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[ "2017 AFL Grand Final. This was Richmond's first grand final appearance in 35 years since 1982 (the club having last won a premiership in 1980) and Adelaide's third appearance in the grand final (the club having won their last two grand finals in 1997 and 1998). This marked the first grand final since the inaugural VFL grand final 119 years earlier where neither team had any players to have previously played in a grand final.[7] Shortly after both teams qualified for the match, the AFL announced that Richmond would wear their rarely worn clash guernsey of predominantly yellow with a black sash, a decision which received severe criticism from ex-Richmond player Kevin Bartlett.[8] Richmond captain Trent Cotchin was scrutinised for an incident involving Greater Western Sydney midfielder Dylan Shiel in the preliminary final, though was cleared of any charge by the AFL Match Review Panel on the Monday of grand final week.[9]", "Richmond Football Club. In 2016, Richmond failed to qualify for the finals for the first time in four years. Following a comprehensive Round 3 loss to Adelaide, coach Hardwick said the team would have to \"take a little half-step back to go two steps forward.\"[20] It would go on to be the story of the season with several major defeats including one against Greater Western Sydney in which Richmond registered its lowest score since 1961.[21] The club debuted six players and brought in two recruits for their first games in the yellow and black.", "Richmond Football Club. Having missed a potential bonanza from a premiership play-off, the VFA decided to emulate the VFL and introduce a finals series in 1903, a fateful decision for the Tigers. After recruiting the competition's leading goalkicker, Jack Hutchinson, and finishing the season as minor premier, Richmond lost both finals and were runner-up. The following season, the club became embroiled in a feud with umpire Allen, whom the Tigers accused of failing to curb field invasions or the dubious tactics of arch-rival North Melbourne. When the two clubs were scheduled to meet in the 1904 VFA Grand Final, Richmond announced that they wouldn't play with Allen as umpire. The VFA called Richmond's bluff, and appointed Allen as umpire for the match, meaning that the Grand Final was scratched and North Melbourne won the premiership on forfeit.", "Richmond Football Club. Richmond began 2017 with 5 straight wins, a feat it had not achieved since 1995. A series of close losses hampered the Tigers throughout the middle of the season, including a 5-point loss to the Western Bulldogs, 2-point loss to Fremantle, and a 3-point loss to the Giants. Richmond ended the season strongly with convincing victories over Fremantle and St Kilda in the final two rounds, elevating the club to 3rd on the ladder. Richmond's first final of the season against the Cats at the MCG attracted a record qualifying final crowd of 95,028; the Tigers won by 51 points. Having advanced to the first preliminary finals for the first time since 2001, Richmond defeated Greater Western Sydney by 36 points in front of a crowd of 94,258 to progress to the Grand Final against Adelaide, their first Grand Final appearance since 1982. The attendance was 100,021, the largest crowd to a grand final since 1986. The Crows led at quarter time and led by as many as 13, but the Tigers took over the game as it progressed and scored seven straight goals at one point. They eventually would win by 48 points – 16.12 (108) to Adelaide's 8.12 (60) – to end their 37-year flag drought.[22] Dustin Martin also became the first player to win a Premiership medal, the Brownlow Medal and the Norm Smith Medal in the same season, while Damien Hardwick was named AFL Coaches Association Coach of the Year. Richmond's jump from 13th to premiers also marked the biggest jump from one AFL season to the next.", "Richmond Football Club. Finally, in 1919, Richmond made their first Grand Final appearance, losing to Collingwood. Richmond stoked a rivalry with Collingwood by recruiting their former skipper Dan Minogue as playing coach and gained vengeance by beating Collingwood in the 1920 VFL Grand Final to secure a first flag in the big league. This was followed by an even better performance the next year. The only club that continued to beat Richmond on a regular basis was Carlton. Finishing minor premier with only one loss for the season in 1921, Carlton were the hottest premiership favourite, yet Richmond managed to beat them in two classic finals matches played over successive weeks to go back-to-back.", "Richmond Football Club. Since the Tigers' grand final appearance in 1982, the club has appeared in six finals series (1995, 2001, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017). Board and coaching instability during the 1980s and 1990s distracted the club and forced its focus away from becoming an on-field force.", "2018 AFL finals series. The first qualifying final saw minor premiers and defending premier Richmond defeat the fourth placed Hawthorn at the MCG in the third-ever Thursday night final and first in Victoria. Despite both clubs' presence in the competition for almost 100 years, this was the first meeting between Richmond and Hawthorn in a final.", "Richmond Football Club. The 2005 pre-season began with renewed optimism at the club, with No. 1 draft pick Brett Deledio being touted as a future star and leader. However, the Tigers' first match of the season (against Geelong), quickly dashed that hope, as they were thrashed by 62 points. However, this loss would spark a change in the Tigers, and in the next 8 weeks of the season, they would go on to win 7 matches (the one exception being a 68-point loss at the hands of St Kilda in Round 5). This included wins over the then-reigning premiers, Port Adelaide, and over then-runners up, the Brisbane Lions. Sitting pretty at 7 wins and 2 losses, and 3rd on the ladder, the impossible prospect of finals football loomed large. However, in the Round 10 match against Melbourne, star player Nathan Brown suffered a horrible leg injury, that would sideline him for the rest of the season. They went on to lose the match by 57 points, and would only register 3 more wins for the season (one of those was against eventual premiers the Sydney Swans by one point, who had a one-point win against Collingwood the round before), eventually finishing 12th.", "Richmond Football Club. The next VFL flag came in 1932, with Richmond's triumph over Carlton in a tough encounter which saw Richmond wingman Alan Geddes play the second half with a broken jaw. Another premiership came in 1934, this time against South Melbourne's famed \"Foreign Legion\", avenging Richmond's loss in the 1933 VFL Grand Final.", "Richmond Football Club. Richmond faced the prospect of another disappointing season in 2015, losing 4 of its first 6 games. In the following weeks, however, the club registered 4 straight wins, including an upset victory over the previously undefeated Fremantle in Perth,[18] and went on to defeat top-four teams Sydney and reigning premiers Hawthorn. Richmond would go on to win the final four games of the home and away season to finish fifth on the ladder. Facing North Melbourne in an elimination final, Richmond lost by 17 points in front of a crowd of 90,186, making it the club's third consecutive first weeks finals loss.[19]", "Richmond Football Club. After promising seasons in 2005 and 2006, it was expected that the Tigers would take the next step in 2007, and play finals football. After massive hype in the off-season, the Tigers had a terrible start to the 2007 season, losing their first 9 matches (this included suffering their biggest ever defeat, at the hands of eventual premiers Geelong, by a whopping 157 points). Their first premiership points came in a draw against the Brisbane Lions in Round 10, and their first win of the season didn't come until Round 12 against fellow straggler Melbourne. After Round 18 of the season, the Tigers had registered a mere 1 win, 1 draw, and 16 losses, and were looking like recording their worst ever recorded season. However, late-season victories over old rivals Collingwood in Round 19, and Essendon in Round 21, saved them from this fate. They would eventually finish the year as wooden-spooners, with 3 wins, 1 draw, and 18 losses.", "Richmond Football Club. After its drought-breaking finals appearance the previous year, Richmond failed to live up to expectations in the first half of the 2014 season, losing 10 of its first 13 matches and dropping to 16th place on the ladder. Despite public sentiment that the season was lost, the club rallied behind a five-goal performance by Cotchin to win against St Kilda.[15] It catalysed a nine-match winning streak, with a Round 23 victory against eventual grand-finalists Sydney raising Richmond to 8th on the ladder and putting the club into its first back-to-back finals appearance since 1975. A 57-point loss to Port Adelaide in an elimination final knocked Richmond out in the first week of the finals.[16] Cotchin won the Jack Dyer Medal for the third time in four years, making him the youngest Richmond player to win three club best and fairest awards.[17]", "Richmond Football Club. Richmond began the 2008 season with a surprise win over Carlton, but from Rounds 2 to 11, registered only two more wins (and a controversial draw against the Western Bulldogs). The club fought back in the latter half of the season, winning eight of its last 11 matches. However, this was not enough to reach the finals, as Richmond finished two premiership points short (and percentage) of 8th placed Collingwood.", "2018 AFL finals series. This was the seventeenth finals meeting between Richmond and Collingwood, and the first since the 1980 Grand Final. Richmond have won nine of those games, while Collingwood have won eight. This was the first time that Collingwood has defeated Richmond in a final since 1937.", "Rivalries in the Australian Football League. Since 2008, the first game of each season played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground has been played between Carlton and Richmond on a Thursday night early in the season. A record crowd of 94,690 attended the 2013 Elimination Final between these two traditional rivals. It was the largest crowd for the 2013 season excluding the grand final, and the largest week one finals crowd since 1972.[3] Carlton has also received more finals losses (16) to Richmond than any other team. Richmond has also inflicted a total of four grand final losses on Carlton (1921, 1932, 1969 and 1973). Carlton has only beaten Richmond in two grand finals (1972 and 1982).[4]", "Richmond Football Club. However, Ricketts was also lost to the VFL and injury hit the club hard. In 1906–07, the Tigers played finals without looking likely to win the flag. The club earned a rebuke from the VFA for scheduling a practice match against Geelong before the 1907 season, then went ahead with the commitment and earned further censure. Later in the year it became clear that the VFL wanted to expand its competition and Richmond won a place ahead of North Melbourne, which had been strengthened by an amalgamation with the bankrupt West Melbourne as part of their bid. Richmond were granted admission along with the now defunct University Football Club.", "Richmond Football Club. Richmond was not expected to be competitive in 2010, with many commentators predicting the team would win no more than four games. From the 2009 AFL Draft, the Tigers drafted seven new players, which included midfielder Dustin Martin. At the 2010 Pre-season Draft, Richmond recruited young key defender Dylan Grimes, brother of Melbourne defender Jack Grimes.", "Richmond Football Club. The first few seasons in the VFL were less than spectacular. Although the club turned up some star players, it let a lot of talent leave and the administration was unstable after George Bennett's death at the end of the 1908 season. In 1916, the side played in the finals for the first time, however, with World War I having reduced the competition to just four clubs, finals qualification was automatic.", "Richmond Football Club. Richmond won its next premiership with a then record-breaking margin of 81 points over arch-rivals Collingwood in 1980. After reaching and losing the 1982 VFL Grand Final, it has been a rocky road for Richmond who have struggled to come to grips with the rules and regulations of a modernised VFL, including the draft and salary cap. The successes of the early 1980s were bought at high financial cost through expensive recruiting, and were followed by severe cut backs that saw several top players depart.", "Richmond Football Club. Damien Hardwick selected a young team at the start of the season, with four debutants, and only three players (Ben Cousins, Chris Newman and Troy Simmonds) over 25 in the Round 1 loss against Carlton. Richmond was winless after nine games, before a scrappy win over Port Adelaide in Round 10. This was the start of a turnaround in Richmond's form, with the team winning six out of eight games, to sit with a record of 6–12 after eighteen rounds. After losing the final four matches, Richmond finished fifteenth out of sixteen with a record of 6–16. Young key forward Jack Riewoldt finished the season with 78 goals, to win the Coleman Medal.", "Richmond Football Club. Richmond has had a reserves team participate in various competitions since the early 20th century. The reserves competition for the then-Victorian Football League (now trading as the Australian Football League) began in 1919 and the Richmond reserves recorded its first premiership in 1929. In the following 68 years, Richmond went on to win a further eight premierships in reserve-grade football.[38] The Richmond reserves participated in the VFL/AFL reserves, then the Victorian State Football League up to the 1999 season, then in the new Victorian Football League competition in 2000.", "Richmond Football Club. The rest of the decade saw four more Grand Final appearances, all of which would end in frustration. From 1927 to 1929 Richmond became the first club in the VFL to lose three consecutive Grand Finals, all of which were to neighbouring archrivals, Collingwood.", "Richmond Football Club. A short-lived football club named Richmond was established in 1860 with Tom Wills, one of the founders of Australian rules football, serving as its inaugural secretary and captain.[1][2] Wills' cousin H. C. A. Harrison captained Richmond briefly in the early 1860s before moving to Geelong.[3] This club has no continuity to the present club. A number of teams formed in Richmond during the game's rapid expansion in the 1870s and early 1880s.[4] However, all played at a junior level and it was considered an anomaly that Richmond, one of Melbourne's most prominent suburbs, did not boast a senior side. The wait ended when the Richmond Football Club was officially formed at the Royal Hotel in Richmond on 20 February 1885.[5] A successful application for immediate admission to the Victorian Football Association (VFA) followed. The club shared the Punt Road Oval with the Richmond Cricket Club, one of the strongest cricket clubs in Australia which had been playing on the ground since 1856.[6]", "2016 Richmond Football Club season. The 2016 season marked the third consecutive year the Richmond Football club ran a stand-alone reserves team in the Victorian Football League (VFL). \nRichmond senior and rookie-listed players who were not selected to play in the AFL side were eligible to play for the team alongside a small squad of VFL-only listed players. The team finished ninth out of 15 participating clubs, with a record of nine win and nine losses.[21] Each of the club's nine home matches were played at the Punt Road Oval.", "2016 Richmond Football Club season. The 2016 season marked the 109th season in which the Richmond Football Club participated in the AFL/VFL.", "Richmond Football Club. The Tigers were boosted by a significant country recruit in 1901. George \"Mallee\" Johnson was an instant sensation and the first true star player at the club. Richmond leapt to third place and then in 1902, with Johnson dominating the ruck, Richmond entered the closing weeks of the season neck and neck with Port Melbourne at the head of the ladder, but Port Melbourne faltered against Williamstown to hand Richmond its first flag.", "Richmond Football Club. 2013 saw Richmond claim a victory over Hawthorn (making it one of only two clubs that season to defeat the eventual premiers) and go on to qualify for its first finals series in over a decade.[11][12] However, before 94,690 fans—the largest week-one crowd since the VFL/AFL adopted its current finals system—Richmond lost to Carlton in the first elimination final.[13] Also that year, Peggy O'Neal, an American-born lawyer, became the AFL's first female club president when she got the position at Richmond.[14]", "Richmond Football Club. In the immediate post-war era, despite an influx of excellent new players, Richmond struggled to make the four, appearing in the finals only once, in 1947. Dyer continued on as coach for three years after his playing retirement at the end of 1949, but was asked to retire by the committee who felt the club needed a shake up. Under a succession of coaches in the 1950s, With the demands of potential players increasing with each passing year, the club refused to allocate sufficient funds to recruit and they failed to replace star players as they retired. When stalwarts such as Des Rowe and dual-Brownlow Medallist Roy Wright left, the team slumped dramatically and finished with a wooden spoon in 1960.", "Richmond Football Club. Richmond were dominant in 1972 and were hot favourites in the 1972 VFL Grand Final against Carlton. However, Carlton stunned Richmond in a game of ridiculous high scoring. Even Richmond equalled the then record highest score in a Grand Final of 22.18 (150), but Carlton beat it with 28.9 (177). Richmond got their revenge in an intensely physical clash in the 1973 VFL Grand Final and went back-to-back in 1974 with a strong win against a resurgent North Melbourne.", "Richmond Football Club. The Richmond Football Club, nicknamed the Tigers, is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League (AFL), the sport's premier competition. Between its inception in Richmond, Melbourne in 1885 and 1907, the club competed in the Victorian Football Association (VFA), winning two premierships. Richmond joined the Victorian Football League (now known as the AFL) in 1908 and has since won eleven premierships, most recently in 2017.", "2001 AFL Grand Final. In the 2001 finals series, Essendon defeated Richmond by 70 points in the First Qualifying Final and then defeated Hawthorn by 9 points in the First Preliminary Final to advance to the Grand Final. Brisbane earnt their place in the Grand Final by defeating Port Adelaide by 32 points in the Second Qualifying Final and then Richmond by 68 points in the Second Preliminary Final.", "2018 AFL finals series. The matches of the 2018 AFL finals series were contested at three venues around the country. The newly-built Perth Stadium hosted its first finals, hosting West Coast's qualifying and preliminary finals. The MCG hosted Richmond's qualifying and preliminary finals, both semi finals (hosted by Hawthorn and Collingwood), as well as Melbourne's elimination final. The SCG hosted its first Sydney derby final." ]

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[ "Music of Detroit. In 1959 Hank Ballard & The Midnighters had a minor hit with their b-side song \"The Twist\". A cover by Philadelphia native Chubby Checker followed in 1960. His single became a smash hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and started a national dance craze. Also in 1960, Jack Scott had his final top 10 hits with \"What In The World's Come Over You\" and \"Burning Bridges\".", "Jack Scott (singer). At the beginning of 1960, Scott again changed record labels, this time to Top Rank Records.[1] He then recorded four Billboard Hot 100 hits – \"What in the World's Come Over You\" (#5), \"Burning Bridges\" (#3) b/w \"Oh Little One\" (#34), and \"It Only Happened Yesterday\" (#38).[1] \"What in the World's Come Over You\" was Scott's second gold disc winner.[6] Scott continued to record and perform during the 1960s and 1970s.[1] His song \"You're Just Gettin' Better\" reached the country charts in 1974.[1] In May 1977, Scott recorded a Peel session for BBC Radio 1 disc jockey, John Peel.", "Here Comes the Sun. Richie Havens had a US hit with a version which peaked at number 16 the week of 22 May 1971 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[44] Nina Simone recorded \"Here Comes the Sun\" as the title track to her 1971 covers album.[45]", "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands. Mahalia Jackson's version made the Billboard top 100 singles chart, topping at number 69. Other versions were recorded by Marian Anderson (in Oslo on August 29, 1958 and released on the single His Master's Voice 45-6075 AL 6075 and on the extended play En aften på \"Casino Non Stop\", introdusert av Arne Hestenes (HMV 7EGN 26. It was arranged by Harry Douglas and Ed Kirkeby), Kate Smith, Odetta, Jackie DeShannon, Perry Como, the Sandpipers (1970; \"Come Saturday Morning\" LP) and Nina Simone on And Her Friends (recorded 1957). Andy Williams released a version on his 1960 album, The Village of St. Bernadette. The Sisters of Mercy played it at the Reading Festival in 1991. It is featured on The Good and the Bad and the Ugly bootleg album. Pat Boone recorded a version for his 1961 album Great, Great, Great. James Booker covered the song on his 1993 album Spiders On The Keys.", "Shania Twain. Despite the album's record sales it wasn't able to top the Billboard 200, peaking at No. 2. In 1998, following the pop release of \"You're Still the One\", the Come On Over album was released in a remixed format for the European market as a pop album with less country instrumentation, and actually gave her the big breakthrough in Europe she and her producer husband Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange were looking for. Come On Over went to No. 1 on the UK album charts for 11 weeks. It became the biggest selling album of the year in Great Britain and a bestseller in other big European markets as well, selling more than one million copies in Germany and nearly 4 million in the UK alone. Although \"You're Still The One\" and the pop version of \"From This Moment On\" cracked the Top 10 of the UK charts and \"When\" had minor success in the Top 20, the songs that had finally drawn European attention to the album were the pop remixed singles \"That Don't Impress Me Much\", a No.3 in the UK and Top 10 hit in Germany in the summer of 1999, and \"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!\" which peaked at No.3 in both the UK and France in autumn of that year. Additionally, \"You've Got a Way\" was remixed specifically for inclusion on the Notting Hill soundtrack. Subsequently, a reissue of the international version of the album was released worldwide, including the US and Europe, containing three of these new remixes. Additionally, the album set the record for the longest ever stay in the Top 20 of the Billboard 200, remaining in the Top 20 for 99 weeks.[citation needed]", "A Ladder to Heaven. Singer Alan Jackson is parodied for his country hit \"Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)\" and the exploitation of 9/11.[1]", "He's Gonna Step on You Again. Exploding White Mice were a pop punk band from 1983 and by 1987 had a line-up of Paul Gilchrist on vocals, Andy MacQueen on bass guitar, David Bunney on drums, Giles Barrow on rhythm guitar and Jeff Stephens on guitar.[18][19] Exploding White Mice issued their version as the B-side of their \"Blaze of Glory\" single on Adelaide's Greasy Pop Records.[20]", "The Guess Who. In 1965, the group changed its name to \"'Chad Allan & the Expressions\" after a U.S. group called The Reflections came out with the hit single \"(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet\". That year the band produced their first hit, a 1965 rendition of Johnny Kidd & the Pirates' \"Shakin' All Over\". This track reached #1 in Canada, #22 in the U.S (where Quality had licensed the track to the American Scepter label), and #27 in Australia. Mimicking a ploy the previous year by \"The You Know Who Group\" in the US, Quality Records credited the single only to \"Guess Who?\" in an attempt to build a mystique around the record.[7] Later in 1965 The Four Seasons attempted a similar masking by recording under the similar nom de disque The Wonder Who?", "Out Come the Freaks. A fourth song related to \"Out Come the Freaks\" called \"Look What's Back\" appears as the final track on the group's fourth album Are You Okay? in 1990. The song is a 43-second acoustic camp-fire rendition in which the group chants the chorus: 'Woodwork squeaks, and out comes the freaks'.", "Come On Over. Come On Over is the third studio album recorded by Canadian singer Shania Twain. It was released on November 4, 1997. It became the best-selling country music album, the best-selling studio album by a female act, and the best selling album by a Canadian. It is the sixth best-selling album in the United States.[1]", "I Get a Kick Out of You. In 1968 schlager singer Hildegard Knef released a version of the song with German lyrics by Mischa Mleinek called \"Nichts haut mich um, aber du\" (\"Nothing knocks me over but you\").[4]", "Bee Gees. On the Bee Gees' appearance on The Midnight Special in 1975, to promote Main Course, they sang \"To Love Somebody\" with Helen Reddy.[45] Around the same time, the Bee Gees recorded three Beatles covers—\"Golden Slumbers/Carry That Weight\", \"She Came in Through the Bathroom Window\" with Barry providing lead vocals, and \"Sun King\" with Maurice providing lead vocals, for the unsuccessful musical/documentary All This and World War II.[46]", "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover. The Checkers, an American group, released an R&B version of the song in 1953 which became very popular. Other artists who have recorded the song include Connie Francis, Bing Crosby, Ray Conniff, Jim Reeves, Acker Bilk, The Righteous Brothers (a UK chart hit), Steeleye Span, Bert Kaempfert and The Hot Sardines on their debut album released in 2014.[3]", "Shakin' All Over. The original recording was not a hit outside of Europe. Instead, \"Shakin' All Over\" gained fame in North America after the Canadian band The Guess Who covered it in 1965, and the following year it became a number one hit in Canada, and a number twenty-two hit in the US.[6] The Guess Who had previously been known as Chad Allan and the Expressions prior to the release of \"Shakin' All Over\", but the group's Canadian label (Quality Records) issued the record as by \"Guess Who?\", in an attempt to imply that the record might be by a British Invasion act. Although the recording artist was revealed to be Chad Allan and the Expressions a couple of months later, radio DJs continued to announce the artist as \"Guess Who\". The group subsequently permanently changed its name to The Guess Who, and went on to a long Top 40 career.", "Here Comes the Sun. \"Here Comes the Sun\" has received acclaim from music critics. Combined with his other contribution to Abbey Road, \"Something\", it gained for Harrison the level of recognition as a songwriter that had previously been reserved for his bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Harrison played the song during many of his relatively rare live performances as a solo artist, including at the Concert for Bangladesh in 1971 and, with Paul Simon, during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in 1976. Richie Havens[1] and Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel each had hit singles with \"Here Comes the Sun\" in the 1970s. Nina Simone, George Benson, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Peter Tosh and Joe Brown are among the many other artists who have covered the song.", "Showaddywaddy. They appeared on the ATV series New Faces, and won one programme in the series in November 1973, and were runners-up in the \"All Winners Final\", which was broadcast on 28 December 1973. Their first single, \"Hey Rock and Roll\" (written by the band), was released in April 1974. It reached number two in the UK Singles Chart.[1]\nShowaddywaddy then went on to have a further 22 UK hits[2] until late summer 1982. They had most of their biggest hits with covers of songs from the 1950s and the early 1960s. These cover versions included \"Three Steps to Heaven\" (originally by Eddie Cochran in 1960), \"Heartbeat\" (originally written and recorded by Buddy Holly), \"Under the Moon of Love\" (originally a US hit for Curtis Lee in 1961 and co-written by Tommy Boyce), \"When\" (originally by the Kalin Twins), \"You Got What It Takes\" (originally by Marv Johnson) and \"Dancin' Party\" (originally by Chubby Checker). These six singles were all produced by Mike Hurst (a former member of the Springfields).", "You've Got Your Troubles. Radio Caroline North DJ Mike Ahern would claim that his radio station was responsible for the breakout of The Fortunes' \"You've Got Your Troubles\",[8] which reached #2 on the UK chart dated 25 August 1965, held off from #1 by The Beatles' \"Help!\", then in the final week of its three-week tenure at #1 UK. In the US \"You've Got Your Troubles\" peak at #7 on the 2 October 1965 Hot 100. The song also peaked at #1 in Canada and #3 in Ireland and was especially successful in the Netherlands, spending 14 weeks in the Top Ten and peaking at #3. Other international hit parade rankings were achieved in Australia (#12), Belgium (French=#24/ Flemish=#10), Germany (#28), and South Africa (#6).", "Lover, You Should've Come Over. The song was covered by the English jazz pianist songwriter Jamie Cullum on his 2003 album Twentysomething, and has also been covered live by American singer-songwriter John Mayer and Australian singer-songwriter Matt Corby. The song was also featured in the third episode of the ABC series FlashForward titled \"137 Sekunden.\" The song was covered by Natalie Maines on her 2013 solo album Mother. American singer Nikka Costa included a version of the song on her 2017 album Underneath and in Between.", "This Is What You Came For. \"This Is What You Came For\" debuted at number one on the Scottish Singles Chart, and peaked at number one in Australia, Canada and Ireland. The song also reached the top 10 in Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Slovakia. The song has reached the top 10 in all except three of the countries it has charted in.", "The End of the World (Skeeter Davis song). A No. 2 hit in Sweden in September 1966 via a local cover by Mike Wallace & the Caretakers, \"The End of the World\" has also been remade by a number of other artists including Jessica Andersson on her 2009 album Wake Up[9], Anika (as B-side to her single \"Yang Yang\" and on her album Anika), Eddy Arnold, Best Coast, Debby Boone, Brilliant, Carola (in Finnish as \"Maailmain\"), Chantal Pary (in French \"Le jour se lèvera), the Carpenters, Rivers Cuomo, Bobby Darin, Lana Del Rey, Barbara Dickson, Dion, Mary Duff, Allison Durbin, Judith Durham, Exposé, Agnetha Fältskog, Rosie Flores, Emi Fujita, Girls, Nina Gordon, Herman's Hermits (as the B-side of \"I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am\"), Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann (released on the b-side to Eurovision Song Contest winner song 1963; Dansevise), Satoko Ishimine, Joni James, Cyndi Lauper, Brenda Lee, Vic Dana, Lobo, Julie London, Claudine Longet, Loretta Lynn, Al Martino, Johnny Mathis, Anne Mattila (in Finnish as \"Maailmain\"), Imelda May, Maywood, John Mellencamp, Anita Meyer, the Mills Brothers, Ronnie Milsap, Dorothy Moore, Mud, Anne Murray, Leigh Nash, Nomeansno, Patti Page, Helen Shapiro, Anne Shelton, Vonda Shepard, Nancy Sinatra, Sonia, the Tokens, Twiggy, Twinkle, Sharon Van Etten, the Vanguards, Bobby Vinton, Jeff Walker, Dottie West, Lena Zavaroni, and Tracy Huang (黃鶯鶯). In 2009 Susan Boyle remade \"The End of the World\" for her debut album, I Dreamed a Dream.", "Westlife. Westlife has performed live duets with many other music artists including: Sinéad O'Connor (\"Silent Night\"), Donny Osmond (\"Crazy Horses\"), Mariah Carey (\"Never Too Far/Hero Medley\"), Secret Garden (\"You Raise Me Up\"), Lionel Richie (\"Easy\"), Ronan Keating (\"The Dance\") and Dolores O'Riordan of The Cranberries.", "Come On Eileen. \"Come On Eileen\" is a song by English group Dexys Midnight Runners (credited to Dexys Midnight Runners and the Emerald Express), released in the United Kingdom on 25 June 1982[3] as a single from their album Too-Rye-Ay. It reached number one in the United States, and was their second number one hit in the UK, following 1980's \"Geno\". The song was written by Kevin Rowland, Jim Paterson and Billy Adams, and was produced by Clive Langer and Alan Winstanley.", "Come On Eileen. In 2004, the band 4-4-2 was formed to cover the song as \"Come On England\" with altered lyrics to support the England national football team during their appearance in the 2004 European Championships.[50]", "The Guess Who. The band's debut single (\"Tribute To Buddy Holly\") was released on Canadian-American Records in 1962. Chad Allan and the Reflections then signed with Quality Records and released several singles in 1963/64, which were regional hits but did not make much of a mark across Canada. Quality released an instrumental single, \"Inside Out\", on their Reo subsidiary, deliberately miscredited to Bob Ashley & The Reflections.", "Bee Gees. The Bee Gees even had a country hit in 1979 with \"Rest Your Love on Me\", the flip side of their pop hit \"Too Much Heaven\", which made Top 40 on the country charts. It was also a 1981 hit for Conway Twitty topping the country music charts.[54]", "Make the World Go Away. Other popular singers who have covered the song include Engelbert Humperdinck, Jimmie Rogers and Tom Jones.", "Hier encore. The song has been performed and recorded by many international stars, such as Bing Crosby, Shirley Bassey, Dusty Springfield, Roy Clark, Mel Torme, Lena Horne, Andy Williams, Jimmy Durante,[3] Bobby Bare, Al Martino, The Peanuts, Glen Campbell, Julio Iglesias, Eddy Mitchell, Dean Reed,[4] Johnny Mathis, Marc Almond, Patricia Kaas, Nora Aunor, etc., and an uptempo version by Blossom Dearie. According to Billboard, more than 90 versions of the song were recorded before 1972.[5]", "Dottie West. During the same period, she also appeared in a pair of films, Second Fiddle to a Steel Guitar and There's a Still on the Hill.[4] She continued to have success as a solo artist during the late 1960s with such songs as \"What's Come Over My Baby\" and \"Country Girl\" which garnered her an offer to write a commercial based on it for Coca-Cola in 1970. The soft drink company liked the result so much that it signed her to a lifetime contract as a jingle writer.[citation needed]", "I Ain't Gonna Eat Out My Heart Anymore. In 1966 the British band The Primitives covered the song in Italian. The song was called \"Yeeeeeeh!\" and became a hit. It was also covered by the Canadian garage band The Ugly Ducklings on their debut (and only) album Somewhere Outside issued in 1966.", "Shakin' All Over. \"Shakin' All Over\" is a song originally performed by Johnny Kidd & the Pirates.[1] The song was written by frontman Johnny Kidd, and his recording of it reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in August 1960.[2] Kidd's original recording was not a hit outside of Europe, and in other parts of the world \"Shakin' All Over\" is much better known in versions by other artists. In 1964, a local band from Plattsburgh, New York called the Twiliters recorded a live version of it. It did well in New England but did not chart nationally. The first North American cover of the song by The Guess Who was released in the spring of 1965 and reached #1 in Canada,[3] #22 in the US and #27 in Australia. In Australia, Normie Rowe's 1965 version reached #1 as a double A-side with \"Que Sera Sera\" and became one of the biggest-selling Australian singles of the decade.", "Come On Over. Mixed by Mike Shipley (all tracks on original version; tracks 1-3, 5-7, 9, 11-12, 14 & 16 on international version), Olle Romo (tracks 4, 8, 10, 13 & 15 on international version) and Mutt Lange (track 13 on revised international version (uncredited); edited by Mike Shipley (uncredited))", "ABBA. ABBA were soon recognised and embraced by other acts: Evan Dando of the Lemonheads recorded a cover version of \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\";[71] Sinéad O'Connor and Boyzone's Stephen Gately have recorded \"Chiquitita\"; Tanita Tikaram, Blancmange and Steven Wilson paid tribute to \"The Day Before You Came\". Cliff Richard covered \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", while Dionne Warwick, Peter Cetera, and Celebrity Skin recorded their versions of \"SOS\". US alternative-rock musician Marshall Crenshaw has also been known to play a version of \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" in concert appearances, while legendary English Latin pop songwriter Richard Daniel Roman has recognised ABBA as a major influence. Swedish metal guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen covered \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" with slightly altered lyrics." ]

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[ "Wool. Global wool production is about 2 million tonnes per year, of which 60% goes into apparel. Wool comprises ca 3% of the global textile market, but its value is higher owing to dying and other modifications of the material.[1] Australia is a leading producer of wool which is mostly from Merino sheep but has been eclipsed by China in terms of total weight.[30] New Zealand (2016) is the third-largest producer of wool, and the largest producer of crossbred wool. Breeds such as Lincoln, Romney, Drysdale, and Elliotdale produce coarser fibers, and wool from these sheep is usually used for making carpets.", "Agriculture in Australia. In 2001 Australian wool production accounted for 9% of world production (Australian Bureau of Statistics Data). However, it dominates the fine quality wool sector, producing 50% of the world's Merino wool. Although sheep are farmed Australia-wide, 36% of the flock is in New South Wales.", "Wool. Since 2000, Loro Piana has awarded a cup for the world's finest bale of wool that produces just enough fabric for 50 tailor-made suits. The prize is awarded to an Australian or New Zealand wool grower who produces the year's finest bale.[41]", "Mohair. South Africa is the world's largest mohair producer, producing around 50% of the total world production.[5]", "Wool. In the United States, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado have large commercial sheep flocks and their mainstay is the Rambouillet (or French Merino). Also, a thriving home-flock contingent of small-scale farmers raise small hobby flocks of specialty sheep for the hand-spinning market. These small-scale farmers offer a wide selection of fleece. Global woolclip (total amount of wool shorn) 2004/2005[31]", "Wool. In July, the annual Australian Sheep and Wool Show is held in Bendigo, Victoria. This is the largest sheep and wool show in the world, with goats and alpacas, as well as woolcraft competitions and displays, fleece competitions, sheepdog trials, shearing, and wool handling. The largest competition in the world for objectively measured fleeces is the Australian Fleece Competition, which is held annually at Bendigo. In 2008, 475 entries came from all states of Australia, with first and second prizes going to the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales fleeces.[42]", "Patagonia. Sheep farming introduced in the late 19th century has been a principal economic activity. After reaching its heights during the First World War, the decline in world wool prices affected sheep farming in Argentina. Nowadays about half of Argentina's 15 million sheep are in Patagonia, a percentage that is growing as sheep farming disappears in the Pampa (to the North). Chubut (mainly Merino) is the top wool producer with Santa Cruz (Corriedale and some Merino) second. Sheep farming revived in 2002 with the devaluation of the peso and firmer global demand for wool (led by China and the EU). Still there is little investment in new abbatoirs (mainly in Comodoro Rivadavia, Trelew and Rio Gallegos), and often there are phytosanitary restrictions to the export of sheep meat. Extensive valleys in the Cordilleran range have provided sufficient grazing lands, and the low humidity and weather of the southern region make raising Merino and Corriedale sheep common.", "Wool. Due to decreasing demand with increased use of synthetic fibers, wool production is much less than what it was in the past. The collapse in the price of wool began in late 1966 with a 40% drop; with occasional interruptions, the price has tended down. The result has been sharply reduced production and movement of resources into production of other commodities, in the case of sheep growers, to production of meat.[23][24][25]", "Wool. Before the flowering of the Renaissance, the Medici and other great banking houses of Florence had built their wealth and banking system on their textile industry based on wool, overseen by the Arte della Lana, the wool guild: wool textile interests guided Florentine policies. Francesco Datini, the \"merchant of Prato\", established in 1383 an Arte della Lana for that small Tuscan city. The sheepwalks of Castile shaped the landscape and the fortunes of the meseta that lies in the heart of the Iberian peninsula; in the 16th century, a unified Spain allowed export of Merino lambs only with royal permission. The German wool market – based on sheep of Spanish origin – did not overtake British wool until comparatively late. The Industrial Revolution introduced mass production technology into wool and wool cloth manufacturing. Australia's colonial economy was based on sheep raising, and the Australian wool trade eventually overtook that of the Germans by 1845, furnishing wool for Bradford, which developed as the heart of industrialized woolens production.", "Sheep shearing. World Shearing Championships results are[25] World Blade Shearing has been dominated by South African and Lesotho shearers, Fine Wool machine shearing dominated by Australian shearers, and New Zealand dominating the Strong Wool machine shearing.", "Thar Desert. Thar region of Rajasthan is the biggest wool-producing area in India. Chokla, Marwari, Jaisalmeri, Magra, Malpuri, Sonadi, Nali and Pungal breeds of sheep are found in the region. Of the total wool production in India, 40-50% comes from Rajasthan. The sheep-wool from Rajasthan is considered best for carpet making industry in the world. The wool of Chokla breed of sheep is considered of superior quality. The breeding centres have been developed for Karakul and Merino sheep at Suratgarh, Jaitsar and Bikaner. Some important mills for making Woolen thread established in desert area are: Jodhpur Woolen Mill, Jodhpur; Rajasthan Woolen Mill, Bikaner and India Woolen Mill, Bikaner. Bikaner is the biggest mandi (market place) of wool in Asia.[16]", "Wool. Merino wool is typically 3–5 inches in length and is very fine (between 12 and 24 microns).[12] The finest and most valuable wool comes from Merino hoggets. Wool taken from sheep produced for meat is typically more coarse, and has fibers 1.5 to 6 in (38 to 152 mm) in length. Damage or breaks in the wool can occur if the sheep is stressed while it is growing its fleece, resulting in a thin spot where the fleece is likely to break.[13]", "Mohair. Today, South Africa is the largest mohair producer in the world, with the majority of South African mohair being produced in the Eastern Cape. The United States is the second-largest producer, with the majority of American mohair being produced in Texas. Turkey also produces good-quality mohair. Because the goats are sheared once a year (different than South Africa), Turkey produces the longest mohair of the world.", "Wool. In December 2004, a bale of the then world's finest wool, averaging 11.8 microns, sold for AU$3,000 per kilogram at auction in Melbourne, Victoria. This fleece wool tested with an average yield of 74.5%, 68 mm long, and had 40 newtons per kilotex strength. The result was A$279,000 for the bale.[27] The finest bale of wool ever auctioned was sold for a seasonal record of AU$2690 per kilo during June 2008. This bale was produced by the Hillcreston Pinehill Partnership and measured 11.6 microns, 72.1% yield, and had a 43 newtons per kilotex strength measurement. The bale realized $247,480 and was exported to India.[28]", "Wool. In December 2006, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the International Year of Natural Fibres, so as to raise the profile of wool and other natural fibers.", "New Zealand. Wool was New Zealand's major agricultural export during the late 19th century.[188] Even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues,[188] but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities[213] and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers.[214] In contrast dairy farming increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007,[215] to become New Zealand's largest export earner.[216] In the year to June 2009, dairy products accounted for 21% ($9.1 billion) of total merchandise exports,[217] and the country's largest company, Fonterra, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade.[218] Other agricultural exports in 2009 were meat 13.2%, wool 6.3%, fruit 3.5% and fishing 3.3%.[217] New Zealand's wine industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of vineyards doubling over the same period,[219] overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007.[220][221]", "Merino. From 1765, the Germans in Saxony crossed the Spanish Merino with the Saxon sheep[10] to develop a dense, fine type of Merino (spinning count between 70s and 80s) adapted to its new environment. From 1778, the Saxon breeding center was operated in the Vorwerk Rennersdorf. It was administered from 1796 by Johann Gottfried Nake, who developed scientific crossing methods to further improve the Saxon Merino. By 1802, the region had four million Saxon Merino sheep, and was becoming the centre for stud Merino breeding, and German wool was considered to be the finest in the world.", "Wool. The finest Australian and New Zealand Merino wools are known as 1PP, which is the industry benchmark of excellence for Merino wool 16.9 microns and finer. This style represents the top level of fineness, character, color, and style as determined on the basis of a series of parameters in accordance with the original dictates of British wool as applied by the Australian Wool Exchange (AWEX) Council. Only a few dozen of the millions of bales auctioned every year can be classified and marked 1PP.[15]", "Sheep. Breeds are often categorized by the type of their wool. Fine wool breeds are those that have wool of great crimp and density, which are preferred for textiles. Most of these were derived from Merino sheep, and the breed continues to dominate the world sheep industry. Downs breeds have wool between the extremes, and are typically fast-growing meat and ram breeds with dark faces.[24] Some major medium wool breeds, such as the Corriedale, are dual-purpose crosses of long and fine-wooled breeds and were created for high-production commercial flocks. Long wool breeds are the largest of sheep, with long wool and a slow rate of growth. Long wool sheep are most valued for crossbreeding to improve the attributes of other sheep types. For example: the American Columbia breed was developed by crossing Lincoln rams (a long wool breed) with fine-wooled Rambouillet ewes.", "Wool. Wild sheep were more hairy than woolly. Although sheep were domesticated some 9,000 to 11,000 years ago, archaeological evidence from statuary found at sites in Iran suggests selection for woolly sheep may have begun around 6000 BC,[17][18] with the earliest woven wool garments having only been dated to two to three thousand years later.[19] Woolly-sheep were introduced into Europe from the Near East in the early part of the 4th millennium BC. The oldest known European wool textile, ca. 1500 BC, was preserved in a Danish bog.[20] Prior to invention of shears—probably in the Iron Age—the wool was plucked out by hand or by bronze combs. In Roman times, wool, linen, and leather clothed the European population; cotton from India was a curiosity of which only naturalists had heard, and silks, imported along the Silk Road from China, were extravagant luxury goods. Pliny the Elder records in his Natural History that the reputation for producing the finest wool was enjoyed by Tarentum, where selective breeding had produced sheep with superior fleeces, but which required special care.", "Merino. Spain became noted for its fine wool (spinning count between 60s and 64s) and built up a fine wool monopoly between the 12th and 16th centuries, with wool commerce to Flanders and England being a source of income for Castile in the Late Middle Ages.", "Sheep. Domestic sheep provide a wide array of raw materials. Wool was one of the first textiles, although in the late 20th century wool prices began to fall dramatically as the result of the popularity and cheap prices for synthetic fabrics.[6] For many sheep owners, the cost of shearing is greater than the possible profit from the fleece, making subsisting on wool production alone practically impossible without farm subsidies.[6] Fleeces are used as material in making alternative products such as wool insulation.[112] In the 21st century, the sale of meat is the most profitable enterprise in the sheep industry, even though far less sheep meat is consumed than chicken, pork or beef.[16]", "Textile industry. Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries.[1] There are five stages:[2]", "Sheep. Sheep husbandry is practised throughout the majority of the inhabited world, and has been fundamental to many civilizations. In the modern era, Australia, New Zealand, the southern and central South American nations, and the British Isles are most closely associated with sheep production.", "Merino. The Merino is an economically influential breed of sheep prized for its wool. The breed originated in Southwestern Iberia, but the modern Merino was domesticated in New Zealand and Australia. Today, Merinos are still regarded as having some of the finest and softest wool of any sheep. Poll Merinos have no horns (or very small stubs, known as scurs), and horned Merino rams have long, spiral horns which grow close to the head.[1]", "Sheep shearing. The world's largest sheep shearing and wool handling contest, the Golden Shears, is held in the Wairarapa district, New Zealand.[23]", "Bradford. In 1825 the wool-combers union called a strike that lasted five-months but workers were forced to return to work through hardship leading to the introduction of machine-combing.[12] This Industrial Revolution led to rapid growth, with wool imported in vast quantities for the manufacture of worsted cloth in which Bradford specialised, and the town soon became known as the wool capital of the world.[13]", "Wool. Less than half of New Zealand's wool is sold at auction, while around 45% of farmers sell wool directly to private buyers and end-users.[33]", "Angora wool. 90% of Angora fur is produced in China, although Europe, Chile and the United States also produce small quantities. In China, there are more than 50 million Angora rabbits, growing 2,500–3,000 tonnes per year.[1] Harvesting occurs up to three times a year (about every 4 months) and is collected by plucking or shearing of the moulting fur.", "Merino. Merino wool is fine and soft. Staples are commonly 65–100 mm (2.6–3.9 in) long. A Saxon Merino produces 3–6 kg (6.6–13.2 lb) of greasy wool a year, while a good quality Peppin Merino ram produces up to 18 kg (40 lb). Merino wool is generally less than 24 micron (µm) in diameter. Basic Merino types include: strong (broad) wool (23–24.5 µm), medium wool (19.6–22.9 µm), fine (18.6–19.5 µm), superfine (15–18.5 µm) and ultra fine (11.5–15 µm).[6] Ultra fine wool is suitable for blending with other fibers such as silk and cashmere. New Zealand produces lightweight knits made from Merino wool and possum fur.[7]", "Industry of China. China's cotton textile industry is the largest in the world, producing yarn, cloth, woolen piece goods, knitting wool, silk, jute bags, and synthetic fibers. Labor-intensive light industries played a prominent role in the industrial boom of the late 1980s and early 1990s, accounting for 49% of total industrial output, but heavy industry and high technology took over in the late 1990s. In addition to garments and textiles, output from light industry includes footwear, toys, food processing, and consumer electronics. Heavy industries include iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, and autos. High technology industries produce high-speed computers, 600 types of semiconductors, specialized electronic measuring instruments, and telecommunications equipment.", "Wool. United States sheep producers market wool with private or cooperative wool warehouses, but wool pools are common in many states. In some cases, wool is pooled in a local market area, but sold through a wool warehouse. Wool offered with objective measurement test results is preferred. Imported apparel wool and carpet wool goes directly to central markets, where it is handled by the large merchants and manufacturers.[34]" ]

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[ "Alaska: The Last Frontier. Production occurs throughout the year on site. The production crew is based out of California.", "Alaska: The Last Frontier. Alaska: The Last Frontier is an American reality cable television series on the Discovery Channel, currently in its 7th season of broadcast. The show documents the extended Kilcher family, descendants of Swiss immigrants and Alaskan pioneers, Yule and Ruth Kilcher, at their homestead 11 miles outside of Homer.[1] By living without plumbing or modern heating, the clan chooses to subsist by farming, hunting and preparing for the long winters.[2] The Kilcher family are relatives of the singer Jewel,[1][3] who has appeared on the show.[4]", "Alaska. Alaska (/əˈlæskə/ ( listen)) (Aleut: Alax̂sxax̂) (Inupiaq: Alaskaq) is a U.S. state located in the northwest extremity of North America. The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east, its most extreme western part is Attu Island, and it has a maritime border with Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas–the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest. It is the largest state in the United States by area and the \nseventh largest subnational division in the world. In addition, it is the 3rd least populous and the most sparsely populated of the 50 United States; nevertheless, it is by far the most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel in North America, its population (the total estimated at 738,432 by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2015[5]) more than quadrupling the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland. Approximately half of Alaska's residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaska's economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, and oil industries, resources which it has in abundance. Military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy.", "Alaska: The Last Frontier. In 2015, Atz Lee, his wife Jane, and a company involved in the production of the show were charged with using a helicopter as part of bear hunt while filming an episode in 2014. Using any aircraft to spot prey, or using a helicopter in any way as part of a hunt is illegal in Alaska.[11][12] All three pleaded not guilty. The matter was on hold due to Atz Lee being seriously injured in a hiking accident.[13] but eventually the charges against the Kilchers themselves were dismissed, while production company Wilma TV was fined $17,500.[14]", "Alaska. The most populous region of Alaska, containing Anchorage, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley and the Kenai Peninsula. Rural, mostly unpopulated areas south of the Alaska Range and west of the Wrangell Mountains also fall within the definition of South Central, as do the Prince William Sound area and the communities of Cordova and Valdez.[11]", "Geography of Alaska. The state is bordered by Yukon and British Columbia, Canada to the east, the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean to the south, Russia (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug), Bering Sea, the Bering Strait, and Chukchi Sea to the west, and the Beaufort Sea and the Arctic Ocean to the north.", "Alaska. The state is bordered by Yukon and British Columbia in Canada, to the east, the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean to the south and southwest, the Bering Sea, Bering Strait, and Chukchi Sea to the west and the Arctic Ocean to the north. Alaska's territorial waters touch Russia's territorial waters in the Bering Strait, as the Russian Big Diomede Island and Alaskan Little Diomede Island are only 3 miles (4.8 km) apart. Alaska has a longer coastline than all the other U.S. states combined.[10]", "Alaska. The Interior is the largest region of Alaska; much of it is uninhabited wilderness. Fairbanks is the only large city in the region. Denali National Park and Preserve is located here. Denali is the highest mountain in North America.", "Jewel (singer). Shortly after her birth, the family relocated to Anchorage, Alaska, settling on the Kilcher family's 770-acre (310 ha) homestead.[13] There, her younger brother, Atz Jr., was born.[13] She also has a half-brother, Nikos, who was primarily raised in Oregon by his mother, with whom her father had a brief relationship; she would later become close to him in adulthood.[14] After her parents' divorce in 1981, Kilcher lived with her father in Homer, Alaska.[15][16] The house she grew up in lacked indoor plumbing and had only a simple outhouse.[17] The Kilcher family is featured on the Discovery Channel show Alaska: The Last Frontier, which chronicles their day-to-day struggles living in the Alaskan wilderness. Recalling her upbringing, she said:", "Fairbanks, Alaska. Fairbanks /ˈfɛrbæŋks/ is a home rule city and the borough seat of the Fairbanks North Star Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska.[6]", "Alaska. Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries.", "Alaska. Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States. As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States. It contains the state capital Juneau, the former capital Sitka, and Ketchikan, at one time Alaska's largest city.[12] The Alaska Marine Highway provides a vital surface transportation link throughout the area, as only three communities (Haines, Hyder and Skagway) enjoy direct connections to the contiguous North American road system.[13] Officially designated in 1963.[14]", "Alaska. There are no officially defined borders demarcating the various regions of Alaska, but there are six widely accepted regions:", "Frontier (2016 TV series). Filming for Frontier took place in several locations in Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Ontario, Canada, as well as Cornwall in the United Kingdom.[8][9]", "Arctic Alaska. Arctic Alaska or Far North Alaska is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska generally referring to the northern areas on or close to the Arctic Ocean.", "Alaska. Southwest Alaska is a sparsely inhabited region stretching some 500 miles (800 km) inland from the Bering Sea. Most of the population lives along the coast. Kodiak Island is also located in Southwest. The massive Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, one of the largest river deltas in the world, is here. Portions of the Alaska Peninsula are considered part of Southwest, with the remaining portions included with the Aleutian Islands (see below).", "Tlingit. The greatest territory historically occupied by the Tlingit extended from the Portland Canal along the present border between Alaska and British Columbia, north to the coast just southeast of the Copper River delta in Alaska.[8] The Tlingit occupied almost all of the Alexander Archipelago, except the southernmost end of Prince of Wales Island and its surroundings, where the Kaigani Haida moved just before the first encounters with European explorers.", "Fairbanks, Alaska. Outside city limits", "The Yiddish Policemen's Union. The setting is Sitka, Alaska, which has become a sprawling metropolis at the center of the Jewish settlement in Alaska. One of the city's landmarks is the 'Safety Pin', a tall building erected for the 1977 World Fair held in Sitka and a source of pride for its inhabitants. The lands across the border are populated primarily by Tlingit Alaska Natives, and there has been a history of friction between the Jews and the Tlingit, but also of intermarriage and cross-cultural contact; one of the novel's characters, Berko Shemets, is half Jewish, half Tlingit. Sitka's status as a Federal District has been granted for only sixty years, and the novel is set at the end of this period, as an evangelical Christian United States President is promising to go through with the 'Reversion' of Sitka to the State of Alaska.", "Ice Road Truckers. Dalton Highway: The truckers make stops at Fairbanks, Coldfoot, Deadhorse and the oilfields of Prudhoe Bay as in Season 3, as well as the following new destinations:", "Fauna of the United States. Alaska has also over 430 species of birds and the largest population of bald eagles in the nation. From pygmy shrews that weigh less than a penny to gray whales that weigh 45 tons, Alaska is the \"Last Frontier\" for animals as well as people. Many species endangered elsewhere are still abundant in Alaska.", "Alaska boundary dispute. In 1897–98 the Klondike Gold Rush in Yukon, Canada, enormously increased the population of the general area, which reached 30,000, composed largely of Americans. Some 100,000 fortune seekers moved through Alaska to the Klondike gold region.[5]", "Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny. A truck breaks down. Three fugitives from justice get out and find themselves in the city of Mahagonny: Fatty the Bookkeeper, Trinity Moses, and Leocadia Begbick. Because the federal agents pursuing them will not search this far north, and they are in a good location to attract ships coming south from the Alaskan gold fields, Begbick decides that they can profit by staying where they are and founding a pleasure city, where men can have fun, because there is nothing else in the world to rely on.", "Fairbanks, Alaska. The city is extremely far north, being located close to 16 parallels north of the Pacific border between the U.S. and Canada. It is roughly on the same parallel as the northern Swedish city of Skellefteå and Finnish city of Oulu. Apart from those cities, this parallel is sparsely populated due to its cold climate. On account of its warm summers, however, Fairbanks is located south of the arctic tree line.", "Geography of Alaska. Because it extends into the Eastern Hemisphere, it is technically both the westernmost and easternmost state in the United States, as well as also being the northernmost.", "Geography of Alaska. The Aleutian Islands cross longitude 180°, so Alaska can be considered the easternmost state as well as the westernmost. Alaska and, especially, the Aleutians are one of the extreme points of the United States. The International Date Line jogs west of 180° to keep the whole state, and thus the entire continental United States, within the same legal day.", "Alaska. Sitka, renamed New Archangel from 1804 to 1867, on Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago in what is now Southeast Alaska, became the capital of Russian America. It remained the capital after the colony was transferred to the United States. The Russians never fully colonized Alaska, and the colony was never very profitable. Evidence of Russian settlement in names and churches survive throughout southeast Alaska.", "History of Alaska. In 1903, a boundary dispute with Canada was finally resolved.", "Barrow, Alaska. Stephen Fry visited the town and its people during the last segment of his documentary Stephen Fry in America.", "Alaska Range. The Alaska Range is a relatively narrow, 650-km-long (400 mi) mountain range in the southcentral region of the U.S. state of Alaska, from Lake Clark at its southwest end[1] to the White River in Canada's Yukon Territory in the southeast. The highest mountain in North America, Denali, is in the Alaska Range. It is part of the American Cordillera.", "Category:Television shows set in Alaska. This category is for television series set in the State of Alaska.", "Fairbanks, Alaska. Within city limits" ]

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[ "All I Want (A Day to Remember song). The music video for the song, which was filmed in October 2010,[4] was released on January 6, 2011.[5] It features cameos of numerous popular bands and musicians. The cameos are: Tom Denney (A Day to Remember's former guitarist), Pete Wentz, Winston McCall of Parkway Drive, The Devil Wears Prada, Bring Me the Horizon, Sam Carter of Architects, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Silverstein, Andrew WK, August Burns Red, Seventh Star, Matt Heafy of Trivium, Vic Fuentes of Pierce the Veil, Mike Herrera of MxPx, and Set Your Goals.[5] Rock Sound called the video \"quite excellent\".[5]", "All I Want (A Day to Remember song). \"All I Want\" is the first single by A Day to Remember from their fourth studio album What Separates Me from You. It was released officially to radio stations in October 2010, and as a commercial single, albeit a limited edition 7\" vinyl, in April 2011. In August 2016, the song was certified gold in the U.S. by the RIAA.", "All I Want (A Day to Remember song). Personnel per \"All I Want\" 7\" sleeve.[18]", "All I Want (A Day to Remember song). The song was released as a radio single on October 12, 2010,[6] although it premiered a week earlier on October 7 on KROQ-FM radio's website,[7] which gave the site its most amount of web traffic ever.[8] \"All I Want\" charted on both Billboard's Hot Modern Rock Tracks and Rock Songs charts, at number 12 and number 25, respectively.[9] A few days after the release of the music video for song, the band went on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, on January 11, 2011, and it became their national television debut[10] on which they performed \"All I Want\" and \"Better Off This Way\".[11] On April 16, the band released an exclusive 7\" vinyl single of the song, especially for Record Store Day.[12][13] The vinyl pressing was limited to 2,000 copies for the U.S.[nb 1][15] and 1,000 copies for the international release[nb 2][17] and featured an acoustic version of \"All I Want\" as the B-side.[18] The acoustic version was recorded at The Wade Studios, and was mixed by Andrew Wade.[18] \"All I Want\" is available to play on the Rock Band games as well as Rocksmith 2014.[19]", "All I Want (A Day to Remember song). 7\" vinyl", "All I Want (A Day to Remember song). A Day to Remember", "What Separates Me from You. What Separates Me from You is the fourth studio album by American rock band A Day to Remember, and their third for Victory. Originally planned for release in late-October 2010, the album was delayed by a few weeks until mid-November. The album, which was recorded mainly at The Wade Studios in Ocala, Florida, from May to July 2010, was the first to feature guitarist Kevin Skaff. The album was produced mostly by Chad Gilbert, with help from Andrew Wade and the band's vocalist, Jeremy McKinnon. \"All I Want\" was released as the first single. It reached number 12 on the U.S. Alternative Songs chart and number 25 on the Rock Songs chart.", "All I Want (A Day to Remember song). Unlike the band's more-known metalcore sound which incorporates growling vocals and breakdowns, the song uses almost none of these attributes, and instead shows a direction towards fast-paced pop punk with clean vocals. Lead vocalist Jeremy McKinnon wrote the lyrics, while the music was written by himself, guitarist Kevin Skaff and A Day to Remember.[1] McKinnon stated that the song is about \"taking chances, and doing what you think is right regardless of what people might think. To be honest, whats more important? Live life, and be happy with yourself\".[2] McKinnon said in a 2011 interview with USAToday that the song is also \"about being in a band.\"[3] The song, along with 3 others from the album, was mixed by David Bendeth.[1] As the choice of a single, guitarist Neil Westfall said \"All I Want\" \"was a great transition song from 'Homesick'\".[4]", "What Separates Me from You. On April 16, 2011, A Day to Remember released a special for Record Store Day, which was an exclusive limited edition 7\" vinyl of \"All I Want\".[53][54] \"All Signs Point to Lauderdale\" impacted radio on May 24.[55] The band filmed the music video for \"All Signs Point to Lauderdale\" in one day in Los Angeles when the group had a day-off from touring;[16] it was released through MTV2 on June 7.[56] It was revealed in September that \"It's Complicated\" would be released as the third single from the album on October 25,[57] though it was only released as a radio single.[58] \"2nd Sucks\" would become the band's third music video off the album.[59] A promotional CD of \"This Is the House That Doubt Built\" was released on December 19.[60] The band played an acoustic version of \"It's Complicated\" for MTV on February 14, 2012.[61][62] The music video for \"2nd Sucks\" was released on February 27, 2012.[63][64]", "On a Clear Day You Can See Forever. \"What Did I Have That I Don't Have\" was covered with some success by Eydie Gorme and was also sung by Streisand on the soundtrack on the film version. \"Come Back to Me\" was recorded by swing revival band the Cherry Poppin' Daddies in 1994, which later appeared on their multi-platinum 1997 compilation Zoot Suit Riot and was re-recorded for their 2014 Rat Pack tribute Please Return the Evening.", "Hall & Oates. There were two notable nationally televised appearances for the duo in late 2008. On October 27, Oates sang the National Anthem before Game 5 of the 2008 World Series at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia (Hall had taken sick, and the game was called on account of rain about 2/3 through, but resumed on October 29, and the Phillies won, claiming their first World Series Championship in 28 years).[26] (Though born in New York, John was raised in a suburb of Philadelphia and attended Temple University.[27]) Then, on December 11, both Hall and Oates appeared on the year's last episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. They sang a satirical tribute to Alan Colmes, as he would leave the show Hannity and Colmes on Fox News a month later.[28][29] On March 24, 2009, Hall and Oates performed together on the American television show Dancing with the Stars.[30] During 2009, the duo recorded a cameo for the movie You Again, performing \"Kiss On My List\" for the final scene and closing credits.[31]", "Judith Hill. A number of Hill's original ballads, including \"Desperation\" were featured in the 2012 Spike Lee film Red Hook Summer. In March 2013, Hill became a contestant during the fourth season of The Voice. Her elimination during the Top 8 show was considered one of the most shocking of the show. Hill opened for Josh Groban during the third leg of his All That Echoes World Tour (North America) in Fall 2013. She also performed two duets with him in his set for \"The Prayer\" and \"Remember When It Rained\", the latter of which was released as a single. She also toured with John Legend on the UK leg of his #AllOfMe tour in the Fall of 2014.", "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!). The short also features a wide number of cameo appearances, including Stanley Tucci, Susan Sarandon, Steve Buscemi, Alicia Silverstone, Laura Dern, Shannyn Sossamon, Kirsten Dunst, Ted Danson, Rashida Jones, Jason Schwartzman, Rainn Wilson, Amy Poehler, Mary Steenburgen, Will Arnett, Adam Scott, Chloë Sevigny, Maya Rudolph, David Cross, Orlando Bloom, Martin Starr, and the actual Mike D, Ad-Rock, and MCA. Many of the listed people only appear for a few seconds.", "Ferris Bueller's Day Off. The music used for the final version of the museum sequence is an instrumental cover version of The Smiths' \"Please, Please, Please, Let Me Get What I Want\", performed by The Dream Academy. A passionate Beatles fan, Hughes makes multiple references to them and John Lennon in the script. During filming, Hughes \"listened to The White Album every single day for fifty-six days\".[26] Hughes also pays tribute to his childhood hero Gordie Howe with Cameron's Detroit Red Wings jersey.[27] \"I sent them the jersey\", said Howe. \"It was nice seeing the No. 9 on the big screen.\"[28]", "All I Want (A Day to Remember song). *sales figures based on certification alone\n^shipments figures based on certification alone\nsales+streaming figures based on certification alone", "What Separates Me from You. While the band was touring Homesick (2009), a line-up change occurred[2] when guitarist Tom Denney wanted to settle down.[3] Four Letter Lie guitarist Kevin Skaff was added in his place;[3] Denney, however, was retained to work with the band behind the scenes.[4] All of the songs for What Separates Me from You were written while the band were touring in 2009 and 2010,[5] and as early as March 2010, vocalist Jeremy McKinnon stated that A Day to Remember already had \"all of the pop/punk song ideas written [...] And we're then going to write five heavier songs\".[6]", "It's a Great Feeling. Many of the studio's most popular stars and directors make cameo appearances throughout the movie. Among them are:", "Dan Finnerty. The video for \"Please Don't Bomb Nobody This Holiday\" featured many celebrity cameos, including Sheryl Crow, Christina Applegate, Nicole Scherzinger, Kyle Gass from Tenacious D, Neil Patrick Harris, Meg Ryan, Macy Gray, Christopher Guest, among others.", "Chris Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick has appeared in the music videos for \"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous\" by Good Charlotte, \"2nd Sucks\" by A Day to Remember and \"Irresistible\" by Fall Out Boy featuring Demi Lovato.", "Seal (musician). In June 2005 Seal recorded a special concert which was subsequently released in 2006, entitled One Night To Remember, as CD/DVD combination. The DVD includes a special \"the making of\" documentary in addition to the live performance. Recorded in a historic steel mill, the Altes Kesselhaus (\"old boiler house\"), in Düsseldorf, Germany, this performance includes a special version of Brahms' Lullaby which Seal sings in German and then in English for the exclusive audience. Unlike earlier recordings in which Seal is accompanied by his band, a full orchestra and choir of 52 musicians accompanies the singer.", "Fit but You Know It. The music video for the single has a cameo of the cast of The Football Factory which includes Danny Dyer and Frank Harper. In the video, Mike Skinner plays the part of a man picking up his holiday photos from the developers. As the song is playing, he looks through the photos which show scenes from his holiday. The video was released on two separate formats- a DVD single (which also included the video for The Irony of it All and a bonus DVD which came with some copies of parent album A Grand Don't Come For Free.", "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing. The music video for this song was shot at the Minneapolis Armory in 1998 and was directed by Francis Lawrence.[8] It features the band playing the song intertwined with scenes from the film Armageddon. It features an appearance by Steven Tyler's daughter Liv, who plays Grace Stamper in the film. Steven Tyler injured his knee the day before the shoot, so they used a lot of close-ups because his movement was limited.", "Patriots Day (film). This film also includes a cameo appearance of the real Dun Meng inside the pizza restaurant in Malden, Massachusetts. Ken Casey, singer and bassist for Boston punk band Dropkick Murphys also has a cameo as man on porch.", "Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden. The video release comes with two bonus music videos of \"One Sweet Day\" and the C&C Video Edit of \"Anytime You Need a Friend\". Performances of \"Vision of Love,\" \"Make It Happen,\" \"Fantasy,\" and \"One Sweet Day\" from this concert would later be compiled into audio release as official live versions on commercial/promo singles.", "One Sweet Day. Aside from live television appearances, the song was performed on many of Carey's tours.[32] \"One Sweet Day\" was performed at every show on her Daydream World Tour (1996), where Boyz II Men were featured on a large projection screen.[33] The footage was taken from Carey's filmed concert at Madison Square Garden in late 1995, and was played in sync with Carey's verses. A similar concept was used for her Butterfly World Tour (1998), with the addition of several live back up vocalists joining on stage.[32] Additionally, the song was performed on select dates on her The Adventures of Mimi tour (2006). During the tour's filmed show in Anaheim California, the group joined Carey live on stage and performed the song together.[34] For the segment of the show, Carey wore a long turquoise gown, with several slits and cuts fashioned into the sides. During the Angels Advocate Tour in 2010, Carey performed a snippet of the song in Singapore, with Trey Lorenz filling in for the group's verses.[35] Carey also performed the song as a part of her 2015 Las Vegas residency, Mariah Carey Number 1's, with Lorenz reprising his role as well as Daniel Moore.", "Barry Louis Polisar. Polisar's song \"All I Want Is You\" was featured during the opening credits of Jason Reitman's film Juno.[3] This song is featured on advertisements of the National Lottery (United Kingdom), the Honda Civic \"Date With a Woodsman\", and the Del Monte Foods \"Bursting with Life\".[4]", "Demi Lovato. In 2007 and 2008, Lovato played Charlotte Adams on the Disney Channel short series As the Bell Rings.[34] Lovato auditioned for the channel's television film Camp Rock and series Sonny with a Chance during 2007 and got both roles.[35] Lovato played the lead character, aspiring singer Mitchie Torres, in Camp Rock.[36] The film premiered on June 20, 2008, to 8.9 million viewers.[37] Its soundtrack was released three days earlier; however, the music was considered less current than that of High School Musical.[38] Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Lovato's acting skills were underwhelming and she \"has the knee-jerk smile of someone who is often told she has a great smile\".[39] Lovato sang four songs on the soundtrack, including \"We Rock\" and \"This Is Me\".[40] That summer, she began her Demi Live! Warm Up Tour before the release of her debut album[41] and appeared on the Jonas Brothers' Burnin' Up Tour.[42]", "2 Days & 1 Night. On the episodes 486-488 which were aired March 5, 12, and 19, 2017 the members had been given a mission to make an OST for their 10th Anniversary. With the help of several musicians, they succeeded the mission. Producing 3 songs. Namely \"Remember Each Member\", \"Day Off\", and \"Kkanaricano\".[11]", "What Can I Do (The Corrs song). Dick stated: \"My favourite memory is the image of Andrea, Sharon and Caroline all crouched down in the middle of the road, eating bowls of cereal at 5AM, waiting for the dawn. As it got light the drizzle arrived, but, with the band scheduled to fly home that evening, we kept on shooting.\"", "John Benjamin Hickey. He played supporting roles in a number of films including The Ice Storm (1997)[6] and The Anniversary Party (2001). [7] He has also appeared in Flightplan, Flags of Our Fathers, Freedom Writers, Then She Found Me, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, The Bet[6] and Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows.[8]", "One Day at a Time. The One Day at a Time Reunion was a 60-minute CBS retrospective special which aired on Tuesday February 22, 2005, at 9:00 pm ET, reuniting Bonnie Franklin, Mackenzie Phillips, Valerie Bertinelli, and Pat Harrington to reminisce about the series and their characters. Regular cast members Richard Masur, Shelley Fabares, Nanette Fabray, Michael Lembeck, and Glenn Scarpelli shared their feelings about their time on the show in separate interviews. The special was included as a bonus on One Day at a Time: The Complete First Season DVD set.", "Day of the Dead (1985 film). American punk band the Misfits recorded a song about the film entitled \"Day of the Dead\" for their 1997 album American Psycho." ]

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[ "Red. The red stripes in the flag of the United States were adapted from the flag of the British East Indies Company. This is the Grand Union Flag, the first U.S. flag established by the Continental Congress.", "Flag of the United States. The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S.[1] Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes,[2] Old Glory,[3] and the Star-Spangled Banner.", "Betsy Ross flag. The usage of stripes in the flag may be linked to two pre-existing flags. A 1765 Sons of Liberty flag flown in Boston had nine red and white stripes, and a flag used by Captain Abraham Markoe's Philadelphia Light Horse Troop in 1775 had 13 blue and silver stripes.[28] One or both of these flags likely influenced the design of the American flag.", "Betsy Ross flag. To add to the mystery surrounding the first American flag, experts can only guess the reason Congress chose stripes, stars, and the colors red, white, and blue for the flag. Historians and experts discredit the common theory that the stripes and five-pointed stars derived from the Washington family coat of arms.[22] While this theory adds to Washington's legendary involvement in the development of the first flag, no evidence – other than the obvious one that his coat of arms, like the Stars and Stripes, has stars and stripes in it – exists to show any connection between the two. Washington was aware that \"most admire ... the trappings of elevated office,\" but for himself claimed \"To me there is nothing in it.\"[23] However, he frequently used (for example, as his bookplate) his family coat of arms with three five-pointed red stars and three red-and-white stripes, on which is based the flag of the District of Columbia. The use of red and blue in flags at this time in history may derive from the relative fastness of the dyes indigo and cochineal, providing blue and red colors respectively, as aniline dyes were unknown.", "Sons of Liberty. In 1767, the Sons of Liberty adopted a flag called the rebellious stripes flag with nine vertical stripes, four white and five red. A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by Commodore Esek Hopkins (Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Navy) and by American merchant ships during the war. This flag was also associated with the Sons of Liberty. Red and white were common colors of the flags, although other color combinations were used, such as green and white or yellow and white.[13][14][15]", "Red. Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the British Empire. The British flag bears the colors red, white and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron saint of England, and the saltire of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white.[128] The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain,[129] the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country.[130] Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico and Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps.", "Service stripe. In the United States, the concept of a service stripe dates back to 1782 when, during the American Revolution, George Washington ordered that enlisted men who had served for three years \"with bravery, fidelity and good conduct\" should wear \"a narrow piece of white cloth, of angular form\" on the left sleeve of the uniform coat.[4] In the U.S. Army, sleeve stripes denoted a successful completion of a standard enlistment. They were the same color as the enlisted rank stripes and were \"half-chevrons\" (angled strips of cloth). Service during the American Civil War was denoted by a red stripe bordered by the rank stripe color (called a \"Blood Stripe\"). The artillery corps, who wore red stripes on their uniforms, wore a white stripe bordered red instead.", "List of flags with blue, red and white stripes. Flags of white, red and blue stripes (bands) quite often signs the relationships of some nations with other nations (for instance, flag of Netherlands and flags of its former colonies).[1]", "Flag of the United States. The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa.[17] The appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state's star with its initial.[18] One arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle (as opposed to up), the so-called Betsy Ross flag. This flag, however, is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation's birthday. Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull.[19]", "Flag of the United States. Despite the 1777 resolution, the early years of American independence featured many different flags. Most were individually crafted rather than mass-produced. While there are many examples of 13-star arrangements, some of those flags included blue stripes[20] as well as red and white. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, in a letter dated October 3, 1778, to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, described the American flag as consisting of \"13 stripes, alternately red, white, and blue, a small square in the upper angle, next the flag staff, is a blue field, with 13 white stars, denoting a new Constellation.\"[21] John Paul Jones used a variety of 13-star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well-documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance. The Serapis flag had three rows of eight-pointed stars with stripes that were red, white, and blue. The flag for the Alliance, however, had five rows of eight-pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes, and the white stripes were on the outer edges.[22] Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779, making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars.[23]", "Betsy Ross flag. Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.[20]", "Betsy Ross flag. The Betsy Ross flag is an early design of the flag of the United States, popularly – but very likely incorrectly – attributed to Betsy Ross, using the common motifs of alternating red-and-white striped field with five-pointed stars in a blue canton. Grace Rogers Cooper noted that the first documented usage of this flag was in 1792.[1] The flag features 13 stars to represent the original 13 colonies with the stars arranged in a circle.", "Blood stripe. A blood stripe is a scarlet stripe worn down the outside leg seams of trousers on the dress uniform of the United States Marine Corps. This red stripe is 2 inches (5.1 cm) for general officers, 1 1⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) for other officers, and 1 1⁄8 inches (2.9 cm) for enlisted staff noncommissioned officers and non-commissioned officers. Modified versions are worn on the officers' evening dress uniforms, with the scarlet flanked with gold trim, and on members of the Marine Band, which wear the traditional red stripe with a white stripe in the center.", "Racing flags. The yellow flag with vertical red stripes is displayed stationary at local flag stations to indicate that track conditions have changed due to substances on the track which could reduce grip or cause a car to lose control. Generally oil, coolant, small pieces of debris or sand are the hazards. It can also be \"rocked\" back and forth (but not waved) to indicate a small animal on the racing surface. Many organizations will display this flag for only two laps, after which the changed surface is considered to merely be \"part of the track\".", "Gadsden flag. Considered one of the first flags of the United States, the flag was later replaced by the current Stars and Stripes (or Old Glory) flag. Since the Revolution, the flag has seen resurgences as a symbol of American patriotism, disagreement with government, or support for civil liberties.", "Portal:United States/Selected article. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 U.S. states and the 13 stripes represent the original Thirteen Colonies that rebelled against the British crown and became the first states in the Union.[1] Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory,[2] and the Star-Spangled Banner (also the name of the country's official national anthem).", "Flag of the United States. Before that day, the flag had served mostly as a military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory, flown from forts, embassies, and ships, and displayed on special occasions like American Independence day. But in the weeks after Major Anderson's surprising stand, it became something different. Suddenly the Stars and Stripes flew—as it does today, and especially as it did after the September 11 attacks in 2001—from houses, from storefronts, from churches; above the village greens and college quads. For the first time American flags were mass-produced rather than individually stitched and even so, manufacturers could not keep up with demand. As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring, that old flag meant something new. The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing: strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for, and many thousands die for.\n– Adam Goodheart.[59]", "Betsy Ross flag. The most logical explanation for the colors of the American flag is that it was modeled after the first unofficial American flag, the Grand Union Flag. In turn the Grand Union Flag was probably designed using the colors of Great Britain's Union Jack. The colors of the Great Seal are the same as the colors in the American flag. To attribute meaning to these colors, Charles Thomson, who helped design the Great Seal, reported to Congress that \"White signifies purity and innocence. Red hardiness and valor and Blue... signifies vigilance, perseverance and justice.\"", "Great Seal of the United States. The shield of the Great Seal has seven white stripes and six red ones—essentially, a white background with six red stripes. Hopkinson incorporated this stripe arrangement into the Great Seal from the Flag of the United States that he had designed. Hopkinson also designed a seal for the Admiralty (Navy), which incorporated a chevron consisting of seven red stripes and six white ones. The seven red stripes in his Admiralty seal reflected the number of red stripes in his Naval flag. When Hopkinson designed these flags, he was running the Navy as chairman of the Continental Navy Board.[30]", "Betsy Ross flag. The stars were disposed in a circle, symbolizing the perpetuity of the Union; the ring, like the circling serpent of the Egyptians, signifying eternity. The thirteen stripes showed with the stars the number of the United Colonies, and denoted the subordination of the States to the Union, as well as equality among themselves.\"[27]", "Flag of the United States. The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design.[7] Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign, one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time. However, an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes, and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean.[8] Benjamin Franklin once gave a speech endorsing the adoption of the Company's flag by the United States as their national flag. He said to George Washington, \"While the field of your flag must be new in the details of its design, it need not be entirely new in its elements. There is already in use a flag, I refer to the flag of the East India Company.\"[9] This was a way of symbolising American loyalty to the Crown as well as the United States' aspirations to be self-governing, as was the East India Company. Some colonists also felt that the Company could be a powerful ally in the American War of Independence, as they shared similar aims and grievances against the British government tax policies. Colonists therefore flew the Company's flag, to endorse the Company.[10]", "Flag of the United States. The flag of the United States is one of the nation's most widely recognized symbols. Within the United States, flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences. The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows, and on clothing ornamentation such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States.[citation needed]", "Flag of Texas. The idea of the single red stripe and single white stripe actually dates back to the short-lived Republic of Fredonia, a small state near modern Nacogdoches which seceded from Mexico in 1826 before being forcibly re-integrated. The new state was formed through an alliance between local Anglo settlers and Native American tribes and the Fredonian flag used a white and red stripe to symbolize the two ethnic/racial groups from which the state was formed.[12] Though this rebellion ultimately failed it served as an inspiration to the later Texas Revolution.", "Service stripe. A service stripe, commonly called a hash mark, is an embroidered diagonal stripe of the United States military which is authorized for wear by enlisted members on the left sleeve of a uniform to denote length of service. Service stripes vary in color.", "Flag of Chicago. There are four red six-pointed stars on the center white stripe. Six-pointed stars are used because five-pointed stars represent sovereign states, and because the star as designed was not found on any other known flags as of 1917.[7] From left to right:", "Great Seal of the United States. The colours of the pales are those used in the flag of the United States of America; White signifies purity and innocence, Red, hardiness & valor, and Blue, the colour of the Chief signifies vigilance, perseverance & justice. The Olive branch and arrows denote the power of peace & war which is exclusively vested in Congress. The Constellation denotes a new State taking its place and rank among other sovereign powers. The Escutcheon is born on the breast of an American Eagle without any other supporters to denote that the United States of America ought to rely on their own Virtue.", "Flag of the United States. When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton, much curiosity was excited among the people. News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the further end of the world, bearing a flag \"as beautiful as a flower\". Every body went to see the kwa kee chuen [花旗船; Fākeìsyùhn], or \"flower flagship\". This name at once established itself in the language, and America is now called the kwa kee kwoh [花旗國; Fākeìgwok], the \"flower flag country\"—and an American, kwa kee kwoh yin [花旗國人; Fākeìgwokyàhn]—\"flower flag countryman\"—a more complimentary designation than that of \"red headed barbarian\"—the name first bestowed upon the Dutch.[48][49]", "Flag of Puerto Rico. In a letter written by Maria Manuela (Mima) Besosa, the daughter of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee member Manuel Besosa, she stated that she sewed the flag. This created a belief that her father could have been its designer. In her letter she described the flag as one which consists of five stripes that alternate from red to white. Three of the stripes are red, and the other two are white. To the left of the flag is a light blue triangle that houses one white five-pointed star. Each part of this flag has its own meaning. The three red stripes represent the blood from the brave warriors. The two white stripes represent the victory and peace that they would have after gaining independence. The white star represented the island of Puerto Rico. The blue represents the sky and blue coastal waters. The triangle represents the three branches of government.[19] Finally, it is also believed by some that it was Lola Rodríguez de Tió who suggested that Puerto Ricans use the Cuban flag with its colors reversed as the model for their own standard.[20] The color of the Cuban flag's blue stripes, however, were a darker shade of blue, according to Professor Martí.", "Flag of the United States. On June 14, 1777, the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated: \"Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.\"[12] Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment.[13]", "Necktie. In the United States, diagonally striped ties are commonly worn with no connotation of group membership. Typically, American striped ties have the stripes running downward from the wearer's right (the opposite of the European style).[18] However, when Americans wear striped ties as a sign of membership, the European stripe style may be used.", "Flag of the United States. The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence—likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes—and would use this flag until 1777, when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs.[5][6]", "List of flags with blue, red and white stripes. These flags became the flag model which was put forward in the French revolution. Later, these colors started to spread to other nations, of course, changing in somewhat the order and position of stripes (vertical and horizontal).[2]" ]

[ 2.720703125, 5.16015625, -0.14794921875, -0.318359375, -0.85986328125, 1.623046875, -0.85498046875, 1.7001953125, 0.439697265625, 2.26953125, 1.248046875, -0.125244140625, -2.32421875, 0.72705078125, -0.294921875, 1.4169921875, -0.153564453125, -0.70263671875, -0.32275390625, -0.1044921875, 0.57177734375, -1.7890625, 1.69921875, -3.48828125, -0.3203125, -0.955078125, -0.9541015625, -0.32373046875, 2.17578125, -4.63671875, -0.0802001953125, -2.478515625 ]

[ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). Filming of Diary of a Wimpy Kid was in Vancouver and wrapped up on October 16, 2009.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series). There is a second film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series that was released on March 25, 2011,[19] which was based on the second book Rodrick Rules, with Zachary Gordon returning as Greg Heffley. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules was also filmed in Vancouver, BC, Canada. The film also contains some scenes from The Last Straw.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film). Principal photography began on August 8, 2011 in Vancouver and was completed on October 7, 2011.[6] The location for the country club pool was Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool in Coquitlam, BC. Filming at Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool took place during the end of August 2011.[7][8][9][10] The municipal outdoor pool scenes at the beginning and the end of the movie were filmed at Steveston Outdoor pool in Richmond, BC. Filming occurred at the Steveston Outdoor pool during the beginning of September 2011.[11][12][13] The Chinese Bunkhouse at the Steveston Shipyards in Richmond, BC was the location of the Wilderness Explorers cabin for Troop 133.[14][15] During filming, stars Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron, were seen riding the Corkscrew at Playland at Vancouver's fair, the PNE.[14] A poster was leaked in March 2012. A teaser trailer was attached to The Three Stooges.[16] An advance screening for the film was held on July 31, 2012.[17]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film). Brad Simpson stated he anticipated a sequel movie if the first film is a success. \"Our writing staff are writing a sequel right now, \"Rodrick Rules,\" which would be based on the second book\" ... \"And, you know, we hope that the people to see a second movie, so that we are in position of going again right away and making another film. I certainly know that the fans would like to see all the books made into movies.\" Fox 2000 greenlit the sequel and Zachary Gordon returned as Greg Heffley. Steve Zahn (Frank Heffley) and Rachael Harris (Susan Heffley) will also return. The film was directed by David Bowers and the screenplay was written by Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah. Principal photography began in Vancouver August 2010. A few new characters appeared in the film, including Peyton List as Holly Hills. The trailer was seen with Gulliver's Travels. The website created for the first was updated for the sequel featuring pictures of the cast and a short synopsis of the film. The film was released on March 25, 2011. Talks of a sequel were announced after the release of the first, but was not officially announced until May 12, 2010, announcing that it would be released March 25, 2011.[5] Filming took place in Vancouver, British Columbia and New Westminster, British Columbia from August 23 to October 27, 2010.[6] The mall scene was filmed at Park Royal Mall in West Vancouver.[7] Director Thor Freudenthal was replaced by director David Bowers (Flushed Away and Astro Boy).", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film). The film's trailer was shown with Gulliver's Travels on December 25, 2010. It was later online on January 3, 2011. A poster was released there after on January 14, 2011. In February 2011, an exclusive online-only trailer was released on the \"Wimpy Kid Movie\" YouTube channel, officialwimpmovie. Due to the success of the first film in Singapore, the film was released there eight days before the US release on March 17, 2011. The film was released in Brazil on September 16, 2011.[8] A TV spot of the movie was released in March 2011.", "Greg Heffley. The second film Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules was released by 20th Century Fox on 25 March 2011 worldwide and 17 March in Singapore with the old cast reprising as their roles. The film was directed by David Bowers and it follows Greg and Rodrick's mother Susan's misguided attempts to force the two brothers to bond with each other through a system called \"Mom Bucks\". It received mixed reviews from critics though it has received several awards and has been nominated for several nominations, mostly at the 33rd Young Artist Awards.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series). Rodrick Rules is the second film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. It was released on March 25, 2011 and is based on the second book, Rodrick Rules with scenes from The Last Straw. Principal photography began on August 23, 2010 and was completed on October 27, 2010, with filming taking place in Vancouver and New Westminster. Rodrick Rules was directed by David Bowers, with Zachary Gordon reprising his role as Greg Heffley. New main characters include Holly Hills (Peyton List), Grandpa (Terence Kelly), and Bill Walter (Fran Kranz). Edward Shearmur composes the original score for the film.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules. Fox 2000 greenlit the sequel and Zachary Gordon returned as Greg Heffley.[9] Steve Zahn (Frank Heffley) and Rachael Harris (Susan Heffley) also returned. The film was directed by David Bowers and the screenplay was written by Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah. Principal photography began in Vancouver in August 2010.[citation needed] A few new characters appeared in the film, including Peyton List as Holly Hills. The trailer was seen with Gulliver's Travels.[citation needed] The film was released on March 25, 2011.[10]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film). Later, at the Heffley residence, Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw's house in Indianapolis. Greg's gaming star, Mac Digby, will be attending, and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so he will gain popularity. He acknowledges that he will have to somehow sneak off from the road trip and attend the Expo without his parents' knowledge, however. The Heffley family hits the road, where Greg, Rodrick, Frank, and Manny's devices are confiscated by Susan, who wants the road trip to be absolutely technology-free.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw. On August 3, 2012, a film based on this book and the fourth book, Dog Days, was released; the movie starred Zachary Gordon, Steve Zahn, Robert Capron, Devon Bostick, Rachael Harris, Peyton List, Grayson Russell and Karan Brar. Principal photography began on August 8, 2011 in Vancouver and was completed on October 7, 2011.[2] A poster was leaked in March 2012. A teaser trailer was attached to The Three Stooges.[3] An advance screening for the film was held on July 31, 2012.[4]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). The official Facebook account for Wimpy Kid had uploaded three clips from the film, as of March 1, 2010.[10]\nIn the United Kingdom and Ireland the film was released in cinemas on August 25, 2010.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film). The Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig, but Mr. Beardo and his family notices Greg and begins chasing after him but manages to outrun again. Back at the road, the Heffleys, unable to take care of the pig, drop it off at the petting zoo, much to Manny's dismay, but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention. Checking at the hotel room, Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo However, after Frank and Susan see their children on live TV, they go to get the boys themselves.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). A tie-in book, written by Kinney, called The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary was published on March 16, 2010, by Amulet Books (an imprint of Abrams Books). It includes film stills, storyboards, preliminary concept drawings, and also behind the scenes information to humorously chronicle the making of the film. It also includes some new illustrations.[11][12]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway. Greg Heffley and his family are getting out of town.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series). Jeff Kinney announced that a film based on the first book would be produced by 20th Century Fox. The film was released on March 19, 2010, moved up from an April 2 release date.[17] It was directed by Thor Freudenthal, who also directed Hotel for Dogs. The film starred Zachary Gordon as Greg, Robert Capron as Rowley (Greg's best friend), Steve Zahn as Frank (Greg's father), Rachael Harris as Susan (Greg's mother), Devon Bostick as Rodrick (Greg's older brother), Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny (Greg's younger brother), Chloë Grace Moretz as a new character named Angie, and Grayson Russell as Fregley.[4][18]", "Hi-de-Hi!. However, the majority of filming was done at Mill Rythe Holiday Village on Hayling Island in Hampshire.", "Bedknobs and Broomsticks. Filming took place at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. The castle scenes were shot on location at Corfe Castle, Dorset, England.[citation needed]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever. Temporarily, they abandon their project to start their own holiday bazaar after Greg buys \"Drummies\" (which are actually just pieces of fried chicken) at his local supermarket that are cheaper than the ones sold at his school's holiday bazaar, and decide to hang up posters advertising the bazaar on the walls of the school on a rainy day. However, the colored ink on the posters melts through into the brick walls, and the boys' antics are witnessed and published in the community newspaper, as their attempts at advertisement have inadvertently vandalized the school. Fears of being discovered fill Greg with paranoia, worrying that he will be arrested, and dreads the day where his identity will be unveiled.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series). Diary of a Wimpy Kid was released March 19, 2010,[2] as it moved up from a previously scheduled April 2 release date.[3] Principal production began on September 21, 2009 and was completed on October 16, 2009. The film was directed by Thor Freudenthal and starred Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley, Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley, Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley, Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley, Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman, Grayson Russell as Fregley, Laine MacNeil as Patty Farrell, and Karan Brar as Chirag Gupta. It is the only film in the series to be directed by Freudenthal. The Original Score for the movie was composed by Theodore Shapiro.", "Robert Capron. He started off with a role in Bride Wars and later had small parts in Hachiko: A Dog's Story and the Disney film The Sorcerer's Apprentice. His mother, Kaye Capron, played his character's mother in Diary of a Wimpy Kid. Capron lives in Scituate, Rhode Island, and has also been billed as Robert B. Capron. He currently attends Brown University for theater, film studies and screenwriting.", "Laine MacNeil. MacNeil was born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia. She began her acting career at a young age, and appeared in her first significant film production in a non-negligible marginal role. In Mr. Troop Mom with all-rounder George Lopez in 2009 she had the role of the Kayla. The following year the young actress came to her international breakthrough when she was cast in the role months before As Patty Farrell in the first film adaptation of the successful book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid. The first part of the film, including her older brother Donnie His first significant role in the film and television business, he mimed the character Wade.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film). The film was released on May 17, 2017, in the Philippines, May 19, 2017, in the United States, and May 20, 2017, in the United Kingdom.[5]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). Despite a lack of distinctive marketing, Diary of a Wimpy Kid drew a decent crowd, opening to $22.1 million on approximately 3,400 screens at 3,077 sites, notably beating out the heavily hyped The Bounty Hunter. It was the biggest start ever for a non-animated, non-fantasy children's book adaptation. Diary of a Wimpy Kid grossed more in its first three days than other film adaptions to children's novels like How to Eat Fried Worms and Hoot grossed in their entire runs.[18] The film grossed $64,003,625 in North America and $11,696,873 in other territories for a worldwide total of $75,700,498.[19]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series). In December 2012, Jeff Kinney announced that he was working on an animated adaptation of Cabin Fever to air around Christmas 2013. The adaptation would explain how Manny managed to redirect the power for all to his room and no one else's.[6] In August 2013, Kinney stated it would be a half-hour television special, and would air on Fox in late 2014. The film was teased with the conclusion of the 2012 animated short film Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Class Clown, which ended with a scene adapted from the Cabin Fever book. As of 2017, no updates of the project have been announced since.[7]", "Mr. Holland's Opus. The movie was written by Patrick Sheane Duncan, directed by Stephen Herek, and was filmed in and around Portland, Oregon, with many exterior and interior scenes taking place at Ulysses S. Grant High School.[3]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway. With the cold weather and the stress of the approaching holiday season, the Heffleys decide to escape to a tropical island resort for some much-needed rest and relaxation. A few days in paradise should do wonders for Greg and his frazzled family.", "Austin, Texas. Austin has been the location for a number of motion pictures, partly due to the influence of The University of Texas at Austin Department of Radio-Television-Film. Films produced in Austin include The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), Songwriter (1984), Man of the House, Secondhand Lions, Chainsaw Massacre 2, Nadine, Waking Life, Spy Kids, The Faculty, Dazed and Confused, Wild Texas Wind, Office Space, The Life of David Gale, Miss Congeniality, Doubting Thomas, Slacker, Idiocracy, The New Guy, Hope Floats, The Alamo, Blank Check, The Wendall Baker Story, School of Rock, A Slipping-Down Life, A Scanner Darkly, Saturday Morning Massacre, and most recently, the Coen brothers' True Grit, Grindhouse, Machete, How to Eat Fried Worms, Bandslam and Lazer Team. In order to draw future film projects to the area, the Austin Film Society has converted several airplane hangars from the former Mueller Airport into filmmaking center Austin Studios. Projects that have used facilities at Austin Studios include music videos by The Flaming Lips and feature films such as 25th Hour and Sin City. Austin also hosted the MTV series, The Real World: Austin in 2005. The film review websites Spill.com and Ain't It Cool News are based in Austin. Rooster Teeth Productions, creator of popular web series such as Red vs. Blue, and RWBY is also located in Austin.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a 2010 American live-action/animated comedy film directed by Thor Freudenthal and based on Jeff Kinney's book of the same name.[4][5][6] The film stars Zachary Gordon and Devon Bostick. Robert Capron, Rachael Harris, Steve Zahn, and Chloë Grace Moretz also have prominent roles. It is the first film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series, and was followed by three sequels, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (2011), Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (2012) and Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017).[7] The film earned $75.7 million on a $15 million budget. It is the only film in the series to be directed by Freudenthal, who was replaced by David Bowers for the rest of the installments. The film was theatrically released on March 19, 2010 in the United States by 20th Century Fox.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series). The likelihood of a fourth live action film was slim. Kinney has announced the possibility for an animated film to be based on Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever as the next installment. In an interview for the latest book Hard Luck, Jeff Kinney stated he was working with Fox on a half-hour special of Cabin Fever, which was to be aired in late 2014,[21][22] but has since been delayed. In September 2016, Jeff Kinney announced officially the production of a fourth film, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, on his Twitter account.[23]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). The film opened in second place at the weekend box office grossing $22.1 million, behind Alice in Wonderland.[18]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film). A few weeks later, Greg's best friend, Rowley Jefferson, takes Greg to the local country club, where his family are members of. Greg enjoys the lifestyle there and the fact that his crush, Holly Hills, teaches tennis there and he doesn't have to go to the book club.", "The Real World: San Diego. ^Note 1 : Age at the time of filming." ]

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[ "Beasts of the Southern Wild. The film was shot on 16mm film, and director Benh Zeitlin created the production with a small professional crew and dozens of local residents in and around Montegut, Louisiana. The filmmakers call themselves \"Court 13\" and are the first credited at the end of the film.[6] At her audition, Quvenzhané Wallis (who was five years old,[7][8] though the casting call had been for girls between six and nine) impressed the filmmakers with her reading ability, tremendous scream and ability to burp on command, all of which are used in the film.[9] Dwight Henry, who plays Wink, was not looking for an acting job and had no acting experience. As he explained in an interview with the San Diego Reader:", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. The film's fictional setting, \"Isle de Charles Doucet\", known to its residents as the Bathtub, was inspired by several isolated and independent fishing communities threatened by erosion, hurricanes and rising sea levels in Louisiana's Terrebonne Parish, most notably the rapidly eroding Isle de Jean Charles. It was filmed in Terrebonne Parish town Montegut.[5]", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. Beasts of the Southern Wild is a 2012 American drama film co-written, co-scored and directed by Benh Zeitlin. It was adapted by Zeitlin and Lucy Alibar from Alibar's one-act play Juicy and Delicious. After playing at film festivals, it was released on June 27, 2012, in New York and Los Angeles, and later distribution was expanded.", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. Before I was cast in the part I owned a bakery called Henry's Bakery and Deli right across the street from the casting agency where Court 13 had their studio. They used to come over and have lunch or breakfast in the morning. After a few months we kinda developed a relationship. They used to put these fliers in the bakery with a phone number to call if you were interested in appearing in one of their movies.[10]", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. During a slow hour, he read for the part, and was chosen. But at the time, Henry was in the middle of moving to a larger building (which would become the Buttermilk Drop Bakery and Café, in the Tremé neighborhood of New Orleans[11][12]), and the filmmakers had trouble finding him. He explained that he could not leave a new business, but they were determined to have him. Henry concluded, \"I was in Hurricane Katrina in neck-high water. I have an inside understanding for what this movie is about. I brought a passion to the part that an outside actor who had never seen a storm or been in a flood or faced losing everything couldn't have. … I was two-years-old when Hurricane Betsy hit New Orleans and my parents had to put me on the roof of the house. An outsider couldn't have brought the passion to the role that I did.\"[10]", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. The film won the Caméra d'Or award at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival[29] after competing in the Un Certain Regard section.[30][31] It also won the Grand Jury Prize: Dramatic at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival, where it premiered,[32] and the Grand Jury Prize at the 2012 Deauville American Film Festival. The film went on to earn the Los Angeles Film Festival's Audience Award for Best Narrative Feature and the Seattle International Film Festival's Golden Space Needle Award for Best Director.[33] In October, it was announced that the film had won the Sutherland Trophy for Most Innovative Debut.[34] On January 10, 2013, the film was nominated for four Oscars, in the categories of Best Picture, Best Director (Benh Zeitlin), Best Actress (Quvenzhané Wallis), and Adapted Screenplay (Lucy Alibar & Benh Zeitlin).[35][36] The script won the 2012 Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America.[37]", "Forces of Nature. Shooting took place over three days at South of the Border, a tourist attraction near Dillon, South Carolina.[2]", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. In an interview with People magazine, President Barack Obama described the film as \"spectacular.\"[26] The film's acclaim resulted in its Centerpiece screening at the 2012 Traverse City Film Festival.[27] Sight & Sound film magazine listed the film at #5 on its list of best films of 2012.[28]", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. The film has received largely positive critical reviews. According to Metacritic, which assigns aggregate scores from the amount of positive or negative critical reviews of films, Beasts of the Southern Wild has an 86/100 based on 44 critic reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[13] Similarly, Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film has received a \"Certified Fresh\" rating of 86% from 186 reviews (160 positive, 26 negative) with an average score of 8.2/10, with the consensus: \"Beasts of the Southern Wild is a fantastical, emotionally powerful journey and a strong case of filmmaking that values imagination over money.\"[14] The film was designated a 2012 \"Critics' Pick\" by the reviewers of The New York Times. Author and critic A. O. Scott, writing for The New York Times, calls Beasts a", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. Lou Lumenick of the New York Post says that, upon second viewing,", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. The performance of newcomer Quvenzhané Wallis has been met with critical acclaim. Amy Biancolli of the San Francisco Chronicle says,", "Song of the South. Production started under the title Uncle Remus.[4][5] The budget was originally $1,350,000.[18] The animated segments of the film were directed by Wilfred Jackson, while the live-action segments were directed by Harve Foster.[4] Filming began in December 1944 in Phoenix, where the studio had constructed a plantation and cotton fields for outdoor scenes, and Disney left for the location to oversee what he called \"atmospheric shots\".[4] Back in Hollywood, the live action scenes were filmed at the Samuel Goldwyn Studio.", "The Country Bears. It was filmed in Franklin, Tennessee as well as various locations in California.[1]", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. Scott subsequently named Beasts of the Southern Wild the third-best film of 2012.[16] Roger Ebert called the film a \"remarkable creation... Sometimes miraculous films come into being, made by people you've never heard of, starring unknown faces, blindsiding you with creative genius. \"Beasts of the Southern Wild\" is one of the year's best films.\"[17]", "The Wild North. Location filming started in Idaho in March 1951 with Granger and Corey. Filming was then halted to enable Granger to make The Light Touch (1951). Filming was scheduled to resume in July in Chipewyan, Alberta, Canada, where the actual events in Pedley's story had taken place.[7] Due to inclement weather in Canada, filming was completed in the United States.[3] [8]", "What We Did on Our Holiday. The film was shot on location in Glasgow and the Scottish Highlands between 27 June and 2 August 2013.[4] The beach scenes were filmed at Gairloch.[5] The family home of Gavin McLeod is in Drymen near Loch Lomond.[5] The ostriches farmed by Gordie's friend Doreen are actually located at Blair Drummond Safari Park.[5]", "Bend of the River. The film was filmed in Mount Hood, Sandy River and Timberline, Oregon.", "A United Kingdom. In October 2015 actors Jack Davenport and Tom Felton joined the cast.[12] In November 2015 some filming took place around Hyde Park/Kensington Gardens including Imperial College Union. The cinematographer was Sam McCurdy and the production designer was Simon Bowles.[citation needed]", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards at the 85th Academy Awards, in the categories Best Picture, Best Director (Benh Zeitlin), Best Adapted Screenplay (Lucy Alibar, Benh Zeitlin), and Best Actress (Quvenzhané Wallis). At age 9, Wallis became the youngest Best Actress nominee in history.[3][4]", "The River Wild. After completing filming all the whitewater sequences in Montana & Oregon, the main cast & crew then went to Boston, Massachusetts to film the remaining scenes from the beginning of the film. Production was completed in November.", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. \"the best reason to wade into this (let’s be honest) challenging but hugely rewarding film is Quvenzhané Wallis — a 6-year-old with no acting experience at the time of filming — who’s unforgettable as the film’s fierce young protagonist... It’s the effortlessly charismatic Wallis who deserves a Best Actress Oscar nomination.\"[21]", "The River Wild. Principal photography began in late July 1993. Many of the film's whitewater scenes were filmed on the Kootenai River. Other scenes were filmed on the Ruby Horsethief section of the Colorado River, the Rogue River in Southern Oregon, and the Middle Fork of the Flathead River. Streep did several of her own stunts in the film, on the milder river sections. The major whitewater stunts were performed by expert professional river guide Kelley Kalafatich who was hired as Streep's stunt double for the movie.", "Wrath of the Titans. Principal photography began on March 23, 2011. Filming took place in studios outside London and later shot on location in Surrey, South Wales and in the Canary Islands on the island of Tenerife and Torres del Paine National Park in Chilean Patagonia.[17]", "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. Principal photography commenced on 17 August 2015, at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden.", "McLintock!. The film was shot at Old Tucson Studios, west of Tucson, Arizona and also at San Rafael Ranch House - San Rafael State Natural Area South of Patagonia, Arizona and Nogales.[4][2]", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. \"blast of sheer, improbable joy, a boisterous, thrilling action movie with a protagonist who can hold her own... Hushpuppy, the 6-year-old heroine of 'Beasts of the Southern Wild,' has a smile to charm fish out of the water and a scowl so fierce it can stop monsters in their tracks. The movie, a passionate and unruly explosion of Americana, directed by Benh Zeitlin, winks at skepticism, laughs at sober analysis and stares down criticism.\"[15]", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. Many of the Bathtub residents flee an approaching storm. Wink reappears, staggering along the side of the road; he finds Hushpuppy and takes her home to start barricading before the storm hits. In an effort to make his daughter feel better, Wink attempts to scare off the storm by firing a rifle at the clouds. The next day, the two tour the devastation and connect with surviving residents.", "Memphis, Tennessee. Many of those and other films have also been filmed in Memphis including, Black Snake Moan, Walk the Line, Hustle & Flow, Forty Shades of Blue, 21 Grams, A Painted House, American Saint, The Poor and Hungry, Cast Away, Woman's Story, The Big Muddy, The Rainmaker, Finding Graceland, The People vs. Larry Flynt, The Delta, Teenage Tupelo, A Family Thing, Without Air, The Firm, The Client, The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag, Trespass, The Silence of the Lambs, Great Balls of Fire!, Elvis and Me, Mystery Train, Leningrad Cowboys Go America, Heart of Dixie, The Contemporary Gladiator, U2: Rattle and Hum, Making the Grade, The River Rat, The River, Hallelujah!, Elizabethtown, 3000 Miles to Graceland, A Face in the Crowd, Undefeated, Man on the Moon, Nothing But the Truth, Sore Losers, Soul Men, I Was a Zombie for the F.B.I., I'm From Hollywood, The Grace Card, This is Elvis, Cookie's Fortune, Open Five, The Open Road, In the Valley of Elah, Walk Hard, My Blueberry Nights, Savage Country, and Two-Lane Blacktop.[110]", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. As a storm approaches a southern Louisiana bayou community called the \"Bathtub\" (a community cut off from the rest of the world by a levee), six-year-old Hushpuppy and her ailing, hot-tempered father Wink are optimistic about their life and their future. The children in school are being taught by Miss Bathsheba about nature and the release of prehistoric aurochs from the melting ice caps. At home, Hushpuppy fends for herself while her father is missing. When he returns, he is wearing a hospital gown and bracelet. They argue, and when Hushpuppy returns to her house, she deliberately sets it on fire. A chase ensues between the two, and she ends up getting slapped by Wink. When she retaliates by punching him in the chest, Wink collapses. Hushpuppy, realizing the damage she has caused, runs for help only to find her father missing when she returns.", "The River Wild. In June 1993, Universal Studios began considering locations along the Middle Fork of the Flathead River and the Kootenai River in Montana. They also began to seek permits from the forest service and permission from private landowners to film near the falls and nearby West Glacier. Other than Montana for locations, the studio then began to scout the areas in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Wyoming. Before filming began, the crew spent two weeks doing research and development on whitewater rafting.", "North of 60. The series was filmed in Bragg Creek, Alberta.", "Beasts of the Southern Wild. \"Regarding Wallis' performance as Hushpuppy: it isn't one. It's a fact. Onscreen she simply is, a being as elemental, incontestable and strong as the advancing aurochs. She was 6 when the film was shot, yet the ferociousness of her presence – the anger and wisdom inside her – suggest someone older or ageless.\"[20]" ]

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[ "Mollisol. Mollisols occur in savannahs and mountain valleys (such as Central Asia, or the North American Great Plains). These environments have historically been strongly influenced by fire and abundant pedoturbation from organisms such as ants and earthworms. It was estimated that in 2003, only 14 to 26 percent of grassland ecosystems still remained in a relatively natural state (that is, they were not used for agriculture due to the fertility of the A horizon). Globally, they represent ~7% of ice-free land area. As the world's most agriculturally productive soil order, the Mollisols represent one of the more economically important soil orders.", "Mollisol. Mollisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Mollisols form in semi-arid to semi-humid areas, typically under a grassland cover. They are most commonly found in the mid-latitudes, namely in North America, mostly east of the Rocky Mountains, in South America in Argentina (Pampas) and Brazil, and in Asia in Mongolia and the Russian Steppes. Their parent material is typically base-rich and calcareous and include limestone, loess, or wind-blown sand. The main processes that lead to the formation of grassland Mollisols are melanisation, decomposition, humification and pedoturbation.", "Brown. A profile of layers of Mollisols, the soil type found in the Great Plains of the U.S., the Pampas in Argentina, and the Russian Steppes.", "Mollisol. Mollisols have deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), typically between 60–80 cm in depth. This fertile surface horizon, known as a mollic epipedon, is the defining diagnostic feature of Mollisols. Mollic epipedons result from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots, and typically have soft, granular, soil structure.", "Mollisol. Soils which are in most ways similar to Mollisols but contain either continuous or discontinuous permafrost and are consequently affected by cryoturbation are common in the high mountain plateaux of Tibet and the Andean altiplano. Such soils are known as Molliturbels or Mollorthels and provide the best grazing land in such cold climates because they are not acidic like many other soils of very cold climates.", "Mollisol. Though most of the other soil orders known today existed by the time of the Carboniferous Ice Age 280 million years ago, Mollisols are not known from the paleopedological record any earlier than the Eocene. Their development is very closely associated with the cooling and drying of the global climate that occurred during the Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene.", "Geography of Cambodia. \"Sandy surface textures are more prevalent than the deep sandy soils that fit the definition for Arenosols. Sandy textured profiles are common amongst the most prevalent soil groups, including Acrisols and Leptosols. The Acrisols are the most prevalent soil group occupying the lowlands - nearly half of the land area of Cambodia. Low fertility and toxic amounts of aluminium pose limitations to its agricultural use, crops that can be successfully cultivated include rubber tree, oil palm, coffee and sugar cane.[32] The main subgroups are: Gleyic Acrisols (20.5%, Haplic Acrisols (13.3%), Plinthic Acrisol (8.7%) and Ferric Acrisol (6.3%).\"[33]", "Mollisol. Other soils which have a mollic epipedon are classified as Vertisols because the presence of high shrink swell characteristics and relatively high clay contents takes precedence over the mollic epipedon. These are especially common in parts of South America in the Paraná River basin that have abundant but erratic rainfall and extensive deposition of clay-rich minerals from the Andes. Mollic epipedons also occur in some Andisols but the andic properties take precedence.", "Luzon. Six major Philippine ethnolinguistic groups predominate Luzon. Ilocanos dominate northern Luzon, while Kapampangans and Pangasinenses, as well as Tagalogs and Sambals, populate Central Luzon. Tagalogs dominate the National Capital Region, CALABARZON and the island provinces of Marinduque and Mindoro, while Bicolanos populate the southern Bicol peninsula. Visayans mainly predominate in the island provinces of Masbate, Palawan and Romblon.", "Geography of the Philippines. The Cordilleras and Caraballos, together with the Sierra Madre Range, form the main mountain system in Northern Luzon.", "Demographics of South America. Black phenotype and Mulatto population are respectively 18 and 48 million, when combined 66 million. Mulattos have a range of 60 to 80% European genes and are mostly found in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana where French ancestry Mulattos are the majority. To a much smaller percentage degree they can be found in Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia and Paraguay. The Guianas region where today are the independent states of Guyana and Suriname as well as France overseas department of French Guiana is home to the Maroons (formerly called \"Bush Negroes\") who are of African descent, with some Amerindian admixture. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the Maroni River.", "Geography of Karnataka. Eleven groups of soil orders are found in Karnataka viz. Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Spodosols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Aridisols, Vertisols, Andisols and Histosols.[4] Depending on the agricultural capability of the soil, the soil types are divided into six types viz., Red, lateritic (lateritic soil is found in bidar and kolar district), black, alluvio-colluvial, forest and coastal soils.[5] The common types of soil groups found in Karnataka are:[5]", "Limestone. Limestone is a parent material of Mollisol soil group.", "Mexican cuisine. West of Mexico City are the states of Michoacán, Jalisco and Colima, as well as the Pacific coast. The cuisine of Michoacan is based on the Purepecha culture, which still dominates most of the state. The area has a large network of rivers and lakes providing fish. Its use of corn is perhaps the most varied. While atole is drunk in most parts of Mexico, it is made with more different flavors in Michoacán, including blackberry, cascabel chile and more. Tamales come in different shapes, wrapped in corn husks. These include those folded into polyhedrons called corundas and can vary in name if the filling is different. In the Bajío area, tamales are often served with a meat stew called churipo, which is flavored with cactus fruit.[64][65]", "Agriculture in Mexico. Many of these crops are important regionally. Wheat is the most important crop in the northwest, now the center of Mexico’s grain production. Other important crops in the northwest are winter vegetables such as tomatoes and lettuce as well as oilseeds. The traditional area for grain production in Mexico was the Bajío region. The region still produces wheat, corn, vegetables, peanuts, strawberries and beans, mostly on small holdings.[5] Wine grapes are grown in areas such as Baja California, Coahuila and Querétaro. Mexico produces two crops not generally produced elsewhere, henequen used to produce a strong fiber and maguey, both in the agave family. Maguey is used for the making of pulque as well as mezcal. Tequila is a type of mezcal made from the blue agave in a designated zone mostly in Jalisco.[3][5]", "Morus (plant). Anthocyanin content depends on climate and area of cultivation, and is particularly high in sunny climates.[20] This finding holds promise for tropical countries that grow mulberry trees as part of the practice of sericulture to profit from industrial anthocyanin production through the recovery of anthocyanins from the mulberry fruit.", "Malbec. Other AVAs in the United States producing Malbec include the New York appellations of North Fork of Long Island and Finger Lakes; the Oregon appellations of Applegate Valley, Rogue Valley, Southern Oregon, Umpqua Valley and Willamette Valley; the Idaho appellation of the Snake River Valley; the Texas appellations of Texas High Plains and Texas Hill Country; the Virginia appellations of Monticello and North Fork of Roanoke; the North Carolina appellation of the Yadkin Valley; the Michigan appellations of the Old Mission Peninsula and Leelanau Peninsula; the New Jersey appellation of the Outer Coastal Plain and the Colorado appellation of the Grand Valley. Additionally there are some plantings in Missouri and Georgia outside of federally delineated appellations.[7]", "Midwestern United States. The Corn Belt is a region of the Midwest where corn has, since the 1850s, been the predominant crop, replacing the native tall grasses. The \"Corn Belt\" region is defined typically to include Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, western Ohio, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southern Minnesota, and parts of Missouri.[72] As of 2008, the top four corn-producing states were Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Minnesota, together accounting for more than half of the corn grown in the United States.[73] The Corn Belt also sometimes is defined to include parts of South Dakota, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Kentucky.[74] The region is characterized by relatively level land and deep, fertile soils, high in organic matter.[75]", "Ethnic groups in the Philippines. The people practice agriculture with cassava as the major source of carbohydrates. They also plant sweet potatoes, sugarcane, malunggay (Moringa oleifera), garlic, pepper, string beans, squash, tomatoes and pineapples. Others practice fishing, hunting and industrial arts. Their social organizations are based on family (kin ties), band (type of substinence activity) and settlement (geographic location).", "Mountain states. Together with the Pacific States of Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington, the Mountain States constitute the broader region of the West, one of the four regions the United States Census Bureau formally recognizes (the Northeast, South, and Midwest being the other three). The terrain of the Mountain West is more diverse than any other region in the United States. Its physical geography ranges from some of the highest mountain peaks in the continental United States, to large desert lands, and rolling plains in the eastern portion of the region. The Mountain West states contain all of the major deserts found in North America. The Great Basin Desert is located in almost all of Nevada, western Utah, and southern Idaho. Portions of the Mojave Desert are located in California, but over half of the desert is located in southern Nevada, in the Mountain West. Meanwhile, the Sonoran Desert is located in much of Arizona, and the Chihuahuan Desert is located in most of southwestern and southern New Mexico, including White Sands and Jornada del Muerto. Colorado also has scattered desert lands in the southern and northwestern portions of the state, including the expansive San Luis Valley.", "Agriculture in Mexico. After cows are goats, with 20% raised in the north, 58% in Central Mexico and 22% in the south. Most of these goats are criollos, descendants of those the Spanish brought with Nubian, Alpino and Saanen breeds being introduced. Seventy five percent of dairy goats are raised in Coahuila, Durango and Guanajuato. About two thirds of meat production is on eight states in various parts of Mexico. Following goats are sheep with 16% raised in the north, 60% in central Mexico and 24% in the south. Criollo and Rambouillet are dominant in the north, with Suffolk and Hampshire dominating since their introduction in the 1970s in central Mexico. In southern Mexico breeds for tropical areas such as Pelibuey, Black-belly and Katahdin increasingly dominate.[1]", "Puebloans. Archeological evidence suggest that people part-taking in the Mogollon /moʊɡəˈjoʊn/ culture were initially foragers who augmented their subsistence through the development of farming. Around the first millennium CE, however, farming became the main means to obtain food. Water control features are common among Mimbres branch sites, which date from the 10th through 12th centuries CE.", "Soil. Soil colour is often the first impression one has when viewing soil. Striking colours and contrasting patterns are especially noticeable. The Red River of the South carries sediment eroded from extensive reddish soils like Port Silt Loam in Oklahoma. The Yellow River in China carries yellow sediment from eroding loess soils. Mollisols in the Great Plains of North America are darkened and enriched by organic matter. Podsols in boreal forests have highly contrasting layers due to acidity and leaching.", "Sugarcane. The global demand for sugar is the primary driver of sugarcane agriculture. Cane accounts for 80% of sugar produced; most of the rest is made from sugar beets. Sugarcane predominantly grows in the tropical and subtropical regions (sugar beets grow in colder temperate regions). Other than sugar, products derived from sugarcane include falernum, molasses, rum, cachaça (a traditional spirit from Brazil), bagasse, and ethanol. In some regions, people use sugarcane reeds to make pens, mats, screens, and thatch. The young, unexpanded inflorescence of tebu telor is eaten raw, steamed, or toasted, and prepared in various ways in certain island communities of Indonesia.[3]", "Basques. In Mexico most Basques are concentrated in the cities of Monterrey, Saltillo, Reynosa, Camargo, and the states of Jalisco, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Coahuila. The Basques were important in the mining industry; many were ranchers and vaqueros (cowboys), and the rest opened small shops in major cities such as Mexico City, Guadalajara and Puebla. In Guatemala, most Basques have been concentrated in Sacatepequez Department, Antigua Guatemala, Jalapa for six generations now, while some have migrated to Guatemala City.", "Race and ethnicity in the United States. White Americans are the majority in every census-defined region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West) and in every state except Hawaii,[10] but contribute the highest proportion of the population in the Midwestern United States, at 85% per the Population Estimates Program (PEP),[4] or 83% per the American Community Survey (ACS).[11][verification needed] Non-Hispanic Whites make up 79% of the Midwest's population, the highest ratio of any region.[5] However, 35% of White Americans (whether all White Americans or non-Hispanic/Latino only) live in the South, the most of any region.[4][5]", "Hispanic and Latino Americans. Over half of the Hispanic/Latino population is concentrated in the Southwest region, mostly composed of Mexican Americans. California and Texas have some of the largest populations of Mexicans and Central American Latinos in the United States. The Northeast region is dominated by Puerto Ricans and Dominican Americans, having the highest concentrations of both in the country. In the Mid Atlantic region, centered on the DC Metro Area, Salvadoran Americans are the largest of Hispanic groups. Florida is dominated by Cuban Americans and Puerto Ricans. In both the Great Lakes States and the South Atlantic States, Mexicans and Puerto Ricans dominate. Mexicans dominate in the rest of the country, including the Western United States, South Central United States and Great Plains states.", "Corn Belt. As of 2008, the top four corn-producing states were Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska and Minnesota accounting for more than half of the corn growth in the United States.[6]", "Ozarks. Early settlers relied on hunting, fishing, and trapping, and foraging to supplement their diets and incomes.[35] Today hunting and fishing for recreation are common activities and an important part of the tourist industry. Foraging for mushrooms (especially morels) and for ginseng is common and financially supported by established buyers in the area. Other forages include poke, watercress, persimmons and pawpaw; wild berries such as blackberry, black raspberry, raspberry, red mulberry, black cherry, wild strawberry and dewberry; and wild nuts such as black walnut and even acorns.[61] Edible native legumes, wild grasses and wildflowers are plentiful, and beekeeping is common.[62]", "Economy of the Philippines. The Philippines is one of the largest producers of sugar in the world.[89] At least 17 provinces located in eight regions of the nation have grown sugarcane crops, of which the Negros Island Region accounts for half of the country’s total production. As of Crop Year 2012-2013, 29 mills are operational divided as follows: 13 mills in Negros, 6 mills in Luzon, 4 mills in Panay, 3 mills in Eastern Visayas and 3 mills in Mindanao.[90] A range from 360,000 to 390,000 hectares are devoted to sugarcane production. The largest sugarcane areas are found in the Negros Island Region, which accounts for 51% of sugarcane areas planted. This is followed by Mindanao which accounts for 20%; Luzon by 17%; Panay by 07% and Eastern Visayas by 04%.[91]", "Ethnic groups in Latin America. Similarly, later on, when African slaves were introduced into the Caribbean basin region, unions between them and Spaniards produced a population of mulatos, who are a majority of the population in the Caribbean islands (the Antilles) (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico), as well as other areas of the Caribbean region (Colombia, Venezuela and parts of the Central American Caribbean coast). mestizos (sic) and mulatos may not have always have been first class citizens in their countries, but they were never disowned in the way the outcomes of unions of Europeans and Native Americans were in the British colonies, where interracial marriages were taboo and one drop of Black or Amerindian blood was enough to make the person 'impure'.", "Soil. The above soil orders in sequence of increasing degree of development are Entisols, Inceptisols, Aridisols, Mollisols, Alfisols, Spodosols, Ultisols, and Oxisols. Histosols and Vertisols may appear in any of the above at any time during their development." ]

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[ "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. McCracken conceived the series after adopting two dogs from an animal shelter and applying the concept to imaginary friends. The show first premiered on Cartoon Network on August 13, 2004, as a 90-minute television film. On August 20, it began its normal run of twenty-to-thirty-minute episodes on Fridays, at 7 pm. The series finished its run on May 3, 2009, with a total of six seasons and seventy-nine episodes. McCracken left Cartoon Network shortly after the series ended. Reruns have aired on Boomerang from August 11, 2012 to November 3, 2013 and again from June 1, 2014 to April 3, 2017.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends premiered on August 13, 2004, at 7:30 pm E/P as a 90-minute special titled \"House of Bloo's\". The series' run began on August 20 on its normal timeslot of Fridays at 7 pm.[11] The special was Cartoon Network's highest rated premiere at the time.[15] 18 shorts were produced from 2006 to 2007. In addition to the premiere episode, two other specials were produced: \"Good Wilt Hunting\", which premiered on November 23, 2006, at 7 pm,[17] and \"Destination: Imagination\", which premiered on November 27, 2008, at 8 pm.[12] The final episode, titled \"Goodbye to Bloo\", aired on May 3, 2009, at 6:30 pm, preceded by a six-hour marathon of other episodes from the series. McCracken expressed a certain sadness at the series' end, but stated that he was \"crazy proud of the work\" that he and the production team had done \"on Foster's and the fact that it worked just the way [they] wanted it to\".[18] During its original run, Foster's was one of Cartoon Network's highest rated shows.[19][20][21][22] The show proved to be popular among both younger and older audiences.[13]", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends (commonly abbreviated as Foster's) is an American animated television series created by Craig McCracken for Cartoon Network Studios. The series, set in a world in which imaginary friends coexist with humans, centers on an 8-year-old boy, Mac, who is pressured by his mother to abandon his imaginary friend, Bloo. After Mac discovers an orphanage dedicated to housing abandoned imaginary friends, Bloo moves into the home and is kept from adoption so long as Mac visits him daily. The episodes revolve around Mac and Bloo as they interact with other imaginary friends and house staff and live out their day-to-day adventures, often getting caught up in various predicaments.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. On May 15, 2006, Cartoon Network introduced an online game, Big Fat Awesome House Party, which allowed players to create an online friend to join Bloo and the others in a one-year game online, earning points that would give them gifts, cards and other on-line \"merchandise\" for their albums. A player's friend, made from one of over 900,000 possible characters, could wind up in a future episode of Foster's.[20][21] Over 13 million users were registered to play the game after its launch in May 2006. Because of its success and popularity, Cartoon Network announced in May 2007 that the game would continue for six more months, into November of that year.[21][49]", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends is the first show made by Cartoon Network animated primarily with Adobe Flash.", "List of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends episodes. Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends is an American animated television series created by Craig McCracken for Cartoon Network Studios. The series centers on an eight-year-old boy, Mac, who is pressured by his mother to abandon his imaginary friend Bloo, who moves into an orphanage for imaginary friends, and is kept from adoption so that Mac can visit him daily. The episodes center on the day-to-day adventures and predicaments in which Mac, Bloo and other characters get involved.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. The series was created by Craig McCracken, who had also created The Powerpuff Girls for Cartoon Network Studios. McCracken developed the idea for the series after adopting two dogs from an animal shelter with his then-fiancée Lauren Faust and Mike Moon; he adapted the concept of pet adoption to that of imaginary friends.[11] The show has an art style which is meant to evoke, according to McCracken, \"that period of late 60's psychedelia when Victorian stylings were coming into trippy poster designs\". McCracken wanted Foster's to be similar to The Muppet Show, which he believed was a \"fun, character driven show that the whole family could enjoy\".[11][12][13]", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. There are two video games based on Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. The first has the same name as the show and was developed by Crave Entertainment for the Game Boy Advance. It was released on October 17, 2006.[44] In the game, players control Mac or Bloo while collecting items to complete objectives.[45] Jack Devries of IGN rated it a 5.5 out of 10, stating that it \"falls short\" and is \"skippable\".[45] The second game, titled Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends: Imagination Invaders, was released on November 12, 2007, for the Nintendo DS by Midway. In the game, the player controls Bloo, who performs tasks and completes quests while fighting against \"Space Nut Boogies\".[46] Devries rated it 4 out of 10, calling it \"terrible to play\" and \"completely worthless\".[46] Characters from the show also appear on the games Cartoon Network: Punch Time Explosion and FusionFall.[47][48]", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. In the series' premiere episode, a young boy named Mac is pressured by his mother to abandon his imaginary friend Bloo, since she believes that he is too old to keep him. Bloo sees an advertisement on television about Foster's Home and tells Mac, who takes him there, only to find out the home is an orphanage and if Bloo were to reside there, he would be available to be adopted by another child. Mac then bargains with Frankie, Herriman and Madame Foster and they agree to guard Bloo from adoption so long as Mac continues to visit the center daily. During the series, Mac visits the home everyday after school. The show focuses on the escapades experienced by the mischievous Bloo, Mac, and the array of eccentric, colorful characters inhabiting Foster's, and the obstacles with which they are challenged.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends was praised by critics and received high ratings during its original run, becoming popular among both younger and older audiences. It received many industry accolades, including five Annie Awards and seven Emmy Awards, winning a total of sixteen awards out of thirty-five nominations. It has since been named by Entertainment Weekly as one of the best Cartoon Network shows and by IGN as the 85th best animated series of all time.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. In March 2006, toys of characters from the show were featured in Burger King's Kids Meals.[50][55] In December 2007, Cartoon Network and Hot Topic retail stores in the United States set up a boutique for a product line based on the series, with over 693 locations featuring products such as clothing, accessories and DVD releases by Warner Home Video.[22] The episodes from the series are now available for download from Hulu, iTunes and Amazon Video. The show's second season was available on Netflix until March 2015.[56][57] All 6 seasons were added to Hulu in May 2015.[58][59]", "List of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends episodes. It is time for the Five Year Creator Reunion Picnic, where imaginary friends' creators come to Foster's to see their former friends. One friend's creator, however, is missing: Wilt's. Wilt, believing that his creator is still mad at him for a past let-down, sets off on a cross-country journey to set things straight. Meanwhile, Mac, Bloo, and Frankie, along with Eduardo and his creator Officer Nina Valerosa and Coco and the two scientists who discovered her, set out to find Wilt and bring him back home.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends received many industry accolades. The series received sixteen awards out of a total of thirty-five nominations. At the Annie Awards, the show received a total of twenty nominations from 2004 to 2009, and won five, including Best Animated Television Production in 2007.[30][31][32][33][34][35] At the Emmy Awards, the show received nine nominations, and won seven awards, including five Outstanding Individual Achievements in Animation and one Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour or More) award.[36][37][38][39][40] At the 2005 Pulcinella Awards, Foster's received the award for Best TV Series for All Audiences and Bloo was named \"Best Character of the Year.\"[41] At the 22nd TCA Awards, the show received a nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming.[42] At the 2007 Ottawa International Animation Festival, the series won Best Television Animation for Children.[43]", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. The series is set in a universe in which childhood imaginary friends coexist with humans. In the show's universe, imaginary friends take physical form and become real as soon as children think them up. Once children outgrow them, friends are relocated to the titular orphanage, where they stay until other children adopt them. The home is run by the elderly Madame Foster, its lovable, kind founder; her imaginary friend Mr. Herriman, the strict rule-abider and business manager; and her granddaughter Frankie, who handles day-to-day operations.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends received critical acclaim. Anita Gates of The New York Times praised the series' premiere 90-minute episode and stated that the series would promise to be an \"admirable tale of loyalty and adventure-based learning with a contagious sense of fun\".[9] Mike Pinsky, in a review on DVD Verdict, praised the art design and the characterizations,[23] particularly singling out Cheese as possibly \"the quintessence of Foster's surreal charm\" in his season two review.[24] David Cornelius of DVD Talk called the series \"one of the best shows of any kind [then] on television, a winner for viewers of any age\" and \"a wildly inventive mix of creative wonder, comic genius, and well-crafted chaos\". In a season two review, also on DVD Talk, Cornelius called the show \"flat-out perfect\".[25][26] Joly Herman of Common Sense Media, an advocacy group focused on appropriate technology and media for children, was less enthusiastic about the show, rating it 2 stars out of 5. Herman praised the creativity and diversity of the characters and the show's premise, but criticized the storyline and writing, which presented \"confusing messages\" for young children.[27]", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. The show has seventy-nine episodes in six seasons; it has also aired eighteen shorts.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. From 2006 to 2008, Cartoon Network furnished a Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends float as part of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. The float was fashioned as a replica of the home.[50] On Thanksgiving Day, 2006, characters from the show performed The Beatles' \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". In 2007, the characters' performance of You're My Best Friend by Queen. In 2008, the characters' performance of Harry Nilsson's theme song to The Courtship of Eddie's Father[51] was interrupted by Rick Astley singing \"Never Gonna Give You Up\", reproducing the Internet phenomena of Rickrolling.[52][53][54]", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. The series was named the 85th best animated series of all time by IGN, which called it very funny and endearing.[28] Entertainment Weekly named the show the 6th best Cartoon Network show in their top 10 list, praising its \"catchy magical-realist setting\" and the characters \"you genuinely learned to care about\".[29]", "List of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends episodes. One morning, Mac wakes up to find that he is unintentionally created another imaginary friend named Cheese. Madame Foster allows the same rules as there are for Bloo, but Bloo does not approve of his new brother. After many attempts to get rid of him, Cheese disappears on his own. Bloo realizes that Foster's could be a very dangerous place for one so stupid as Cheese.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. Animation for the show was done using a process involving Adobe software Illustrator, Flash and After Effects.[14] McCracken directed, executive produced and story edited the series. Most of the episodes were produced at the Cartoon Network Studios in Burbank, California, while the rest were produced at Boulder Media Limited in Dublin, Ireland.[14][15] The theme song was composed by James L. Venable, who had originally collaborated with McCracken on The Powerpuff Girls.[14] Craig described the music as \"psychedelic ragtime\".[11] Additional music was composed by Venable and Jennifer Kes Remington.[16]", "Cartoon Network: Punch Time Explosion. Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends", "The Fosters (2013 TV series). Finally, the first televised promo appeared on ABC Family on April 19, 2013.[48]", "List of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends episodes. A termite infestation at Foster's forces Mr. Herriman to move the Friends into a hotel for the night. While at the hotel, Bloo, being rambunctious, gets out of hand, disobeying all of Mr. Herriman's rules. To get rid of him, Wilt, Eduardo, and Coco play a prank on Bloo, though Mr. Herriman believes Bloo did it. Bloo, angry at Coco, challenges her to a prank war, turning the night into an outrageous chain of pranks.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. Other recurring characters include Terrence (voiced by Tara Strong), Mac's older brother who constantly bullies him; Duchess (voiced by Grey DeLisle), a friend with a Cubist-looking face[9] and a pompous, narcissistic personality; Cheese (voiced by Candi Milo), a dim-witted and childish yellow friend who first appeared in season two; and Goo (voiced by Grey DeLisle), a talkative young girl who is highly imaginative and constantly creates new friends, first appearing in season three.", "The Fosters (2013 TV series). The Fosters is an American family drama television series created by Peter Paige and Bradley Bredeweg which first premiered in the United States on June 3, 2013 on the Freeform (previously named ABC Family) television network. It follows the lives of the Foster family led by lesbian couple Stef and Lena, a cop and school vice principal, respectively, who raise one biological and four adopted children in San Diego, California.", "List of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends characters. This is a list of characters from the Cartoon Network animated television series Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends.", "List of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends episodes. Note: All episodes were directed by series creator Craig McCracken, with the only co-direction of Rob Renzetti in \"Destination: Imagination\".", "List of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends episodes. Bloo is convinced that Cheese is a spy working for an evil extraterrestrial organization to steal the brains of everyone on earth after seeing a sci-fi movie and reading a tabloid newspaper where it's pictures is similar to him. Later on, Frankie and everyone else (including Bloo) is stuck in an out of control day of errands and priorities, which causes upper bedlam when Cheese screams \"gotta go\" hundreds of times and Bloo uses the observatory intercom to communicate with aliens from outer space. This is a very special episode about alien invasion and started \"Cartoon Network Invaded\" at the time.", "The Fosters (2013 TV series). On October 8, 2012, more than seven months prior to the series debut, the socially conservative One Million Moms organization, a division of the American Family Association, which has been classified as a hate and extremist group by the Southern Poverty Law Center,[64] condemned Lopez and the show, encouraging audiences to boycott it.[65][66] The group, which has routinely advocated against the depiction of same-sex couples in the media, stated: \"While foster care and adoption is a wonderful thing and the Bible does teach us to help orphans, this program is attempting to redefine marriage and family by having two moms raise these children together.\"[67][68] They issued the following statement:", "Hanna-Barbera. 1980 saw the debuts of Super Friends, The Flintstone Comedy Show, The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang and Richie Rich. New programs emerged in 1981, such as Laverne & Shirley, Space Stars, The Kwicky Koala Show and Trollkins. Taft purchased Ruby-Spears from Filmways the same year, becoming a sister company to Hanna-Barbera. While other animation companies of Rankin-Bass, Filmation, Marvel Productions and Sunbow Productions, introduced successful shows based on action figures and toy lines, Hanna-Barbera continued to produce for Saturday mornings and weekday afternoons, but no longer dominated the TV animation market as it did formerly and its control over children's programming went down from 80% to 20%.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. Collette Sunderman was the casting and recording director for the show.[14][16] Sean Marquette was cast as Mac, and Keith Ferguson was cast as Bloo. The Powerpuff Girls voice actors Tom Kane, Tom Kenny and Tara Strong were cast in Foster's as Mr. Herriman, Eduardo and Terrence, respectively. Grey DeLisle was cast as Frankie Foster, and Candi Milo was cast as Coco and Madame Foster. From season two onwards, Milo also lent her voice to Cheese. DeLisle also voiced Goo after the character's debut in season three.[16]", "Cartoon Network. In 2004, Cartoon Network premiered three new original series: Megas XLR, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, and Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi. As well as Code Lyoko despite being acquired. On June 14, Cartoon Network debuted an updated version of its original logo (with the checkerboard motif retained and the \"C\" and \"N\" being the centerpiece) and a new slogan, \"This is Cartoon Network!\"[23] The bumpers introduced as part of the rebrand featured 2D cartoon characters from its shows interacting in a CGI city composed of sets from their shows. These bumpers lasted from 2004 to 2007. By now, nearly all of Cartoon Network's classic programming had been relocated to its sister network Boomerang to make way for new programming." ]

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[ "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975.", "Vietnam War. + The US: The US’s involvement in the war started when they invested in the French war effort during the 1950s, they offered military support to the South and directly involved on the battle field during the 1960s until they completely withdrawn their force in 1973.", "Military history of the United States. The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1955 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as \"Viet Cong.\" Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.[54]", "Vietnam War. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina.[68][A 3] Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S.[69] U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962.[70] U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam.", "Timeline of United States military operations. 1955–1975: Vietnam War: U.S. military advisers had been in South Vietnam for a decade, and their numbers had been increased as the military position of the Saigon government became weaker. After citing what he falsely termed were attacks on U.S. destroyers, in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident, President Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing U.S. determination to support \"freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia.\" Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving President Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in Southeast Asia. Following this resolution, and following a communist attack on a U.S. installation in central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in the war to a peak of 543,000 military personnel by April 1969.[RL30172]", "French Indochina. The events of 1954 marked the beginnings of serious United States involvement in Vietnam and the ensuing Vietnam War. Laos and Cambodia also became independent in 1954, but were both drawn into the Vietnam War.", "History of North America. During this time the United States became involved in the Vietnam War as part of the global Cold War. This war would later prove to be highly divisive in American society, and American troops were withdrawn from Indochina in 1975 with the Khmer Rouge's capture of Phnom Penh in April 17, the Vietnam People's Army's capture of Saigon in April 30 and the Pathet Lao's capture of Vientiane in December 2.", "Foreign policy of the United States. United States involved in Vietnam War in 1955 to 1975. In 1995, President Bill Clinton announced the formal normalization of diplomatic relations with Vietnam. Today, the U.S. eyes Vietnam as a potential strategic ally in Southeast Asia.[186]", "War in Vietnam (1954–59). On February 12, 1955, the U.S. assumed responsibility for training Vietnamese forces, and the French disassociation began.[15]", "Vietnam War. More than 3 million Americans served in the Vietnam War, some 1.5 million of whom actually saw combat in Vietnam.[352] James E. Westheider wrote that \"At the height of American involvement in 1968, for example, there were 543,000 American military personnel in Vietnam, but only 80,000 were considered combat troops.\"[353] Conscription in the United States had been controlled by the president since World War II, but ended in 1973.", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. On January 15, 1973, citing progress in peace negotiations, Nixon announced the suspension of all offensive actions against North Vietnam, to be followed by a unilateral withdrawal of all U.S. troops. The Paris Peace Accords on \"Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam\" were signed on January 27, officially ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.", "Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War began with demonstrations in 1964 against the escalating role of the U.S. military in the Vietnam War and grew into a broad social movement over the ensuing several years. This movement informed and helped shape the vigorous and polarizing debate, primarily in the United States, during the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s on how to end the war.[1]", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. The first U.S. prisoners of war were released by North Vietnam on February 11, and all U.S. military personnel were ordered to leave South Vietnam by March 29. As an inducement for Thieu's government to sign the agreement, Nixon had promised that the U.S. would provide financial and limited military support (in the form of air strikes) so that the South would not be overrun. But Nixon was fighting for his political life in the growing Watergate scandal and facing an increasingly hostile Congress that withheld funding. The President was able to exert little influence on a hostile public long sick of the Vietnam War.", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. With the advent of Rolling Thunder, American airbases and facilities needed to be constructed and manned for the aerial effort. The defense of those bases would not be entrusted to the South Vietnamese. So, on March 8, 1965, 3,500 United States Marines came ashore at Da Nang as the first wave of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, adding to the 25,000 U.S. military advisers already in place. On May 5 the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade became the first U.S. Army ground unit committed to the conflict in South Vietnam. On August 18, Operation Starlite began as the first major U.S. ground operation, destroying an NLF stronghold in Quảng Ngãi Province. The NLF learned from their defeat and subsequently tried to avoid fighting an American-style ground war by reverting to small-unit guerrilla operations.", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. On August 18, Australia and New Zealand decided to withdraw their troops from the conflict. The total number of U.S. forces in South Vietnam dropped to 196,700 on October 29, 1971, the lowest level since January 1966. On November 12, 1971, Nixon set a February 1, 1972 deadline for the removal of another 45,000 troops.", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. On July 27, 1964, 5,000 additional U.S. military advisers were ordered to the Republic of Vietnam (RVN or South Vietnam), bringing the total American troop level to 21,000. Shortly thereafter an incident occurred off the coast of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) that was destined to escalate the conflict to new levels and lead to the full scale Americanization of the war.", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. By mid-1967, Westmoreland said that it was conceivable that U.S. forces could be phased out of the war within two years, turning over progressively more of the fighting to the ARVN.[22] That fall, however, savage fighting broke out in the northern provinces. Beginning below the DMZ at Con Tien and then spreading west to the Laotian border near Dak To, large PAVN forces began to stand their ground and fight. This willingness of the communists to remain fixed in place inspired MACV to send reinforcements from other sectors of South Vietnam. The Border Battles had begun.", "United States news media and the Vietnam War. By 1968, America had officially been at war with Vietnam for four years, but U.S. involvement in Vietnamese affairs went back as far as the early 1950s, when France required aid from the U.S., as well as South Vietnam, essentially a puppet state of the U.S., in maintaining control over French Indochina, and public support of the war had begun to wane. In January 1968, Vietcong troops launched a surprise attack in South Vietnam, known as the Tet Offensive; one of the points of attack was the U.S. embassy at Saigon.[32] Though U.S. troops were able to fend off the Vietcong and ultimately prevailed militarily, this attack signaled a turning point in both U.S. troop morale and in public trust of the government's reports on the progress of the war, as many Americans had no idea that the Vietcong were capable of infiltrating American and South Vietnamese headquarters the way that they did. Many Americans were unaware of the extent of the brutality involved in the war, but the Tet Offensive changed that, and American television cameras were available firsthand to record footage of the bombing of cities and the execution of prisoners of war.[33]", "Vietnam War. After several attacks upon them, it was decided that U.S. Air Force bases needed more protection as the South Vietnamese military seemed incapable of providing security. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were dispatched to South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment.[174]", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. On the evening of August 2, 1964, the destroyer USS Maddox was conducting an electronic intelligence collection mission in international waters (even as claimed by North Vietnam) in the Gulf of Tonkin when it was attacked by three P-4 torpedo boats of the North Vietnamese Navy.[14] Reports later reached the Johnson administration saying that the Maddox was under attack. Two nights later, after being joined by the destroyer C. Turner Joy, the Maddox again reported that both vessels were under attack (this event, which took place under adverse weather conditions, in fact never occurred).[citation needed] Regardless, President Johnson addressed Congress asking for more political power to utilize American military forces in South Vietnam, using the attack on the Maddox as cause to get what he wanted.", "Vietnam War. The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War,[63] and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955[A 1] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies.[64] The war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war.[65] The majority of Americans believe the war was unjustified.[66]", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. In 1971 the U.S. authorized the ARVN to carry out an offensive operation aimed at cutting the Ho Chi Minh Trail in southeastern Laos. Besides attacking the PAVN logistical system (which would buy time for the U.S. withdrawal) the incursion would be a significant test of Vietnamization. Backed by U.S. air and artillery support (American troops were forbidden to enter Laos), the ARVN moved across the border along Route 9, utilizing the abandoned Marine outpost of Khe Sanh as a jumping-off point. At first, the incursion went well, but unlike the Cambodian operation of 1970, the PAVN decided to stand and fight, finally mustering around 60,000 men on the battlefield.", "1954 in the Vietnam War. 25 March\nPresident Eisenhower met with the National Security Council to consider U.S. intervention to assist the French at Dien Binh Phu. Eisenhower imposed four conditions for U.S. intervention: France would have to request U.S. intervention; the United Nations would have to approve; intervention would have to be a multi-national effort; and Congress would have to approve.[6]", "United States–Vietnam relations. The actions of North Vietnam in breaking the peace treaty with South Vietnam in 1975 abruptly concluded three decades of United States intervention in Vietnam and brought to a close a painful and bitter era for both countries. From 1954-1975 the United States Military was involved in the development of Vietnam. With fears that the United States would lose Vietnam to communism, the country was divided at the 17th parallel, creating temporarily separate states, the North being communist and the South as a non-communist state. While the southern province had the support of the United States, billions of American dollars were spent in efforts to modernize the country. This involvement increased tensions between the two provinces, resulting in the second Indochina War, otherwise known to the Western World as the \"Vietnam War\". In Tours of Vietnam: War, Travel Guides and Memory, by Scott Laderman, he argues that calling the second Indochina War the Vietnam War \"is to thus reveal a certain bias. Should we therefore call it the \"American War?\" (ix) The war generated considerable social and political discord in the United States, massive disruption in Vietnam, and was enormously costly to both sides. Vietnam endured physical destruction—ravaged battle sites, leveled factories and cities, and untold numbers of military and civilian casualties. The United States escaped physical devastation, but it suffered the loss of 58,000 lives (2,400 unaccounted for) and spent roughly $140 billion ($950 billion in 2011) [1] in direct expenses to build infrastructure, train an army and police force and modernize the young country. The war polarized and disillusioned American society during and after the conflict. For instance, in 1964 the \"Gulf of Tonkin incident\" which many have attributed to overzealous radar officers aboard the USS Maddox, was used as extra justification for Congress' decision to allow the then president, Lyndon B. Johnson, to take any necessary retaliatory measures. A large scandal sprung up and documentaries were produced to argue one side or the other of this controversy.", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. The North Vietnamese had already sent units of their regular army into southern Vietnam beginning in late 1964. Some officials in Hanoi had favored an immediate invasion of the South, and a plan was developed to use PAVN units to split southern Vietnam in half through the Central Highlands. The two imported adversaries first faced one another during Operation Silver Bayonet, better known as the Battle of the Ia Drang. During the savage fighting that took place, both sides learned important lessons. The North Vietnamese, who had taken horrendous casualties, began to adapt to the overwhelming American superiority in air mobility, supporting arms, and close air support by moving in as close as possible during confrontations, thereby negating the effects of the above. The Americans learned that PAVN (which was basically a light infantry force) was not a rag-tag band of guerrillas, but was instead a highly disciplined, proficient, and well motivated force.", "Foreign interventions by the United States. From 1965 to 1973, US troops fought at the request of the governments of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia during the Vietnam War against the military of North Vietnam and against Viet Cong, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Rouge insurgents. President Lyndon Johnson escalated US involvement following the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. North Vietnam invaded Laos in 1959, and used 30,000 men to build invasion routes through Laos and Cambodia.[42] North Vietnam sent 10,000 troops to attack the south in 1964, and this figure increased to 100,000 in 1965.[43] By early 1965, 7,559 South Vietnamese hamlets had been destroyed by the Viet Cong.[44] The CIA organized Hmong tribes to fight against the Pathet Lao, and used Air America to \"drop 46 million pounds of foodstuffs....transport tens of thousands of troops, conduct a highly successful photoreconnaissance program, and engage in numerous clandestine missions using night-vision glasses and state-of-the-art electronic equipment.\"[45] After sponsoring a coup against Ngô Đình Diệm, the CIA was asked \"to coax a genuine South Vietnamese government into being\" by managing development and running the Phoenix Program that killed thousands of insurgents.[46] North Vietnamese forces attempted to overrun Cambodia in 1970,[47] to which the US and South Vietnam responded with a limited incursion.[48][49][50] The US bombing of Cambodia, called Operation Menu, proved controversial. Although David Chandler argued that the bombing \"had the effect the Americans wanted--it broke the communist encirclement of Phnom Penh,\"[51] others have claimed it boosted recruitment for the Khmer Rouge.[52] North Vietnam violated the Paris Peace Accords after the US withdrew, and all of Indochina had fallen to communist governments by late 1975.", "United States–Vietnam relations. Although Washington's advisory role was essentially political, United States policy makers determined that the effort to erect a non-communist state in Vietnam was vital to the security of the region and would be buttressed by military means, if necessary, to inhibit any would-be aggressor. Defending Vietnam's security against aggression from the North and from southern-based communist insurgency was a mission Washington initially perceived as requiring only combat support elements and advisers to South Vietnamese military units. The situation, however, rapidly deteriorated, and in 1965, at a time when increasing numbers of North Vietnamese-trained soldiers were moving in South Vietnam, the first increment of United States combat forces was introduced into the South and sustained bombing of military targets in North Vietnam was undertaken. Nearly eight more years of conflict occurred before the intense involvement of the United States ended in 1973.", "1965 in the Vietnam War. In a meeting in Hawaii, Ambassador Taylor finally agreed to the introduction of U.S. combat ground forces into South Vietnam. In a memo to the President the next day, Secretary of Defense McNamara described the military consensus that \"it would take more than six months, perhaps a year or two to...break the will of the DRV/VC [North Vietnam and the Viet Cong] by denying them victory.\" On this date the U.S. had 33,000 U.S. military personnel in Vietnam and another 20,000 scheduled to be there.[54]", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. In 1961 the new administration of President John F. Kennedy remained essentially committed to the bi-partisan, anti-communist foreign policies inherited from the administrations of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower. During 1961, his first year in office, Kennedy found himself faced with a three-part crisis: The failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba; the construction of the Berlin Wall by the Soviets; and a negotiated settlement between the pro-Western government of Laos and the Pathet Lao communist movement. Fearing that another failure on the part of the U.S. to stop communist expansion would fatally damage U.S. credibility with its allies, Kennedy realized, \"Now we have a problem in making our power credible... and Vietnam looks like the place.\"[11] The commitment to defend South Vietnam was reaffirmed by Kennedy on May 11 in National Security Action Memorandum 52, which became known as \"The Presidential Program for Vietnam\". Its opening statement reads:", "Lyndon B. Johnson. In foreign policy, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use military force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 525,000 in 1967, many in combat roles. American casualties soared, and the peace process became bogged-down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry anti-war movement based chiefly on university campuses.", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. Feb 1965 - Operation Rolling Thunder begins", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. Just before midnight he appeared on television and announced that retaliatory air strikes were underway against North Vietnamese naval and port facilities. Neither Congress nor the American people learned the whole story about the events in the Gulf of Tonkin until the publication of the Pentagon Papers in 1969. It was on the basis of the administration's assertions that the attacks were \"unprovoked aggression\" on the part of North Vietnam, that the United States Congress approved the Southeast Asia Resolution (also known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution) on August 7. The law gave the President broad powers to conduct military operations without an actual declaration of war. The resolution passed unanimously in the House of Representatives and was opposed in the Senate by only two members." ]

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