pump jacks. Many new systems in the last ten years have been introduced for well completion. Multiple packer systems with frac ports or port collars in an all in one system have cut completion costs and improved production, especially in the case of horizontal wells. These new systems allow casings to run into the lateral zone with proper packer/frac port placement for optimal hydrocarbon recovery.", "West Texas. Pumpjacks, like this one south of Midland, are a common sight in West Texas oil fields.", "Automatic transmission. Not to be confused with the impeller inside the torque converter, the pump is typically a gear pump mounted between the torque converter and the planetary gearset. It draws transmission fluid from a sump and pressurizes it, which is needed for transmission components to operate. The input for the pump is connected to the torque converter housing, which in turn is bolted to the engine's flexplate, so the pump provides pressure whenever the engine is running and there is enough transmission fluid, but the disadvantage is that when the engine is not running, no oil pressure is available to operate the main components of the transmission, and is thus impossible to push-start a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission. Early automatic transmissions also had a rear pump for towing purposes, ensuring the lubrication of the rear-end components.", "Submersible pump. The pump shaft is connected to the gas separator or the protector by a mechanical coupling at the bottom of the pump. Fluids enter the pump through an intake screen and are lifted by the pump stages. Other parts include the radial bearings (bushings) distributed along the length of the shaft providing radial support to the pump shaft. An optional thrust bearing takes up part of the axial forces arising in the pump but most of those forces are absorbed by the protector’s thrust bearing.", "Pump. Typically, a liquid pump can't simply draw air. The feed line of the pump and the internal body surrounding the pumping mechanism must first be filled with the liquid that requires pumping: An operator must introduce liquid into the system to initiate the pumping. This is called priming the pump. Loss of prime is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and displacement ratios in pumps for liquids, whether thin or more viscous, usually cannot displace air due to its compressibility. This is the case with most velocity (rotodynamic) pumps — for example, centrifugal pumps. For such pumps the position of the pump should always be lower than the suction point, if not pump should be manually filled with liquid or using a secondary pump until all air is removed from the suction line and the pump casing." ]

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[ "List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was an absolute monarchy during much of its existence. By the second half of the fifteenth century, the sultan sat at the apex of a hierarchical system and acted in political, military, judicial, social, and religious capacities under a variety of titles.[a] He was theoretically responsible only to God and God's law (the Islamic شریعت‎ şeriat, known in Arabic as شريعة sharia), of which he was the chief executor. His heavenly mandate was reflected in Islamic titles such as \"shadow of God on Earth\" (ظل الله في العالم‎ ẓıll Allāh fī'l-ʿalem) and \"caliph of the face of the earth\" (خلیفه روی زمین‎ Ḫalife-i rū-yi zemīn).[4] All offices were filled by his authority, and every law was issued by him in the form of a decree called firman (فرمان‎). He was the supreme military commander and had the official title to all land.[5] Osman (died 1323/4) son of Ertuğrul was the first ruler of the Ottoman state, which during his reign constituted a small principality (beylik) in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire.", "Ottoman Greece. The Sultan sat at the apex of the government of the Ottoman Empire. Although he had the trappings of an absolute ruler, he was actually bound by tradition and convention.[11] These restrictions imposed by tradition were mainly of a religious nature. Indeed, the Qur'an was the main restriction on absolute rule by the sultan and in this way, the Qur'an served as a \"constitution.\"[11]", "Ottoman Empire. Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan. The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still a Beylik, was composed of the elders of the tribe. Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites (such as religious and political advisors). Later still, beginning in 1320, a Grand Vizier was appointed to assume certain of the sultan's responsibilities. The Grand Vizier had considerable independence from the sultan with almost unlimited powers of appointment, dismissal and supervision. Beginning with the late 16th century, sultans withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the de facto head of state.[140]", "List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire. The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned an area from Hungary in the north to Yemen in the south, and from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east. Administered at first from the city of Bursa, the empire's capital was moved to Edirne in 1363 following its conquest by Murad I, and then to Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) in 1453 following its conquest by Mehmed II.[1]", "List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire. The table below lists Ottoman sultans, as well as the last Ottoman caliph, in chronological order. The tughras were the calligraphic seals or signatures used by Ottoman sultans. They were displayed on all official documents as well as on coins, and were far more important in identifying a sultan than his portrait. The \"Notes\" column contains information on each sultan's parentage and fate. For earlier rulers, there is usually a time gap between the moment a sultan's reign ended and the moment his successor was enthroned. This is because the Ottomans in that era practiced what historian Quataert has described as \"survival of the fittest, not eldest, son\": when a sultan died, his sons had to fight each other for the throne until a victor emerged. Because of the infighting and numerous fratricides that occurred, a sultan's death date therefore did not always coincide with the accession date of his successor.[14] In 1617, the law of succession changed from survival of the fittest to a system based on agnatic seniority (اکبریت‎ ekberiyet), whereby the throne went to the oldest male of the family. This in turn explains why from the 17th century onwards a deceased sultan was rarely succeeded by his own son, but usually by an uncle or brother.[15] Agnatic seniority was retained until the abolition of the sultanate, despite unsuccessful attempts in the 19th century to replace it with primogeniture.[16]", "Ottoman Empire. The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting with Murad I,[3] which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or \"lord of kings\", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the \"Sultanate of Women\". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan.[dubious – discuss] The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa ([Medrese] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income.[137] The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Enderûn,[138] which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Devşirme).[139]", "List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire's early years have been the subject of varying narratives due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend. The empire came into existence at the end of the thirteenth century, and its first ruler (and the namesake of the Empire) was Osman I. According to later, often unreliable Ottoman tradition, Osman was a descendant of the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turks.[2] The eponymous Ottoman dynasty he founded endured for six centuries through the reigns of 36 sultans. The Ottoman Empire disappeared as a result of the defeat of the Central Powers with whom it had allied itself during World War I. The partitioning of the Empire by the victorious Allies and the ensuing Turkish War of Independence led to the abolition of the sultanate in 1922 and the birth of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1922.[3]", "History of the Ottoman Empire. The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective Sultans. Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) dramatically expanded the Empire's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Persia, in the Battle of Chaldiran.[6] Selim I established Ottoman rule in Egypt, and created a naval presence on the Red Sea. After this Ottoman expansion, a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region.[7]", "Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire. Abdul Hamid is also considered one of the last sultans to have full control. His reign struggled with the culmination of 75 years of change throughout the empire and an opposing reaction to that change.[22] He was particularly concerned with the centralization of the empire.[30] His efforts to centralize the Sublime Porte were not unheard of among other sultans. The Ottoman Empire’s local provinces had more control over their areas than the central government. Abdul Hamid II's foreign relations came from a “policy of non-commitment.\"[31] The sultan understood the fragility of the Ottoman military, and the Empire’s weaknesses of its domestic control.[31] Pan-Islamism became Abdülhamid’s solution to the empire’s loss of identity and power.[32] His efforts to promote Pan-Islamism were for the most part unsuccessful because of the large non-Muslim population, and the European influence onto the empire.[33] His policies essentially isolated the Empire, which further aided in its decline. Several of the elite who sought a new constitution and reform for the empire were forced to flee to Europe.[33] New groups of radicals began to threaten the power of the Ottoman Empire.", "List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II, Ottoman sultans came to regard themselves as the successors of the Roman Empire, hence their occasional use of the titles Caesar (قیصر‎ Qayser) of Rûm, and emperor,[4][6][7] as well as the caliph of Islam.[b] Newly enthroned Ottoman rulers were girded with the Sword of Osman, an important ceremony that served as the equivalent of European monarchs' coronation.[8] A non-girded sultan was not eligible to have his children included in the line of succession.[9]", "List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire. Although absolute in theory and in principle, the sultan's powers were limited in practice. Political decisions had to take into account the opinions and attitudes of important members of the dynasty, the bureaucratic and military establishments, as well as religious leaders.[5] Beginning in the last decades of the sixteenth century, the role of the Ottoman sultans in the government of the empire began to decrease, in a period known as the Transformation of the Ottoman Empire. Despite being barred from inheriting the throne,[10] women of the Imperial Harem—especially the reigning sultan's mother, known as the Valide Sultan—also played an important behind-the-scenes political role, effectively ruling the empire during the period known as the Sultanate of Women.[11]", "Ottoman Empire. Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a system with two main dimensions, the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The state had control over the clergy. Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles.[134] According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders in the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.[135]", "Rise of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed spent the rest of his reign reorganizing Ottoman state structures disrupted by the interregnum. When Mehmed died in 1421, one of his sons, Murad, became sultan.", "History of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II cemented the status of the Empire as the preeminent power in southeastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. After taking Constantinople, Mehmed met with the Orthodox patriarch, Gennadios and worked out an arrangement in which the Orthodox Church, in exchange for being able to maintain its autonomy and land, accepted Ottoman authority.[4] Because of bad relations between the latter Byzantine Empire and the states of western Europe as epitomized by Loukas Notaras's famous remark \"Better the Sultan's turban than the Cardinal's Hat\", the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule.[4]", "Bey. The first three rulers of the Ottoman realm were titled Bey. The chief sovereign of the Ottoman Empire came to be called sultan starting in 1383 when Murad I was granted this title by the shadow caliph in Cairo.", "Ottoman Empire. Throughout Ottoman history, there were many instances in which local governors acted independently, and even in opposition to the ruler. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Ottoman state became a constitutional monarchy. The sultan no longer had executive powers. A parliament was formed, with representatives chosen from the provinces. The representatives formed the Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire.", "Atatürk's Reforms. The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic state in which the head of the state, the Sultan, also held the position of Caliph. The social system was organized around the millet structure. The millet structure allowed a great degree of religious, cultural and ethnic continuity across the society but at the same time permitted the religious ideology to be incorporated into the administrative, economic and political system. One can define this way of life as Islamism (Political Islam): \"the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life\".[4]", "List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire. Constitutionalism was only established during the reign Abdul Hamid II, who thus became the empire's last absolute ruler and its reluctant first constitutional monarch.[12] Although Abdul Hamid II abolished the parliament and the constitution to return to personal rule in 1878, he was again forced in 1908 to reinstall constitutionalism and was deposed. Since 2017, the head of the House of Osman and pretender to the defunct Ottoman throne has been Dündar Ali Osman, a great-grandson of Abdulhamid II.[13]", "History of the Ottoman Empire. Only two Sultans in this period personally exercised strong political and military control of the Empire: the vigorous Murad IV (1612–1640) recaptured Yerevan (1635) and Baghdad (1639) from the Safavids and reasserted central authority, albeit during a brief majority reign. Mustafa II (1695–1703) led the Ottoman counterattack of 1695–96 against the Habsburgs in Hungary, but was undone at the disastrous defeat at Zenta (11 September 1697).[35]", "Rise of the Ottoman Empire. Soon after Orhan's death in 1362, Murad I became the Sultan.", "Rise of the Ottoman Empire. The process of centralization is closely connected with an influx of Muslim scholars from Central Anatolia, where a more urban and bureaucratic Turkish civilization had developed under the Seljuks of Rum. Particularly influential was the Çandarlı family, which supplied several Grand Viziers to the early Ottomans and influenced their institutional development. Some time after 1376, Kara Halil, the head of the Çandarlı family, encouraged Murad I to institute a tax of one-fifth on slaves taken in war, known as the pençik. This gave the Ottoman rulers a source of manpower from which they could construct a new personal army, known as the Janissaries (yeniçeri). Such measures frustrated the gazis which the Ottomans relied upon to sustain their military conquests, and created lasting tensions within the state.[33] It was also during the reign of Murad I that the office of military judge (Kazasker) was created, indicating an increasing level of social stratification between the emerging military-administrative class (askeri) and the rest of society.[34] Murad I also instituted the practice of appointing particular frontier warriors as \"Lords of the Frontier\" (uc begleri). Such power of appointment indicated that the Ottoman rulers were no longer merely primus inter pares but sat at the top of a hierarchy of leadership. As a way of openly declaring this new status, Murad became the first Ottoman ruler to adopt the title of sultan.[34]", "Suleiman the Magnificent. Suleiman I (Ottoman Turkish: سلطان سليمان اول‎ Sultan Süleyman-ı Evvel; Turkish: Birinci Süleyman, Kanunî Sultan Süleyman or Muhteşem Süleyman;[3] 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Kanunî Sultan Süleyman (Ottoman Turkish: قانونى سلطان سليمان‎‎; \"The Lawgiver Suleiman\") in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566.[4] Under his administration, the Ottoman state ruled over 15 to 25 million people.", "Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire, or as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman, was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration.[136] In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed (replaced by another sultan of the Ottoman dynasty, who were either the former sultan's brother, son or nephew) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty, both failures, which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability.[135] As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (r. 1918–1922) was a direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I (d. 1323/4), which was unparallelled in both Europe (e.g. the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The primary purpose of the Imperial Harem was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal (male-line) descendance of the Ottoman sultans.", "History of the Ottoman Empire. In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the city of Bursa in 1326 and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. The fall of Bursa meant the loss of Byzantine control over Northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks. With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The Empire controlled nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when Timur invaded Anatolia in the Battle of Ankara in 1402. He took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner. The capture of Bayezid I threw the Turks into disorder. The state fell into a civil war that lasted from 1402 to 1413, as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum.", "Suleiman the Magnificent. At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. His reforms, carried out in conjunction with the empire's chief judicial official Ebussuud Efendi, harmonized the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law; sultanic (Kanun) and religious (Sharia).[6] He was a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the \"Golden\" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development.[7]", "Interracial marriage. The concubines of the Ottoman Sultan consisted chiefly of purchased slaves. Because Islamic law forbade Muslims to enslave fellow Muslims, the Sultan's concubines were generally of Christian origin. The mother of a Sultan, though technically a slave, received the extremely powerful title of Valide Sultan, and at times became effective ruler of the Empire (see Sultanate of women). One notable example was Kösem Sultan, daughter of a Greek Christian priest, who dominated the Ottoman Empire during the early decades of the 17th century.[385]", "History of the Ottoman Empire. With the demise of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (c. 1300), Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent states, the so-called Anatolian Beyliks. By 1300, a weakened Byzantine Empire had lost most of its Anatolian provinces to these Turkish principalities. One of the beyliks was led by Osman I (d. 1323/4), from which the name Ottoman is derived, son of Ertuğrul, around Eskişehir in western Anatolia. In the foundation myth expressed in the story known as \"Osman's Dream\", the young Osman was inspired to conquest by a prescient vision of empire (according to his dream, the empire is a big tree whose roots spread through three continents and whose branches cover the sky).[1] According to his dream the tree, which was Osman's Empire, issued four rivers from its roots, the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Nile and the Danube.[1] Additionally, the tree shaded four mountain ranges, the Caucasus, the Taurus, the Atlas and the Balkan ranges.[1] During his reign as Sultan, Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire.", "Ottoman constitution of 1876. After Sultan Murad was removed from office, Abdul Hamid II became the new Sultan. Midhat Pasha was afraid that Abdul Hamid would go against his progressive visions; consequently he had an interview with him to assess his personality and to determine if he was on board.[17] The Constitution proposed a bicameral parliament, the General Assembly, consisting of the Sultan-selected Senate and the generally elected Chamber of Deputies (although not directly; the populace chose delegates who would then choose the Deputies). There were also elections held every four years to keep the parliament changing and to continually express the voice of the people. This same framework carried over from the Constitution as it was in 1876 until it was reinstated in 1908. All in all the framework on the Constitution did little to limit the Sultan's power. Some of the retained powers of the Sultan were: declaration of war, appointment of new ministers, and approval of legislation.[18]", "Ottoman Empire. Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) dramatically expanded the Empire's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Persia, in the Battle of Chaldiran.[38] Selim I established Ottoman rule in Egypt, and created a naval presence on the Red Sea. After this Ottoman expansion, a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region.[39]", "Emperor. Ottoman rulers held several titles denoting their Imperial status. These included:[citation needed] Sultan, Khan, Sovereign of the Imperial House of Osman, Sultan of Sultans, Khan of Khans, Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe, Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, Emperor of The Three Cities of Constantinople, Adrianopole and Bursa as well as many other cities and countries.[8]", "Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. Just before the end of World War I, Sultan Mehmet V died and Mehmed VI became the new Sultan.", "Muhteşem Yüzyıl. At the age of 26, when his reign began, Sultan Süleyman sought to build an empire more powerful than Alexander the Great and to render the Ottomans invincible. Throughout his 46-year reign, his fame as the greatest warrior and ruler of his age spreads both to the East and West. With his companion Pargalı İbrahim, Süleyman achieves great victories, and makes his name known in the Muslim World. Süleyman called İbrahim his brother, friend and advisor. The television series shows Süleyman's consolidation of his power: Pargalı İbrahim being grand minister of state, reinforcing the rule of law throughout the empire, meeting foreign diplomats, and preparing for military campaigns, all set against the backdrop of the tension between Christian Europe and the Ottoman Empire." ]

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[ "Martha Byrne. Byrne is best known for portraying Lily Walsh Snyder on the CBS Daytime soap opera As the World Turns. She started in May 1985 at age 15, taking over from another teenage actress. Byrne soon became part of a \"supercouple\" when then-head writer Douglas Marland paired \"poor little rich girl\" Lily with hard-luck farmhand Holden Snyder, played by Jon Hensley. The show attracted controversy in 1987 when Byrne—months shy of her 18th birthday—and equally underage actor Brian Bloom played out a storyline in which they lost their virginity to each other.[citation needed]", "Martha Byrne. Byrne left As the World Turns again in April 2008. The show's executive producer Christopher Goutman stated, \"We made Martha an incredibly generous offer in hopes that she would remain a valuable member of the ATWT cast. Unfortunately, Martha has decided to leave despite our best efforts to keep her.\"[2] Byrne later asserted that the contract negotiations fell through because the show refused to guarantee her the same number of episodes of work she had previously been guaranteed. She added that a casting call was made for her successor during her contract negotiations, which fueled her drive to leave.[citation needed] Byrne's last airdate on the show was April 22, 2008; her successor, Noelle Beck, appeared in the role of Lily from May 2008 until the series' end in 2010.", "Martha Byrne. Byrne won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in 1987. She left As the World Turns in 1989, and returned in April 1993. From 2000 until 2003, Byrne also played a second role, Lily's long-lost twin, Rose D'Angelo. She won another Daytime Emmy in 2001, this time as Outstanding Lead Actress.", "Martha Byrne. Mary Martha Byrne[1] (born December 23, 1969)[1] is an American actress, singer and television writer. She played the role of Lily Walsh Snyder on the soap opera As the World Turns from 1985 to 1989, then again from 1993 to 2008; as well as, from 2000 to 2003, Lily's twin sister, Rose D'Angelo. Byrne has also appeared in other stage, television and movie roles, including the title role in the 1983 film Anna to the Infinite Power. She is currently executive producer of the digital drama series Anacostia, where she has played the role of Alexis Jordan since 2011. Byrne has won three Daytime Emmy Awards for acting.", "Noelle Beck. Beck graduated from Baltimore School for the Arts.[2] Beck portrayed Loving's Trisha from December 1984 to March 26, 1993,[3] returning briefly in 1995 as the series neared cancellation.[4] On May 8, 2008 she took over the role of Lily Walsh on the CBS soap As the World Turns from Martha Byrne and continued in the role until the series' cancellation on September 17, 2010. The role had previously been played by Byrne from 1985 to 1989 and from 1993 to 2008 and Heather Rattray from 1989 to 1993.", "Lily Winters. Winters was first portrayed as a child by Vanessa Carson in 1996, followed by Brooke Marie Bridges from 1998 to 2000.[1] In August 2002 Khalil was cast in the role as a teenager at age 14.[2] Lily was the first soap-opera role for which she auditioned. After screen tests with co-star Kristoff St. John and casting director Marnie Saitta, Khalil was given the part.[3] In 2005 (after portraying the character for three years) Khalil left the series, citing stress as the reason for her departure.[4] The producers tried unsuccessfully to convince Khalil to stay, and recast her role with Sherwood.[5] Sherwood said that while the character Lily was the same, she and Khalil were not the same actress so it would be \"a little different\".[6] Although she replaced a popular actress, Sherwood said she felt no anxiety over the recasting because Khalil chose to leave the part.[7][8]", "Lily Munster. Yvonne De Carlo was cast for the role in March 1964. When first cast, Gwynne and Lewis went to the producers and complained because De Carlo was a movie star of long standing and they were worried that she would not fit in. However, after a few shows, they had to admit they had been wrong, and all got on well.[citation needed]", "The 4400. ° Older Lily (Actress: Tippi Hedren)", "Virginia Williams. Williams made her professional acting debut in the ABC daytime soap One Life to Live as Lorna Van Skyver, a role she played from 1995 to 1996. She also played Brandy Taylor on the CBS daytime soap As the World Turns from 2001 to 2002. With those experience in daytime soaps, she parlayed her talents into several primetime roles, including the leading role of Bianca on Lifetime's Monarch Cove, Claudia on five episodes of the hit series How I Met Your Mother, Shelley Long's daughter who was snubbed at the altar in the film Honeymoon with Mom, and two seasons on Comedy Central's Strangers with Candy. She also played the role of Caitlin McNabb who is a gold digger in the 2010 ABC Family TV movie Revenge of the Bridesmaids.", "Lily Winters. In 2002, when Lily was rapidly aged to a teenager, the character was designed as an \"angst-ridden\" heroine who struggled with \"trauma\";[21][22] she was also described as strong, rebellious, and sassy.[22][23] Khalil said that Lily \"doesn't take anybody's crap\" and \"she's her own person\".[22][24] Sherwood was said to have brought a \"fire\" to the role, and was told to use it only when necessary. She described Lily as \"a lot like her mother\": \"It makes sense. She spent a lot of time with her mother growing up and she's seen how her mother reacts to certain situations when there is a problem or a dilemma.\"[7] When Khalil returned to the role she felt that Lily had changed \"a great deal\" since she last played her;[4] she was more immature and although it was more fun, it was \"definitely different\".[2]", "Ashley Williams (actress). Williams made her big-screen acting debut in a non-speaking role in the 1993 drama Indian Summer, which also featured her sister Kimberly. She then spent from 1994 to 1996 playing teenage Danielle Andropoulos on the soap opera As the World Turns.", "Lily Rabe. On January 21, 2005, she took part in a workshop production of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas at the Roundabout Theatre Company, which was directed by Joe Mantello.[12] She made her Broadway debut as Annelle Dupuy-Desoto in the 2005 revival of Steel Magnolias by Robert Harling, directed by Jason Moore.[13] For her performance, Rabe was nominated for a Drama Desk Award.[14] Rabe had been cast in the play Sisters of the Garden but had to drop out after being cast in Steel Magnolias.[15] From September through to October 2005, she appeared in the American premiere of Colder Than Here by the English playwright Laura Wade at the MCC Theater.[16] Jeremy McCarter in New York Magazine listed Rabe's performance as one of the best breakthroughs of 2005.[17] From September to December 2006, Rabe played Ellie Dunn in Roundabout Theatre Company's production of Heartbreak House by George Bernard Shaw.[18] In 2007, she appeared in the film No Reservations. In August 2007, she appeared in Crimes of the Heart at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in a production which marked the directorial debut of actress Kathleen Turner.[19]", "Jordana Brewster. Jordana Brewster (born April 26, 1980)[1] is an American actress and model. She made her acting debut in an episode of All My Children in 1995 and next took on the recurring role as Nikki Munson in As the World Turns, garnering a nomination for Outstanding Teen Performer at the 1997 Soap Opera Digest Award. Her first role in a feature film was in Robert Rodriguez's horror science fiction The Faculty (1998).", "Maggie Siff. She has appeared in such films as Then She Found Me (2007) as Lily, Push as a psychic surgeon (called a Stitch) named Teresa Stowe, sent to help Nick (played by Chris Evans), Funny People (2009) as Rachel, Leaves of Grass (2010) as Rabbi Renannah Zimmerman, and Concussion (2013) as Sam Bennet. She appears in the 2016 Showtime series Billions. She started in an independent indie film called A Woman, A Part as well. (2016)", "Lily Winters. Lily Winters is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. Created by William J. Bell, the character appeared as a child for her first five-year period. In 2002, Christel Khalil began portraying Lily as a teenager after the character rapidly aged. In 2005, Khalil left the series, resulting in the character's recasting with Davetta Sherwood; however, Sherwood's portrayal was brief when Khalil asked to return the following year. Khalil began playing the character as a \"rebellious, yet naive teenager\", later becoming one of the soap opera's heroines.", "Emmy Rossum. Rossum's television debut was in August 1997, as the original Abigail Williams in the daytime soap opera As the World Turns. She also had a guest role as Caroline Beels in Snoops. Rossum was nominated for a Young Artist Award in 1999 for Best Performance in a TV Movie for her work in the made-for-TV movie, Genius.[citation needed] She then portrayed a young Audrey Hepburn in the ABC television film, The Audrey Hepburn Story (2000).[23]", "Lily Winters. —CBS Soaps In Depth on Khalil's portrayal during Lily's loss of her mother (2007)", "Julianne Moore. Moore moved to New York City after graduating, and worked as a waitress.[16] After registering her stage name with Actors' Equity,[15] she began her career in 1985 with off-Broadway theatre.[17] Her first screen role came in 1985, in an episode of the soap opera The Edge of Night.[18] Her break came the following year, when she joined the cast of As the World Turns. Playing the dual roles of half-sisters Frannie and Sabrina Hughes, she found this intensive work to be an important learning experience, and she said of it fondly: \"I gained confidence and learned to take responsibility.\"[14] Moore performed on the show until 1988, when she won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Ingenue in a Drama Series.[19][20] Before leaving As the World Turns, she had a role in the 1987 CBS miniseries I'll Take Manhattan.[11] Once she had finished the soap opera, she turned to the stage to play Ophelia in a Guthrie Theater production of Hamlet opposite Željko Ivanek.[15][21][22] The actress returned intermittently to television over the next three years, appearing in the TV movies Money, Power, Murder (1989), The Last to Go (1991), and Cast a Deadly Spell (1991).[23]", "Amelia Lily. In May, the London Evening Standard announced that Lily would be taking on the role of Whatsername when Green Day's American Idiot comes to London.[21]", "Julia Snyder. Julia Snyder is a fictional character on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns. Actress Annie Parisse portrayed the character from April 13, 1998, to August 21, 2001. In 2001, Parisse was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for the role. Parisse later returned for a handful of episodes in 2002 and for one episode in 2003.[1]", "Kelly Rutherford. Kelly Rutherford (born Kelly Rutherford Deane; November 6, 1968) is an American actress. She is known for her television roles as Stephanie \"Sam\" Whitmore on the NBC daytime soap opera Generations (1989–1991), as Megan Lewis on the Fox primetime soap opera Melrose Place (1996–1999),[1] and as Lily van der Woodsen on The CW series Gossip Girl (2007–2012).", "Geraldine Somerville. Geraldine Margaret Agnew-Somerville (born 19 May 1967) is an Irish born actress known for her role as Detective Sergeant Jane Penhaligon in Cracker (1993–95), for which she was nominated for the 1995 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress, and for playing Lily Potter in the Harry Potter film series. Her other film appearances include Gosford Park (2001), My Week with Marilyn (2011) and Grace of Monaco (2014).", "As the World Turns cast members. This is a list of actors and actresses who have had roles on the soap opera As the World Turns. Actor Paolo Seganti had a recurring role as Damian Grimaldi 1993-1996, 2001, 2006 & 2010.", "Jennifer Landon. Jennifer Landon (born August 29, 1983 in Malibu, California) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Gwen Norbeck Munson on As the World Turns (2005–2008, 2010).", "Alyson Hannigan. Alyson Lee Hannigan (born March 24, 1974)[1] is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Willow Rosenberg on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003), Lily Aldrin on the sitcom How I Met Your Mother (2005–2014), and Michelle Flaherty in the American Pie film series (1999–2012).[2]", "As the World Turns. In South Africa, As the World Turns aired on SABC2 from June 2010 to February 2012 from 14:10 to 15:00 each weekday. Episodes were 4 years behind the original US broadcast. In Canada As the World Turns aired on ONtv, and, later, Global Television Network, and on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador. In Jamaica As The World Turns started airing on Television Jamaica Monday to Friday 1:00pm beginning in 2011. In Belize As the World Turns was seen on Great Belize Television at 2:00 pm Central Time, usually the same day as the U.S. telecasts. In New Zealand As The World Turns was aired on TVNZ from 1962 to 1989. In Australia, As The World Turns was aired on Network Ten first at 1.30 pm, then moved to 5:00pm before ultimately being dropped entirely in 1987. \nIn the Netherlands, As The World Turns was very popular and aired for more than 20 years. From 1989 till its cancellation, it was the best watched Daytime Soap. In 2010 Terri Conn, Martha Byrne, Marnie Schulenburg, Trent Dawson, Grayson McCouch, Van Hansis visited The Netherlands and were special guests at the \"Farewell ATWT\" meeting. Elisabeth Hubbard even guest-starred in the Dutch soap \"Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden\" for a while, after the cancellation of ATWT.", "Lily Winters. Khalil as Winters has grown in popularity among viewers, who voted her onto \"Top Actress\" lists in publications such as Soap Opera Digest, Soaps In Depth and Soap Opera Update.[24][62][63][64][65][66] Critics have also praised Khalil for her portrayal; Soap Opera Digest named her performer of the week during Lily's internet-predator storyline, citing the subtlety of her performance.[67] Mark McGarry of Soap Opera Weekly named the actress outstanding performer of the week on February 28, 2005,[68] praising Khalil's \"remarkable range\".[68] CBS Soaps In Depth said Sherwood \"got off to a slow start\", but praised her work during the revelation that Lily's husband Daniel was responsible for her attempted rape by Alex.[5] Khalil's return in 2006 was greeted positively by viewers.[2][4]", "Jordana Brewster. Brewster made her debut in daytime soap operas, with a one-time appearance on All My Children as Anita Santos.[6] She next played the recurring role of rebellious daughter Nikki Munson on As the World Turns. From 1995 to 2001, she appeared in a total of 104 episodes of the soap opera.[7][8] For her performance, she was nominated for Outstanding Teen Performer at the 1997 Soap Opera Digest Awards. Her first film role was in Robert Rodriguez's horror science fiction film The Faculty (1998), written by Kevin Williamson and co-starring Elijah Wood, Josh Hartnett, and Clea DuVall. In the film about strange occurrences involving the teachers of an Ohio high school, Brewster played a popular vindictive cheerleading captain and an editor in chief of the student paper.[9] The film received mixed reviews,[10] but grossed US$40 million in North America.[11] In 1999, she appeared opposite Julia Stiles and Jerry O'Connell in a NBC television miniseries entitled The '60s,[12] playing a student activist.[13]", "Lily Rabe. Rabe studied dance for ten years. She was teaching ballet at a summer arts program in Connecticut, when she was approached by the program's acting instructor, who asked her to perform a monologue in the final production.[6] Rabe performed a monologue from the play Crimes of the Heart by Beth Henley.[6] She stated, \"It was that moment, performing that monologue, that made me think, 'Maybe this is what I wanna do'.\"[6] Rabe then went on to study acting at Northwestern University, from which she graduated in 2004.[7]", "The Little Theatre on the Square. Rosemary Prinz was a regular summer actress at the Little Theatre during the peak of her career. She performed in 1961, 1963-1967, 1969, 1972-1975, 1977, and 1982. She made her debut on Broadway in 1952 and had a role on the television show As the World Turns from 1956 to 1968.", "Lily Rabe. Rabe appeared at the Golden Theatre in the Broadway play Seminar by Theresa Rebeck. It was directed by Sam Gold, and the cast included Alan Rickman, Jerry O'Connell, Hamish Linklater, and Hettienne Park. It opened on November 20, 2011, and closed May 6, 2012. In May 2012, it was announced that Rabe would play actress Mary Pickford in The First, a film based on the book Pickford: The Woman Who Made Hollywood by Eileen Whitfield.[35] She finished work in the Public Theater's production of As You Like It, part of the 50th Season of Shakespeare in the Park at the Delacorte Theatre. She played the role of Rosalind in the production that opened on June 11, 2012 and closed on June 30, 2012. In October 2012, it was announced that Rabe would appear in We're Just Married, a film written by her father and directed by Rodrigo Garcia. Rabe will also be a producer of the film.[36] In May 2013, Rabe made her Los Angeles stage debut in a production of Miss Julie by August Strindberg that was adapted and directed by Neil LaBute.[37] In September 2013, Rabe was announced to have been cast as Commander Lyme in The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, the final two installments of The Hunger Games film series, based on the novels by Suzanne Collins.[38] She was later replaced in the films by Gwendoline Christie due to a scheduling conflict.[39]", "Lily Rabe. In 2008, the production transferred to Off-Broadway, presented by the Roundabout Theatre Company and staged at the Laura Pels Theatre, running from February 14 to April 13.[20] During a rehearsal, a piece of the set fell on Rabe, leaving her with a fractured rib.[21] Due to the injury, Rabe missed a week of preview performances and the opening night was moved back a week, from February 7 to February 14.[20] In August 2008, Rabe was cast in the HBO pilot Last of the Ninth, a drama set in the 1970s.[22] Rabe played a plainclothes cop in the pilot, which was written by David Milch and directed by Carl Franklin. In December 2008, it was reported that HBO had decided not to pick the pilot to series.[23] The same year, she appeared in the films What Just Happened and The Toe Tactic, as well as two episodes of Medium. From January to March 2009, Rabe appeared in the Broadway premiere of Richard Greenberg's 1990 play The American Plan at the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre.[24] In 2010, Rabe made her debut appearance at Shakespeare in the Park in a production of The Merchant of Venice, directed by Daniel J. Sullivan, that ran from June 30 to August 1.[25] Rabe was cast as Portia, which she described as \"one of the great female roles.\"[26] Rabe also co-starred in the 2010 film All Good Things." ]

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[ "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Melanie C would make a studio recording of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" for her 9 September 2012 album Stages, a show tune album produced by the singer's longtime collaborator Peter-John Vettese [7] from which \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" had been issued in digital download format [8] as a preview [9] [10] to rank after its first week of release at #20 on the UK Independent Singles Chart.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Dutch vocalist Bojoura had a 1971 single release of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" with the song relegated to B-side status, the single's A-side being \"Everything's Alright\".", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. • The renditions of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" by Michele Fawdon and Dana Gillespie were respectively featured on the Australian and London cast albums of JCS both released in 1972. Marcia Hines' version appears on her 1978 Live Across Australia album.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. A version of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" done in medley with \"Everything's Alright\", also from Jesus Christ Superstar, was recorded on the Happy Tiger label by a group credited as the Kimberlys; released in January 1971 the same week as the Helen Reddy version, the Kimberleys' track received enough regional attention to reach No. 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 that March.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" is a song from the 1970 rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar written by Andrew Lloyd Webber (music) and Tim Rice (lyrics), a torch ballad sung by the character of Mary Magdalene. In the opera she is presented as bearing an unrequited love for the title character. The song has been much recorded, with \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" being one of the rare songs to have had two concurrent recordings reach the Top 40 of the Hot 100 chart in Billboard magazine, specifically those by Helen Reddy and Yvonne Elliman,[1] since the 1950s when multi-version chartings were common.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. In 1972, Cilla Black recorded the song for Day by Day with Cilla – her seventh and final studio album to be produced by George Martin. Black revealed in her 2003 autobiography What's It All About how she had worked so hard to produce the song which she loved but as her record label EMI Records were having industrial action the album was delayed a year. The singer went on to explain \"Disappointed though I was, there was at least a crumb of comfort for me when Tim Rice hailed my recording as 'the definitive version'.\"[24] Also in 2003, Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote for the booklet of Black's compilation album The Best of 1963–78 \"Her version of 'I Don't Know How To Love Him' in my opinion stands up alongside her other great songs...\". Black's original vocal was remixed for her 2009 club remixes album Cilla All Mixed Up.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. • The renditions of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" by Kate Ceberano (1992), Margaret Urlich (1993), Emily Saliers (1994), and Joanna Ampil (1996) all appear on the cast albums of their respective productions with the cast album tracks by Kate Ceberano and Margaret Urlich released as singles in respectively Australia and New Zealand charting at respectively No. 38 and No. 44. In 1992 Claire Moore sang \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" on a 20th Anniversary re-recording of the JCS soundtrack.[5]", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" has also been recorded (with parent album) by Madeline Bell (on multi-artist album Musical Cocktail – 1995), Debra Byrne (credited as Debbie [no surname] on multi-artist album Young Talent Time by Young Talent Team – 1973), Mary Byrne (...with Love – 2011), Chelsia Chan (Dark Side of Your Mind – 1975), Judy Collins (Amazing Grace – 1985), Dana (Everything is Beautiful - 1980), Kjerstin Dellert (entitled \"Vad Gör Jag Med Min Kärlek\") (Primadonna – 1977), Johnny Dorelli & Catherine Spaak (entitled \"Non So Più Come Amarlo\") (B-side of No. 6 Italian chart hit \"Una Serata Insieme a Te\" – 1973), Katja Ebstein (entitled \"Wie soll ich ihn nur lieben\") (Liebe – 1977), Peggy Lee (Where Did They Go? – 1971), Suzanne Lynch (Walk a Little Closer - 1973; credited as Suzanne [no surname]), Gloria Lynne (I Don't Know How to Love Him – 1976), Ginette Reno (entitled \"La Chanson De Marie Madeleine\") (Spécialement Pour Vous - 1976), Jeane Manson (Jeane Manson – 1993), Manuela (Songs of Love – 1971), Catherine McKinnon (Catherine McKinnon - 1976 or '77 compilation album of CBC Radio performances), (Anita Meyer (Premiere – 1987), Gitte Hænning (entitled \"Jeg vil så gerne nå ham) (Gitte Hænning – 1971), Angelika Milster (de) (entitled \"Wie soll ich ihn nur lieben\") (Meisterstücke – 2001), Sinéad O'Connor (Theology – 2007), Marion Rung (entitled \"Maria Magdalena\" recorded 1974) (Marion, olkaa hyvä - kaikki singlet 1971-1986 – 2005), Irene Ryder (Irene - 1971), Seija Simola (entitled \"Maria Magdalena\") (Seija – 1972), Nancy Sinatra (Shifting Gears - 2013), Ornella Vanoni (entitled \"Non So Più Come Amarlo\") (single from Quei Giorni Insieme A Te – 1974), and Frances Yip (Frances Yip's Greatest Hits - 1972). Kelly Marie, who at sixteen had won four times on Opportunity Knocks singing \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\", recorded a disco version of the song which appears on the 2003 album Applause.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. • Frances Ruffelle sang \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" when she performed as Mary Magdalene in a studio cast album of JCS broadcast on BBC Radio 2 on 19 October 1996. Also in 1996 Issy Van Randwyck performed \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" on a recording of JCS produced for Jay Records. Janika Sillamaa recorded \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" for her 1993 album Lootus; the rendition recorded by Kim Criswell for her 1999 album Back to Before is included on the 2002 compilation album The Essential Songs of Andrew Lloyd-Webber.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. An apparently unique gender-adjusted version of the song: \"I Don't Know How to Love Her\", was recorded by Jerry Vale as the title cut of his 1971 album release.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Other singers with theatrical associations who have recorded \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" include (with parent album) Elaine Paige (Stages – 1983; also Elaine Paige Live – 2009), Barbara Dickson (Ovation: Best of Andrew Lloyd Webber – 1985), Stephanie Lawrence (The Love Songs of Andrew Lloyd Webber – 1988), Titti Sjöblom (Special -1989), Marti Webb (The Magic From the Musicals – 1991), Fiona Hendley (The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection – 1991), Sarah Brightman (Sarah Brightman Sings the Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber – 1992), Julia McKenzie (The Musicals Album – 1992),[15] Lea Salonga (The Broadway Concert – 1992), Twiggy (London Pride: songs from the London stage - 1996), and Ruthie Henshall (non-album cut - 2011). Also Helena Vondráčková, who had recorded the Czech rendering \"Já, Máří Magdaléna\" for her 1993 showtune album Brodway, recorded \"I Don't know How to Love Him\", for that album's 1994 English-language edition: The Broadway Album. Sandy Lam performed the song in the Andrew Lloyd Webber: Masterpiece: Live From the Great Hall of the People, Beijing televised concert in 2001; her rendering is featured on the soundtrack album. Gemma Arterton performed \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" 8 July 2014 at the Tim Rice: a life in song gala at the Royal Festival Hall which was filmed for broadcast by BBC Two on Christmas Day 2014. Sonia, who performed \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" in the 1997 UK tour of the What a Feeling nostalgiac revue, recorded her version for the show's soundtrack album. Also Bonnie Tyler was recruited to record \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" for the 2007 album Over the Rainbow – Show Tunes in Aid of the Association of Children's Hospices. Sara Bareilles performed \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" during the live musical television special, Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert, on NBC on 1 April 2018.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Nell Carter performed \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" in an episode of the NBC-TV sitcom Gimme a Break! entitled Flashback which was broadcast 26 January 1984.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Reddy's recording of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" entered the national charts in March 1971 – showing in the Top Ten in Dallas and Denver that month [19] – but its momentum was so gradual as to not effect Top 40 entry until that May; by then MCA Records had issued the original Yvonne Elliman track as a single and from 15 May 1971 to 26 June 1971 both versions were in the Top 40 with Reddy's version maintaining the upper hand peaking at No. 13 while Elliman's version peaked at No. 28. \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" became Reddy's first major hit single in her native Australia, peaking at No. 2 on the Go-Set Top 40 chart for two weeks in August 1971 with an eventual ranking as the No. 8 hit for the year 1971. On Australia's Kent Music Report, the song also reached No. 2, but stayed at that position for eight consecutive weeks. The track also afforded Reddy a hit in Europe with a March 1972 peak of No. 14 in Sweden—the Swedish production of Jesus Christ Superstar had begun a record-setting run in February 1972—and an April 1972 peak of No. 23 in the Netherlands.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Norwegian \"Eg veit ikkje\" (lyricist Bjørn Endreson) was introduced onstage by Aina Oldeide in the premiere det Norske Teatret production of JCS which opened 29 March 1990. The Norsek Teatre revival of JCS which opened 3 September 2009 featured a new rendering of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" by lyricist Ola E. Bø: entitled \"Eg vil gi han min kjærleik\", the song was introduced onstage by Charlotte Frogner.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. The choice for the first single release went, however, to the track \"Superstar\" by Murray Head. When a cover of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" by Helen Reddy began moving up the charts in the spring of 1971 the original track by Yvonne Elliman was issued as a single to reach No. 28, although Reddy's version was more successful at No. 13. Both versions did moderately well on the Adult Contemporary chart, with Reddy's at No. 12 and Elliman's at No. 15. In early 1972, Elliman's \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" was issued in the UK on a double A-side single with Murray Head's \"Superstar\"; with this release Elliman faced competition with a cover of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" by Petula Clark, but neither version became a major hit, Elliman's reaching No. 47 and Clark's No. 42. Tim Rice produced several additional tracks for Elliman to complete her debut album.[citation needed]", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. In her autobiography The Woman I Am, Helen Reddy states that Mogull invited her to record a single after seeing her perform on a Tonight Show episode (the guest host Flip Wilson had invited Reddy to appear; Wilson knew Reddy from the club circuit). Mogull himself attributed his interest in Reddy to the solicitations on her behalf by her then-husband and manager Jeff Wald who called Mogull three times a day for five months asking him to let Reddy cut a song. Larry Marks produced Reddy's recording of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" and \"I Believe in Music\" at A&M's recording studios. According to Reddy, her extreme anxiety – \"I had waited years for this shot and I didn't think there would be another one\" – manifested in her vocals making \"I Believe in Music\" ineffectual but \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" convincingly plaintive, clinching the decision to make the latter the A-side of the single, released in January 1971. In a 1974 Billboard tribute to Helen Reddy, writer Cynthia Spector states \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" became a hit due to the efforts of Jeff Wald \"who stayed on the phone morning to night, cajoling, bullying, wheedling airplay from disk jockeys. Using $4,000 of his own money, his own telephone credit card and his American Express card to wine and dine anyone who would listen to his wife, he made the record happen.\"[16]", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. The success of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" led to Reddy's being signed to a long term contract by Capitol who released her I Don't Know How to Love Him album in August 1971. The track issued as a follow-up single: a version of Van Morrison's \"Crazy Love\" stalled short of the Top 40 at No. 51, while the album charted with a moderate No. 100 peak; Reddy's subsequent success, however, garnered her debut album sufficient interest for it be certified as a Gold record in 1974. Also of note, the I Don't Know How to Love Him album included an initial arrangement of Reddy's signature song, \"I Am Woman\" which via a 1972 re-recording with a new arrangement would prove to be the vehicle to consolidate Reddy's stardom, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 dated 9 December 1972.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. German \"Wie soll ich ihn nur lieben?\" (lyricist Anja Hauptmann de) premiered with the production 18 February 1972 at Halle Münsterland, with Paula Roy recording the song for the 1973 cast album of the German tour. An earlier German rendering of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\": \"Einmal werde ich ihn sehen\", had been recorded by musical actress Olivia Molina being as single release from her 1971 self-titled album: Molina would play Mary Magdalene in the Theater Oberhausen 1985 production of JCS. Anna Montanaro, who played Mary Magdalene at Bad Hersfelder Festspiele over the summers of 2002-04, recorded \"Wie soll ich ihn nur lieben?\" for that production's 2003 soundtrack album. \"Wie soll ich ihn nur lieben?\" has also been performed onstage by Ann Christin Elverum (de) in the Theater des Westens 2004 concert staging; by Petra Madita Pape (de) at DomStufen-Festspiele in 2005; by Eva Rodekirchen (de) at Stadttheater Ingolstadt in 2007; Caroline Vasicek in the 2011 Easter Concert staging at the Ronacher (de) Theater; and Femke Soetenga (de) at Thunerseespiele in 2010.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. • On 2 September 2006 episode of How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria? potential eliminees Helena Blackman and Leanne Dobinson sang a joint version of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" for Andrew Lloyd Webber, who elected to \"save\" Blackman.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. The earliest single version of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" was that cut by Karen Wyman an artist on the roster of MCA/Decca Records the label of release for the original Jesus Christ Superstar album: Wyman's single, produced by Ken Greengrass and Peter Matz, was released in November 1970 in the US and was also released in 1970 in the UK. Introduced on her May 1971 album release One Together, Wyman's \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" had reached #101 in Record World's \"The Singles Chart 101–150\" during a December 1970 - January 1971 eight-week tenure.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. In the British Isles \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" first became a hit in the Republic of Ireland where Tina & Real McCoy took it to No. 1 in December 1971. In January 1972 the version by Petula Clark was released in the UK to chart at No. 42 marking Clark's final appearance on the UK Singles chart except for the 1988 remix of her 1964 hit \"Downtown\". Clark's \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" was to be her final single release on Pye Records. Concurrent with Clark's version, the original Yvonne Elliman track was issued as a single on a double A-side with \"Superstar\" by Murray Head; this single peaked at UK No. 47. Tony Hatch, who had produced Petula Clark's hit singles of the 1960s, had produced a version of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" by his then-wife Jackie Trent, which was issued as a single 5 November 1971: Hatch would later produce a rendition of the song by Julie Budd for her 1972 self-titled album. A 1972 version by Sylvie McNeill on a UK 45, United Artists UA UP35415, was released (11 August) timed for the first UK stage musical of Jesus Christ Superstar; she had actually performed it on The Benny Hill Show (original air date: 23 February 1972).", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Recorded in one take at Olympic Studios in June 1970, \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" has been universally acclaimed as the high point of the Jesus Christ Superstar soundtrack since the album's September 1970 release; in 2003 The Rough Guide to Cult Pop would assess Elliman's performance: \"It's rare to hear a singer combine such power and purity of tone in one song, and none of the famous singers who have covered this ballad since have come close.\"[4]", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. • Swedish continued \"Hur visar jag min kärlek?\" (lyricist Ola Salo) was introduced onstage by Åsa Fång (sv) in the Malmö Opera's revival of JCS which ran 31 October 2008 – 8 March 2009: Fang was featured singing the song on that production's cast recording. This production was revived at the Göta Lejon Theatre in Stockholm with an 8 April – Easter Sunday – 2012 premiere with Anna-Maria Hallgarn onstage as Mary Magdalene for the first six months of the tour, with Gunilla Backman appearing onstage in the role as of 13 September 2012 – by Gunilla Backman, with Anna Sahlene announced to assume the role onstage from 27 December 2012. Gunilla Backman had recorded \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" for her 2010 album showtune album entitled Gunilla Backman sings Webber.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Upon the release of the original Jesus Christ Superstar album Capitol Records executive Artie Mogull heard the potential for a smash hit in the track \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" and had pitched the song to Linda Ronstadt, then on the Capitol roster; after Ronstadt advised Mogull: \"she hated the song, [saying] it was terrible\" Mogull invited the then-unknown Helen Reddy to record \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" as part of a one-off single deal with Capitol. Reddy herself did not care for \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" agreeing to cut the song to serve as B-side for the track she wished to record: the Mac Davis composition; \"I Believe in Music\" (later a hit for Gallery).[16]", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Credits for the album version of \"I Don't Know How To Love Him\". [13]", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. The earliest rendering of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" in Swedish was \"Vad Gör Jag Med Min Kärlek?\" introduced on the album Frida by Anni-Frid Lyngstad which was recorded from September 1970 to January 1971: the complete album track was entitled \"Allting Skall Bli Bra\"/\"Vad Gör Jag Med Min Kärlek?\" the first element referring to the Swedish rendering of the abbreviated version of \"Everything's Alright\" which serves as the lead-in to \"Vad Gör Jag Med Min Kärlek?\" (\"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" is performed in the stage musical Jesus Christ Superstar with an abbreviated \"Everything's Alright\" as prelude). \"Allting Skall Bli Bra\"/\"Vad Gör Jag Med Min Kärlek?\" had a belated single release in the spring of 1972 as follow-up to Lyngstad's hit \"Min egen Stad\": the single release of \"Allting Skall Bli Bra\"/\"Vad Gör Jag Med Min Kärlek?\" put Lyngstad in competition with her future ABBA co-member Agnetha Fältskog, the latter's concurrent single release \"Vart Ska Min Karlek Fora\" being the Swedish rendering of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" featured in the Swedish production of Jesus Christ Superstar and Faltskog having the cachet of performing as Mary Magdalena in that stage production it was her single which became the hit, besting Lyngstad's \"Allting Skall Bli Bra\"/\"Vad Gör Jag Med Min Kärlek?\" and also a cover version of \"Vad Gör Jag Med Min Kärlek?\" by Inger Öst (sv).", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Portuguese \"Eu não sei como amá-lo\" (lyricist Vinicius de Moraes) was introduced by Maria Célia Camargo (pt) in the Teatro Aquarius (São Paulo) production which opened in March 1972, with Camargo's rendition heard on the cast album released the same year. The song has since been performed onstage by Negra Li in the revival of JCS which opened at the Teatro do Complexo Ohtake Cultural (Pinheiros) on 14 March 14, 2014. The 2007 Portuguese revision of JCS introduced a rendering of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" entitled \"Eu Não Sei Como O Amar\": during the show's run, which after a premiere engagement at Rivoli Theater (Porto) from 14 June 2007 transferred to Teatro Politeama (Lisbon) on 27 November 2007, the role of Mary Madgalene was performed alternately by Laura Rodrigues or Sara Lima, then from May 2008 the role alternated between Laura Rodrigues and Anabela.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Hungarian \"Nem Tudom, Hogyan Szeressem\" (lyricist Miklós Tibor hu): introduced onstage by Magdi Bódy (hu) in an oratorio production at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics on 18 January 1972, the song was performed from May 1986 in the cathedral square in Szeged production by Kriszta Kováts (hu) alternating with Anikó Nagy. \"Nem tudom, hogy szeressen\" has since been sung onstage by Nelly Fésűs (hu) in the Miscolk National Theatre production which opened 9 November 2001, and by Lilla Polyák (hu) in the Szigligeti Theatre (Szolnok) production which opened 15 April 2011. Operatic soprano Sylvia Sass recorded \"Nem Tudom, Hogyan Szeressem\" for her 1985 album Nézz Körül.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. • Maria Ylipää can be heard singing \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" on the recording made of the concert production of JCS which had a three-night run 25–27 August 2011 at Sibelius Hall in Lahti, Finland, Ylipää playing the role of Mary Magdalene in that production made under the auspices of the Lahti Symphony Orchestra. Saara Aalto sang \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" when she assumed the role of Mary Magdalene in a reprise of the Lahti Symphony Orchestra's concert production of JCS which had a three-night run 22–24 August 2012.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Japanese \"Watashi Wa Iesu Ga Wakaranai\" was introduced by Hideko Kuno (ja) onstage in the premiere Shiki Theatre production of JCS in 1973: Kuno's recording of the song is featured on the cast album released in 1976. The Shiki Theatre has since staged revivals of JCS many times: Ryoko Nomura (ja) has performed \"Watashi Wa Iesu Ga Wakaranai\" onstage in the Shiki revivals of 1987, 1991 and 1994.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Reddy attributes the eventual success of her recording of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" to the positive listener response the track received at the first station where it was played: WDRC (AM) in Hartford Conn – where in fact a number of the \"local requests\" for \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" originated in Los Angeles being made by Reddy's visiting nephew: a teenage Australian actor with a penchant for different voices, and also a number of Reddy's friends, with Reddy admitting: \"I may have made a call or two myself\". [17] In April 1971 WDRC program director Charles R. Parker would relate how Reddy and Wald had visited WDRC to thank the station for its initial support of Reddy's \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\", with Reddy and Wald expressing how they \"were more than delighted and surprised to see [the track] break on Top 40 at WDRC.\"[18]", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. • Renée van Wegberg (nl) sang \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" in the role of Mary Magdalene in a concert version of JCS presented 25 March 2013 at the Beatrix Theater in Utrecht, and again in a concert production at the DeLaMar (Amsterdam) 17 March 2015: on 16 March 2015 the DeLaMar had presented a concert version of JCS featuring Willemijn Verkaik singing \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" in the role of Mary Magdalene." ]

[ 4.78515625, 5.66796875, 5.97265625, 5.05078125, 7.734375, 4.1328125, 5.6015625, 3.685546875, 6.3203125, 4.765625, 5.8125, 6.0078125, 3.041015625, 3.916015625, 4.5234375, 3.560546875, 1.5859375, 2.5078125, 6.03515625, 5.47265625, 4.47265625, 2.73828125, 2.953125, 4.7109375, -0.08343505859375, 2.58203125, 3.109375, 3.509765625, 6.546875, 2.783203125, 2.025390625, 5.69921875 ]

[ "Penny (The Big Bang Theory). In \"The Maternal Capacitance\", Penny reveals that her father Wyatt (Keith Carradine)[30] tried to raise her like a boy, which is a source of pain for her, leading her to have father issues. When she and Leonard begin dating, Wyatt comes to appreciate that she is dating an accomplished academic, rather than an uneducated hick, so much so that when he visits Penny in the fourth-season episode \"The Boyfriend Complexity\" following her and Leonard's breakup, it is revealed that she has not revealed the breakup to her father. When she later informs Wyatt of the breakup, Wyatt secretly encourages Leonard to not give up on her. In contrast to all other characters, Penny and her father's last name have not been revealed. Co-creator Bill Prady stated that Penny's last name will be revealed eventually.[31] Executive producer Steve Molaro, however, has since stated her last name will remain a secret.[32]", "List of The Big Bang Theory characters. Initially, not much is known about Penny's family, but it is mentioned in the series that her father, Wyatt (portrayed by Keith Carradine,[2]) raised her like a boy, her mother smoked marijuana while she was pregnant with her, her sister shot her husband while they were intoxicated, and her brother is a meth dealer. Her mother, Susan (Katey Segal), and brother, Randall (Jack McBrayer), are finally seen in person in season ten.", "The Big Bang Theory (season 9). Laurie Metcalf reprised her role as Sheldon's mother Mary in episodes 1 and 24, and Keith Carradine returned as Penny's father Wyatt in episode 3.[7]", "Judd Hirsch. In 2016 Hirsch appeared on the CBS comedy series The Big Bang Theory portraying Leonard's (Johnny Galecki) father.", "List of The Big Bang Theory characters. Wyatt (Keith Carradine) is Penny's father. He comes to visit, and Penny feels compelled to involve Leonard in a ruse to make him think they are still together. (Wyatt reveals that he favors the successful Leonard over Penny's other \"loser\" boyfriends.) When the plot is revealed, he gets mad at Penny and feigns anger at Leonard, but after Penny leaves the room, he encourages Leonard to keep trying to get Penny back (because he wants his grandchildren to \"grow up in a house without wheels\"). Strangely, though, in the first episode where Leonard's mother visits, Penny tearfully reveals her rough childhood, saying that Wyatt wanted a boy and even called her \"slugger\" until she reached puberty. Wyatt appears again in season nine, when Penny finally plucks up the courage to tell her father she eloped with Leonard. Wyatt is happy, but he also confesses that he killed Penny's pet pig a year ago. In the season 10 premiere, \"The Conjugal Conjecture\", he comes to Pasadena with his wife and son to attend Leonard and Penny's re-wedding and during the ceremony he walks Penny down the aisle, welcomes Leonard to their family and advises him not to lend Penny's brother any money.", "Keith Carradine. Carradine hosted the documentary Wild West Tech series on the History Channel in the 2003–2004 season, before handing the job over to his brother, David. In the 2005 miniseries Into the West, produced by Steven Spielberg and Dreamworks, Carradine played Richard Henry Pratt. During the second and fourth seasons of the Showtime series Dexter, he appeared numerous times as FBI Special Agent Frank Lundy. Carradine is credited with guest starring twice on the suspense-drama Criminal Minds, as the psychopathic serial killer Frank Breitkopf. Other shows he appeared in include The Big Bang Theory (as Penny's father Wyatt), Star Trek: Enterprise (\"First Flight\" episode) and the Starz series Crash. Carradine also made two guest appearances on NCIS in 2012 and 2014. Also in 2014, he had a recurring role as Lou Solverson in the FX series Fargo, followed by a recurring role as President Conrad Dalton on Madam Secretary. He was promoted to series regular, starting with the show's second season.", "List of The Big Bang Theory characters. Mike Rostenkowski (Casey Sander) is Bernadette's father and a tough retired police officer. Mike has a rough and rude personality and often bullies others, although he deeply loves his daughter, calling Bernadette his \"little girl\". Before he is first seen, Bernadette establishes his personality by telling Howard a long list of subjects he cannot discuss with Mike, including Jimmy Carter, foreigners, homosexuals, and even Howard's Jewish identity.", "The Big Bang Theory (season 9). Sheldon's maternal grandmother Constance who he calls \"Meemaw\" made her first long-awaited appearance in episode 14 and was portrayed by June Squibb[8] and Leonard's father Alfred also made his first long-awaited appearance in episode 24 and was played by Judd Hirsch.[9]", "Casey Sander. Clinton O. \"Casey\" Sander (born July 6, 1956) is an American actor known as the character \"Captain\" Jimmy Wennick on the short-lived TV series Tucker. His television credits also include Criminal Minds, The Golden Girls,[1]Grace Under Fire, Home Improvement,[1] Malcolm in the Middle, Rules of Engagement, Sons of Anarchy, Mad Men, Silicon Valley, The Newsroom, Buffy the Vampire Slayer (on which he portrayed the father of Xander Harris),[2] Hunter, and Marvin Marvin, among other shows. He has a recurring role on the TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory as Bernadette's father, Mike.[3]", "List of The Big Bang Theory characters. Arthur Jeffries, or Professor Proton (Bob Newhart) is the star of a science show that Sheldon and Leonard watched as children. After the show was cancelled, Jeffries was not taken seriously as a scientist and resorted to doing children's parties as his persona. In \"The Proton Resurgence\", Sheldon hires him to do a private party for Leonard and himself (and Penny). Later, Jeffries ends up having a heart attack as a result of climbing the apartment stairs with his equipment. He asks Sheldon to take his place at a party for a Korean family, which Sheldon agrees to do as \"Professor Proton, Jr\".", "Penny (The Big Bang Theory). Penny has mentioned having a sister who appears to be the mother of her 13-year-old nephew mentioned in Season 2. In \"The Bachelor Party Corrosion\", Penny tells Bernadette, Amy and viewers that at her sister's wedding she was heavily pregnant since she and their father started a father-daughter dance and then her water broke.", "Lionel Jeffries. Jeffries built a successful career in British films mainly in comic character roles and as he was prematurely bald he often played characters older than himself, such as the role of father to Caractacus Potts (played by Dick Van Dyke) in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968), although Jeffries was actually six months younger than Van Dyke. His acting career reached a peak in the 1960s with leading roles in other films like Two-Way Stretch (1960), The Trials of Oscar Wilde (1960), Murder Ahoy! (opposite Margaret Rutherford), First Men in the Moon (1964) and Camelot (1967).", "Penny (The Big Bang Theory). Originally from a small town outside of Omaha, Nebraska, Penny has aspirations of becoming an actress. Until season 7, she worked as a waitress at the local Cheesecake Factory.[5][6] She is a Sagittarius, born on December 2.[7] She has full confidence in horoscopes and psychics, which has led to arguments with Sheldon and Leonard about their accuracy.[6][7]", "Brock Peters. He appeared in the films Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country as Fleet Admiral Cartwright of Starfleet Command.[4] Peters portrayed Joseph Sisko, father of Deep Space Nine's commanding officer, Benjamin Sisko, on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. In 1993, he was a member of the jury at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival.[5] In early 2005, six months before his death, Peters guest-starred in an episode of JAG during its final season, \"Bridging the Gulf\", season 10 episode 15. Peters worked with Charlton Heston on several theater productions in the 1940s and 1950s. The two became friends and subsequently worked together on several films, including Major Dundee, Soylent Green, and Two-Minute Warning. He voiced Lucius Fox in several episodes of Batman: The Animated Series and Morris Grant/Soul Power in the animated series Static Shock (2000–2004).", "List of The Amazing World of Gumball characters. Penny's stern father.", "Silver Spoons. Edward's father is played by John Houseman as the thoughtful, well-to-do patriarch and industrialist whose demeanor starkly contrasts with Edward's and seems more similar to Ricky's (at first). Throughout the series, the comic tension arises between Grandfather Stratton's belief that people with money are obligated to make more money and Edward's belief that money should be used to make people happy. Ricky is often caught between the two, wishing only for peace and harmony within the family.", "Brian Patrick Wade. Brian Patrick Wade (born June 9, 1978) is an American actor and physical trainer, best known for his television roles as Capt. Craig Schwetje in the mini-series Generation Kill, as Kurt, Penny's former love interest, in The Big Bang Theory, and as the Alpha Werewolf Ennis on Teen Wolf.[1]", "Seeking a Friend for the End of the World. Speck has a working satellite phone in his bunker and lets Penny contact her family. Penny and Dodge borrow a car from Speck and eventually make it to Olivia's family home. Dodge and Penny walk up toward the door of the home but find no one home and then spend the day together; they realize a mutual affection. Penny discovers a letter from Olivia to her parents, which reveals Olivia's address. Penny and Dodge drive to Olivia's home, where Dodge leaves a letter to Olivia and expresses his feelings for Penny. Later, they discover a marriage ceremony performed at the beach; Dodge and Penny kiss and join the ceremony. Then, they go to the house of the man who Dodge promised could take Penny to England. The man turns out to be Dodge's estranged father, Frank (Martin Sheen). After making amends with Frank, Dodge puts a sleeping Penny into his father's plane, whispering to her that she is the real love of his life. Frank and Penny depart, leaving Dodge behind.", "Penny (The Big Bang Theory). Penny's mother Susan, who Penny has occasionally spoken with on the phone in prior episodes (usually about other family members), finally appears in the Season 10 premiere episode \"The Conjugal Conjecture\", portrayed by Katey Sagal. She is shown to be very embarrassed by her family's shortcomings: her son's criminal record and jailing, Wyatt's drinking, and their overall humble existence as a farming family. Although she has previously met Leonard and likes him, she is uncomfortable about meeting his academic parents, not wanting them to think of her family as \"white trash\". She goes to great lengths to present them in the best possible light, including buying dental implants for her son.", "The Big Bang Theory. Several of the actors in The Big Bang Theory previously worked together on the sitcom Roseanne, including Johnny Galecki, Sara Gilbert, Laurie Metcalf (who plays Sheldon's mother, Mary Cooper), and Meagen Fay (who plays Bernadette's mother). Additionally, Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons.", "Young Sheldon. In early March 2017, Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon, as well as Zoe Perry as his mother, Mary Cooper. Perry is the real-life daughter of Laurie Metcalf, who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory.[3] Lance Barber stars as George Cooper Sr., Sheldon's father; he had previously appeared in one episode of The Big Bang Theory.[34] Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper, Sheldon's twin sister; and Montana Jordan as George Cooper Jr., Sheldon's older brother. Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper, as narrator for the series.[2] In July 2017, Annie Potts was cast as Meemaw, Sheldon's grandmother.[4]", "Brian George. Brian George (born 1 July 1952) is an Israeli-English actor, singer and voice artist best known for playing Pakistani restaurateur Babu Bhatt on Seinfeld and the gynaecologist father of Raj Koothrappali on The Big Bang Theory.", "List of The Big Bang Theory characters. V. M. Koothrappali (Brian George) is Raj's father in India. His wife and he communicate with their son via Skype and constantly try to arrange dates for him. They want their son to marry a woman of Indian descent, and give them grandchildren.[9] Although in many episodes Raj mentions that he grew up in poverty, his friends remind him of the contrary by pointing out that Dr. Koothrappali is a gynecologist, drives a Bentley, and employs servants.[24] In one such episode, Raj replies that the Bentley is leased and there are only four servants in his family home, two of whom are children. Dr. Koothrappali enjoys Doogie Howser reruns, which are apparently new to India.[9][24] Other than Raj, he also maintains contact with their daughter Priya via Skype whenever she is out of India. In season four, Dr. Koothrappali becomes angry with Leonard when he learns that his daughter, Priya, is dating Leonard without his knowledge. According to Sheldon, the Koothrappalis are \"Richie Rich rich\".", "Donovan Patton. He also played Shaina's Dad in the 2012 short film Beyond Belief.", "Rhys Ifans. Ifans revealed in March 2009 that he was to appear in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010).[11] He played Xenophillius Lovegood, editor of the wizarding magazine The Quibbler and father of the eccentric Luna Lovegood. In the same interview, he also announced that he would play the title role in the film Mr. Nice, based on the life of the drug smuggler Howard Marks. He played Nemo Nobody's father in Mr. Nobody, starring Jared Leto and Diane Kruger. He played a villain in Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang, which also starred Emma Thompson and Maggie Gyllenhaal.", "Penny (The Big Bang Theory). In \"The Maternal Capacitance\", Penny's introduction to Leonard's mother, Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, causes Penny and Leonard to seek comfort in each other. They nearly have sex, but when Leonard comments in bed that she was attracted to him because of a psychological need to be closer to her father, her revulsion at this causes her to rebuff him.[40]", "Jim Parsons. James Joseph Parsons (born March 24, 1973) is an American actor. He is known for playing Sheldon Cooper in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory.[3][4][5] He has received several awards for his performance, including four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series[6] and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Musical or Comedy.", "Ben Vereen. In 1985, Vereen starred in the Faerie Tale Theatre series as Puss in Boots alongside Gregory Hines. He appeared on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air episode, “Papa’s Got a Brand New Excuse\", in which he played Will Smith's biological father, Lou Smith. He made several appearances on the 1980s sitcom Webster as the title character's biological uncle.", "The Recombination Hypothesis. \"The Recombination Hypothesis\" is first episode of a two episode arc featuring Leonard and Penny attempting to restart their relationship that has been one of the major plot lines and driving forces of the series. The arc concludes with the next episode \"The Beta Test Initiation\" where Penny and Leonard return from their date. The first scene is a salute to the original pilot where Leonard and Sheldon climb the stairs wearing similar outfits and they spot Penny through her apartment door wearing the same shirt from the pilot.[6] Sheldon is disappointed to discover that a Mr. Spock cardboard stand-up he ordered is a portrayal of Zachary Quinto's Spock not Leonard Nimoy's Spock. According to Bill Prady, the co-creator of The Big Bang Theory, approval from Paramount, J.J. Abrams (producer of the new Star Trek series) and Zachary Quinto was required in order to mock Spock.[6] Also, this is the first time that an entire episode is a \"dream-sequence\", a unique style of storytelling,[6] and is the second Chuck Lorre show to achieve the \"dream-sequence\" story, after Two and a Half Men in the episode \"Frodo's Headshots\".", "The Big Bang Theory (season 4). Penny informs Leonard that her father Wyatt has come on a visit and asks him to pretend that they are back together as he is the only boyfriend she had that her father ever approved of. He is initially wary of the idea, but gleefully plays along to get her to confess (he also calls her out on her hypocrisy at being mad at him for going along with her stupid, flawed plan), which she does when he is Wii fishing with her father. Penny's father confronts her about the hoax and admonishes her for always being dishonest to him. After Penny goes to her room, her father pleads with Leonard to get back together with her because he does not want her to go back to dating boyfriends whose personalities he does not approve of and wants grandchildren who do not grow up in a mobile home. Leonard then plays along as Wyatt pretends to angrily throw him out of Penny's apartment. Meanwhile, Howard and Raj decide to spend the night in a control room while Raj uses a ground-based telescope located in Hawaii in an attempt to find an exoplanet orbiting Epsilon Eridani. Raj becomes angry when Howard invites Bernadette until he discovers that Bernadette brought wine. A drunk Raj complains that no girl wants to kiss him, to which Bernadette shows sympathy for him. At this, Raj attempts to kiss her, but ends up kissing Howard when he attempts to stop Raj from kissing his girlfriend. The next day, Howard and Raj act awkward around each other and lash out at Leonard and Sheldon when they enquire about what they had seen on the telescope. Elsewhere, Sheldon thinks that Leonard and Penny have got back together (he is unaware they are faking it). So he modifies the Roommate Agreement to include a Penny-specific section which addresses some of Penny's annoying habits, which if she does while at their apartment, would cause Leonard to pay a fine to Sheldon. When Leonard tells him later that he and Penny \"broke up\" again, a frustrated Sheldon throws the agreement papers into the air and yells whether Leonard even thinks of other people.", "John Lithgow. Lithgow is well known for his television roles as Dick Solomon in 3rd Rock from the Sun, Arthur Mitchell in Dexter and Sir Winston Churchill in The Crown as well as for his roles in films Blow Out, Twilight Zone: The Movie, Footloose, Harry and the Hendersons, Raising Cain, Shrek, Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Interstellar. His performances in The World According to Garp and Terms of Endearment each earned him Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor.", "Penny (The Big Bang Theory). Penny is a fictional character on the American CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, portrayed by actress Kaley Cuoco. She is the primary female character in the series, befriending her across-the-hall neighbors Leonard Hofstadter (Johnny Galecki) and Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons), two physicists who work at the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Penny's lack of advanced education, but outgoing personality and common sense drastically contrast with the personalities of the primary male characters in the series, even though she is considered part of their group. She is the love interest of Leonard, with whom she maintains a brief romantic relationship during the third season, which is later resumed in the fifth season and culminates in an engagement at the end of the seventh season and a wedding at the start of season 9.[1] Penny is the only main character of the show whose last name has not been revealed,[2] although she has been occasionally referred to or addressed with the last name Hofstadter since her wedding.[3][4]" ]

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[ "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Recurring guest: Peggy Rea as Lulu Hogg.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Recurring guests: Peggy Rea as Lulu Hogg; Nedra Volz as Emma Tisdale.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Peggy Rea as Lulu Hogg Mel Tillis as Burl Tolliver; Brett Halsey as Dunlap; Michael MacRae as Cowan; Dorothy Collier as Sherry Tolliver; Sam Edwards as an unnamed track steward. Rick Hurst as Cletus Hogg.", "Sherilyn Fenn. She appeared in the 2007 Dukes of Hazzard prequel, The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning as Lulu Hogg. \"It's just a fun silly role,\" Fenn said. But having already worked with director Robert Berlinger on Rude Awakening, she wanted to do so again.[43]", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Recurring guests: Peggy Rea as Lulu Hogg;", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Recurring guest: Peggy Rea as Lulu Hogg", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Recurring guests: Peggy Rea as Lulu Hogg; Parley Baer as Doc Appleby.", "Peggy Rea. She appeared in such television shows as I Love Lucy, Hazel, Bonanza, Have Gun Will Travel, Gunsmoke, Sergeant Bilko, Ironside, Burke's Law, Marcus Welby, M.D., All In The Family, Hunter, The Odd Couple, Gidget, Busting Loose, MacGyver, The Dukes of Hazzard (as Lulu Coltrane Hogg) and The Golden Girls.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Larry Bishop as Joey Sagalo; Judith Baldwin as Joey's Moll; Peggy Rea in her first appearance as Lulu Coltrane-Hogg; Rod Amateau as Manny; Claude Humphrey as Big John; Jerry Rushing as Ace Parker.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Jeff Altman as Hughie Hogg; Ellen Murry as Mary Belle.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Karen Lamm as Kate; Bob Hastings as Taylor; Chip Heller as Budge; Michael Prokopuk as Cleary; Brenda Bowie as aerobics instructor; Robert Resnik as the unnamed driver.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Beth Schaffel as Jenny Walden; Gary Grubbs as Wade; Taylor Lacher as Dugan; Kirk Scott as Senator Jason W. Maynard;", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Lulu, frustrated over Boss constantly taking his wife for granted, walks out on him. She moves in with the Dukes to sort out her emotions, but her stay is short-lived. A band of robbers kidnaps Lulu and demands that Boss pay a $100,000.00 ransom for her safe return. Jesse later alerts Bo, Luke, and Daisy about Lulu's disappearance (she had secretly tape-recorded the kidnapping), and the Dukes quickly offer to help Boss. However, he rebuffs them, particularly since the robbers have threatened to kill Lulu if the Dukes attempt a rescue. The ultimatum causes Bo and Luke (with some help from Cooter) to creatively come up with a plan to save Lulu without being caught. Lulu helps apprehend the gang when she forces gang member Anna Lisa (Shanna Reed) into the getaway car and proceeds to sit on her and bounce up and down until Bo and Luke return.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Recurring guests: Jeff Altman as Hughie Hogg; Nedra Volz as Miz Tisdale.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Diane Lander as Postal Inspector Sue Anne Blake; James Hong as Billy Joe Fong; Sid Haig as Slocum; George Whiteman as Nelson.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Barbara Horan as Lorna Mallory; Rick Hill as Matt Mallory; R.G. Armstrong as Floyd Calloway; Annie O'Donnell as Gussie Peabody.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Leonard Stone as Ringleader; Nedra Volz in her first appearance as Emma Tisdale; Jerry Summers as Nathan Cosgroves; Tom Oberhaus as Tom Gumbs; Troy Milton as the driver.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Jo Ann Pflug as Helen Hogan; Theodore Wilson as Morgan; Paul Brinegar as Dewey Stovall;", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Audrey Landers as Billie Jean; John Matuszak as Stoney; Jan Eddy as Zack.", "Hee Haw. Other cast members over the years included, but were not limited to: Roy Acuff, Cathy Baker (as the show's emcee), Billy Jim Baker, Barbi Benton, Kelly Billingsley, Vicki Bird, Jennifer Bishop, Archie Campbell, Phil Campbell, Harry Cole (Weeping Willie), Mackenzie Colt, John Henry Faulk, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Marianne Gordon (Rogers), Jim and Jon Hager, Victoria Hallman, Diana Goodman, Gunilla Hutton, Linda Johnson, Grandpa Jones, Zella Lehr (the \"unicycle girl\"), George Lindsey (reprising his \"Goober\" character from The Andy Griffith Show), Jimmy Little, Irlene Mandrell, Charlie McCoy, Dawn McKinley, Patricia McKinnon, Sherry Miles, Rev. Grady Nutt, Minnie Pearl, Claude \"Jackie\" Phelps, Slim Pickens, Kenny Price, Anne Randall, Chase Randolph, Susan Raye, Jimmie Riddle, Jeannine Riley, Alice Ripley, Lulu Roman, Misty Rowe, Junior Samples, Ray Sanders, Terry Sanders, Gailard Sartain, Diana Scott, Gerald Smith (the \"Georgia Quacker\"), Jeff Smith, Donna Stokes, Dennis Stone, Roni Stoneman, Mary Taylor, Nancy Taylor, Linda Thompson, Lisa Todd, Pedro Tomas, Nancy Traylor, Buck Trent, Jackie Waddell, Pat Woodell, and Jonathan Winters, among many others.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Side note: The role of Burl Tolliver was played by country singer Mel Tillis. A year after the end of the series, Collier would marry Best; the marriage lasted until his death.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Randi Brough as Cindy Ballou; Candi Brough as Sandy Ballou; Sandy Ward as Sheriff Floyd;", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Neva Patterson as Swamp Molly; Mary Jo Catlett as Cousin Alice; Bill Cort as Agent Callas; Bob Shaw as Agent Swan.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Laurette Spang as Mindy Lou; G. Yon as Leroy.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Stella Parton as Mary Beth Malone (Officer Price); Leo Gordon as Rocky Marlowe; Norman Alden as Chief Lacey; Robert F. Hoy as Herky; Pat Renella as Manny; Suzanne Niles as Maybelle; Tara Preston as Cindy Lou; Billy Benedict as the gas station owner.", "Barbara Stuart. Stuart played Lily in The George Burns Show.[5] She also played comedy roles on such television sitcoms as December Bride, The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Bill Dana Show, The Joey Bishop Show, The Cara Williams Show, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, The Andy Griffith Show, Mister Roberts, The Farmer's Daughter, Three's Company, Taxi, and Love, American Style. She also played with The Three Stooges.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Roz Kelly as Amy Creevy; Marya Small as Francis Lee Olmstead; David Hayward as Turk Foley; Gary Grubbs as Roy; Patrick Wright as Moss; Darryl McCollough as Ernie Ledbetter.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: James Crittenden as Burt Robie; Martha Smith as Myrna Robie; Victoria Johnson as Lori Mae.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Leslie Easterbrook as Madame Delilah; Tommy Madden as Three Pack.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Andra Akers as Molly Hargrove; Alex Harvey as Morgan; Carl Kraines as Jude Potter; Mike Moroff as Sam Potter;", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Jeannie Wilson as Laura Bardsley; Doris Dowling as Stacy Williams; Whit Bissell as Dr. James Fenwick; Walter Barnes as Jeb McCobb; Cindy Acker as Sam McCobb; Sandy Acker as Gerry McCobb; Duke Robbins as Zack; Clifton James as Sheriff Lester Crabb.", "List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes. Guest starring: Lydia Cornell as Mary Beth Carver; Michael Ensign as Bender; Stepfanie Kramer as Anna Louise; Herbert Jefferson, Jr. as Agent Walden; Ramon Bieri as J.J. Carver; Mike Moroff as Jo Jo; Douglas Hume as Herky; Terry Labonte as Pit crewman. Dennis Haskins as Gate Guard (uncredited)" ]

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[ "East India Company. In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.", "Company rule in India. The English East India Company (\"the Company\") was founded in 1600, as The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies. It gained a foothold in India with the establishment of a factory in Masulipatnam on the Eastern coast of India in 1611 and the grant of the rights to establish a factory in Surat in 1612 by the Mughal emperor Jahangir. In 1640, after receiving similar permission from the Vijayanagara ruler farther south, a second factory was established in Madras on the southeastern coast. Bombay island, not far from Surat, a former Portuguese outpost gifted to England as dowry in the marriage of Catherine of Braganza to Charles II, was leased by the Company in 1668. Two decades later, the Company established a presence on the eastern coast as well; far up that coast, in the Ganges river delta, a factory was set up in Calcutta. Since, during this time other companies—established by the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and Danish—were similarly expanding in the region, the English Company's unremarkable beginnings on coastal India offered no clues to what would become a lengthy presence on the Indian subcontinent.", "East India Company. Initially, the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well-established Dutch East India Company. The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage, and imports of pepper from Java comprised an important part of the company's trade for twenty years. The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat, which was established as a trade transit point in 1608.", "East India Company. The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations. It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure EIC ports in China.[26] The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor, and 90 employees[clarification needed] in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.", "History of Kolkata. The agents of the East India Company first visited the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, for trade during the period of Ibrahim Khan (ca 1617-1624), the Subahdar (Governor) of Bengal at the time of Delhi Emperor Jahangir. The first factory was established in Surat in 1620 and later in Agra, and agents were further sent from these places to the eastern provinces to examine the possibility of opening factories there. However the transportation costs and logistics were unfavorable and the plan was abandoned. In January 1644, the daughter of the Emperor was severely burnt and a doctor named Gabriel Boughton,[1] formerly the surgeon of the East Indiaman Hopewell,[2] was sent from Surat for her treatment.", "Dutch East India Company. Factory in Hugli-Chuchura, Dutch Bengal, Dutch India, by Hendrik van Schuylenburgh (1665).", "Economy of India under Company rule. Photograph of East India Company factory in Painam, Sonargaon, Bangladesh, a major producer of the celebrated Dhaka muslins.", "Presidencies and provinces of British India. Meanwhile, in eastern India, after obtaining permission from the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to trade with Bengal, the Company established its first factory at Hoogly in 1640.[10] Almost a half-century later, after Mughal Emperor Aurengzeb forced the Company out of Hooghly due to tax evasion, Job Charnock purchased three small villages, later renamed Calcutta, in 1686, making it the Company's new headquarters.[10] By the mid-18th century, the three principal trading settlements including factories and forts, were then called the Madras Presidency (or the Presidency of Fort St. George), the Bombay Presidency, and the Bengal Presidency (or the Presidency of Fort William) — each administered by a Governor.[11]", "Factory (trading post). Factories were then established by chartered companies such as the Dutch East India Company (VOC), founded in 1602, and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), founded in 1621. These factories provided for the exchange of products among European companies, local populations, and the colonies that often started as a factory with warehouses. Usually these factories had larger warehouses to fit the products resulting from the increasing agricultural development of colonies, which were boosted in the New World by the Atlantic slave trade.", "History of Kolkata. He was able to successfully treat her burns and in reward the Emperor allowed the company to establish factory at Pipili, Odisha, and for the first time English ships arrived at an eastern port. During 1638, Shah Jahan appointed his son Shah Shuja as the Subahdar of Bengal and Boughton visited the capital at Rajmahal where his services were again used to treat one of the ladies in the palace, and in return, the company was allowed to establish factories in Balasore, Odisha and Hooghly, Bengal in addition to Pipili, Odisha.", "East India Company. However, unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards, the company closed its factory in 1623.[35]", "East India Company. During the first century of the East India Company’s expansion in India, most people in India lived under regional kings or Nawabs. By the late 18th century many Moghuls were weak in comparison to the rapidly expanding Company as it took over cities and land, built railways, roads and bridges. The first railway of 21 mile (33.8 km),[67] known as the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ran between Bombay (Mumbai) and Tannah (Thane) in 1849. The Company sought quick profits because the financial backers in England took high risks: their money for possible profits or losses through shipwrecks, wars or calamities.", "Presidencies and provinces of British India. In 1608, Mughal authorities allowed the English East India Company to establish a small trading settlement at Surat (now in the state of Gujarat), and this became the company's first headquarters town. It was followed in 1611 by a permanent factory at Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast, and in 1612 the company joined other already established European trading companies in Bengal in trade.[2] However, the power of the Mughal Empire declined from 1707, first at the hands of the Marathas and later due to invasion from Persia (1739) and Afghanistan (1761); after the East India Company's victories at the Battle of Plassey (1757) and Battle of Buxar (1764)—both within the Bengal Presidency established in 1765—and the abolishment of local rule (Nizamat) in Bengal in 1793, the Company gradually began to formally expand its territories across India.[3] By the mid-19th century, and after the three Anglo-Maratha Wars the East India Company had become the paramount political and military power in south Asia, its territory held in trust for the British Crown.[4]", "East India Company. In 1612, James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (r. 1605–1627) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas. In return, the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market. This mission was highly successful, and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe:[25]", "History of Gujarat. The British East India Company established a factory in Surat in 1614 following the commercial treaty made with Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir, which formed their first base in India, but it was eclipsed by Bombay after the English received it from Portugal in 1668 as part of the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal. The state was an early point of contact with the west, and the first British commercial outpost in India was in Gujarat.[23]", "India Office. The East India Company was established in 1600 as a joint-stock company of English merchants who received, by a series of charters, exclusive rights to English trade with the \"Indies\", defined as the lands lying between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Magellan; the term \"India\" had been derived from the name of the Indus River, long important to commerce and civilisation in the region. The Company soon established a network of \"factories\" throughout the south and east Indies in Asia. Over a period of 250 years the Company underwent several substantial changes in its basic character and functions.", "Madras Presidency. On 31 December 1600, Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603) granted a group of English merchants a charter to establish a joint-stock company which became known as the East India Company.[4][5][6][7] Subsequently, during the reign of King James I (1567–1625), Sir William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe were sent to negotiate with the Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1569–1627) to permit the establishment of trading factories in India on behalf of the Company. The first of these were built at Surat on the west coast[8] and at Masulipatam on the country's eastern seaboard.[9] Masulipatam is thus the oldest English trading post on India's east coast, dating back to 1611. In 1625, another factory was established at Armagon, a few miles to the south, whereupon both the factories came under the supervision of an agency based at Machilipatam.[9] The English authorities decided to relocate these factories farther south, due to a shortage of cotton cloth, the main trade item of the east coast at the time. The problem was compounded when the Sultan of Golconda started harassing the local officers.[9] The East India Company's administrator Francis Day (1605–73) was sent south, and after negotiations with the Raja of Chandragiri he obtained a land grant to set up a factory in the village of Madraspatnam,[9] where the new Fort St George was built. An agency was created to govern the new settlement, and the factor Andrew Cogan of Masulipatnam was appointed as its first Agent.[10] All the agencies along India's east coast were subordinated to the East India Company presidency of Bantam in Java.[11] By 1641, Fort St George became the Company's headquarters on the Coromandel Coast.[12]", "Western imperialism in Asia. Dutch East India Company colonies or outposts were later established in Atjeh (Aceh), 1667; Macassar, 1669; and Bantam, 1682. The company established its headquarters at Batavia (today Jakarta) on the island of Java. Outside the East Indies, the Dutch East India Company colonies or outposts were also established in Persia (Iran), Bengal (now Bangladesh and part of India), Mauritius (1638-1658/1664-1710), Siam (now Thailand), Guangzhou (Canton, China), Taiwan (1624–1662), and southern India (1616–1795).", "Parsi. Following the commercial treaty in the early 17th century between Mughal emperor Jahangir and James I of England, the East India Company obtained the exclusive rights to reside and build factories in Surat and other areas. Many Parsis, who until then had been living in farming communities throughout Gujarat, moved to the English-run settlements to take the new jobs offered. In 1668 the English East India Company leased the Seven Islands of Bombay from Charles II of England. The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent, and in 1687 they transferred their headquarters from Surat to the fledgling settlement. The Parsis followed and soon began to occupy posts of trust in connection with government and public works.[34]", "Red Dragon (1595). By January of the following year, Best had set up a factory at Surat and extended trade to Ahmedabad, Burhanpur and Agra.[43]", "Indian Rebellion of 1857. Although the British East India Company had established a presence in India as far back as 1612,[24] and earlier administered the factory areas established for trading purposes, its victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of its firm foothold in eastern India. The victory was consolidated in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar, when the East India Company army defeated Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. After his defeat, the emperor granted the Company the right to the \"collection of Revenue\" in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, known as \"Diwani\" to the Company.[25] The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; later, the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to control of even more of India.[26]", "East India Company. The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of its own private well-disciplined and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers.[45]", "East India Company. During its first century of operation, the focus of the company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the French East India Company (Compagnie française des Indes orientales) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. The battles of Plassey and Buxar, in which the British defeated the Bengali powers, left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India. In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control, controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies, much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys.", "Economy of India under the British Raj. In the 1890s, Tata launched plans to expand into heavy industry using Indian funding. The Raj did not provide capital, but aware of Britain's declining position against the U.S. and Germany in the steel industry, it wanted steel mills in India so it did promise to purchase any surplus steel Tata could not otherwise sell.[33] The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), now headed by his son Dorabji Tata (1859–1932), opened its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908. It became the leading iron and steel producer in India, with 120,000 employees in 1945.[34] TISCO became India's proud symbol of technical skill, managerial competence, entrepreneurial flair, and high pay for industrial workers.[35]", "Battle of Plassey. The British East India Company had a strong presence in India with the three main stations of Fort St. George in Madras, Fort William in Calcutta and Bombay Castle in western India. These stations were independent presidencies governed by a president and a council, appointed by the Court of Directors in England. The British adopted a policy of allying themselves with various princes and Nawabs, promising security against usurpers and rebels. The Nawabs often gave them concessions in return for the security. By the 18th century all rivalry had ceased between the British East India Company and the Dutch or Portuguese counterparts. The French had also established an East India Company under Louis XIV and had two important stations in India – Chandernagar in Bengal and Pondicherry on the Carnatic coast, both governed by the presidency of Pondicherry. The French were a late comer in India trade, but they quickly established themselves in India and were poised to overtake Britain for control.[4][5]", "Factory (trading post). Other European powers began to establish factories in the 17th century along the trade routes explored by Portugal and Spain, first the Dutch and then the English. They went on to establish in conquered Portuguese feitorias and further enclaves, as they explored the coasts of Africa, Arabia, India, and South East Asia in search of the source of the lucrative spice trade.", "East India Company. In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay. After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690, and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's camp to plead for a pardon. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large indemnity, and promise better behaviour in the future. The emperor withdrew his troops, and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta.[33]", "History of Kolkata. During this time a local disturbance occurred when the zamindar in Bihar attacked the Governor of Bihar. Mr. Peacock, the chief of the factory in Patna, was imprisoned by the Governor with the assumption that he was involved in the dispute. At the same time their saltpetre trade was disrupted by another rival British company. To protect their trade in Bengal, the original East India Company requested to build a fort in the mouth of Hooghly or on its banks. This request was immediately turned down by Shaista Khan and a 3.5% tax was imposed in addition to the already existing tax of 3,000 rupees, notwithstanding the Firman obtained earlier. Another incident with the Faujdar of Cossimbazar resulted in altercations between the Governor of Bengal and the company causing their ships to leave Bengal without obtaining cargo.", "East India Company. The company's headquarters in London, from which much of India was governed, was East India House in Leadenhall Street. After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621; in Crosby House, Bishopsgate, from 1621 to 1638; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648, the company moved into Craven House, an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street. The building had become known as East India House by 1661. It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726–9; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796–1800. It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861–62. The site is now occupied by the Lloyd's building.", "Gomastha. In the 18th century, the East India Company had established itself in India. Indian cotton and silk fabrics were in great demand worldwide and hence were of special interest to them. It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. Given the small number of Englishmen, and their unfamiliarity with the local language and society, the Company turned to local intermediaries, and gave them legal authority to enforce contracts. The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. For this purpose they appointed paid servants called the gomasthas were employed who would obtain goods and from local weavers and fix their prices.[2] The prices fixed were 15 per cent lower than market price and in extreme cases, even 40 per cent lower than the market price.[2] They would also supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth. They also prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers.[2]", "East India Company. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 aboard the Red Dragon.[21] After capturing a rich 1,200 ton Portuguese Carrack in the Malacca Straits the trade from the booty enabled the voyagers to set up two \"factories\" - one at Bantam on Java and another in the Moluccas (Spice Islands) before leaving.[22] They returned to England in 1603 to learn of Elizabeth's death but Lancaster was Knighted by the new King James I.[23] By this time the war with Spain had ended but the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly, with new horizons opened for the English.[11]", "India Office Records. Although the East India Company was established as a trading company, it became more and more involved in local affairs in India during the early 18th century, and eventually came to hold large swaths of land in the subcontinent. In the mid-18th century, the Company began to undertake a governmental role in large parts of India, in order to organize the nascent colony to better facilitate trade." ]

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